the oak titmouse ( baeolophus inornatus ) is a passerine bird in the tit family paridae .

the american ornithologists ' union split the plain titmouse into the oak titmouse and the juniper titmouse in 1996 , due to distinct differences in song , preferred habitat , and genetic makeup .

the oak titmouse is a small , brown-tinged gray bird with small tuft or crest .

the face is plain , and the undersides are a lighter gray .

sexes are similar , as there is very little to no sexual dimorphism .

this species lives year-round on the pacific slope , resident from southern oregon south through california west of the sierra nevada to baja california , but its range surrounds the central san joaquin valley .

it prefers open woodlands of warm , dry oak and oak-pine at low to mid-elevations but can also be found in forests as long as adequate oak trees are present .

the oak titmouse will sleep in cavities , dense foliage or birdhouses .

it forms pairs or small groups , but does not form large flocks .

it may join mixed-species flocks after breeding season for foraging .

pairs stay together after the breeding season .

oak titmice eat insects and spiders , and are sometimes seen catching insects in mid air .

they will also take berries , acorns , and some seeds .

this species forages on foliage , twigs , branches , trunks , and occasionally on ground , sometimes hanging upside down to forage , and hammering seeds against branches to open them .

oak titmice are attracted to feeders with suet , peanut butter and sunflower seeds .

the song of the oak titmouse is a series of repeated whistled notes of three to seven syllables , with first syllable higher in pitch than the following one .

the call is a scratchy tsicka-dee-dee .

the oak titmouse builds its nest in a woodpecker hole , a natural cavity , or a nest box , using grass , moss , mud , hair , feathers , and fur .

it breeds from march into july , with peak activity in april and may , laying 3 – 9 eggs , usually 6 – 8 .

the female is the primary incubator , with incubation taking 14 – 16 days .

young are altricial and are tended by both parents in nest for 16 – 21 days .

parents continue to tend to young for another three to four weeks after they leave the nest .

the oak titmouse and juniper titmouse appear almost identical , but differ in voice as well as range .

the oak titmouse has a browner back than the juniper titmouse .

the oak titmouse gives a repeated series of three to seven syllables , each comprising one low and one high note , while the juniper titmouse song consists of a series of rapid syllables on the same note .

ranges overlap only in a small area in california .

the tufted titmouse , which does not overlap in range , has whiter belly , rusty flanks , and black on the forehead .

oak titmouse

the oak titmouse mates for life , and pairs defend year - round territories .
primary management goals should be to preserve pine - oak woodlands to provide suitable nesting and foraging habitat for the oak titmouse .
further research and monitoring is needed to gather more information specifically on the oak titmouse requirements .
the oak titmouse uses a variety of tree species . at san joaquin experimental range 60 % of the excavated cavities were in blue oak (
the oak titmouse’s species name , inornatus , means “plain , ” appropriately for this very drab - plumaged bird . taxonomists used to lump the oak titmouse with the juniper titmouse , referring to both as the plain titmouse . though the two sister species look very similar , the juniper titmouse sings differently and lives mainly among not oaks but junipers . their ranges overlap only in extreme northern california .
detected on 96 bbs routes throughout california during the time period 1980 - 1996 . ( data from that time period includes both oak titmouse and juniper titmouse . ) more specifically , the oak titmouse was recorded on 50 routes in the california foothills 1980 - 1996 . ( sauer 1997 )
oak titmouse is found west of the desert divides in southern california , southeast from santa barbara and ventura counties .
the proliferation of the european starling , may pose an indirect threat to the oak titmouse . ( purcell 1995 )
once classified with the juniper titmouse as a subspecies of the aptly named plain titmouse , the oak titmouse is easily separable from other timice species except the juniper . its lack of field marks is , ironically , an important field mark . polytypic . length 5
.
the expansion of the european starling should be monitored to determine their effects on other cavity nesting species including the oak titmouse .
one of the oak titmouse’s vocalizations is a peter peter peter song , which is apparently equivalent to the similar song of the tufted titmouse . the song’s pattern , of high - frequency notes followed by low - frequency notes , is seen across the titmouse and chickadee family .
the oldest oak titmouse on record was at least 9 years old when it was recaught and rereleased during banding operations in california .
the oak titmouse sleeps in cavities or in dense foliage . when roosting in foliage , the titmouse chooses a twig surrounded by dense foliage or an accumulation of dead pine needles , simulating a roost in a cavity .
editor ' s note : as originally published by bna , this account combined oak titmouse and juniper titmouse into a single account because most of the work on which it was based considered the two species conspecific (
plain titmouse
) . systematic revision of the plain titmouse complex separated these species ( see systematics ) , which will be treated in separate accounts when this account is revised .
nondescript save for its crest , the oak titmouse might not wow many bird watchers at first sight . but these vocal , active birds characterize the warm , dry oak woods from southern oregon to baja california—they’re “the voice and soul of the oaks , ” according to one early naturalist . mates pair for life , and both partners noisily defend their territory year - round . the oak titmouse and the nearly identical juniper titmouse of the great basin were once treated as a single species , the plain titmouse .
and a distinctive dark
bib
on the throat and
cap
on the head . except for one titmouse species ( the bridled titmouse ) , that has a
in its pursuit of insects and plant materials , the oak titmouse forages at a rate of about 40 food - catching attempts every 15 minutes .
as plain as a bird can be , marked only by a short crest , the oak titmouse nonetheless has personality . pairs or family parties travel about the woods together , exploring the twigs for insects and calling to each other frequently . until recently , this bird and the juniper titmouse were regarded as one species under the name of plain titmouse .
requires oak and pine - oak woodlands with adequate natural or excavated cavities for nesting and sufficient canopy cover for foraging and roosting .
oak titmouse : this species is a resident from southern oregon south along the pacific coast and to inland areas of california south to the northern baja peninsula . its preferred habitats include live oaks and deciduous growth , including oak woodlands , streamside cottonwoods , forest edges , and oak - juniper woodlands .
the bill is small and black , and legs and feet are gray . weak , fluttering flight . a recently formed species , and along with the juniper titmouse , was known as the plain titmouse until 1996 .
dixon , k . l . 1949 . behavior of the plain titmouse . condor 51 : 110 - 136 .
in the south bay area the oak titmouse is found in the canyon bottoms of the diablo range and over most of the lower portions of the santa cruz mountains . ( sibley 1952 )
, oak titmice prefer a woodland habitat in which oaks predominate . ( grinnell and miller , 1944 ) in marin county oak titmice occupy woodlands , oak savannah , open broad - leaved evergreen forests , and riparian woodlands . the open broad - leaved evergreen forest must be spacious , have oaks , and be on south - facing slopes . ( shuford 1993 ) oak and pine - oak woodland , arborescent chaparral , oak - riparian associations . ( aou 1998 )
habitat is one major concern in the conservation of the oak titmouse . the loss of dead standing trees , live trees with dead limbs or diseased trees reduces the number of cavities available for nesting .
common . year - round : primarily oak and pine - oak woodlands on the pacific slope . vagrant : casually reported east of its usual limits in california .
whereas the oak titmouse is found primarily in oak or oak - pine ( quercus - pinus ) woodlands of the pacific slope , the juniper titmouse inhabits juniper ( juniperus ) and piñon - juniper woodlands of the intermountain region . both species are sedentary , nest in natural or woodpecker - excavated cavities , and mate for life . pair bonds form during the first year , and both sexes defend territories year - round . thus , unlike many other parids , these titmice generally do not form winter flocks . clutches typically contain 6¿7 unmarked eggs .
the oak titmouse mates for life , and pairs defend year - round territories . most titmice find a mate in their first fall . those that do not are excluded from territories and must live in marginal habitat until they find a vacancy .
declining in california because of losses in its preferred oak habitat , primarily by encroaching suburban and agricultural development , although disease could become a new threat with the appearance of sudden oak death syndrome .
the oak titmouse requires an elevated niche , where it forages foliage , twigs , branches , and trunks . it is occasionally seen foraging on the ground . it’s foraging methods include gleaning , hammering hard seeds , chipping bark , and sometimes hovering . ( block 1990 )
) , and 5 % in snags . of the natural cavities used as nest sites 47 % were in blue oak , 48 % in live oak and 3 % in snags . ( purcell and verner 1995 )
the closely related juniper titmouse is slightly larger , paler , and grayer , but similarly plain . the two are best separated by range ; they are sedentary and are sympatric only in a small area of northern california . no other titmouse poses a problem ; they can be identified by conspicuous differences in plumage on head or flanks .
roberts , r . c . 1986 . preserving oak woodland bird species richness : suggested guidelines from geographical ecology . .
) primarily on the foliage in april and on the reproductive parts in may . during march they foraged in live oak (
of the 2 species , the oak titmouse in california has been the subject of most studies of natural and life history information , including pairing , territoriality , survivorship , dispersal , molt , and nesting and foraging behavior ( price 1936 , dixon 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , davis et al . 1973 , block 1989 ) . physiologic studies , on the other hand , have concentrated on the juniper titmouse in utah ( cooper 1997 ) and arizona ( weathers and greene 1998 ) . vocalizations and vocal behavior have been studied in both the oak titmouse in california ( dixon 1969 ) and the juniper titmouse in arizona ( gaddis 1983 , johnson 1983 , 1987a ) . other studies involving both species have focused on behavioral or ecologic interactions with sympatric congeners in california ( dixon 1954 ) and arizona ( dixon 1950 , gaddis 1987 ) , respectively . for the future , studies that use a comparative approach to assess differences between these 2 species in aspects of the annual cycle , and in thermoregulation and energetics , should prove especially valuable .
the oak titmouse has a large range , reaching up to roughly 170 , 000 square kilometers . this bird can be found in mexico and the united states where it prefers a variety of habitats . it appears in urban areas as well as subtropical and tropical shrub lands as well as forested areas . the global population of this species is estimated to be around 900 , 000 individual birds . currently , it is not believed that the population trends for this bird will soon approach the minimum levels that could suggest a potential decline in population . due to this , population trends for the oak titmouse have a present evaluation level of least concern .
more information about the breeding requirements of the oak titmouse is essential in forming management recommendations . the literature concerning this species is primarily related to genetic variation and does not adequately address breeding biology . more direct studies of breeding biology and habitat requirements are suggested . nest monitoring is one method that would be helpful in assessing the status and needs of this species .
oak titmice flit between branches and trees , flying with a shallow undulating motion . they tend to feed among the woody twigs in the lower canopies of oaks and other trees . they form pair bonds in their first year and mate for life . both sexes defend territories year - round , meaning they don’t flock in the winter the way many other titmice and relatives do . when defending against an intruding member of its species , the oak titmouse raises its crest , quivers its wings , and scolds . oak titmice are hunted by mammals , snakes , and other birds , including western scrub - jays , steller’s jays , western screech - owls , northern pygmy - owls , and accipiter hawks . oak titmice will mob predators , often joining forces with other small birds . back to top
oak titmice live mostly in warm , open , dry oak or oak - pine woodlands . many will use scrub oaks or other brush as long as woodlands are nearby . they live in a restricted range , from southwest oregon to northwest baja california , with another population in the cape district of south baja california . in a few areas they use habitats without oaks . in extreme northern california , oak titmice live in western juniper woodlands ( the only part of their range where they overlap with the juniper titmouse ) . on san benito mountain in central california they live in open pine forests . in the mountains of northwest baja , they live in pinyon pine woodland . at the eastern edge of their range , they live in pinyon or california juniper mixed with joshua trees . back to top
the oak titmouse is one of the most common birds in oak woodlands of california , but populations have declined by close to 2 % per year between 1966 and 2014 , resulting in a cumulative decline of 57 % , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 500 , 000 , with 89 % living in the u . s . and 11 % in mexico . the species rates a 14 out of 20 on the continental concern score . oak titmouse is a u . s . - canada stewardship species and is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , which lists bird species that are at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action . the decline of this species is linked to the increase in california ' s population during the twentieth century ( from 1 . 5 million to more than 30 million people ) , which has increased pressures on oak woodlands from activities such as timber harvesting , clearing for agriculture , and urban and suburban development . an estimated 80 percent of california’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned , so landowners can play a crucial role in conservation of this unique habitat . back to top
the oak titmouse eats seeds and other plant materials as well as insects and other invertebrates , particularly in warmer months . it eats acorns , pine seeds , oats , thistle seeds , poison oak berries , oak and willow catkins , leaf buds , galls , berries , and cultivated cherries . its invertebrate diet includes leafhoppers , treehoppers , plant lice , aphids , scales , caterpillars , beetles , ants , wasps , flies , and spiders . the oak titmouse gleans its prey from bark and foliage , usually less than 30 feet off the ground . it uses its stout bill to peck and probe crevices , chip away bark , and pull apart leaf galls , flowers , acorns , curled dead leaves , and lichens in search of prey . it may also forage on the ground itself , taking its food to an elevated perch with good visibility before eating it ( or storing it to retrieve later ) . for large food items , it holds the item against a branch with its foot and pulverizes it with its bill . occasionally it catches insects out of the air . back to top
to see oak titmice , visit oak forests of the pacific slope between southern oregon and baja california , especially around the central valley of california . look for the drab birds as they flit energetically from tree to tree in search of food , and listen for them calling or singing noisily from a high perch .
block , w . m . and m . l . morrison . 1986 . conceptual framework and ecological considerations for the study of birds in oak woodlands .
between 1989 and 1990 oak titmice were abundant during searches both east and northeast of shasta valley , approximately 15 - 25 individuals per morning . ( cicero 1996 )
data censusing both the oak and juniper titmice showed a 1 . 9 % decline per year throughout california ( p < . 05 ) 1980 - 1996 and a 1 . 6 % annual decline in the california foothills population of oak titmice during 1966 - 1996 ( p = . 06 ) . ( sauer , 1996 )
kleintjes , p . k . and d . l . dahlsten . 1992 . a comparison of three techniques for analyzing the arthropod diet of plain titmouse and chestnut - backed chickadee . journal of field ornithology 63 ( 3 ) : 276 - 285 .
oak woods , pinyon - juniper ; locally river woods , shade trees . along pacific seaboard , occurs most commonly in oak woodland , including areas where oaks meet streamside trees or pines ; also in well - wooded suburbs , rarely in coniferous forest in mountains . in the interior , also occurs in some woodlands dominated by pine or juniper .
block , w . m . 1990 . geographic variation in foraging ecologies of breeding and nonbreeding birds in oak woodlands . studies in avian biology 13 : 264 - 269 .
williams , p . l . and w . d . koenig . 1980 . water dependence of birds in a temperate oak woodland . auk 97 : 339 - 350 .
the reduction of habitat loss can be achieved by increasing the number of dead standing oak species , especially important are live trees with dead limbs and diseased trees in which the heartwood decays . these trees should remain standing for use by cavity - nesting birds . a canopy cover of 40 - 70 % should be the objective when thinning oak woodlands .
the distribution of the oak titmouse is complex and discontinuous in california . they are absent from the extreme northwest coastal region , and portions of extreme north - central california , from the cascades - sierra axis . this species is also not found in the san joaquin valley , lowlands of eastern and south eastern deserts , as well as a few coastal areas in southern california . otherwise found in suitable habitat throughout the state . ( small 1994 )
verner , j . and l . v . ritter . 1988 . a comparison of transects and point counts in oak - pine woodlands of california . condor 90 : 401 - 419 .
verner , j . and l . v . ritter . 1985 . a comparison of transects and point counts in oak - pine woodlands of california . condor 87 : 47 - 68 .
tietje , w . d . and j . k . vreeland . 1997 . vertebrates diverse and abundant in well - structured oak woodland . california agriculture 51 ( 6 ) : 8 - 14 .
wilson , r . a . , p . manley and b . r . noon . 1990 . covariance patterns among birds and vegetation in a california oak woodland . in proc . , symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management ( davis , ca oct . 31 - nov 2 1990 ) . ] usda for . serv . gen . tech . rep . , psw - 126 , p . 126 - 135 .
d . post fledging biology of offspring : oak titmice remain in a family group after the young have fledged , often moving away from the nest to an area of the territory infrequently used . ( dixon 1949 )
captured 34 oak titmice during the breeding seasons 1997 and 1998 at the east park reservoir . 1997 - 6 females with brood patches , 26 hatch year birds ; 1998 – 1 female with brood patch ( prbo data )
purcell , k . l . and j . verner . life history traits and nest site characteristics of open - and cavity - nesting birds in oak - pine woodlands . dissertation for the university of nevada , reno .
during 1996 – 1998 field season oak titmice were banded at the lower sacramento river preserve . number of females caught with brood patches were : 3 in 1996 , 2 in 1997 , and 1 in 1998 . ( prbo data )
hertz , p . e . , j . v . remsen , jr . , and s . i . zones . 1976 . ecological complementarity of three sympatric parids in a california oak woodland . condor 78 : 307 - 316 .
counter - singing with another individual in oak - sycamore riparian habitat . a probable third individual was seen entering , but not exiting , a sycamore cavity . high pass filter ( 2000hz , 6db roll off ) , amplified ( 20db ) .
aigner , p . a . , w . m . block , and m . l . morrison . 1998 . effect of firewood harvesting on birds in a california oak - pine woodland . j . wildl . manage . 62 ( 2 ) : 485 - 497 .
the paridae in north america are woodland birds , the chickadees occurring in both deciduous and coniferous forests throughout much of the continent and the titmice residing in forest and scrub habitats . most species of titmice reside in the west and a few are associated with oak dominated woodlands .
gardali , t , g . r . geupel , and g . ballard . 1996 . songbird census in brewer ' s oak forest in the mendocino national forest : results from the 1996 field season . unpublished report of the point reyes bird observatory to the mendocino national forest service .
verner , j . , k . l . purcell , and j . g . turner . 1997 . bird communities in grazed and ungrazed oak - pine woodlands at the san joaquin experimental range . usda forest service gen . tech . rep . psw - gtr - 160 . 381 - 390 .
within their restricted range oak titmice visit feeders with sunflower seeds and other birdseeds , particularly when tree cover is nearby . they prefer seeds on raised trays or tubes rather than ground feeders . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .
oak and juniper titmice are common residents of warm , dry woodlands in the western united states , extreme northern mainland mexico , and northwestern and southern baja california . until recently , these taxa were regarded as a single species in the genus parus : plain titmouse ( parus inornatus ) . a comprehensive analysis of geographic variation in the species complex ( cicero 1996 ) , along with genetic evidence of relationships within the family ( sheldon et al . 1992 , slikas et al . 1996 ) , has led to their reclassification as sibling species in the genus baeolophus ( american ornithologists ' union 1997 ) . although similar in appearance , the 2 species are distinguished by a suite of morphologic , colorimetric , genetic , vocal , and ecologic traits ( cicero 1996 ) . they are discussed here in a combined treatment , however , in order to describe and compare distinctive features of each species .
ziener , d . c . , w . laudenslayer , jr . , k . mayer and m . white , eds . 1990 . california’s wildlife , vol . 2 , california department of fish and game , sacramento , ca . 732 pp . return to : cpif oak plan main page point reyes bird observatory copyright 1999 prbo at prbo dot org
no season - specific information . in general 43 % animal and 57 % vegetable . ( dixon 1949 ) the animal food is made up of true bugs , caterpillars , beetles , wasps , ants , spiders , and other insects . vegetable food contains cultivated fruits and grains , wild fruits , seeds and nuts , leaf galls , oak and willow catkins , and leaf buds . ( dixon 1949 )
oak titmice often take up residence in nest boxes ; consider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .
the female selects the nest site , but the male goes with her as she roams across their breeding territory to inspect sites . she chooses a cavity in a tree up to 40 feet off the ground , preferring natural cavities over woodpecker - excavated ones . sometimes she may partially excavate the nest herself in soft or rotten wood , or further excavate an existing cavity . occasionally oak titmice nest in stumps , fenceposts , pipes , eaves , or holes in riverbanks . they will also use nest boxes .
the female takes charge of building the nest , taking 4–10 days to finish it . the male accompanies her while she gathers material and he feeds her when she is inside the cavity . nests are made of grass , moss , hair , and feathers , and may also contain shredded bark , wool , straw , twigs , plant fibers , rope , string , oak blossoms , snakeskin , sycamore seed balls , rootlets , leaves , and wood chips . the nest may be reused in later years , either by the same pair or a different one .
lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .
north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .
sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
very common in parts of its range , but surveys suggest declining numbers in recent decades .
forages by hopping about in branches and larger twigs of trees , sometimes hanging upside down , searching for insects among the foliage and on the bark . opens nuts and acorns by holding them with feet and pounding with bill . comes to bird feeders for seeds or suet .
usually 6 - 7 , sometimes 3 - 9 . white , sometimes lightly dotted with reddish brown . incubation is by female only , 14 - 16 days . young : both parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 16 - 21 days after hatching .
both parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 16 - 21 days after hatching .
insects , nuts , seeds . feeds mainly on insects , including many caterpillars , beetles , true bugs , leafhoppers , aphids , scale insects , and many others , as well as some spiders . also eats acorns , weed seeds , and sometimes berries or small fruits .
pairs or family groups may defend territories all year . nest site ( selected by female ) is usually in hole in tree , sometimes hole in stump , fence post , or pole . may be natural cavity or old woodpecker hole . in rotten wood , both members of pair may work to enlarge small cavities for their use . also will use nest boxes , and sometimes crevices in buildings or other cavities . nest has foundation of grass , weeds , moss , bark fibers , and lining of soft material such as feathers or animal hair .
a harsh , fussy see - dee - dee or chick - a - dee - dee .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
tuftit _ 7 . tiska - say - sayampothercalls _ flle _ 1 . mp3
tuftit _ 8 . see - see - seecalls _ flle _ 1 . mp3
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
the bird is a drab brownish or grayish brown color overall , but is paler below . it has a short crest .
four subspecies , one restricted to baja california ; variation is weak and clinal . the northernmost subspecies , inornatus , from oregon to south - central california , has medium brownish gray or olive - brown upperparts , pale gray underparts with pale brown tinge on flanks , and a short bill . the affabilis found in southwestern california is notably larger , has darker gray - brown or olive - brown upperparts , flanks washed in dusky brown , and a longer bill . the mohavensis , restricted to the little san bernardino mountains in san bernardino and riverside counties , is smaller , paler , and grayer than the affabilis .
call : a hoarse tsick - a - deer . song : a series of clear , whistled sets of alternating high and low notes , such as peter peter peter or teedle - ee teedle - ee , with many variations .
the diet is varied , and the birds are known to cache food . both species are highly vocal , and individuals are most commonly recognized by their chatterlike calls which males and females utter throughout the year . males may sing infrequently during the nonbreeding season , with singing intensity increasing toward spring . vocalizations are directed primarily toward intraspecific defense of territories .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
the female is primarily responsible for nest construction ; during this time , the male is increasingly attendant to her , feeding her inside the cavity and accompanying her while she gathers nest material .
the nest is primarily built of grass , moss , hair , and feathers .
copyright © 2018 cornell university cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods rd ithaca , ny 14850 tel : 800 . 843 . 2473
recorded at the boundary between a residential neighborhood and an open area with hills covered with native chaparral . recorded at a distance of 5 - 8 meters . here playback consisted of playing a recording of the bird i had obtained only 3 minutes earlier .
equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser mke - 400 microphone . edits to the file : trimmed at both ends .
recorded in a deep canyon with coast and canyon live oaks , willows , bigleaf maple , california bay , california sycamore , and bigcone douglas - fir . the canyon often has a creek but on this date it was dry . the bird was recorded at distances of 7 - 10 meters as it moved in the upper canopy above me .
equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser me67 microphone . edits to the file : trimmed at the end .
pine creek rd off sunrise hwy , cleveland national forest . san diego co , california
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
doctype html public
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m . flannery , point reyes bird observatory , 4990 shoreline hwy . , stinson beach , ca 94970 .
historical references : the following historical references were all obtained from grinnell and miller , 1944 .
found in western california below 3000ft , from mendocino county and head of sacramento valley south to santa barbara and tulare counties . populations were located in the northwest coast region , cahto and covelo , mendocino county ; northernmost around the head of the sacramento valley , tower house and baird station , shasta county .
easternmost found at nevada city , nevada county ; yosemite valley , mariposa county ; three rivers , tulare county .
recorded presence in shasta valley , siskiyou county , and the valley of south fork of the trinity river , western trinity county ; three definite localities : near bogus at 2500 ft , siskiyou county ; at the caves , 11 miles northeast of weed ; and at 1 mile west of hyampom , trinity county .
the extreme eastward point of sighting are palmdale , in northern los angeles county ; also found at campo , san diego county .
populations in hesperia , san bernadino county ; cactus flat and quail spring , north and east of the san bernadino mountains .
sacramento county : identified as a breeder at cosumnes river preserve . ( lynes pers . comm1999 )
detected during the breeding seasons 1997 and 1998 at the east park reservoir . ( prbo data )
in 1997 and 1998 recorded as a known breeder at the lower sacramento river project . ( prbo data )
counted at the tejon ranch , kern county and the california and blodgett forest research station , el dorado county . ( block and morrison 1987 )
bay delta bioregion : recorded during point counts 1995 - 1998 at cosumnes river preserve . ( prbo data )
bay delta bioregion : recorded 8 females with brood patches in 1995 , and 3 in 1998 at cosumnes river preserve . ( prbo data )
nests were located in 1986 and 1987 at the university of california hopland field station in mendocino county for a study on covariance patterns among birds and vegetation . ( wilson , et al 1991 )
east park reservoir : 3 nests found in 1997 , 1 in1998 . ( prbo data )
lower sacramento river project produced 8 nests in 1995 and 1 in 1998 . ( prbo data )
in 1996 - 1998 a mean number of 5 nests were found at the cosumnes river preserve . ( prbo data )
san luis obispo co . : breeding at camp roberts military base ( tietje and vreeland 1997 )
madera co . : territories were mapped on san joaquin experimental range . ( verner , et . al . 1997 )
area censuses conducted 1986 and 1987 at the university of california hopland field station in mendocino county . ( wilson , et al 1991 )
between 1990 – 1992 population densities west of clear lake through the modoc plateau ranged from 1 - 3 pair per day at doris and red rock valley and 4 - 7 pair per day west - northwest of lava beds national monument . ( cicero 1996 )
3 - 4 pair per day found at walker pass , kern county during studies conducted 1989 - 1991 . ( cicero 1996 )
mojave bioregion : only a few birds were sighted at white - inyo mountains , inyo county , black rock canyon , joshua tree monument during 4 visits 1989 - 1991 . ( cicero 1996 )
breeds in interior of eastern marin county , including the hills around novato . rare and local on the point reyes peninsula .
found in 1998 at bear valley visitor center , point reyes national seashore during unofficial search . ( humple pers . comm 1999 )
mean territory size of 6 . 3 acres with a range of 3 . 3 - 12 . 5 acres in alameda county . ( dixon 1949 ) in san mateo county mean territory size was 2 . 0 acres . ( hertz
e . extent of wintering in ca : year - round resident , defends territory throughout the year . ( verner and boss 1980 )
materials used to form a nest within the cavity are grass , hair , moss , feathers , shredded bark , cotton and / or wool , straw , plant down or blossoms , twigs , twine or string , plant fibers , rootlets , snakeskin , wood chips , and leaves . the nest lining is made up primarily of soft material such as hair and / or feathers . ( cicero 1996 )
) . within season foraging changes were due to plant phenology . ( hejl and verner 1990 )
on san joaquin experimental range on two 29 . 7 - ha plots there was a mean number of 14 . 1 territories on the ungrazed plot and 19 . 6 territories on the grazed plot . ( verner et . al 1997 ) at camp roberts military base in san luis obispo county there were recorded 46 . 1 territories per 100 acres . ( tietje and vreeland 1997 )
b . mating system : monogamous with adults permanently paired . pair formation occurs in young birds in early fall soon after the family unit breaks up . ( dixon 1949 )
c . delayed breeding ( where are immature birds ? ) : no information .
e . post breeding social behavior ( mixed species flocks , or simply migrate away ? ) : they occasionally form mixed - species flocks during the nonbreeding season . ( ehrlich
vi . clutch size : variable clutch size with a mean of 6 . 75 . ( dixon 1949 ) at san joaquin experimental range the mean clutch size was 5 . 81 . ( purcell 1995 ) range of 3 - 9 eggs , usually 6 - 8 . ( ziener 1990 )
viii . . incubation period : 14 - 16 days . ( dixon 1949 )
vix . . nestling period : approximately three weeks . ( dixon 1949 ) the san joaquin experimental range reported a mean 41 day nestling period . ( purcell 1995 )
xii . who tends the young : both parents tend young . ( dixon 1949 )
c or above ) based on fisher water - dependence categories in williams and koenig , 1980 .
xiv . wintering ground needs and distribution : same as on the breeding grounds .
b . height of nest : ranges from 3 – 32 ft . ( verner and boss 1980 )
a . canopy cover : at camp roberts military base 40 - 70 % canopy cover . a dense tree canopy is important for this foliage gleaner . ( tietje and vreeland 1997 )
c . average shrub cover : 27 % shrub cover at camp roberts . ( tietje and vreeland 1997 )
g . ground cover : 20 % downed woodcover , 28 % unvegetated groundcover . ( tietje and vreeland 1997 )
k . snags : snags with natural or excavated holes were used only 8 % of the time at the san joaquin experimental range . ( purcell and verner 1995 )
suffers depredation from the usual predators of passerines , namely small mammals and hawks . ( ziener 1990 ) western scrub jay may depredate eggs and nestlings . ( bent 1946 )
vii . other : the protocalliphorid blowfly larvae are parasites of secondary cavity nesters as they lay their eggs in the additional material used to line the nest cavity . a high rate of parasitism was recorded in nests at san joaquin experimental range . ( purcell and verner 1995 )
ii . productivity measure ( s ) : the san joaquin experimental range study of cavity nesters reported a mayfield estimate of nesting success of 62 % in natural cavities and 60 % in nest boxes . ( purcell 1995 )
iii . survivorship : two - thirds of the birds fledged did not survive until the next breeding season . ( dixon 1949 )
according to dixon ( 1949 ) dispersal is gradual and restricted , 4 of the 7 birds recorded established territories in their natal area the following season . the median distance of dispersal was approximately 600 meters . ( dixon 1949 )
a list of other species that would benefit from management of the target species .
recommend methods that will address immediate needs as well as those most appropriate to monitor how effective the proposed management recommendations will be .
( from subspecies , trend , local extirpations , state and federal lists , etc . )
experiencing a 1 . 9 % decline per year throughout california ( p < . 05 ) 1980 - 1996 and a 1 . 6 % annual decline in the california foothills 1966 - 1996 ( p = . 06 ) . ( sauer , 1996 )
the significant decline since 1980 of this species requires further study to determine future conservation goals .
the objective is to prevent further decline in this species and to increase suitable habitat .
american ornithologists’ union . 1983 . check - list of north american birds . 7
balda r . p . 1975 . the relationship of secondary cavity nesters ' snag densities in western coniferous forests . usda forest service wildlife habitat technical bulletin 1 , 37p . southwestern region , albuquerque , nm .
bent , a . c . 1064 . life histories of north american jays , crows , and titmice . dover publications , inc . , new york , ny .
proc . , symposium on multi - use management of california ' s hardwood resources [ san luis obispo , ca , nov . 12 - 14 , 1986 ] usda for . serv . gen . tech . rep . , psw - 100 , p . 163 - 173 .
debenedictis , p . 1993 . a desert barrier . birding 25 : 437 - 438 .
dixon , k . l . 1954 . some ecological relations of chickadees and titmice in central california . condor 56 : 113 - 124 .
ehrlich , p . r . , dobkin , d . s , and d . wheye . 1988 . the birder ' s handbook : a field guide to the natural history of north american birds . simon and schuster press , ny .
geupel , g . , g . ballard , and a . king . 1997 . songbird monitoring on the cosumnes river preserve : results of the 1995 field season . unpublished report . point reyes bird observatory , stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g . , g . ballard , n . nur , and a . king . 1997 . population status and associations of songbirds along riparian corridors of the lower sacramento river : results from 1995 field season and summary of results 1993 - 1995 . unpublished report . point reyes bird observatory , stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g . , and g . ballard 1995 . status and distribution of the landbird avifauna along riparian corridors of the sacramento river national wildlife refuge : results of the 1994 field season . unpublished report . point reyes bird observatory , stinson beach , ca .
geupel , g . , n . nur , g . ballard , and a . kiener . 1996 . monitoring nests of songbirds and their associated vegetation in montane meadows of the san bernardino national forest , results of the 1992 - 1995 field seasons . unpublished report to the usfs . point reyes bird observatory , stinson beach , ca .
grinnell , j . and a . h . miller . 1944 . the distribution of the birds of california . artemesia press , lee vining , ca .
hejl , s . j . , j . verner . 1990 . within - season and yearly variations in avian foraging locations . studies in avian biology 13 : 202 - 209 .
king , a and g . geupel . 1997 . songbird response to revegetation along the sacramento river : results from 1996 field season . unpublished report . point reyes bird observatory , stinson beach , ca .
martin , t . e . and p . li . 1992 . life history traits of open - vs . cavity - nesting birds . ecology 73 ( 2 ) : 579 - 592 .
mcclelland , b . r . , s . s . friswell , w . c . fischer , and c . h . halvorson . 1979 . habitat management for hole - nesting birds in forests of western larch and douglas - fir . j . forestry 77 : 480 - 483 .
ohmann , j . l . , w . c . mccomb , and a . a . zumrawi . 1994 . wildl . soc . bull . 22 : 607 - 620 . .
purcell , k . 1995 . reproductive strategies of open - and cavity - nesting birds . dissertation for university of nevada , reno .
purcell , k . l . j . verner and l . w . orange . 1997 . a comparison of the breeding ecology of birds nesting in boxes and tree cavities . auk 114 ( 4 ) : 646 - 656 .
robertson , d . and c . tenet ( eds . ) 1993 . atlas of breeding birds of monterey county . monterey peninsula audubon society .
proc . , symposium on multi - use management of california ' s hardwood resources [ san luis obispo , ca , nov . 12 - 14 , 1986 ] usda for . serv . gen . tech . rep . , psw - 100 , p . 190 - 196 .
sauer , j . r , j . e . hines , g . gough , i . thomas , and b . g . peterjohn . 1997 . the north american breeding bird survey results and analysis . version 96 . 4 patuxtent wildlife research center , laurel , md .
sheldon , f . h . and f . b . gill . 1996 . a reconsideration of songbird phylogeny , with emphasis on the evolution of titmice and their sylvioid relatives . systematic biology 45 ( 4 ) : 473 - 495 .
sibley , c . s . 1952 . the birds of the south san francisco bay region . unbound copy available at the point reyes bird observatory library .
silkas , b . , f . h . sheldon , and f . b . gill . 1996 . phylogeny of titmice ( paridae ) : i . estimate of relationships among subgenera based on dna - dna hybridization . journal of avian biology 27 : 70 - 82 .
small , arnold . 1994 . california birds : their status and distribution . ibis publishing co . vista , ca . 342 pp .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22711978a111066495 .
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song is a series of evenly - pitched , rapid series of 3 - 7 whistled syllables .
unlike other members of the family , they do not form flocks in winter .
a group of titmice are collectively known as a
banditry
and a
dissimulation
of titmice .
the passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) is a large taxonomic order composed of one hundred eighteen families of birds and includes the predatory shrikes , curious nuthatches and the friendly titmice and chickadees .
there are fifty - five species in eight genera in the paridae ( pronounced par - uh - dee ) , a family mostly restricted to the northern hemisphere and the one in which the chickadees and titmice are found .
there are twelve species of paridae in two genera that occur in north america with two distinct groups ; the plump , confiding chickadees and the crested titmice .
the paridae are mostly known for their friendly behavior . these small birds seem to have little fear of people in wild situations and black - capped and carolina chickadees will readily become tame enough to take seed from an open hand .
small birds with short wings and medium - sized tails , the chickadees have short , stubby bills that give them a large - headed look . the titmice are similar in shape but have slightly larger bills and crests . both groups have strong feet adapted to an arboreal lifestyle that includes hanging upside down on small branches .
pattern somewhat like a chickadee , titmice are mostly gray with dark inquisitive eyes that stand out on their plain faces .
although some black - capped chickadees that breed in canada are short distance migrants to milder climes , these are the exception as most members of the paridae brave the winter even in the boreal zones .
members of the paridae are social , vocal birds that frequently forage in mixed feeding flocks and are quick to give the alarm when a predator is sighted . both chickadees and titmice forage in trees and bushes with chickadees often hanging upside down when inspecting twigs for hidden arthropods . both groups of paridae also readily feed on seeds and nuts .
titmice and chickadee species are doing well throughout north america and no members of this family are threatened with extinction .
the gray - headed chickadee is one of the hardiest of bird species in north america . this non - migratory bird spends lives year round in central alaska ; a range that also makes it one of the least seen birds by north american birders .
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the front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .


the black-bellied storm petrel ( fregetta tropica ) is a species of seabird in the family oceanitidae .

it is found in antarctica , argentina , australia , bouvet island , brazil , chile , falkland islands , french polynesia , french southern territories , madagascar , mozambique , new zealand , oman , peru , saint helena , são tomé and príncipe , solomon islands , south africa , south georgia and the south sandwich islands , uruguay , and vanuatu .

they are usually black with a white band over the rump .

a white under the wings and on the flanks .

there is a broad black stripe runs down the center of the belly , but may be broken or absent altogether sometimes .

they have long legs , so that the feet can be seen beyond the tail in flight .

the legs and feet are black .

they are silent mostly at sea .

noises can be seen on the breeding colonies , birds on the ground give a drawn-out shrill whistle .

black - bellied storm petrel

black - bellied storm - petrel , first records for madeira and the canary islands .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for black - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta tropica ) yet .
black - bellied storm petrel . adult in flight , ventral . at sea off campbell island , april 2013 . image © phil battley by phil battley
the diet of black - bellied storm petrel is poorly known , but includes crustaceans , small fish and squid taken from the surface of the water .
southey , i . 2013 [ updated 2018 ] . black - bellied storm petrel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
a medium - sized black - and - white storm petrel , black above with a white band over the rump , white under the wings and on the flanks , a broad black stripe usually running down the centre of the belly which may be broken or absent altogether . large and very bulky for a storm petrel , they have long black legs so the black feet can be seen beyond the tail in flight .
similar species : the most commonly seen black - and - white storm petrel around new zealand is wilson’s storm petrel which is smaller and entirely black underneath ( though with a similar white band over the rump ) and has yellow webs on the black feet . off the northern new zealand coast new zealand storm petrel is a smaller , more slightly built bird that is white , not solidly black under the tail . the white belly of new zealand storm petrel is characteristically and obviously streaked . the white - bellied storm petrel is rarely seen away from subtropical water and is very difficult to distinguish . it is a little smaller with shorter legs that do not extend beyond the tail . they usually have a clean white belly but the birds breeding on lord howe island may be darker , with varying amounts of smudgy black on the belly and under - wing , some birds being entirely black .
today , during our zino ' s petrel pelagic expedition in oceanodroma a black bellied storm - petrel fregetta tropica was seen and photographed briefly . this bird didn ' t stay with us more than one minute flying over the slick . during this trip great shearwater puffinus gravis , european storm - petrel hydrobates pelagicus and wilson ' s storm - petrel oceanites oceanicus were seen .
neither black - bellied storm - petrel nor white - bellied storm - petrel has been positively identified in the northeast atlantic . there are three sight records of unidentified fregettas in the northeast atlantic . all three descriptions in our opinion suggest white - bellied birds . records fall in the period mid - august to mid - december : about 500 miles north of cape verde mid - august 1986 , off norfolk ( uk ) 10th december 2007 , and in the severn estuary ( uk ) 25th november 2009 . we include the norfolk sighting having read the description , although it was judged ‘not proven’ to be a fregetta storm - petrel by british birds rarities committee .
( excerpt from multimedia id guide to north atlantic storm - petrels & bulwer ' s petrel , bob flood & ashley fisher , urltoken )
voice : black - bellied storm petrels are silent at sea ; on the breeding colonies , birds on the ground give a drawn - out shrill whistle .
black - bellied storm petrels are black with a white band over the rump , and with white under the wings and on the flanks . a broad black stripe usually runs down the centre of the belly but it may be broken or absent altogether . they are large and very bulky for a storm petrel and have long legs so that the feet can be seen beyond the tail in flight . the legs and feet are black .
19·5–21 cm ; 43–63 g ; wingspan 43–46 cm . near - black storm - petrel with toes projecting slightly beyond tail tip , white uppertail - coverts , most of . . .
after breeding , black - bellied storm petrels migrate to tropical and sub - tropical seas . they travel north in may and june and south in october and november .
black - bellied storm petrels are pelagic seabirds that feed over the continental shelf and the very deep water beyond . they are usually solitary but may gather into small groups .
in the new zealand region they are something of a mystery . although not uncommon at sea , black - bellied storm petrels are poorly known on land . few ornithologists have been on breeding colonies when they are active , as they breed during the autumn after most research expeditions have departed . in fact the eggs of the black - bellied storm petrel have been seen three times only in the new zealand region – in 1929 and 2018 – and chicks have never been seen .
the black - bellied storm - petrel has a circumpolar distribution from islands of the scotia archipelago , through the southern indian ocean to the antipodes islands ( new zealand ) . outside the breeding season it migrations north into the subtropical and tropical zones of the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , regularly occurring north up to the equator ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .
black - bellied storm petrels are often seen gliding close to the surface of the water with the wings held horizontally or about 45° up , kicking with one foot , the other trailing and may cut the water by dropping a foot to leave an obvious wake .
black - bellied storm petrels are poorly known in the new zealand region , but the local population has been estimated at 50 , 000 to 100 , 000 pairs . tens of thousands of pairs were estimated as being on the main antipodes island and colonies on the auckland islands are thought to be larger .
carboneras , c . , jutglar , f . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta tropica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
black - bellied storm petrels are found throughout the southern ocean , where they breed on many subantarctic islands , and may sometimes be seen off the southern new zealand coast during the breeding season . after breeding they migrate to tropical seas south of the equator , hence the scientific name which was based on birds taken just south of the equator in the atlantic .
black - bellied storm petrels nest in colonies , in cavities among loose rocks or excavated burrows in soil and peat . they are monogamous and pair bonds appear to be maintained until one partner dies . the only known nests with eggs found in new zealand were found on adams island , auckland islands on 1 february 1929 . the eggs were in two tiny burrows about 45 cm long , in a nest of dry fine grass .
on the auckland islands , black - bellied storm petrels breed on outlying islands in the absence of exotic mammalian predators and are likely to have been exterminated from campbell island and the main auckland island by norway rats and cats respectively . on the main antipodes island they co - occur with mice , but no nests with eggs or chicks have been found , and so it is not known if the storm petrels are able to breed successfully . the actual colonies there may be restricted to the smaller mouse - free islands of the group , some of which have never been landed on .
molecular evidence revealed that traditional grouping of all storm - petrels in a single family was paraphyletic # r # r ; precise relationships at higher levels within this order are still disputed , but storm - petrels now generally split into two families , comprising “southern” oceanitidae and “northern” hydrobatidae # r .
black - bellied storm petrels are highly pelagic birds that feed close to or beyond the continental shelf . in summer the birds feed in the southern ocean , spread between the ross sea in the south and as far north as the southern coasts of new zealand . locally they breed on the auckland and antipodes islands ( with eggs recorded from adams , rose and enderby islands in the auckland islands ) . as yet no nests have been found on the antipodes islands and it has been suggested that the active colonies are on the smaller islands of the group , with mice not allowing successful breeding on the main island .
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turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
brooke ( 2004 ) estimated the global population to number around 500 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation by invasive species .
this species rarely associates with land , except when breeding , and may be associated with cool currents where its diet appears to consist of squid and small fish ( data lacking ) . its breeding season begins in november , forming loose colonies on bare rocky slopes , in thick vegetation or peat of offshore islands or stacks . it lays one egg in burrows or rocky crevices ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 1996 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . viking , auckland .
imber , m . j . ; bell , b . d . ; bell , e . a . 2005 . antipodes islands birds in autumn 2001 . notornis 52 : 125 - 132 .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1990 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 , ratites to ducks . oxford university press , melbourne .
taylor , g . a . 2000 . action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand . part b : non - threatened seabirds . threatened species occasional publication no . 17 , biodiversity recovery unit , department of conservation , wellington .
tennyson , a . ; taylor , r . ; taylor , g . ; imber , m . ; greene , t . 2002 . unusual bird records from the antipodes islands in 1978 - 1995 , with a summary of other species recorded at the island group . notornis 49 : 241 - 245 .
dull white with a few dull reddish - brown markings at the larger end .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : fregetta tropica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
in past , often lumped with f . grallaria ; relationships between these two are complicated and confused , especially at tristan da cunha and gough i ; proposed race melanoleuca ( tristan da cunha ) may be invalid or may be referable to f . grallaria . considerable individual variation in plumage tends to obscure geographical variation in this complex ; most forms described as races are usually ascribed to f . grallaria . monotypic .
tropical and subtropical major oceans ; circumpolar breeding , from islands of scotia arc through s indian ocean to antipodes is . possible presence at tristan da cunha and gough i requires confirmation .
two main vocalizations , both usually given from within or close to nest - sites ( it is currently . . .
marine and highly pelagic , rarely approaching land except near colonies ; may be associated with . . .
squid , crustaceans and small fish recorded during breeding season , with diet at south georgia estimated at 90 % crustacea and 10 % fish ( by . . .
most complete studies on signy i ( south orkneys ) , the crozets and south shetlands . return to colonies starts sept ( prince edward is , crozet . . .
during breeding season is mainly found s of antarctic polar front . post - breeding , migrates n into . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread , with total population estimated at c . 100 , 000–150 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 500 , 000 individuals , broken down as . . .
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an individual in flight among the waves , on the ocean ( 50 % speed ) .
a bird flying low over the ocean seen from a boat well off the coast .
josep del hoyo , greg baker , john gregory , gus yaki , aviceda .
christophe gouraud , phillip edwards , jordi sargatal , markus lilje , dusan m . brinkhuizen , neilhughes , julien baudat - franceschi , nick talbot , tony palliser , les george , ben lascelles , tomas grim .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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compiled by worthy , t . h . ; holdaway , r . n . ; tennyson , a . j . d . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , living and recently extinct birds . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4cc578eb - d15e - 4288 - ad1f - 42cc2d89edf3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e7a37d20 - f0b0 - 446d - 8508 - 0c35d55b432b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0f85170e - 5051 - 4e7a - a975 - 2af4f84b8465
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 312170
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this recording is not modified . this bird was regularly seen and heard calling from bellow one of the chilean camp buildings in the evenings / nights .
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