swainson 's thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , also called olive-backed thrush , is a medium-sized thrush .

it is a member of catharus genus and is typical of it in terms of its subdued coloration and beautiful voice .

swainson 's thrush was named after william swainson , an english ornithologist .

the genus name catharus comes from the ancient greek katharos , " pure or clean " and refers to the plumage of the orange-billed nightingale-thrush c. aurantiirostris .

the specific ustuatus is latin for " burnt " , from urere , " to burn " .

the breeding habitat of swainson 's thrush is coniferous woods with dense undergrowth across canada , alaska , and the northern united states ; also , deciduous wooded areas on the pacific coast of north america .

these birds migrate to southern mexico and as far south as argentina .

the coastal subspecies migrate down the pacific coast of north america and winter from mexico to costa rica , whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within north america ( a substantial detour ) and then travel southwards via florida to winter from panama to bolivia .

swainson 's thrush is a very rare vagrant to western europe .

it has also occurred as a vagrant in northeast asia .

at least in the winter quarters , swainson 's thrush tends to keep away from areas of human construction and other activity .

swainson ' s thrush

the swainson ' s thrush is the only woodland thrush whose song goes up in pitch .
the swainson ' s thrush is a summer visitor along the coast of california .
figure 1 . distribution of swainson ' s thrush in north and middle america .
a swainson ' s thrush photographed at st . francis wildlife association in quincy , florida
thanks for that shyloh…so nice to hear the swainson’s thrush song on a cold october morning .
swainson’s thrush has been observed to be steadily declining , but is currently labeled as ‘least concern’ .
unlike most other forest dwelling thrushes , the swainson ' s thrush ' s song rises in pitch toward the end of the melody .
often heard but difficult to spot . this video of a singing swainson ' s thrush is a cherished prize !
information on the swainson ' s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the swainson ' s thrush is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
i often wonder what ' s behind the name when i come across a bird that has an unusual name like the swainson ' s thrush instead of a self explanatory name like the black - capped chickadee . the swainson ' s thrush was named after william john swainson , an english ornithologist ( among other things ) , who lived from 1789 to 1855 . numerous species of birds were named after william john swainson , including the swainson ' s hawk and swainson ' s warbler . the swainson ' s thrush was named after mr . swainson by thomas nuttall , another zoologist who was also a botanist . mr . nuttall also has plants as well as birds named after him , like the nuttall ' s woodpecker .
flight : in flight , swainson’s thrush appears entirely olive brown on the upperparts . it hovers while gleaning insects from foliage .
regional differences in color and song occur within the swainson ' s thrush species . swainson ' s whose spring and summer range is the pacific northwest are more reddish brown in color than the olive color of the swainson ' s living within the rest of the species ' range . the swainson ' s of the pacific northwest also have a somewhat different song .
swainson’s thrushes are very common during migration across much of the u . s . , and they migrate at night
swainson’s thrush is shy and skulking , spending most of time on ground , under cover of undergrowth . it hops and will run in short bursts . swainson’s thrush is highly migratory . migration is mostly at night , often found in mixed flocks with other thrushes .
stefani ( 1996 ) reports that swainson’s thrush has been proposed as a species of special concern by laymon ( pending fish and game approval ) and that the usda forest service identified the swainson’s thrush as one of two priority landbird species for monitoring in the sierra nevada .
stefani reports 1 . 8 swainson’s thrushes / ha in plumas national forest , 1996 .
there are around 600 different species of birds in the thrush family . some of these like the wood thrush , varied thrush , hermit thrush , swainson ' s thrush and gray - cheeked thrush have their family name included in their individual names . others like the veery , american robin and western , mountain and eastern bluebirds are also thrushes but their family name is not a part of their common title .
protection / threats / status : swainson’s thrush populations appear to be declining , but is a widespread breeding bird occupying much of forested north america . they are however still vulnerable to loss of habitat on breeding and wintering grounds . occasionally , swainson’s thrush is a host of brown - headed cowbird .
density of swainson ' s thrush by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .
it was named after william swainson , an english ornithologist , and is also called the olive - backed thrush .
the distinct habitat requirements of the subspecies should be a major theme in conservation planning for the swainson’s thrush . however , data on breeding requirements of the western russet - backed swainson’s thrush , published or unpublished , is extremely sparse . although the majority of the swainson’s thrush range in ca is occupied by the russet - backed subspecies , no distinctions are made in published ca wildlife habitat manuals between habitat requirements this and the more northern and eastern olive - backed subspecies .
i could not find any legends about the swainson’s thrush , though if i were writing about the hermit thrush i would have at least one myth for this part . this is a scottish poem by walter wingate .
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diet : swainson’s thrush feeds on fruit , berries and insects . it also eats spiders and other invertebrates . young are fed insects , and possibly some fruits .
the swainson ' s thrush uses dense brushy areas along the coast of california . in the inland valleys it frequents oak woodlands as well as riparian pant communities .
the swainson ' s thrush occupies forested habitat at low to mid - elevations , overlapping with the veery below and the hermit thrush above . although it is found mostly in dense hardwood and mixed forests , young conifer forests , and forest openings , the swainson ' s thrush does not require as dense an understory as does the veery . they are attracted to salmonberry stands as nesting sites .
the longest - lived swainson’s thrush on record was at least 12 years , 1 month old when it was recaught and rereleased during banding operations in montana in 2006 .
the diet of the swainson ' s thrush changes seasonally from insects to berries . berries are important year round , making up over one third of the summer diet .
the swainson ' s thrush ' s breeding range is from alaska and across much of canada , south to the western united states and the northern parts of new england . they winter in central and south america .
new research shows that swainson ' s thrushes use a
genetic map
to pick their migration routes .
my favorite thrush songs besides the robin of course , are the swainson ' s and varied thrush ' s ~ we ' ve had the privilege of listening to both of them often . in addition to their superb singing abilities , there are many interesting things about this family of birds . in this months in scope , we ' ll be focusing our attention on the swainson ' s thrush ~ a wonderful spring and summer singer that frequents our neighborhood .
the song of the swainson ' s thrush is of a beautiful flute like quality with notes softly spiraling upward toward the end of the song . they also sing a simple whistled call note . a group of swainson ' s thrush males will often sing together in chorus in the early morning or evening , each singing from within his own territory .
the preferred habitat of the swainson ' s thrush is coniferous woodlands and forests and shrubby thickets . they enjoy berry bushes and will forage where they are well hidden . secretive by nature , swainson ' s thrushes are not always seen but their woodwind like songs echo for long distances .
other thrushes like the varied thrush may enjoy a birdseed mix , although it is not usually a food swainson ' s like to eat . ground level feeders like a low tray feeder suits any thrush ' s foraging style best ~ so when trying to attract them to your feeding station , be sure to offer thrush foods on or near the ground .
unlike the east where there are numerous species of thrushes , we have only the hermit and swainson ' s thrushes . separation of these two through binoculars in southern california is complicated because the local subspecies of swainson ' s thrush has a rufous rump . pyle has some very clear cut characteristics to separate the two species , fig . 228 for hermit thrush and fig . 227 for swainson ' s thrush . basically , p9 < p6 and p6 is emarginated in heth , while p9 > p6 and p6 is not emarginated in swth .
if you live within the swainson’s thrush’s range , you can make your yard more enticing to this bird by providing tree and shrub cover and ground - level bird baths , avoiding chemical pesticides , and letting leaf litter accumulate undisturbed .
the swainson’s thrush has olive to reddish - brown upperparts , head , and wings , buffy spectacles around the eyes , a buffy breast spotted with black , and a whitish belly .
habitat : swainson’s thrush favours coniferous or mixed forest , with rather open undergrowths , and also woodland thickets especially near streams . it winters in mature tropical forest , and secondary forest .
thrushes are excellent fliers and make use of this trait for short and long - distance migrations with species such as the veery and swainson ' s thrush wintering well south of the equator .
the swainson ' s thrush is a nocturnal migrant . at night this bird migrates up from mexico and central america in the summer . they just come to visit us in the summer .
the swainson’s thrush’s nest is a cup of twigs , leaves and grass , sometimes held together with mud , and lined with finer materials . it is often placed on a horizontal branch of a tree or shrub , either coniferous or deciduous .
they swainson ' s thrush enjoys toyon berries as well as the cover it provides . toyon is a large evergreen shrub with clusters of red berries . the swainson ' s thrush likes large and small shrubs for nesting and foraging as well as leaf litter for foraging . so don ' t rake up your leaf litter . it is a treasure trove of nutrition and organic matter .
the swainson’s thrush’s whirling song has a ventriloqual quality that can make it difficult to track . this may happen as the singer moves quickly from one perch to another between songs . it may also have to do with the sounds’ reverberation in dense foliage . swainson’s thrushes also sometimes sing quiet songs that create the illusion that its song emanates from a more distant location .
johnson , m . d . and g . r . geupel . 1998 . the importance of productivity to the dynamics of a swainson’s thrush population . the condor 98 : 134 - 142 .
there are three species of spot - breasted thrushes found in washington . all three - the swainson ' s thrush , the veery , and the hermit thrush - have solid brownish upperparts ( back , wings , and tail ) , light - colored bellies , whitish eye - rings , and varying degrees of spotting on their breasts . all are similar in shape to a robin , but smaller . males and females appear similar in most species . the spots on the swainson ' s thrush appear more faded than those of the hermit thrush , but more distinct than those of the veery . swainson ' s thrushes also have distinct buff - colored eye - rings .
swainson’s thrushes have been called “mosquito thrushes” for their flycatching habit of going after flying insects while feeding on their breeding grounds .
the swainson’s thrush is a medium bird which may also be called the olive - backed thrush . it prefers to breed in coniferous woodlands with dense undergrowth throughout canada , alaska and the northern united states . it is also found in deciduous forests of the north american pacific coast . during winter months , this species will migrate to southern mexico and argentina , costa rica , panama , bolivia and occasionally western europe . the swainson’s thrush forages for its food on the forest floor and gleans the surrounding vegetation . diets usually consist of insects and berries . nests are cup - shaped and placed on horizontal tree branches . the conservation rating for the swainson’s thrush is least concern .
although swainson ' s thrush is still considered one of the most common birds of northern spruce - fir forests , populations are declining even where abundant , particularly in alaska and the northeast . in california , the breeding range of this species has contracted during the last century , and
the disappearance of the swainson ' s thrush from yosemite valley is one of the unsolved mysteries of sierran ornithology
(
range : swainson’s thrush breeds from interior alaska throughout most of canada , southward to northern states in east , and through mountains in west and along pacific coasts . it winters in mexico and south america .
this month i have created for you a new coloring page featuring the swainson ' s thrush as well as a word search puzzle all about thrushes ! both activities are in a free downloadable pdf . just
swainson’s thrushes breed from alaska south to much of the western u . s . , as well as across southern canada to the northeastern u . s . they winter in mexico and central america . the population has declined in recent decades .
one other observation is timing . swainson ' s thrushes seem to pass south through southern california in late summer / early fall ( sep - oct ) and then north in late winter / early spring ( may ) . in between these two times , hermit thrushes are common ; we have never encountered a swainson ' s thrush in winter .
in north america , aside from the american robin and bluebirds , most thrushes are birds of woodland and forest . the wood thrush shares the eastern deciduous forests with the veery while out west , the ethereal tones of the varied thrush vie with the songs of hermit and swainson ' s thrushes in the tall coastal rainforests . the gray - cheeked thrush breeds further north in the boreal zone and the townsend ' s solitaire sings from the mountain conifers .
the swainson ' s thrush utilizes the organism rich leaf litter . this leaf litter is filled with all kinds of organisms that break down plant material . this includes spiders , worms , fungi , insects and many other creatures .
) . eight forms of swainson ' s thrush have been described based on geographical differences in coloration , with six currently recognized as subspecies . the confused historical taxonomy of this species and currently recognized differences may yet prompt further reclassification .
the scientific name of the swainson ' s thrush is catharus ustulatus . this thrush is smaller than the american robin at 6 1 / 2 to 7 3 / 4 inches long . the male and female of this species look alike . depending on where they live , both male and female are an olive or russet color on their upperparts and have a white and lightly buff underside heavily spotted with brown . they also have a creamy white eye ring around each eye . the swainson ' s thrush has the same basic body shape as the american robin .
swainson ' s thrushes are not particularly common birds in the santa monica mountains at the zuma canyon bird banding station ( only 22 encounters in seven years ) . but since this bird can easily be mistaken for a hermit thrush , i thought the inclusion of its species account would be useful . swainson ' s and hermit thrushes have an almost sympatric breeding range , but swainson ' s thrushes do not winter in the u . s . but rather in southern mexico and into central america . there are six subspecies in two groups . the key problem along the west coast is that the local subspecies ,
swainson’s thrush flit their way into the yukon mainly from mid - may to the end of may , being one of the last songbirds to make it to the yukon in spring . these birds overwinter in southern - most mexico , and down through western ( and part of central ) south america . they leave the yukon for the winter usually from the second - half of august to early september . these thrush nest in a wide variety of habitats , from cottonwood stands to old - growth spruce forest . around our yard it is a mix of black spruce and lodgepole pine , and the swainson’s thrush love it . swainson’s thrush prefer coniferous forests , particularly spruce . they forage for a mixed diet of bugs ( basically any ) and berries . at teslin lake bird observatory , there is a thicket of high - bush cranberries and you often see the swainson’s thrush in there stuffing themselves . they mostly forage on the ground , but also by hopping from low branch to low branch . they glean insects from plant foliage and will occasionally ‘flycatch’ in flight .
a characteristic also shown by the adults of the wood thrush and a few other species .
swainson’s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) are smaller than a robin , averaging at about 7 inches in length . they are greyish brown , with a white throat , belly , and undertail . the breast is covered with large brown spots that extend and fade down to the belly . it has a white eyering with a pale , creamy lore stripe extending from the front of the eye to the base of the bill . if you get a good look , you can see that it looks as though the thrush is wearing eye glasses . that is one of the main characteristics that you use to identify a swainson’s thrush . grey - cheeked thrush have no eyeglasses , though they do have a thin eyering . hermit thrush have a thick white eyering , but no eyeglasses . hermit thrush also have a rich , rufous tail and bigger / bolder breast spots .
the swainson ' s thrush ' s nest is made up of moss , lichens , sticks , leaves and grasses . it is usually constructed and well hidden in a shrub or tree in a woodland or forest setting . the female lays three or four very light bluish - green eggs with light brown speckles .
the swainson ' s thrush forages in the leaf litter for insects and spiders . they also glean them from shrubs . so make sure you have lots of mulch in your garden . it also helps retain moisture , and nutrients for your plants .
2 . 9 hectares , on riparian woodland plot in san diego co . ( weaver 1989 ) . swainson’s thrush density decreased yearly on this plot after 1989 , disappearing by 1992 and absent at least through 1994 . weaver reports drought in 1990 and spring floodwaters which scoured the plot in the years 1991 - 1993 . but by 1997 , swainson’s thrushes had returned to the plot , with 3 males detected countersinging .
although the swainson ' s thrush does much of its feeding on the ground , it spends more time foraging in trees than do the other spot - breasted thrushes in washington . they hover while gleaning insects from foliage , and also catch flying insects . in spring and summer , when they feed predominantly on insects and other invertebrates , they forage mostly on the ground . as the season progresses and they eat more berries , they forage farther off the ground . the song and call of the swainson ' s thrush are quite distinctive , and may help a birder to locate this thrush that usually stays under cover .
reproduction : male establishes a territory and attracts a female by singing . swainson’s thrush’s nest is usually in a low conifer , sometimes in deciduous tree , at 2 to 10 feet above the ground . it’s a bulky open cup on a horizontal tree branch , built by female in about 4 days . it’s made of grasses , plants stems , moss , small twigs and mud . it is lined with skeletonised leaves , rootlets , lichens or moss , and animal hair .
every spring i look forward to the evenings and early hours of morning . i step outside into the cool , fresh air , and listen to one of the prettiest songs i have ever heard . one swainson’s thrush sings its heavenward spiralling song close by ; more answer it throughout the forest . at times up to seven or more males are scattered in the thickest parts of the forest by our house , defending their territories and competing with each other to attract a females attention . to hear the swainson’s thrush song and call , click here .
when attempting to attract swainson ' s thrushes to your yard , you will have to rely much more on your plant choices and creating a habitat for them than filling the feeder with delicious goodies . since swainson ' s thrushes rarely visit feeders , you will need to offer them food and shelter in the form of good garden plantings instead .
mack , diane evans and wang yong . 2000 . swainson ' s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto swainson’s thrush is often silent . the most typical call is an emphatic , low , liquid “whit” . we can hear also a soft “whup” . song is an ascending spiral of varied whistles . at night , a peeping “queep” is heard .
when controlling for plot effect , two of the above variables were found to account for within - plot differences in nest success - - willow shrub cover , which negatively correlated with nest success , and western swordfern cover , which positively correlated with nest success . it is interesting to note the negative correlation of nest success with willow shrub cover ( defined as < 5m high and stem of < 8cm dbh ) , considering that bent describes russet - backed swainson’s thrush as being attracted to willow - alder thickets . perhaps at the early stage of willow regeneration , some nest site requirement is not met for the swainson’s thrush . therefore , the simultaneous presence of willows and breeding swainson’s thrushes should not necessarily be taken to represent a healthy population .
swainson’s thrush is seasonally monogamous , but pairs often re - form in multiples seasons after repeating the pair - bonding process . this may facilitate rapid pairing . males arrive first ; initially tries to drive arriving females on its territory . after several days of female persistence , which may de strengthened by the male’s defensive behaviour , male accepts female and mating occurs .
swainson’s thrush sings from a high perch . it may flick its wings and raise its crest when agitated . when is performing an agonistic display ( a behaviour used to threaten another bird ) the bird draws its head back , raises its bill while moving it slightly to the side .
marzluff and lyon ( 1983 ) found swainson’s thrush abundance correlated with snag density , and 25 - 50 cm dbh live stems . they state that density of snags > 30 cm dbh reflect shrub cover and the occurrence of large stems . according to timossi ( 1990 ) the swainson’s thrush is found in moist ecotones , such as tree / shrub , tree / grass , or shrub / grass , with water and dense understory being necessary elements . she suggests that a dense understory and canopy closure of 40 - 100 % provides both protection from predators and an ample food supply .
a very short breeding season , documented by bent ( 1949 ) , prbo nest and banding data ( 1996 - 97 ) , and rogers ( 1994 ) , means a very narrow window of opportunity for reproduction , and possibly a high sensitivity to disturbance of breeding grounds . therefore , swainson’s thrushes are limited by production of young on the breeding grounds ( johnson and guepel 1995 ) . prolonged negative impacts on nest survivorship could be catastrophic to the swainson’s thrush . unfortunately , we have a profound lack of knowledge of nest survivorship and nesting requirements of the swainson’s thrushes breeding in california . this gap in knowledge could be distastrous for the conservation of the species , which appears to be extirpated from a large portion of its historic range .
the swainson’s thrush is best known for its distinctive , fluting song , the upward - spiraling melody that breeding males use to defend nests and territory and also probably to attract mates . while this song varies somewhat from one individual bird to the next , its whistling , constantly ascending quality is always recognizable once you’ve heard it .
two subspecies of swainson ' s thrush occur in washington , the russet - backed form in western washington and the southeast cascades , and the olive - backed form found in eastern washington and the northeast cascades . swainson ' s thrushes appear to benefit from the extensive logging of low - elevation west - side forests because logging leaves brushy , early - successional habitat . they are currently the most abundant and widely distributed spot - breasted thrush in washington . they are , however , still vulnerable to loss of habitat on breeding and wintering grounds . the breeding bird survey shows a small , not statistically significant decline in the washington population between 1980 and 2002 .
originally classified in the genus turdus from specimens on the columbia river in washington and the saskatchewan river in canada , swainson ' s thrush is now included in the genus catharus with the veery ( c . fuscescens ) and hermit ( c . guttatus ) , gray - cheeked ( c . minimus ) , and bicknell ' s ( c . bicknelli ) thrushes . among these and other closely related , spotted north american thrushes , it forages higher off the ground than its relatives and uses more aerial , fly - catching techniques to obtain insect prey , a characteristic that earned it the name
mosquito thrush
in maine ( bent 1949 ) . eight forms of swainson ' s thrush have been described based on geographical differences in coloration , with six currently recognized as subspecies . the confused historical taxonomy of this species and currently recognized differences may yet prompt further reclassification .
in new england spruce - fir forests , the nests of swainson’s thrushes are often lined with root - like cords of horsehair fungus . the fungal filaments can have antibiotic effects and may help deter nest pathogens .
swainson’s thrush is a common species , but has been gradually declining across its range ; experiencing a loss of about 38 % between 1966 and 2014 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 100 million , with 28 % spending some part of the year in the u . s . , 72 % in canada , and 7 % in mexico . the species rates a 10 out of 20 on the continental concern score . swainson ' s thrush is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . this species ' short breeding season may render it sensitive to disturbance on nesting grounds . problems on breeding grounds include grazing , development , human activity , and invasions of nonnative plants . during spring and fall migration , significant numbers of swainson’s thrushes die from collisions with windows , radio and cell - phone towers , and tall buildings . ( for more on the dangers of lights to migrating birds , visit the fatal light awareness program . ) studies of bird deaths at communications towers in minnesota , illinois , and west virginia revealed that swainson’s thrushes were killed in greater numbers than any other bird species . back to top
swainson ' s thrush : breeds from alaska east across canada to newfoundland , south to british columbia and along the west coast and rocky mountains , and also in northern new england . during migration , it may occur throughout north american and the caribbean . spends winters in tropics , from central mexico south . prefers coniferous forests and willow thickets .
swainson’s thrushes feed at higher levels than their relatives . they move in short hops along branches looking for food , gleaning from leaves of broad - leaved and coniferous trees . going after insects , they also lunge , hover , and flycatch . swainson’s thrushes often perch on low twigs or branches to survey the litter below , then dive for prey . on the forest floor , they take long , springy hops from one hunting stop to the next . in addition to the male’s haunting song , a peeping flight call , and other vocalizations , swainson’s thrushes communicate aggression and other attitudes with a variety of silent body poses and displays , such as wing - flitting , leaf - tossing , and foot - quivering . on migration stopovers , swainson’s thrushes may join multispecies foraging flocks . on breeding grounds , mating begins with the male chasing a fleeing female . as the courtship warms up , the pair progresses to slow flights and perching together . back to top
distribution : the swainson ' s thrush winters in from central mexico to guyana , western brazil , peru , bolivia , northwestern argentina and paraguay . their summer range stretches from interior alaska , across canada to the northeastern states and southward through the central pacific northwest and midwestern states . these birds were found in nearly all ecological units of yukon - charley rivers national preserve during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . they occurred at highest density in the lower elevations of the yukon river valley ( yv ) ecological unit . swainson ' s thrush was the fourth most frequently detected bird on the bird inventory as their distinctive song is heard over long distances .
hermit thrush is the only catharus thrush to winter widely in the lower 48 . they are told by their bold black spotted underparts , and chestnut tail that contrasts with browner upperparts . this bird is safely aged as a first - winter based on its retained juvenile upperwing coverts , which are tipped buff . view this photographer ' s galleries here : urltoken
during summer , look—and especially listen—for the swainson’s thrush and its distinctive , spiraling song in closed forests of northern north america and the west . swainson’s thrushes become numerous across most of forested north america during migration in spring and fall . though these birds can be hard to spot on the ground in a dim forest understory , they sing frequently in summer and call frequently during migration . in the breeding season , listen for the species’ beautiful , flutelike song coming from rich forest . ( just remember that hermit thrushes have a similar song , though it usually includes a clear , level introductory note . ) swainson’s thrush also gives its distinctive water - drip call quite frequently . once you get eyes on a candidate , check the face for that distinctive buffy - spectacled look . on winter grounds in central and northern south america , the species inhabits closed - canopy forest and can often be found attending army - ant swarms .
the family turdidae is a diverse group of birds including thrushes , townsend ' s solitaires , northern wheatears , bluebirds , and robins . members of this family are eloquent songsters and may be found in various habitats from woodlands to open areas . all have narrow , notched bills used to feed on insects and fruits and the young have spotted breast plumage . birds of the genus catharus include the swainson ' s , gray - cheeked , and hermit thrushes . the word thrush may be derived from the greek verb
to twitter ,
reflecting the active nature of these small birds . these
spotted breasted
thrushes closely resemble one another and prefer the forest understory . although swainson ' s thrush may be seen occasionally standing or running on the forest floor , these birds spend less time on the ground than other thrushes .
according to bbs data for 1966 - 1996 , declining , but not quite significantly ( p < 0 . 20 ) . prbo banding data for 1980 - 1992 at palomarin field station , marin co . also shows insignificant decline . manly and davidson ( 1993 ) report swainson’s thrush declining in california but not in north america , from 26 years of bbs data .
the veery is redder above , and the gray - cheeked thrush lacks buffy tones in the face . hermit thrushes have a reddish tail .
winker , k . , d . w . warner , and a . r . weisbrod . 1989 . the northern waterthrush and swainson’s thrush as transients at a temperate inland stopover site . in hagan , j . m . and d . w . johnston [ eds . ] , ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds . manomet bird observatory , woods hole , ma .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
on one site in the sierra region , disturbance to riparian habitat during breeding season may have caused disruption or displacement of swainson’s thrushes in 1995 and 1996 . stefani ( 1996 ) discovered that swainson’s thrush productivity declined between the period 1989 - 91 and 1996 at a site where a waterfowl habitat creation project had commenced in fall 1995 . restoration activities continued through the breeding season of 1996 , possibly contributing to the population decline on the site . she recommends avoiding such activities during future breeding seasons . also , two active swainson’s thrrush nests were destroyed in marin co . in 1997 , as a direct result of summer fish habitat restoration activities ; the nest was inadvertantly knocked from its supporting shrub during fence - building ( prbo data 1997 ) . these examples serve merely to illustrate that timing of riparian restoration activites is critical , particularly when considering productivity of a species with a very short breeding season . predators
description : swainson’s thrush is rather warm olive brown above , and whitish below , with a distinct warm buff wash to the face , throat and breast , and a distinct buffish eye ring . underparts show more restricted spotting than in song thrush , being only weakly marked on lower breast and flanks . both sexes are alike . eyes are dusk . legs and feet are flesh coloured . bill is yellow with black tip . immature is similar to adults . birds in the east are more olive brown above ; western birds are more reddish - brown .
descriptions : swainson ' s thrush inhabits boreal coniferous woodlands and forest margins . favoring damp habitats , they may be found in the moist forest understory or near riparian thickets . their most distinctive traits are their buffy
spectacles
( eye rings joined by a band across the bill ) . these 18cm birds are brown above contrasted by a bright buffy breast with dark spots . sides and flanks are grayish brown .
behaviour : swainson’s thrush forages near ground , but higher than other thrushes . it may occasionally fly - catch insects . in winter , it follows army - ants swarms . it gleans insects from vegetation , and also forages for other invertebrates on the ground . in late summer , they feed on berries . it hovers while gleaning insects from foliage , and also catches flying insects , sometimes even in the canopy .
swainson’s thrushes eat largely insects and arthropods during the breeding season ; they also eat fruits , particularly in fall and winter . they tend to reject yellow fruits and favor red ones , going after elderberries , blackberries , raspberries , twinberries , huckleberries , and other wild fruits including those of brier , false solomon’s seal , and sumac . insect prey items include beetles , caterpillars , flies , grasshoppers , and bugs . swainson’s thrushes also feed on ants—a dietary item more commonly associated with some woodpeckers and unusual among temperate songbirds . nestlings are fed mostly insects , including especially caterpillars , beetles , moths , and flies . back to top
this species may be displaced by the hermit thrush where their ranges overlap . possibly , the latter species adapts more readily to human encroachment upon its habitat .
of the american robin , orange and gray of the varied thrush , and the earthy tones of other forest species . all juvenile thrushes are spotted on the
although swainson ' s thrush is still considered one of the most common birds of northern spruce - fir forests , populations are declining even where abundant , particularly in alaska and the northeast . in california , the breeding range of this species has contracted during the last century , and
the disappearance of the swainson ' s thrush from yosemite valley is one of the unsolved mysteries of sierran ornithology
( marshall 1988 : 367 , citing beedy and granholm 1985 ) . the trend is clear , but the reasons are not . nests are not besieged by cowbirds , but predation rates are high , resulting in low nest - success rates overall , critically low in some locales . loss of breeding habitat may be a contributing factor , including loss of mature conifer forest and forest fragmentation , but swainson ' s thrushes are relatively abundant in some early - successional habitats , such as conifer plantations ; this fact clouds the forest - management issue . on the pacific coast , loss of riparian habitat to development and grazing have likely contributed to declines . the impact of habitat changes on wintering grounds is unclear .
during the peak of migration , swainson ' s thrushes are often very common in woodlots and parks , lurking in the thickets , slipping into fruiting trees to pluck berries . although they tend to stay out of sight , the patient birder eventually can see them well enough to discern the bold buffy eye - rings that give these birds their alert or startled look . like the other brown thrushes , swainson ' s migrate mostly at night , and their distinctive callnotes can be heard from overhead on clear nights during spring and fall .
, seattle audubon ' s on - line breeding bird atlas of island , king , kitsap , and kittitas counties .
this species account is dedicated in honor of carol sisler , member of the cornell lab of ornithology ' s administrative board .
the more i learn about god and his creation , the more in awe and humbled i am at his greatness , his beauty and his love . the fact that god allows man to discover new things about his creation and learn more about the world he made is a humbling thought , especially when we , as humans don ' t always give him the praise or credit he is due . god ' s wisdom is shown in his varied and wondrous works . the swainson ' s thrush ' s song is one of the many voices in creation that praises their creator . we should do the same and humble ourselves before him because , after all , who are we in comparison to god himself ?
no published nest data exists for swainson’s thrush in california , and little exists for the russet - backed subspecies overall . data has been reported for seven nests located near juneau , ak ( rogers 1994 ) . according to diane evans , compiler of swth bna species account , very little nest data , published or unpublished , exists for the pacific coast region besides prbo and krrc nest data collected between 1995 and 1997 in marin county ( pers . comm . ) .
thrushes are well represented in north america with sixty species in thirteen genera ( including the extinct grand cayman thrush and amahui of hawaii ) . this family includes well known birds such as the american robin and bluebirds , and lesser known birds such as the townsend ' s solitaire of western mountain forests .
dilger , w . c . 1956a . adaptive modifications and ecological isolating mechanisms in the thrush genera catharus and hylocichla . wilson bull . no . 68 : 171 - 199 . close
they nest from early june to late july , building cups out of grasses , stems , small twigs , and moss in trees and shrubs . their nests can be found up to 6 metres high , but the average height is usually around 2 . 5 metres high . i found one , possibly two swainson’s thrush nests during our years here in tagish . the first was about two meters high in a small spruce tree with three brown - speckled blue eggs in it . the female seemed to only incubate at night , as i saw her once at 5 : 30 am , and not once during the day . unfortunately , the nest was found by a squirrel , and all of the eggs were destroyed . the second nest was just this past summer . i don’t know for sure if it was a swainson’s thrush , but it was being built on a ledge just under the eves of our outdoor shower . it was a cup nest of grass . we did have a swainson’s thrush nesting in there the year we moved here , but a weasel ate the eggs . this nest remained incomplete ; i guess the couple didn’t like their view . usually one to five eggs are laid , and are incubated by the female for about twelve to thirteen days . the female will only begin incubation after she has laid the third egg . when the eggs hatch , the hatchlings are fed by both parents and usually fledge after ten to twelve days .
none of the thrushes of mainland north america are considered threatened although populations of the wood thrush have declined in many areas possibly due to deforestation on its breeding and central american wintering grounds . most hawaiian solitaries , though , have become critically endangered or have gone extinct because of changes to their fragile habitat and susceptibility to avian malaria . ornithologists are also concerned about the future of some species , such as the bicknell ' s thrush , due to destruction and development of their small wintering habitat areas .
stanwood , c . j . 1913 . the olive - backed thrush ( hylocichla ustulata swainsoni ) at his summer home . wilson bull . no . 25 : 118 - 137 . close
dunne , p . ( 2006 ) . pete dunne ' s essential field guide companion . houghton mifflin harcourt , new york , usa .
swainson’s thrushes nest in shady sites in the forest understory—especially in thickets of deciduous shrubs or conifer saplings , mostly 3–10 feet off the ground . they build their nests on plants such as willow , fir , spruce , blackberry , alder , aspen , birch , maple , oak , briers , gooseberry , rose , and sumac .
you can also add more appeal to your yard for swainson ' s thrushes by adding coniferous evergreens for cover . since insects also make up a large part of a thrush ' s diet , ceasing the use of pesticides will make your yard even more bird pleasing and therefore , they will spend more time in your yard where you can enjoy them . of course , since thrushes dwell primarily on forest floors , having a forest or woodland nearby your home is key to enjoying these fabulous singing birds . if you don ' t have a woodland , forest or densely treed area nearby your home , chances are that you will have to go elsewhere to enjoy thrushes .
with spotted breast and reddish tail , the hermit thrush lives up to its name . although celebrated for its ethereal song , it is mostly a quiet and unobtrusive bird that spends much of its time in the lower branches of the undergrowth or on the forest floor , often seen flicking its wings while perched and quickly raising and slowly lowering its tail . a highly variable species in color and size , the hermit thrush ' s morphological characteristics and plumage have been well studied , with 12 - 13 subspecies now recognized ( see systematics ) .
swainson ' s thrushes are highly migratory , and none winter in washington . they arrive late in spring , and migration is spread out , with spring migrants appearing in late may in eastern washington . fall migration takes place during august and september . migration is mostly at night . the birds migrate to tropical forests for the winter .
johnson and geupel ( 1996 ) suggest that habitat specificity on their breeding grounds may be the basis for swainson’s thrushes being limited in the summer . they outline degree of habitat specificity by season : in breeding season swainson’s thrushes are riparian woodland specialists ( grinnell and miller 1944 , bent 1949 , verner and boss 1980 ) , on migration they use a range of habitats ( winker et al 1992 ) , and in winter they are possibly nomadic ( ramos and warner 1980 , rappole and warner 1980 ) , although there are arguments against this
winter nomad
interpretation ( marshall 1988 ) . they report a high hy return rate of 18 . 3 % at the palomarin field station in marin county , ca and hypothesize that
scarcity of habitat may limit dispersal possibilities .
bent ( 1949 ) describes a contrast in habitat preference between the two subspecies , stating that the western russet - backed subspecies most typically nests in willow - alder thickets , while the eastern olive - backed subspecies prefers young conifers . verner and boss ( 1980 ) state that in the western sierra , swainson’s thrushes prefer dense thickets near streams or wet meadows . swainson’s thrushes were found to be more abundant in riparian habitats than upland habitats on mixed - conifer study sites in the cascade mountains , lane county , oregon ( anthony et al 1996 ) .
thrushes are most well known for their beautiful flute - like songs ; an attribute shared by many north american thrush species . the caroling song of the american robin is often viewed as a harbinger of spring .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
in a study of avian abundance in riparian habitat of the cascade mountains , lane county , oregon , breeding densities differed by seral stage . plots were characterized as old - growth ( 400 - 450 yrs ) , mature ( 130 - 200 yrs ) , and young ( 25 - 35 yrs ) . young plots had been clearcut ; mature , even - aged plots had burned in a fire in the 1850s ; and old - growth were natural , unlogged forests . swainson’s thrush was least abundant in old - growth ( 6 . 50 / 40 ha ,
one of the most beautiful sounds on a spring or summer evening is the soft fluting calls of thrushes , making music in their woodland home . when i think of that family of birds it makes me think of their beautiful reedy like songs , softly lulling the day to sleep at sunset . its such a wonderful experience to witness these nightly concerts and its one of my favorite things about spring and summer . well known for their delightful songs , thrushes are truly virtuosos when it comes to their singing abilities . no matter where you live in the united states , with the proper habitat , you are sure to have one or more species from this family of birds to serenade you with a morning and evening song . here in the pacific northwest we have a few different types of thrushes , the varied thrush and american robin are year round residents here . we also have the hermit thrush in the winter and the western bluebird and swainson ' s thrush in the spring and summer . yes , the robin and bluebird are thrushes ! their young ' s spotted plumage ( especially on their chests ) is a clue to their family heritage .
people have developed different instruments over the years to play various types of music . some musical instruments like the flute , clarinet and saxophone are called woodwinds . they play beautiful music and are often used in orchestras and bands . but did you know that god created some thrushes with a woodwind - like song ? that ' s right , god thought of it first ! thrushes like the swainson ' s produce reedy flute - like calls which they sing in chorus in spring and summer at dawn and dusk .
swainson’s thrushes breed mainly in coniferous forests , except in coastal california where they are found primarily in deciduous streamside woodlands , alder or willow thickets , and occasionally in coastal scrub . these birds range from sea level up to about 8 , 500 feet in elevation . in coastal california , where their habitat may depend on the presence of fog , they tend to stay below about 500 feet . during migration , swainson’s thrushes occupy a wide variety of habitats , seeking mainly areas with dense undergrowth . look for migrants especially in forests , canyon bottoms , young woodland , swamp forests , lake edges , and parks . winter habitat includes primary and old second - growth tropical forest and forest - pasture edges . back to top
verner , j . and a . s . boss . 1980 . california wildlife and their habitats : western sierra nevada . gen . tech . rep . psw - 37 . pacific southwest forest and range exp . stn . , usfs , u . s . dept . agric . , berkeley , ca .
swainson’s thrushes declined and eventually disappeared over a 5 year period ( 1989 - 1994 ) from a 11 . 7 ha bbc plot in san diego county , after heavy spring flooding scoured the understory in the years 1991 - 93 ( weaver 1989 - 1994 ) . they have since returned , with three males detected countersinging in 1997 ( weaver , pers . comm ) .


chlamydogobius is a genus of gobies from australia .

all but one coastal species ( c. ranunculus ) are found in inland waters , such as springs , pools , creeks and streams .

most species live in extreme environments ; for example , several species of chlamydogobius are found in the water that emerges from geothermal springs , such as the dalhousie goby , found in the waters around dalhousie springs .

these fish can live in water with a wide range of temperatures , ph , salinity , and oxygen levels ; for example they are found in water with a ph between 6.8 and 9.0 , and temperatures between 3 and 43 °c ( 37 – 109 °f ) .

they can tolerate salinity as high as 60 parts per thousand ( almost twice that of sea water ) .

they have been found in water with extremely low oxygen levels ( as low as 0.8 ppm ) .

their water habitats often exhibit oxygen levels below 5 milligrams of oxygen per litre .

to cope with extremely low oxygen levels , they will emerge from the water to " gulp " air ( known as aerial respiration ) .

they also will position themselves over beds of algae to capture the produced oxygen .

they will hide in the mud and silt at the bottom of a stream , or in a plant or under a rock to avoid more extreme water temperatures .

sometimes they will emerge from very hot water for brief periods to take advantage of evaporative cooling .

they can survive even if there are drought conditions that reduce the size of their habitat .

if there is a flood that results in drastically increased water flow , they anchor themselves to rocks with their pelvic fins .

chlamydogobius fish are able to change their colours to blend in with their environments .

human drilling activities in australia have often reduced the pressure of the aquifers that feed the australian hot springs that chlamydogobius rely on , so some species are endangered .

chlamydogobius

the desert goby differs from all other chlamydogobius species in lacking scales on the head a breast .
unmack , p . j . ( 2003a ) . chlamydogobius micropterus larson 1995 elizabeth springs goby . available from : urltoken .
the genus chlamydogobius currently contains 6 described species , of which the relatively widespread c . ranunculus is also known in the aquarium hobby .
a male desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius , courting a female . source : t . k . lehtonen . license : cc by attribution
department of the environment and heritage ( 2006aba ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .
glover , c . j . m . 1971 . the taxonomy and biology of chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) : masters thesis , department of zoology , university of adelaide .
unmack , p . j . & r . wager ( 2006 ) . threatened fishes of the world : chlamydogobius micropterus larson , 1995 ( gobiidae ) . environmental biology of fishes . available from : urltoken .
miller , p . j . 1987 . affinities , origin and adaptive features of the australian desert goby chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . journal of natural history 21 ( 3 ) : 687 - 705 .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 39 : 50 + 1000 .
thompson , g . g . , and p . c . withers , 2002 - comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular & integrative physiology 131 ( 4 ) : 8717 - 879 aerial and aquatic respiration of the australian desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius .
larson , h . k ( 1995 ) . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius , with description of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory . 12 : 19 - 51 .
larson , h . k . 1995 . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius with descriptions of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 12 : 19 - 51 figs 1 - 14 pls 1 - 2
the following is an abbreviated summary of the extent of impacts largely drawn from summaries by harris ( 1992 ) and ponder ( 1986 ) .
the water in the great artesian basin ( gab ) was first tapped in the late 1870 ' s when the first bores or wells were sunk . this caused an initial period of drawdown or loss of pressure in the aquifer which resulted in a decline in spring discharge . this probably affected most springs within the gab to some degree . virtually all springs in the bogan and bourke supergroups are extinct or nearly so ( pickard 1992 ) , many in the eulo supergroup are extinct ( ponder 1986 ) , and only 1 spring , elizabeth springs ( which flows at < 95 % of its original rate ) remains active in the springvale supergroup ( habermehl 1982 ) . many of the lake eyre supergroup springs are also reduced in flow based on comparisons between descriptions by early explorers . today , the gab is in equilibrium between recharge and discharge ; that is , no further decrease in spring flow is expected providing no new developments occur . in an effort to reduce the wastage of water , there is an active program underway to control or cap flowing bores . this should hopefully improve the situation somewhat and may actually enhance spring flows . one development that threatens the lake eyre supergroup is the olympic dam mining venture . presently , the mine with draws 15 megalitres ( 4 , 000 , 000 gal ) per day , however , it is planned to expand this to 33 megalitres ( 8 , 700 , 000 gal ) per day ( harris 1992 ) . present levels of extraction has impacted several nearby springs , the impacts of increased extraction are difficult to accurately predict . further , there is a proposal to establish an iron smelting plant near coober pedy . this will presumably use artesian water in considerable amounts , if not for industrial processes then certainly for the proposed township . there is also another mining proposal at cloncurry ( near julia creek , queensland ) that hopes to use gab water ( r . wager pers . comm . ) .
virtually every spring has cattle or sheep grazing on it except those at dalhousie springs where grazing ceased in 1985 ( harris 1989 ) . a few of the lake eyre springs were fenced in 1986 - 1988 ( harris 1992 ) , and a few springs are protected within carnarvon gorge national park ( ponder & clark 1990 ) . due to the lack of water and fodder , stock tend to congregate around springs . this results in considerable trampling of the surrounding area as well as disturbance to the spring itself . faeces tend to pollute springs by causing high ammonia concentrations . occasionally , stock get trapped in soft mud and die , or they just happen to be in a spring when they die . in very small springs this results in the complete loss of fauna , in larger springs the total biomass tends to be reduced .
many springs in queensland have been dug out by pastoralists to improve water supply for stock ( ponder & clarke 1990 ; r . wager pers . comm . ) . why primarily in queensland ? this is probably because many of the springs there are fairly small and it has a higher density of people and pastoral properties ( ranches ) . none of the springs have been channelised or diverted primarily because of their small size , no irrigation has occurred in central australia , and the springs were generally easily accessible to stock .
the only recorded introduced species is damnbusia , which occurs in a few springs in the neales river and frome creek portions of the lake eyre supergroup , and a few scattered queensland springs . they are gradually expanding their range primarily through flood dispersal . they are a major problem at edgbaston springs where they threaten redfinned blue eye and edgbaston goby ( unmack & brumley 1991 ; wager & unmack in prep . ) . no efforts have yet been made to eradicate damnbusia from any spring . fortunately , due to its isolation , dalhousie springs remains free of exotic fish . however , this could easily change with increased tourist numbers , and the large warm pools ( 32 - 38°c ) ( 90 - 100°f ) may make ideal environments for some tropical fish species .
there is considerable debate as to whether fencing springs to prevent animal grazing is threatening or protecting them . the few lake eyre supergroup springs which have been fenced have become overgrown with phragmites australis . this may result in a change to the plant and animal communities of unknown proportions . if the springs are not fenced , then they risk being destroyed by cattle trampling and pollution . there is also disagreement as to how much grazing occurred on the springs prior to european settlement . did the spring flora and fauna ever experience grazing ? have the springs had time to come into equilibrium with cattle grazing ? have the springs changed to the point where they are dependent upon grazing to maintain aquatic habitats ? for example , p . australis tends to decrease water depth by collecting sediment , but they were present before cattle grazing . also , what was the water depth then ? ( although the flow rate was higher then too ) . we also don ' t know how the aborigines managed the springs . it is thought that they may have used fire to maintain access to the springs or to catch game , etc . another historical question is , what where the springs like when the mega - fauna roamed around the springs before their extinction around 10 , 000 years ago ? these are challenging management questions , which no one has attempted to answer yet .
habermehl , m . a . 1982 . springs in the great artesian basin , australia - their origin and nature . bureau of mineral resources , geology & geophysics , australia report no . 235 .
harris , c . 1989 . dalhousie springs - an introduction . in , natural history of dalhousie springs . eds . zeidler , w . & ponder , w . f . south australian museum , adelaide . pp 1 - 4 .
harris , c . 1992 . mound springs : south australian conservation initiatives . the rangeland journal . 14 ( 2 ) : 157 - 173 .
pickard , j . 1992 . artesian springs in the western division of new south wales . the graduate school of environment working papers series , macquarie university . paper no . 9202 . pp 123 .
ponder , w . f . 1986 . mound springs of the great artesian basin . in , limnology of australia . eds . dedeckker , p . & williams , w . d . csiro , australia and w . junk , the hague . pp 403 - 420 .
ponder , w . f . & clark , g . a . 1990 . a radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western queensland . records of the australia museum . 42 ( 3 ) : 301 - 363 .
unmack , p . & brumley , c . 1991 . initial observations on the spawning and conservation status of the redfinned blue - eye , ( scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis ) . fishes of sahul . 6 ( 4 ) : 282 - 284 . ( journal of the australian new guinea fishes association , australia ) .
wager , r . n . e . & unmack , p . j . ( in prep ) threatened fishes of the world , scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis .
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greek , chlamys , - idos = cloak , cape + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 . temperate ; 10°c - 35°c ( ref . 2060 ) , 136°e - 137°e
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )
occurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5° - 41°c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .
female deposits eggs on the ceiling of a rocky crevice . male guards the nest until hatching , which requires 10 to 17 days at temperatures ranging from 27° - 30° c .
larson , h . k . , 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . rec . west . aust . mus . ( suppl . no . 62 ) : 1 - 233 . ( ref . 43716 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00323 - 0 . 01625 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 31 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; fec = 20 - 250 ; assuming multiple spawning ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
' the bubbler ' is an artesian mound spring located near the type locality of c . eremius . a population of gobies inhabits the overflow channel of the spring .
unlike many gobies the fry do not undergo a pelagic stage as part of the life cycle . . .
. . . rather they settle directly onto the substrate and begin to forage almost immediately .
this slightly older juvenile has recently had a meal of artemia , visible as an orange mass inside the stomach .
another view of ' the bubbler ' . the overflow channel where the fish are found is visible in the top right of the image .
despite lacking a swim bladder this species does make forays away from the substrate at times .
type locality is ‘coward spring , in a small pool of water around an artesian well , central australia’ , and this species is endemic to the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia .
it’s quite widely - distributed in southern and western parts of the basin , with a range extending southwards from the neales river to clayton bore , west of the small town of marree .
lake eyre is a vast endorheic basin within which lies the lowest point in australia at some 15 m bmsl . it only fills with water occasionally and when it does so forms the country’s largest salt lake .
c . eremius does not occur in the lake itself since no fishes are able to survive there , rather it inhabits isolated freshwater springs , flowing artesian bores ( wells ) , and ephemeral waterholes where it tends to be associated with rocks and other submerged cover .
it’s capable of withstanding extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41°c / 41 - 105 - . 8°f ) , ph ( 6 . 5 - 11 . 0 ) , salinity ( 1 - 37 . 5 ppy ) and dissolved oxygen ( down to 0 . 8 ppm o2 ) .
although not an amphibious species , it can also survive in hypoxic conditions via a method of aerial respiration in which a bubble of air known as a buccal bubble is held against the roof of the mouth .
one example of a natural habitat is ‘the bubbler’ , an artesian mound spring comprising a central pool measuring a few metres across , plus a short overflow . it’s located a few kilometres away from the type locality in the wabma kadarbu conservation park and c . eremius is restricted to the overflow channel where it can be found among algae and marginal vegetation .
a sandy substrate is ideal though fine - grade gravel will also work , and in soft water areas coral sand or gravel may be required in order to maintain ph and hardness .
other décor should consist of rocky structures and / or terracotta pipes or plant pots forming a network of crevices and caves .
filtration should not be too strong but a degree of water movement is appreciated .
marine salt can also be added at a rate of around 1 teaspoon per litre should you wish , though the fish will survive and breed in pure freshwater provided it isn’t too soft or acidic .
temperature : a value between 20 – 28 °c seems best for general care .
this species is an opportunistic omnivore by nature and an unfussy feeder in captivity . it will accept most dried foods but for best colour and condition should be offered meals of small live and frozen invertebrates such as artemia , daphnia , bloodworm , etc .
it also has a long , elaborately - coiled intestine suggesting a natural predilection for algae and other herbivorous matter , so we suggest offering greenstuffs on a regular basis .
not an ideal community fish and in most cases is best maintained alone . if you do want to keep it with other fishes choose robust but peaceful species that dwell in the upper part of the water column and enjoy similar water conditions .
males can be aggressive when in spawning condition and should be observed closely , especially in smaller aquaria , as they may attack and even kill conspecifics . for this reason it’s essential to provide sufficient cover ( see ‘maintenance and decor’ ) so that subdominant or non - breeding individuals can seek shelter .
adult males have have relatively larger jaws than females and are much more colourful when in good condition , with a yellow to brownish body and bands of blue , black , and white pigment in the dorsal , caudal , anal and ventral fins .
males can , however , change colour to a surprising extent and may appear very similar to females when newly - introduced to an aquarium , or in the presence of a dominant male or other stressor . if in doubt the fish can easily be sexed by examining the urogenital papillae , which in males is longer and more slender than in females .
this species deposits its eggs in crevices or caves and they’re defended aggressively by the male until hatching . in nature it’s been recorded to spawn when water levels are highest , between november and march , but in captivity will breed year - round .
in a well - structured set - up you may find a few fry survive alongside the parents but in most cases it’s best to spawn the fish in a separate tank , or have somewhere else to move the adults to once eggs have been laid .
once in spawning condition males attempt to attract passing females via a courtship display involving jerky body movements and flaring of the dorsal and anal fins . a receptive female will eventually enter the spawning site and deposit the eggs on the roof , after which she is ejected .
at this point the female ( s ) are best - removed for their own safety while the male can be left in place to tend the eggs . incubation is temperature - dependant to an extent but normally 10 - 17 days , and once the eggs have hatched the male can also be removed as he will prey on fry given the opportunity .
the fry settle directly onto the substrate with no pelagic larval phase as in some other gobies , and are large enough to accept artemia nauplii or similarly - sized live foods immediately .
this species is sometimes traded as c . eremius ‘gold’ or ‘gold desert goby’ , but both names appear to refer to the natural form of the species .
the grouping is often included in the subfamily gobionellinae alongside genera such as brachygobius , mugilogobius , pseudogobiopsis , rhinogobius , schismatogobius , and stigmatogobius .
allen , g . r . , h . midgley , and m . allen , 2002 - csiro : i - xiv + 1 - 394 field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia .
symons , n . , p . a . svensson , and b . b . m . wong , 2011 - plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ?
i currently have 3 remaining female gobies from a batch of eggs hatched dec 2013 , originally it was only 4 females and 1 male that grew to adulthood but a the male and a female died a few weeks ago . sine then i have noticed 1 of the remaining females has gradually changed in colour and has taken on the appearance of a male and is now darker in the fins but not quite as vibrant blue as a male would be and without the white trim . she looks very different to the other two females who are still of a pale mottled sandy colour . i’m sure she is still physiologically a female but is it possible for a female goby can transform to ‘appear’ like a male ? . . and has there been any record of this happening ? can supply photo if needed .
a small sexually dimorphic goby found in the lake eyre catchment in south australia . desert gobies are greyish - brown with 7 - 8 darker saddles along the back , and marbled brown markings on the upper sides . the first dorsal fin has a bright blue median band and a yellow submarginal band , and the underside of the head is yellow .
the brightly - coloured breeding males have vivid yellow and blue markings on the first dorsal fin , and white margins on the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins .
these little gobies are remarkably well adapted to life in the desert . they occur in a wide range of habitats – from permanent desert springs to ephemeral rivers and streams where water temperatures and dissolved oxygen levels fluctuate greatly . when oxygen levels in the water are low , they survive by gulping air at the water surface .
endemic to the western and southern parts of the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia , from north of the flinders ranges to the neales river .
desert gobies inhabit both permanent and ephemeral water bodies , including spring - fed pools and bores , and desert streams . they live on the bottom , preferring shaded areas around plants or rocks . during the day , they mostly shelter under rocks and in crevices .
individuals can tolerate extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41°c ) , ph , salinity and dissolved oxygen levels .
dorsal fin iv - vi + i , 6 - 8 ; anal fin i , 5 - 8 ; pectoral fin 12 - 15 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 16 - 17 ( branched rays ) 14 - 16 ; pelvic fin i , 5 ; vertebrae 10 - 11 + 16 - 18 = 27 - 29 ; gill rakers 2 - 3 + 5 - 10 = 7 - 13 ; horizontal scale rows 13 - 19 ; midlateral scales 32 - 57 ( usually 40 - 51 ) .
body cylindrical anteriorly , compressed posteriorly . head short , somewhat rounded , length 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 in sl . snout rounded to rather flattened . anterior nostril in short tube , placed on edge of preorbital , tube oriented down and forward , preorbital sometimes curved forward slightly to accommodate nostril . posterior nostril small , oval , placed halfway between front centre margin of eye and edge of preorbital .
eyes lateral , high on head , top usually part of dorsal profile , 2 . 6 - 5 . 6 in hl . interorbital broad , flat to very slightly convex ; top of head , from rear of interorbital space up to snout tip , with scattering of very fine villi . lips usually fleshy , smooth , lower lip free at sides , fused across front .
mouth terminal to subterminal , slightly oblique , upper jaw slightly overhanging lower jaw ; generally reaching to below mid - eye in males and front half of eye in females ; teeth of upper jaw in 4 - 6 rows , outermost usually larger than others , stout and curved or almost upright , others slightly smaller ; teeth of lower jaw in 5 - 6 rows ; teeth not differing much between males and females ; tongue thick and fleshy , usually blunt to rounded . gill opening restricted to pectoral base ; inner edge of shoulder girdle either smooth and fleshy , or hard - edged . ctenoid scales on side of body at least as scattered scales on caudal peduncle and patch behind pectoral fin . predorsal scales usually absent , when present , midline of nape naked with scales extending forward at sides to above opercle , or 0 - 10 small scales immediately before first dorsal fin or scattered unevenly over nape ; operculum generally naked , occasionally a few dorsally ; cheek naked ; pectoral fin base naked ; prepelvic area usually naked ; belly sometimes with naked mid - line , otherwise covered with cycloid scales and isolated patch under pelvics of weakly ctenoid scales . lateral line absent ; lateral scale series 33 - 57 . head pores absent . two dorsal fins , first low , rounded , spines not reaching second dorsal when depressed ; second dorsal and anal fins low , last rays barely reaching caudal fin in largest males . pectoral fin broad , rounded . pelvic fins united into complete disc , small , rounded to oval , occasionally reaching half distance to anus . caudal fin oval to rounded or nearly truncate .
head and body greyish - brown with 7 - 8 brown clearly defined square saddles or highly marbled patches across the back , saddles not extending past the mid - side , replaced below by marbled blotches , square blotches or irregular spots merging ventrally with background ; caudal fin base with 1 - 3 dark brown to greyish brown spots , sometimes forming y - shape or vertical bar , with yellowish brown background surrounding spots ; silvery white peritoneum usually evident through body wall .
top and sides of head marbled and spotted with brown , sometimes 1 - 2 dark brown bars from eye to upper lip ; lips bluish grey ; iris deep golden , with dark brown margin .
first dorsal fin greyish brown with deep yellowish submarginal band , above narrow blue line that widens posteriorly to form bright blue spot ; second dorsal fin with pale greyish brown membrane , dark brown fin rays and darker brown blotches along base .
caudal fin pale greyish brown with irregular , vertically oriented rows of fine brown spots . pectoral fin pale greyish brown to hyaline , fin base with brown blotch on upper half .
breeding males with diffuse markings ; first dorsal fin very dark grey , with vivid yellow and blue ; second dorsal and anal fins dark grey to blackish with broad bright white margin ; fins speckled basally with blue ; caudal fin dark grey with narrow dull whitish fin margin .
desert gobies are omnivores and feed on insect larvae , crustaceans , fish eggs , algae and detritus . larvae consume zooplankton .
the territorial males establish nests beneath rocky crevices , and attract females with conspicuous courtship displays . during the breeding season from november to march , females lay 150 - 300 demersal eggs onto the underside of the rock in the nest . males aggressively guard and constantly fan the eggs until they hatch after 10 - 17 days . the larvae measure 5 . 7 mm tl at hatching , and settle directly onto the bottom with no pelagic larval phase .
a number of behavioural studies on desert gobies have been undertaken in recent years - see references below .
gobius eremius zietz , a . h . c . ( 1896 ) . pisces . pp . 176–180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london [ 180 , pl . 16 ( 5 ) ] . central australia .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .
glover , c . j . m . 1973 . adaptations of a central australian gobiid fish . bulletin of the australian society for limnology 5 : 8 - 10
hammer , m . p . & walker , k . f . 2004 . a catalogue of south australian freshwater fishes , including new records , range extensions and translocations . transactions of the royal society of south australia 128 ( 2 ) : 85 - 97
larson , h . k . 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . records of the western australian museum , supplement 62 : 1 - 233 .
lehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2011 . both male and female identity influence variation in male signalling effort . bmc evolutionary biology 11 : 233 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 233 pdf
lehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2016 . the influence of recent social experience and physical environment on courtship and male aggression . bmc evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12862 - 016 - 0584 - 5 pdf open access
merrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .
michelangeli , m . , tuomainen , u . , candolin , u . & wong , b . b . m . 2015 . habitat alteration influences male signalling effort in the australian desert goby . behavioral ecology 26 ( 4 ) : 1164 - 1169 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / arv060 pdf open access
michelangeli , m . & wong , b . b . m . 2014 . a recent predatory encounter influences male courtship in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology 25 ( 4 ) : 928 - 932 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / aru056 pdf open access
mossop kd , adams m , unmack pj , smith date kl , wong bbm , and chapple dg ( 2015 ) dispersal in the desert : ephemeral water drives connectivity and phylogeography of an arid - adapted fish . journal of biogeography . doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12596 abstract
scott , t . d . , glover , c . j . m . & southcott , r . v . 1974 . the marine and freshwater fishes of south australia . adelaide : government printer 392 pp . figs .
svensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 : 1967 - 1970 . abstract pdf
svensson , p . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 ( 12 ) : 1967 - 1970 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 010 - 1007 - z abstract
svensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . , wong , b . b . m . 2012 . a high aggression strategy for smaller males . plos one 7 ( 8 ) : e43121 . pdf
symons n , svensson pa , wong bbm ( 2011 ) do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ? plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0020576 pdf open access
wong , b . b . m . & svensson , p . a . 2009 . strategic male signalling effort in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 63 : 543–549 . abstract
unmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .
van lieshout , e . , svensson , p . a . , wong , b . b . m . 2013 . consequences of paternal care on pectoral fin allometry in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67 ) 3 ) : 513 - 518 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1470 - 9 abstract
zietz , a . h . c . 1896 . pisces . pp . 176–180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london .
occurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5° - 41°c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .
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hey guys , new pair i recently got about a week and half ago . already settled and have their own cave , female has already layed eggs , but the bristlenose and loaches got to them : (
topfin 5 gallon aquarium fish tank from pet smart . 39 . 99 . neon tetras , bumblebee goby , guppies
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 )
inhabits marshy , vegetated shallow pools ( 1 - 10 centimeters in depth ) fed by mound springs . captive breeding populations have been established to ensure its survival ( ref . 44894 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00312 - 0 . 02670 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
. report to department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . queensland department of environment and resource management , brisbane . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4
( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
elizabeth springs goby ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013s ) [ database ] .
enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western queensland stock routes ( queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) , 2009a ) [ management plan ] .
listed as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the elizabeth springs goby is a freshwater fish growing to 6 . 2 cm ( unmack 2003a ) .
formerly distributed throughout the elizabeth springs complex and the outflow stream , spring ck ( wager & jackson 1993 ) . now only found in elizabeth springs and associated pools on springvale station , 80 km se of boulia in sw qld in the great artesian basin ( wager & jackson 1993 ; larson 1995 ; unmack & wager in prep . ) . it occurs in an area 1600 m by 600 m alongside spring ck ( unmack & wager in prep . ) . population size based on area of suitable habitat has been estimated at between 1000 and 2000 individuals ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .
elizabeth springs is a group of about 40 low freshwater mound springs associated with the great artesian basin ( unmack & wager in prep ) . the springs consist of dry or non - flowing mounds with little or no vegetation ; vegetated marshy soaks with no surface water ; springs with small outflows among marshy vegetated areas ; and well - vegetated springs with many short , well - defined outflows . the wetted area of the springs range in diameter up to about 140 m . maximum water depth is 100 mm . this species only occurs in some of the larger springs . during daylight they shelter in or near emergent vegetation , while at night they can be observed some distance from cover and are apparently foraging ( unmack & wager in prep ) .
this species appears to be omnivorous ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .
reproductive information is only available for captive populations . spawning sites have not been found in the wild . spawning and hatching has been recorded at temperatures over 26°c ( unmack & wager in prep ) . males select a site , often a cave beneath a rock . male display involves extension of all fins and jerky swimming movements around the site . the male guides an attracted female to the site . spawning usually occurs at nights and lasts about one hour . 40 - 100 eggs are attached to the ceiling of the cave . elongate , water - hardened eggs are between 2 . 5 - 3 mm in length and hatch after 10 days . newly hatched larvae are 5 - 6 mm in length ( unmack & wager in prep ) .
australian fish collection records ( undated ) . collation of records from australian fish collections .
wager , r . & p . jackson ( 1993 ) . the action plan for australian freshwater fishes . canberra , act : australian nature conservation agency .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
the desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage in australia , in freshwaters fed by artesian springs . it can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .
the desert goby is brown - grey to yellowish with darker mottling and sometimes 7 or 8 darker saddles across the back . the head is yellow below . the first dorsal fin of males is black with blue and yellow bands .
the desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage , australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
the desert goby can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications . pp . 240 .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & m . allen . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . western australian museum . pp . 394 .
merrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes . biology and management . john r . merrick . pp . 409 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
fennah , r . g . 1969 ,
fulgoroidea ( homoptera ) from new caledonia and the loyalty islands
, pacific insects monographs , vol . 21 , pp . 1 - 116
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0fab53f8 - 02e0 - 4459 - 83a5 - a506933e1a3f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ff273fe - b41d - 4328 - a099 - f644ad2f214f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409283
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : a4363ed7 - 34fd - 4760 - a4d5 - 581a5ca1e53e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 336aa15c - 682f - 4798 - 92fb - 53556a1ab4f1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2583572e - f56c - 453a - 85cc - ab9974dd748d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409281
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]