blastobasis millicentae is a moth in the family blastobasidae .

it is found in south-eastern kenya and south africa .

the habitat consists of coastal lowlands .

the length of the forewings is 4.1 – 4.5 mm .

the forewings are pale brown on the basal two-thirds and brown intermixed brown scales tipped with white and pale brown scales on the distal one-third .

the hindwings are pale brown .

the larvae feed on hirtella zanzibarica .

blastobasis millicentae

blastobasis millicentae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 15 ; tl : verulam
v i • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y figures 28–30 . female genitalia of blastobasis acirfa , b . aynekiella , and b . determinata 53 figures 31–34 . female genitalia of blastobasis glauconotata , b . industria , holcocera irroratella , and b . byrsodepta 54 figures 35–37 . female genitalia of blastobasis catappaella , b . chuka , and b . mpala 55 figures 38–49 . adults of blastobasis millicentae , b . industria , b . eridryas , b . determinata , holcocera extensa , b . indigesta , b . chuka , b . egens , b . glauconotata , b . byrsodepta , h . irroratella , and b . elgonae 57 figures 50–58 . adults of blastobasis taricheuta , calosima arguta , b . trachilista , neoblastobasis ximeniaella , n . wangithiae , b . mpala , b . aynekiella , b . acirfa , and n . laikipiae 58 figures 59–62 . adults of blastobasis catappaella , b . kenya , b . fatigata , and neoblastobasis perisella 59
1 6 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y map 5 . distribution of blastobasis millicentae . palpus white intermixed with brown , inner surface white . scape of antennae brownish gray intermixed with white , flagellum pale gray ; first flagellomere of male basally dilated laterally , forming a notchlike concavity . proboscis white . thorax : tegula and mesonotum with brown scales tipped with white . legs with brown scales tipped with white and a white band on apices of all segments and tarsomeres . forewing ( figure 38 ) length 4 . 1–4 . 5 mm ( n = 2 ) , pale brown on basal 2 / 3 intermixed with a few brown
blastobasis anachasta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 467
blastobasis indigesta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 177
blastobasis roscidella magna amsel , 1952 ; fragm . ent . roma 1 : 130
blastobasis sprotundalis park , 1984 ; korean j . plant prot . 23 : 57
blastobasis ergastulella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 440
blastobasis pannonica ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166
blastobasis eridryas meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 114
blastobasis parki sinev , 1986 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 145 : ( 53 - 71 )
blastobasis commendata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , parintins
blastobasis crypsimorpha meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : punjab , murree
blastobasis inderskella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 122
blastobasis lavernella walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 547 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis syrmatodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : assam , shillong
blastobasis taurusella adamski , 2004 ; holarctic lepid . 7 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : texas , brownsville
blastobasis aequivoca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 540 ; tl : british guiana , georgetown
blastobasis bassii karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis crassifica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595 ; tl : ceylon , madulsima
blastobasis fatigata meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 195 ; tl : pretoria
blastobasis industria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : barberton
blastobasis laurisilvae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 424 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis luteella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 401 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rebeli karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 427 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rubiginosella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 130 , pl . 3 , f . 12
blastobasis serradaguae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis splendens karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 426 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis subdivisus karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 435 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis virgatella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis walsinghami karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wolffi karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wollastoni karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis adustella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis candidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis cophodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis insularis ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 438 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lutiflua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : punjab , murree , 7500ft
blastobasis ochrobathra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 463 ; tl : british guiana , golden grove
blastobasis sardinica sumpich , 2012 ; ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 229 ; tl : sardinia , témpio 1200m
blastobasis spiniella park , 2000 ; korean j . biol . sci . 4 ( 3 ) : ( 245 - 250 )
blastobasis transcripta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : kumaon , almora , 6000ft
blastobasis mesomochla turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : south australia , adelaide
blastobasis aphilodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft
blastobasis determinata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : tranvaal , moorddrift
blastobasis gracilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , grenada
blastobasis incuriosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis leucogona zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 434 , pl . 6 , f . 152
= blastobasis marmosella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pallescens turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
blastobasis pentasticta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis phaeopasta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : n . queensland , mackay
blastobasis scotia turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , townsville
blastobasis semilutea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
blastobasis trachelista meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
blastobasis albidella rebel , 1928 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 78 ( s . b . ) : 85
blastobasis anthoptera lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : townsville , queensland
blastobasis byrsodepta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : waterval onder , barberton
blastobasis lecaniella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : nonpareil , british guiana
blastobasis monozona lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : n . queensland
blastobasis tanyptera turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , lake barrine
blastobasis argillacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 91 ; tl : west indies , st . croix
blastobasis dyssema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis episema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis grenadensis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , dominica ; grenada
blastobasis legrandi adamski , 1995 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 490 ; tl : seychelles , mahé
blastobasis subolivacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis triangularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis celaenephes turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : queensland , mcpherson range ( 4000ft )
blastobasis intrepida meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 287 ; tl : mahé , cascade estate
blastobasis taricheuta meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 372 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
blastobasis centralasiae sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1068 ; tl : kirgizia , osh
blastobasis confamulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
blastobasis confectella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis decolorella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 400 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis desertarum ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis divisus ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 434 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis floridella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis glandulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis helleri rebel , 1910 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 ( 3 - 4 ) : 356 , pl . 12 , f . 5
blastobasis lacticolella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 404 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lavernella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 398 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis marmorosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 418 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis maroccanella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 411 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nephelias meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : perth and albany , west australia
blastobasis nigromaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nothrotes ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis ochreopalpella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 417 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pica ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 437 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pulchella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis quaintancella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis repartella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis retectella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis salebrosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 425 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis vittata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 408 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis balucis adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 27 ; tl : est la casona , 1520m , res . biol monteverde , costa rica
blastobasis eridryas ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : texas
holotype ♂ , cotype no . 798 of blastobasis egens meyrick , genitalia slide adamski 4739 , tmsa ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide adamski 4910 , nmk .
blastobasis acarta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 493 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis intrepida ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 497 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis molinda meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis ochromorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis phycidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) ; [ fe ]
blastobasis trachilista [ sic , recte trachelista ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37
blastobasis atmosema meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
blastobasis echus adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : fca cafrosa , est . las melliza , p n amistad , 1300m , costa rica
blastobasis pacalis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , iquitos , jurimaguas ; british guiana , bartica
blastobasis ponticella sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1066 ; tl : georgia , lagodekshskii nat . res .
blastobasis acirfa adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°13 . 66 ' n , 34°53 . 12 ' e
blastobasis aynekiella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°14 . 16 ' n , 34°51 . 82 ' e
blastobasis chuka adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29 ; tl : chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
blastobasis curta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : kanara , ganesh gudi and belke ; s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft
blastobasis drymosa adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 345 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis mpala adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 34 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°e
blastobasis sinica adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 344 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis byrsodepta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis catappaella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°em 1650m
blastobasis determinata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis egens ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis fatigata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis indigesta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis industria ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 39 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis taricheuta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis elgonae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31 ; tl : kenya , mount elgon , 2450m , 1°01 . 73 ' n , 34°45 . 28 ' e
blastobasis glauconotata adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
blastobasis tarda meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : rosewood and brisbane , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales
blastobasis kenya adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17 ; tl : kenya , karu / brooks , ca . 0°8 . 87 ' s , 35°15 . 77 ' e
blastobasis leucotoxa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; launceston , tasmania ; geraldton , west australia
blastobasis lygdi adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : est . cacao , 1000 - 1400 , lado so volcan cacao , p . n . , costa rica
blastobasis egens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas ; verulam ; new hanover ; zululand , nkwaleni ; eshowe
blastobasis spermologa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya , madulsima , undugoda ; s . india , wainad , 2500ft ; china , hongkong
blastobasis velutina walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 952 , pl . 52 , f . 4 ; tl : tenerife , guimar ; tacaronte ; la laguna
blastobasis graminea adamski , 1999 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : colombia , inst . colombiano agropecuario , exper . station
palmira
, cauca valley
blastobasis sciota bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 155 , pl . 7 , f . 7 ; tl : guadalcanal , tapenanje
blastobasis acarta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 286 ; tl : mahé , morne blanc and cascade estate , 1000ft ; silhouette , mare aux cochons plateau , 1000ft
blastobasis homadelpha meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : duaringa and brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi and sydney , new south wales ; port lincoln , south australia
blastobasis inana ; walsingham , 1907 , fauna hawaiiensis 1 ( 5 ) : 648 , pl . 25 , f . 3 ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992 ; [ nhm card ]
blastobasis magna ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1065 ; sumpich , 2012 , ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 231 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1154 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & pellmyr , 2003 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 2 ) : 390 ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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smithsonian contributions to zoology , vi + 68 pages ; no . 630 : 62 figures , 13 maps , 2 tables . twenty - five species of african blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : coleophoridae ) are reviewed ; 12 species are redescribed , and 13 species are described as new . date of publication march 30 , 2010 .
= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ afromoths ]
larva on manilkara butugi , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , o . woodiana ssp . disjuncta , prunus africana , synsepalum cerasiferum , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23
larva on chrysophyllum albidum , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , prunus africana , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
atmozona meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 58
bilineatella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 257
valentina bromeliae walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
larva on ( fruits ) terminalia catappa adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
larva on allophylus abyssinicus , chrysophyllum gorungosanum , dictyophleba lucida , diphasia sp . , drypetes gerrardii , flacourtia indica , garcinia volkensii , landolphia buchananii , passiflora mollisima , podocarpus latifolius , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , vepris simplicifolia adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31
cineracella amsel , 1953 ; bull . inst . fr . ar . noire , 15 ( 4 ) : 1450
auximobasis coffeaella busck , 1925 ; comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
larva on coffea arabica busck , 1925 , comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13
holcocera confamulella heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 818 , pl . 99 e ; tl : texas , browsville , smith point
hypatima confectella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 303 ; tl : texas
larva on crotalaria juncea meyrick , 1916 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595
laverna ( ? ) decolorella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : madeira
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
epistetus divisus walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 552 ; tl : madeira
larva on ( fruits ) vepris nobilis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33
prosthesis exclusa walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 953 , pl . 52 , f . 5 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava
valentinia floridella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; tl : florida
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
= ; mcdunnough , 1961 , amer . mus . novit . 2045 : 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1162 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
larva on afrocarpus falcatus , chaetacme aristata , cussonia spicata , drypetes gerrardii , eleaodendron buchananii , ekebergia capensis , mimusops kummel , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , schrebera alata , solanum anguivi , stychnos mitis , toddalia asiatica , vepris nobilis , v . simplicifolia , v . richocarpa , warburgia ugandensis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29
colombia , venezuela , costa rica , mexico , louisiana . see [ maps ]
hawaii , new britain , . . . , bengal . see [ maps ]
larva on dioscorea zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992
indirecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567
asychna insularis wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 123 ; tl : madeira
invigorata ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( auximobasis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 316
larva on adenia sp . , calophyllum inophyllum , chrysophyllum viridifolium , cola minor , deinbollia borbonica , diospyros kabuyeana , diphasia sp . , dovyalis macrocalyx , draceana mannii , flacourtia indica , hirtella zanzibarica ssp . zancibarica , inhambanella henriquezii , landolphia sp . , lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius ssp . scassellatii , lepisanthes senegalensis , ludia mauritiana , manilkara sansibarensis , mimusops aedificatoria , olea woodiana ssp . disjuncta , oxyanthus goetzei ssp . keniensis , rourea minor , saba comorensis , salacia elegans , strychnos madagascariensis , terminalia catappa , toddalia asiatica , trichilia emetica , trilepisium madagascariense , vepris nobilis , ximenia caffra , xylopia sp . adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
larva on hirtella zanzibarica adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17
exinotis neozona meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali
valentinia neptes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
gelechia nigromaculata wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira ; s . dezerta
valentinia nothrotes walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 202 ; tl : arizona
oecophora ochreopalpella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira
epistetus ( ? ) pica walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 553 ; tl : madeira
district of columbia , . . . , nova scotia . see [ maps ]
valentinia quaintancella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : -
valentinia repartella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 19 ; tl : colorado , denver
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721
opogona tabernatella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 114
valentinia tarachodes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 407 ; [ fe ]
larva on yucca baccata dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) of thailand , part ii . four new species of
pyrales and microlepidoptera collected by mr . e . w . classey in madeira , 1957
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
notes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species
further notes on some moths from lord howe and norfolk island in the s . ausralian museum
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
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[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , verulam , 28 . i . 1916 , leg . a . j . t . janse .
adamski d . , copeland r . s . , miller s . e . , hebert p . d . n . , darrow k . & luke q . 2010 . a review of african blastobasidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) , with new taxa reared from native fruits in kenya . - smithsonian contributions to zoology 630 : i—vi , 1—68 .
david adamski , robert s . copeland , scott e . miller - smithsonian . . .
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n u m b e r 6 3 0 • 4 5 figures 2–62 figures 2–4 . male genitalia of calosima and neoblastobasis . 2 , c . arguta , lectotype ( da slide 4628 ) . 3 , n . laikipiae , holotype ( da slide 4144 ) . 4 , n . wangithiae , holotype ( da slide 5044 ) .
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it was described by moore in 1875 .

the wingspan is about 60 mm .

adults can be distinguished from related species by two rows of red markings on the hindwings .

there are two forms in both sexes , a typical form and a white-banded form .

the typical form is thought to mimic byasa alcinous , while the latter form mimics pachliopta aristolochiae .

the larvae feed on ulmus species .

there is one generation per year .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

epicopeia mencia

epicopeia mencia is a moth in the epicopeiidae family . it was described by moore in 1875 . it is found in china , vietnam , korea , the russian far east , japan and taiwan .
epicopeia mencia moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 578 , pl . 67 , f . 8 ; tl : shanghai , n . china
epicopeia polydora westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : 19 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : assam
epicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : s . sumatra , mt dempo
epicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands
epicopeia simulans leech , [ 1889 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 611 , pl . 31 , f . 1 ; tl : hakodate
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on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
westwood , 1841 arcana entomologica , or illustrations of new , rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica , 1 : ( 1841 - 1843 ) [ iv ] , 192pp , pl . 1 - 48 ( in 12 parts )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the black howler ( alouatta caraya ) is a species of howler monkey , a large new world monkey , from northeastern argentina , eastern bolivia , eastern and southern brazil , and paraguay .

together with the brown howler , it is the southernmost member of the alouatta genus .

only the adult male is black ; adult females and juveniles of both genders are overall whitish to yellowish-buff .

however , variations occur even among the adult males ; some have patches of reddish-brown or buff fur .

they live in groups of three to 19 individuals ( usually seven to 9 ) .

the sex ratio is usually one to three males for every seven to nine females in a group .

when mating , males and females within a single group pair off .

named for their vocalizations , they may be heard most often around sunrise .

this " dawn chorus " sounds much more like roaring than howling , and it announces the howlers ' position as a means to avoiding conflict with other groups .

the call can be heard up to 5 km away .

these monkeys commonly sleep or rest up to 70 % of the day , making it one of the least active monkeys in the new world .

their habitat is forest , especially semideciduous and gallery .

black howlers are folivorous , eating mostly leaves , and occasionally fruit , such as figs .

they generally prefer walking and climbing to running or leaping .

the prehensile tail is very strong and acts as a fifth limb , allowing the monkeys greater versatility when climbing and allowing them greater safety in the occasional fall from a high branch .

because their limb structure makes terrestrial movement awkward , they spend most of their time in the trees and only come down for water during dry spells .

otherwise , the monkeys drink by wetting their hands on moist leaves , and then licking the water off their hands .

their lifespans are up to 20 years , but more commonly 15 years in the wild .

in argentina it is commonly kept as a pet due to its gentle nature .

black howler

black howler monkey , central american black howler , guatemalan black howler monkey , guatemalan howler , guatemalan howling monkey , mexican black howler monkey .
despite being called black howler monkeys , only the male is actually black - the female is blonde in colour .
shoemaker , a . 1979 . reproduction and development of the black howler monkey .
pictures of belizean mammals . featuring pictures , photos of the black howler monkey .
black howler monkeys are not currently classed as endangered as most are found in protected areas .
together with european zoos , bristol zoo is maintaining a population of black howler monkeys in human care .
black howler monkeys are one of the few primate species with different coat colors in males and females . males have a black coat , while females are blonde .
you find our black howler monkeys in the south american mixed species exhibit , which they share with our armadillos .
the black howler monkey is found from the dry forests of central brazil into the rainforests of paraguay , argentina , and bolivia .
howler monkeys are among the largest and noisiest of the ‘new world’ monkeys . although called black , it is only the adult males that are black . the females and infants are a pale grey / beige .
calegaro - marques , c . , j . bicca - marques . 1993 . allomaternal care in black howler monkey ( alouatta caraya ) .
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howler monkeys have beards and long , thick hair which may be black , brown , or red . the red howler species is the most common , but it is often targeted by hunters eager for bushmeat . other species of howler monkey may be critically endangered over sections of their ranges .
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arkive species - guatemalan black howler ( alouatta pigra )
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monkey magic at the zoo for sixteen years , robin brockett lived in belize and pioneered howler monkey rehabilitation and release work . howler monkey . . .
the guatemalan black howler is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
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black howler monkeys can be found in southern brazil , paraguay , eastern bolivia , and northern argentina . they live in primary , arid deciduous , and broadleaf forests .
being imported to the u . s . for use as laboratory animals little else has been reported about their use . several black howler monkeys can be found in zoos .
are also sexually dichromatic . males usually have black hair , which gives the species the common name of black howler monkey . females however have more yellow - brown or olive colored hair . infants are born with a golden coat , which changes as the animal matures .
rodrigues , f . , j . marinho - filho . 1995 . feeding on a marsh - living herbaceous plant by black howler monkeys ( alouatta caraya ) in central brazil .
whilst black howler monkeys are not officially threatened with extinction - they are classified as a species of least concern - as with many other species in south america their habitat is being steadily destroyed .
the black howler monkey , known as the
baboon
in belize , is the largest monkey in belize and one of the largest in the americas . throughout most of its range , the howler monkey is endangered from hunting and habitat destruction . fortunately , belize has a healthy population of these loudest of primates .
howler monkeys filmed in belize . various locations : pook ' s hlll lodge , caracol , baboon sanctuary
the guatemalan black howler is found in belize , northern guatemala , south - eastern mexico and possibly northern honduras ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . this species can often be observed in the vicinity of mayan archaeological sites ( 2 ) .
black howler monkeys are one of the few primate species with different coat colors in males and females—a trait called sexual dimorphism , which is a broad term that includes differences in size , behavior , and other characteristics between males and females of the same species . males have a black coat , while females are blonde . black howler monkeys have a prehensile tail without hair on the bottom side , which they use for grasping during locomotion . the upper molars have sharp , shearing crests that are used in grinding leaves . they move slowly using a quadrupedal mode of locomotion and they have five - toed , grasping feet . the large hyoid bone ( adam ' s apple ) that allows for their loud call restricts arm movement , so howler monkeys rely heavily on their tail for locomotion .
the guatemalan black howler is known to occur in six protected areas : cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary , guanacaste and monkey bay national parks ( belize ) ; rio dulce and tikal national parks ( guatemala ) ; and palenque national park ( mexico ) ( 2 ) .
howlers are among the largest monkeys in the americas , and the guatemalan black howler ( alouatta pigra ) is among the largest of the genus ( 4 ) . the guatemalan black howler has a notably long , silky , dense coat of black fur with traces of brown on the shoulders , cheeks and back ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . a slight crest exists on the crown , and males over the age of four months have a conspicuous white scrotum ( 2 ) . the arms and legs are long but stout , and the tail is prehensile , lacks hair on its underside , and is used like a fifth limb to grasp branches and anchor the body ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
females generally give birth every two years , resulting in one offspring after a 180 - day gestation period . both sexes are blond until age 2 . 5 , when males turn black . they reach sexual maturity around 18 months . tongue flicking is a ritualized display of sexual solicitation , with an easily visible pink tongue with black bordering .
silver , s . c . , ostro , l . e . t . , yeager , c . p . and horwich , r . ( 1998 ) feeding ecology of the black howler monkey ( alouatta pigra ) in northern belize . american journal of primatology , 45 : 263 - 279 . available at : urltoken
treves , a . and brandon , k . ( 2005 ) tourism impacts on the behavior of black howler monkeys ( alouatta pigra ) at lamanai , belize . in : paterson , j . d . ( ed ) commensalism and conflict : the primate - human interface . university of oklahoma , tulsa . available at : urltoken
these monkeys are hunted for food and used as bait in traps . they are also threatened due to habitat destruction . agricultural development , particularly for soy and cattle , are the primary drivers of habitat loss . hunting is for subsistence , and is not in great amounts . black howler monkeys occur in many protected areas throughout their range .
th guatemalan black howler is found in primary and secondary lowland tropical rainforest and semi - deciduous forest ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . one survey suggested riverine and seasonally flooded areas are particularly attractive to this species ( 9 ) . although primarily arboreal , individuals living in mangrove swamps have occasionally been seen to swim from one small island to another ( 2 ) .
peres , c . 1997 . effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities on neotropical forests : a case study of howler monkeys ( alouatta spp . ) .
in their phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b gene , nascimento et al . ( 2005 ) showed that populations of alouatta caraya from santa cruz , bolivia ( chaco ) are differentiated from those in various localities in the state of mato grosso and ( one specimen ) goiás further north . this indicates the possibility of two taxa of the black howler monkey , rather than just one .
howler monkeys are herbivores . in the zoo , they are given fresh leaves , mixed fruit and vegetables , granary bread , nuts , sunflower seeds and specially made primate dietary supplements .
leaves and fruit form the bulk of the diet , although flowers and insects may also be eaten . like other members of its genus , the guatemalan black howler has large salivary glands that help to break down the tannins in the leaves they eat ( 6 ) . this monkey is mainly active in the morning and evening , but also remains busy throughout the day ( 5 ) .
bicca - marques , j . , c . calegaro - marquez . 1998 . behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually and developmentally dichromatic neotropical primate , the black - and - gold howling monkey ( alouatta caraya ) .
howler monkeys are vegetarians , feeding on flowers , fruits and leaves . within belize , a special community based conservation organization has protected land along the belize river for the howler , ensuring that their food trees are not destroyed to make way for pasture . this
community baboon sanctuary
has supplied numerous animals for translocation throughout belize , most successfully within the cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary .
the guatemalan black howler is threatened throughout most of its range from hunting and habitat destruction ( 10 ) . suitable forest habitat has rapidly been lost and fragmented through conversion to pasture and agricultural lands , and to logging operations ( 8 ) . if such patterns continue , the population size of this species is projected to decline by around 74 % over three generations ( 30 years ) ( 1 ) .
most howler monkeys live in large social groups generally made up of family members . these groups appear to be matrilineal where the males disperse to non - natal groups , though not always . in
black howler monkeys live in troops of between 4 and 8 members . each troop has its own territory in which it feeds and lives . the size of the territory depends on the size of the troop , ranging from 3 to 25 acres . baboons defend this territory from other troops through the use of their voices . the howling is one of the loudest animal sounds in the tropical forest of belize .
these south american monkeys are the loudest terrestrial animal in the western hemisphere , and are usually the largest and most abundant primate wherever they live . blond at birth , males turn black as they mature , while females stay blonde their entire lives .
other conservation measures implemented by the sanctuary include creative initiatives like building bridges made of rope and sticks that allow the monkeys to pass between gaps in the forest , and relocating a number of individuals to the cockscomb basin wildlife sanctuary ( 8 ) . if similar efforts were made in mexico and guatemala , and ecotourism was promoted as a viable means of profiting from protected forest habitats , the guatemalan black howler would perhaps have a much higher chance of long - term survival .
the low and guttural sound of howler monkeys is one of the loudest calls produced by any land animal . under certain conditions , a howler ' s call can be heard from about 3 miles ( 4 . 8 kilometers ) away . the male ' s call is typically louder than the female ' s and is produced by drawing air through a cavity in an enlarged hyoid bone in the throat , which is larger in males than in females .
black howler monkeys are the largest monkeys in latin american rainforests . males are much larger than females . males measure 24 to 26 inches ( 60 to 65 centimeters ) long with a 24 to 26 inch tail ( 60 to 65 centimeters ) . females ' bodies are slightly shorter at about 20 inches ( 50 centimeters ) . females typically weigh around 16 pounds ( 7 . 3 kilograms ) , while males weigh around 32 . 5 pounds ( 14 . 8 kilograms ) .
have long , strong prehensile tails . these tails are hairless on the underside , which allows them to be sensitive to touch and act in identifying things , much like a 5th hand . the black face is mostly hairless as well , with slightly bushy eyebrows .
howlers have both natural and human - induced threats to their existence . the black howler monkey , known as the
baboon
in belize , is endangered throughout much of its range due to hunting and habitat destruction . as forests are cleared , howlers , who need several acres of forest per troop to survive , are becoming increasingly rare . throughout the region in which they are found , howlers are hunted both for food and for sport . some experts believe that howlers could become extinct within the next 35 years .
additionally , a community - based conservation organization in belize called the community baboon sanctuary ( this species is called ' baboon ' in the local creole dialect ) has protected land along the belize river , ensuring that this howler’s food trees are not destroyed to make way for pasture ( 10 ) . over 200 private landowners here in seven villages , stretching over 20 square miles , have voluntarily pledged to conserve their land for the protection of the guatemalan black howler , many of which will consequently benefit from ecotourism . indeed , one of the main aims of the community baboon sanctuary is to help address habitat destruction by promoting sustainable tourism as an attractive alternative to destructive land management practices . at the same time , the sanctuary conducts conservation research and educates the local community and visitors about the importance of biodiversity ( 8 ) .
adaptations : their tale is a prehensile tail and can support their whole body weight . living mostly in the canopy it helps to have an extra “hand” to hold on with . the underside of the tail is even hairless with a gripping pad . males and females look are very different in both size and color . males can weigh up to 18 pounds and are black , females are a little smaller with 12 pounds being a typical weigh . they are also gold in color , this is called dimorphic coloration . infants are born with the gold coloration and as they mature if it is a male will turn black .
howler monkeys are so called because of their amazing howling calls which can be heard by humans up to 5km away . they tend to howl at the beginning and end of the day . the calls are so loud due to a special voice box and pouch in the throat that amplifies the sound .
howler monkeys are among the largest primates in the neotropics . they can grow to be 22 to 36 inches tall when standing . and , their tails are about the same size in length as their bodies ! male howlers are black , while females are brown . they have prehensile tails that they can use to grab onto branches . they make loud vocalizations to mark their territory , thus earning their name . their howls , which resemble a strong wind blowing through a tunnel , have been heard over two miles away by researchers . while most individuals do not live for more than 15 years in the wild , it is possible for howlers to reach over 20 years in age .
when two howler troops do meet , males expend much energy in howling , leaping , running and fighting , which detract from time that could be spent eating or resting . these monkeys howl to let the other groups know where they are , eliminating the energy expenditure needed to patrol territories constantly , or to fight with other troops .
howler monkeys are found only in the rainforests of the americas . they live in tall rainforest trees in groups of between 4 and 19 members . they travel from tree to tree in search of food—walking from limb to limb , rather than jumping . while not particularly perky primates , they are most active during the day ( diurnal ) , sleeping high in rainforest trees at night .
guatemalan black howlers live in stable troops composed of one or two adult males , a few breeding females , and their offspring , with an average group size of between four and six individuals ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . groups of bachelor males also exist , the members of which will fight resident males for possession of their troop and access to breeding females ( 6 ) . the territory of each troop ranges between 3 and 25 hectares , depending upon the size of the group ( 10 ) . single offspring are usual , born after a gestation period of 180 – 194 days ( 2 ) .
these vocal primates are the biggest of all the new world monkeys . unlike old world monkeys , howlers and other new world species have wide , side - opening nostrils and no pads on their rumps . howlers also boast a prehensile tail . they can use this tail as an extra arm to grip or even hang from branches—no old world monkeys have such a tail . a gripping tail is particularly helpful to howler monkeys because they rarely descend to the ground . they prefer to stay aloft , munching on the leaves that make up most of their diet .
here at the cmc zoo : we have a small troop of howler monkeys that call our zoo home . ghelfing is our oldest , and mother to our two other howlers in the troop . ghelfing was born on october 13 , 1994 and came from the pittsburgh zoo in 1998 . her two offspring are bert and dj . bert was born october 25 , 2008 and his sister dj as born on september 2 , 2009 . their primary keeper said her favorite part of caring for them is they include her in their grooming sessions and make her feel like she is part of the troop as it is a social bonding for them .
these tree - dwelling herbivores mainly consume tree and vine leaves , flowers and tropical forest fruits . mammals do not have the enzymes capable of digesting cellulose , the carbohydrate that composes the leaf cell wall . instead , with the help of bacteria contained in a sacculated stomach , all monkeys in the subfamily colobinae ( e . g . colobus monkeys ) receive energy rich gases from the bacteria triggered reaction ( fermentation ) . unlike colobines , howler monkeys do not have the sacculated stomach , but rather a simple acid stomach that also contains two enlarged sections in the cecum and colon in which fermentative bacteria are found . as with colobines , the gases serve as the energy source . howlers also eat flowers and fruit , which are far less abundant than leaves and require greater energy expenditure to forage .
they are aptly named for their cacophonous cries . when a number of howlers let loose their lungs in concert , often at dawn or dusk , the din can be heard up to three miles away . male monkeys have large throats and specialized , shell - like vocal chambers that help to turn up the volume on their distinctive call . the noise sends a clear message to other monkeys : this territory is already occupied by a troop .
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n argentina to mato grosso ( brazil ) , bolivia ( see anderson , 1997 ) .
a . caraya species group . for the inclusion of straminea in this species , not in a . seniculus , see rylands and brandon - jones ( 1988 ) .
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fernandez - duque , e . , wallace , r . b . & rylands , a . b .
justification : this species is listed as least concern considering its large range , presence in several national parks , and ability to adapt to modified habitats . at present , it is not likely that the species , while declining , warrants listing in a threatened category under criterion a . although its habitat is very fragmented , populations can live in relatively small areas and disturbed forest .
although widespread , alouatta caraya is patchily distributed , and densities vary widely . in argentina , brown and zunino ( 1994 ) recorded high densities in a number of sites : chaco forest , formosa 111 individuals / km² ; chaco forest , corrientes 90 individuals / km² ; gallery forest , 63 individuals / km² ; and inundated forest 283 individuals / km² . arditi and placci ( 1990 ) carried out surveys in gallery forests of the chaco in argentina ( riacho pilagá , estancia guaycolec ) and found lower numbers than those reported by brown and zunino ( 1994 ) resulting from surveys in 1980s : 11 . 7 individuals / km² . dvoskin et al . ( 2004 ) repeated the surveys there in 2001 and found that numbers had increased to 26 individuals / km² . the highest densities occur in flooded forests and there have been numerous surveys of alouatta caraya in this forest type ( pope 1968 ; thorington jr et al . 1994 ; rumiz 1990 ; zunino et al . 1996 , 2001 ) . codenotti et al . ( 2002 ; see also codenotti and silva 2004 ) conducted a state - wide survey of remnant a . caraya populations in rio grande do sul , brazil . populations were found to be small , isolated , mostly single groups , and densities were consistently low . of 13 localities , only three had densities above 2 individuals / km² ( lageado do celso 6 . 5 individuals / km² ; a location in the municipality of santiago 4 . 0 individuals / km² ; and an urban park in the municipality of são francisco de assis 2 . 3 individuals / km² ) .
this species is threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural development for soy and cattle ranching in the brazilian cerrado , soy in the bolivian chiquitano , and small - scale farms and cattle ranching in argentina . some subsistence hunting occurs across its range .
alouatta caraya occurs in numerous protected areas : argentina iguazú national park ( 55 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) pilcomayo national park ( 60 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) chaco national park ( 14 , 000 ha ) ( brown and zunino 1994 ) bolivia kaa - iya gran chaco national park ( 3 , 441 , 115 ha ) otuquis pantanal national park ( 903 , 350 ha ) otuquis natural area of integrated management ( 102 , 600 ha ) san matías natural area of integrated management ( 2 , 918 , 500 ha ) noel kempff mercado national park ( 1 , 500 , 000 ha ) ( wallace et al . 1998 ) ríos blanco y negro national reserve ( 1 , 423 , 900 ha ) ( wallace et al . 2000 ) brazil araguaia national park ( 557 , 726 ha ) ( in range ) brasília national park ( 31 , 891 ha ) ( santini 1986 ) chapada dos veadeiros national park 965 , 034 ha ) ( in range ) grande sertão veredas national park ( 241 , 000 ha ) ( in range ) chapada diamantina national park ( 152 , 105 ha ) ( in range ) pantanal matogrossense national park ( 136 , 046 ha ) taiamá ecological station ( 914 , 300 ha ) ibirapuitã state biological reserve ( 351 ha ) ( marques 2003 ) ibirapuitã environmental protection area ( 318 , 000 ha ) ( marques 2003 ) ilha grande national park ( 108 , 166 ha ) ( aguiar et al . 2007 ) ilhas e várzeas do rio paraná environmental protection area ( 1 , 003 , 059 ha ) ( aguiar et al . 2007 ) paraguay cerro cora national park ( 5 , 500 ha ) ( probably extinct , stallings 1985 ) ybicui national park ( 5 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) tinfunque national park ( 280 , 000 ha ) ( the most important protected area in paraguay for this species ; stallings 1985 ) defensores del chaco national park ( 780 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) caaguazu national park ( 6 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) kuri y national reserve ( 2 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) yakui protected forest ( 1 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) nacunday protected forest ( 1 , 000 ha ) ( stallings 1985 ) . it is listed on appendix ii of cites .
fernandez - duque , e . , wallace , r . b . & rylands , a . b . 2008 .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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howlers make up the highest percentage of the primates in the areas that they occupy .
they do not need to travel far to find leaves . for this reason , their total home size is about 77 acres ( 31 hectares ) for 15 to 20 animals , and they typically move about 1 , 300 feet ( 400 meters ) per day . in comparison , a spider monkey , which feeds primarily on fruit , has a home range of 1 , 000 acres ( 300 hectares ) .
at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , they eat primate biscuits , browse , spinach , romaine lettuce , kale , other greens , broccoli , grapes , bananas , apples , melons , carrots , sweet potatoes and green beans .
male members of the troop awake each morning and give a dawn
chorus
that is answered by other males . because howlers do not have an exclusive territory , sharing parts of their home range with others , the morning call and calls that occur when troops move to a new feeding site helps define , defend , and clarify the group ' s claim on feeding trees in their home range . weaker troops can identify the location of strong troops and avoid that area , where they would not be able to feed .
even with fermentation , howlers can only extract limited calories from their food , so they must be cautious as to how much energy they expend . for this reason they will typically spend half of their waking day resting . males will settle disputes and defend the group from predators , allowing the females to spend more energy on reproduction and care of the young . as stated earlier , howling functions to help troops space themselves as efficiently as possible , allowing them to overcome the low - energy returns of leaf eating .
in the wild , howlers live to be between 15 to 20 years old . in human care they often reach 20 years old .
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beautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .
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breeding reach maturity : 4 years mating : non - seasonal gestation : ~ 180 days no . of young : 1 infant
lifestyle habitat : lowland forests . highly social . food : fruit , leaves , flowers lifespan : 20 years
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their howls , which resemble a strong wind blowing through a tunnel , have been heard over two miles away by researchers .
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howlers are strict vegetarians , eating only flowers , fruits and leaves . in belize , special community managed protected areas have been established to keep people from over - harvesting the fruit and flowers that the howlers need to survive .
jukofsky , diane . encyclopedia of rainforests . connecticut : oryx press , 2002 .
howlers earn their common name from the remarkably loud , rasping calls or howls that are characteristic of the genus ( alouatta ) , and emitted most elaborately and loudly by adult males ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . these calls can be heard over several kilometres and serve a range of functions , including territorial advertisement , mate attraction and intimidation of rivals or enemies ( 7 ) .
authenticated ( 19 / 06 / 2006 ) by matt richardson , independent primatologist and writer .
richardson , m . ( 2006 ) living primates of the world : an illustrated taxonomy . in press , unknown .
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in the wild , the monkeys use their loud howls to defend food in their territory . almost all of their time is spent high in the trees , feeding on various sorts of leaves .
in the wild , these monkeys live at the top of trees in tropical rainforests or tropical dry forests across south america - argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay .
the mix of different species is enriching to the animals . both species get on very well , they are acive at different times of the day and they share space as they would potentially in the wild .
bristol zoological society ltd , clifton , bristol bs8 3ha . company registered in england reg . no . 5154176 . charity reg . no . 1104986
are found in the rainforests of central south america ranging through eastern bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay , and northern argentina .
range varies from tropical semi - deciduous gallery forest where rains are nearly constant throughout the year , to tropical deciduous forest spotted with savanna like openings where there is a marked wet , warm season and a dry , cool season .
require forests with diverse species of plant life to supply their dietary needs . much of their habitat is currently being diminished by destruction of these forest types . ( welker et al . 1990 , rodrigues and marinho - filho 1995 , kowalewski and zunino 1997 )
are sexually dimorphic where males average 6 . 7 kg and females average 4 . 4 kg . male body size ranges from 1 . 7 to 2 . 2 ft with tails of similar length to their body . females ' bodies average 1 . 6 ft with tails slightly longer than their bodies .
have brown , medium sized eyes set in a frontal position . the muzzle is prominent and the nostrils close together . like other howlers they have enlarged hyoid and larynx housing the vocal apparatus where the distinctive howling originates .
( welker et al . 1990 , walker et al . 1999 , bicca marquez and calegaro marquez 1998 )
is 187 days . studies have shown that younger females have gestation length of 10 to 12 months where more mature mothers have gestation length of only 7 - 10 months . females give birth to one offspring per birth and care for infants for about one full year before mating again . infants are about 125 g at birth .
females care for their young for about 12 months after they are born . female offspring remain in their natal group and therefore stay with their mother long after they are independent .
groups there are usually between 5 to 8 , though they have been observed in the wild in groups up to 19 individuals . the groups have roughly equal sex ratio but may tend to have more females than males .
practice allomothering where other females will carry , groom and protect infants other than their own . adult males are also sometimes seen alloparenting . young males are not allowed to handle infants since they often mistreat or even kill them . overt conflict has rarely been observed in
it does however arise between young males at the time in their life that some set out to join other troops .
are territorial but seem to only defend the immediate area where they are at the time , and territories often overlap . all members of the group
howl
each morning to notify neighboring groups of their position presumably to maintain distance between groups .
have also been observed defecating , sometimes forming huge dung piles , in the mornings and evenings , and rubbing themselves on branches . this behavior is thought to be a way of marking territory .
( welker et al . 1990 , shoemaker 1979 , erwin and mitchell 1986 , calegaro marques and bicca marques , 1993 )
are folivorous . they eat mostly leaves but do compliment their diet with fruits , buds and flowers .
rarely come down from the trees since their food source is entirely in the canopy and their water needs are met by their food . however in especially dry times they will come down to drink water in lakes or supplement their diet with marsh - living herbaceous plants
( erwin and mitchell 1986 , welker et al . 1990 , rodrigues and marinho - filho 1996 )
are threatened by clear - cutting and selective logging since they are heavily reliant on the biodiversity of predominantly primary forests for their diet . some populations are more threatened than others . according to the priority primate conservation projects for the neotropical region from the revised global action plan for primate conservation ,
in the argentine provinces of formosa , misiones , salta and corrientes are threatened and a high priority for conservation . hunting pressure on
ranges from moderate in locations such as san jose , bolivia to none in northern argentina .
( welker et al . 1990 , mitchell and erwin 1986 , peres 1997 )
alicia lavalle ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
kowalewski , m . , g . zunino . 1997 . impact of deforestation on a population of alouatta caraya in northern argentina .
muckenhirn , n . 1976 . addendum to the non - human primate trade in colombia . pp . 99 - 100 in r thorington , p heltne , eds .
welker , c . , c . schafer - witt . 1990 . new world monkeys . pp . 122 - 177 in s parker , ed .
to cite this page : lavalle , a . 2000 .
alouatta caraya
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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size : male - 60 - 65cm , female - 50cm weight : male - 5 . 0 - 8 . 9kg , female - 3 . 8 - 5 . 4kg
their diet consists of mainly flowers and leaves , with fruit being eaten when available . their ability to exist on foliage alone gives them an advantage when fruit is in short supply .
after a pregnancy of around 6½ months a single infant is born , which at first clings to its mother , later riding on her back until they are about 1 year old .
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