the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is a large shorebird most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew , but slightly larger .

it is mostly brown in color , differentiated from other curlews by its plain , unpatterned brown underwing .

it is not only the largest curlew but probably the world 's largest sandpiper , at 60 – 66 cm ( 24 – 26 in ) in length and 110 cm ( 43 in ) across the wings .

the body is reportedly 565 – 1,150 g ( 1.246 – 2.535 lb ) , which may be equaled by the eurasian curlew .

the extremely long bill , at 12.8 – 20.1 cm ( 5.0 – 7.9 in ) in length , rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper .

the far eastern curlew spends its breeding season in northeastern asia , including siberia to kamchatka , and mongolia .

its breeding habitat is composed of marshy and swampy wetlands and lakeshores .

most individuals winter in coastal australia , with a few heading to south korea , thailand , philippines and new zealand , where they stay at estuaries , beaches , and salt marshes .

during its migration the far eastern curlew commonly passes the yellow sea .

it uses its long , decurved bill to probe for invertebrates in the mud .

it may feed in solitary but it generally congregates in large flocks to migrate or roost .

its call is a sharp , clear whistle , cuuue-reee , often repeated .

as of 2006 , there are an estimated 38,000 individuals in the world .

formerly classified as least concern by iucn , it was found to have been rarer than previously believed and thus its status was updated to vulnerable in the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .

in australia its status under the epbc act is critically endangered .

far eastern curlew

the far eastern curlew is also known as the eastern curlew , the australian curlew , the sea curlew and just plain curlew . it is the largest migratory wading bird in the world .
far eastern curlew : largest curlew , very long , decurved bill , longest of any shorebird . dark brown with heavily streaked
the far eastern curlew is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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the eastern curlew is the largest curlew , with a much longer bill and legs than the similar whimbrel , numensius phaeopus . the call of the eastern curlew is distinctive and the long bill is obvious in flight .
eastern curlew ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013q ) [ database ] .
eastern curlew . adult ( possibly immature ) . miranda , june 2010 . image © duncan watson by duncan watson
the far eastern curlew has a large breeding range of 727 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in marshes and open bogs in eastern russia , and parts of mongolia and northeastern china . it winters in estuaries and other coastal habitats in eastern asia , the philippines , indonesia , and australasia , and has been recorded as a vagrant in alaska . this species is threatened by destruction of important tidal mud flats used during migration and on wintering grounds and has shown recent declines because of this . the far eastern curlew has an estimated population of 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals and a conservation rating of endangered .
threatened species of the northern territory - eastern curlew , numenius madagascariensis ( ward , s . , 2012h ) [ information sheet ] .
2011 ) and was recently uplisted as critically endangered in australia . the east asian - australasian flyway partnership far eastern curlew task force is developing an international single species action plan for the species with range states , partners and research organisations within the flyway ( m . carey
the eastern curlew is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . the australian government plays an important role in building international cooperation to conserve migratory birds and is a member of the east - asian – australasian flyway partnership . five projects are helping to restore eastern curlew habitat through the national landcare programme . actions to protect eastern curlew will benefit many other migratory shorebirds including the bar - tailed godwit .
calls given from ground while chasing an eurasian curlew . same bird as xc194375 exact location
the eastern curlew is australia’s largest shorebird and a long - haul flyer . it is easily recognisable , with its long , down - curved bill . the eastern curlew takes an annual migratory flight to russia and north - eastern china to breed , arriving back home to australia in august to feed on crabs and molluscs in intertidal mudflats . it is extremely shy and will take flight at the first sign of danger .
far eastern curlew : this species breeds in northeastern asia and siberia , wintering in australia , new zealand , and new guinea . it very rarely wanders to the aleutian islands and pribilof islands of alaska and southwestern british columbia in the spring . it is found along wetlands , beaches , lakeshores , and salt marshes .
riegen , a . c . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . eastern curlew . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
numenius madagascariensis ( eastern curlew ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sz ) [ state action plan ] .
the eastern curlew is found on intertidal mudflats and sandflats , often with beds of seagrass , on sheltered coasts , especially estuaries , mangrove swamps , bays , harbours and lagoons .
flock of eastern curlews leaving the mudflats of roebuck bay , commencing their northern migration .
eastern curlews breed in marshy , boggy habitat in eastern mongolia , north - east china and eastern siberia . in the non - breeding season they are mainly found on mudflats in northern and eastern australia . in new zealand , curlews are found in small numbers on major harbours and estuaries from parengarenga in the far north to awarua bay in southland , with strongholds at manukau harbour and farewell spit . they have been recorded as vagrants on north meyer island ( kermadec islands ) , and on chatham , stewart and campbell islands .
the eastern curlew eats mainly small crabs and molluscs . foraging by day and night , it is slow and deliberate , stalking slowly on sandy and muddy flats , picking from the surface or probing deep with its long bill .
the eastern curlew is widespread in coastal regions in the north - east and south of australia , including tasmania , and scattered in other coastal areas . it is rarely seen inland . it breeds in russia and north - eastern china . on passage , they are commonly seen in japan , korea and borneo . small numbers visit new zealand .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader in new zealand , and has the longest bill of any wader at around 20 cm in length . it is a regular summer visitor to new zealand but now in very small numbers , with probably fewer than 10 each summer since the mid 2000’s , and usually at only a handful of sites . the eastern curlew is confined to the east asian - australasian flyway ( eaaf ) , with a global population estimated to be c . 20 , 000 and declining .
van gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
similar species : in the new zealand region only whimbrel and bristle - thighed curlew are possible confusion species . both are smaller with shorter decurved bills and boldly streaked crowns . eurasian curlew has occurred once in australia and is distinguished by its extensive white rump and lower back and whiter underparts .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader that visits australia , with a very long down - curved bill . the female ' s bill is usually longer than the male ' s and averages 185 mm in length . it is a bulky , dark - streaked brown wader , with a long neck and legs . when flying , the barred flight feathers are visible , lighter under the wings and dark above . they are wary birds , quick to take flight . their wing beats are slow and deliberate , unlike the rapid beats of the whimbrel . other names are curlew and australian or sea curlew .
53–66 cm ; 390–1350 g , male averaging 110 g lighter than female ; wingspan 97–110 cm . largest curlew with very long , heavy bill ; female has longest bill of . . .
eastern curlews mainly eat crabs and small molluscs on the non - breeding grounds . they usually break crabs legs off first before swallowing the legs and body . no new zealand data .
the eastern curlew is a long distance migrant , making non - stop flights from east and north australia direct to east asia , from taiwan northwards to major mudflat staging sites of the yellow sea . from there , the curlews fly directly to their breeding grounds . southward migration follows a similar route and legs . they reach new zealand from september to november and leave in march and april . eastern curlews are very wary birds , and are difficult to approach . in new zealand they may be solitary , associate with other curlews , or join with bar - tailed godwits .
eastern curlews are the largest of all the world’s shorebirds , and call their call , a mournful ‘cuuuurrlew’ , ringing out beautifully across vast coastal wetlands . their impressive bill , which is characteristic of the species , is used to probe the mud and dig up crabs , their main food source in australia . sadly , its down - curved shape also mimics the decline of australia’s migratory shorebirds . the eastern curlew occurs only in our flyway , and about 75 per cent of the world’s curlews winter in australia , so we have a particular responsibility to protect coastal wetlands for them and the smaller shorebirds that live in their shadow .
dann , p . ( 2014 ) . prey availability , and not energy content , explains diet and prey choice of eastern curlews numenius madagascariensis in southern australia . ardea . 102 ( 2 ) : 213 - 224 .
eastern curlews breed in the northern hemisphere on swampy moors and boggy marshes . both sexes have similar plumage , with the males using their haunting calls and display flights to attract a mate and defend their territory . the nest is a shallow depression lined with grass .
although not considered endangered , populations of the red knot in eastern north america have been steeply falling because of over harvesting of the horseshoe crab ; the eggs of which serve as their main food source during a critical migration stop - over in the delaware bay .
eastern curlews breed from early may to late june . nests typically contain 4 eggs and are placed on small mounds in swampy ground . incubation is shared by both sexes . chicks leave the nest soon after hatching and feed themselves on insects and other small invertebrates .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats , beaches , shores of ponds , lakes and rivers , and marshes although two members of the family , the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper , are grassland birds . most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra , utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .
the eastern curlew is an enormous wader with very long heavily decurved bill . the head and neck are streaked dark - brown , there is a thin white eye - ring , and the chin and throat are whitish . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging , the rump is brown , and the tail is greyish - brown with narrow dark banding . the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine dark - brown streaking turning to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks . the underwings are whitish , but appear darker due to the fine dark barring . the sexes are alike ( apart from females being larger with longer bills ) ; juveniles are similar , but with with back feathers neatly edged and notched with white , and with finer streaks on the underparts .
the global population of eastern curlews was estimated at 38 , 000 in 2006 but is known to be declining . based on winter counts in australia , the population is now likely to number around 20 , 000 . annual declines between 1992 and 2008 averaged 2 . 4 % in moreton bay , queensland , a wintering stronghold . numbers in new zealand were regularly in the mid 40s during the 1980s but now fewer than 10 occur annually , with only 1 or 2 overwintering .
the eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960’s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .
eastern curlews are classed as endangered by iucn . like most waders migrating along the eaaf , particularly for those using coastal wetlands in china and korea , they are under serious threat from staging habitat loss , due mostly to reclamation and human based development and disturbance . breeding grounds and most wintering sites are probably more secure although hunting and other disturbance maybe a factor on the breeding grounds , particularly in russia . human disturbance at southern wintering grounds in australia are also of concern . curlews are more susceptible to disturbance than most waders .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
63 cm . largest wader in new zealand . greyish brown and buff streaked body ; very long downcurved bill ( 19 cm ) .
benstead , p . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , derhé , m . , ekstrom , j . , harding , m . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a . , wheatley , h .
this species has been uplisted to endangered as new information suggests it is undergoing a very rapid population decline which is suspected to have been primarily driven by habitat loss and deterioration in the yellow sea region . further proposed reclamation projects are predicted to cause additional declines in the future
is a particularly important stopover site on northward and southward migration . it has been recorded as a passage migrant in
. in prep . ) . in 2015 , the australian government listed the species as critically endangered under australia ' s national environmental law ( m . carey
wetlands international ( 2006 ) estimated the global population at c . 38 , 000 individuals , although a more recent update now estimates the population at 32 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . it is therefore placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals .
. in prep . ) suggests that the species has declined much more rapidly than was previously thought ; with an annual rate of decline of 0 . 058 equating to a loss of 81 . 7 % over three generations . loss of habitat at critical stopover sites in the yellow sea is suspected to be the key threat to this species and given that it is restricted to the east asian - australasian flyway , the declines in the non - breeding population are thought to be representative of the global population .
local - scale declines have also been reported : the species has been declining steadily in australia , at a rate of 2 . 4 % annually in moreton bay between 1992 and 2008 ( wilson
2011 ) ; c . 5 % annually in victoria between 1980 and 2010 ( d . rogers
2012 ) ; by over 65 % in tasmania since the 1950s ( reid and park 2003 ) ; and by 40 % across 49 australian sites between c . 1983 and c . 2007 ( d . rogers
2011 ) . declines seem equally worrying in north - western australia ( d . rogers
2012 ) . furthermore , the population at saemangeum ( south korea ) has decreased by 32 . 6 % ( c . 1 , 800 birds ) between 2006 and 2008 due to the reclamation of tidal flats ( moores 2006 , moores
2008 ) . although these sites only represent a proportion of the wintering and stopover populations , threats are widespread and are projected to cause population declines in the future ( d . rogers
2009 ) . given that more reclamation is proposed within the yellow sea , with widespread threats elsewhere on the flyway , it is assumed that these declines will continue .
the species breeds on open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on the swampy shores of small lakes ; in the non - breeding season it is essentially coastal , occurring at estuaries , mangrove swamps , saltmarshes and intertidal flats , particularly those with extensive seagrass ( zosteraceae ) meadows . it often roosts in salt - marshes , behind mangroves , or on sandy beaches ( del hoyo
its diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . berries are also consumed during the autumn migration . in non - breeding areas it feeds on marine invertebrates , preferentially taking crabs and small molluscs but also feeding on other crustaceans and polychaete worms ( del hoyo
1996 ) . this migratory wader nests from early may to late june , often in small colonies of 2 - 3 pairs , with an average clutch size of four eggs . it probably delays maturity longer than most shorebirds , perhaps not breeding until 3 - 4 years old ( del hoyo
. 2014 ) . this scale of habitat loss is predicted to continue owing to growing populations around the yellow sea . it is difficult to ascertain whether declines seen at reclaimed sites such as saemangeum represent true declines , or whether the birds have simply been displaced ( moores
2009 ) , but the former seems more probable , given the huge scale of habitat loss in the yellow sea . wetland degradation in the yellow sea may affect the species where it stages on migration ( bamford
2010 ) . further threats may include disturbance at the nesting and feeding sites ( taylor & bester 1999 in conservation advice 2015 ) , direct persecution throughout its range , and a decrease in the availability of food due to pollution at stopover points in south korea . furthermore , females probably tend to migrate further south to southern australian wetlands which are more threatened than those in northern australia ( del hoyo
cms appendix i and ii . the species was accepted as a concerted action species under cms in november 2014 ( anon . 2014 ) . population trends are being monitored in australia as part of birdlife australia ' s shorebirds 2020 programme . the species is included in the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett
identify key stopover areas and work with governments along the east asian - australasian flyway to prevent destruction / reclamation of important staging sites . continue to monitor population trends . restore reclaimed wetland sites . campaign to stop shorebird hunting in asian countries . legally protect it in all range states . survey the breeding grounds for potential threats . the proposal for listing as a species for concerted action under cms stated that conservation actions were needed to : 1 ) protect staging habitat and manage habitat in the yellow river delta and remaining habitat at yala jiang and other sites in the yellow sea ; 2 ) manage shellfisheries at key sites to benefit the species ( leyrer
. 2014 ) . the australian government ' s approved conservation advice states that the protection of roosting and feeding sites in australia should be maintained and improved and the requirements of the species should be incorporated into coastal planning . important sites should also be managed to reduce disturbance when the species is present , and to identify and reduce the threat of invasive species ( conservation advice 2015 ) .
map edited : changed mongolian range from breeding to passage . adjusted breeding range . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693199a118601473 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats .
epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species
( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
( bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl , 2008 ) [ information sheet ] .
( hansen , b . d . , r . a . fuller , d . watkins , d . i . rogers , r . s . clemens , m . newman , e . j . woehler & d . r . weller , 2016 ) in effect under the epbc act from 29 - may - 2017 . [ information sheet ] .
shorebirds ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013bi ) [ internet ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
listed as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the threatened species strategy webpage includes information on what is being done to support the species recovery effort .
for the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . further information may be available in the epbc act policy statement ( department of the environment 2015 ) or recent research ( bamford et al . 2008 ; dann 2014 ; hansen et al . 2015 ; hua et al . 2015 ; li et al . 2016 ; melville et al . 2016 ) .
bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl ( 2008 ) . migratory shorebirds of the east asian - australasian flyway : population estimates and internationally important sites . canberra , act : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , wetlands international - oceania . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment ( 2015w ) . epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species . canberra , act : commonwealth of australia . available from : urltoken .
hansen , b . d . , p . menkhorst , p . moloney & r . h . loyn ( 2015 ) . long - term declines in multiple waterbird species in a tidal embayment , south - east australia . austral ecology . 40 ( 5 ) : 515 - 527 .
hua , n . , k . tan , y . chen & z . ma ( 2015 ) . key research issues concerning the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the yellow sea region . bird conservation international . 25 ( 1 ) : 38 - 52 .
li , x . , x . zhang , x . xu , s . lv , y . zhao , d . chen , c . hou , b . chen & g . yang ( 2016 ) . bird diversity in the buffer zone of the largest coastal nature reserve of china and conservation implications . pakistan journal of zoology . 48 ( 4 ) : 1193 - 1199 .
melville , d . s . , y . chen & z . ma ( 2016 ) . shorebirds along the yellow sea coast of china face an uncertain future - a review of threats . emu . 116 ( 2 ) : 100 - 110 .
australian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2006f ) . wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds . canberra , act : department of the environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - feb - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jan - 2016 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000b ) . list of migratory species ( 13 / 07 / 2000 ) . f2007b00750 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2007h ) . environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - listed migratory species - approval of an international agreement . f2007l02641 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2009bc ) . draft background paper to epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 . canberra , dewha . available from : urltoken .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . numenius madagascariensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 11 : 44 + 1000 .
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e siberia , from upper reaches of r nizhnyaya tunguska e through verkhoyansk mts to kamchatka , and s to ne mongolia , extreme ne china ( ne heilongjiang ) and ussuriland . winters in japan , e china and taiwan s to indonesia and new guinea , but most migrate to australia and a few reach new zealand . never recorded in madagascar .
breeds in open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on swampy shores . . .
diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . during autumn migration berries also . . .
poorly known . nests early may to late jun . often in small colonies of 2–6 pairs , with densities of up to 5·6 individuals / km . . .
long - distance migrant ; moves , generally in small flocks , along coasts of kuril is , sakhalin , . . .
endangered . formerly considered near threatened . listed as critically endangered in australia given evidence that species has perhaps declined by c . 80 % in last 30 years . . .
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blue - gray legs , feet . eats crustaceans , marine worms , insects , larvae , invertebrates . strong steady flight , rapid wing beats . flies in straight line or v formation .
during courtship the males attract females through their calls and their dances . the males flutter their wings , leaping up to 10 - 15 metres off the ground and trilling as they do .
named
numenius madagascariensis
by linnaeus in 1766 , it appears that the famous biologist mistakenly confused madigascar with macassar . the more appropriate name would be numenius macassariensis .
a group of curlews has many collective nouns , including a
curfew
,
game
,
head
,
salon
, and
skein
of curlews .
the gulls , plovers , sheathbills of the antarctic , predatory skuas , and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes ( pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez ) .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae ( pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee ) family , a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .
fifty - four species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific . twenty - eight species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in eleven genera have occurred in palau . all of these species are migrants .
in north america , sixty - five species of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred . included among these birds are the large , long - billed godwits and curlews , the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone , and a variety of sandpiper species .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are known for their affinity for the water’s edge . the sanderling is known for its habit of running on beaches to pursue and retreat from waves in its attempt to remain at the very edge of the water .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies range from the sparrow - sized “peeps” to the heron - sized curlews . in general , they have plump bodies , short tails , longish necks with small heads , and long , pointed wings for fast , long distance flight . leg length varies among species although most have fairly long legs suited for wading . sandpipers also demonstrate a wide variety of bill sizes and shapes that reflect different feeding behaviors ; there are species with short , stubby bills , thin medium length bills , long , thin bills , and decurved bills .
aside from the ruddy turnstone with its striking black , white , and orange plumage with red legs and bill , most sandpipers are plumaged in browns , gray , white , and black although dark red - orange colors are also shown by the breeding plumages of dowitchers and the red knot . in most species , these colors are combined for handsome , intricate patterns that act as camouflage and attract mates in the breeding season . during the winter , most species molt into drab gray and white plumages .
most members of this family are migrants , several species flying to south america for the winter .
the majority of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season . they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans , each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats . for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water’s edge , dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water , and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .
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voice : a bubbling song ker ker - ee - ker - ee when disturbed .
no birds banded overseas have been seen in new zealand and none has been banded here .
del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( eds ) . 1996 . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
hayman , p . ; marchant , j . ; prater , a . j . 1986 . shorebirds ; a n identification guide to waders of the world . christopher helm , london .
higgins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .
ornithological society of new zealand ( unpublished national wader counts 2003 - 2012 ) .
robertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .
sagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . distribution and numbers of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 43 .
a very large bulky wader with a very long heavily decurved bill , head and neck streaked dark brown , thin white eye - rings , and whitish throat . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging and the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine streaking grading to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : numenius madagascariensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .


tyler 's mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae .

it lives in rainforests of the guiana highlands of southern venezuela at elevations between 1300 and 2200 m .

the species has only been found on three isolated tepuis ( auyantepui , marahuaca and sarisariñama ) .

all three of these locations are in protected areas ( canaima , duida-marahuaca and jaua-sarisariñama national parks ) .

the latin species name refers to the habitat in which the opossum was first found , a tyleria forest .

in turn , both the genus tyleria and the opossum 's common name refer to sidney f .

tyler , an american historian and photographer who helped finance the 1928-29 expedition of the american museum of natural history to the headwaters of the orinoco , during which the opossum was discovered .

tyler ' s mouse opossum

tyler s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a venezuela .
tyler s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a venezuela . ( full text )
tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae .
tyler ' s mouse opossum ( marmosa tyleriana ) is a south american marsupial of the family didelphidae . ( wiki )
and the opossum ' s common name refer to sidney f . tyler , an american historian and photographer who helped finance the 1928 - 29 expedition of the
a young / baby of a tyler is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
voss , r . s . , lunde , d . p . & jansa , s . a . , 2005 : on the contents of gracilinanus gardner and creighton , 1989 , with the descripition of a previously unrecognized clade of small didelphid marsupials . –american museum novitates : # 3482 , pp . 1 - 34
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
voss , r . s . & jansa , s . a . , 2003 : phylogenetic studies on didelphid marsupials ii . nonmolecular data and new irbp sequences : separate and combined analyses of didelphine relationships with denser taxon sampling . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : vol . # 276 , pp . 1 - 82
voss , r . s . , gardner , a . l . & jansa , s . a . , 2004 : on the relationships of “ marmosa ” formosa shamel , 1930 ( marsupialia : didelphidae ) , a phylogenetic puzzle from the chaco of northern argentina . –american museum novitates : vol . # 3442 , pp . 1 - 18
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
this species inhabits highland tepuis . the female has only four teats , indicating one of the smallest litter sizes for any species of marmosa s . l . . it is nocturnal and crepuscular , arboreal and terrestrial ( eisenberg 1989 ) .
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . the species is known from only three isolated localities , and although these are within protected areas these restricted populations could be at risk . further information in needed on the actual distribution and natural history .
this species is found in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela ( gardner 2008 ) , and is restricted to three isolated tepuis ( duida - marahuaca , jaua - sarisariñama , and auyantepui ) . the species is not suspected to occur on the serrania de maigualida ( northwest of its known distribution ) and on sierra de lema ( east of its known distribution ) , as both areas have different vegetation . it might occur on roraima , which has similar vegetation . this species was first found on mount duida above 2 , 000 m ( eisenberg 1989 ) . it is found in humid forests from 1 , 300 to 2 , 100 m .
this species is rare ; there have been many surveys in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela with no records of this species .
all three places where the species has been captured are national monuments ( the most strict figure of protected area in venezuela ) , and the areas are restricted to access with helicopters due to their isolation .
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venezuela , amazonas ,
central camp , mt . duida plateau , upper rio orinoco .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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this species is found in the guyanan highlands of southern venezuela ( gardner 2007 ) . the species is restricted to three isolated tepuis ( duida - marahuaca , jaua - sarisariama , and auyantepui ) at elevations between 1 , 300 and 2 , 200 m ( gardner and creighton 2007 , ochoa 1985 , rossi 2005 , tate 1933 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
guayananhiiriopossumi
to
marmosa tyleriana tate , 1931
.
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this species inhabits humid forests in highland tepuis . as expected from the paucity of specimens in natural history collections , there are not studies available about the ecology and natural history of this species .
lew , d . , prez - hernandez , r . , gutirrez , e . , ventura , j . & lpez fuster , m .
this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . this species is known only from three isolated locations and , therefore , its populations might be at risk in spite of these sites being in protected areas .
all three places are national monuments ( the most strict figure of protected area of venezuela ) and the areas are restricted to access with helicopters due to their isolation .
gardner , a . l . ( 2005 ) .
order didelphimorphia
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 9–10 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
beolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . the eponym dictionary of mammals . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press . p . 421 . isbn 978 - 0801893049 . oclc 270129903 .
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picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
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the vaurie 's nightjar ( caprimulgus centralasicus ) is a species of nightjar in the family caprimulgidae .

it is endemic to china .

its natural habitat is cold desert .

however , it is threatened by habitat loss .

this bird is only known from a single 1929 specimen from xinjiang , china .

it has never been found again , and it is quite possibly invalid as it has not yet been compared to the similar subspecies of the european nightjar , c. europaeus plumipes , which occurs at the locality where c. centralasicus was found .

vaurie ' s nightjar

select an image : 1 . vaurie ' s nightjar > > type specimen 2 . vaurie ' s nightjar > > type specimen 3 . vaurie ' s nightjar > > type specimen 4 . vaurie ' s nightjar
leader 2009 . is vaurie ' s nightjar caprimulgus centralasicus a valid species ? birding asia 11 : 4750 .
leader , pj 2009 . asian enigma : is vaurie ' s nightjar caprimulgus centralasicus a valid species ? birding asia 11 : 47 - 50 .
since vaurie ' s nightjar is known from a single specimen , then if it was the last of its kind , it would be extinct now anyway .
don ' t forget that there is a subspecies of the nightjar in nw china , c . europaeus plumipes . maybe you ' ve seen this bird rather than the vaurie ' s nightjar ( if it is really exist ) .
it ' s wings have been clipped to and it ' s very tame . so someone has been taking care of it .
known only from this type specimen , which was collected in ‘sandy scrub - jungle’ by frank ludlow at pishan ( formerly goma ) ( 37° 31’n . , 78° 17’e ) , in xinjiang on september 7 , 1929 and described as a new species in vaurie 1960 . refs : vaurie , c . ( 1960 ) systematic notes on palearctic birds , no . 39 : caprimuligidae : a new species of caprimulgus . amer . mus . novit . no . 1985 . leader , p . j . ( 2009 ) is vaurie ' s nightjar caprimulgus centralasicus a valid species ? birdingasia 11 : 47 - 50 .
looking forward for the paper , but i would like to see dna analysis . actualy , some cleverdick could analyze dna of nightjars . he might also discover several overlooked nightjar species worldwide . about vaurie ' s - i think it is an aberrant bird . if not , there is no reason why it should be extinct . i guess practicaly nobody surveyed for nightjars in w china !
cleere , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . vaurie’s nightjar ( caprimulgus centralasicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
there ' s been a lot of habitat degradation in xinjiang , according to the red list data .
no , it ' s pawel kwak beer ( est 1791 ) , after three 330ml bottles . . .
unknown , but species ( if valid ) is assumed to be a migrant given that winter bird community of s . . .
hello , i ' m an expat living in china and my wife found a nightjar / nighthawk on the ground while walking to the store . we ' re trying to identify what kind of nightjar / nighthawk it is and was wondering if you guys could help ? if i get any replies i ' ll take a picture and put it online asap . thanks .
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leader acknowledges possible habitat changes . he also notes that , given the winter temperatures at the type location , it is most unlikely that the nightjar would be a permanent resident , and suggests that it should be looked for in oct - apr in the deserts and semi - deserts of pakistan and n & w india ( perhaps overlooked among sykes ' s ) ; and could also be just a migrant through s xinjiang , breeding further n in the taklamakan or gobi deserts .
if you have videos , photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection . it ' s free and easy to do .
paul leader describes how in june 2004 he and and three others spent two weeks in southern xinjiang , including several days and nights at the type locality of the nightjar ( pishan , between kashgar and hotan ) , without success .
one amazing fact ( new to me anyway ) : paul leader notes that the first of only two specimens of leucosticte sillemi was collected on the same day ( 7 sep ) as the nightjar , also in xinjiang , although 250km to the s ( with the second on the following day ) . i knew that both species were collected in the same year ( 1929 ) , but had never appreciated that it was on exactly the same day . what are the chances of that - 2 species never to be seen again ?
one amazing fact ( new to me anyway ) : paul leader notes that the first of only two specimens of leucosticte sillemi was collected on the same day ( 7 sep ) as the nightjar , also in xinjiang , although 250km to the s ( with the second on the following day ) . i knew that both species were collected in the same year ( 1929 ) , but had never appreciated that it was on exactly the same day . what are the chances of that - 2 species never to be seen again ? richard
w china ( sw xinjiang ) , where possibly occurs throughout s tarim basin along kun lun ; speculated to breed in taklamakan desert or as far n as gobi desert and to winter in semi - deserts of pakistan and nw india # r .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oriental bird club - helping to save asia ' s threatened birds . urltoken
birdforum is the net ' s largest birding community , dedicated to wild birds and birding , and is absolutely free ! you are most welcome to register for an account , which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum , post your pictures in the gallery and more .
did you need special permits ? and were you restricted to the main highway when transiting aksai chin , or was it possible to travel freely towards the indian border ? ( the sillem ' s type locality is in the extreme west of aksai chin , very close to the border with jammu & kashmir . )
black robin petroica traversi the black robin was the world ' s rarest bird , and is new zealand ' s comeback hero from the brink of extinction . extinction could not have been any closer in 1980 when there was one female named old blue and her breeding partner and three other males , but the black robin has been brought back to a population of about 254 . when old blue died it was announced in parliament . its status has been lowered to endangered on the 2007 iucn red list . the black robin is found only on three small islands in the chatham islands and remains ' nationally critical ' on the 2005 nz threat
i haven ' t checked , but if i remember right these specimens are from a region that , at least in part , is off - limits to birders ( foreign , not sure about chinese ) . the region is certainly considered
politically sensitive
by chinese authorities ( uyghur issue , nearby tibet issue , china - india border issue ) and there is a rather heavy military presence . . . possibly making it somewhat difficult to freely search for these species without risking being shot ( ! ) . i know birders have looked for the nightjar near the region where the specimen was collected . has anyone managed to do the same for the mountain - finch ?
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : despite recent searches , this species is known from only one specimen , the provenance of which has been debated . as such , there is insufficient information available for an assessment of its threat status .
this species is only known from its type specimen and as such no population estimates are available . trend justification : the current population trend is unknown as the species is only known from a single record .
the type - specimen was collected in sandy scrub - jungle at 1 , 220 m and it presumably occurs in desert and semi - desert habitats .
there has been widespread degradation of desert and semi - desert habitats in the taklimakan desert through intensive grazing by goats and camels , extraction of fuelwood , and the conversion of huge areas to irrigated farmland . in 1990 , the habitats at the type - locality , guma , were found to have been very much altered since the 1920s .
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taxonomic status perhaps questionable . known only from type specimen , an immature female originally identified as c . aegyptius , and compared only with that species when described ; further study of immature c . europaeus plumipes may also be of interest . recent reassessment , however , strongly supports probability that taxon is valid , specimen being markedly smaller than any plumipes even allowing for incomplete growth of wings # r . monotypic .
19 cm . known only from type specimen , a suspected immature female . closest in size to
possibly arid plains and sandy foothills covered in short scrub . type specimen was collected at . . .
not globally threatened . previously considered vulnerable ; now regarded as data deficient . restricted - range species : present in taklimakan ( taklamakan ) desert eba . taxonomic . . .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
despite recent searches , this species is known from only one specimen , the provenance of which has been debated . as such , there is insufficient information available for an assessment of its threat status .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : caprimulgus centralasicus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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the type locality of the finch is in aksai chin , which is under chinese administration but claimed by india - so probably difficult to visit .
the type locality of the finch is in aksai chin , which is under chinese administration but claimed by india - so probably difficult to visit . richard
that must have been an interesting trip - certainly well off the beaten track . ( i know that ben king runs occasional tours to xinjiang , but only to the north . )
yes , it was an amazing trip . excellent views of tibetan sandgrouse and snowcock , as well as the ground jay . we did have permits , but these had been arranged by chinatibet travel in chengdu . we had an english speaking tibetan for a guide and a chinese driver . there were a few checkpoints in the odd town , but not a lot in the aksai chin , although we did bump into nomads in the most desolate places ! stunning scenery however , different views of k2 etc . tony
i knew that both species were collected in the same year ( 1929 ) , but had never appreciated that it was on exactly the same day . what are the chances of that - 2 species never to be seen again ?
unfortunately the llast specimens were collected and now the species are extinct . . .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ valéry schollaert birds are disappearing because we destroy their natural habitat . by far , the main reason of this destruction is animal agriculture ; thus , the first essential step for all bird lovers : becoming vegan .
it is just to recall that when a new bird is found , killing the first specimen is not a good idea . . . we did in the past , whatever , but we should stop now .
you never now . . . urltoken it is just to recall that when a new bird is found , killing the first specimen is not a good idea . . . we did in the past , whatever , but we should stop now .
i don ' t disagree with you about present - day collection of specimens , but you can ' t really expect people to take you seriously when you make ridiculous comments about birds collected in 1929 .
obviously i forgot the smilies . . . ( i wanted to click on
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ypsolopha vintrella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae .

it is known from the united states , including arizona and california .

the wingspan is about 17 – 22 mm .

the antennae are white with sharp prominent dark brown annulations .

the labial palpi are white and the face , head and thorax are pure white .

the forewings are white with indistinct and ill-defined , light ochreous fuscous markings , the most persistent of these are a central longitudinal row of three large oblong spots , more or less connected by single dark scales , and a series of equidistant costal , apical and dorsal spots around the edge of the apical third of the wing .

there are also two ochreous fuscous costal spots , one at basal third and one at the middle of the wing , and two or more dorsal spots , but none of these markings are very constant .

the hindwings are light gray , the abdomen is dark fuscous and the legs are white .

ypsolopha vintrella

ypsolopha helva j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha pseudoparallela j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha sordida j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha species are variable in shape and color and no exclusive superficial features have been established for the group . in contrast , the genitalia of both sexes are remarkably homogeneous .
ypsolopha is a genus of moth of the ypsolophidae family . it is the type genus of the ypsolophidae family and comprises over 120 described species ( about 95 % of the known world diversity of the ypsolophidae family ) .
adults are nocturnal or rarely diurnal . their resting postures are various , but they often have the head down and the lower body up . ypsolopha acuminata mimics a small broken branch at rest . the larvae usually live in open webs on the leaves of various , primarily woody , plants and mostly feed on a limited range of host plants . they are active primarily at night and have two defensive behaviors that involve wiggling and jumping .
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hypobapta percomptaria is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is known from australia , including south australia , new south wales , queensland , victoria and tasmania .

the wingspan is about 50 mm .

adults are grey-brown with wavy lines .

specimens from tasmania are generally paler than mainland specimens .

the larvae feed on eucalyptus species .

young larvae are brown with a red head and tail .

later instars become green with a conical head .

hypobapta percomptaria

this caterpillar is initially brown with a red head and tail . later it becomes green with a conical head .
the adult moth is grey - brown with wavy lines . the undersides have a rosy suffusion , and each wing has a broad black submarginal band . the wingspan is about 4 cms .
the eggs are smooth and somewhat conical ovals . they are laid in irregular clusters .
volume 9 , part 9 ( 1857 ) , plate 6 , fig . 4 ,
melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 26 . 13 , fig . 37 . 5 , p . 371 .
volume 9 , part 9 ( 1857 ) , pp . 280 - 281 ,
volume 32 , number 2 ( november 2009 ) , pp . 161 - 166 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
guenée , a . 1857 ,
uranides et phalénites
, ed . boisduval , j . - a . & guenée , a . ( eds ) , histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptères , vol . 9 , librarie encyclopédique de roret , paris
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3ef52e38 - 2bf5 - 4a5d - 98d8 - 8c8a3db4c009
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ac7a8e8 - 54b9 - 47b8 - 85eb - bb7337405452
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ae4904b - 990f - 4e40 - 977a - 5ded39badc8e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0ec8903 - f21a - 41f3 - a177 - 49a5f753ad45
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 99192177 - 5832 - 4281 - 95d0 - 46af2e98b417
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 412683
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when i first discovered this macro world of amazing color and design i never expected that 22 months later i would still be posting so many different types of moths and bugs . . . . many of these creatures are only fingernail size which with the aid of an 18mp sony hx20v camera and photoshop it has been possible to present them to the world . to the naked eye they appear as dark shapes which most people would not notice . . . all these pictures are taken at night on our upper balcony and none of them have been harmed . we live next to a rainforest which may account for the amazing variety . . . . . i hope you enjoy them , and thanks in advance for any views & comments . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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aphrissa orbis , the orbed sulphur , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .

it is native to hispaniola and cuba but is a very rare stray to florida .

the habitat consists of tropical moist forests above 500 meters .

the wingspan is 63 – 76 mm ( 2.5 – 3.0 in ) .

the upper surface of the male forewings is pale lemon yellow with a large orange patch on the basal third .

the female upper surface is deep ochre , the underside of the hindwing with a large brown patch .

there are multiple generations per year on cuba and hispaniola .

they feed on flower nectar of various flowers , including ageratum conyzoides , antigonon leptotus and hibiscus species .

the larvae feed on poinciana pulcherrima .

aphrissa orbis

aphrissa orbis ( poey , 1832 ) = callidryas orbis poey , 1832 = phoebis orbis = aphrissa orbis orbis = phoebis orbis poey 1832 = callidryas orbis poey 1832 .
aphrissa orbis orbis sulphur male guanahacabibes 27 mar 1993 . coll . d . s . smith . specimen from the collection of the oxford university museum of natural history .
recognizing females of the common phoebis sennae sennae and new aphrissa orbis orbis in the field is very difficult . there is more variability with respect to hue and markings in phoebis sennae so that complicates the issue . here are some comparative observations from dr . jacqueline miller of the mc guire center at the florida museum of natural history where she illustrates this with their library pictures
phoebis ( aphrissa ) statira hispaniolae munroe , 1947 ; ; tl : dominican rep .
aphrissa butler , 1873 ; lepid . exotica ( 19 ) : 155 ; ts : papilio statira cramer
= aphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147
aphrissa statira statira ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 12 , pl . 15 , f . 9 ; [ ecul ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 81a
= aphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 8
aphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 8 ; [ bcr ] , 104 ; [ nacl ] , # 4233 ; [ ebw ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 81
upper surface of male forewing pale lemon yellow with large orange patch on basal third . female upper surface deep ocher , underside of hindwing with large brown patch .
many flights in cuba ; many from april - august on hispaniola ; also other months .
flower nectar including that of ageratum conyzoides , antigonon leptotus , and hibiscus species .
g3 - very rare or local throughout its range or found locally in a restricted range ( 21 to 100 occurrences ) . ( threatened throughout its range ) .
brazil ( rio de janeiro , amazonas ) , peru . see [ maps ]
1400x1113 ( ~ 177kb ) underside usa : sierra vista , cochise co . , arizona , 8 . 8 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
e - mail : jshuey at tnc . org ; director of conservation science ; indiana office of the nature conservancy ;
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
winhard , 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10 : 1 - 40 , pl . title , 1 - 48 , back
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the marking near the end of the forewing cell is usually dark brown and slightly cut out along the outer margin .
below , this end cell spot is enlarged and more magenta with white overscaling . the same color combination can be seen along the lateral or outside margin on the forewing .
there is a reddish brown , jagged submarginal spotband that extends from near the fw apex and extends about half way down the wing .
female above , marking at the end of the cell is circular with usually an open circle ( white or off white ) in center .
marking at end of cell becomes double spots , silver in center and outlined in reddish brown .
a reddish brown submarginal spotband which extends nearly to the anal or near the posterior margin of the wing .
basic color below is usually
peppered
with red to reddish - brown to brown scales .
brown border of hw more complete ; fw above border along the lateral margin crescent shaped .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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