salpa fusiformis , sometimes known as the common salp , is the most widespread species of salp .

they have a cosmopolitan distribution , and can be found at depths of 0 to 800 m ( 0 to 2,625 ft ) .

they exhibit diel vertical migration , moving closer to the surface at night .

they can occur in very dense swarms , as solitary zooids or as colonies .

solitary zooids usually measure 22 to 52 mm ( 0.87 to 2.05 in ) in length .

they are barrel-shaped and elongated , with a rounded front and a flat rear .

aggregate zooids are 7 to 52 mm ( 0.28 to 2.05 in ) in length individually ( excluding projections ) .

they are usually barrel or spindle-shaped .

salpa fusiformis

variety salpa fusiformis var . echinata herdman , 1888 accepted as salpa aspera chamisso , 1819 ( junior synonym )
forma salpa fusiformis f . aspera von chamisso , 1819 accepted as salpa aspera chamisso , 1819 ( status change )
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports 32 : 1 - 32
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports , 32 : 1 - 32 .
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports 32 : 1 - 32 [ details ]
this species can often be confused with salpa aspera . s . fusiformis possesses less muscle fibers within the body muscle bands and a smooth tunic .
scientific synonyms and common names salpa maxima | var . forskål , 1775 salpa runcinata | chamisso , 1819 biphora depressa | sars , 1829 biphora tricuspidata | sars , 1829 salpa maxima | meyen , 1832 salpa coerulea | quoy and gaimard , 1833
salpa fusiformis is a vertical migrator with nightly treks to the surface of up to 500 meters . large widespread surface swarms that persist for weeks occur in the monterey bay area .
namngivning : salpa fusiformis cuvier , 1804 . annales de la museé d’histoire naturelle de paris 4 : 360 - 382 . synonymer : salpa runcinata chamisso , 1819 ; biphora depressa sars , 1829 ; biphora tricuspidata sars , 1829 ; salpa coerulea quoy & gaimard , 1834 . etymologi : fusiformis = spolformig ; fusus ( lat . ) = slända , spole ; formis ( lat . ) = - formig . uttal : [ sálpa fusifórmis ]
de visser , j . and r . w . m . van soest , 1987 . salpa fusiformis populations of the north atlantic . biological oceanography , 4 ( 2 ) : 193 - 209
filtration and ingestion rates of salpa fusiformis cuvier were determined while fed phaeodactylum tricomutum bohlin at concentrations of 2−64 × 10 3 cells·ml −1 . filtration and ingestion rates increase exponentially with increasing length and body protein . the relations between protein content and body length , and between filtration rate and weight are similar for blastozooids and oozooids . a capture efficiency of the order of 6–32 % is calculated : salpa fusiformis seems to have a low retention efficiency , but its very high filtration rate gives it pride of place amongst filter - feeders . specific filtration rates are independent of weight ; specific ingestion rates are independent of weight for blastozooids , but for oozooids they seem to diminish with increasing weight . the mean daily ration ( μg c ingested · μg body c −1 ) is 107 % for a blastozooid and 117 % for an oozooid . specific filtration rates decrease exponentially as particle concentration rises , as for many other filter - feeders , and the specific ingestion rate follows an ivlev relation .
cuvier , g . 1804 . mémoire sur les thalides ( thalia browne ) et sur les biphores ( salpa forskål ) . annales du muséum national d ' historie naturelle paris 4 : 360 - 382 .
cuvier , g . 1804 . mémoire sur les thalides ( thalia browne ) et sur les biphores ( salpa forskål ) . annales du muséum national d ' historie naturelle paris 4 : 360 - 382 . [ details ]
( of salpa clostra milne edwards , 1828 ) metcalf , m . m . 1918 . the salpidae ; a taxonomic study . bulletin united states national museum ( 2 ) 100 ( 2 ) : 5 - 193 . [ details ]
( of salpa tricuspidata sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . chr . dahl , bergen . 1 : 1 - 60 , plates 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
soest , r . w . m . van , 1974 . a revision of the genera salpa forskål , 1775 , pegea savigny , 1816 , and ritteriella metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia , 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 .
( of salpa runcinata chamisso , 1819 ) chamisso , a . von 1819 . de animalibus quibusdam e classe vermium linnaeana . in : circumnavigatione terrae auspicante comte n . romanzoff , duce ottone de kotzbue , annis 1815 - 1818 peracta . berolini , dummlerum . [ details ]
( of salpa pyramidalis lesson , 1832 ) lesson , r . p . 1832 . zoologie . pp . 256 - 279 , 433 - 440 . in : voyage autour du monde sur la corvette la coquille pendant 1822 - 1825 . volume 2 ( 1 ) . paris : pourret frères . [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1974 ) . a revision of the genera salpa forskål , 1775 , pegea savigny , 1816 , and ritteriella metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia . 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of salpa moniliformis macculloch , 1819 ) macculloch , j . 1819 . a description of the western islands of scotland including the isle of man : comprising an account of their geological structure with remarks on their agriculture , scenery , and antiquities . in three volumes . vol . 2 . constable , london and edinburgh . 579 pp . [ details ]
( of salpa emarginata quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . 1825 . observations sur les biphores et béroés , faites pendant le voyage autour du monde de la corvette l ' uranie , commandée par m . louis de freycinet . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 28 - 51 . [ details ]
( of salpa emarginata quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . ( 1824 ) . voyage au tour du monde fait par ordre du roi , sur les corvettes de s . m : l’uranie et la physicienne pendant les années 1817 à 1820 . in : desaules de freycinet . iv + 712 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1974 ) . a revision of the genera < i > salpa < / i > forskål , 1775 , < i > pegea < / i > savigny , 1816 , and < i > ritteriella < / i > metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . < em > beaufortia . < / em > 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 .
( of salpa coerulea quoy & gaimard , 1834 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . ( 1834–1835 ) . voyage de découvertes de l’astrolabe exécuté par ordre du roi , pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829 , sur le commandement de m . j . dumont d’urville . j . tastu , paris . zoologie , mollusques . 3 : 1 - 366 ( 1834 ) , 367–954 ( 1835 ) , atlas 107 pls . [ details ]
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cosmopolitan , with the widest distribution of all species of salp , occurs from 50° n and 45° s in the pacific ocean and from 70° n and 45° s in the atlantic ocean .
occurs from the surface to ca . 800 m and will perform diel vertical migrations .
medusae , siphonophores , ctenophores , heteropods , sea turtles , marine birds and many fish .
the aggregate generation has body muscle bands 1 - 4 and 5 - 6 that fuse dorsally . in some cases , body muscle bands 4 - 5 are fused laterally . the aggregate zooid possesses long fusiform anterior and posterior projections and a smooth thick tunic . the solitary generation also has a smooth thick tunic , and body muscle bands 1 - 3 meet dorsally , and 8 - 9 are strongly fused .
entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . muscles ( m ) 1 - 3 strongly fused over a wide area in the mid -
region , m8 and m9 are likewise strongly fused . m1 - m9 with 136 - 296 fibres , except for m4 with 14 - 40 fibres . number of muscle fibers is due to
, in the ne atlantic ranging from 30 to 40 in m4 and from 206 to 281 in m1 - m9 .
that are typically long in relation to the body , giving it a slight asymmetry .
entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . six body muscles ; m1 - m4 strongly fused over a wide area in mid -
, eurythermic species , occurring from 70°n to 45°s in the atlantic ocean , to 45°s in the indian ocean and from 50°n to 45°s in the pacific ocean .
has the widest distribution of all salp species , and is also one of the most abundant ones .
båmstedt , u . , j . h . fosså , m . b . martinussen and a . fosshagen , 1998 . mass occurrence of the physonect siphonophore apolemia uvaria ( lesueur ) in norwegian waters . sarsia , 83 : 79 - 85 .
bone , q . ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . 340 pp .
fraser , j . h . , 1950 . list of rare exotic species found in the plankton by the scottish research vessels in 1949 . annales biologiques , vol . vi : 95 - 99 . conseil permanent pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .
fraser , j . h . , 1964 . the continuous plankton recorder survey : plankton around the british isles during 1964 . ann . biol . , 21 : 56 - 62 ( cons . perm . int . expl . mer ) .
godeaux , j . , q . bone and j . - c . braconnot , 1998 . anatomy of thaliacea . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 1 - 24 .
godeaux , j . , 1998 . the relationships and systematics of the thaliacea , with keys for identification . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 273 - 294 .
hunt , h . g . , 1968 . continuous plankton records : contribution towards a plankton atlas of the north atlantic and the north sea , part xi : the seasonal and annual distribution of thaliacea . bulletin of marine ecology , 6 : 225 - 249 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1975b . zoogeography and speciation in the salpidae ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia , 23 ( 307 ) : 181 - 215 .
( of biphora depressa sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . forste haefte . bergen , norway . 160 pp . [ details ]
( of biphora tricuspidata sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . forste haefte . bergen , norway . 160 pp . [ details ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 355 - 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p . [ details ]
miner , r . w . 1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam & sons . new york . 888 p . [ details ]
kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
chen , q . c . ( 1982 ) . the marine zooplankton of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : 789 - 799 . [ details ]
solitary zooids elongate , with slightly convex anterior and a squarely cut off posterior . test entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . muscles ( m ) 1 - 3 strongly fused over a wide area in the mid - dorsal region , m8 and m9 are likewise strongly fused . m1 - m9 with 136 - 296 fibres , except for m4 with 14 - 40 fibres . number of muscle fibers is due to clinal variation , in the ne atlantic ranging from 30 to 40 in m4 and from 206 to 281 in m1 - m9 . dorsal tubercule is small and c - shaped . nucleus relatively small , compact , not causing a swelling of the test . rudimentary elaioblast disappears in a young stage .
aggregate zooids : body barrel shaped and typically fusiform , with conical anterior and posterior protuberances of the test that are typically long in relation to the body , giving it a slight asymmetry . test entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . six body muscles ; m1 - m4 strongly fused over a wide area in mid - dorsal region ; m4 - m5 laterally fused ; m5 - m6 strongly fused in the mid - dorsal region . fibre number of m1 - m6 is 25 - 68 and is due to clinal variation . dorsal tubercule is a simple slightly arched stick . nucleus pale green in live specimens , relatively small and oval , not causing a swelling of the test .
eurythermic species , occurring from 70 n to 45 s in the atlantic ocean , to 45 s in the indian ocean and from 50 n to 45 s in the pacific ocean . depth distribution : occurring at depths from surface to ca . 800 m , seems to perform diurnal vertical migration .
depth range based on 156 specimens in 3 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 119 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 5 - 4938 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 361 - 26 . 893 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 019 - 44 . 356 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 582 - 38 . 495 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 555 - 6 . 258 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 028 - 3 . 245 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 799 - 150 . 591 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 5 - 4938 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 361 - 26 . 893 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 019 - 44 . 356 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 582 - 38 . 495 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 555 - 6 . 258 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 028 - 3 . 245 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 799 - 150 . 591 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
, and can be found at depths of 0 to 800 m ( 0 to 2 , 625 ft ) .
or as colonies . solitary zooids usually measure 22 to 52 mm ( 0 . 87 to 2 . 05 in ) in length . they are barrel - shaped and elongated , with a rounded front and a flat rear . aggregate zooids are 7 to 52 mm ( 0 . 28 to 2 . 05 in ) in length individually ( excluding projections ) . they are usually barrel or spindle - shaped .
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cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . < em > boston : houghton mifflin . < / em > 329p .
kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 .
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . < em > huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . < / em > 68 : p .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p .
miner , r . w . 1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam & sons . new york . 888 p .
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) .
van der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 355 - 356
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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yamaji , i . , illustrations of the marine plankton of japan . hoikusha publishing co ltd , osaka , pp . 537 ( 1991 ) .
chihara , m . and murano , m . 1997 . an illustrated guide to marine plankton in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 1574 .
en genomskinlig , jämförelsevis stor art som rör sig ryckigt genom vattnet . dess muskelband når inte hela vägen runt kroppen utan är öppna på buksidan . arten uppträder i två olika former ; en oozooid som liknar en låda , och en gonozooid som är spolformig . den påträffas regelbundet vid den svenska västkusten . en genomskinlig och jämförelsevis stor art som vanligen är 4 - 5 cm lång men kan bli upp till 7 - 8 cm . höljet ( manteln ) som omger kroppen är genomskinligt men ganska fast och har broskartad konsistens . i manteln finns muskelband som inte når hela vägen runt kroppen utan är öppna på undersidan ( buksidan ) . det är lätt att skilja arten från tunnbandssalp doliolum nationalis genom storleken , de på undersidan öppna muskelbanden och djurens rörelsemönster . medan arterna i familjen doliolidae stadigt glider fram genom cilierörelser i gälkorgen förflyttar sig marsiansalp med hjälp av muskelrörelser . varje gång den drar ihop musklerna pressas vatten ut , vilket innebär att djuret rör sig ryckigt framåt . arten uppträder i två klart olika former . den större oozooiden ( den könlösa generationen ) har nio muskelband och ser ut ungefär som en liten låda . gonozooiden ( den könliga generationen ) har en märklig , spolformig kropp med ett spetsigt bihang i främre och ett i bakre delen av kroppen . den har bara sju muskelband .
marsiansalp är en kosmopolitisk art som finns i stilla havet , indiska oceanen och atlanten . den saknas bara i arktiska och antarktiska vatten . trots att den har så stor utbredning förs den sällan ända in till sveriges västkust . den förekommer regelbundet längs västkusten av brittiska öarna och norge . ibland kommer den även in i nordsjön , och till svenska kusten vid bohuslän .
pelagisk tunicat med spolformad kropp . tillfällig gäst i samband med starka vattenrörelser mot nordost . de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin livskraftig ( lc ) .
marsiansalp växlar alltid mellan en generation som fortplantar sig sexuellt och en som fortplantar sig asexuellt . denna livscykel kan klaras av på ungefär 18 dygn . arten förekommer i låga tätheter i tropiska och subtropiska vatten , och den finns också i tempererade hav . den kan plötsligt uppträda i höga populationstätheter och förökar sig bäst när temperaturen inte överstiger 17 ºc . den kan då bli så talrik att dess totala biomassa är mycket större än den samlade massan av övriga djurplankton , och den kan då göra slut på alla växtplankton i området . i medelhavet har arten lägst täthet under augusti / september och högst från mars till maj . den kan vara allmän i nordsjön när den förs med havsströmmar från söder till norra kusten av storbritannien .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . lansettfiskar - broskfiskar . branchiostomatidae - chondrichthyes . 2011 . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : thomas stach & hans g . hansson 2011 ( bearbetad av ragnar hall , artdatabanken ) .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
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the alder flycatcher ( empidonax alnorum ) is a small insect-eating bird of the tyrant flycatcher family .

the genus name empidonax is from ancient greek empis , " gnat " , and anax , " master " .

the specific alnorum is latin and means " of the alders " .

adults have olive-brown upperparts , browner on the wings and tail , with whitish underparts ; they have a white eye ring , white wing bars , a small bill and a short tail .

the breast is washed with olive-grey .

the upper part of the bill is grey ; the lower part is orangish .

at one time , this bird was included with the very similar willow flycatcher in a single species , " traill 's flycatcher " .

their breeding habitat is deciduous thickets , often alders or willows , near water across canada , alaska and the northeastern united states .

they make a cup nest low in a vertical fork in a shrub .

these birds migrate to south america , usually selecting winter habitat near water .

they wait on a perch near the top of a shrub and fly out to catch insects in flight , also sometimes picking insects from foliage while hovering .

they may eat some berries and seeds .

this bird 's song is a wheezed ree-bee-a .

the call is a quick preet .

alder flycatcher

a small , nondescript flycatcher of northern wet thickets , the alder flycatcher is difficult to distinguish from the willow flycatcher by any feature other than voice .
in an experiment on song learning , alder flycatchers were
tutored
with willow flycatcher song in the first two months of life . the next spring , the alder flycatchers sang normal alder flycatcher song .
the alder flycatcher and the willow flycatcher are so similar in their physical appearance , it was thought that they were the same species , which was known as traill’s flycatcher .
there are not known to be any conservation measures currently in place for the alder flycatcher .
the alder flycatcher has a relatively short breeding season , which lasts a maximum of 90 days .
in an experiment on song learning , alder flycatchers were
tutored
with willow flycatcher song in the first two months of life . the next spring , they sang normal alder flycatcher song .
the alder flycatcher is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the alder flycatcher is so similar to the willow flycatcher that they were once thought to be the same species . song is the only definitive way to tell them apart .
the alder flycatcher ' s nest is a coarse , loose cup that nearly always has material hanging off it . the nest of the willow flycatcher tends to be neater , with no hanging material .
the longest - lived alder flycatcher was over 9 years old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during a banding operation in british columbia .
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some alder flycatchers have white rings surrounding the eyes , whereas others do not .
no information is available on management activities in montana specific to alder flycatcher , although the suspected breeding location for this species is protected within pine butte preserve .
alder flycatcher : breeds from alaska east through manitoba to newfoundland and south to british columbia , great lakes region , much of new england , and into the mid - atlantic states . spends winters in tropics . preferred habitats include alder and birch thickets near
fee - bee - o .
this traditional description identifies the song of the alder flycatcher . songs of empidonax flycatchers , a notoriously difficult group to identify in the field , are the best , and sometimes only , means for determining species . this is especially true for separating the alder flycatcher from its sibling species , the willow flycatcher ( e . traillii ) . alder and willow flycatchers cannot be identified reliably by sight alone , and even in - hand identification is not always certain . alder ( fee - bee - o song ) and willow ( fitz - bew ) flycatchers were considered one species called traill ' s flycatcher , a name still used to refer to the species pair . of these two sibling species , the alder flycatcher has the more northern and boreal distribution . alder flycatchers are late migrants in spring and leave early in the fall ; northern populations have a short 70 - 90 day breeding season . this flycatcher is single brooded , although individual pairs may renest after an early loss . molt occurs primarily on wintering grounds . the alder flycatcher is thought to winter chiefly in northern south america ( and thus further south than wintering willow flycatchers in middle america and extreme northwestern south america ) . the only definite winter records for alder flycatcher , on basis of call , are from eastern peru , eastern ecuador , and northern and eastern bolivia .
in areas where breeding ranges overlap , alder flycatchers show less aggression toward willow flycatchers near nesting sites than any other species ; willow flycatcher are the more dominant of the two species ( gorski 1969b ) .
other flycatchers found in montana with which the alder may be confused are the least ( e . minimus ) and willow flycatchers . in comparison , the least flycatcher has a shorter , narrower bill , a bold , complete eye - ring , thinner tail , and different song ( lowther 1999 , sibley 2000 ) . the general appearance of the alder flycatcher is so similar to that of the willow flycatcher that separating these two species visually can be extremely difficult ( lowther 1999 ) . the alder flycatcher is best separated from the willow flycatcher by voice . the song of the alder flycatcher ( a 3 - syllable
fee - bee - o
) is described as being harsh and burry in nature with a strongly accented second syllable , making it sound like a 2 syllable
rrree - beep
( lowther 1999 ) . the song of the willow flycatcher is accented on the first syllable , more of a
fitz - bew ,
but may occasionally sound as though it has a subtle third syllable ,
fritz - be - yew
( lowther 1999 ) . the call of the alder is described more as an emphatic
pip
or
pit
( reminiscent of an olive - sided flycatcher ) in contrast to the liquid
whit
of the willow ( gorski 1969a , 1971 , lowther 1999 , sibley 2000 ) . lowther ( 1999 ) indicates that , generally , the alder has a darker overall appearance ,
slightly greener crown , more pointed wings , slightly shorter bill , and slightly longer tail .
lowther , p . e . ( 1999 ) alder flycatcher ( empidonax alnorum ) in : poole , a . ( ed . ) birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
the habitat of the alder flycatcher is seasonally variable , with dense , wet areas of alder ( alnus species ) maple ( acer species ) and birch ( betula species ) forest preferred during the breeding season ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding habitat is usually located in areas below elevations of 1 , 300 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
while migrating , the alder flycatcher is found in various humid and semi - arid open habitats , such as forest edges , woodlands and fields ( 2 ) up to elevations of 2 , 500 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
willow and alder flycatchers do not respond to playback of recordings of each other ' s songs , even where their ranges overlap .
a burry fee - bee - o , rather different from the wheezy fitz - bew of the willow flycatcher .
the alder flycatcher is so similar to the willow flycatcher that they were thought to be the same species . song is the only definitive way to tell them apart . however , measurements of crown color with a colorimeter , together with other measures of wing shape , bill and tail , may be able to distinguish birds in the hand that are not calling .
the upperparts of the juvenile alder flycatcher are browner than the adult ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the underparts are tinged yellow ( 3 ) and there are broad , yellow - buff bars on the wings ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
most tyrant flycatcher species have stable populations in north america . the olive - sided flycatcher , though , has sharply declined throughout its range possibly due to habitat destruction on its wintering grounds and has been listed as near - threatened .
observations in may indicate the earliest presence of the species in the state . alder flycatcher records continue generally only through july , with one rarity ; an individual at pine butte that was observed in september of 1991 ( montana bird distribution committee 2012 ) .
as an american species , the alder flycatch drew a crowd of 200 birdwatchers from around the uk when it appeared in cornwall in 2008 .
the moderately long bill is black on the upper surface and pale orange - yellow on the underside ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the eyes of the alder flycatcher are dark brown ( 4 ) and the legs and feet are black ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
the alder flycatcher ' s diet is comprised mainly of insects obtained primarily by flycatching ( bent 1942 ) , although gleaning prey from tree and shrub foliage is also a known foraging behavior ( lowther 1999 ) . berries supplement their winter diet ( stiles and skutch 2003 ) .
in winter , the alder flycatcher inhabits thickets and forest borders ( 2 ) , as well as areas with early successional vegetation ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . while overwintering , this species is found up to elevations of 1 , 100 metres ( 2 ) .
although large in the empidonax genus , the alder flycatcher is a small species within the flycatcher family . thirteen to seventeen centimeters in length , with a wingspan of approximately 21 cm , the alder flycatcher has dull greenish - olive upperparts with a similarly colored , but darker , crown . the eye - ring is narrow , whitish , and sometimes indistinct but rarely lacking , while the throat is clearly white and contrasts with a gray breast band . the bill is black on the upper mandible and dull yellow - orange or pinkish on the lower . the wings are darker than the back , have white - edged tertials ( innermost secondaries ) and wing - bars that are whitish and boldly marked ( lowther 1999 ) . the vocalization of the alder flycatcher is a harsh and burry , three syllable
rreebeea
or
fee - bee - o
( lowther 1999 , sibley 2000 ) . for a more complete description , see below on distinguishing between the vocalizations of the alder and willow ( e . trailii ) flycatchers . for a comprehensive review of the conservation status , habitat use , and ecology of this and other montana bird species , please see marks et al . 2016 , birds of montana .
a long - distance migrant ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the alder flycatcher leaves its wintering grounds between march and early may , moving northwards to breed ( 2 ) . this species usually remains at its breeding grounds until late august , when most individuals will have begun their southward migration ( 4 ) .
lowther , p . e . 1999 . alder flycatcher ( empidonax alnorum ) . species account number 446 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database
only the male alder flycatcher produces vocalisations ( 4 ) , which include a short ‘ pip ’ , ‘ pit ’ , ‘ tip ’ , ‘ bic ’ , ‘ peep ’ or ‘ whit ’ ( 2 ) , as well as a distinct , buzzy ‘ fee - bee - o ’ song ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
more of a long - distance migrant than willow flycatcher , tending to nest farther north and winter farther south . migrates late in spring and early in fall .
gorski , l . j . 1969 . traill ' s flycatcher of the
fitz - bew
songform wintering in panama . auk 86 : 745 - 747 .
the breeding range of the alder flycatcher extends through canada and into a small area in the north - eastern united states . the migratory pathway of this species passes through the eastern united states and central america , with the overwintering grounds located in various western south american countries , including colombia , argentina , peru , belize , and venezuela ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
the alder and willow flycatchers are so similar in plumage that visual identification is nearly impossible . these two species were actually considered to be one species , the “traill’s flycatcher , ” until small differences in their plumages and distinct differences in their vocalizations showed that they were separate species . this was also the case for the cordilleran and pacific - slope flycatchers , and the eastern and western wood - peewees .
the diet of the alder flycatcher includes a variety of arthropods , including bees , wasps , flies , moths , butterflies , grasshoppers and crickets ( 2 ) . an individual may search for prey from a perch and pursue it through the air , or may take it directly from within foliage ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . in winter , this species may also eat small amounts of fruit ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the alder flycatcher has a large breeding range of 3 , 390 , 000 square kilometers . this includes brushy swamps and wetlands in alaska , canada , the northern mid - western states , and the north - eastern united states south through the appalachians . it winters in edge habitats in western south america . this species has a very large estimated breeding population of 130 , 000 individuals , and a conservation rating of least concern .
gorski , l . g . 1969 . systematics and ecology of sibling species of traill ' s flycatcher . ph . d . dissertation , university of connecticut , storrs , connecticut . 81 pp .
harris , j . h . , s . d . sanders , and m . a . flett . 1987 . willow flycatcher surveys in the sierra nevada . western birds 18 : 27 - 36
a small bird that spends the summer catching flying insects in northern thickets . this bird and the willow flycatcher are so similar to each other that they were considered one species until the 1970s . the only differences apparent in the field are in their voices . however , voice is important to these birds : many other kinds of songbirds have to learn their songs , but willow and alder flycatchers are born instinctively knowing the voice of their own species .
in north america , one hundred forty - seven species of tyrant flycatchers in fifty - eight genera have occurred . these include the brilliant vermillion flycatcher , the sassy kingbirds , and the bridge - loving phoebes .
a few other exceptions to this color scheme are the frosty plumage of the scissor - tailed flycatcher highlighted by salmon pink underwings , the orangish coloration of the say’s phoebe , and the black and white plumages of the eastern kingbird and black phoebe .
the plumage of the alder flycatcher ( empidonax alnorum ) is dull olive - green on the upperparts ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , although the head and crown are slightly darker than the back ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the underside and throat are white , and there are two white or pale yellow bars on the black wings ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . individuals of this species may have a narrow white eyering ( 4 ) , although this is absent in some , and the presence of pale - coloured lores is also variable ( 2 ) .
habitat use is similar to that of the willow flycatcher and includes willow ( salix ) thickets , red osier dogwood ( cornus sericea ) , or birch ( betula sp . ) along the edges of wetlands , streams , lakes , and forests ( johnsgard 1992 ) .
mostly insects . differences in diet , if any , between this species and willow flycatcher are not well known . apparently eats mostly insects , including wasps , bees , winged ants , beetles , flies , caterpillars , moths , true bugs , and others . also eats some spiders , a few berries , and possibly some seeds .
the relatively short breeding season of the alder flycatcher runs from mid - june to early august ( 2 ) . the nest is constructed solely by the female and is a loose cup of coarse grass which is lined with wiry grass and conifer needles ( 2 ) . the nest is usually completed after around 36 hours ( 4 ) and the female then produces a clutch of 3 or 4 cream - white eggs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , which may be unmarked or have an irregular dark pattern on the surface ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the female incubates the nest for between 11 and 15 days , and once the eggs have hatched ( 2 ) ( 4 ) the young are fed by both adults ( 4 ) . the young then fledge the nest after 14 or 15 days ( 2 ) .
members of the tyrannidae occur in most types of forested and non - forest habitats in north america except for the tundra . some species such as the willow flycatcher and black phoebe are associated with wetland habitats , others like the olive - sided and hammond’s flycatchers need coniferous forests , and other species such as the cassin’s kingbird and say’s phoebe , occur in grasslands . related species often replace each other in different habitats or regions such as in the case of the eastern and western wood - peewees .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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much of breeding habitat in the north is remote from effects of human disturbance . numbers probably stable .
willows , alders , brushy swamps , swales . breeds in thickets of deciduous trees and shrubs , usually near water , as around streams , ponds , or bogs . especially common in thickets of willows or alders . winters in woodland edges or second growth in the tropics , especially near water .
forages by watching from a perch and then flying out to catch insects . usually forages from perches within tall shrubs or low trees ; catches insects in mid - air , or takes them from foliage while hovering .
3 - 4 , rarely 2 . white , with brown spots concentrated toward larger end . incubation is by female , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents bring food for nestlings . age of young at first flight about 13 - 14 days .
both parents bring food for nestlings . age of young at first flight about 13 - 14 days .
male defends nesting territory by singing . courtship behavior is not well known , probably involves male actively chasing female through the trees . nest site is usually low in a deciduous shrub , averaging about 2 ' up , usually lower than 6 ' above the ground . placed in a vertical or diagonal fork in a branch . nest ( probably built by female alone ) is an open cup , usually built rather loosely of grass , weeds , strips of bark , small twigs , rootlets , lined with plant down or other soft materials . nest may have strips of grass or bark dangling from the bottom .
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this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
arthropods a major grouping of animals that includes crustaceans , insects and arachnids . all arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton ( exoskeleton ) . early successional vegetation the first plants to colonise an ecosystem after a disturbance . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . lores the space between a bird’s bill and eyes .
del hoyo , j . , farnsworth , a . and lebbin , d . ( 2004 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 : contingas to pipits and wagtails . lynx edicions , barcelona . available at : urltoken
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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copyright by borror laboratory of bioacoustics , department of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , ohio state university , columbus , oh , all rights reserved .
using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;
calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of
observations versus availability of habitat
.
species that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,
point observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .
species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :
) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .
adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .
hart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
maxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .
werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .
baicich , p . j . and c . j . o . harrison . 2005 . a guide to the nests , eggs and nestlings of north american birds . second edition . academic press , new york .
bent , a . c . 1942 . life histories of north american flycatchers , larks , swallows , and their allies . u . s . national museum bulletin 179 . washington , dc .
gorski , l . g . 1971 . traill ' s flycatchers of the
fee - bee - o
songform wintering in peru . auk 88 : 429 - 431 .
harrison , h . h . 1979 . a field guide to western birds nests . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma . 279 pp .
johnsgard , p . a . 1992 . birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . lincoln : university of nebraska press . xi + 504 pp .
marks , j . s . , p . hendricks , and d . casey . 2016 . birds of montana . arrington , va . buteo books . 659 pages .
montana bird distribution committee . 2012 . p . d . skaar ' s montana bird distribution . 7th edition . montana audubon , helena , montana . 208 pp . + foldout map .
sibley , d . a . 2000 . the sibley guide to birds . national audubon society and alfred a . knopf , inc . , new york , ny . 544 pp .
stiles , f . g . and a . f . skutch . 2003 . a guide to the birds of costa rica . comstock publishing associates , cornell university press , ithaca . 511 pp .
american ornithologists union . 1983 . checklist of north american birds , 6th edition . 877 pp .
american ornithologists’ union [ aou ] . 1998 . check - list of north american birds , 7th edition . american ornithologists’ union , washington , d . c . 829 p .
casey , d . 2005 . rocky mountain front avian inventory . final report . prepared for the u . s . fish and wildlife service and the nature conservancy by the american bird conservancy , kalispell , montana .
ehrlich , p . , d . dobkin , and d . wheye . 1988 . the birder’s handbook : a field guide to the natural history of north american birds . simon and schuster inc . new york . 785 pp .
godfrey , w . earl . 1966 . the birds of canada . national museums of canada , ottawa . 428 pp .
johnsgard , p . a . 1986 . birds of the rocky mountains : with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . colorado associated university press , boulder , co .
keast , a . , and e . s . morton . 1980 . migrant birds in the neotropics : ecology , distribution , and conservation . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc .
lenard , s . , j . carlson , j . ellis , c . jones , and c . tilly . 2003 . p . d . skaar’s montana bird distribution , 6th edition . montana audubon , helena , mt . 144 pp .
montana bird distribution online database . 2001 . helena , montana , usa . april - september 2003 .
sibley , d . 2014 . the sibley guide to birds . alfred a . knopf , new york , ny . 598 pp .
skaar , p . d . 1969 . birds of the bozeman latilong : a compilation of data concerning the birds which occur between 45 and 46 n . latitude and 111 and 112 w . longitude , with current lists for idaho , montana , wyoming , impinging montana counties and yellowstone national park . bozeman , mt . 132 p .
terres , j . k . 1980 . the audubon society encyclopedia of north american birds . alfred a . knopf , new york . 1109 pp .
u . s . forest service . 1991 . forest and rangeland birds of the united states : natural history and habitat use . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service agricultural handbook 688 . 625 pages .
wright , p . l . 1996 . status of rare birds in montana , with comments on known hybrids . northwestern naturalist 77 ( 3 ) : 57 - 85 .
. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .
no modification . singing bird perched approximately 6 feet above ground in the top of rhododendron shrub .
natural vocalization , windy morning just behind the dock in a small wooded brushy lot . bird was perched on a willow type bush about 8 feet up .
black spruce ( picea mariana ) bog with a dwarf birch ( betula glandulosa ) and labrador tea ( rhododendron groenlandicum ) dominated understory . transitioning to willow ( salix sp . ) and white spruce ( picea glauca ) in drier upland areas .
heard singing in dense black willow stand on the bank of the mississippi river . continued singing while foraging and eventually flew within 10ft and intermittently gave different calls .
mixed paper birch - quaking aspen woodland about 10 - 15 meters from muddy river , a sinuous watercourse with many sloughs . within a kilometer were many muskegs and lakes surrounded by spruce .
same individual featured in xc194087 . habitat : shrubland , river , mature mixed forest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
and indistinct white eye - ring . wings are olive - brown with two white or pale bars . bill is short with orange
black legs and feet . weak fluttering direct flight with shallow , rapid wing beats .
an estimated 63 % of their population breeds in canada ' s boreal forest .
a group of flycatchers has many collective nouns , including an
outfield
,
swatting
,
zapper
, and
zipper
of flycatchers .
the passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) , a large taxonomic order that includes antbirds , cotingas , and flycatchers , is composed of one hundred eighteen families of birds .
the tyrannidae ( pronounced tie - ran - uh - dee ) , or tyrant flycatchers , is a very large , successful family of four hundred and twenty - four species in one hundred genera only found in the americas .
some tyrant flycatchers are known for their bold , aggressive behavior , this family often called the tyrant flycatchers for this reason . the eastern kingbird in particular , seems to go out of its way to chase much larger birds ( such as turkey vultures ) away from its territory .
small to medium in size , tyrant flycatchers have stocky heads with medium sized beaks , tails that vary in length , and long wings . they also have short legs suited to their arboreal lifestyles .
tyrant flycatchers do not nest in colonies and mostly forage in pairs or alone although the eastern kingbird forms flocks during migration and on its wintering grounds in amazonia . most north american flycatchers share a similar foraging strategy that often varies by niche and prey item . this foraging strategy involves watching for insects from a perch , sallying out to catch one with a snap of the beak , and returning to the perch to eat it .
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relating to or living or located on the bank of a natural watercourse ( as a river ) or sometimes of a lake or a tidewater .