zebras ( / ˈzɛbrə / zeb-rə or / ˈziːbrə / zee-brə ) are several species of african equids ( horse family ) united by their distinctive black and white striped coats .

their stripes come in different patterns , unique to each individual .

they are generally social animals that live in small harems to large herds .

unlike their closest relatives , horses and donkeys , zebras have never been truly domesticated .

there are three species of zebras : the plains zebra , the mountain zebra and the grévy 's zebra .

the plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus hippotigris , but grévy 's zebra is the sole species of subgenus dolichohippus .

the latter resembles an ass , to which it is closely related , while the former two are more horse-like .

all three belong to the genus equus , along with other living equids .

the unique stripes of zebras make them one of the animals most familiar to people .

they occur in a variety of habitats , such as grasslands , savannas , woodlands , thorny scrublands , mountains , and coastal hills .

however , various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations , in particular hunting for skins and habitat destruction .

grévy 's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered .

while plains zebras are much more plentiful , one subspecies , the quagga , became extinct in the late 19th century – though there is currently a plan , called the quagga project , that aims to breed zebras that are phenotypically similar to the quagga in a process called breeding back .

zebra

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some experts say that there are three species of zebras — grevy ' s zebra , plains zebra and mountain zebra — and that hartmann ' s zebra is a subspecies of mountain zebra . other experts say hartmann ' s zebra is a separate species .
s zebra is about 13 months , one month longer than other species of zebra .
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male zebra finches have red bills ; female zebra finches have orange bills . male zebra finches also have more striking colors , like bright orange cheek patches
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, mountain zebra equus zebra , and grevy ' s zebra equus grevyi . they all have black and white stripes that set them apart from other equidaes .
the plains zebra , also known as the common zebra , is the most abundant of three species of zebra , inhabiting the grasslands of eastern and southern africa .
each species of zebra has its own conservation status . according to the iucn ' s red list of threatened species , the plains zebra is not endangered , while the mountain zebra is considered vulnerable and the grevy ' s zebra is endangered . the red list also lists hartmann ' s zebra ( as a subspecies of mountain zebra ) as vulnerable .
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the grevy’s zebra ( equus grevyi ) is also called the ‘imperial zebra’ . the grevy’s zebra is the largest species of zebra and is found in kenya , somalia and ethiopia in eastern africa . in certain regions of kenya , the plains zebras and grevy’s zebras coexist ( live together ) . the grevy’s zebra was the first zebra to emerge as a species .
zebras having narrower stripes and white undersides , while the common zebra has broad stripes that cover its entire body . the grevy ' s zebra is not only the largest of the zebra
resembling the stripes of a zebra ; having stripes running along the sides : as , the zebra markings on certain spiders .
zebra are found in increasingly isolated regions and their numbers continue to fall throughout their natural ranges . the common zebra is an
s mountain zebra of namibia . the cape mountain zebra has a dewlap under the lower jaw , which other zebras do not have .
s zebra and the cape mountain zebra are both endangered . as of 2003 , there were from 3 , 000 to 3 , 500 grevy
all about zebra hybrids - this site from the american donkey and mule society ( adms ) contains information and pictures about zebras and zebra hybrids .
several other species of zebra are threatened or endangered , such as grevy ' s zebra ( equus grevyi ) in kenya , ethiopia , and somalia ; hartmann ' s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) in angola and namibia ; and the mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in south africa . the cape mountain zebra has adapted to life on sheer mountain slopes and ravines where usually only wild goats and sheep can survive . in 1964 , only about 25 mountain zebra could be found in the area , but after two decades of protection , the population had increased to several hundred in cradock national park in the cape province ' s great karroo area .
the only data on plains zebra from rwanda are from a 2013 aerial survey that estimated 999 plains zebra in akagera national park ( african parks website ) . it is unlikely that there are many plains zebra outside this protected area .
black and white stripes make the zebra one of the most recognizable animals in the world . the plains zebra , also known as the common zebra , is the most abundant of three species of zebra , inhabiting the grasslands of eastern and southern africa . the other two species are grevy’s zebras and mountain zebras .
s zebra ( e . burchelli granti ) has wide rump stripes , the chapmann
s zebra had reddish brown stripes , and became extinct in the early 1900s .
3 before we can spray , we need to sand down the zebra stripes .
each zebra has a unique stripe pattern , like a person ' s fingerprint .
zebra in the grasslands of the serengeti at dawn in tanzania , east africa .
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if you would like to help the plains zebra , you can donate to the african wildlife foundation , whose initiatives help preserve critical zebra habitat and wildlife corridors .
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please share your feedback , favorite zebra facts and observations via the comments below .
why is it so hard to tame the zebra ? survival of the fittest .
for grevy’s zebra ( equus grevyi ) in kenya ( 2012 - 2016 ) .
with the headline : finding a way to put a zebra in your tank .
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six races occur , including grants zebra ( serengeti - mara ) , burchell’s zebra ( southern africa ) , and crawshay’s zebra ( malawi and parts of zambia ) . adults stand up to 1 . 3m at the shoulder and weigh up to 350kg .
so long as i am not called zebra , i really don ' t mind .
first , zebra is able to detect and correct photometric offsets in the input catalogue .
grevy ' s zebra is the largest of the zebras and has the narrowest stripes .
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in this post we will look at the world of the zebra in the wild .
help our zebra find his stripes ! a whimsical song by little angel . subscribe for more videos : urltoken educational kids show . popular songs for children . lyrics : help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . are they here ? are they here ? help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . have you seen them ? oh my ! cheetah is so fast ! help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . mr turtle , have you seen them ? yes , yes , they went that way ! and mr skunk , have you . . ? oh my ! that ' s really stinky ! mr skunk that ' s really stinky ! will i ever find my stripes ? help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . i wonder if they are in this big puddle of water . . oh ! the water ' s washed off the mud ! there were my stripes all along ! i found them ! guys i found them ! ! ! animation by : lou rigoudy : urltoken music & lyrics by : ben rawles : urltoken jemma johnson : urltoken copyright 2016 valnet
s zebra has only faint shadow stripes between the black stripes . a subspecies known as the
s zebra is protected in a game reserve in kenya . there are about 1 , 200 cape mountain zebras , most of which live in mountain zebra national park in south africa .
not all wristbands are created equal . discover why the country’s top hospitals use zebra wristbands .
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once a zebra got its leg broke in swinging one of the big poles in place .
sisal is a sort of small oxen striped like a zebra and spotted like a leopard .
to gain the nutrition that it needs to survive . the majority of the zebra ' s
the mountain zebra is considered vulnerable because its population is low and susceptible to decreasing . according to the iucn , the mountain zebra has a population of only around 9 , 000 adults .
while attempts at domestication have failed , some individuals have had success training and even hybridizing zebras ! common zebra hybrids : zorse ( horse + zebra ) and zonkey ( donkey + zebra ) . zebra hybridization has actually been in existence at least a century . one of the pioneers in the field was j . c . ewart , author of the penycuik experiments in 1899 .
if a zebra passes or attempts to pass another zebra that is more dominant than themselves then they will be bitten or kicked ferociously by the more dominant animal . passing is a challenge .
the sustained decline in grevy’s zebra numbers and range has been a major concern to stakeholders in grevy’s zebra conservation in kenya . it was recognised that the conservation of grevy’s zebra and its semi - arid ecosystem in kenya and ethiopia will require commitment and coordination among all stakeholders to ensure the future survival of this species . this led to the formation of a grevy’s zebra task force in 2004 chaired by the kenya wildlife service to coordinate grevy’s zebra conservation efforts in kenya . a major output of its meetings was the need to develop a national grevy’s zebra conservation strategy . the task force has since evolved into the grevy’s zebra technical committee which provides guidance to ongoing and proposed grevy’s zebra research and conservation efforts . the following organisations sit on the technical committee :
zebra , in medical terminology , refers to a rare condition or situation . it can refer to either the patient with the condition or the condition itself . ( e . g . :
this guy has a real zebra
or
this guy ' s a zebra
)
feature facts : subtle variations in a zebra ' s stripes allow each individual to be recognized .
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always after , the colts of those mares bore the marks of the zebra on their skins .
mark the zebra stripes round his legs , miss ; and the black stripe on his backbone .
others , such as the zebra , remain for a lifetime possessed of their original savage nature .
balakrishnan c , et al . gene duplication and fragmentation in the zebra finch major histocompatibility complex .
the grevy’s zebra have long heads and necks and a bristly mane running from the top of its head , downwards to the top of its back . the grevy’s zebra is tall compared to the other zebra species and also differs from the other species with its primitive characteristics and different behaviour .
learn how the saint louis zoo is conserving the grevy ' s zebra in kenya and ethiopia .
bhoora , r . , buss , p . , guthrie , a . j . , penzhorn , b . l . , & collins , n . e . ( 2010 ) . genetic diversity of piroplasms in plains zebra ( equus quagga burchellii ) and cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in south africa . veterinary parasitology , 174 ( 1 ) , 145 - 149 . urltoken
in order to get them to draw a carriage , rothschild must have realized something important about wild zebra behavior . zebra herds are made up of groups of females and young with one adult male .
penzhorn , b . l .
equus zebra .
mammalian species no . 314 , 1988 .
but this doesn ' t mean the zebra stripes mystery has finally been solved , according to larison .
the plains zebra is the most abundant and the smallest of the three zebra species . some subspecies have a stripe pattern different from all others : brownish “shadow” stripes between the black stripes on their coat .
the lighthouse is striped with black and white bars , like a zebra , and we entered it .
this is very much like the zebra in size , shape , and in fact everything except colour .
but with the power and resilience of a zebra . as with other cross - breed offspring though ,
relationship between total expression levels and tissue specificity in expression ( τ ) for zebra finch immune genes .
stapley j , birkhead tr , burke t , slate j . a linkage map of the zebra finch
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the study , published in the journal plos one , found stripes are not used for camouflage , or a means of breaking up the outline of the zebra to make it less conspicuous , as at the point at which predators can see zebra stripes they will already have heard or smelled the zebra prey .
male grevy’s zebra are highly territorial and mark their territories with urine and piles of dung called ‘middens’ . male grevy’s zebra usually live solitary in their territories until females pass through during mating season . the male grevy’s zebra differs from other zebras in mating behaviour as other zebra species form harems that remain in the males territory all year round . non - territorial males travel together in groups of 7 or 8 .
penzhorn , b . 1982 . habitat selection by cape mountain zebras in the mountain zebra national park .
zebra and other african game evolved characteristics to help them survive one of the harshest environments on earth .
learn more about the grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife by visiting the saint louis zoo .
zebra dung contains a special bacterium that is capable of breaking down cellulose and converting it to biofuel .
there are several subspecies of the common zebra , distinguishable by the pattern of stripes on the rump . grant
contrary to popular belief , zebra stripes are not for camouflage , a university of calgary study has found .
unlike humans , animals don ' t see very well — including lions , hyenas and other zebra predators .
a zebra ' s eyesight at night is thought to be about as good as that of an owl .
plains zebra were likely eradicated from south - western mozambique during 22 years of war ( 1964 - 1974 ; 1980 - 1992 ) . between 2002 and 2008 , 1361 zebra were ( re - ) introduced to the western section of the newly created limpopo national park ( lnp ) , from the adjoining kruger national park ( knp ) in south africa . subsequent aerial surveys ( 2010 , 2013 ) indicate a sharp reduction in zebra abundances in lnp and restriction of zebra distribution to the western boundary . recent ground surveys ( 2014 ) documented natural range expansion of zebra into central lnp . illegal hunting is widespread in lnp and may explain reduced zebra abundances . zebra were not detected in banhine national park during 2004 , 2007 , 2009 and 2014 surveys .
ohio sea grant . 1992 . boaters : take action against zebra mussels . ohsu - fs - 054 .
zebra mussel information system ( zmis ) . 1996 . cd - rom version 3 . 0 , zebra mussel research program , u . s . army corps of engineers , waterways experiment station , vicksburg , ms .
three pelts — an impala , zebra and wildebeest — set up for nighttime observations . ( tim caro )
lemon wc ( 1991 ) fitness consequences of foraging behaviour in the zebra finch . nature 352 : 153–155 .
, and is the largest of the wild horses , characterized by large ears , narrow stripes , and a thick neck . the third species is the mountain zebra ( e . zebra ) found in the hill country of
grevy’s zebra usually mate in august , september and october and produce foals during the rainy seasons . grevy’s zebra mate year - round . gestation of the female zebra lasts 350 – 400 days , with a single foal being born . a newborn zebra will follow anything that moves and therefore , new mothers are highly aggressive towards other mares a few hours after they gave birth . this prevents the foal from acquiring another female as its mother .
s zebra is quite different in both appearance and behavior from the common zebra . it stands about 5 ft ( 1 . 5 m ) tall at the shoulder and weighs about 990 lb ( 450 kg ) . its stripes are very narrow , do not cross over the lower back as they do in the cape mountain zebra .
though they all live in africa , each species of zebra has its own home area . plains zebras live in the treeless grasslands and woodlands of eastern and southern africa . the grevy ' s zebra lives in in the arid grasslands of ethiopia and northern kenya . the mountain zebra is found in south africa , namibia and angola .
s large , rounded ears turn in every direction and are able to pick up the slightest sound . the zebra
zebra ( ze - t & ze2 - t ) zebra ( zurich extragalactic bayesian redshift analyzer feldmann et al . 2006 ) is a freely available , open source photometric redshift code based on a sed template - ﬁtting approach .
and although the common zebra is more widespread and numerous , there have been sharp population declines in certain areas .
lorenzen ed , arctander p , siegsismund hr . high variation and very low differentiation in wide ranging plains zebra (
griffith sc , buchanan kl . the zebra finch : the ultimate australian supermodel . emu . 2010 ; 110 .
in low - nutrient lakes is associated with exotic zebra mussels . limnology and oceanography 49 : 482 - 487 .
zann ra ( 1996 ) the zebra finch ; m . pc , editor . oxford : oxford university press .
throughout history there have been various attempts to domesticate zebra for a number of reasons , both wacky and serious .
as with so many other african species , poaching is a large reason for the reduction . zebra hides can fetch big bucks , and both zebra fat and bone marrow have purported medicinal values in some traditional kenyan medicine practices .
each species of zebra has a different general pattern of stripes . the grevy ' s zebra has very thin stripes . the mountain zebra has vertical stripes on its neck and torso , but horizontal stripes on its haunches . some subspecies of plains zebras have brownish
shadow
stripes between the black stripes , according to the san diego zoo .
©2018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylized zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .
©2018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylised zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .
grevy’s zebra is listed as endangered on the world conservation union’s ( iucn’s ) red list of threatened animals partly due to hunting for its skin , which fetches a high price on the world market . the grevy’s zebra also suffers habitat destruction , human disturbances at water holes and competition with domestic grazing animals . there are estimated to be 1 , 500 – 2 , 000 grevy’s zebra still living in the wild . the grevy’s zebra is however , common in captivity .
ekblom r , balakrishnan cn , burke t , slate j . digital gene expression analysis of the zebra finch genome .
harris , rob .
how much does a fully grown zebra weigh ?
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
we can halter - train your zebra and / or train your horse to do just about anything you can imagine .
the social structure of the grevy’s zebra is well - adapted for the dry and arid scrubland and plains that it primarily inhabits , less for the more lush habitats used by the other zebras . the grevy’s zebra communicates over long distances .
burley nt ( 2006 ) an eye for detail : selective sexual imprinting in zebra finches . evolution 60 : 1076–1085 .
both subspecies of mountain zebra are herbivorous . the primary diet consists of grass but also includes browse . in mznp ,
beyond conditioned - response by rick harper - there is a section on training zebras and zebra hybrids in this paper .
this vision and goal will be achieved through five strategic objectives that focus on mitigating the threats to grevy’s zebra survival , increasing their numbers , and building a solid foundation upon which to sustain grevy’s zebra conservation in the long - term .
smith , r . k . , marais , a . , chadwick , p . , lloyd , p . h . & hill , r . a . ( 2008 ) monitoring and management of the endangered cape mountain zebra equus zebra zebra in the western cape , south africa . african journal of ecology , 46 : 207 - 213 ( pdf )
though the population of the grevy ' s zebra is stable , it is considered endangered because its numbers are so small . the grevy ' s zebra has a population of just 1 , 966 to 2 , 447 , according to iucn .
the researchers collected the trapped flies every two days , and found that the zebra - striped horse model attracted the fewest .
university of calgary anthropologist amanda melin measures the luminance of zebra stripes at the calgary zoo . ( tim caro / ucdavis )
in a paper called the function of zebra stripes , caro found striped animals were more common in areas with biting flies .
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and so rely heavily on the open plains for their survival . although the common zebra has been least affected , all three
a total of 144 chicken–zebra finch immune genes orthologs were found using our manual annotation ( appendix 1 and 2 ) . pairwise
a total of 119 zebra finch–chicken orthologs for immune genes were identified without using any a priori information from automated zebra finch gene predictions . for 95 of these zebra finch–chicken orthologs , gene pairs had also been identified by the automated ensembl gene prediction pipeline . we found a very strong positive correlation between ω values obtained from the manual annotation and those from automated gene prediction (
harris , rob .
how much does a fully grown zebra weigh ?
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / much - fully - grown - zebra - weigh - 2274 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
to learn more about the secrets of zebra ' s stripes and other animals , visit the links on the next page .
caro in a zebra pelt ( top ) and a wildebeest pelt ( above ) . ( photo courtesy of tim caro )
how a stallion will choose his females and how they will mate as well as a few other zebra facts and trivia .
likewise , the iucn says a 2008 study of 17 plains zebra populations that represented five of the six subspecies found very little differentiation among them and concludes that the subspecies splits may be arbitrary . itis , however , lists six subspecies of plains zebra .
harris , rob . ( n . d . ) . how much does a fully grown zebra weigh ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / much - fully - grown - zebra - weigh - 2274 . html
plains zebra ( equus quagga ) is the commonest of africa’s three zebra species and the one familiar to most safari goers . whether it is migrating in thousands across the serengeti , grazing the bushveld of the kruger or crowding the dusty waterholes of etosha .
the kick of a zebra can break a lion’s jaw . they can be savage biters and possess a “ducking” reflex that helps them avoid being caught by lasso . familiarity with human hunter gatherers may also have fostered a strong avoidance response in the zebra .
in many ways , zebra appear very like horses ( or ponies , given their size ) . yet underlying differences in behaviour have meant that while horses and donkeys have been successfully domesticated , the zebra remains predominantly wild . so how did the zebra avoid the load bearing , farm working , fence jumping fate of its cousins ? and which animal ended up with the better deal ?
but the narrower ( and more zebra - like ) the stripes , the less attractive they were to the flies .
is the smallest zebra , standing about 4 ft ( 1 . 2 m ) at the shoulder and weighing about 600 lb ( 272 kg ) . the stripes of the cape mountain zebra are slightly wider and shorter than those of the other subspecies , hartmann
contrary to popular belief , zebra stripes are not for camouflage , a study by scientists at the university of calgary has found .
melin conducted the study with university of california , davis professor tim caro , who has spent his entire career studying zebra stripes .
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here , since zebra participates only in phat0 , it is run in its basic maximum likelihood mode and with the provided templates .
, in contaminant cycling : ii . zebra mussel contaminant accumulation from algae and suspended particles , and transfer to the benthic invertebrate ,
nel , p . j . , bertschinger , h . , williams , j . , & thompson , p . n . ( 2006 ) . descriptive study of an outbreak of equine sarcoid in a population of cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in the gariep nature reserve . journal of the south african veterinary association , 77 ( 4 ) , 184 - 190 . urltoken
mate call as reward : acoustic communication signals can acquire positive reinforcing values during adulthood in female zebra finches ( taeniopygia guttata ) .
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clayton ns ( 1990 ) mate choice and pair formation in timor and australian mainland zebra finches . anim behav 39 : 474–480 .
witte k , caspers b ( 2006 ) sexual imprinting on a novel blue ornament in zebra finches . behaviour 143 : 969–991 .
riebel k ( 2009 ) song and female mate choice in zebra finches : a review . adv stud behav 40 : 197–238 .
galton uses the zebra as an example of an unmanageable species , stating that the dutch boers repeatedly tried to break zebra to harness . although they had some success , the wild , mulish nature of the animals would frequently break out and thwart their efforts .
ultimately , crosses between any species of zebra and a horse , pony , donkey or ass , reffered to as
zebroids
are a preferred method of achieving a patient and willing ridable zebra , a cross - species creation made famous by queen charlotte .
mountain zebras are loated in south western parts of south africa . classification of a zebra mountain zebras are herbivorses they are also consumers . zebras are worm - blooded . facts about zebras zebras are a single - toed hoofed animal . it helps them run faster on hard ground . 5 interesting facts about a mountin zebra in south america there is a project to bring back the qugga an extinct subspecies of the mountain zebra . odd fact zebra ' s kindom : animalia phylum : chordata class : mammalia order : perissodactyla family : equidae genus : equus species : equus zebra there stripes make it hard for a predetor to pick out one zebra to chase . zebras live up to 20 - 30 years old . in a zoo they live up to 40 years when chased , a zebra will zigzag from side to side it makes it more difficult for the predetor to catch them where are they at ? !
one is the
cooling eddy
theory . when air hits a zebra , the currents are stronger and faster over the black parts ( since black absorbs more heat than white ) and slower over the white . at the juncture of these two opposing airflows , little eddies of air may swirl and serve to cool a zebra ' s skin . ( download zebra - stripes desktop wallpaper . )
herds of the common zebra readily mix with herds of wildebeest , but cape mountain zebras tend to keep apart from other animals . hartmann
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schoverling put down another oryx and a zebra , whose flesh the masai delighted in , though it was too tough for the others .
first , there is the true zebra , perhaps the most beautiful of all quadrupeds , and of which no description need be given .
the ﬁrst fasr prototype observation of the zebra pattern radio burst ( chen et al . , 2011 ) is a very promising result .
second , zebra can use spectroscopic redshifts on a small fraction of the photometric sample to iteratively correct the original set of input templates .
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zann ra . the zebra finch : a synthesis of field and laboratory studies . oxford , uk : oxford university press ; 1996 .
however , the common consensus that zebra stripes are used as camouflage to protect them from predators has been refuted in a new study .
so the zebra became our symbol to mean , “sometimes when you hear hoofbeats , it really is a zebra . ” ehlers - danlos syndromes are unexpected because they’re rare . hypermobile spectrum disorders are common , but are unexpected because they remain misdiagnosed or under - diagnosed .
the life span of mountain zebras in the wild is usually 20 or more years . the oldest documented mountain zebra in captivity is an
the quagga project - the quagga project committee is reintroducing the quagga ( an extinct zebra ) back into south africa using hybridization techniques .
making alcohol from sugars is easy ; maybe the third oldest profession in the world . making butanol from zebra droppings is another story .
the manes and tails of zebra are in fact more similar to those of asses ( donkeys ) and reflect the evolutionary history of the genus equus . although horses , assess and zebra all evolved from a common ancestor ( hyracotherium ) which lived in europe and north america around 55m years ago , divergence meant that the zebra and donkey are more closely related to each other than either is to the horse .
with a wild population of about 25 , 000 , the mountain zebra is classified as threatened . the cape mountain zebra came very close to extinction as a result of hunting and competition with domestic cattle . in 1937 , mountain zebra national park was established in south africa , where only 47 cape mountain zebras remained . their numbers have now increased to several hundred , with the majority still in the national park .
which live on rough , rocky highlands , but once also occurred in large numbers in the grassy lowland plains . the cape mountain zebra of
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the zebra , which has always described itself as the kayak of car insurance , has hired a longtime kayak executive as its new ceo .
each species having a characteristic pattern of black or dark - brown stripes on a whitish background : all zebra species are threatened or endangered .
, zebra stallions are known to curl their top lips up which is thought to heighten their sense of smell . this so - called
iucn classification zones concord with , but underestimate , the population genetic structure of the zebra shark stegostoma fasciatum in the indo - west pacific .
each zebra ' s stripes are unique . just as no two human fingerprints are alike , no two zebras have the same stripe pattern .
the grevy’s zebra is considered an endangered species , mainly due to the hunting for its skin which fetches high prices on the world market .
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simpson hb , vicario ds ( 1990 ) brain pathways for learned and unlearned vocalizations differ in zebra finches . j neurosci 10 : 1541–1556 .
i know how to use the send _ ptp block , but i have some doubts about the zebra commands that i need to use .
zann ra ( 1996 ) the zebra finch : a synthesis of field and laboratory studies . oxford , new york : oxford university press .
hey , if you want some zebra poop , show up at the barn with yr boots and gloves . it’s time for spring cleaning !
it might seem like a zebra is a zebra , but there are three different species : plains , mountain , and grevy’s zebras . different zebra species have different types of stripes , from narrow to wide . in fact , the farther south on the african plains you travel , the farther apart the stripes on the zebras get ! the basic form of zebras—a large head , sturdy neck , long legs , a dorsal stripe along the spine and down a tasseled tail , and bristly mane—is universal . no zebra , or other wild equid , has a forelock .
all three species of zebra have bold black and white stripes that stand out among more drab - looking african grazers , like buffalo and antelope , especially against a plain savanna background . and standing out would seem to make a zebra more likely to become a lion ' s lunch .
the endangered grevy’s zebra’s population has been ravaged by anthrax outbreaks , dropping its ranks to an estimated wild population of 2 , 250 . san diego zoo global is a member of the grevy’s zebra trust , an independent wildlife conservation organization in kenya , and our researchers are working with other conservation groups to help preserve the population . as of august 2012 , we ' d had 128 grevy ' s zebra births at our facilities .
with the support of the saint louis zoo and others , the grevy ' s zebra trust ( gzt ) was registered as an independent charitable wildlife conservation trust based in kenya in early 2007 . its mission is to conserve the endangered grevy ' s zebra and its fragile habitat in partnership with communities . it operates in the samburu and marsabit districts of northern kenya and provides technical support to grevy ' s zebra conservation in ethiopa .
to evaluate the automatic gene annotation in ensembl , the ω values for zebra finch–chicken comparisons of immune genes were compared with our manually calculated omega values for the same genes . for the zebra finch immune genes that were annotated without using a priori information from automated zebra finch gene predictions , we downloaded d n and d s values from the ensembl database ( release 54 ) using the biomart web interface ( urltoken ) . for genes with more than one zebra finch ortholog on ensembl , the pair with least sequence difference ( minimum d n + d s ) was selected .
zebras lazy day . by david prescott young zebra . 16 x 20 acrylic / canvas original available price : $ 2 , 500 . 00 usd
the researchers then went a step further , using the two temperature variables to predict the striping patterns of zebra populations not included in the study .
what made you want to look up zebra ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
ma jor predators of zebra , buf falo , kongoni , toki and thomson’s gazelle are hyena , wild dog , lion , leopard and cheetas .
2012 ) . plains zebra are the most abundant wildlife species in this area , yet like all wildlife are experiencing a decline since the 1980s .
klerks , p . l . , p . c . fraleigh , and j . e . lawniczak . 1996 . effects of zebra mussels (
a zebra grazing on the grassy plains gazes at the researchers ' chart used for color - calibrating images . ( tim caro / uc davis )
rutstein an , brazill - boast j , griffith sc ( 2007 ) evaluating mate choice in the zebra finch . anim behav 74 : 1277–1284 .
deerenberg c , overkamp gjf ( 1999 ) hard work impinges on fitness : an experimental study with zebra finches . anim behav 58 : 173–179 .
the recently extinct zebra - like quagga ( e . quagga ) looked like a combination of wild ass and zebra and had a reddish coat and stripes only on the head , neck , and shoulders . the name quagga is derived from the odd bray of this species , which was described as
two allopatric subspecies of mountain zebra have traditionally been recognized , the nominate race e . z . zebra ( cape mountain zebra ) and e . z . hartmannae ( hartmann ' s mountain zebra ) . groves and ryder ( 2000 ) proposed that the two be treated as distinct species , and groves and bell ( 2004 ) presented morphological evidence for separating the two subspecies as distinct species based on the diagnosability criterion of the phylogenetic species concept . recent genetic analyses indicate that the two populations have a high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing ; the hypothesis that cape and hartmann ' s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported . however , the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units ( moodley and hartley 2005 ) . we continue to recognize mountain zebra as a single species comprising two subspecies following penzhorn ( in press ) .
closely related to horses and donkeys , the zebra ( subgenuses hippotigris and dolichohippus ) is best known for its black and white striped body . in fact , zebra stripe patterns are unique to each individual . these stripes are believed to be camouflage devices that help zebras hide well in the grass .
although it appears possible to tame individual zebra , this species was not a good candidate for domestication . in addition to the intractable nature of the zebra and its strong survival instinct , the fact that this species is “lion fodder” may also have made them appear less attractive “partners” to early humans .
speed and accuracy . you need them . zebra excels in them . any type of data . any condition . scan it right . scan it fast . the first time , every time . and that’s just the start . zebra goes beyond the barcode and delivers an unparalleled overall scanning experience , from configuring to deploying , from managing and troubleshooting to utilization and insights . that’s why zebra’s barcode scanners and imagers have led the industry for years .
you can also help conserve grevy ' s zebra by supporting a kenyan boy or girl to attend secondary school . in kenya , the future of the grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife depends on the attitudes of the local people , including the children—the next generation of decision makers for their country . most kenyans cannot afford to attend secondary school ( grades 9 - 12 ) . to increase the education opportunities available and to reinforce the value of conserving grevy ' s zebra to kenyan children and their parents , we offer grevy ' s zebra bursaries , or scholarships . the grevy ' s zebra bursaries pay for the tuition , uniform and board for girls and boys to complete secondary school , thus offering them greater opportunities for their future .
s , or plains zebra ( e . burchelli ) lives throughout much of eastern and southern africa , and is the best - studied species . grevy
a wild zebra in tanzania is photographed with a colorchecker card , used to calibrate image processing software used by researchers . ( tim caro / ucdavis )
) used the large size of giant cape zebra fossils ( estimated 400 kg and 150 cm height at the withers ) to support conspecific status with grevy ' s zebra , the largest extant wild equid . however , skulls are considered to be the best taxonomic indicators for equids at the morphological level (
fanslow , d . l . , t . f . nalepa , and g . a . lang . 1995 . filtration rates of zebra mussels (
caryl pg ( 1976 ) sexual - behavior in zebra finch taeniopygia - guttata - response to familiar and novel partners . animal behaviour 24 : 93–107 .
slater pjb , eales la , clayton ns ( 1988 ) song learning in zebra finches : progress and prospects . adv stud behav 18 : 1–34 .
“the video above shows a pair of zebra ducks concentrating plankton by creating a water vortex . the typical head to tail position can be seen here .
the governments of kenya and ethiopia agreed last week to develop a new action plan to help protect the endangered grevy ' s zebra ( equus grevyi ) , the rarest zebra species and the largest equid species on the planet . the previous five - year conservation strategy for the species expired last year .
the goal is : to ensure increasing populations of grevy’s zebra and work towards fostering ecological , socio - cultural and economic sustainability within their natural range .
contribute to the zoo ' s conservation programs in the horn of africa and help us save the rare zebra and other wildlife . protecting the people and the wildlife in the community areas of the horn of africa is essential to successful conservation . by helping to support the grevy ' s zebra trust ' s scout program , you will help to preserve the last remaining wild populations of the grevy ' s zebra . scout support provides salary , uniforms , vehicles , and equipment—all necessary for the scouts who are working hard every day to create a safe haven for grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife .
the grevy’s zebra is the largest , weighing from 770 to 990 pounds ( 350 to 450 kilograms ) and measuring up to 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) at the shoulder . its thick neck and large , round ears give the grevy’s zebra the most mule - like physique . the grevy’s zebra also has the thinnest stripes , extending all the way down to their white belly ; on the hindquarters the stripes are vertical until above the hind legs .
dark water ( 2015 ) by john banovich zebra herd 9 x 12 limited edition giclee on canvas ltd . edition available price : $ 275 . 00 usd
a new analysis of the plains zebra—the most common species , which ranges from ethiopia to south africa—doesn ' t tease out one theory as the definitive winner .
just as important as opportunities for physical activity , the play area also has a quiet zone that overlooks the lagoon with views of grazing giraffe and zebra .
within the crater rim a daily wildlife drama is played out as large herds of zebra and wildebeest graze nearby lions , leopards , elephants and black rhinos .
what i meant by a zebra not sounding like a horse , necessarily , was that mother zebras make a whinny ing sound when separated from their foal .
forstmeier w . quantitative genetics and behavioural correlates of digit ratio in the zebra finch . proc biol sci . 2005 ; 272 : 2641–2649 . pmid : 16321787
tschirren b , postma e . quantitative genetics research in zebra finches : where we are and where to go . emu . 2010 ; 110 : 268–278 .
tschirren b , postma e . quantitative genetics research in zebra finches : where we are and where to go . emu . 2010 ; 110 : 268–278 .
while plains zebra remain numerous in kenya the population appears to be declining . in 1995 the population was estimated as 152 , 490 from aerial surveys ( hack
the largest zebra is the grevy ' s zebra , according to the san diego zoo . it weighs 770 to 990 lbs . ( 350 to 450 kilograms ) and is around 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) tall from shoulder to hoof . their thick bodies make them look like mules with stripes .
bruner , k . a . , s . w . fisher , and p . f . landrum . 1994 . the role of the zebra mussel ,
roditi , h . a . , d . l . strayer , and s . e . g . findlay . 1997 . characteristics of zebra mussel (
the zebra ' s biggest threats are habitat loss due to ranching and farming and competition for water with livestock . they are also hunted for their skins .
mate call as reward : acoustic communication signals can acquire positive reinforcing values during adulthood in female zebra finches ( taeniopygia g . . . - pubmed - ncbi
witte k , sawka n ( 2003 ) sexual imprinting on a novel trait in the dimorphic zebra finch : sexes differ . anim behav 65 : 195–203 .
witte k ( 2006 ) time spent with a male is a good indicator of mate preference in female zebra finches . ethol ecol evol 18 : 195–204 .
using the zebra to do the work of horses , mules , and donkeys was a very popular idea , and there were widespread attempts to do so .
the vision of this strategy is : to have viable populations of grevy’s zebra in their natural habitat , functioning in healthy ecosystems and valued locally and globally .
but it does show that temperature is the factor most strongly linked to striping : more specifically , the warmer it is , the more stripes on the zebra .
third , when run in bayesian mode zebra computes the prior in redshift - template space in a selfconsistent manner from the input catalogues and the redshifttemplate likelihood functions .
kobiela me , cristol da , swaddle jp . risk - taking behaviours in zebra finches affected by mercury exposure . anim behav . 2015 ; 103 : 153–160 .
scheuhammer am . chronic dietary toxicity of methylmercury in the zebra finch , poephila guttata . bull environ contam toxicol . 1988 ; 40 : 123–30 . pmid : 3345357
bastviken , d . t . e . , n . f . caraco , and j . j . cole . 1998 . experimental measurements of zebra mussel (
molloy , d . p . 2002 . biological control of zebra mussels . proceedings of the third california conference on biological control . university of california , davis .
bill clicking . bill clicking is beak clattering that have already been described in zebra finches searching for a nest site and performing nest ceremony ( zann 1996 ) .
boogert nj , giraldeau l - a , lefebvre l ( 2008 ) song complexity correlates with learning ability in zebra finch males . anim behav 76 : 1735–1741 .
burley n , krantzberg g , radman p ( 1982 ) influence of colour - banding on the conspecific preferences of zebra finches . anim behav 30 : 444–455 .
zebra finches are frequently available in large pet stores , avian - retail stores as well as from bird breeders . they come a in a few color mutations .
box - and - whisker plot of d n / d s ( ω ) values between zebra finch and chicken orthologs for immune genes and whole - genome comparison ( all genes ) . whole - brain transcriptome comparisons ( est ) between chicken and zebra finch ( axelsson et al . 2008 ) are also included as reference .
awf’s grevy’s zebra research has made considerable progress in gaining a greater understanding of the population . until awf and its partners intensified their work on the grevy ' s zebra over the last several years , there was little awareness about its conservation status at the local , national , and international levels . armed with data on just where the grevy’s zebras live and roam in the landscape , the awf team is now working closely with local communities and authorities to secure key areas for grevy’s zebra conservation .


the family saturniidae , commonly known as saturniids , by most measures include the largest species of moths .

they are a family of lepidoptera , with an estimated 2,300 described species worldwide .

the saturniidae include such lepidoptera as the giant silkmoths , royal moths and emperor moths .

adults are characterized by large size , heavy bodies covered in hair-like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .

they lack a frenulum but the hind wings overlap the forewings , producing the same effect of an unbroken wing surface .

these moths are sometimes brightly colored and often have translucent eyespots or " windows " on their wings .

sexual dimorphism varies by species , but males can generally be distinguished by their larger , broader antennae .

most adults possess wing spans between 1 and 6 in ( 2.5 and 15 cm ) , but some tropical species , such as the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) , may have wing spans up to 12 in ( 30 cm ) .

together with certain noctuidae ( chiefly calpinae and catocalinae , such as the genera ascalapha , erebus , or thysania ) , the saturniidae contain the largest lepidoptera , and some of the largest insects alive today .

saturniidae

saturniidae of prince edward island livestock for sale . pictures of and information about the saturniidae of prince edward island
thibaud decaens saturniidae collection this site features images of live saturniidae adults and their caterpillars from around the world .
since we have accumulated many different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae and saturniidae cocoons this fall , we decided to compare them .
moths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america
balcazar lm , wolfe lk . cladistics of the ceratocampinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae )
saturniidae , butterflies and moths of north america . accessed january 10 , 2013 .
saturnia homepage . wolfgang nässig ' s pages about saturniidae and other bombycoid moths .
( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : unique origin and repeated reduction of the aeropyle crown .
( graells 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . eos . 1975 ; 49 : 285–92 .
tree of life web project . 2010 . saturniidae . version 02 december 2010 ( temporary ) .
family saturniidae - giant silkworm and royal moths , bugguide . net . accessed january 10 , 2013 .
moths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america ( 32 . 49mb )
racheli l , racheli t ( 2006 ) phylogenetic hypothesis and classification : theoretical and methodological issues with reference to some studies on saturniidae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterología 34 ( 133 ) : 5–12 .
what you see here is the amazing caterpillar of saturniidae moth . the family saturniidae includes the largest species of moths which generally feature heavy bodies covered in hair - like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .
saturniidae ( bombycoidea ) ; [ nacl ] , 108 ; van nieukerken et al . , 2011 , zootaxa 3148 : 217
saturniidae caterpillar , it was
served
as breakfast by the locals on one of the jobs we did in central africa .
( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 1992 ; 20 : 29–49 .
the cecropia moth is one of the large , showy moths of the family saturniidae . getty images / corbis documentary / darrell gulin
systematic monography of the palaearctic species of saturniidae , brahmaeidae , eupterotidae and endromididae ( lepidoptera ) ( w . a . nässig )
wlss contributer of the year is bart coppens , who has provided great images of many saturniidae adults and larvae from around the world .
saturniidae , pieridae , noctuidae and nymphalidae were the more species consumed with 16 , 11 , 9 , and 8 species , respectively .
( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera , saturniidae ) en la provincia de cuenca . españa graellsia . 2010 ; 66 : 9–20 .
skipper larvae ( hesperiidae ) , and those of moth families including lasiocampidae , arctiidae , saturniidae , notodontidae and zygaenidae pupate within cocoons .
[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] .
adult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width .
what made you want to look up saturniidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
studies on summer diapause in pupae of antheraea yamamai ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : i . shortening of the ' pupal ' duration under certain environmental conditions
pupa and other smerinthinae pupae are not very typical sphingidae , resembling saturniidae pupa more since it lacks a proboscis and not excessively elongated and pointy . o
constructed a molecular phylogeny of the moth genus hemileuca ( saturniidae ) and the h . electra species complex to examine patterns of character evolution and conservation implications
this site hosts pages for over 2500 saturniidae species / subspecies from around the world with over 1550 species / subspecies depicted in over 10 , 000 images .
bombycidae ) have been used for centuries for the production of silk . several species in the family saturniidae including antheraea mylitta also produce silk of commercial quality .
[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] . - pubmed - ncbi
adult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width . - pubmed - ncbi
i am personally committed to sharing information about all of the world ' s saturniidae . hence , this site will continue to be a work - in - progress .
, but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa .
rubinoff , d . 1998 . field observations on mating behavior and predation of hemileuca electra ( saturniidae ) . the journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 52 : 212 - 214
to coordinate the studies on bombycoidea , a small “informal annual meeting of saturniidae researchers” for employed and amateur lepidopterists is organised on occasion of the annual frankfurt insect exchange in early november each year .
( graells , 1849 ) , una nueva especie para la fauna lepidopterológica de almería ( españa ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 2008 ; 36 : 427–30 .
i am constantly seeking natural setting images of saturniidae in all stages of development from around the world . as images become available , they will be woven into html text format for your viewing and enjoyment .
the wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada , by paul m . tuskes , james p . tuttle , and michael m . collins .
the family saturniidae contains many of the largest and most spectacular moths on earth including the giant atlas moth attacus atlas which measures up to 25cms across the wings , and the amazing madagascan comet moth argema mittrei which has 15cm long tails extending from the hindwings . the name of the family saturniidae is derived from the ' saturn ' s rings ' ocelli on the wings . click on the images below for more photos and detailed descriptions .
this is the first number of a series of atlases detailing the distributional occurrence of the moths of north america . the atlas of saturniidae by richard peigler and me covers the documented distribution of a well - known group .
rubinoff , d . m . san jose and r . peigler . 2017 . multi - gene phylogeny of the hemileuca maia complex ( saturniidae ) across north america suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification . systematic entomology .
michener , c . d . 1952 . the saturniidae ( lepidoptera ) of the western hemisphere - morphology , phylogeny , and classification . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 98 ( 5 ) : 341 - 501 .
deml , r . and k . dettner . 2002 . morphology and classification of larval scoli of saturniinae and hemileucinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 40 ( 2 ) : 82 - 91 .
rubinoff , d and f . a . h . sperling . 2004 . mitochondrial dna sequence , morphology and ecology yield contrasting conservation implications for two threatened buckmoths ( hemileuca : saturniidae ) . biological conservation 118 : 341 - 351 .
rubinoff , d . and f . a . h . sperling . 2002 . evolution of ecological traits and wing morphology in hemileuca ( saturniidae ) based on a two gene phylogeny . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 25 : 70 - 86 .
tuskes , p . m . , j . p . tuttle , and m . m . collins . 1996 . the wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada . cornell university press .
this moth is a member of the family saturniidae - or giant silk worm moths . members of this family are responsible for the production of silk for use in fabrics , rugs and other items . they are among the largest and most beautiful of all moths .
further , the results of the travel to bolivia shall be used as basis for a planned “field guide” of the saturniidae of the bolivian department of santa cruz . further research travels are intended for the coming years to close gaps in the knowledge of special questions .
this article is a step by step guide to the rearing of large numbers of saturniidae in outdoor sleeves . one can start at any one of the four metamorphic stages : 1 ) ova , 2 ) larva , 3 ) pupa / cocoon , 4 ) moth .
regal moth , , ( subfamily citheroniinae ) , any of a group of moths in the family saturniidae ( order lepidoptera ) that are large and brightly coloured and occur only in the new world . the ferocious - looking but harmless hickory horned devil caterpillar ( larva of the royal walnut moth , citheronia…
regier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition and tribal relationships of saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 9 - 21 .
elizabeth a . blake , michael r . wagner ; collection and consudlption of pandora moth , coloradia pandora lindseyi ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) , larvae by olvens valley and mono lake paiutes , bulletin of the entomological society of america , volume 33 , issue 1 , 1 march 1987 , pages 22–27 , urltoken
regier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition , and relationships within saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 ( 1 ) : 9 - 21 .
the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) is one of the largest moths in the world , with a wingspan of over 9 . 8 inches . females are slightly larger than males . like other moths in the family saturniidae , adults do not have working mouth parts and only live for a few days to a week .
since we have begun to accumulate quite a lot of different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae lately , we decided to compare some of them side by side . above are ventral , lateral , and dorsal views of seven different pupae , the five on the left being satuniidae and the two on the right sphingidae . from left to right : ♀
regier , j . c . , m . c . grant , r . s . peigler , c . mitter , c . p . cook , and r . rougerie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) inferred from four protein - coding nuclear genes . systematic entomology 33 : 219 - 228 .
friedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . mol . phyl . evol . 9 : 131 - 140 .
friedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 9 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 .
…asiatic giant silkworm moths ( family saturniidae ) . the larvae and sometimes the adults of a few species are used for food . the larvae of one skipper ( rhopalocampta libeon , or caeliades libeon ) are collected in large quantities in the congo , and the 10 - cm ( 4 - inch ) caterpillars of giant skippers ( family megathymidae ) , known in…
since these are silk moths of family saturniidae they should be relatively easy to sex as pupae . the female pupa will have an extra pore compared to the male one , and also if the antennae of male and female adults are different ( in many species the males have much broader antennae ) you should be able to see this difference in the pupal case .
in this paper , we reported the butterflies and moths that are consumed in mexico . we identified 67 species of lepidoptera that are eaten principally in their larval stage in 17 states of mexico . these species belong to 16 families : arctiidae , bombycidae , castniidae , cossidae , geometridae , hepialidae , hesperiidae , lasiocampidae , noctuidae , nymphalidae , papilionidae , pieridae , pyralidae , saturniidae , sesiidae , and sphingidae .
larvae pass through growth stages called instars . they have to shed old skins to make room for new growth . it is generally not a good idea to move larvae while they are reparing or attempting to shed skins . most saturniidae larvae spend about 6 - 8 days in their first instar and that is why i like to move larvae outdoors after only 3 - 4 days in their indoor hatching containers .
thousands of people , all over the world , have reared saturniidae . for most , the experience has largely been one of finding a few larvae , taking them home , feeding them some leaves in an aquarium , large jar , etc . , watching them spin their cocoons , and then waiting for the adult emergence . many people have found an h . cecropia larva on an ornamental tree in the yard .
even people with no particular love of insects find the giant moths ( and caterpillars ! ) of the family saturniidae fascinating . the name is thought to refer to the large eyespots found on the wings of some species . the eyespots contain concentric rings , reminiscent of the planet saturn ' s rings . these showy moths are easy to rear in captivity if you can find enough foliage to keep their very hungry caterpillars fed .
most females of the large saturniidae lay tiny eggs , either singly or in small rows on the underside of leaves . trying to find these eggs would be like looking for a needle in a haystack . most people obtain ova in the following ways : 1 ) obtain them from a dealer , 2 ) capture a gravid female at a light , 3 ) obtain cocoons from a dealer or from the wild and secure a mating .
saturniidae larvae are usually left in the sleeves to spin cocoons . some species ( cynthia and promethea ) always use a leaf wrap and remain attached to branches . other species sometimes use a leaf wrap , ( luna , cecropia , polyphemus ) , while others either spin attached to branches or trunks ( cecropia , columbia ) or in the folds of the sleeve - - a most annoying practice : polypphemus , cecropia , luna , io .
i raise mostly cecropia and polyphemus moths , but i’ve been trying other species too . this year i’ve been raising prometheas , and i have some buck moth pupas that i’m hoping will hatch so i can try raising them . in 2011 , i’ve been raising luna moths . one advantage of these giant silk moths ( the family saturniidae ) is that the adults don’t eat , so it’s possible to keep them for a day or two to try to mate them and get eggs .
there are about 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over thirty years , the author has been studying more than three hundred of them . furthermore , he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through the larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . with 2 , 949 illustrations , the author unfolds to us the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid larvae .
this is one of those books that , once you see a copy , you will have to have it . books like this go a long way to encourage young naturalists to become entomologists . as a professor , i know that many young people do not collect books , thinking that they can get everything they need on the internet . but this book is not expensive considering its attributes , so i hope that every admirer of saturniidae will acquire it . when your computer crashes or the power goes out , you can immerse yourself in lampe’s beautiful book using natural daylight or candlelight until those things get fixed .
the saturniidae are members of the superfamily bombycoidea . these species are medium to very large in size , and this family includes the largest moths in north america . adults have a wingspan of 3 to 15 centimeters , relatively small heads , and densely hairy bodies . larvae are usually very fleshy , with clumps of raised bristles . buck moth and io moth caterpillars have sharp , stinging hairs . caterpillars mostly feed on leaves of trees and shrubs ; some cause severe damage . pupa develop in silken cocoons or in the soil . this family does not contain the commercial silkworm moth ( bombyx mori ) , which is not native to north america .
rudolf lampe has produced an excellent contribution that will be both scientifically useful and aesthetically enjoyable for those who rear and study saturniidae . for more than 30 years , lampe has reared and photographed saturniids , and this book is a wonderful culmination of his efforts . each [ of the more than 300 species ] is documented in an appendix giving the locality data , dates of the rearing , and what hostplant was used . close - up views of eggs , all larval stages , pupae , cocoons ( for those species that make cocoons ) , and pinned adults are given , usually of both sexes , and sometimes live adults are also shown in natural repose .
2010 , in english and german , 368 pages , 336 color plates ( 2 , 949 photos ) , 9 color & 2 b / w figures . there are ~ 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over 30 years , the author has been studying more than 300 of them . he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid moths is extensively portrayed in this remarkable book . hardcover ; 8 - 1 / 2 x 12
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males and females of most large saturniidae are attracted to lights , especially mercury vapour or black lights . i have purchased both types of lights from hardware stores and use them regularly to attract females . mercury vapour lights are often used as floodlights or security lights on large buildings : schools , warehouses , car dealerships , etc . i have a five mile circuit that i make quite regularly during prime flight times in the spring and summer to visit such sites from 11 : 00 pm to 1 : 00 am looking for moths . police are notified and landowners ' permission is obtained in advance . a warm , overcast , moonless or at least
dark
, night offers the best collecting .
actually the metamorphosis of lepidoptera ( from ovum to imago ) is strongly governed by their environment ( temperature , humidity , air flow , photo period , available resources , etc ) . that ' s why i designed all of my rearing / breeding cages and plant storage methods so i could control all of the environmental factors to match the normal conditions during the peak seasons of a species . short photo period slows them down , can induce early aestivation / hibernation , both that can result in smaller livestock / imago ' s . how sever is dependent on the species and the conditions . i ' ve reared a lot of different species of saturniidae since 1964 , and they are a product of their environment same as they are from all lepidopteran families . fwiw - hth
( luna month ) actias luna classification kingdom : animalia class : insecta order : lepidoptera family : saturniidae genus : actias species : actias luna environmental information habitat : forested areas of north america . description of identifying characteristics / physical appearance food habits : caterpillar feeds on foliage of various species of hickory , walnut , sweet - gum , persimmon , and birch trees . luna moths predators : birds , bats , and spiders . moths are large , with a 4 to 5 inch wingspan . wings are light green , transparent spots and a pink - purple or yellow , hind wings bearing long twisted tails and antennae are feathery , luna moths have often been used in classrooms to help teach insect life cycles . economic importance for humans : positive importance to humans and / or the environment resources used urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken
the female emperor moth is above , and the male below . this moth is considered by some to have the best sense of small of any animal . a male can smell the pheromone the female releases to attract him to mate from seven miles away ! this moth is found throughout the paleartctic , and is the only member of the saturniidae family found in the u . k . , it is normally seen in moorland and open country . the two specimens here are preserved , but in life the males have much brighter orange hindwings , the female colouring is similar , but less bright . males fly by day especially on sunny days , and their flight is rapid . females by night . the flight period is april and may . male wingspan is 60 mm , and female 80 mm . male forewing length is 27 - 32 mm , and female is 35 - 41 mm .
larvae pupate in different ways depending on which family they belong to . a larva from the family nymphalidae for example will spin a tiny button of silk on a leaf or stem , and anchor itself to it by its tail . the tail has an appendage called a cremaster , which is equipped with microscopic hooks to hold it securely to the silk . larvae of papilionidae and pieridae do the same , but additionally spin a silken girdle around their waist . lycaenidae and riodinidae don ' t possess cremasters so they either pupate on the ground , or attach themselves by a silk girdle to a leaf or stem . hesperiidae pupate loosely , usually within a flimsy silken tent . the larvae of most moths pupate loosely in a chamber just below the surface of the ground . others , including saturniidae , bombycidae and lasiocampidae pupate inside a tough silk cocoon spun on the leaves , stems or branches of their foodplants .
actually if you use a hand lens it is really quite obvious , much clearer than in the photo . the only difference between the sexes is in the one segment i indicated , presence or absence of the pore . this difference is present in all lepidoptera , but you need to familiarise yourself with each species , as pupae can look quite different , and the shape of the female pore varies between specimens of the same species ( sometimes quite short , sometimes there ' s a slit across the whole segment ) as well as between species , but the principle is the same : male no pore , female with a pore in the position indicated . you will soon get the hang of the difference between sexes , and be able to spot it for different species . the hemileuca you are rearing will have basically the same difference between sexes . i do know that some of the saturniid breeders will deliberately cut open the cocoons , check the sex of the pupae and put them back inside . if done carefully it has no effect on the pupae at all . i ' m not sure if this applies to hemileuca , but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa . adam .
according to classic ecology , resource partitioning by segregation along at least one of the three main niche axes ( time , food , and space ) must take place for the coexistence of species with similar ecological requirements . we used nocturnal light traps to investigate the assemblage structuration of two moth families : sphingidae ( 23 species ) and saturniidae ( 13 species ) . because competition for food among adults potentially occurs only among sphingids , only for this family did we expect less overlap of diel activity patterns than expected by chance and also a greater temporal niche width compared to saturniids . moreover , we expected a greater number of sphingid species pairs to differ in activity timing compared to saturniid pairs . we also hypothesized that in the case of a lack of temporal structuration , sphingids would be morphologically structured in relation to proboscis length . contrary to what we expected , both families overlapped their activity patterns more than expected by chance alone and sphingid moths were not morphologically structured . nevertheless , there were 173 significant pairwise differences in temporal activity between sphingids , contrasting with no interspecific differences between saturniids . sphingid species also showed a wider temporal niche width than saturniids , as expected . predation risk and abiotic factors may have caused the overall similarities in activity patterns for both families . the temporal niche seemed not to be determinant for the assemblage structuration of moths as a whole for either of the studied families , but segregation along the temporal niche axis of some potentially competing species pairs can be a relevant factor for the coexistence of nectar - feeding species .
while we were at it , we also decided to compare some of our saturniidae cocoons . below are five different species , the three on the left being in the saturniinae tribe and the two on the right in the attacini tribe . from left to right : antheraea mylitta , antheraea polyphemus , actias luna , samia ricini , and hyalophora cecropia . all are unopened except the a . luna cocoon since it was from a brood reared in 2013 ; the rest are unopen and were obtained or reared this year . despite the close relation between the two antheraeas , their cocoons are surprisingly different . the mylitta is huge and perfectly smooth and ovular , made of extremely tough and thick beige colored silk . there also is a long silk stalk at the top for hanging to branches . in comparison , polyphemus is less perfectly shaped and flatter , with a tough but thinner shell . there is not stalk since they are either affixed to the tree or in the leaf litter . the a . luna cocoon resembles the a . polyphemus cocoon very much but is brown and the shell is much thinner , shinier , and smoother . the s . ricini cocoon is far less compact and the silk is softer and white . the shape is sort of irregular , being flat and tapered at the ends . the h . cecropia cocoon is also tapered at the ends - - very much so at the top , but the silk is very course and thick , though not as compact a the antheraeas ' . it is the largest cocoon by far and is like a bag , with a little escape hole at the top for when the moth ecloses . between the three saturniinaes and two attacini cocoons the former have more or less ovular cocoons while the attacini cocoon are more irregular shaped , but are usually tapered at the ends with a escape hole at the top .
insects have been a good and natural source of human diet for long periods of time . the tradition has been actively pursued in a number of continents where the collection of insects as food is an essential part of the people’s livelihoods .
the concept of ingesting insects has only been acknowledged and researched very recently due to exposure and interests . publications found on the topic are spread across many journals in a lot of disciplines , varying from biochemistry , nutrition , food science , anthropology , history , entomology , agriculture , health , ecology , and sociology .
such publications have started dealing with studies in order to understand the biology and ecology of edible insects , along with other factors to determine their availability , significance as food sources to sustain livelihoods , and their importance of ethno - entomological knowledge .
in addition , these publications also showcase technology transfer’s role to help people in utilizing their traditional knowledge for improving the worth of insects as food sources in their lives . the works created by françoise malaisse , jun mitsuhashi , and gene defoliart deserve special attention and applause in this field .
edible insects carry a high quality of amino acids , proteins , and vitamins for human beings . these insects also contribute to a higher rate of food conversion than regular livestock . for instance , cricket needs 6 times lesser feed quantity than regular cattle , 4 times lesser than a sheep , and two times lesser than a pig or a broiler chicken , in order to generate the equivalent sum of protein .
what’s more , edible insects also emit lesser ammonia and greenhouse gases than the traditional livestock . edible insects are capable of growing on organic wastes too . as a result , these insects are potential sources for the regular production of protein , both for direct consumption by humans or for indirect recomposed food items , and as protein sources to be used in feedstock mixtures .
there are many numerous advantages of eating edible insects as a natural source of food . breeding of such insects in comparison to livestock is , in fact , a better step towards being environmentally friendly . this is due to the lesser amount of land occupancy , water pollution problems , and much lesser greenhouse gas emissions . eating house cricket has actually been proven as a more resourceful form of feed conversion .
moreover , the tremendous augmentation in population around the world has necessitated the need for a good source of protein , which is hardly met by reason of the limited quantity of available farmlands .
in addition , it is most noteworthy to mention the economic advantages of eating insects in relation to the plant cultivations . for example , in mexico , collecting insects for human use led to a considerable shrinking in the degree of pesticides , which are usually used in an agricultural production . this has also lessened the economic burden for the cultivating farmers . among the many dangers , faced by everyone across the world , is the food diversity loss . hence , the utilization of a varied choice of insects as food would count as a big step in alleviating the problem .
at present , there are almost 2 billion people , who consume a large range of edible insects on a regular basis both raw and cooked .
follow the list of insects , which have been authorized as edible and safe to eat by the u . n . :
beetles : these insects turn cellulose in trees to digestible fat , and contain more protein quantities than other insects .
ants : ants are low on carbs , and contain all essential proteins , calcium , iron , etc .
grasshoppers : these are a tremendous source of protein , and are usable in any curry flavor .
stinkbugs : this edible insect tends to put in an apple - like flavor to any sauce , and is a good iodine source .
there is a large variety of edible insects , which can be used for regular consumption . a number of edible insects are in fact packed with good fats , fundamental minerals , proteins , and fibers , which amount to an equivalent of any other food source . other than an ‘icky’ factor , there is no real issue in consuming insects for an all round diet .
have you ever wondered insects can be a great source of nutrition ? well , some people will say – oh my god , how could we eat insects , given the fact , we have so many fine foods and vegetables for ourselves ? and some will argue by saying – from an ancient time , people have been eating insects to get nutrition and vitamins , which are not present in our body .
in this article , we are going to take the support of the second types of people who believe insects are in fact , a fantastic way to provide nutritional value to our body . we will talk about what kind of nutrition you can get from insects and which insects provide the best value . so , let us have a look at the article . before going to the depths of the topic , we want you to know that there has been a constant debate as to whether the insects are a good source of nutrition . this debate has grown over the years because of lack of knowledge . for example – have you observed how birds feed insects to their young ?
basically , the young birds become ready to fly and leave their nest in just three weeks . so , how do they get the strength in such short time ? the answer is insects have a combination of nutritional elements and fluids , which provides the necessary nutritional value to the birds , making them strong enough to fly .
as we have said earlier that insects are a genuine source of food for birds and animals , humans can also get benefits by eating them . you will see many articles and research studies , citing the significance of eating insects . even from different archaeological explorations , you will find out people in ancient time had eaten them on a regular basis . for example – one painting from an archaeological site depicts that mankind had utilized tools to collect termites from the mounds for food .
if we talk about recent times , you will be amazed to know around 80 % people of the world are eating insects every day . in mexico , more than 200 edible insects have been used as foods and in thailand , there are more than 20 , 000 insects firms . not to mention , cambodia is the top exporter of edible insects .
so , what do you understand from this information ? insects contain protein and other nutritive elements such as vitamins , mineral , prebiotic fiber , beneficial fats , etc . in that case , you could say that insects are the new frontier in nutrition and we have much more to discover from them .
from a health point of view , insects contain a high amount protein with vitamins and minerals in abundance . there is also beneficial fats and different amino acids . besides , one vitamin , name vitamin b12 is not found in plant sources . in fact , nuts and pulses don’t simply have this vitamin . however , insects can provide this vitamin easily . even insects include the combination of unsaturated omega - 3 and omega - 6 fatty acids , which are high in fish , pork , and cattle .
furthermore , when you will eat insects , you have to eat them in whole , meaning that the complete exoskeleton , vital organs , and muscle tissues will be consumed by you . this fact is the most significant fact as you will be able to enjoy the high micro - nutritional value of insects .
1 . grasshoppers and crickets : grasshoppers and crickets are two of the best edible insects . a 3 . 5 - ounce grasshoppers can provide you with 14 - 28 grams of protein . this amount of protein is significant , given the fact , the grasshopper is a small insect . in relation to this fact , 30 - 60 % of women need 46 grams of protein daily and 25 - 50 % of men need 56 grams of protein each day . in that case , a grasshopper can meet this protein demand of men and women smoothly .
additionally , crickets and grasshoppers contain unsaturated fats . according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations , unsaturated fats are essential for reducing the risk of heart disease . on a side note , humans cannot synthesize essential fatty acids as they have to obtain this health nutritional element via diet . therefore , crickets can easily deliver this nutrition as they have a fantastic omega 3 : 6 balance .
2 . ants : according to national geographic website , a 3 . 5 - ounce red ants are enough to provide 14 grams of protein . the same amount of red ants can supply 5 . 7 milligrams of iron . now , men need 8 milligrams of iron each and women need 18 milligrams every day . thus , these red ants can cover almost 71 % of the men’s iron demand . they can also meet one - third of iron demand of the women as well . not to mention , red ants along with other types of ants are a great source of calcium .
the fact of the matter is insects have certainly nutritional value and you can grow them just anywhere you want . along with other food items , you can add them to your food list because when you start eating insects for nutrition , you are putting less pressure on nature , meaning that we can have a sustainable environment altogether . so , if you have any questions regarding our opinion , please share your thoughts in the comments section .
insects are a good source of food supply in both humans and animals . this is why reports of various nutrient contents are often researched and found in fields of most disciplines varying from zoology to anthropology . a primary application of such nutrient contents of insects , especially the house cricket , is utilized as an essential nutritional food source for human beings .
more than 2 , 000 species in the insect world are acknowledged to be fit to be eaten . a number of evidence from ancient archeological sites proves that such insects have always been and are still an essential human food resource . in this article , we will primarily study about the nutrient content of the house cricket , also called acheta domesticus in latin .
there are a number of advantages to taking up insects as a source of food . in comparison to livestock , breeding of insects is a better environment - friendly action , due to land use , water pollution , and lesser greenhouse gas discharges .
consumption of house cricket proves to be a more efficient form of feed conversion . the increase in population growth all over the world augments the requirement of good sources of protein but is hardly met due to the limited amount of on hand farmland .
additionally , the economic advantages of consuming insects in comparison to the plant’s cultivation must be taken into account . for instance , collecting insects in mexico for human eating decreased the extent of pesticides being used in agricultural production , along with a lessened economic burden on the farmers .
although the tradition of using insects is not much common in every country nowadays , these insects continue to be a good source of nutrition in many cultures over the world .
the house cricket or acheta domestica is mostly found to be bred and eaten through appropriate farming conditions in europe . whilst the house cricket is sometimes eaten in its raw form , most of the time they are processed and consumed by human beings typically by roasting , drying , frying , or boiling .
in addition , the dietary composition of such cultured insects like the house cricket has been researched and used as a food source to captivated insectivorous reptiles , mammals , or birds , which are kept in the zoos .
the nutritional elements in different insects and their different stages differ . hence , there is no generalization of such data relating to their nutritional content . analysis of the insects is made based on their level of protein , moisture , fat , fiber , and ash .
it has been found that whole and raw insects by and large hold 55 - 85 % of moisture . on the other hand , the whole insects containing a lower content of moisture are normally the ones that have a higher fat content . the insects developed for human eating , in general , hold lesser moisture in comparison to the raw insects due to their processing , which typically engages some form of drying so as to prolong their shelf life .
house crickets are one of the most commonly consumed insects all over the world . these are more commonly farmed by cultivators in thailand . this breed of house crickets is more well - liked than the native breed of cricket species attributable to its better quality texture and taste . the house cricket is typically consumed as a deep fried food snack and is sold off as a protein extract or as a protein powder .
to conclude , the house cricket or acheta domesticus is a completely well rounded edible insect and can be relied on for long periods . due to the overpopulation issue all over the world , most people have taken to the consumption of alternatives to livestock and plant - based food sources . insect farming is quite a popular concept nowadays , which has driven a number of farmers to a better crop cultivation , devoid of fertilizers .
gun safety is always a foremost concern . before indulging in a personal gun , you must be assured of your pre - chosen gun safe and secret zones . to responsibly use a gun is easy , provided you have your checks and balances ready and in control . the tool is used by people of all genders and races for protection against an unknown and surprising force .
more often than not , the gun is typically kept in the car because anyone can experience an unintentional mishap from an outside force , and hence you need to have a defensive stance at all times . people often experience burglary or crime cases while traveling in their cars and the display of the gun can thwart such a confrontation .
while the gun is a good defense mechanism to be kept in the vehicle ; at the same time , one must be aware of the dangers of keeping such a powerful weapon on hand . if the gun is kept in the car , the owner must have a good way to lock and secure the weapon . this is so that further unwanted accidents or incidents are prevented . a loose firearm must be adhered to and should not be taken lightly .
most gun owners use a gun safe for keeping their guns safe . the gun safe is used by most law enforcement officials for keeping their guns safe . we have hence provided some very well researched and noteworthy pointers on the benefits of having a gun safe for your gun in regular and emergency needs .
security : in a gun safe , the gun is sealed in stealing cases and locked securely .
strength : a gun safe has enough strength in its security to prevent any illicit or unwanted entry by children , thieves , or other non - permitted persons .
easy to use and fast in functionality : you can easily and effortlessly access and close your gun safe readily in times of an urgent need for a limited time .
there are a few common places in a car , which people commonly use to protect their guns . however , such places are not always safe as anyone can find the weapon , risking both you and your co - passengers in the car .
to mention an unsafe place , the console or glove compartment is a good example . it is the first place that a thief or an unwanted party would look into and is basically an insecure place to hold a gun . additionally , the glove box or the console is not discreet at all . such areas for keeping your gun can make it very obvious as to the existence of the gun and may pose problems from thefts or threats . plus , it is too far away from the driver , in case he or she should need to make a defensive move .
instead of keeping your gun in an inaccessible area in your car , you could find more inventive ways to keep your gun safely in your car . it is very important to keep your gun within your hand’s reach . you can simply have your gun kept out in the open while concealing it well inside the car . you could use the space provided beneath your steering column or beneath your seat .
there are a number of seat holster companies for cars , which have recently manufactured products , meant to be used for attaching the gun beneath your car seat . through such a way , your gun remains cleverly hidden out of sight , and you can access it without any difficulty .
gun safety is a prior concern and should not be taken lightly . it is very important that you act responsibly so that no one else is harmed accidentally in the venture . thus , these are the points that you should keep in mind while keeping your gun in the car . do use a gun safe in your car so that your gun remains safe and secure . and , avoid the places where you should not keep your gun .
bathroom ceiling fans are the most efficient must - haves in any regular bathroom . these bathroom fans can not only provide your home with a good ventilation system but also help save your bathroom walls from moisture and humidity . these ceiling fans are less costly and very useful for personal hygiene and proper flow of air around the house .
ceiling fans are used in bathrooms as a good way to air the bathroom space and protect the walls and corners . more often than not , the humidity stuck in any regular bathroom space can ultimately give rise to a batch of whole other problems like mildew and mold . bathroom fans tend to remove the extra moisture from such walls , thus preventing wallpapers and paints to peel off or become warped .
the bathroom ceiling fans add ventilation , improve airflow , and reduce the excess humidity in a bathroom space . in addition , these bathroom fans can serve well to remove unwanted odors from the body or products to create a well - ventilated environment . these fans are of tremendous use for times when a homeowner may wish to take a steam bath or spa in their bathrooms , which otherwise wreak havoc on the air quality . thus , they maintain the utmost air quality indoors and keep the homeowner comfortable .
the pressure cooker is the most useful and time saving tool among all the other inventions by humankind . it is a tool to be used for easy cooking in the day to day purposes . in the present millennium , this apparatus is a common and everyday object used in almost every household around the world .
whether you wish to make a luxurious and scrumptious meal or a simple home cooked meal , the pressure cooker can come to assist in the most simple and innovative recipes . these recipes can range from the toughest food items like chickpeas and beans to the most complex roasts or stews . we have made a list of the best and easy food items that you can cook in a pressure cooker , along with good tips to get the optimal results while using it and if you are looking for a high quality pressure cooker the instant pot ip - duo60 7 - in - 1 programmable pressure cooker review is a product we can´t recomment enough .
chicken with tomatoes , chickpeas , and chorizo : this recipe is a common meal in all american households . the pressure cooker helps elevate and intensify the smoky flavors of the ingredients while the chicken is roasted inside it .
beef american stew : this is another classic dish , which cuts more than half time through the use of the pressure cooker . the cooker is used mainly for easy tenderizing of a tough piece of beef meat and takes about 45 minutes .
smoky beans : the pressure cooker can be used to bring out the earthy smell of the beans . you can additionally use some more ingredients while cooking beans in a cooker and gain the optimal tang .
chicken and bean stew : while preparing a meat - based stew , the pressure cooker can be of ultimate convenience in saving a load of the cook’s time and bringing out the best zest . a cooker can efficiently make your chicken tender by making it fall off the bone level .