the oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius ) is a type of bay owl , usually classified with barn owls .

it is completely nocturnal , and can be found throughout southeast asia .

it has several subspecies .

it has a heart-shaped face with earlike extensions .

the congo bay owl ( phodilus prigoginei ) was formerly classified as a subspecies of oriental bay owl due to insufficient knowledge , but it has turned out that it might not even belong to the same genus .

the sri lanka bay owl was also considered a subspecies .

a population of this species has apparently become extinct on samar island in the philippines during the 20th century .

it was described as phodilus badius riverae and was only ever known from a single specimen , which was lost in a bombing raid in 1945 .

the validity of this taxon is uncertain ; it is usually synonymized with the nominate subspecies ( for reasons of biogeography ) or the subspecies saturatus ( from external appearance ) ; it might be a distinct species , however .

oriental bay owl

the oriental bay owl is a relatively small unusual looking owl with short rounded wings . it is also known as the asian bay owl .
these oriental bay owl species inhabit evergreen forests , foothill forests , mangrove forests and deciduous woodlands . there are four recognized subspecies of these birds .
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the breeding season of these oriental bay owl species is from march to may in northeast india . in indonesian islands the breeding season is from october to december .
the oriental bay owl is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed under appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
these oriental bay owl species are mostly sedentary and are residents in their ranges . post breeding dispersal of juveniles takes place . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding .
the breeding season of the oriental bay owl varies with region . it nests in hollow trees and tree stumps , laying between three and five eggs . prey is located using extremely sensitive hearing and consists of small mammals , small birds , reptiles , frogs and insects . the oriental bay owl has several calls , including whistles , hoots , wails and screams ( 2 ) .
the global population size of the oriental bay owl has not been quantified . the overall population size is considered to be stable . these species have large range and population . the owl species does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable neither under the population trend criterion nor under the population size criterion .
the oriental bay owl is thought to have low population numbers but is not currently considered to be threatened ( 2 ) . international trade in this species is regulated by appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species which requires permits for export of the owl or its body parts ( 3 ) .
habits : the oriental bay owl is a nocturnal bird , roosting during the day in holes and hollows in tree trunks , or perched on a branch sheltered by palm leaves or beneath a thick horizontal bend of rattan , usually no more than about 2 metres above the forest floor . this owl is not alert when roosting and is easily approached .
= 5 ) . smallish owl with rather short legs and wings and short ear - tufts projecting out from sides of head . chestnut - bay above , . . .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the oriental bay owl species and has listed it as of
least concern
. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) has listed these owls under appendix ii .
an unusual looking bird , this species is a relatively small , ' chunky ' owl with short rounded wings .
23 - 29 cm . chunky , short - winged and short - tailed strictly nocturnal owl with a heart - shaped facial disc . bright rufous upperparts , well spotted and with ochre scapulars . pale buff below with sparse black spotting . similar spp . ceylon bay owl p . assimilis ( previously included with the present species ) is darker and more chestnut above and the tail is more densely barred with eight regular bars across feathers . voice . loud , eerie , hesitant series of quavering whistles with each note after the first rising in pitch . ceylon bay owl has a more complex , slower series of multi - element notes .
hunting & food : the oriental bay owl feeds on small rodents ( such as rats and mice ) , bats , birds , lizards , frogs , and large insects such as beetles and grasshoppers . they hunt from a perch , flying through dense stands of young trees beneath the forest canopy to make a kill . this is made possible by their relatively short and rounded wings . they also tend to hunt near water .
the oriental bay owl is a small nocturnal bird , measuring 22 to 30 cm in length . it is short - winged and short - tailed . the ear - tufts are short and project out from the sides of head . the facial disc is heart shaped . the upperparts are rufous and spotted . the scapular feathers are rusty brown . the underside is whitish brown with sparse black dots . the bill is creamish . their call is a loud , eerie , whistling sound .
bruce , m . d . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . oriental bay - owl ( phodilus badius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the diet of these owl species includes large insects ( beetles , grasshoppers , cicadas etc ) small mammals ( bats , rats and mice ) , birds , snakes , lizards and frogs .
) belongs to the family of barn owls , tytonidae . these owl species are distributed in northeast india , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , cambodia , laos , southern china , malaysia , philippines and indonesia .
these owl species inhabit submontane and montane forests , temperate forests , foothill forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , dense evergreen primary and secondary forests , evergreen wooded areas , hillside forests and valley woodlands . they prefer elevations from 200 to 1500 meters and also nearness to waterbody .
recorded from a rubber plantation at knc , near the edge of secondary forest ( gps coordinates not exact ) after dusk . the owl was calling from the nearby understory of the forest . it was seen shortly after this recording , giving great views at near eye level . the bird also hung vertically from a tree trunk ( not while calling ) , and then disappeared into the forest . spectacular !
habitat : dense evergreen primary and secondary forest , particularly foothills , sub - montane forest and montane forest up to 1800m in continental southeast asia . in java , the preferred habitat is foothills from 200 - 1000m elevation and sub - montane forest from 1000 - 1500m , but forest destruction has forced this owl to move from hill and middle zones to montane forest . highest elevation recorded is 2300m . also occurs in densely foliaged groves between farmland and rice fields in cultivated areas or in fruit - tree plantations near forest edge .
this small to medium sized owl is distinctive in its strikingly marked , angular face - a dark v - shaped marking running down the centre of the face , between the eyes , contrasts with the pale chestnut brown colouration ( 2 ) . the head is broad and there is no narrowing at the neck . the legs are long and fully feathered ( 4 ) . the underside of the body has dark flecks and the back and short , rounded wings are dark chestnut brown , spotted with black and yellow ( 2 ) . the ears are slightly tufted ( 5 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
phodilus badius and p . assimilis ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . badius following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , symes , a . & taylor , j .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
phodilus badius is found in south and south - east asia , from eastern india and southern china , through bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , lao , viet nam , peninsular and east malaysia , singapore , brunei darussalem , kalimantan , sumatra , java , and bali , indonesia ( könig and weick 2008 ) .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is considered to be very rare throughout most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
strictly nocturnal , occurring in dense evergreen primary and secondary forest in lowlands , foothills , submontane and montane forest up to 1 , 700 m in south - east asia , although has been recorded up to 2 , 300 m ( könig and weick 2008 ) . it preferred habitat is foothill forest between 200 and 1 , 000 m and submontane forest up to 1 , 500 m ( könig and weick 2008 ) . it typically occurs alongside water ( könig and weick 2008 ) .
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description : the facial disc is elongated and coloured whitish - vinaceous , with a broad vertical chestnut - brown zone through each eye . the feathers of the rim are tipped blackish and chestnut - brown . the forehead is v - shaped and pale brownish - grey , with the upper part of the ' v ' reaching the crown , giving the frontal shield a triangular aspect . eyes are dark brown or brownish - black , and relatively large . the eyelids are whitish . the bill is creamy - yellow or pinkish - horn . the crown and nape are chestnut , speckled with black and buff shaft - spots . the mantle and back , to the uppertail - coverts , is a paler chestnut , spotted with black and buff shaft - streaks , with the feather bases being bright buff , and each mantle feather having 2 - 3 black spots on the shaft . the tail is chestnut with a few narrow dark bars . the outer two primary wing feathers ( 10th & 9th ) have white on the outer webs , and are banded with black or chestnut edges . the 8th & 7th primaries also have white on the outer webs near the tips . the throat is creamy - vinaceous . underparts are vivid pale yellowish - brown , speckled with blackish - brown and buff . tarsi are feathered to the toe joint with pinkish - vinaceous feathers that become paler near the toe joint . toes are yellowish - brown or pinkish - buff , with the claws being paler .
size : length 22 . 5 - 29cm . wing length 172 - 237mm . tail length 168 - 239mm . weight 255 - 308g . females are slightly larger than males .
voice : a typical song is a series of 4 - 7 or more loud , melancholic fluted whistles , given at about 2 notes per second . the call can last 2 - 8 seconds , and starts loud , with the later notes rising slightly in pitch . these phrases are often repeated many times , sometimes in a descending sequence . these whistles sometimes alternate with a series of different and shorter whistles , kleet - kleet - kleet or kleek - kleek - kleek as the bird moves from place to place . tends to start calling in the early evening . these owls can be very vocal during the breeding season , particularly after midnight .
breeding : breeding season is march to may around nepal and sikkim . in java , eggs have been recorded from march to july . nests are in tree holes , rotten tree trunks or stumps , or cavities . has been recorded nesting in leaf layers of palms in java . has also been reported using nest boxes . 3 - 5 white eggs are laid , measuring 38 . 0 - 40 . 6 x 30 . 2 - 31 . 1mm , at about 2 day intervals . incubation starts with the first egg , and is done by the female alone while the male brings in food . incubation and fledging periods are unknown .
distribution : nepal , sikkim , assam , nagaland , manipur , burma and thailand , east to south china , south through the malay peninsula to the greater sundas . also recorded on samar island in the philippines .
original description : horsfield , thomas . 1821 . transactions of the linnean society of london , 13 , pt . 1 , spec . 2 , p . 139 .
boyer and hume . 1991 .
owls of the world
. booksales inc .
del hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .
handbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds
. buteo books .
duncan , james r . . 2003 .
owls of the world : their lives , behavior and survival
. firefly books .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
inhabits woodland , plantations and mangrove swamps at altitudes of up to 2200 m ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
parimal chandra ray department of forestry , north eastern regional institute of science and technology , arunachal pradesh , india , pin - 791109 . parimalcray @ urltoken
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bird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly the same bird as xc299711 .
bird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly same bird as xc299713 .
a pair ( assumed to be male and female , but both maybe males / females ? ) responding .
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robinson , 1927 – sikkim and ne india , n & c myanmar and thailand ( except peninsula ) e to vietnam and s china ( s yunnan , sw guangxi zhuang , hainan i ) ; presence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh unconfirmed .
( horsfield , 1821 ) – malay peninsula and greater sundas ( including nias i , off nw sumatra ) ; possibly also e philippines .
wide variety of calls . in breeding season , once described as surpassing all other owls in appalling . . .
evergreen and mixed deciduous forest , landward edge of mangroves , partially cleared land and dense . . .
small mammals ( e . g . bats , rats and mice ) , birds , lizards , snakes , frogs and large insects , particularly beetles , but also grasshoppers ; . . .
nests from mar–may in sikkim , india ; nests with eggs found oct–dec in borneo and mar–jul in java ; calls most frequently . . .
presumably sedentary , with evidence of some movement , probably post - breeding dispersal of juveniles . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . generally considered rare throughout its range , although thought to be relatively common in s malaysia , especially in . . .
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front view clinging to thin horizontal branch overhead looking around , just after midnight , one of two calling against each . . .
mkennewell , paul clarke , john gregory , joe angseesing , ron hoff , josep del hoyo .
james eaton , mark andrews , jorge chinchilla , gunnar pettersson , budiheran , mark . van . beirs , bird . soong , thomas pleschke , keith heaney , carlos n . g . bocos , khaleb yordan , andrew emmerson , allen levine , irene dy , rusli .
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phodilus badius badius : malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , java and nias i .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phodilus badius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
is distributed in northeast india , myanmar , southern china , vietnam , thailand , cambodia and laos . their occurrence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh is unconfirmed . the populations in singapore and philippines are extinct .
is distributed in southern myanmar , southern thailand , malaysia and greater sundas islands ( indonesia ) . the subspecies


stephensia brunnichella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is widespread throughout europe .

in the north , the distribution extends up to southern sweden and finland and in the east it ranges as far as asia minor and the crimea .

the wingspan is 8 – 9 mm .

the larvae feed on calamintha nepeta , clinopodium vulgare and satureja calamintha .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine starts as a long , narrow , full depth gallery running toward the leaf tip .

the frass is found in a narrow central line .

after reaching the leaf tip , the mine becomes a large , full depth , brown blotch .

here , the frass is deposited in black lumps .

the larvae may vacate the mine and start elsewhere .

pupation takes place outside of the mine , in a white spinning , mostly between the leaves of the host plant .

the larvae have a greenish body with a black head .

they can be found from autumn to april and again in july .

stephensia brunnichella

stephensia brunnichella ( basil dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
phalaena brunnichella linnaeus , 1767 . syst . nat . ( ed . 12 ) 1 : 898 . stephensia brunnichella ( linnaeus , 1767 ) .
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egg at the underside of the leaf , in the basal part , near the midrib . the mine begins as a long , narrow , full depth gallery running towards the leaf tip ; frass here in a narrow central line . after the leaf tip has been reached a large , full depth , brown blotch is made . much silk is deposited within , strongly contracting the mine and making it opaque . frass lies in big black lumps here either in the oldest part , or in the centre , of the blotch . the larvae are capable of leaving their mine and restarting elsewhere , in which case the initial corridor is missing . larvae of the first generation hibernate in the mine . pupation external , in a white spinning , often between the leaves of the hostplant ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
see steuer ( 1987a ) ; body greenish , head and thoracic plate black ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
see patocka ( 1999a ) , patocka and turcáni ( 2005a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .
autumn up to april , and then in july ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
distribution in great britain and ireland : britain including bedfordshire , derbyshire , east gloucestershire , east kent , east suffolk , glamorgan , herefordshire , north essex , north hampshire , north somerset , north wiltshire , south wiltshire , stafford , west gloucestershire , west norfolk , west suffolk and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) .
also recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , bulgaria , czech republic , danish mainland , european turkey , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , kaliningrad region , latvia , lithuania , norwegian mainland , poland , portuguese mainland , romania , russia - north , slovakia , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands and ukraine ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
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notes : nationally scarce ( nb ) in deciduous woodland and woodland margins , on chalky soils , in england from the wash - mersey line southwards and also in the north ; in wales from glamorgan ( mbgbi vol 3 ) . in hampshire and on the isle of wight this species occurs along the borders of woods on calcareous downland , and has been found in several localities in the county , notably at leckford and stockbridge down in the north , and portsdown nr and oxenbourne in the south . not recorded from the isle of wight since 1938 . wingspan 8 - 9 mm . imago similar to many of the elachista species , although the white band on the antenna at three - quarters is distinctive . larva mines leaves of wild basil .
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leafmine found at alderford common in 2017 ( s . wright , 30 / 09 / 17 ) only modern - day norfolk record .
recorded in 3 ( 4 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
resident but scarce in both vice - counties with records from just three sites in recent times . double - brooded , flying in may and june and again in august and september . the larvae feed on wild basil ( pratt , 2011 ) .
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rarely observed ; on the common wild - basil . beaten from oak in bentley woods in mid - august ( morley ) ; leiston ( grey ) ; brandon ( barrett ) .
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the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is a primate in the gibbon family , hylobatidae .

its coat is bluish-grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap .

like all gibbons , silvery gibbons lack external tails , have dorsally placed scapulae , and reduced flexibility in their lumbar regions .

they have long , curved fingers and very long forelimbs relative to their hind limbs .

on average , they reach 8 kg in weight .

the silvery gibbon lives exclusively on the island of java ( indonesia ) , where it inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rain forests .

it is diurnal and arboreal , climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests .

brachiation is aided by the possession of mobile wrist joints , full rotation of the upper arm , and the ability to lock elbows in suspension .

its diet consists of fruits , leaves , and flowers .

every three years , on average , the female gives birth to a single young , after a seven-month gestation .

the offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old .

silvery gibbon

pictures : silvery gibbon # 1 ( 7 kb jpeg ) ( kids ecol . corps ) ; silvery gibbon # 2 ( 20 kb jpeg ) ( gibbon research lab )
throughout the silvery gibbon ' s region , variations occur with different individuals , allowing females and their territories to be recognized . only the female silvery gibbon sings . (
silvery javan gibbon ( h . moloch , 2 subspecies , endemic to west and central java )
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , is a primate in the family ‘hylobatidae’ or gibbon family . the silvery gibbon is only found on the island of java in indonesia . because of their isolated location , it is estimated that there are less than 2000 of these animals currently living in the wild . the silvery gibbon is both diurnal and arboreal .
the silvery gibbon is one of the species that live in the sundaland biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
the silvery gibbon only occurs on the indonesian island of java . the species has already lost 98 % of its original habitat . only few relict forests remain in west and central java . depending on the estimate only about 4 ' 000 bis 4 ' 500 silvery gibbons survive . the silvery gibbon is endangered by extinction .
all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion .
although indonesia has laws protecting the silvery gibbon , they are not strictly enforced , and silvery gibbons continue to be killed for meat , sport and the pet trade . logging and farming are claiming the last of the primal rainforest which are the silvery gibbon ' s last hold out . money is being raised to build a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation center . the project would place donated or confiscated silvery gibbons in a program that would rescue , rehabilitate , breed and possibly reintroduce them to the wild .
conservation at perth zoo : perth zoo is one of only six institutions in the world successfully breeding javan gibbons . the zoo also works closely with the silvery gibbon project in its efforts to protect this species in the wild . to find out more about the silvery gibbon project , visit urltoken .
hylobates , their scientific name , means ‘dweller in the trees’ . silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . the silvery gibbon inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rainforests , climbing trees skillfully and swinging through the forests . silvery gibbons travel in small family groups that consist of a mated pair and their offspring in various stages of development .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation .
abstract 1 . introduction 2 . gibbon systematics 3 . adopting a systematic framework 4 . gibbon distribution 5 . identifikation key 6 . references
every morning , the female silvery gibbon will arise and announce her presence to the forest by shrieking and calling . these calls can be heard for at least one kilometre in all directions .
the silvery gibbon has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains ( kool 1992 ) .
silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 metres ) above sea level .
unlike other gibbon species , the javan gibbon does not sing ‘duets’ . the female is the dominant vocalist while the male sings only occasionally .
java is one of the most heavily human populated islands of indonesia and primary rainforest are rapidly disappearing . only 4 % of the silvery gibbon ' s habitat remains . except for gunung halimun national park , which can support a population of 1 , 000 gibbons or more , the remaining population is discontinuous and exists in small isolated remnants which can ' t support a viable gene pool . fewer than 2 , 000 wild silvery gibbons remain . of the 33 silvery gibbons held in zoos around the world , only 6 breeding pairs are having offspring . it has been recommended that the indonesian zoos become more involved in breeding programs to ensure a long - term survival of the silvery gibbon .
gibbon species western hoolock gibbon ( hoolock hoolock ) , eastern hoolock gibbon ( hoolock leuconedys ) , bornean agile gibbon ( hylobates albobarbis ) , mountain agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis agilis ) , lowland agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis unko ) , kloss ' s or mentawai gibbon ( hylobates klossii ) , white - handed gibbon ( hylobates la r ; four subspecies : h . l . carpenter , h . l . entelloides , h . l . lar , h . l . vestitus , h . l . yunnanensis ) , javan silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ; two subspecies : h . m . moloch , h . m . pongoalsoni ) , grey gibbon ( hylobates muelleri ; three subspecies : h . m . abbotti , h . m . funereus , h . m . muelleri ) , pileated or capped gibbon ( hylobates pileatus ) , black crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor ; four subspecies : n . c . concolor , n . c . furvogaster , n . c . jingdongensis , n . c . lu ) , northern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus leucogenys ) , yellow - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus gabriellae ) , hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) , cao - vit black crested gibbon ( nomascus nasutus ) , southern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus siki ) and siamang ( symphalangus syndactylus ; 2 subspecies : s . s . continentis , s . s . syndactylus ) .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation . - pubmed - ncbi
agile gibbon ( h . agilis , middle and eastern sumatra , malay peninsula )
bornean white - bearded gibbon ( h . albibaris , endemic to southwestern borneo )
the silvery gibbon occupies a specialized niche in the forest canopy . they need the continuous canopy of a primary forest to move around in since they don ' t travel on the forest floor . the foliage needs to be thick , with horizontal growth to allow for the gibbon ' s brachiated form of movement . the silvery gibbons also need a wide variety of tree species which bear fruit at different times of the year , since its diet consists mainly of fruit . secondary forests , or new growth forests have gaps in the canopy , and the growth is sparse , which restricts the gibbon ' s ability to move around . there is also less of a variety of fruiting trees in new growth forest , which can ' t support the dietary needs of the silvery gibbon . silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 m ) above sea level .
pileated gibbon ( h . pileatus , southeast thailand , western cambodia and southwest laos )
cowlishaw , g . 1996 . sexual selection and information content in gibbon song bouts .
the silvery gibbons primarily diet is fruit . since fruit - bearing trees are usually scattered in the rainforests , they must travel extensively to find food and each gibbon family usually has a territory that they travel through that averages about 42 acres . sometimes these territories will overlap , allowing several families to share the same fruit trees . silvery gibbons have also been known to eat flowers and leaves .
the silvery gibbon has a long , dense and shaggy fur . the colour is silvery grey in both sexes and all ages . the cap and chest are darker grey than the rest or even black . both sexes have a pale brow - band . the face is black and naked , the ears are also black and not hidden in the fur . the weight is about 5 . 9 kg .
1995 : gibbon systematics and species identification . international zoo news 42 , 467 - 501 .
the silvery gibbons only live in the scattered remains of rainforest on the western side of the indonesian island of java . they are listed on the iucn
red list of threatened animals
as critically endangered , and have a 50 % or better chance of going extinct in the next 10 years . habitat loss , hunting and capture of infants for the pet trade have contributed heavily to the silvery gibbon ' s decline .
müller´s bornean gibbon ( h . muelleri , 3 subspecies , endemic to north and east borneo )
silvery gibbons are fluffy with greyish - white fur with a dark grey or black cap on their heads . silvery gibbons have a white or light grey fringe that surrounds their rather dark face . their fur is very long and dark grey on the top of their round heads . like all gibbons , they have no tail and their arms are long compared to their body which span at least twice their height . silvery gibbons have lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not actually grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . the average weight for an adult silvery gibbon is approximately 13 pounds ( 6 kilograms ) and the males and females are very similar in appearance and size .
the javan gibbon is endemic to the western half of the island of java , indonesia ( 3 ) .
agile gibbon : 4479 individuals in sumatra + a few thousand in thailand ( o´brien et al . 2004 )
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous and mate for life . there is no breeding season and a female will come into oestrus at any time of the year . the female will produce offspring about every 2 to 3 years . gestation usually lasts 7 to 8 months and only one baby gibbon is born at a time . the infant silvery gibbon is hairless with only some fluff on its head . it is kept close to its mother for warmth and nursed for about a year . the infant lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about 8 years and until they are ready to go off on their own and find a mate . gibbon families are usually very closely linked and they stay close together when traveling . if threatened in their territories , the gibbon female will sing and scream while the male chases off the intruder , usually with a lot of noise and crashing through branches .
the silvery gibbon has already lost 98 % of its original habitat and the pressure on the remaining forest is extreme . only an estimated 400 to 3000 silvery gibbons now exist in some 21 discontinuous forest patches . the current fragmented sub - populations are not sufficiently large to be considered evolutionally viable and will require active conservation management for long term survival . ex situ breeding programmes established under an international studbook ( 1991 ) also have a vital role to play in the survival of the species . currently only a few silvery gibbons are held in zoos outside indonesia in coordinated breeding programmes . these zoos participate also in in situ conservation projects . it is highly recommended that indonesia establish such programmes within its zoos .
bornean white - bearded gibbon : 19 , 000 individuals ( buckley , 2004 ; buckley et al . 2006 )
high in the treetops of the scattered remains of the island of java ' s rainforests , a silvery gibbon female sings a morning song before she and her family move off to spend the day foraging for fruit . her hauntingly plaintive song can be heard over a distance of almost one mile ( 1500 m ) .
silvery gibbons travel by swinging from branch to branch , using their long fingers to hook the branches as they swing forward for the next branch . at times , their swings are so powerful that it allows them to be completely airborne and reach greater distances in one swing . silvery gibbons are able to walk on the ground if they need to and they can walk on two legs , holding their arms up above their heads to help balance . in each familys territory , there are trees that are used for specific purposes , like sleeping and calling . silvery gibbons repeatedly use the same trees for these activities .
lar gibbon ( h . lar , 5 subspecies , yunnan , eastern myanmar , thailand , malay peninsula , sumatra )
the gibbon species survival plan ® manages the genetic and demographic health and oversees the care of gibbons in aza zoos .
geissmann , t . 2006b . gibbon systematics and species identification . gibbons . de . retrieved april 13 , 2006 .
in the distinctive gibbon - song of this species , females sing the lead to advertise their territory for all to hear .
geissmann , t . 2006a . hoolock gibbons get a new genus name . gibbon journal . retrieved march 12 , 2007 .
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is currently listed as critically endangered on the 2007 iucn red list of threatened species . habitat destruction on densely populated java continues to reduce the natural range of the species . many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade , when adult gibbons are slaughtered so that their babies can be sold in the markets as pets . it is estimated that only 4 % of their original native habitat is still available to the species . they are , of course , in danger from poachers who sell their meat , pelts and take the babies for pets . several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs . despite these efforts , the future survival of this species is in question .
the silvery gibbon weighs about 6 kg ( 13 lb ) . it is found in lowland , hill and montane forests and eats mostly fruit and leaves . . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion . in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , gibbons were seen on three occasions : a single adult , two adults and a group of seven . an average group size of 3 . 3 individuals has been reported . the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java . it has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains . remaining populations occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java .
the taxonomy of the gibbons has changed in recent years ( geissmann , 1995 ) . in the past all gibbon species were considered
gibbons it is generally accepted that there are 16 to 17 gibbon species in the family hylobatidae . they are divided into four groups ( genera ) : hylobates , hoolock , symphalangus , and nomascus . click here for a list of all the individual gibbon species .
5 / 1 / 94 .
gibbon fact sheet
( on - line ) . accessed september 12 , 1999 at urltoken .
description : javan gibbons have a fluffy appearance because of their very dense and long silvery - grey fur . they have very long forelimbs , long fingers and shorter thumbs which make them great brachiators ( use their arms to swing between branches ) .
müller´s bornean gibbon : 250 , 000 - 375 , 000 individuals ( meijaard & nijman ( unpubl . data ) , cf . iucn redlist )
gibbon groups are usually small , consisting of the mated pair , an infant and a juvenile , making the average group size about four individuals .
the silvery gibbon is found in lowland , hill and montane forests . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . although 1600 m is considered to be the upper limit of the species , it has been reported from altitudes up to 2400 ' . ( kool 1992 ; nijman & van balen 1998 )
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thomas geissmann ' s gibbon research lab . : an introduction to systematics , classification , taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons or small apes ( hylobatidae )
asquith , n . m . ( 1995 ) javan gibbon conservation : why habitat protection is crucial . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 63 - 65 .
geissmann ( 2006a ) noted that it was determined that the molecular distances among these four subgenera are in the same range as seen between humans and chimpanzees , which are in their own genera , and thus the gibbon subgenera should be raised to the genus rank . this has now become widespread . furthermore , the former extant subgroup bunopithecus , whose only living member was the hoolock gibbon , was replaced by the genus hoolock . the bunopithecus sericus is an extinct gibbon or gibbon - like ape that , until recently , was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons ( mootnick and groves 2005 ) .
the javan gibbon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 7 ) .
the silvery gibbons are known as ‘lesser apes’ . lesser apes differ from great apes ( chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans and humans ) in being smaller and pair - bonded , in not making nests , and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do .
did you know ? that all gibbon species are monogamous ? family groups consist of mated pair and offspring . they establish small , stable home ranges which they will defend .
silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) * family : hylobatidae , * genus : hylobates , * species : h . moloch , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : primates , * size : 45 - 64 cm , * type : mammal , * diet : herbivore , * average life span in the wild : about 10 to 20 years , * weight : reach 8 kg , * * hylobates moloch is a primate in the hylobatidae or gibbon family . their skin is bluish grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap . more info : urltoken or urltoken or http : / / animaldiversity . ummz . umich . edu . . .
mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
hardly any behavioral data are available for the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , an endangered primate that is endemic to the island of java , indonesia . we studied the singing behavior of the easternmost population of this species in the dieng mountains , central java , in 1998 - 1999 . we aimed to document the timing of singing , quantify the amount of singing by the respective sexes , and explore the role of bioacoustics in density estimation . a total of 122 song bouts in at least 12 groups were monitored . no duet songs were heard . most of the song bouts ( 91 . 5 % ) were female solo song bouts or female scream bouts . in contrast to an earlier study on the westernmost population of silvery gibbons , during which few if any male songs were heard , at least 8 . 5 % of the song bouts in our study were male solo song bouts . they were significantly longer in duration than the female songs . all male song bouts uttered before dawn ( 0520 hr ) were produced in a chorus fashion , with at least three individuals participating . choruses occurred about once every 8 . 5 days , and lasted longer and occurred earlier than female solo song bouts . most male songs ( 60 % ) started between 0355 - 0440 hr , when it was still dark . all female songs , in contrast , started after 0500 hr , and female singing activity peaked around 0600 . regular male singing , male chorusing , and regular predawn singing have not previously been reported for silvery gibbons . similarly separated periods of male and female solo songs and the absence of duetting have been observed in kloss ' s gibbons ( h . klossii ) on the mentawai islands , and may represent synapomorphies shared by both species . the pronounced individual - specific song characteristics of silvery gibbons allow accurate mapping of groups . the density of gibbons at our study site was established to be 1 . 9 - 3 . 7 groups / km2 , corresponding to 6 . 7 - 13 . 1 individuals / km2 . we reassess the suitability of gibbon songs as a means of estimating the density and size of gibbon populations , and discuss the proximate causes for the absence of duetting in silvery gibbons .
↑ mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
most species are threatened or endangered , most importantly from degradation or loss of their forest habitat . gibbon species include the siamang , the white - handed or lar gibbon , and the hoolock gibbons . the siamang , which is the largest of the 13 species , is distinguished by having two fingers on each hand stuck together , hence the generic and species names symphalangus and syndactylus .
for example , in the traditional classification of groves ( 1997 ) , the black - crested gibbon was listed as hylobates concolor . in more recent classifications , it is listed as nomascus concolor .
in a study of the silvery gibbon in gunung halimun reserve in western java , a group density of 2 . 6 groups / sq km ( 6 . 8 groups / sq mi ) was derived . using a reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , density , within the altitudinal range censused in gunung halimun ( 700 - 1075 m ( 2300 - 3500 ' ) ) , was determined as 8 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 22 individuals / sq mi ) . this is higher than a previous estimate of 2 - 7 individuals / sq km ( 5 - 20 individuals / sq mi ) for hill rain forest ( 500 - 1000 m altitude ( 1600 - 3300 ' altitude ) ) ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . at higher elevations , the density of the silvery gibbon is lower and has been estimated at 1 - 3 individuals / sq km ( 3 - 8 individuals / sq mi ) for lower montane forest ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . ( kool 1992 )
the silvery or javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) has long fluffy silver - grey fur ( 2 ) , with darker markings on the chest and cap ( 4 ) . it has long arms and legs , long fingers and reduced thumbs , all of which are adaptations for brachiation ( swinging through the trees from arm to arm ) ( 2 ) . males produce simple ‘hoot’ calls , whilst the calls of females are more variable , ending in a ‘bubble’ . ( 4 ) . both sexes also give a ‘scream’ alarm call ( 8 ) .
the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java ( nijman & van balen 1998 ) . they occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java . many of these smaller populations are considered non - viable in the long term . although recent discoveries show that the central javan population may be larger than previously assumed , population estimates still suggest that intervention will be necessary in order to conserve the species . ( gates 2002 )
the available data on gibbons show no birth seasonality . a mated gibbon pair will produce an average of 5 to 6 offspring over their reproductive lifespan of about 10 to 20 years . like most primates ,
this taxon is monotypic ( geissman et al . 2002 ; t . geissmann pers . comm . ) , although it has been suggested that there is evidence for two genetically distinct silvery gibbon populations ( andayani et al . 2001 ) , leading to the subsequent recognition of two subspecies by several authors ( hilton - taylor 2000 , supriatna 2006 , supriatna and wahyono 2000 ) , a recent review of the molecular evidence and a comparison of morphological and vocal data casts doubt on this claim ( geissman et al . 2002 , t . geissmann pers . comm . ) .
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous . they live in small family groups of mated pairs and several sub - adult offspring . of all the apes , only singing primates are monogamous . territories of neighboring groups overlap at their borders and are defended by the great calls of the females and the aggressive charges of the male . groups will not contest the common zone unless both groups arrive at a fruiting tree at the same time . the offspring will not join in , but will watch intently as their parents call and scream , and crash through the tree tops .
this section offers a comprehensive review of gibbon systematics . parts of the following text have previously been published in the following papers , but the text has been ( and continues being ) updated for the web version .
inhabits tropical lowland , hill and montane rainforests ( 3 ) between sea level and 1500 metres ( 2 ) . the javan gibbon shows a preference for taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion ( 3 ) .
the historical deforestation that affected java in colonial times still maintains an overriding presence on the landscape , effectively restricting the arboreal silvery gibbon to continuous tracks of forest around mountain and volcano tops . however , habitat disturbance today is relatively slow , and populations of gibbons , while isolated , are substantial in size . wildlife trade exerts an as yet un - quantified effect on hylobates moloch ( nijman 2005 ) . populations seem to have become more or less stabilized in recent years as overall loss of habitat reached a climax some time ago . though habitat loss continues , it is at a much slower rate today .
asquith , n . , martarinza , m . and sinaga , r . m . ( 1995 ) the javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) : status and conservation recommendations . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 1 - 14 .
castle - smith , emma : investigation into acoustic variation in javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) vocalisations . master ' s thesis , university of plymouth , england . e - mail : emma . castle - smith @ urltoken
homepage of yoichi inoue e . g . behavioral observations on wild gray gibbons ( hylobates muelleri ) in northern borneo and study on the cognitive development of a young white - handed gibbon ( h . lar ) . urltoken
lar gibbon : 15 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals in indonesia , malaysia and myanmar , probably extinct in china ( geissmann et al . 2006 ; guo & wang 1995 ; lan & wang 2000 ; boonratana 1997 )
threats and conservation nearly all gibbon species are classified as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) . some species have been reduced to a few hundred individuals . the major threats to gibbons include habitat loss and destruction due to logging , clearing of land for agriculture , palm oil plantations and other forms of human development . hunting for food and for the pet trade is also having a negative impact on wild gibbon populations .
clarke , e . , u . h . reichard , and k . zuberbühler . 2006 . the syntax and meaning of wild gibbon songs . plos one 1 ( 1 ) : e73 . retrieved january 18 , 2007 .
in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , assuming the same reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group as mentioned above ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , the density of silvery gibbons was estimated to be 3 . 0 - 3 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 7 . 8 - 9 . 4 individuals / sq mi ) ( nijman & van balen 1998 )
from 1994 - 2002 , nijman ( 2004 ) assessed the entirety of the silvery gibbon’s population in its known areas of occurrence by using fixed - point counts and forest transect walks , as well as by a review of literature . their presence was detected by listening for gibbon song , and affirmed by local park officers and residents . he estimates that between 4 , 000–4 , 500 individuals remain in over 15 different locations . over 95 % of the gibbons are in populations of more than 100 individuals , and the four largest areas support populations of more than 500 individuals each ( nijman 2004 ) . asquith ( 2001 ) reported that in 1995 nine local populations had gone extinct , though nijman found two of these locales to still harbor silvery gibbons . this is attributed to the effects of habitat disturbance and low population density on calling frequency , and suggests an under - representation of gibbon abundance and number of remaining populations ( nijman 2004 ) . small populations of the species are likely to go extinct ; however , this will not impact the overall population estimate in the immediate future ( nijman pers . comm . ) . median population density ranges are 2 . 7 groups / km 2 or 9 . 0 individuals / km 2 in lowland forest ( < 500 m ) , 2 . 6 groups / km 2 or 8 . 6 individuals / km 2 for hill forest ( 500 - 1 , 000 m ) , and 0 . 6 groups / km 2 or 1 . 5 individuals / km 2 for lower montane forest ( 1000 - 1 , 750 m ) ( geissmann and nijman 2006 ; nijman 2004 ) .
the western black crested gibbon occurs in southwestern china , northwestern laos and nothern vietnam . only few relict populations still occur in this region , and only about 1 ' 300 - 2 ' 000 individuals survive . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
the javan gibbon has undergone a dramatic population decline principally as a result of habitat destruction ( 6 ) , and also from the trapping of juveniles for the pet trade ( 2 ) . the native forests of java have been cleared for logging , agriculture and development , and the species has declined to fewer than 1 , 000 individuals over the last 25 years ( 4 ) . this gibbon appears to be on the very brink of extinction with only a handful of isolated viable populations remaining ( 6 ) .
the hainan crested gibbon only occurs on the island of hainan in the south - chinese sea . as in all crested gibbons ( genus nomascus ) the fur of adult males is black , that of adult females is yellowish . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . about 25 indiviudals of this species survive in the bawangling national nature reserve , i . e . in the last forest where this species is known to occur . this gibbon is , therefore , the rarest primate species of the world .
there are some protected forest areas , but often they are poorly managed and wildlife laws are not enforced effectively . rural poverty and lack of awareness of the threats facing the gibbons and their forests are additional causes for inadequate gibbon protection . lack of information is not just a local problem - the threats faced by the gibbons are largely unknown on an international level . their current status is extremely alarming ( see below ) , for example the rarest species of ape in the world is the hainan crested gibbon , of which there are less than 30 individuals remaining .
vocal communication is prevalent in all gibbon species . mated pairs use duets to mark their territory and announce their presence to conspecifics . in addition to vocalizations , gibbons use facial expressions and body postures in communication . tactile communication is of some importance between mates , as well as between parents and their offspring .
aisquith 2001 , burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , gates 2002 , gibbon research lab , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kids ecol . corps , kool 1992 , macdonald 1984 , nijman & van balen 1998 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , schuhmacher 1967
cheyne , susan m . : gibbon behaviour , feeding ecology and sociobiology . the orangutan tropical peatland project , cimtrop , kampus unpar , tanjung nyaho , jalan yos sudarso , palangka raya , central kalimantan , indonesia , 73112 . study site : sebangau national park , central kalimantan . project website : urltoken project blog : urltoken
like all gibbon genera hylobates are threatened with extinction and iucn states that the population trend of all hylobates species is negative . their classification as “endangered” indicates a reduction in population size of more than 50 % in the last 45 years ( 3 generations ) and also shows that populations are expected to decline further in the near future .
pileated gibbon : perhaps more than 35 , 000 in cambodia , smaller population in lao pdr , 13 , 000 - 14 , 000 in thailand ( traeholt et al . 2005 ; duckworth et al . 1999 ; tunhikorn et al . 1994 ; brockelman & srikosamatara 1993 ; phoonjampa & brockelman unpub . data ( cf . iucn redlist ) )
hylobates means
dweller in the trees
. silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . their diet consists mainly of fruit , although it will also eat flowers and young leaves . they need a wide variety of tree species which will fruit at different times of the year to support them . they spend their day on the move , foraging through their territory , sometimes stopping to eat at a tree with fruit . they move quietly through the canopy , the only sign that they are there is a moving branch or a piece of falling fruit .
gibbons produce amazing songs that can be heard up to 2 miles away . these songs are the most complex of all land mammals and are thought to be used to establish territory boundaries as well as for attracting a mate . mated pairs also sing together in beautiful duets that can advertise and even strengthen their bond . gibbon pairs can be identified by their particular song .
the silvery gibbons are small apes , weighing 13 pounds ( 6 kg ) , have no tail , and are known as lesser apes . they have long arms and fingers , and lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . their dense , silver - grey fur is quite long , giving them a fluffy look . both males and females have the same coloring . a white or light grey fringe surrounds their rather dark face , and both have a dark gray to black cap .
the eastern black crested gibbons only survives in one forest area extending from northeastern vietnam ( cao bang province ) to neigbouring china ( guangxi province ) . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . only about 100 individuals survive in the last piece of remaining habitat . this gibbon is , therefore , the second - rarest primate species of the world .
they are masters of brachiation , swinging from branch to branch for airborne distances of up to 15 meters ( 50 ft ) and achieving speeds as high as 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) . they can also walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance . one unique aspect of gibbon physiology is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands .
the northern white - cheeked crested gibbon is distributed in northern vietnam and northern laos . it orignally occured in the southernmost part of china ' s yunnan province , too , but became extinct there around the year 2000 . although no population estimate is available for this species , it is continuously disapearing from one known locality of its distribution area after another . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
silvery gibbons have small , stable territories of about 42 acres ( 17 ha ) and the female will sing her song bout several times during the day to declare their territory . she will climb to the top of one of several singing trees to give her great call . the male of the mated pair will sit quietly , scanning the surrounding forest for intruders , while a sub - adult female may join her mother in a softer , high - pitched voice . strangers , hearing the great call of the resident female , hurry off in the opposite direction . if spotted , it is the resident male ' s duty to chase them off with a great show of crashing branches and incessant loud single screams .
this species is endangered . the biggest threat to gibbons is deforestation of the tropical rainforests . habitats are disappearing at an astonishing rate due to logging and agricultural demands . without a sufficient range , gibbon species , along with other tropical species , are finding it much harder to exist . in an effort to help save these primates , reserves and parks are created , but there is no conservation program specifically for
several gibbon species are threatened by imminent extinction in the very near future . gibbons not only include the most endangered apes but also the most endangered primate species of the world . the main reasons for this are habitat loss and degradation , hunting and illegal trade . preservation of the tropical forest is imperative to gibbon survival - if it disappears , so do the gibbons . in china , for instance , the gibbons have already lost 99 % of their habitat . in addition , they are hunted for food and for use in local medicine . also , the illegal pet trade is thriving across the whole of southeast asia . young gibbons are popular pets , but in order to obtain a young animal , its mother must be shot down from the tree tops . often both mother and infant are killed in this process .
the major threats to the gibbons are deforestation , habitat loss and hunting . habitat is greatly reduced by deforestation and drainage of swamps ; and coffee , oil palm , rubber and other crop plantations are all expanding industries . the rising price of coffee at the end of the 1990´s led to the increased development of coffee plantations and this aggravated the decline of the agile gibbon in sumatra . agricultural conversion and infrastructural development in general have led to the building of roads , even in protected areas , and also to the creation of new human settlements . consequently forest clearing takes place , leading to defragmentation and strip building , while simultaneously increasing access for hunters into gibbon habitat . gibbons are hunted for subsistence and also for illegal trade in the pet market ( especially young animals ) and this results in a loss of mature individuals , further exacerbating the problem .
one unique aspect of gibbon physiology contributing significantly to its remarkable brachiation capabilities is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands . their fur is usually black , gray , or brownish , often with white markings on hands , feet , and face . some species have an enlarged throat sac , which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call . this structure is enormous in a few species , equaling the size of the animal ' s head .
gibbons reach maturity at approximately 6 - 8 years of age . they produce offspring about once every two to three years after a gestation period of 7 to 8 months . females generally give birth to a single offspring . infants have the ability to cling to their mothers immediately after birth , which allows females complete range of motion while moving through the forest . males of most gibbon species will participate in caring for the offspring once they are weaned .
gibbon taxonomy has undergone a number of revisions in recent years . traditionally , they have been placed in the genus hylobates as can be seen in the taxonomies of groves ( 1997 ) , goodman ( 1999 ) , wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) , nowark and walker ( 1991 ) , and napier and napier ( 1985 ) . goodman ( 1999 ) further separated the siamangs into their own genus , symphalangus , but the other taxonomies all included the siamangs in the genus hylobates .
in light of the status of this species in the wild , a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation workshop was conducted in 1997 hosted by conservation international and the university of indonesia ( 2 ) . it was agreed that a rescue and rehabilitation centre was needed and education programmes were proposed ( 5 ) . currently , the only viable protected population is found within the gunung halimun national park ; if this attractive primate is to survive it is vital that protection both within the park and in other areas is increased ( 6 ) .
gibbon skulls resemble those of the great apes , with very short rostra , enlarged braincases , and large orbits that face forward . gibbons have the typical nose of catarrhine primates with nostrils that are close together and face forward and slightly downward . they lack cheek pouches and their stomach is not sacculated . their teeth also are similar to the great apes , with molars that are bunodont and lack lophs . the upper molars usually have a cingulum , which is sometimes large . the canines are prominent but not sexually dimorphic . the dental formula is :
javan gibbons have been protected throughout their range by indonesian law since 1924 , and are listed under cites appendix i . three of the 15 locales that support the largest populations of silvery gibbons surveyed by nijman are in national parks , while five are part of , or the entirety of , so - called “strict nature reserves” . the remaining seven locales are unprotected ; approximately half of the remaining populations collectively reside here . in the interest of this species , it is these areas that require some level of increased protection ( nijman 2004 ) . the second largest population of this species ( for example in the dieng mountains ) is not in a protected area . in 2003 , 56 javan gibbons were maintained at eight indonesian zoos , 15 at four indonesian wildlife rescue centers , with five potential breeding pairs . there is no evidence that the species has bred successfully in captivity in indonesia . outside the range country , 48 javan gibbons were maintained at ten institutions in nine countries , with six breeding pairs . the total ex - situ population is some 120 individuals , the majority of which are wild - caught ( nijman 2006 ) .
the protection status of the seven species and their habitats is very different . there are a number of protected areas but not all populations live within these areas and the actual level of protection and law enforcement , especially in remote areas , is questionable ( cf . threads ) . multiple actions are necessary to halt the decline of the hylobates populations . firstly , management of protected areas needs to be improved and conservation activities must be enlarged to control logging ( legal and illegal ) and development activities in protected areas . further , better land management should be implemented , for example community based management programs together with educational efforts could help to change the hunting behaviour of local villagers and to better integrate human needs and habitat protection . gibbon breeding centres have also been suggested as a way to increase population numbers . survey efforts are also of great importance since one of the current issues is a lack of survey data and reliable population estimates . these data could also be used to help establish public awareness campaigns and inform the broader public about the alarming situation of the hylobates .
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1994 : systematik der gibbons . zeitschrift des kölner zoo 37 , 65 - 77 .
, 1 species ) . a key for the identification of adult gibbons based on visual characteristics is presented , together with distribution maps of all recognised species . a detailed description of fur colour variation and colour photographs of all species are presented in the
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justification : listed as endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals , there is an observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals , and no subpopulation contains more than 250 mature individuals . the change in status from critically endangered to endangered reflects the availability of better information and does not suggest that the threats have decreased ; in fact , threats continue to increase but do not yet reach the level necessary to be classified as critically endangered . there is concern about the legal status of the largest populations ; this species , therefore , should be periodically reassessed so that current status and persistent threats are monitored .
hylobates moloch is endemic to java ( indonesia ) . it is mostly confined to java’s western provinces ( banten and west java ) , but is also present in central java ( as far east as the dieng mountains ) .
hylobates moloch resides in floristically rich patches of relatively undisturbed lowland to lower montane rainforest mostly below 1 , 600 m , but sometimes up to 2 , 000–2 , 400 m ( nijman 2004 ) . it can also tolerate moderately disturbed forest . the species is strictly arboreal and diurnal , and mainly frugivorous ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . home ranges in ujung kulon cover about 17 ha ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . inter - birth intervals in wild gibbons are typically 3 - 3 . 5 years ( leighton 1987 ; palombit 1992 ) , and age of sexual maturity and / or the age of dispersal in wild gibbons is about 8 - 10 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 ; geissmann 1991 ) , but the age at first reproduction may be about 10 - 12 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 )
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352