heliothelopsis unicoloralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1914 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

the forewings are deep black-brown with a slight bronze tinge and sprinkled with whitish scaling .

the hindwings are uniform black-brown .

adults have been recorded on wing in august .

heliothelopsis unicoloralis

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barnes , w . m . & j . h . mcdunnough 1914 b : some new north american pyraustinae . – contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america , chicago 2 ( 6 ) : 244 , pl . 2 fig . 15 .
munroe , e . g . 1961 : synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . – memoirs of the entomological society of canada , ottawa 93 ( 24 ) : 53 .
synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) eugene g . munroe . 1961 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 93 ( 24 ) : 1 - 93 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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coregonus albula , known as the vendace or as the european cisco , is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae .

it is found in lakes in northern europe , especially finland , sweden , russia and estonia , and in some lakes of norway , the united kingdom , northern germany and poland .

it is also found in diluted brackish water in the gulfs of finland and bothnia , both of which are in the baltic sea .

the length of an adult is normally about 20 cm ( 8 in ) .

the maximum age is about ten years .

the vendace is traditionally the most important target of freshwater fisheries in parts of fennoscandia and russia .

vendace roe is considered a delicacy , which has been granted a pdo status in the swedish bothnian bay archipelago ( kalix löjrom ) .

coregonus albula

semen biology of vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) . - pubmed - ncbi
biological and morphological characteristics of vendace , coregonus albula l . from lakes drawsko and pełcz
vietējo eiropas repša ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) populāciju morfologiskais raksturojums dažos latvijas . . .
combined assessment of genetic variability of coregonus albula ( l . ) populations in latvia based on a . . .
age , growth and condition of vendace coregonus albula ( l . ) from lakes morzyczko and pe£cz ( nw poland )
estimation of genetic variability in populations of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) in latvian lakes . . .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
katja schulz marked the finnish common name
mixikkú maiva
from
coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 )
as untrusted .
selected biological characteristics of the catch - available part of population of vendace , coregonus albula ( l . ) from lake miedwie , poland
fuller p ; nico l , 2012 . coregonus albula . usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , fl , usa : usgs . urltoken
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kottelat m ; freyhof j , 2008 . coregonus albula . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . gland , switzerland : iucn . urltoken
reshetnikov ys , 2003 . coregonus albula . in : atlas of russian freshwater fishes , volume 1 , 1 . moscow , russia : nauka , 135 - 137 .
targeted fishing of c . albula may be difficult , but possible , especially on the spawning grounds .
pollan ( coregonus autumnalis ) , another coregonid fish , is only found in irish waters .
semenov d , 2011 . data on the morphology and ecology of vendace coregonus albula ( salmoniformes , coregonidae ) from the kuybyshev reservoir . journal of ichthyology , 51 ( 5 ) : 410 - 413 .
vuorinen j ; himberg mkj ; lankinen p , 1981 . genetic differentiation in coregonus albula ( l . ) ( salmonidae ) populations in finland . hereditas , 94 ( 1 ) : 113 - 121 .
gillraker development in juvenile polymorphic european whitefish ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) in lake femund , norway
auvinen h , 1988 . distribution and food of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) larvae in lake pyhaejaervi ( karelia , se finland ) . finnish fisheries research , 9 : 107 - 115 .
liso s ; gjelland kø ; reshetnikov ys ; amundsen pa , 2011 . a planktivorous specialist turns rapacious : piscivory in invading vendace coregonus albula . journal of fish biology , 78 ( 1 ) : 332 - 337 . urltoken
morphological divergence and origin of sympatric populations of european whitefish ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) in lake femund , norway
gill raker counting for approximating the ratio of river - and sea - spawning whitefish , coregonus lava . . .
coregonus lavaretus isolate 5 haplotype a3 cytochrome b ( cytb ) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 3 ( nd3 . . .
næsje tf ; sandlund ot ; jonsson b , 1986 . habitat use and growth of age - 0 whitefish , coregonus lavaretus , and cisco , c . albula . environmental biology of fishes , 15 ( 4 ) : 309 - 314 .
mutenia a ; salonen e , 1992 . the vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) , a new species in the fish community and fisheries of lake inari . polish archives of hydrobiology , 39 ( 3 - 4 ) : 797 - 805 .
vuorinen j ; næsje tf ; sandlund ot , 1991 . genetic changes in a vendace coregonus albula ( l . ) population , 92 years after introduction . in : journal of fish biology , 39 ( supplement a ) . 193 - 201 .
there is confusion over whether or not the true coregonus albula was actually the one imported and stocked in this country . todd ( 1983 ) investigated the history of the early coregonus transfers and summarized much of the information . he was informed by one german contact that the fish imported to the united states from hatcheries on the bodensee / lake constance ( such as the 1885 shipment and possibly others ) were more likely c . wartmanni . kendall ( 1914 ) used the name leucichthys albula for this species .
gordeeva nv ; kholod on ; dvoryankin ga ; sendek ds ; sterligova op , 2009 . on the origin of solovetskaya vendace coregonus albula and of the syamozero smelt osmerus eperlanus . journal of ichthyology , 49 ( 1 ) : 23 - 31 . urltoken
amundsen pa ; staldvik fj ; reshetnikov ys ; kashulin n ; lukin a ; bøhn t ; sandlund ot ; popova oa , 1999 . invasion of vendace coregonus albula in a subarctic watercourse . biological conservation , 88 ( 3 ) : 405 - 413 .
sandlund ot ; jonsson b ; næsje tf ; aass p , 1991 . year - class fluctuations in vendace , coregonus albula ( linnaeus ) : who ' s got the upper hand in intraspecific competition ? journal of fish biology , 38 : 873 - 885 .
wheeler ( 1969 ) ; ladiges and vogt ( 1986 ) . the taxonomy and systematics of coregonus is particularly problematic . some of the confusion is the result of the many early introductions and transplants of the various species and populations within europe and elsewhere ( e . g . , leviton 1996 ) . furthermore , the reportedly frequent hybridization between related coregonus species also has contributed to the taxonomic confusion . many ichthyologists ( e . g . , berg 1948 ) have historically recognized only a few widespread , polytypic species of coregonus ( including c . albula ) across europe . recently , kottelat and freyhof ( 2007 ) recognized 59 species of coregonus .
czerniejewski p ; wawrzyniak w , 2006 . management of vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) in the lakes of northwest poland in the late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries . archives of polish fisheries , 14 ( 1 ) : 105 - 121 .
bøhn t ; amundsen pa , 1998 . effects of invading vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) on species composition and body size in two zooplankton communities of the pasvik river system , northern norway . journal of plankton research , 20 ( 2 ) : 243 - 256 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of coregonus albula are found here .
baltic sea migration patterns of anadromous , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) s . str . and sea - spawning europe . . .
scientific synonyms and common names coregonus albula linnaeus , 1758 synonyms : salmo albula linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . , ed . x : 310 ( ' habitat in europa ' ) . coregonus albula var delta finnica günther , 1866 , cat . fish . , 6 : 193 ( gulf of finland ) . coregonus albula : smitt , 1895 , 2 ( partly ) : 893 , pl . xlii ( fig . 2 ) ( col . ) ehrenbaum , 1936 : 37 , fig . 17 alm , in andersson et al . , 1942 , 2 : 639 , pl . 125 ( col . ) berg , 1948 , 1 : 317 , fig . 180 - 181 wheeler , 1969 : 149 , fig . 66 . common names : coregone blanc [ fr ] europeiskaja riapushka [ ru ] helting [ da ] lakesild [ no ] maräne [ de ] mixikkú maiva [ su ] ryapushka [ ru ] sielawa [ pl ] siklöja [ sv ] smaasild [ sv ] vendace [ en ]
vuorinen pj ; keinänen m ; peuranen s ; tigerstedt c , 2003 . reproduction , blood and plasma parameters and gill histology of vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) in long - term exposure to acidity and aluminum . ecotoxicology and environmental safety , 54 ( 3 ) : 255 - 276 .
available data do not allow to distinguish c . albula as a whole from c . sardinella and c . vandesius . a very high variability is reported for all morphological characters between the many populations referred to c . albula , suggesting that several species might be involved . further studies are needed to resolve their identity .
winfield , i . j . , fletcher , j . m . and james , j . b . ( 2004 ) conservation ecology of the vendace ( coregonus albula ) in bassenthwaite lake and derwent water , u . k . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 155 - 164 . available at : urltoken
winfield , i . j . , fletcher , j . m . and james , j . b . ( 2004 ) conservation ecology of the vendace ( coregonus albula ) in bassenthwaite lake and derwent water , u . k . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 155 - 164 . available at : urltoken
teleost fishes of the coregonidae are good model systems for studying postglacial evolution , adaptive radiation and ecological speciation . of particular interest is whether the repeated occurrence of sympatric species pairs results from in - situ divergence from a single lineage or from multiple invasions of one or more different lineages . here , we analysed the genetic structure of baltic ciscoes ( coregonus albula complex ) , examining 271 individuals from 8 lakes in northern germany using 1244 polymorphic aflp loci . six lakes had only one population of c . albula while the remaining two lakes had c . albula as well as a sympatric species ( c . lucinensis or c . fontanae ) .
comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes suggests that relaxed purifying selection is driving high nonsynonymous evolutionary rate of the nadh2 gene in whitefish ( coregonus ssp . )
the effect of stocking size on the first winter survival of whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) , in the gulf of bothnia , baltic sea
pam fuller , and leo nico , 2018 , coregonus albula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 2 / 29 / 2012 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
sarvala j ; rahasilta m ; hangelin c ; hirvonen a ; kiiskila m ; saarikari v , 1988 . spring abundance , growth and food of 0 + vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) and whitefish ( c . lavaretus l . ) in lake pyhäjärvi , sw finland . finnish fisheries research , 9 : 221 - 233 .
bøhn t ; amundsen pa , 2004 . invasion - mediated changes in the population biology of a dimorphic whitefish coregonus lavaretus population . annales zoologici fennici , 41 : 125 - 136 .
the vendace ( coregonus albula l . ) inhabits several latvian lakes . in latvia this species is included into the list of specially protected species with limited use . taking into consideration the high variability of vendace and the fact that it belongs to valuable and marketable fish , there arises a scientific interest to reveal possible reasons influencing its variability . there is no precise . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . ako coregonus lavaretus lavaretus ( martyniak et al . , 2004 ) . o tomto probléme sa zmieňoval už v druhej polovici minulého storočia aj swärdson ( 1956 swärdson ( , 1979 ) a neskôr aj himberg & lehtonen ( 1995 ) . práve swärdson popisuje druh coregonus lavaretus a ostané popísané druhy a poddruhy označuje ako mladšie synonymá tohto plastického a adaptabilného druhu . . . .
while the population genetic data alone can not unambiguously uncover the mode of speciation , our data indicate that multiple lineages may be responsible for the complex patterns typically observed in coregonus . relative differences within and among lakes raises the possibility that multiple lineages may be present in northern germany , thus understanding the postglacial evolution and speciation in the c . albula complex requires a large - scale phylogenetic analysis of several potential founder lineages .
vendace ( c . albula ) is a salmonid fish with native distribution in northern parts of europe . it is an obligate planktivore with characteristics typical for pelagic fish ; a protruded lower jaw and a slender bo . . .
vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) is found in several latvian lakes and is included in a list of specially protected species with restricted use in latvia . however , a lack of basic data on the biology and population status of these populations hinders the sustainable use of this fish and national efforts to manage its populations . the rapd technique was used to evaluate genetic diversity among . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the value of the commercial catch of whitefish from the baltic sea was about 2 million euros in 2005 , and the catch totalled 765 000 kilos . according to the present view , all native scandinavian whitefishes belong to same species , coregonus lavaretus sensu lato ( nikolsky and reshetnikov 1970 ; reshetnikov 1980 ; himberg and lehtonen 1995 ) , rather than the five - species complex based on morphological variation previously proposed by sva¨rdson ( 1957 , 1979 , 1998 ) , although very little genetic research has been carried out on this topic . the only other native coregonid species in finland is the vendace ( coregonus albula ) . . . .
several shipments of eggs , originally identified as coming from coregonus albula , were imported from germany by the u . s . fish commission in the 1880s . the commission instructed c . g . atkins to hatch the eggs in captivity ; all or most of the surviving young were later released into the two maine lakes ( e . g . , smiley 1885 ) . intentionally stocked , this species was apparently seen as a potential food fish .
nüsslin , 0 . 1908 . die larven der gattung coregonus , ihre beziehungen zur biologie , und ihre systematische bedeutung . verh . dr . zool . ges . : pp . 172 - 194 , 17 fig .
a great number of intra - specific forms of local populations of vendace ( coregonus albula ) are presumed to be a result of hybridisation between different incipient forms . morphological and genetic analysis for the study of vendace population of lake nirza in latvia was used . body length , weight and age in different male and female groups were used for morphological analysis . genetic polymorphism and genetic structure of the vendace population of lake nirza have been evaluated by electrophoresis based on the analysis of isoenzyme systems . four isoenzyme systems ( malic enzyme ( me ) , esterases ( est ) , peroxide dismutase ( sod ) , malate dehydrogenase ( mdh ) ) and non - specific protein were analysed . sixteen polymorphic loci were selected for genotype analysis . the genetic analysis of the vendace population from lake nirza showed that homozygotes dominate over heterozygotes . however , distribution of genotypes among different isoenzyme systems is different . the present study provides the first report on the application of isoenzyme markers for genetic investigations of coregonus albula populations in latvian lakes .
vendace ( coregonus albula ( l . ) ) is a very plastic species of freshwater whitefish which is widespread in europe . but in latvia this species is included into the list of specially protected fish species with limited use . we examined cross - species amplification of 14 microsatellite loci ( cocl - lav22 , cocl - lav23 , cisco - 59 , cisco - 106 , cisco - 90 , cisco - 126 , cisco - 157 , cisco - 179 , cisco - 181 , cisco - 183 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
kahilainen kk ; ostbye k ; harrod c ; shikano t ; malinen t ; merila j , 2011 . species introduction promotes hybridization and introgression in coregonus : is there sign of selection against hybrids ? molecular ecology , 20 ( 18 ) : 3838 - 3855 .
this vendace ( coregonus albula ) is one of the uk ' s rarest freshwater fish ( 2 ) ; it is a small , streamlined ( 2 ) and slim fish with a bluish green back ( 5 ) , a white belly ( 6 ) and silvery flanks ( 5 ) . the fins are grey in colour becoming darker towards the margins ( 6 ) . it has large eyes , a relatively small mouth and an adipose fin ( 5 ) . other common names for this species include ' whitefish ' and ' european cisco ' in england and ' fendas ' in welsh ( 7 ) .
etheridge ec ; adams ce ; bean cw ; durie nc ; gowans ard ; harrod c ; lyle aa ; maitland ps ; winfield ij , 2012 . are phenotypic traits useful for differentiating among a priori coregonus taxa ? journal of fish biology , 80 ( 2 ) : 387 - 407 .
the effects of hybridization and stocking on the commercially important coregonus can be quantified and accounted for , thus the group remains an excellent model for the study of speciation in sympatry . despite having used more than 1200 marker loci in a study of 10 populations , our data failed to provide conclusive evidence for whether spring - spawning coregonus stem from parallel sympatric speciation . parallel trends in niche differentiation and phenotypic differentiation are evident in both lakes with sympatric populations , but neutral genetic differentiation suggests allopatric speciation and introgression on secondary contact . it is clear that population genetic criteria alone cannot resolve the mechanisms of speciation , and that our analysis benefited from a large spatial scale of sampling . examination of relative differences within and among lakes has raised the possibility that multiple lineages may be present in northern germany . as a result , phylogenetic analysis and sampling of additional lakes from potential source populations from a broad geographic range is required for an unequivocal identification of the evolutionary mechanisms and phylogeography which have led to the ecological and genetic diversity found in the c . albula complex .
the objective of this study was to describe the morphometry and motility parameters of vendace ( coregonus albula ) spermatozoa . morphometric parameters of vendace sperm head and tail were of values similar to rainbow trout . the effects of ph , sodium , potassium and calcium ion concentrations on computer - assisted sperm analysis ( casa ) sperm motility characteristics were tested . vendace sperm was motile in a wide ph range of 6 . 0–10 . 5 with the optimum ph established at 9 . 0 . increases in potassium and calcium ions caused decreases in the percentage of motile sperm . the casa parameters and erratic sperm movement pattern of vendace spermatozoa were similar to whitefish ( c . lavaretus ) sperm motility , suggesting that there is a coregonid - specific sperm motility pattern .
the objective of this study was to describe the morphometry and motility parameters of vendace ( coregonus albula ) spermatozoa . morphometric parameters of vendace sperm head and tail were of values similar to rainbow trout . the effects of ph , sodium , potassium and calcium ion concentrations on computer - assisted sperm analysis ( casa ) sperm motility characteristics were tested . vendace sperm was motile in a wide ph range of 6 . 0 - 10 . 5 with the optimum ph established at 9 . 0 . increases in potassium and calcium ions caused decreases in the percentage of motile sperm . the casa parameters and erratic sperm movement pattern of vendace spermatozoa were similar to whitefish ( c . lavaretus ) sperm motility , suggesting that there is a coregonid - specific sperm motility pattern .
. . . both lineages can exhibit dwarf - sized pelagic or larger sized benthic forms , however , when occurring in sympatry individuals belonging to the acadian lineage tend to have evolved towards the dwarf phenotype ( bernatchez & dodson , 1990 ; lu et al . , 2001 ) . also in europe several differentiated forms exist ( himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; kottelat & freyhof , 2007 ; østbye et al . , 2006 ; østbye et al . , 2005 ) like the north sea houting ( abbreviated nsh ) ( coregonus oxyrhinchus ) , a recently diverged species or ecotype of the european lake whitefish ( abbreviated elw ) ( coregonus lavaretus ) ( hansen et al . , 2008 ; jacobsen et al . , 2012 ) . . . .
vendace have been observed to reduce zooplankton diversity , resulting in smaller zooplankton species and smaller sizes of individual zooplankters ( bøhn and amundsen , 1998 ; amundsen et al . , 2009 ) . they have also led to large reductions in densities of native planktivorous coregonus lavaretus ( bøhn and amundsen , 2001 ; gjelland et al . , 2007 ; bøhn et al . , 2008 ) .
background . the ability to distinguish between stocks in mixed fisheries is a prerequisite for a sustainable fisheries management . in the gulf of bothnia the relative contribution of endangered river - spawning and sea - spawning whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , to fisheries catches are currently not well known . this also applies to the southern aland islands , a major feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]
biology and management of coregonid fishes , 19 august 1990 , quebec , canada : eds . t . n . todd and m . luczynski , polski archiwum hydrobiologii , issn 0032 - 3764 ; 39 ( 1992 ) 3 - 4 , 463 - 472 anadromous european whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) , spawn in several rivers along the coasts of the baltic sea . damming and pollution have weakened or totally destroyed many populations . european whitefish . . . [ show full abstract ]
vendace ( c . albula ) is a salmonid fish with native distribution in northern parts of europe . it is an obligate planktivore with characteristics typical for pelagic fish ; a protruded lower jaw and a slender body with black , silvery and white dorsal , lateral , and ventral sides , respectively . another typical pelagic character of vendace is diel vertical migration behaviour . it has an opportunistic life history with many small eggs , high mortality rates , and a relatively short generation time . it is highly specialized , and considered the most specialized zooplanktivorous fish species in the scandinavian freshwater fish fauna by svärdson ( 1976 ) .
. . . the european whitefish species complex ( coregonus lavaretus l . ) illustrates the full range of problems associated with the interpretation of morphological diversity . here , the traditional species designations suggested that numerous whitefish species inhabit european waters ( linnaeus , 1758 ; steinmann , 1950a steinmann , , b , 1951 svä rdson , 1957 svä rdson , , 1998 berg , 1962 ; resethnikov , 1968 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; kottelat , 1997 ) . however , the phenotypic species classification poses two fundamental problems ( see felsenstein & sober , 1986 ; humphries & parenti , 1999 ) . . . .
arch . hydrobiol . spec . issues advanc . limnol . , vol . 46 , nr . july , 39 - 47 the scientific nomenclature in the systematic literature of coregonid fishes from northwest europe is chaotic despite the application of exact and powerful modern methods in molecular biology and population genetics . altogether over one hundred species have been descriped . there are many parallel scientific names for the same whitefish populations and often old , wrongly used scientific names are still in use . recent advances in research have shown that the number of coregonid fish species in fennoscandia and western europe can be reduced to four species : coregonus lavaretus l . , c . autumnalis pollan thompson , c . albula l . and the introduced c . peled gmelin . the existence of ecologically or morphologically well distinguished sympatic whitefish populations and geographical subspecies motivates a subdivision . the most suitable system is the use of a binominal name followed by a third name descriping an ecological feature , and a fourth name naming the locality of the whitefish populations . the supplementary coding system , well developed , can be useful in fishery management , and it needs a solid background data . the purpose of our paper is to propose a nomenclature and taxonomy for north and west european coregonid fishes hereby provoking further discussion . int . symposium on biology and management of coregonid fishes
. . . the european whitefish coregonus lavaretus ( l . ) is a salmonid widely distributed across the palearctic . the species exhibits great variation in morphology and ecological plasticity , which makes its taxonomy extremely difficult ( svärdson , 1979 ; reshetnikov , 1980 reshetnikov , , 1988 himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ) . virtually all coregonids inhabiting the coastal zone of the baltic sea belong to c . lavaretus sensu lato and include sympatric anadromous and sea - spawning forms ( himberg , 1970 ; lehtonen , 1981 ; amundsen , 1988 ; lehtonen & böhling , 1988 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; säisä et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
. . . though the use of marine habitats varies , nearly all salmonids spawn exclusively in fresh water , defined as b1 psu ( scott and crossman , 1973 ) , however , exceptions do occur . some european lake whitefish , coregonus lavaretus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , live entirely within the brackish waters of the baltic sea ( himberg and lehtonen , 1995 ) . pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha ( walbaum , 1792 ) , and chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta ( walbaum , 1792 ) , are known to spawn in the intertidal zone of prince william sound , alaska ( helle et al . , 1964 ; scott and crossman , 1973 ) demonstrating exclusive marine residency . . . .
. . . coregonus is the most species - rich genus among the salmonid fishes and represents one of the well - known examples of adaptive radiation among fishes ( givnish , 1997 ; bernatchez , 2004 ) . due to high phenotypic diversity , the taxonomy of coregonid fishes has been rather controversial ( berg , 1962 ; sv€ ardson , 1979 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; reshetnikov , 2004 ) . in european and north american post - glacial lakes , whitefish from the c . lavaretus / clupeaformis species complex frequently occurs in two or more ecotypes that have evolved in sympatry ( bernatchez , 2004 ; østbye et al . , 2005a ; siwertsson et al . , 2010 ; kahilainen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . the species exhibits great variation in morphology and ecological plasticity , which makes its taxonomy extremely difficult ( svärdson , 1979 ; reshetnikov , 1980 reshetnikov , , 1988 himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ) . virtually all coregonids inhabiting the coastal zone of the baltic sea belong to c . lavaretus sensu lato and include sympatric anadromous and sea - spawning forms ( himberg , 1970 ; lehtonen , 1981 ; amundsen , 1988 ; lehtonen & böhling , 1988 ; himberg & lehtonen , 1995 ; säisä et al . , 2008 ) . coregonus lavaretus has been an important species for both commercial and recreational fisheries in the baltic sea , but during the last halfcentury the natural population has drastically declined , especially in estonian waters ( salojärvi et al . , 1985 ; ojaveer , 1999 ; sõrmus & turovski , 2003 ) . . . .
aflp demonstrated a significant population structure ( bayesian θ b = 0 . 22 ) . lower differentiation between allopatric ( θ b = 0 . 028 ) than sympatric ( 0 . 063 - 0 . 083 ) populations contradicts the hypothesis of a sympatric origin of taxa , and there was little evidence for stocking or ongoing hybridization . genome scans found only three loci that appeared to be under selection in both sympatric population pairs , suggesting a low probability of similar mechanisms of ecological segregation . however , removal of all non - neutral loci decreased the genetic distance between sympatric pairs , suggesting recent adaptive divergence at a few loci . sympatric pairs in the two lakes were genetically distinct from the six other c . albula populations , suggesting introgression from another lineage may have influenced these two lakes . this was supported by an analysis of isolation - by - distance , where the drift - gene flow equilibrium observed among allopatric populations was disrupted when the sympatric pairs were included .
the genetic analysis is made on the population of the european smelt osmerus eperlanus occasionally introduced to lake syamozero ( karelia ) and of the vendace coregous albula supposedly acclimatized in solovetskie islands as a result of fish cultural activities of the solovetskii monastery . they are compared with several natural populations—possible donors for both introductions . genetic variation in a sample of smelt was estimated by means of restrictase analysis of mtdna ( fragment nd1 / nd2 ) in samples of vendace—by means of allozyme analysis of six isoenzyme systems . the probable population for the syamozero smelt is the population of onega lake in spite of the previously noted greater morphological similarity of colonizers with the smelt of ladoga lake . a high level of genetic variation in the syamozero smelt in comparison with native populations indicates that , beside the introduction from onega lake , there were repeated introductions from neighboring water bodies . the genetic analysis of the solovetskaya vendace does not prove that the vendace appeared on islands due to acclimatization . frequencies of alleles of allozyme loci in the solovetskaya population significantly differ from frequencies in continental populations . still , it is compared with some populations of the arkhangelsk oblast . estimations of genetic diversity of the solovetskaya vendace turned out to be comparable with those in native populations .
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a widespread species with no known major widespread threats . identities of some lacustrine populations needs to be confirmed .
baltic basin , lakes of upper volga drainage ( seliger , vseluga , perejaslavskoe ) , some lakes of white sea basin and north sea basin east of elbe drainage . anadromous in gulf of finland and marine in northernmost freshened part of gulf of bothnia . north to about 69°n in lake inari , northern finland . frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in northern and central germany and poland .
very common . the species extended its range to the north through shipping canals and translocations .
habitat : lacustrine and marine in open water . at sea , forages close to coast . spawns along shores , at 3 - 10 m depth , rarely to 22 m depth or just below surface . spawns deeper in clear lakes and closer to surface in lakes with humic waters . biology : anadromous , marine and landlocked populations . spawns for the first time at 2 - 5 years ( 2 - 3 in lake onega ) , males usually earlier than females . spawns in october ( central finland ) , december ( northern germany ) at 6 - 7°c . anadromous populations start migrating to rivers in august ( neva ) . eggs hatch in march - april and juveniles migrate to sea in late summer of first year in anadromous populations . larvae pelagic close to water surface , usually close to shore . usually occurs in deep waters in daytime and moves to upper layers at night . feeds on zooplankton .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t5360a97801719 .
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greek , kore = pupils of the eye + greek , gonia = angle ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 30 - ? m . temperate ; 71°n - 69°n , 2°w - 61°e
europe : baltic basin , lakes of upper volga drainage ( seliger , vseluga , perejaslavskoe ) , some lakes of white sea basin and north sea basin east of elbe drainage . anadromous in gulf of finland and marine in northernmost freshened part of gulf of bothnia ; north to about 69° n in lake inari , northern finland ; lower rhine ( now extirpated ) . frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in germany and poland . appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 0 kg ( ref . 556 ) ; max . reported age : 10 years ( ref . 593 )
lacustrine and marine in open water . at sea , forages close to coast ( ref . 59043 ) . forms pelagic schools in deeper lakes ( ref . 4779 ) . spawns along shores , at 3 - 10 m depth , rarely to 22 m depth or just below surface . spawns deeper in clear lakes and closer to surface in lakes with humic waters ( ref . 59043 ) . spawns on shallow sand or gravel substrate . anadromous in the baltic . feeds on planktonic crustaceans ( ref . 4779 ) .
ascend a short distance up the rivers in shoals in late august to mid - october . mature in the second year ( lacustrine forms later ) and the young ones descend in late summer ( ref . 4779 ) .
svetovidov , a . n . , 1984 . salmonidae . p . 373 - 385 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4779 )
) : 2 . 1 - 4 . 5 , mean 2 . 6 ( based on 38 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00387 - 0 . 00565 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 17 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 17 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 - 0 . 7 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 10 ; fec = 2 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 43 , 2 sd range = 0 . 17 - 1 . 06 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 84 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 45 , based on : 1 m , 6 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 11 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
appearance : a small , slim , streamlined fish most easily confused with bleak or with small whitefish or peled . unlike the bleak , the vendace is a member of the salmon family and thus has an adipose fin . distinguished from the whitefish and peled by its much longer lower jaw . in the whitefish the upper jaw is longer and in the peled the jaws are of equal length .
colouring : back dark bluish green or brownish , sides silvery and belly white .
reproduction : spawns in october - november , sometimes in shallows sometimes in water up to 20 m deep , depending on the lake . some lakes have populations that spawn in early spring in deeper water than autumn - spawning vendace in the same lake . spawns at a young age , usually two years , sometimes in the autumn of its first year .
food : plankton , older fish also take surface insects and small fish fry .
distribution and habitat : originally a fish of the large lakes of se finland , vendace have been transplanted for purposes of commercial exploitation throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland , although populations have been established in lake inarinjärvi and the river paatsjoki . does not tolerate brackish water well and in the sea is restricted to the eastern gulf of finland and the northernmost gulf of botnia . vendace move in shoals in open water , preferring deep , clear water . can tolerate more eutrophic waters provided oxygen levels are good .
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in britain the vendace occurs only as non - migratory freshwater populations , but in the baltic it occurs as anadromous populations ( they spend most of their time in saltwater and migrate to freshwater to spawn ) ( 7 ) . the vendace feeds primarily on free - swimming organisms such as water fleas ( 6 ) and planktonic crustaceans ( 5 ) .
spawning occurs in november and december ( 6 ) ; adults move to the edges of lakes , and females scatter the small two millimetre diameter yellow to orange eggs in gravely areas in still water ( 6 ) . the eggs are fertilised externally and develop slowly on the bottom of the lake ( 7 ) , hatching the following spring ( 2 ) . individuals are thought to live up to six years of age ( 2 ) .
found in north - west europe between the english lake district in the east to western russia , and from a northern extreme in scandinavia to north western russia reaching south to bavaria ( 2 ) . historically the vendace has been recorded from just four uk lakes ; two in scotland ( 3 ) , and two in the english lake district ( 8 ) . one of the scottish populations has not been recorded since 1911 when a sewage works was built ; the other scottish population has not been recorded since the 1970s ( 9 ) and so the species is classed as extinct in scotland ( 10 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
occurs in open water shoals in deep , cold lakes where the vendace can take refuge from hot summer temperatures ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . it also requires shallow areas with a gravely substrate for spawning ( 7 ) .
the vendace is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , annex iii of the bern convention , annex v of the ec habitats and species directive , schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( 3 ) , and schedule 3 of the conservation regulations 1994 ( 4 ) .
the vendace has faced pressure from the introduction of non - indigenous fish species , which were probably introduced by pike anglers using live bait ( 2 ) . juvenile roach compete for planktonic food with vendace , and ruffe eat vendace eggs ( 2 ) . ruffe were recorded in derwent water for the first time in 2001 ( 11 ) . other threats are habitat loss and pollution , particularly eutrophication resulting from nutrient enrichment ( 3 ) , and siltation of spawning sites with organic matter ( 9 ) . the a66 passes close to bassenthwaite lake ; an accident involving an industrial tanker would be devastating ( 2 ) .
the vendace is fully protected under the wildlife and countryside act ( 1981 ) , and both lakes are sites of special scientific interest ( sssis ) and candidate special areas of conservation ( 2 ) . bassenthwaite lake is also a national nature reserve managed by the national trust . the management plan for this site takes into account the presence of vendace ( 3 ) . a current conservation measure involves hatching vendace eggs from bassenthwaite lake in captivity and releasing the young back into the lake ( 11 ) . in addition , young vendace from bassenthwaite and derwent water have been released into two scottish water bodies . a survey of water bodies in cumbria aimed to detect suitable places for the establishment of refuge populations , however no suitable sites were found ( 11 ) .
the vendace is a priority species under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) ; the species action plan aims to maintain the current populations and re - introduce the species to scotland by 2005 ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
adipose fin in some fish , a second dorsal fin consisting of a flap of fatty tissue which lacks supporting rays . anadromous in fish : those species that spend most of their lives at sea but migrate to fresh water to spawn . crustaceans diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps , slaters , woodlice and barnacles . eutrophication nutrient enrichment of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems . fertilisation the fusion of gametes ( male and female reproductive cells ) to produce an embryo , which grows into a new individual . indigenous a species that occurs naturally in an area . planktonic aquatic organisms that drift with water movements ; may be either phytoplankton ( plants ) , or zooplankton ( animals ) . re - introduce attempt to establish a native species back into an area where it previously occurred . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
cihar , j . ( 1991 ) a field guide in colour to freshwater fish . aventium publishing , prague .
newdick , j . ( 1979 ) the complete freshwater fishes of the british isles . ac & black , london .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
northern europe , northern parts of the former ussr , the baltic and north sea basins , and the swiss alps ( ladiges and vogt 1986 ; leviton 1996 ) .
baird , s . f . 1889 . report of the commissioner for 1886 . part xiv . u . s . commission of fish and fisheries , washington , d . c .
bean , t . h . 1892 . observations upon fishes and fish - culture . bulletin of the u . s . fish commission 10 : 49 - 61 .
berg , l . s . 1948 - 1949 . freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries , 4th edition . three volumes . translated from russian , 1962 - 1965 , for the smithsonian institution and the national science foundation , by israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel . volume 1 : 504 pp . ; volume 2 : 496 pp . ; volume 3 : 510 pp .
kendall , w . c . 1914 . an annotated catalogue of the fishes of maine . proceedings of the portland society of natural history 3 : 1 - 198 .
kottelat , m . , and j . freyhof . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .
ladiges , w . , and d . vogt . 1986 . guida dei pesci d ' acqua dolce d ' europa . franco muzzio & co editore , padova , italy .
smiley , c . w . 1885 . notes upon fish and the fisheries . bulletin of the u . s . fish commission 5 : 465 - 469 .
todd , t . n . 1983 . the feasibility of mass - culturing coregonines in the great lakes . research completion report , u . s . fish and wildlife service , ann arbor , mi .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . michigan state university press , east lansing , mi .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
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vendace have been introduced into non - native lake systems in many countries , and in some of them changes within the colonizer population have been studied . however , scientific studies of the effects of vendace invasion on the receiving ecosystem are limited to the inari - pasvik watercourse in the border area between russia , finland and norway . research here has examined effects on the resource level ( bøhn and amundsen , 1998 ; amundsen et al . , 2009 ) , effects from exploitative competition ( bøhn and amundsen , 2001 , 2004 ; gjelland et al . , 2007 ; bøhn et al . , 2008 ) , as prey for piscivorous predators ( jensen et al . , 2008 ) , and experiments using brown trout stocking as an agent for biological control of vendace ( k . ø . gjelland , norwegian institute for nature research , in prep . ) .
strong effects from the vendace planktivory have been reported as reduced zooplankton diversity , reduced individual zooplankter size , and reduced zooplankton densities . this has resulted in lowered zooplankton availability for planktivorous fish , and to a large extent displaced native planktivores from the pelagic fish communities through exploitative competition . due to its relatively small size , vendace is an attractive prey and an important food source for pelagic piscivores . vendace have been purposely introduced to a wide range of lakes and reservoirs .
studies of changes in the invading vendace population come from many different lake systems , e . g . lake osensjøen , southern norway (
some authors recognize coregonids as a distinct family ( coregonidae ) , classified as a sister family to salmonidae ( e . g .
) . the complexity of phenotypic and genotypic variation within the coregonids poses a challenge to the coregonid nomenclature . distinguishing between
the back of the vendace is dark green / blue / black , flanks silvery white , belly whitish , tip of snout and lower jaw black . body is slender when small , moderately slender with increasing size , head relatively small , lower jaw projects beyond tip of snout , upper jaw reaches back to level of pupil , tip of lower jaw fits into a groove in the upper jaw . gillrakers 45 - 52 . pre - dorsal distance greater than distance from dorsal origin to base of last anal finray ; dorsal finrays iii - iv 8 - 9 , anal finrays iii - iv 10 - 12 ( 13 ) . scales moderate , 77 - 85 ( 86 , 88 ) in lateral line . vertebrae 57 - 59 ( 60 ) ( kottelat and freyhof , 2008 ) .
vendace matures within the second to fifth years of life , at lengths 9 - 20 cm . in most populations , vendace rarely attain lengths > 25 cm (
the native range of vendace is within drainages connected with the north and baltic sea , between the british isles in the west and the petchora drainage ( russia ) in the east ( svetovidov , 1984 ; groot , 1990 ; reshetnikov , 2003 ; kottelat and freyhof , 2007 , 2008 ; etheridge et al . , 2012 ) . some populations are also found in drainages to the white sea and in lakes of the upper volga drainage ( reshetnikov , 1980 ) .
, 2008 ) . within and at the fringes of its geographic range , it has also been translocated and introduced to many lakes and reservoirs where it was previously absent ( e . g .
the native vendace populations of the british isles are threatened ( etheridge et al . , 2012 ) .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
introduced from poland and czech rep . for mosquito control and by spread from other countires
blanc et al . , 1971 ; sandlund , 1992 ; amundsen et al . , 1999
reshetnikov , 1980 ; holcik , 1991 ; reshetnikov et al . , 1997 ; reshetnikov , 2003
vendace is a valuable species for freshwater fisheries and also marine fisheries in the bothnian bay ( northern part of the baltic sea ) and in the gulf of finland . vendace have been introduced into non - native lake systems in many countries ; in some of them changes within the colonizer population have been studied , and reduced food availability has been indicated . most introductions are related to deliberate stocking and / or aquaculture for the purpose of increasing the potential for freshwater fisheries . subsequent establishment and spread depends on the characteristics of the receiving ecosystem , and may be aided by the construction of reservoirs ( e . g . semenov , 2011 ) .
there are many accounts of introduction , mostly in europe within or at the fringes of the geographic range of native vendace . accounts also exist for more remote locations such as for maine , usa ( unsuccessful introduction ; fuller and nico , 2012 ) and for kazakhstan ( established ; mitrofanov and petr , 1999 ) . in norway , hatchery - produced vedace fry was deliberately introduced in a number of lakes between 1860 and 1900 . of the 16 documented cases , only one succeeded ( sandlund et al . , in press ( 2012 ) ) . although some of the introductions have been successful , probably most of them have failed .


the buff-throated saltator ( saltator maximus ) is a seed-eating bird .

traditionally placed in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) , it actually seems to be closer to the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .

it breeds from southeastern mexico to western ecuador and northeastern brazil .

this is the type species of saltator .

consequently , it and its closest allies would retain the genus name when this apparently polyphyletic group is eventually split up .

the buff-throated saltator is on average 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) long and weighs 42 – 52 g ( 1.5 – 1.8 oz ) .

the adult has a slate-grey head with a white supercilium and a greenish crown .

the upperparts are olive green , the underparts are grey becoming buff on the lower belly , and the throat is buff , edged with black .

the thick convex bill and legs are black .

young birds are duller , and have a white-mottled blackish throat and breast , and brown markings on the lower underparts .

the common call is a high seeeer .

males duet melodiously with a warbled cheery cheery answered by cheery to you .

this is a species of dense vegetation .

the buff-throated saltator feeds on fruit ( e.g. of cymbopetalum mayanum ( annonaceae ) , trophis racemosa ( moraceae ) , and gumbo-limbo ( bursera simaruba ) ) , buds , nectar and slow-moving insects .

it forages at low and mid levels , sometimes with mixed species flocks .

the two pale blue eggs per clutch measure some 22 – 32 mm ( 0.87 – 1.26 in ) long by about 16.5 – 21.5 mm ( 0.65 – 0.85 in ) wide and weigh about 4.8 – 6.1 g ( 0.17 – 0.22 oz ) each , which is large among saltator eggs .

they are laid in a bulky cup nest up to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high in a tree or bush .

buff - throated saltator

the buff - throated saltator is the english name for the neotropical bird saltator maximus . the buff - throated saltator has a stout , finch - like bill , and traditionally was classified with the cardinals and grosbeaks , cardinalidae . recent research reveals that saltators are embedded within the tanager radiation ( thraupidae ) . saltators are generally arboreal birds with subdued color patterns and coloration , but usually have a bold superciliary . the buff - throated saltator is one of the more widespread members of the genus , and occurs from southern mexico south to northern bolivia and southeastern brazil .
saltator was perched about 3 m above me . recording was normalized to - 3 db .
saltator was foraging about 2 m above me . it sang both its song ( 0 : 00 , 0 : 27 ) and many high
zeeks
( e . g . , 0 : 07 , 0 : 15 ) . recording was normalized to - 3 db .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : saltator maximus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 5 , 000 , 000 - 50 , 000 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 15 . 7 - 17 . 5 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
grabación hecha en el marco del proyecto
estudio técnico y participativo de la biodiversidad aviar del municipio de ibagué – tolima , como estrategia para la consolidación del ecoturismo de aves , la conservación de sus hábitats y el desarrollo de procesos de educación ambiental
universidad de ibagué - rednatur - colciencias .
two types of song in a continuous recording , all timings oriinal . singing spontaneously at the tip of a myracrodruon urundeuva tree . gallery forest , uberabinha river . home backyard with many fruiting trees . filtered at 400 hz high pass . treated for noise reduction . normalized .
same individual as xc384419 but different song variant . in sparse gallery forest along road foraging with a mixed flock , about 40ft away .
in sparse gallery forest along road foraging with a mixed flock , about 40ft away .
squeaks and songs from a group of saltators foraging several meters above my head . i cut out much background noise from some nearby chickens .
humid forest edge . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a bird descending from a tree to a feeder , and taking a bite of a banana .
josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , greg baker , daniêl jimenez , yoël jimenez , richard garrigues , stefan behrens , robert schaefer , pascal vagner , mkennewell , carlos gussoni , desmond allen , paul molina abril , pieter de groot boersma .
manuel retana , andrew emmerson , martin flack , juan fdo . alvarez castro , lukasz michal pulawski , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , margareta wieser , mauricio rueda , andretti . tche , róger rodríguez , josef widmer , diazlucrecia , luis vargas , orlando jarquín g . , holger teichmann , raymond marsh , jacob . wijpkema , richardgreenhalgh031 , joe prasil , jorge chinchilla , helmut . schumann , david valentin , barb winterfield , marco valentini , guy poisson , billonneau jean claude , antonio silveira , greg griffith , horacio luna , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , jacqueserard , hal and kirsten snyder , miriam bauman , anthony villaume , luis r figueroa , samantha klein , josé frade , marco t . saborio , manakincarmelo , aleix comas , lars petersson , dusan m . brinkhuizen , marinês eiterer , alexander schimmeck , greg baker , thiago t . silva , ron flemal .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 961 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
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this bbc wildlife magazine and national geographic published destination offers a 2 hour guided tour by the owners . $ 40 per person . tour start times : 8am , 10am , 1pm , 3pm . reservation required . free coffee .
see all 386 reviews of dave & dave ' s costa rica nature . . .
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david and his son david are both very friendly hosts and a pleasure to talk with . if you are interested in birds and photography i don ' t think there is a better place in costa rica . their feeders bring in a good variety of interesting and colorful birds and in prime position for shooting their pictures . there is also a trail . . .
thanks so much for taking time to write us this review . we are always excited to hear that our guests enjoyed their time here at the naturepavilion . we look forward to hopefully seeing you back here again some time soon . best , dave and dave