dawkinsia filamentosa is a species of barb .

young fish have barely any color and black spots .

they start having more color at three months old .

the fish is a swift swimmer .

males are larger than females and they fertilize eggs by swimming into the cloud of eggs .

the species is most commonly found in coastal floodplains near the southwest indian states of kerala , tamil nadu and karnataka .

the species ' common names are filament barb and blackspot barb .

dawkinsia filamentosa

several dawkinsia species , including d . filamentosa , continue to appear on trade lists as ‘mahecola barb’ .
filamentosa : from the latin filamentosa , meaning ‘filamentous’ , in reference to the dorsal - fin extensions which develop as the fish mature .
dawkinsia filamentosa is an omnivorous species and major components of its diet vary spatially , temporally , and ontogenetically . major food items include aquatic macrophytes , insects , cladocerans , ostracods , and detritus ( weliange and amarasinghe 2003 ) .
dawkinsia : named for richard dawkins , for ‘his contribution to the public understanding of science and , in particular , of evolutionary science’ .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of dawkinsia filamentosa are found here .
another old favorite , dawkinsia filamentosa was formerly in the genus puntius , where it was the type species for the filamentosus - group . the filament barb’s common name derives from the extended dorsal fin filaments possessed by adult males . this feature distinguishes it from most other members of the genus .
forms apparently intermediate between d . filamentosa and d . tambraparniei have also been collected where the two occur together in the thamirabarani river , tamil nadu .
adult males of d . filamentosa . the fish in the bottom - left corner of the image is a specimen of the closely - related d . assimilis .
leo nico , pamela j . schofield , and matt neilson , 2018 , dawkinsia filamentosa ( valenciennes in cuvier and valenciennes , 1844 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 3 / 11 / 2012 , peer review date : 2 / 10 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
d . filamentosa has been misidentified as puntius mahecola ( valenciennes 1844 ) in the past but the identity of both species was resolved by pethioyagoda and kottelat ( 2005a , 2005b ) .
like d . filamentosa , adult male d . tambraparniei also possess extended rays in the dorsal fin . although it is similar in size and temperament to d . filamentosa , i’ve ranked d . tambraparniei higher because i find it more attractive . there is more of a pattern on the body , with variously shaped black blotches , a green area behind the gills , and a bit of green iridescence over the body .
p . mahecola had previously been considered a synonym of d . filamentosa , with a fish resembling the latter collected from the chalakudy river and exported for the aquarium hobby as ‘ p . mahecola ‘ in 1996 .
the common name for dawkinsia tambraparniei represents an old misidentification that has been perpetuated in the hobby for many years . the true d . arulius is exceedingly rare in the hobby , and almost all the fish sold as arulius barbs are in fact d . tambraparniei .
they inspected the syntypes of p . mahecola and concluded that though valid it isn’t closely related to any member of dawkinsia ( then the p . filamentosus group ) but is rather a smaller , silvery fish with a single dark blotch on the caudal peduncle , located entirely posterior to the anal - fin .
the majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia , and pethia erected to accomodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there are no longer members .
while no conclusions were reached because dna testing was not performed , hybridisation between d . filamentosa and d . arulius in that river had previously been speculated and is a phenomenon known to be more common in the family cyprinidae than in any other group of fishes , meaning future research may yield interesting results .
d . exclamatio should also have a sub - terminal mouth and lack dorsal - fin filaments but some specimens possess a terminal mouth and / or possess dorsal filaments , and one specimen also had black caudal - fin tips as typically seen in d . filamentosa , whereas the description states that the fin tips are only dusky and lack distinctive markings .
distinguishing characteristics , a key , and a figure were given in talwar and jhingran ( 1992 ) , and a key to the ' puntius filamentosus ' species group was given by pethiyagoda and kottelat ( 2005 ) . pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) recently moved this species into the genus dawkinsia , and provided a key to genera related to puntius . color photographs appeared in axelrod et al . ( 1985 ) and in petrovicky ( 1988 ) .
growing to 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) in length , this species is ideally suited to 75 gallon ( 284 liters ) and larger aquaria where it will be best displayed in larger schools . it is a great tankmate for similarly sized fishes that are not overly territorial or aggressive . filament barbs are plant safe and do well in planted aquariums . d . filamentosa is sometimes sold as d . mahecola .
within the group the most similar - looking species are d . assimilis and d . rohani , but the former is readily identifiable by possession of an inferior mouth ( vs . subterminal in d . filamentosa ) and longer maxillary barbels ( 5 . 5 - 9 . 3 % sl , vs . 0 . 5 - 2 . 2 % ) , while in the latter the caudal - fin lobes lack transverse black bands .
other species found in the same general area include pethia conchonius , puntius denisonii , haludaria fasciata , dawkinsia assimilis , d . arulius , d . rubrotinctus , barilius bakeri , b . bendelisis , b . canarensis , devario malabaricus , esomus danricus , garra mcclellandi , g . hughi , bhavania australis , travancoria jonesi , mesonoemacheilus guentheri , m . triangularis , schistura denisonii , lepidocephalichthys thermalis , batasio travancoria , mystus armatus , m . canarensis , glyptothorax annandalei , aplocheilus lineatus , parambassis thomassi , etroplus canarensis , e . maculatus , sicyopterus griseus , pseudosphromenus dayi , channa striata , and carinotetraodon travancoricus .
d . filamentosa is told apart from all other d awksinia spp . by the following combination of characters : branched dorsal – fin rays extended into filament - like extensions in adult males and some adult females ; a black band about as wide as the eye near tip of each caudal - fin lobe ; lower lip continuous ; presence of a dark blotch on the caudal peduncle , 2 - 5 scales wide and commencing posterior to anal - fin origin ; no distinct markings on body in advance of anal - fin origin .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
is found over a large area where threats are not uniform and also , since in rivers with existing threats , it is resilient and is assessed as least concern .
is widely distributed across peninsular india , in the east flowing cauvery , krishna and tamitaparani rivers of andhra pradesh , karnataka and tamil nadu and throughout the west flowing coastal floodplain rivers of kerala , karnataka and goa .
it occurs in lowland , upper and middle reaches of rivers and also in estuaries , reservoirs and marshes ( pethiyagoda and kottelat 2005 , jayaram 2010 ) . occurs in the west coast of maharashtra ( s . jadhav pers . comm . 2010 ) .
it is very common across its range . the population status for this species is unknown .
is a common fish found inhabiting a whole array of habitats , both in the hill streams and streams of the lowlands and wetlands . it exhibits sexual dimorphism during the breeding periods . in breeding males , the anterior 4 - 5 branched rays of the dorsal fin are extended into filaments , the scales display a brighter colour and the snout becomes covered with tubercles . it is also often found very close to the sea ( for e . g . , the type locality , alleppey ) in brackish water , together with typically estuarine fishes ( jayaram 1991 , chhapgar and manakadan 2000 , pethiyagoda and kottelat 2005 ) .
the species is often caught for consumption by local people . it is also caught for the aquarium trade .
many rivers in the species ' range is undergoing degradation due to pollution and habitat destruction , but the species is still found in large numbers in many of these rivers and also in dam reservoirs .
the species occurs in some protected areas , but the majority of it ' s range is unprotected .
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this species will display better colouration and more interesting behaviour when maintained in a group .
the bhadra river , pictured here near kalasa , chikamagalur district , karnataka , is a natural habitat of this species .
freshly - collected adult males from chembarambakkam lake , tamil nadu state , southern india .
possible natural hybrid : this wild - collected fish does not have an inferior mouth but possesses prominent barbels , thus mixing diagnostic characters for both d . assimilis and d . filamentosus .
sexually - mature males develop a series of tubercules on the snout and head when in spawning condition .
endemic to but widespread within the western ghats mountains region of southern india in the states of kerala , tamil nadu and karnataka , and possibly restricted to the south of the latter .
type locality is ‘alleppey’ , also known as alappuzha , situated between vembanad lake and the arabian sea , 9°20’n , 76°25’e , kerala state , southwestern india .
according to pethiyagoda and kottelat ( 2005 ) this species is most common in lowland coastal floodplains . it’s found in both fresh and brackish waters of rivers , estuaries , coastal marshes and reservoirs .
not difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up , though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .
this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor .
since it naturally occurs in relatively pristine habitats it’s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires more - or - less spotless water in order to thrive .
though torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % tank volume should be considered routine .
probably a foraging omnivore feeding on a variety of worms , insects , crustaceans , plant material , and other organic debris in nature .
in the aquarium it’s easily - fed but a balanced diet comprising regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia , and artemia alongside good quality dried flakes and granules will being about optimal condition and colours .
an ideal addition to a peaceful community of riverine species alongside other schooling or shoaling cyprinids plus botiid , cobitid , nemacheilid , and balitorid loaches .
if geography isn’t an issue it can actually be combined with most peaceful fish of a size too large to be considered food and that have a bold enough disposition to not be intimidated by its size and active nature .
as always , thorough research is the best way to avoid problems when selecting a compatible fish community .
it’s a schooling species by nature so ideally 8 - 10 specimens should be purchased . maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less skittish but will result in a more effective , natural looking display .
in addition , any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as males concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .
adult males develop a more intense colour pattern than females and exhibit noticeable tubercules on the head when in spawning condition .
adult females tend to grow a little larger , are heavier - bodied , and less colourful .
both sexes may develop filamentous rays in the dorsal - fin , depending on population , but apparently these are not always present and shed or absorbed outside the spawning season ( k . r . devi et al . 2010 ) .
like most small cyprinids this is an egg - scattering free spawner exhibiting no parental care .
when in good condition it will spawn often and in a mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention , although if you want to maximise yield a more controlled approach is required .
the adult group can still be conditioned together but a separate aquarium should be set up and filled with mature water .
this should be very dimly lit and the base covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the widely available plastic ‘grass’ - type matting can also be used and works well , as does a layer of glass marbles .
alternatively filling much of the tank with a fine - leaved plant such as taxiphyllum spp . or spawning mops can also return decent results .
the water itself should be of slightly acidic to neutral ph with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above , and an air - powered sponge filter or air stone ( s ) should also be included to provide oxygenation and water movement .
when the adults are well - conditioned and the females appear gravid one or two pairs should then be introduced , and spawning should take place the following morning .
an alternative is to spawn the fish in a group with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number , although a larger aquarium may be necessary .
in either situation the adults will probably eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as any are noticed .
these should hatch in 24 – 48 hours with the fry free swimming around 24 hours later .
they require microscopic food for the first few days until large enough to accept microworm , artemia nauplii or suchlike .
also referred to as ‘blackspot barb’ and formerly included in the genus puntius and puntius filamentosus ‘group’ of related species which also contained p . arulius , p . assimilis , p . exclamatio , p . filamentosus , p . rohani , p . rubrotinctus , p . singhala , p . srilankensis and p . tambraparniei , but all of these were moved to the new genus dawksinia by pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) .
dawksinia species are defined by the following combination of characters : adult size normally 80 - 120 mm sl ; rostral barbels absent ; maxillary barbels present or absent ; last unbranched dorsal - fin ray smooth ; 4 unbranched and 8 branched dorsal - fin rays ; 3 unbranched and 5 branched anal - fin rays ; lateral line complete , with 18 - 22 scales on body ; gill rakers simple , acuminate ( not branched or laminate ) ; no antrorse predorsal spinous ray ; free uroneural present ; 4 - 5 supraneurals ; 15 precaudal and 14 - 17 caudal vertebrae ; post - epiphysial fontanelle absent ; infraorbital 3 slender , not overlapping preoperculum ; juvenile ( < 50 mm sl ) colour pattern consisting of three black bars on body , retained in adults of some species ; a black , horizontally elongate blotch on the caudal peduncle in adults .
it’s widely - distributed in kerala state , southern india and has been pictured in some older literature as puntius amphibius ( valenciennes 1842 ) .
the precise relationships within the genus are still open to question in some respects with knight et al . ( 2011 ) suggesting that members may hybridise naturally at some localities .
for example , a d . arulius - like fish ( possibly d . rubrotinctus ) co - occurs with d . assimilis in the kallada river at thenmalai , which also happens to be the type locality of d . exclamatio .
the latter is somewhat anomalous since it’s the only dawksinia species other than d . rubrotinctus to feature a ( roughly ) w - shaped mid - lateral blotch , but also has a laterally - elongated blotch on the caudal peduncle as in other genus members .
the genus puntius was for a number of years viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid until pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) published a partial review covering south asian members .
it subsequently became clear that the name dravidia was preoccupied by a genus of flesh fly , therefore the replacement name haludaria was made available by pethiyagoda ( 2013 ) .
no species from indochina , china , or indonesia were included in the study meaning a significant number of former puntius are currently classed as incertae sedis , i . e . , of uncertain taxonomic placement , and this also applies to a number of south asian species of unresolved status .
they’re perhaps best referred to as ‘ puntius ‘ for the time being whereby the genus name is surrounded by quotation marks to denote its questionable usage , and that is the convention used here on sf .
kottelat , m . and h - h tan , 2011 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 22 ( 3 ) : 209 - 214 systomus xouthos , a new cyprinid fish from borneo , and revalidation of puntius pulcher ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
kurian abraham , r . , n . kelkar and a . biju kumar , 2011 - journal of threatened taxa 3 ( 3 ) : 1585 - 1593 freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape , southern western ghats , india , with notes on some range extensions .
marcus knight , j . d . , k . rema devi , and v . atkore , 2011 - journal of threatened taxa 3 ( 4 ) : 1686 - 1693 systematic status of systomus rubrotinctus jerdon ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) with notes on the puntius arulius group of fishes .
pethiyagoda , r . , 2013 - zootaxa 3646 ( 2 ) : 199 haludaria , a replacement generic name for dravidia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
pethiyagoda , r . and m . kottelat , 2005b - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 145 - 152 the identity of the south indian barb puntius mahecola ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
pethiyagoda , r . and m . kottelat , 2005a - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 127 - 144 a review of the barbs of the puntius filamentosus group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) of southern india and sri lanka .
pethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage , 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) .
raju thomas , k . , c . r . biju , c . r . ajithkumar and m . j . george , 2000 - journal of the bombay natural history society 97 ( 3 ) : 443 - 446 fish fauna of idukki and neyyar wildlife sanctuaries southern kerala , india .
raju thomas , k . , m . j . george , and c . r . biju , 2002 - journal of the bombay natural history society 99 ( 1 ) : 47 - 53 freshwater fishes of southern kerala with notes on the distribution of endemic and endangered species .
rema devi , k . , t . j . indra , and j . d . marcus knight , 2010 - journal of threatened taxa 2 ( 9 ) : 1121 - 1129 puntius rohani ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , a new species of barb in the puntius filamentosus group from the southern western ghats of india .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
asia . india , sri lanka , burma , and possibly thailand ( talwar and jhingran 1992 ) .
axelrod , h . r . , w . e . burgess , n . pronek , and j . g . walls . 1985 . dr . axelrod ' s atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes . tropical fish hobbyist publications , inc . , neptune city , nj .
devick , w . s . 1991a . disturbances and fluctuations in the wahiawa reservoir ecosystem . project f - 14 - r - 15 , job 4 , study i . division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources .
devick , w . s . 1991b . patterns of introductions of aquatic organisms to hawaiian freshwater habitats . pages 189 - 213 in new directions in research , management and conservation of hawaiian freshwater stream ecosystems . proceedings of the 1990 symposium on freshwater stream biology and fisheries management , division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources .
menon , a . g . k . 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . records of zoological survey of india , miscellaneous publication , occasional paper 175 : 1 - 366 .
mundy , b . c . 2005 . fishes of the hawaiian archipelago . bishop museum bulletins in zoology , number 6 .
pethiyagoda , r . , and m . kottelat . 2005 . a review of the barbs of the puntius filamentosus group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) of southern india and sri lanka . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 127 - 144 .
pethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage . 2012 . a synopsis of the south asians fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 .
talwar , p . k . , and a . g . jhingran . 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . aa balkema , rotterdam , the netherlands .
weliange , w . s . , and u . s . amarasinghe . 2003 . seasonality in dietary shifts in size - structured freshwater fish assemblages in three reservoirs of sri lanka . environmental biology of fishes 68 : 269 - 282 .
yamamoto , m . n . , and a . w . tagawa . 2000 . hawaii ' s native and exotic freshwater animals . mutual publishing , honolulu , hi .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
typical tank setup : a well planted aquarium with rock work and driftwood / bogwood . plants will give the weaker individuals a place to hide , until the pecking order of the school is established . plenty of open swimming space is required as the denison barb is always on the move and schooling .
compatibility : this fish needs to be kept in schools . the larger the school the better with 6 fish a good minimum amount . if kept in smaller schools the weaker individuals will be harassed continuously by the more aggressive individuals until they die .
feeding : omnivorous . they should be fed a varied diet of flakes , small pellets , frozen and live foods such as daphnia and brine shrimp . blood worms and brown worms can also be fed as a treat , but do not feed worms very often as they can cause bloat .
sexing : adult males develop a more intense colour pattern than females and exhibit noticeable tubercules on the head when in spawning condition . adult females tend to grow a little larger , are heavier - bodied , and less colourful .
breeding : like most small cyprinids this is an egg - scattering free spawner exhibiting no parental care .
additional information : excellent addition to the community aquarium if you are looking for a schooling species however should be kept in groups of at least 6 , ideally 10 or more to encourage this natural behaviour .
males are larger and have a
filamented
dorsal fin , an elongated spike on their dorsal fin . they also develop small white spots around their nose when they ' re spawning .
this fish prefers a laterally long spacious tank , minimum 4ft , with lots of open swimming room .
typical barb in shape , large iridescent green / blue / silver scales , with a large spot on the flanks towards the tail . tail is a scissor shape and tipped with black and red bands . males have an extended dorsal spike .
has been produced back in 1970s . the hybrids are fertile , unlike most other
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occurs in clear streams , lakes and ponds ( ref . 41236 ) . inhabits lowland rivers and also estuaries , reservoirs and marshes ( ref . 55036 ) .
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barbs have long been popular among aquarists , yet most of the species we know best are among the smaller members of the group . that is as it should be , because most aquariums are less than 75 gallons ( 284 liters ) in capacity , and smaller species are the best choices for those tanks . but small barbs can certainly be maintained by those with tanks of 75 gallons ( 284 liters ) or more , and many look great in large schools .
big tanks , though , offer additional possibilities , including a few species whose adult size may make you think they’d be good choices for smaller tanks but whose activity level means they do best in larger tanks . this month we’ll rate the top 10 barbs that are suitable only for tanks of at least 75 gallons ( 284 liters ) . some of these species will be old favorites , but others will be chosen from the numerous barbs that have reached the hobby in the last decade .
and b . altus are two species that are regularly sold as tinfoil barbs . tinfoil barbs have to be on the list because they’re the first fish most people think of when talk turns to larger barbs .
as young fish , it can be difficult to tell the two species apart . b . altus is frequently sold as the red - tail tinfoil barb , but that won’t always hold up as an indicator . by the time the fish have reached 4 to 5 inches ( 10 to 12 . 5 cm ) in length , the differences become more apparent in wild - type fish . b . schwanenfeldii have black lines on each lobe of the caudal fin ; b . altus does not . in addition , b . schwanenfeldii has a body color that is clearly silver while that of b . altus is more golden .
why the proviso regarding natural color pattern , you ask ? because there are captive - bred forms that are more golden in color , and i suspect they represent a hybrid between the two species . at the end of the day , does it matter which species you have ? well , it might .
while most b . schwanenfeldii will not exceed 12 inches ( 30 cm ) in length in an aquarium , that is still several inches longer than b . altus , which seldom exceeds 8 inches ( 20 cm ) . the potential for size in b . schwanenfeldii , is , however , much greater . while i haven’t seen them with my own eyes , i have heard of breeder tinfoil barbs at farms in florida that exceed 20 inches ( 50 . 75 cm ) .
regardless of species , tinfoils are active , boisterous fish that are suitable for only the largest of home aquariums . they make wonderful tankmates for any fish not bothered by their activity level . they will eat any and all commonly available prepared foods and will also eat most commonly fed vegetables such as romaine lettuce , bok choy , and other leafy greens along with zucchini , broccoli , etc . as you may have surmised , they will also view any aquatic plants as their own personal salad bar .
i must admit i was very tempted to rank hypsibarbus wetmorei much higher on the list but didn’t due to its 10 - inch ( 25 - cm ) size . it is one of my favorite fishes , but it has some drawbacks that make it less than a perfect species for many hobbyists .
apart from size , the biggest negative is that it likes plants as much as most planted tank enthusiasts ; unfortunately , it likes them on the menu , and has no appreciation for the aesthetics of a planted aquarium . lemon - fin barbs , in fact , like plants so much that they’ll even eat anubias .
on the plus side , h . wetmorei is completely peaceful . while i would expect them to eat any fish small enough to fit into their mouths , they won’t bother anything too big to be eaten . when kept in an unplanted tank with plenty of swimming room , this species makes a very striking addition . the tight school is always on the move , and their silvery bodies are real eye - catchers , with the scales edged in black and the bright yellow fins .
interestingly , juveniles start out with a rather elongated body shape , but as they grow the body depth increases until they are approximately the same shape as tinfoil barbs . their speed and durability make them an excellent dither fish for many larger cichlids and a good tankmate for most medium - size cichlids .
while not common in american pet shops , desmopuntius johorensis is available regularly from exporters in asia . the color pattern is rather subtle , which probably makes it less popular than it should be . despite the lack of colors , the pattern is attractive and this species is particularly hardy .
it is plant safe and does well with fishes of a similar size and temperament . i’ve seen one or two individuals that were approaching 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) in length , but most don’t exceed 4 inches ( 10 cm ) , so a school of five to 10 will fit nicely in any aquarium of at least 75 gallons . most older aquarium literature refers to the lined barb as puntius ( or barbus ) lineatus , but that is a different and smaller species .
an old - time favorite , barbodes lateristriga is still readily available from breeders in asia , but it is not as commonly seen in american pet shops as it once was . this is unfortunate because its 7 - inch ( 18 - cm ) size makes it a much better choice for many aquariums than the more popular tinfoil barbs .
like the tinfoils , b . lateristriga is active and outgoing . its very nature may intimidate shy fishes , so its tankmates should be chosen with care . it will nibble soft - leaved plants , but java ferns , anubias and similar species will typically go untouched .
the color pattern consists of a silver body with several vertical black stripes in the anterior portion of the body , with a horizontal black stripe that runs from the base of the caudal fin to the mid - body , forming a t shape with the mid - body vertical bar . when you add in the other vertical bar , the pattern is reminiscent of a spanner , or wrench , as well .
i’ve only seen the extended filaments on males but have read that they can also be present on females . their presence may indicate that the spawning season has arrived .
adult males from some locations can develop a fair amount of red on the body , while others sport the more traditional brassy gold . the brassy gold color is more vibrant on the dorsal region and can fade to white on the ventral region . males are somewhat more colorful than females . other aspects of the color pattern include an elongated black spot on the caudal peduncle and red and black spots on each lobe of the caudal fin .
you’re likely wondering about the scientific name , so let’s start there . i’ve always known this fish as puntius everetti . after all , that is the scientific name listed in every book i own or have seen that includes the clown barb .
with all the revisions that have been made to puntius recently , i checked the current name to see whether the genus had been changed . i looked at fishbase . org , where i found it listed as p . everetti . while looking up another species on urltoken i saw a reference to clown barbs as barbodes dunckeri .
faced with a choice , my inclination is to follow the name listed on seriouslyfish . com , which updates its nomenclature more rapidly than fishbase . org . these are the two go - to sites on the web for fish information and they usually agree , but sometimes situations like this arise . as it turns out , the true p . everetti hails from the sarawak region of borneo , where it is only rarely collected for the aquarium hobby .
as for b . dunckeri , the clown barb has been a personal favorite ever since the first time i kept them back in the 1970s . its coloration is subtle yet attractive , with a pinkish body marked with black spots and bars that are overlain with a blue sheen and orange to red fins .
my personal experience is that they work well in planted aquariums , although not all hobbyists have found that to be true . they may nibble a bit on soft - leaved plants , but i don’t feel that they do enough damage to justify leaving them out , unless the bulk of the aquascaping will feature such plants . while they are frequently listed as growing to 6 inches ( 16 cm ) in length , i’ve never seen one that exceeded 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) .
this is a gregarious species that does best when kept in a sizable school although it can be kept in groups as small as two specimens . a tank that features some driftwood , along with tough - leaved plants and a large open area for swimming is ideal .
tankmates can include medium to large gouramis , larger rasboras , and most of the larger rainbows . robust tetras , such as bleeding hearts , also work quite well . medium - size cichlids are another possibility , as long as they are not too aggressive .
was not named after j . r . r . tolkien’s fictional kingdom of rohan but rather after rohan pethiyagoda , in recognition of his work on the freshwater fishes of india and sri lanka .
the main thing to know about d . rohani is that it is absolutely gorgeous ! most of the time males feature a gold upper part of the body with each scale outlined in a golden - green pattern , all overlain with a green sheen , and a whitish lower body . where these colors meet on the caudal peduncle is a horizontal black spot in the shape of a teardrop . the caudal and anal fins are red , and the dorsal has black spines .
when teardrop barbs are in spawning condition , all the colors intensify and the lower cheeks and gill covers also turn red . this is truly a sight to behold , and because the rohan barb grows to only about 4½ inches ( 11 cm ) in length , it is a sight that anyone with a tank at least 75 gallons ( 285 liters ) or larger can experience .
this species is still a bit expensive , but you should try to buy as large a school as possible . your investment will pay dividends every time you look at your aquarium . to truly show its best colors , keep d . rohani in a planted aquarium with other robust , active species .
is frequently imported and sold as puntius mahecola , but that is a smaller and not closely related species . one of the most beautiful species in the ranking , d . assimilis makes a wonderful addition to planted aquariums of at least 75 gallons ( 284 liters ) .
the blue line under the eyes leads to the common name . the snout is red in males from the lips up along the forehead to behind the eyes , where the red becomes a scale coloration in a pattern leading back to the almond - shaped black spot on the caudal peduncle .
many of the upper body scales have red centers , with the rest of the scale a luminous gold . the lower body is white . the caudal fin has a black crescent that ends in a red dot , with a black dot closer to the tip of each lobe . the dorsal and pectoral fins are red , and the anal and ventral fins are white .
the mascara barb grows to just over 4 inches ( 10 cm ) and is extremely active . it will be happiest in a large group , and its colors will make it a constantly moving , visual focal point of any display .
there is a lot of confusion regarding the description and status of sahyadria denisonii . it has variously been included in the genera puntius , barbus , labeo , and crossocheilus . it is my belief that there is actually a species complex , because size and color pattern are highly variable . while most individuals won’t exceed 5 inches ( 12 cm ) or so in length , others will exceed 12 inches ( 32 cm ) . the amount of red on the body is highly variable , as is the yellow in the fins .
fortunately for the hobbyist , the most colorful individuals seem to be those that grow to 5 inches ( 12 cm ) in length . it may be that the larger form is s . chalakkudiensis and that the smaller fish that are more common in the hobby now are s . denisonii , and these may be the only two species involved .
a great aspect of this fish is that it does not eat plants . a school of roseline sharks sporting their best colors in a large planted aquarium is a sight no aquarist will soon forget .
due to their high activity level and preference to be kept in large schools , roseline sharks are best suited to aquariums of at least 75 gallons ( 284 liters ) , with larger tanks being preferred . tankmates can include any species that is large enough not to be eaten and outgoing enough to compete with the roseline sharks at feeding time .
between this article and my previous survey of the smaller barbs ( tfh , june 2014 ) , i hope i’ve shown you that there is a barb for every tank . no matter the size of your tank , there is a barb that is well suited to occupying it . with the exception of highly predatory and highly aggressive species , there is a barb that can be a tankmate to almost every fish you might wish to keep .
consider a barb for your next aquarium and you’ll be rewarded with a colorful , energetic fish of which you will likely grow increasingly fond of as time goes by .


elachista albifrontella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found from fennoscandia and northern russia to the pyrenees and italy and from ireland to romania .

the wingspan is 8 – 9 millimetres ( 0.31 – 0.35 in ) .

adults have a whitish forehead .

they are on wing from june to july in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on agrostis canina , alopecurus pratensis , arrhenatherum elatius , avena , avenula pubescens , brachypodium sylvaticum , bromus , calamagrostis arundinacea , calamagrostis epigejos , dactylis glomerata , deschampsia cespitosa , elymus repens , festuca rubra , holcus lanatus , holcus mollis , koeleria macrantha , luzula pilosa , milium effusum , phalaris arundinacea , phleum , poa pratensis , poa trivialis , trisetum and triticum species .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of a full depth blotch mine which descends from the leaf tip .

it occupies half to the entire width of the blade .

larvae may exit the mine and start again elsewhere .

the frass is deposited in a narrow central line with a greyish brown colour .

larvae can be found from september to may .

pupation takes place outside of the mine .

elachista albifrontella

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
valkopäähitukoi
to
elachista albifrontella
.
id : group g - fw dark with pale costal and tornal spots and other pale markings . pale markings without metallic sheen ; frons white > e . albifrontella / luticomella / alpinella / eskoi of these 4 only e . albifrontella shows a significant ' hump ' on the dorsum of the valva in the male genitalia male genitalia by key to group g : width across uncus lobes broader than width across tegumen immediately below uncus lobes ; vinculum with a narrow process ; uncus lobes separated by a ' v ' - shaped notch narrower than an uncus lobe ; dorsum of valva with a distinct hump at 3 / 4 ; aedeagus square at apex with a small thorn > e . albifrontella in both specimens §1 & §2 the aedeagus could be seen to be square at apex under microscope but this does not show well photographically apparently due to uneven sclerotisation and as with other species with only small thorns i could not see any thorns . e . orstadii is the only other species to show the combination of a v - shaped notch between the uncus lobes and a distinct dorsal hump on he valva - it has a dark frons and its median fascia is usually indistinct . female genitalia : i haven ' t got around to preparing a key to female genitalia as yet . elachista species are distinguishable on the shape of the antral region , the extent of spiculation in the antrum and the presence and form of the signum . the exact combination of these 3 features seen in the images below is sufficient to confirm the identification of §3 .
this is a quite common species throughout most of the british isles , inhabiting a range of grassland habitats . named after the noticeably whitish forehead , the most likely confusion species is
, which however has an additional white spot in the apical area of the forewing .
during september until around may , the larva mines a blade of a variety of grasses , leading to a pale blotch , sometimes moving between blades .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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leaf - miner : the larva mines from the grass tip downwards and the mine occupies half or the whole of the leaf blade width . a whitish blotch is formed with characteristic narrow streaks of frass ( british leafminers ) .
full depth blotch , slightly inflated , descending from the leaf tip , occupying half or the entire width of the blade . the larva may move and make a new mine elsewhere . in the latter case the mines are fairly short ; otherwise an entire blade may be mined out . frass in a some narrow greyish brown streaks . pupation outside the mine ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
the larva is illustrated in british leafminers , ukmoths and ? bladmineerders van europa .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
adult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .
time of year - adults : the adults fly in a single generation during june and july ( ukmoths ) .
north aberdeenshire , north ebudes , north hampshire , north northumberland , north somerset , outer hebrides , pembrokeshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south hampshire , south lancashire , south northumberland , south wiltshire , south - east yorkshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , stirlingshire , warwickshire , west cornwall , west gloucestershire , west kent , west lancashire , west norfolk , west suffolk , westmorland and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) .
also recorded in the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east , north and northwest , slovakia , sweden , switzerland and the netherlands ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
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wingspan about 10 mm . named after the noticeably whitish forehead , the most likely confusion species is e . apicipunctella , which however has an additional white spot in the apical area of the forewing .
there are other very similar species in this genus which means that detailed examination of an actual specimen is generally needed to identify the exact species . a red box around the image indicates that we think it is likely to be this species but can ' t be 100 % certain .
this is a quite common species throughout most of the british isles . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .
it appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
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for the county , we have a total of 51 records from 30 sites . first recorded in 1859 .
§1 nethybridge , inverness - shire ; 11 / 07 / 2011 ; male §2 nethybridge , inverness - shire ; 13 / 07 / 2011 ; male §3 meshaw moor , devon ; 24 / 06 / 2016 ; female ; fw 3 . 6mm ; netted by day all images © chris lewis
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santon downham ( b palmer , 1987 - 9 ) , eye ( p kitchener , 6 . vii . 2007 )
common on the leaves of various grasses . flew to monks soham light in july 1933 , and was beaten from bushes at eriswell in late june 1914 ( mly ) . hemley in 1932 ( whit . ) .


the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf or middle russian forest wolf , is a subspecies of grey wolf native to europe and the forest and steppe zones of the former soviet union .

it was once widespread throughout eurasia prior to the middle ages .

aside from an extensive paleontological and genetic record , indo-european languages typically have several words for wolf , thus attesting to the animal 's abundance and cultural significance .

it was held in high regard in baltic , celtic , slavic , turkic , ancient greek , roman , and thracian cultures , whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early germanic cultures .

it is the largest of old world grey wolves , averaging 39 kg ( 86 lb ) in europe ; however , exceptionally large individuals have weighed between 69 – 80 kg ( 152 – 176 lb ) , though this varies according to region .

its fur is relatively short and coarse , and is generally of a tawny colour , with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks .

melanists , albinos and erythrists are rare , and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation .

the howl of the eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of north american grey wolf subspecies , whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable .

the two are , however , mutually intelligible , as north american wolves have been recorded to respond to european-style howls made by biologists .

many eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage in areas with dense human activity , though wild ungulates such as moose , red deer , roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in russia and the more mountainous regions of eastern europe .

other prey species include reindeer , argali , mouflon , wisent , saiga , ibex , chamois , wild goats , fallow deer and musk deer .

eurasian wolf

eurasian wolf or european wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) . . . pictures | getty images
the eurasian wolf is one of the largest wolf subspecies , and the largest type of wolf found outside of the americas .
the eurasian wolf ' s scientific name is canis lupus lupus , as it is a subspecies of the gray wolf . other names for this variety include common wolf , carpathian wolf , european wolf , steppes wolf , chinese wolf , and tibetan wolf .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus ) is one of the largest wolf subspecies and the largest found outside of the americas . there are almost 40 wolf subspecies including arctic wolf , tundra wolf , critically endangered red wolf , dingo and the domestic dog . see more photos and learn more about eurasian wolves below .
eurasian wolf from zoopark chomutov , the czech republic . vlk euroasijský ze zooparku chomutov , česká republika .
the eurasian wolf is one of the 37 recognized subspecies ( types ) of gray wolf . all 37 subspecies are essentially the same animal ; the eurasian wolf could have pups with any of the other grey wolf subspecies , which include the arctic wolf , the dingo … and the domestic dog .
this page contains amazing eurasian wolf facts for kids ( and adults ) . this animal is part of the
although the howls of the eurasian wolf and the north american gray wolf appear to be different to human ears , they understand each other quite well .
apart from size , the physical differences between wolf subspecies are often small . the eurasian wolf has a slightly narrower head and longer ears than its north american cousins . the eurasian wolf’s howl is longer and more varied in tone than those of the north american subspecies .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf , european wolf , carpathian wolf , steppes wolf , tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) . currently , it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia , ranging through western europe , scandinavia , russia , china , mongolia and the himalayan mountains .
eurasian wolves are still hunted in many countries , but are increasingly protected by local laws .
the eurasian wolf has a pale gray - brown coat , which is lighter on the undersides and darker on the back and shoulders .
the iberian wolf is found exclusively in the iberian peninsula . its scientific name “signatus” refers to the signs in their fur that differentiate it from eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) .
we find no evidence of the eurasian golden jackal occurring in continental africa ,
koepfli said .
the chinese , or eurasian , wolf – canis lupus lupus – is thinner than its american cousin , with longer ears and a narrower head .
in general , eurasian wolves are found in remote areas , that is , far from cities and towns .
studies of eurasian lynx , dingoes , lions and sea otters have found similar effects , the authors reported .
the lynx patrols work in the bohemian forest and its foothills - the home of our largest eurasian lynx population .
if you want to read similar articles to what is the habitat of the eurasian wolf ? , we recommend you visit our facts about the animal kingdom category .
ancient nomads , female warriors and priestesses by jeannine davis - kimball ( center for the study of eurasian nomads ) useful information and details on the specific functions of these powerful priestesses and priestess - warriors of the early eurasian nomads .
cotswold wildlife park is celebrating the birth of a litter of five eurasian wolf cubs – the first to be born at the park in its 47 - year history .
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed .
the arctic wolf’s medium - size distinguishes it from the northwestern wolf , which is smaller in comparison .
the second deepest split separates the modern western eurasian dogs , such as the labrador retriever , and east asian dogs , such as the shar pei ( figure 1a ) . it is interesting to note that the paleolithic newgrange dog clusters tightly with western eurasian dogs , indicating that the split between the east asian and western eurasian lineages occurred before that newgrange individual appeared .
the eurasian wolf still has the widest range among wolf subspecies , residing in the tundra , taiga , plains , scrublands , mountains and desert . their coats are suited to the plunging temperature and the northern , freezing climes .
the diet of eurasian wolves varies enormously throughout their ranges . eurasian wolves commonly prey on medium sized ungulates like moufflon , chamois , saiga , wild boar , red deer , roe deer and livestock . eurasian wolves will occasionally eat smaller prey such as frogs and hares . in europe , their largest prey is the wisent , while in asia , it is the yak .
the classification of species and subspecies of the wolf is still unclear , although most authors consider that there are 7 species of wolf : gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , red wolf ( canis rufus ) , ethiopian wolf ( canis simensis ) , eastern wolf ( canis lycaon ) , golden jackal ( canis aureus ) , himalayan wolf ( canis himalayensis ) and indian wolf ( canis indica ) . although some features are common to all species , we will focus on the gray wolf and specifically in the subspecies iberian wolf ( canis lupus signatus ) .
) that most people think of when they hear the word
wolf
. currently there are two definitive species of wolf - the grey wolf and the ethiopian (
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title =
arkive photo - eurasian wolves fighting
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as a subspecies of the gray wolf , the eurasian wolf inhabits the temperate grasslands of europe and asia . they live in smaller packs and are considered more adaptable to environmental changes , when compared to the north american gray wolf . eurasian wolves also have narrower heads , longer ears , coarser fur and thinner tails than gray wolves . size vary according to geographic distribution , but animals found in asia are often bigger than their european counterparts .
three - year - old eurasian wolf ember , who gave birth to five cubs this year , was killed by a keeper after being discovered outsider her enclosure at cotswold safari park on friday .
the scientists compiled a list of 494 prey species that provided food for 17 large carnivores – including the lion , tiger , leopard , cheetah , grey wolf , eurasian lynx and spotted hyena .
eneolithic horse exploitation in the eurasian steppes : diet , ritual and riding on the dietary and the ritual role of horses in the eneolithic western eurasian steppes . horses were strongly associated with the world of humans and had become an important symbol in mortuary rituals by about 5000 bc .
the eurasian wolf , leaner than its american cousin , was driven to extinction in france in the 20th century . thanks to a dedicated conservation effort , a small population has returned to the alps .
the temperate grasslands are a biome that includes the prairies of north america , the steppes of russia and mongolia and the south american pampas . among many other animals species , wolves also live in the temperate grasslands ; wolf species include the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , the subspecies mexican wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) and eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , as well as the north american red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the south american maned wolf ( chrysocyon brachyurus ) .
although the iucn status of the gray wolf is of least concern - remember that the species includes domestic dogs and dingoes - eurasian wolves face habitat fragmentation and persecution from humans , which are major threats .
scientists believe the eurasian wolf moved eastwards , and it is less and less commonly found in the west . while it used to be found all over eurasia , now it is only found in select regions .
the colour of the eurasian wolf ranges from white , cream , red , grey and black , sometimes with all colours combined . wolves in central europe tend to be more richly coloured than those in northern europe .
of the three major species of wolf that are spread across the globe , one of the most famous is the eurasian , or “common” , wolf . this large canine is most commonly found in central russia and eastern and northern europe . reaching up to 35 inches in height and weighing between 70 and 130 pounds , the eurasian wolf is the largest of its kind in eurasia . the largest recorded grey wolf was killed in romania , and was said to have weighed 158 pounds . although sometimes referred to as the “grey wolf” , these wolves aren’t always grey in color . in fact , it is common to see cream colored eurasian wolfs , as well as ones with brown or black pelts . these wolves are more rich in color when found in northern europe than elsewhere .
nowadays the eurasian wolf is considered extinct in many european countries . fortunately , re - population efforts have had results in france , germany , norway and sweden . this effort began in the mid - 20th century , and it has spread to other regions . the population has more than doubled in russia ; however , the number of eurasian wolves in asia remains unknown .
wolves have been driven out of many parts of europe and are now only found in remote areas , far away from towns and cities . despite this , the eurasian wolf has the largest range ( the area in which it is found in the wild ) of any type of wolf .
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the canadian arctic archipelago , from melville island to ellesmere island .
eurasian wolves display social characteristics , forming large packs . this behavior is , however , variable as some populations in europe have been seen to be solo hunters .
the wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of the nomadic peoples , both of the eurasian steppe and of the north american plains . in many cultures , the identification of the warrior with the wolf ( totemism ) gave rise to the notion of lycanthropy , the mythical or ritual identification of man and wolf . ( the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devi . )
eurasian wolves have shorter , denser fur than their north american relatives . their size varies according to region , although adults measure 30 inches ( 76 centimetres ) at the shoulder and weigh around 70 – 130 pounds ( 32 – 59 kilograms ) , with females usually being about twenty per cent smaller than males . the heaviest known eurasian wolf was killed in romania and weighed 158 pounds ( 72 kilograms ) .
the grey wolf known also as the timber wolf , was once one of the world’s most widespread species , however due to habitat reduction , persecution by humans and other factors , its range is now confined to remote wilderness areas of north america , eurasia and north africa . the eurasian wolf although still under threat , is starting to recover since it’s major decline in the 1950’s .
europe has had a long and complex history with the eurasian wolf . ancient vikings , romans , celts and greeks all feared and respected the animal , writing it into their religious mythologies . the she - wolf , or lupa romana , the symbol of ancient rome , was so revered that romans only killed wolves when absolutely necessary .
the eurasian wolf subspecies is known for its long , narrow skull and slender build . it has a coarser and thinner coat than that of other gray wolves , and it can range from white to black , including cream , red , gray and brown .
small , isolated groups are found in western european countries and scandinavia . larger wolf populations are present in eastern european countries such as poland and romania . by far the largest number of eurasian wolves – perhaps as many as 30 , 000 – live in russia .
the red wolf is under hot debate as to whether it is a separate species of a subspecies of the grey wolf . a study in 2011 found it ' s dna to consist mainly of coyote and be only 20 % grey wolf however , suggesting that it is not a genetically distinct species of wolf .
in scottish folklore there are a number of tales of the wolf and fox . these tend to convey the wolf as somewhat more gullible than the cunning fox . in one tale fox tricks wolf out of a whole keg of butter , and in another fox ' s trickery results in wolf losing his tail !
from the ‘big bad wolf’ in little red riding hood to the legendary ‘ werewolf ’ , the wolf – or gray wolf to give it its full name – is the subject of myths and fairytales in many parts of the world .
the eurasian wolf was eliminated from most of northern europe during 19th century . it was hunted out of denmark in the 1770s , while the last norwegian wolf was eliminated as late as the 1970s . in central europe , gray wolves lowered in numbers during the first part of the 19th century : the last wolf of bavaria was hunted in the 1840s . in crimea , the subspecies has been eliminated not one but multiple times .
the wolf - size otter lived in a shallow swamp surrounded by thick vegetation .
genetic diversity in the caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from southern europe .
but this wolf had apparently lain in wait for the young mining camp worker .
the wolf , it seems , is one animal that’s always in the doghouse .
in the 4th - 6th century ce the rouran took over control of the eurasian steppes . in 436 ce the rouran dislodged the usun to the tian - shan mountains [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a possible subspecies of gray wolf and is native to the canadian arctic archipelago . it is a medium - sized subspecies , distinguished from the northwestern wolf by its smaller size , its whiter coloration , its narrower braincase , and larger carnassials .
eurasian wolves are regarded highly in various european cultures , including the greek , roman , baltic , celtic , etc . germanic people of yore , however , had both regard and contempt for this animal .
fig . 1 . deep split between east asian and western eurasian dogs . ( a ) a neighbor - joining tree ( with bootstrap values ) based on identity by state of 605 dogs . red and yellow clades represent the east asian and western eurasian core groups , respectively . ( b ) a map showing the location and relative proportion of ancestry of dogs . negative values ( red ) indicate that the population shares more derived alleles with the east asian core , whereas positive values ( yellow ) indicate a closer association with the western eurasian core . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the current ( dark blue ) and historic ( light blue ) population range for brown bears , gray wolves , eurasian lynx , and wolverines in europe . photo credit : chapron et al . 2014 .
the african golden wolf is found in north and east africa , with perhaps some in the middle east , while the eurasian golden jackal is found from southern europe to the middle east and across southern asia all the way to the edge of southeast asia in vietnam , the researchers said .
) and grey wolf haplotypes published after 2010 , as well as any dog haplotypes .
below we examine more versions of wolf legends and myths from indo - european lands .
villagers have also taken down a stuffed wolf that had been in the school lobby .
like many members of the animal kingdom , eurasian wolves breed during the early winter months and into the spring . after between 61 and 65 days of pregnancy , a female eurasian wolf will give birth to around 4 to 7 pups . the whole pack will raise and disciple these young wolves , though it is only the most dominate females and males that will mate . this ensures that only the strongest genes will survive , and that the strength of the pack will be maintained for generations to come .
the researchers determined that the african golden jackal lineage split from the lineage including gray wolves and coyotes about 1 . 3 million years ago while the eurasian golden jackal lineage split about 600 , 000 years earlier .
the wolf is often symbolically linked with mountain kami in shinto ( the most famous example being the wolf kami of mitsumine shrine in the town of chichibu in saitama prefecture ) .
the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devil .
the elimination of the eurasian wolf from europe was an effort that began during the middle ages and persisted until the beginning of the 20th century . in some cases , like in the united kingdom , their killing was promoted through legislation : in scotland , wolves survived till the 1680s while ireland saw its last wolf killed in the 1780s . they are still considered extinct in the british isles .
on a continent that can go years without a major wolf attack , the area has hosted three suspected wolf attacks on adult men in 12 years . the attacks are all within 100 km of one another , and thus within the range of a single wolf population .
“the turki , one branch of the hun people，took the wolf as their ancestor．in turki annals，zhou classics , it was recorded that the ashina tribe people were killed out by neighboring kingdoms，with only one ten - year - old boy survivor , who was saved by a she - wolf．the wolf brought him up and mated him．the enemy kingdoms heard of this，endeavored to kill him and the pregnant wolf．the last turki didn’t survive this crisis，but the wolf did，as well as their ten offspring． the wolf escaped to the caves in the mountain north to the nanchang kingdom，and gave birth to ten boys．they prospered and took wolf as their totem．and in the legendary story of cham wukesi，there was a god wolf who guided the way in the marching，and helped the army win the war .
iberian wolf pack howling at night / lobos ibéricos aullando en la noche . durmiendo con lobos
wolf shot dead after escaping from a zoo may have climbed over a defective electric fence .
listed below are the species or subspecies of wolf that are currently contested and under debate .
, which translates into english as something like ' the great evil wolf ' , rather than the wolf of british fairytales , the somewhat downgraded ' big bad wolf ' . the tale of little red riding hood , as we know it today from the brothers grimm , was originally
the grey wolf legend the wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout eurasia and north america ( corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf ) . the wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most turkic peoples . asena is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth by a mythical wolf in turkic mythology . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
the gray wolf is the biggest species in the canidae family , which inhabits temperate grasslands of the northern hemisphere . the gray wolf has several subspecies , which often refers to geographic groups with specific characteristics . the mexican wolf is a smaller and critically endangered subspecies of gray wolf , which was reintroduced to the north american temperate grasslands recently , after almost extinct in the wild .
the successful birth of four red wolf pups is an important addition to the populations of this rare florida species , and they are the first red wolf births at the zoo since 1993 .
the wolf lives on in a number of scottish place names , such as mullinavaddie ( ' mill of the wolf ' ) in perthshire , as well as lochmaddy , ardmaddy and craigmaddy .
as soon as the elder son got to know that his mother was a wolf , he said to her , “mamma ! mamma ! i have heard that you are a wolf . ”
the eurasian wolf sub - species ( canis lupus lupus ) has recovered since the nadir of its decline in the 1950s , and is found in the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , italy , northern europe , russia , turkey , israel , saudi arabia , afghanistan , pakistan , india , mongolia and china . across much of this range the wolf was widely hunted due to the threat of predation on livestock populations .
the tibetans attribute their grey wolf traditions to the mongol royal house , and not the tibetans , see mynak r . tulku , “ grey wolf in tibetan tradition , ” bulletin of tibetology 1967 no . 2 , or the notes on the grey wolf symbol , via digital himalaya :
the many names of the eurasian wolf point out the subspecies ' exceptionally wide range , from western europe to east asia and including the alps , scandinavia , russia , the caucasus , the kopet dag range , mongolia and the himalayas . interestingly , the gray wolves that you can find in italy are a separate subspecies .
“a single wolf basically pounced on him , ” was what a mine representative told the press .
on the very rare occasion that a north american wolf bites a human , the animal is usually rabid or surprised ; a hiker startling a wolf feeding on a moose carcass , for instance .
the wolf is a legally protected species … and there is no need to revisit that status .
( the old spelling of the french word for wolf ) abound . the name chanteloup is particularly common , and signifies that in the middle ages professional wolf hunters must have made camp there (
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18th century .
brown bear , wolf , the eurasian lynx and wolverine are found in nearly one - third of mainland europe ( excluding belarus , ukraine , and russia ) , with most individuals living outside nature reserves , indicating that changing attitudes and landscape - scale conservation measures are successfully protecting species which have suffered massive persecution throughout human history .
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19 th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18 th century .
in the cardinal directions of the plains indians , the wolf represented the west , while for the pawnee , it represented the southeast . according to the pawnee creation myth , the wolf was the first creature to experience death . the wolf star , enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the earth should be made , sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of the storm that comes out of the west , which contained the first humans . upon being freed from the bag , the humans killed the wolf , thus bringing death into the world . the pawnee , being both an agricultural and hunting people , associated the wolf with both corn and the bison ; the “birth” and “death” of the wolf star ( sirius ) was to them a reflection of the wolf’s coming and going down the path of the milky way known as wolf road . [ 12 ]
two mexican gray wolf pups born at chicago’s brookfield zoo swapped places with two wild - born pups in new mexico as part of the united states fish and wildlife service’s mexican grey wolf recovery program .
the eurasian wolf , as the name suggests , is a canid subspecies found across europe and asia . it is a carnivore that has largely had its population cut down during various periods of history , but currently , conservation efforts have ensured that it thrives across the range that it inhabits . its numbers are believed to be generally stable .
the bears are the most abundant large carnivore in europe with around 17 , 000 individuals , alongside 12 , 000 wolves , 9 , 000 eurasian lynx and 1 , 250 wolverines , which are restricted to northern parts of scandinavia and finland .
most troubling of all , human habituation can be “passed down through wolf generations , ” said murray .
the geographic origin and age of the oldest archaeological dog remains in eurasia . ( b ) a suggested model of dog domestication under the dual - origin hypothesis . an initial wolf population splits into east and west eurasian wolves that were then domesticated independently before becoming extinct ( as indicated by the † symbol ) . the western eurasian dog population ( european ) was then partially replaced by a human - mediated translocation of asian dogs at least 6400 years ago , a process that took place gradually after the arrival of the eastern dog population . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the researchers reviewed published scientific reports and singled out seven species that have been studied for their widespread ecological effects or
trophic cascades .
this includes african lions , leopards , eurasian lynx , cougars , gray wolves , sea otters and dingoes .
by e . kuzmina ,
the eurasian steppes : the transition from early urbanism to nomadism
and the papers by k . jones - bley ,
sintashta burials and their western european counterparts
and
the sintashta ' chariots '
)
as the wolf is a top predator , the state of the wolf can frequently be seen as a state of the land where it lives . wolves are still endangered after being hunted down in the 1600s .
although man domesticated his best friend from the species at least 15 , 000 years ago , he has long regarded the wolf as his worst enemy . the wolf prowls through stories—red riding hood , peter and the wolf , the norse myth of the beast that will swallow the sun at ragnarok—as the embodiment of evil .
katja schulz set
wolf 2
as an exemplar on
canis lupus lupus linnaeus , 1758
.
the capitoline wolf with romulus and remus . musei capitolini , palazzo dei conservatori , rome photo : wikimedia commons
wolf attacks aren’t supposed to happen this way , but wolves don’t exactly act as expected in northern saskatchewan .
the modern gray wolf subspecies of northern and central north america probably descend from a relatively recent wave , as gray and eurasian wolves are more closely related to each other than to smaller wolves inhabiting the southern fringes of wolf range on each continent . as in north america , the average size of wolves in eurasia varies geographically , generally increasing toward the north . the romanian wolf is of intermediate size , most adults weighing between 75 to 130 lbs ( 34 to 60 kg ) . average pack size ( around five ) and territory sizes ( between 80 and 300 sq km ; 50 to 186 miles ) tend to be smaller than typical of most wolf populations in northwestern north america .
from ms versteeg’s photographs , and from the carcass of a deer found nearby—its throat torn out in classic wolf fashion—scientists verified that she was the first person to have seen a wolf in the netherlands since 1897 . having talked to the experts , she now understands that the wolf was probably more frightened than she was . “but all you know at the time is : it’s a wolf , it’s a predator and i’m in its way . ”
a comparison of caucasian wolf mtdna haplotypes with the combined datasets of wolf and dog haplotypes from the studies by verginelli et al . [ 64 ] and savolainen et al . [ 65 ] showed that two caucasian haplotypes ( w4 and w47 ) belong to a haplogroup shared between eurasian wolves and domestic dogs , named haplogroup vi [ 64 ] or haplogroup b [ 65 ] . the remaining caucasian haplotypes ( including the three unique haplotypes ) belong to a haplogroup containing most of worldwide wolf haplotypes and only one domestic dog haplotype , named haplogroup viii [ 64 ] or haplogroup e [ 65 ] .
another recurring scene shows a warrior fighting two wild beasts ( wolves or bears , compared to the eddaic geri and freki ) . thus , spiedel ( 2004 ) connects geri and freki with archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf - pelts and frequently found wolf - related names among the germanic peoples , including wulfhroc ( “wolf - frock” ) , wolfhetan ( “wolf - hide” ) , isangrim ( “grey - mask” ) , scrutolf ( “garb - wolf” ) and wolfgang ( “wolf - gait” ) , wolfdregil ( “wolf - runner” ) , and vulfolaic ( “wolf - dancer” ) and myths regarding wolf warriors from norse mythology ( such as the úlfhéðnar ) . parallels in the 6th - to 7th - century iconography of vendel period sweden ( öland ; ekhammar ) , in alemannia ( gutenstein ; obrigheim ) as well as in england ( sutton hoo ; finglesham , kent ) suggest a persisting “pan - germanic” unity of a wolf - warrior band cult centered around wodan / wodin in scandinavia , in anglo - saxon england and on the continent right until the eve of christianization of england and alemannia in the 7th century . [ 3 ]
eurasian wolves are highly social animals , though due to a decline in territory , they form smaller packs than in north america . social behaviour seems to vary from region to region , an example being that wolves living in the carpathians tend to be predominantly solitary hunters .
mech , l . d . & boitani , l . ( iucn ssc wolf specialist group ) . 2010 .
wolf and lynx patrols are trained volunteers who dedicate their free time to the monitoring and protection of large carnivores .
“prior to the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) , japanese worshiped this canine , whether wolf or mountain dog . the shinto shrine mitsumine jinja was of particular importance in wolf worship and has been associated with both shugenoo , or traditions of mountain asceticism , and wolf iconography . mitsumine jinja stands near the village of ootaki , in saitama prefecture .
there has since been a suspected wolf killing of a 32 - year - old jogger in alaska in 2010 .
characteristics iberian wolves are of medium size with a thinner build than the average eurasian wolf . males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males . their coat will vary in color from a lighter grey or ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter . the name signatus ( meaning marked ) was derived from white marks on the wolf ' s upper lips , and dark marks on the tail and front legs .
much like north american wolves , the eurasian wolf eats mammals of a range of different sizes , including various domesticated breeds of livestock . these mammals range from saiga , wild boar , and red deer , to roe deer and moufflon . due to human advancements and construction , a lot of the eurasian wolf’s natural food sources have become increasingly scarce , which is why they often seek out and attack farmers ' livestock in compensation . these wolves hunt in packs in order to take down larger animals such as yaks and wisents . during this type of hunting , the wolves will victimize the young or weak in order to separate them from the crowd , and chase the animal to the point of exhaustion , so that they will more easily be able to eventually kill it .
like all wolves , eurasian wolves are carnivorous animals . their main prey are herbivorous ungulate animals such as wild goats , boar and deer , and even large animals such as moose or elks . however , they also feed on mustelids , rodents , ducks and even lizards .
the survey found the eurasian lynx living permanently in 11 population groups across 23 european countries , of which only five were native populations – indicating the success of reintroduction efforts . according to monbiot , momentum is building for the reintroduction of the lynx into the cairngorms in scotland .
poor statistical support for several dog breeds , such as the greenland sledge dog and the siberian husky , indicate that they probably have mixed ancestry from both the western eurasian ( yellow ; figure 1a ) and east asian ( red ; figure 1a )
core
dog groups .
the project took up more than three years of simpson’s life , most of which he spent in beijing . he first went to china in 2010 to work with zoos in finding proper parentage for the pups that would eventually be used in the film . he raised 16 eurasian wolf pups in china . and when he returned to alberta just before christmas , he brought them all back with him .
wolves will fight to defend their territories . territorial fights are the leading natural cause of wolf deaths in the wild .
) , however some other potential species are under hot scientific debate . listed below are the uncontested species of wolf .
still , that doesn’t mean that members of simpson’s friendly pack aren’t often called upon to play those “bad wolf” roles .
in angenanfu，a uiguri folk epic，there is a god wolf named botanyouna，who guided their ancestors out of the mountains，and persuaded a blacksmith to lead 100，000 soldiers to defeat the enemies．uptonow，the uigur people still take wolf as a symbol of bravery , and when a boy is born，they would like to say they get a wolf cub”．– teng yong qing’s “ legend of the ‘’wolf’’：probing into its cultural images ” pp . 66 - 67 , us - china foreign language，issn 1539 - 8080，usa mar．2008，volume 6，no．3 ( serial no．54 )
there are now around 35 wolf packs in germany , comprising an estimated 150 animals . image : michelle bender , flickr
the wolves of romania are
eurasian wolves ,
canis lupus lupus , a subspecies which prior to the 20th century ranged over most of the vast super - continent—from western europe and scandinavia eastward through russia , central asia , southern siberia , mongolia , the northern himalayas and china—but now reduced in extent due to human persecution and loss of habitat , especially in the west . the eurasian wolf is believed to descend from canids that migrated from the north american continent across the bering strait when it was land or ice , possibly in multiple waves beginning at least two million years ago . after evolving into wolves , some migrated back to north america , possibly also in multiple waves .
our results showed that african and eurasian golden jackals were distinct across all the genetic markers we tested , including data from whole genomes , suggesting these are independently evolving lineages ,
said klaus - peter koepfli , a conservation and evolutionary geneticist at the smithsonian conservation biology institute in washington .
at no time were members of the public in any danger as the wolf was away from the visitor area throughout .
if you want to know more about the iberian wolf you can download the app ifelix ( in spanish ) listed here .
“if in fact it was a wolf attack , it’s way outside what we understand and we know , ” he said .
china used to have one of the world ' s largest wolf populations , spread across grasslands in xinjiang and inner mongolia .
the double goddess : women sharing power by vicki noble “it is now clear that the so - called silk road linked the mediterranean with india and china for at least 4000 years , and one thing that stands out is the unique and enduring amalgam of afro - eurasian female shaman priestesses . ”
environmental and animal - welfare organisations are leading the fight to keep the wolf protected . they have generous supporters , for whom the wolf is totemic . when defenders of wildlife polls its 1m members about the species they care about , the wolf always comes out top , according to jamie rappaport clark , its president and a former director of the federal government’s fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . that makes lobbying for the wolf a priority : “our members expect a return on their investment . ”
the above practices merged with ta’asobi rituals associated with rice planting and the god of the rice field , and as a result the wolf messenger or wolf deity became conflated with folk beliefs about the sarutahiko okami , god of the crossroads , see sarutahiko okami – monkey or wolf guide - deity . while legend tells that prince yamatotakeru was guided by a wolf once when he lost his way during one of his campaigns , which has shades of the following ashina ( as well as uighur ) legend :
the mexican wolf found in the usa once ranged from new mexico to texas and southeastern arizona . today , after becoming extinct in the wild , the mexican wolf has been reintroduced to a small area of arizona with the hope that as the population expands they will hopefully move back into new mexico . there are 47 mexican wolf captive breeding facilities in united states and mexico .
european populations of gray wolves ( canis lupus ) , wolverines ( gulo gulo ) , brown bears ( ursus arctos ) and eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) are increasing . these four species collectively occupy one third of europe . photo credit : wikipedia , mike needham , dan stodola , trees for life .
) , or introgression of wolf mtdna into the dog population following hybridisation events in early phases of the evolutionary history of dogs .
the zoo’s participation in the mexican gray wolf recovery program shows how zoos can partner with other conservation organizations to help save species .
“the messenger of the gods from mitsumine shrine is the japanese wolf , kami no tsukai , ookami , 「神使 : 狼 おおかみ」 .
unlike fox and bear , the wolf has always been feared and hated in finland , and wolf has been the symbol of destruction and desolation , to the extent that the very name of wolf in finnish language , susi , means also “a useless thing” and the by - name hukka means perdition and annihilation . while bear has been the sacred animal of finns , wolves have always been hunted and killed mercilessly . the wolf has been represented as implacable and malicious predator , killing more than it manages to eat .
in the secret history of the mongols , the mongol peoples are said to have descended from the mating of a doe ( gua maral ) and a wolf ( ‘boerte chino’ ) . [ 8 ] in modern mongolia , the wolf is still seen as a good luck symbol , especially for males . in mongolian folk medicine , eating the intestines of a wolf is said to alleviate chronic indigestion , while sprinkling food with powdered wolf rectum is said to cure hemorroids . [ 9 ] mongol mythology explains the wolf’s occasional habit of surplus killing by pointing to their traditional creation story . it states that when god explained to the wolf what it should and should not eat , he told it that it may eat one sheep out of 1 , 000 . the wolf however misunderstood and thought god said kill 1 , 000 sheep and eat one . [ 10 ] ( source : wolves in folklore , religion and mythology )
the wolf has enriched our culture through its presence in countless stories , as well as non - fictional works of nature writing . in a sand county almanac , 20th century american ecologist aldo leopold wrote an evocative account of an encounter with a wolf he shot :
the eurasian wolf alpha male and female mate between january and march . litters , usually consist of 6 pups which are born 7 weeks later in a den which has been dug among bushes or rocks . the male brings food back to the den , either by carrying it whole or by swallowing and then regurgitating it for the others to eat . as the pups grow , the mother and other members of the pack help to feed them .
the arctic wolf is a sub - species of the grey wolf and is native to the arctic regions of north america and greenland . because of the isolation of their native habitat , they are not threatened by hunting or habitat destruction like their southern relatives . however , industrial development ( mines , roads and pipeline construction ) is gradually encroaching on their native territory , and will most likely interfere with food supplies , in the future . the arctic wolf is the only sub - species of wolf that is not classified as threatened .
despite continuous historical distribution of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) throughout eurasia , the species displays considerable morphological differentiation that resulted in delimitation of a number of subspecies . however , these morphological discontinuities are not always consistent with patterns of genetic differentiation . here we assess genetic distinctiveness of grey wolves from the caucasus ( a region at the border between europe and west asia ) that have been classified as a distinct subspecies c . l . cubanensis . we analysed their genetic variability based on mtdna control region , microsatellite loci and genome - wide snp genotypes ( obtained for a subset of the samples ) , and found similar or higher levels of genetic diversity at all these types of loci as compared with other eurasian populations . although we found no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck , genome - wide linkage disequilibrium patterns suggest a long - term demographic decline in the caucasian population – a trend consistent with other eurasian populations . caucasian wolves share mtdna haplotypes with both eastern european and west asian wolves , suggesting past or ongoing gene flow . microsatellite data also suggest gene flow between the caucasus and eastern europe . we found evidence for moderate admixture between the caucasian wolves and domestic dogs , at a level comparable with other eurasian populations . taken together , our results show that caucasian wolves are not genetically isolated from other eurasian populations , share with them the same demographic trends , and are affected by similar conservation problems .
wolves are social animals and live in family groups called packs . a typical wolf pack consists of an alpha pair and 3 to 9 of their offspring . larger wolf packs comprise two or more of these families , and can number up to 30 or more animals .
the wolf communicates in a number of ways , including body language , scent , and vocalizations such as growling , barking and whining .
taff tried to tranquilise the wolf after it was found outside the perimeter near the a361 , but said it was out of range .
the prince found himself lost until a white - wolf god led him out of the mountains , hence the shrine’s connection with wolves .
“thus the grey wolf ( bozhurt ) became an omen of happy import among the ancient turks . the emblem ppeared on the standards of the huns and the ulghurs . the oguz branch of the turks was said to have been guided by a wolf on their migrations and in the early epic of oguz kagan , the latter is said to resemble a wolf physicall y . the wolf device does not seem to have been used as an emblem for some time after the turks became muslims–probably because of religious scruples–out it was revived by ataturk” .
the truck’s arrival spooked the wolf away and the security guard , who has declined media interviews , sprang out to provide first aid .
where large carnivores have been restored - - such as wolves in yellowstone or eurasian lynx in finland - - ecosystems have responded quickly , said ripple .
i am impressed with how resilient the yellowstone ecosystem is . it isn ' t happening quickly everywhere , but in some places , ecosystem restoration has started there .
the wolf is one of the most iconic carnivores , especially in spain . however , an unwarranted bad reputation kills hundreds of individuals a year . find out in this post more about this wonderful animal and the conservation efforts that are currently being made with the iberian wolf .
not everybody agrees . where humans were once united in their determination to eradicate the wolf , they are now sharply divided over its return .
most wolf subspecies live in separate areas in the wild , and have slight physical variations that reflect the different conditions in which they live .
the wolf’s iucn red list conservation status is ‘least concern’ , and the world’s wolf population is stable . however , wolves used to be present in many more parts of europe than they are now , and wolves are highly dependent on the areas that they do inhabit remaining undeveloped .
sometimes referred to as the
common wolf
, this canine is to be found throughout much of russia and northern and eastern europe .
unlike other species of wolf , the arctic wolf rarely comes into contact with humans and is not threatened by hunting or persecution . however , industrial development is a threat as an increasing number of mines , roads , and pipelines encroach on its territory and interrupt its food supply .
wolf - headed warrior , vendel era bronze plate found on öland ( late 6th - century sweden ) spiedel , michael ( 2004 ) .
using data from the large carnivore initiative for europe , researchers looked at the occurrence of brown bears ( ursus arctos ) , eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) , gray wolves ( canis lupus ) and wolverines ( gulo gulo ) in every european country except for ukraine , belarus , russia , and very small countries such as andorra .