the grey-lined hawk ( buteo nitidus ) is a smallish raptor found in open country and forest edges .

it is sometimes placed in the genus asturina as asturina nitida .

the species has been split by the aou from the grey hawk .

the grey-lined hawk is found from southern costa rica to argentina .

the grey-lined hawk is 46 – 61 cm ( 18 – 24 in ) in length and weighs 475 g ( 16.8 oz ) average .

the adult has a pale grey body , the tail is black with three white bands and the legs are orange .

it has fine white barring on the upper parts .

immature birds have dark brown upperparts , a pale-banded brown tail , brown-spotted white underparts and a brown streaked buff head and neck .

this species is quite short-winged , and has a fast agile flight for a buteo .

it feeds mainly on lizards and snakes , but will also take small mammals , birds and frogs .

it usually sits on an open high perch from which it swoops on its prey , but will also hunt from a low glide .

the nest is of sticks and built high in a tree .

the usual clutch is one to three , usually two white to pale blue eggs .

the young take about 6 weeks to fledging .

grey - lined hawk

photo of adult grey - lined hawk perched in dead tree . note barred back and nape , compared with unbarred grey back and nape of grey hawk .
grey - lined hawk ( buteo nitidus ) is a species of bird in the accipitridae family .
38–46 cm ; male 350–497 g , female 320–592 g ; wingspan 75–94 cm . grey overall , with fine dark grey barring above and bolder white barring below ; tail . . .
38 - 46 cm . a small pale grey hawk with fairly broad wings , extensively barred dark grey . the tail has a single solid black sub - terminal band . fast flapping flight with short glides , soars on flat wings . voice . a high , clear , drawn out disyllabic whistle .
bierregaard , r . o . , jr , boesman , p . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . grey - lined hawk ( buteo nitidus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
eitniear , j . , s . mcgehee , w . waddell . 1990 . gray hawk mobbed by olive - throated parakeets .
glinski , r . 1988 . gray hawk . pp . 83 - 86 in r glinski , b pendleton , m moss , m lefranc , jr . , b millsap , eds .
grey - lined hawk , buteo nitidus , parque natural tayrona , birds caribe birding in santa marta many endemics ( about 25 ) and specialties occur here including santa marta antpitta , band - tailed , santa marta wood wren , bangs wood wren , white - tipped quetzal , santa marta sabrewing , santa marta wren , blue bearded helmetcrest , white - tailed starfrontlet , santa marta warbler , santa marta parakeet , santa marta mountain - tanager , yellow - crowned whitestart , santa marta bush - tyrant , santa marta rufous antpitta , brown - rumped tapaculo , rusty - headed spinetail , santa marta brush - finch , santa marta blossomcrown , santa marta foliage - gleaner , golden - breasted fruiteater , yellow - legged and black - hooded thrushes , black - headed tanager –furthermore an undescribed species of santa marta screech - owl , rusty - breasted antpitta , santa marta tapaculo , black backed thornbill , .
apparently some gray hawk pairs stay together after the breeding season is over . the gray hawks that overwintered in arizona were a pair . glinski called them out by mimicking their territorial breeding calls , and they responded in kind ( glinski , 1998 ) .
this species and b . plagiatus sometimes placed in asturina , partly because of distinctive moult pattern . probably closest to b . ridgwayi and b . lineatus ; previously considered to form a clade with these and rupornis magnirostris , but latter found to be basal to all buteos # r # r # r , and this group may be more closely allied to leucopternis than to buteo . until recently , commonly considered conspecific with b . plagiatus , which differs in its plain vs barred grey crown , nape , back and wings ( 3 ) ; uppertail coverts white vs grey with white tips , resulting in bold vs narrow white band on base of uppertail ( 2 ) ; and longer call , without sudden drop in pitch in middle of note ( 2 , perhaps 3 ) # r . n race blakei previously known as costaricensis , but latter name invalid , as preoccupied ( by b . jamaicensis costaricensis ) . three subspecies usually recognized .
there are no documented cases of predation of gray hawks , but like other mid - sized hawks , they may be vulnerable to larger birds of prey . raptor nestlings in the tropics may on rare occasions succumb to predation from arboreal hunters such as monkeys , coatis , snakes , and other birds , so it is possible that gray hawk nestlings may as well ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
on their wintering range , other factors could lead to gray hawk decline . glinski banded seven nestlings in arizona that were recovered in northern sinaloa state in mexico , and six of these had been shot . the greatest threat on these wintering grounds , however , is habitat loss . there , the gray hawks’ thornscrub habitat is being widely cleared for agriculture . gray hawks continue to persist along the living fence rows of trees that divide the agricultural fields , but it is unclear how many hawks this disrupted habitat can support , nor , ultimately , what effects this might have on arizona’s breeding population . little is known about demographics or conservation throughout the rest of the gray hawk ' s range ( glinski , 1988 , 1998 ; nabhan and sheridan , 1977 ; tellman et al . , 1997 ; urls below ) .
gray hawks are important predators of smaller lizards and snakes throughout their range , though cryptic coloration , speed , and good hiding places can help some reptile prey evade capture . gray hawks occasionally prey upon small birds . smaller birds will often deter predation by mobbing birds of prey to drive them away . olive - throated parakeets have been seen mobbing a gray hawk to force it to leave the area ( eitniear et al . , 1990 ) .
throughout their range , gray hawks inhabit woodlands and arid deciduous forests . in the tropics they prefer dry second growth forest and thorn scrub . they tend to select patchy open forest , forest edges , and savanna trees . it is not uncommon to find them on agricultural fields . in denser woodland they tend to keep high in the forest canopy . gray hawk northern breeding range is found in deciduous cottonwood - willow forests and mesquite bosques along riparian corridors or in evergreen oak woodlands ( glinski , 1998 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 ) .
since the range of gray hawks in the united states is so limited , many birdwatchers come to arizona and texas to see them . bird watching has become increasingly important to the economy of southeastern arizona . just as the gray hawk ' s distribution barely extends into southern arizona , so do the ranges of many other tropical and subtropical bird species . several migratory species also use the area’s river corridors as they pass north from mexico . over 400 bird species draw birdwatchers from around the world . their visitation has been an economic boon to the area . in 2001 , visitors to two well - known birding spots in southeastern arizona - ramsey canyon preserve and the san pedro riparian national conservation area - spent an estimated $ 10 . 1 million to $ 16 . 9 million . about a third of the gray hawk nest sites in arizona have been identified in the san pedro ncr . while gray hawks are not the sole draw to the area , the numbers clearly illustrate the impact that conservation has on regional economies . gray hawks , as well as people , stand to benefit from this perceived economic value . ( bibles , 1999 ; relly , 2002 ; viers , 2000 ) .
bibles ( 1999 ) also revealed that gray hawks prefer home ranges with taller trees and more open understory , probably because these enable them to observe their cryptic prey more easily . the increased flight space may also facilitate greater capture success . mesquite bosques are the primary foraging areas of gray hawks breeding in arizona because they have these characteristics . the amount of mesquite bosque seems to be the main factor that determines habitat quality in gray hawk nesting range in arizona . ( amadon and phillips , 1939 ; bibles , 1999 ; glinski , 1988 ; glinski and millsap , 1987 ; gurrola - hidalgo and chavez , 1996 ; stensrude , 1965 ) .
gray hawks from northern populations arrive in arizona around mid - march to breed . nest site fidelity is high , and gray hawk territories remain fairly constant from year to year . pairs begin building the nest right after courtship , but they partition the work . the male builds the foundation , and the female shapes most of the bowl out of green , leafy twigs from the nest tree or neighboring trees . northerly - breeding gray hawks primarily nest in cottonwood trees , but they will also nest in willow , ash , oak , hackberry , and mesquites . they choose nest sites in the upper third of the tree , usually in branches away from the trunk . nests are crow - sized , about 60 cm across . the female usually lays two eggs in early may , although studies of nest productivity in arizona have recorded nests with four or even eight eggs per clutch with a mean of 1 . 2 or 1 . 1 young per occupied breeding site . the eggs are white to pale blue and rarely marked . only females incubate the eggs . incubation lasts about 33 days , during which the male captures food for the female . after hatching , the young stay in the nest for about six weeks .
) range from the amazon basin in south america into the southwestern united states . they are migratory in the northern part of their range , arriving in southern arizona and extreme south texas in the spring to breed , and occasionally entering new mexico . these northern members of the species generally depart in mid - october to overwinter in mexico , although they can be found in south texas year - round , and rare records exist of winter residents in arizona . further south in their range , gray hawks are non - migratory ( glinski , 1998 ; kaufman , 2000 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 ; terres , 1980 ) .
gray hawks are medium - sized , woodland buteos , with shorter wings and longer tails than typical buteos . adult birds have a slate - gray back , finely barred gray and white underparts , a black tail with two or three white bands , and a white rump . juveniles have dark brown backs and buff - streaked underparts , brownish - gray tails with five to nine narrow black bars , and a dark brown eye stripe . both adult and immature birds have dark gray or black beaks , brown irises , and yellow ceres and legs . males are smaller than females . gray hawks fly with accipiter - like movements , alternately flapping and gliding gracefully . their flight pattern and gray color is similar to that of northern goshawks , which led to their other common name , “mexican goshawks . ” northern goshawks , however , have a white eyebrow and lack the tail barring distinctive of gray hawks ( glinski , 1998 ; kaufman , 2000 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 ; terres , 1980 ; wheeler and clark , 1995 ) .
arizona is the northernmost stronghold of breeding gray hawks , with nearly 80 known nest sites , most of which are protected in nature preserves or conservation easements . six pairs also nest regularly along the rio grande river in south texas . there is one reported incidence of nesting in new mexico . further south in their range , gray hawks are non - migratory and nest from december through may in tall , evergreen trees ( bibles , 1999 ; brandt , 1951 ; glinski , 1988 ; glinski , 1998 ; hubbard , 1974 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 ; terres , 1980 ) .
females alone provide incubation , but the male feeds her . the male provides most of the food for the first two weeks post - hatching , after which the female begins to hunt as well . it is not known how quickly the young can hunt for themselves once they leave the nest .
gray hawks are swift , agile fliers that can actively pursue prey by maneuvering through trees . they perch in the forest understory , locate prey in the trees or on the ground with their keen eyesight , and make short dashes to capture it whit their talons . they take reptiles , small mammals , birds , and some insects . in arizona , glinski ( 1988 ) studied food types delivered to nestlings and found that the diet was composed predominantly of terrestrial and arboreal lizards ( 74 % ) , garter snakes ( 5 % ) , nestling and adult birds ( 11 % ) , and mammals ( 10 % ) . bibles’ ( 1999 ) study of nest productivity in arizona revealed similar findings , with reptiles comprising 68 . 6 % of prey delivered to nestlings ( all were lizards but for one snake ) , mammals 19 . 6 % ( rodents and one rabbit ) , birds 9 . 8 % , and amphibians 2 % ( a toad ) .
gray hawks have no special conservation status , although their limited numbers at the northern extreme of their range have led management agencies in arizona to regard them as “sensitive species” and in texas to consider them “threatened . ” arizona breeding populations seem to be holding steady , with reproduction balancing the losses from mortality . fortunately , most of the 80 nest sites in arizona today are located on protected lands . concerned about how human demand for ground and surface water has seriously reduced desert riparian areas in the southwestern united states , private landowners and public and private conservation organizations have worked to set aside the remaining riparian corridors in southern arizona . further protection of the cottonwood - willow forests and mesquite bosques they support will demand protection of the waters that sustain them . if land managers succeed , this will be good news for gray hawks and the myriad other species that use these areas . their only threat then would be recreational disturbance . nesting gray hawks are sensitive to human activity near their nests , and many of the protected areas are frequented by recreational groups . something as innocuous as a family picnic unknowingly staged near a nest tree can cause gray hawks to abandon their nest .
robin kropp ( author ) , university of arizona , jorge schondube ( editor ) , university of arizona .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
texas parks and wildlife , texas threatened and endangered birds
( on - line ) . accessed april 12 , 2002 at urltoken .
usda forest service , coronado national forest , santa catalina ranger district , tucson , arizona , usa . threatened , endangered , and sensitive species
( on - line ) . accessed april 12 , 2002 at urltoken .
amadon , d . , a . phillips . 1939 . notes on the mexican goshawk .
. albuquerque , new mexico : unpublished report to office of endangered species , u . s . fish and wildlife service .
gurrola - hidalgo , m . , n . chavez . 1996 . serpentes : lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni ( milk snake ) . predation . .
nabhan , g . , t . sheridan . 1977 . living fencerows of the rio san miguel , sonora , mexico : traditional technology for floodplain management .
relly , j . 2002 .
arizona daily star : birding ' s big bucks . february 7 , 2002
( on - line ) . accessed april 12 , 2002 at urltoken .
stensrude , c . 1965 . observations on a pair of gray hawks in southern arizona .
arizona’s changing rivers : how people have affected the rivers . water resources research center issue paper 19
viers , j . 2000 .
economic development institute 2000 abstracts - southeastern arizona birdng trail
( on - line ) . accessed april 12 , 2002 at urltoken .
. london , san diego : academic press , harcourt brace and co . .
to cite this page : kropp , r . 2002 .
asturina nitida
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
buteo nitidus and b . plagiatus ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as b . nitidus following aou ( 2006 ) , the gender agreement of which follows david and gosselin ( 2002a ) , and before then were placed in the genus asturina following aou ( 1998 ) , and before then were split as a . nitida and a . plagiata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
this species has a large range from central america to amazonia and south into argentina . occurs from southwest costa rica south through panama and colombia to west ecuador on the west of the andes and on the east of the andes from east colombia , venezuela and guianas through east ecuador , northeast peru and much of brazil to north and east bolivia , paraguay and north argentina . the species is also found on trinidad .
described in parts of very large range as locally common and tolerant of open and secondary forest ; typically absent from closed humid forest . population likely to be large ( ferguson - lees & christie 2001 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 21 . 3 - 28 . 7 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 22 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations as it is not highly forest - dependent , favouring open country and forest edges .
occurs in very wide variety of forest habitats from gallery and open woodland through to fairly open savannah with clumps of trees but is not typically found in dense humid forest . found from sea level up to 800 m , occasionally as high as 1 , 300 m . feeds on reptiles , amphibians , insects , small mammals and birds .
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( todd , 1915 ) – e bolivia and c brazil ( mato grosso to piauí and rio de janeiro ) s to paraguay and n argentina ( s to tucumán and n santa fe ) .
there are two primary vocalizations : a series of 3–8 piping notes used primarily during the . . .
adaptable , found in lowland tropical to subtropical zones in rain forest edge , disturbed forest and . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . no hard data on numbers or population trends , but generally considered widespread , locally common to relatively numerous , . . .
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previously incorporated several other genera , including e . g . rupornis , morphnarchus , pseudastur , as well as leucopternis and buteogallus . present arrangement based largely on recent molecular studies # r # r # r , but further modification likely .
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josep del hoyo , thore noernberg , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , jacob . wijpkema , david ascanio , desmond allen , anthony laven , helbert e . noventa .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : buteo nitidus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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erebia cyclopius is a species of butterfly of the satyrinae subfamily in the family nymphalidae .

it is found from the ural to siberia , northern mongolia , northern china and north korea .

the habitat consists of forest edges , flowery meadows and sparse larch forests .

the wingspan is 46 – 62 mm .

adults are on wing from june to july .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

erebia cyclopius

erebia cyclopius ( eversmann , 1844 ) = erebia cyclopia = cyclopius ( eversmann , 1844 ) .
buy butterflies for sale satyridae : erebia cyclopius set 10 from siberia online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect butterflies for sale satyridae : erebia cyclopius set 10 for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .
( 2008 ) : a checklist of the satyrine genus erebia ( lepidoptera ) ( 1758–2006 ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . erebia cyclopius eversmann , 1844 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
first of the three erebia plates in the 1915 macrolepidoptera of the world , edited by adalbert seitz . this work was published near the height of taxonomic confusion about these butterflies .
the yellow - banded ringlet ( erebia flavofasciata ) is a member of the satyrinae subfamily of nymphalidae . it is a high mountain butterfly found in a small area of the alps in switzerland and italy .
erebia is a holarctic genus of brush - footed butterflies , family nymphalidae . most of the about 90–100 species ( see also below ) are dark brown or black in color , with reddish brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands . these usually bear black spots within , which sometimes have white center spots .
this genus has found it easy to adapt to arid and especially cold conditions . most of its members are associated with high - altitude lands , forest clearings or high latitude and tundra . erebia species are frequent in the alps , rocky mountains , subarctic and even arctic regions , and the cooler parts of central asia . in fact , the north american term for these butterflies is
alpines
. eurasian species are collectively known as
ringlets
or
arguses
. however , none of these terms is used exclusively for this genus .
a peculiar case is the colorado alpine , the nominate subspecies of erebia callias . this isolated rocky mountains population has been lumped with the siberian brassy ringlets as they are almost alike morphologically . though one might suspect stronger differentiation and perhaps marked cryptic speciation across the wide range , the rocky mountains population is apparently a very recent isolate . its ancestors apparently crossed over the bering strait at the end of the wisconsinian glaciation , about 15 . 000 - 10 . 000 years ago . thus , brassy ringlets are present on the north american continent quite exactly for the same length of time as a significant human population .
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· type locality .
. . . in provincia irkuzkiensi
[ irkutsk region , russia ] .
· range . from the n . urals across siberia , n . mongolia and n . china to n . korea .
· distribution and variation . the s . urals , central and s . siberia , the altai and sayan mts . , transbaikalia - the nominate subspecies ; the amur and ussuri regions - ssp . aporia schawerda , 1919 ; sakhalin - yoshikurana kishida et nakamura , 1941 .
· habitat and biology . forest edges , flowery meadows , sparse larch forests , in the mountains up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . flight period : june - july . larvae hibernating .
· similar species . e . wanga : unh without bluish postdiscal band . e . edda : upf double eye - spot diffusely bordered with reddish colour ; unh without bluish postdiscal band .
photo and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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copyright © andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski . special thanks to mr . a . malinin for technical support website .
the wingspan is 46–62 mm . adults are on wing from june to july .
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regions of the russian federation : gorno - altai , trans - baikal , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north - yenisei north okhotsk , mid - amur , average okhotsk , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south - uralsky , south yakutia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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vincent robert coordinator ncb barcoding part iii cbs - knaw email : v . robert @ urltoken
a diverse and widespread holarctic genus , with some species distributed in both western north america and eastern eurasia .
phylogenetic relationships among the tyndarus group are based on albre et al . ' s ( 2008 ) study of mitochondrial dna sequences . the remainder of this diverse genus awaits phylogenetic study .
larval host plant is unknown . a swiss subspecies , e . flavofasciata warreni , has been proposed .
( i . e . , without discussing synonymy and relationships ) was published in 2008 .
. but things hardly improved as more and more of the diversity of these butterflies came to note . in
. in the 19th and early 20th century the alps were a popular destination for butterfly collectors and specimens of alpine butterflies were very profitable for dealers . the dealers , mostly german , not only sold specimens , but were
this , together with the then - popular , even obsessive study of variation by entomologists—examples are james william tutt , george wheeler , felix bryk and brisbane charles somerville warren —led to very many names being applied to what may be or much more likely may not be biological species or subspecies . a further problem is the use of the term
variety
. authors of that time used this for an individual variant , a group of individuals morphologically but not otherwise related , seasonal forms , temperature - related forms , or geographic races ; it was later usually taken to mean the last subspecies though this is often suspected to have been premature .
studies add to the available data , it is becoming clear that most
varieties
that have at least been commonly considered subspecies in the latter 20th century are indeed lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition . another result of recent research is confirmation of the theory that this genus contains many glacial
species is given variously around 90 - 100 , as developments happen so fast that it is hard for authors to remain up to date regarding the newest changes .
brower ( 2006 ) , albre et al . ( 2008 ) , and see savela ( 2008 ) for more sources
jim p . brock and k . kaufman . kaufman field guide to butterflies of north america , new york , ny : houghton mifflin , 2003 .
( lepidoptera , rhopalocera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) species group combining coxii and nd5 mitochondrial genes : a case study of a recent radiation .
. version of 2006 - nov - 28 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
. version of 2008 - feb - 04 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
. version of 2008 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
– , and in many cases certainly close relatives . a notable trait of their genus is an ability to adapt well to cold and somewhat
brassy ringlets are mid - sized members of their genus , with a length of 17–22 mm ( roughly two - thirds to one inch ) .
- colored patch that is lighter than the blackish - brown upperwings . in some , a third black spot , much smaller and without the white dot , is present at the opposite end of the reddish patch . the hindwings have no black spots in many , but in some
there are a few ( 2 - 4 or so ) black dots , usually without white in the center , paralleling the outer margin . if hindwing spots are present , they are sometimes surrounded by a lighter brown field like the forewing spots , sometimes not . the wing undersides are
colored , usually in greyish - brown and often with a noticeable band arching through the central hindwing , the rest of which has a silvery sheen which makes these species quite recognizable in flight .
the eyespots and the forewing patch surrounding them are found on the forewing undersides also ; if a hindwind pattern is present , it may or may not show up on the under hindwings either whole or in parts . the common name derives from the
as it seems , the origin of this group is perhaps south of the central asian or more likely in the balkans region . probably around 1 million years ago during the pre - pastonian stage , the original population expanded north . during an interstadial , the southern montane metapopulation and the one to the north which ranged across the eurasian taiga split .
two major southern populations were established some 800 . 000 - 700 . 000 years ago during the pastonian stage , when the habitat belt moved uphill , cutting off gene flow between major mountain ranges . coincident with the günz - mindel interglacial , about 600 . 000 - 500 . 000 years ago some more distinct local populations diverged in the south .
meanwhile , the northern population had been spreading across europe to the pyrenees and deep into siberia . with the ice – which had then been covering much of northern and central europe – retreating at the end of the elsterian stage between 400 . 000 - 300 . 000 years ago , the taiga population and their relatives in the mountains of central and western europe became isolated for good . finally , at the end of the riss / saale glaciation about 130 . 000 years ago , alpine and siberian populations fragmented further . the former stayed rather distinct while more subsequent gene flow occurred between the latter ; this difference is probably an effect of habitat topography .
, the molecualr and morphological data are still more in favor of retaining a single species .
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size : 160 x 230 mm wide extend : 544 pp , 10000 colour illustrations , more then 700 maps .
n . africa ( from morocco to egypt ) , asia minor and near east .
all information ( text , map and illustrations ) presented on the same page .
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2 probably this species photographed on the dry hill north of markakol and 4 + almost certainly this species on the way up the alatay pass . 2 / 14
subspecies ‘alpherakyi’ . seen above cim bulak , almaty and 2 + between kamenka and ust - kamenogorsk . 2 / 14
probably widespread but only identified with certainty on 4 days . certainly there were other colias species present that went unidentified
noted in the kalbinskiy hills and 1 on the alatay pass . 3 / 14
at times the commonest of the wood whites at markakol . distinctive with pronounced ‘cross - bars’ on the hindwings and slightly more attentuated forewings . 3 / 14
1 on the marble pass and 3 + on the dry hill north of markakol . 2 / 14
noted between ust - kamenogorsk and zaysan and several at the yourta service area there on the way back . 2 / 14
the commonest blue in meadows between markakol and the burkhat pass . 2 / 14
common on the dry hill north of markakol and on the alatay pass . 2 / 14
singles on the alatay pass and on the northward tributary of the buktarma below the climb to rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14
1 in the kalbinskiy hills and also noted at the bee farm near kamenka . 2 / 14
seen on the alatay pass . like the next species but with no orange areas on the inner part of wing
singles at markakol and by the north tributary of the bukhtarma river below the rise to rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14 . a very distinctive ringlet
singles on the alatay pass and in a bog by the lake at rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14


amphizoa lecontei is a species of aquatic beetle .

adults have a body length between 11-16mm .

its elytron has a distinct carina on fifth interval .

found in western north america , especially in the rocky mountains .

its common name is " trout-stream beetle " .

its synonym is amphizoa carinata .

amphizoa lecontei

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proceedings of the california academy of sciences , vol . 44 , no . 6
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by phillip harpootlian on 18 december , 2008 - 12 : 02pm additional contributions by mike quinn , t . loh last updated 5 april , 2016 - 6 : 24pm
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
new evidence on the phylogeny and biogeography of the amphizoidae : discovery of a new species from china ( coleoptera ) .
citation : peiyu , y . , and n . e . stork . 1991 . new evidence onthe phylogeny and biogeography of the amphizoidae : discovery of a new species from china ( coleoptera ) . syst . entomol . 16 ( 2 ) : 253 - 256 .
a systematic review of amphizoid beetles ( amphizoidae : coleoptera ) and their phylogenetic relationships to other adephaga .
citation : kavanaugh , d . h . , 1986 . a systematic review of amphizoid beetles ( amphizoidae : coleoptera ) and their phylogenetic relationships to other adephaga . proc . california acad . sci . 44 ( 6 ) : 67 - 109 .
a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea ( coleoptera ) : their classification , distributions , and ways of life . vol . iii
pensoft series faunistica 99 . pensoft publishers , sofia - moscow . 412 pp . , 2011
full title : a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea ( coleoptera ) : their classification , distributions , and ways of life . volume iii ( carabidae – loxomeriformes , melaeniformes )
a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea ( coleoptera ) : their classification , distributions , and ways of life . vol . i
pensoft series faunistica 66 . pensoft publishers , sofia - moscow . 323 pp . , 2007
full title : a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea ( coleoptera ) : their classification , distributions , and ways of life . volume i ( trachypachidae , carabidae - nebriiformes 1 ) .
checklist of the water beetles of florida this checklist registers species known to occur in florida , based on literature citations and material examined by the author . it also includes taxa which may occur in florida ; many of these taxa occur on the u . s . southeastern coastal plain but have not been positively identified from florida . note also that some literature records may be considered doubtful ; some species recorded in earlier literature but misidentified are not listed . only important synonyms pertaining to florida water beetles are listed . in general , only aquatic or semi - aquatic species are listed . the families , genera and species are listed in alphabetic order . undescribed taxa are assigned letter or number designators .
world catalogue of insects . vol . 7 : amphizoidae , aspidytidae , haliplidae , noteridae and paelobiidae . ( coleoptera : adephaga ) .
by nilsson , a . n . and b . j . van vondel . 2005 .
limited preview anders n . nilsson , bernhard j . van vondel . 2005 . world catalogue of insects . vol . 7 : amphizoidae , aspidytidae , haliplidae , noteridae and paelobiidae . ( coleoptera : adephaga ) . apollo books , vester - skerninge , denmark . 171 pp . world catalogue of insects is an initiative aiming at compiling worldscale , authoritative catalogues of monophyletic insect taxa . volumes in this series will contain standard nomenclatoral information on all names pertaining to the taxon treated , including type locality and distribution to the extent this is relevant .
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medium - sized ( 11 . 7 - 14 . 0mm ) ; body moderately broad and dark brown or dull black ; pronotum with coarse , sparse puntures ; elytra finely and densely pitted ; elytral striae completely and faintly impressed ; coarsely punctate ; elytron flattened medially with blunt but distint carina on 5th interval ; area medial to carina elevated and flat ; area lateral to carina slightly concave . ( see also identification of genus ) .
extends from southern yukon territory , south along rocky mountains through alberta and british columbia to chuska mountains of northeast arizona and the sangre de cristo range of northern new mexico ; eastward from wallowa mountains of northeastern oregon and independence mountains of northeastern nevada to the bighorn mountains of north - central wyoming and the front range of central colorado .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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the phylogenetic propositions of baehr ( 1979 ) , and kavanaugh ( 1986 ) , are not consistent with the interpretation provided herein , whereas the conclusions of burmeister ( 1976 ) , ruhnau ( 1986 ) and beutel ( 1986 ) seem to correlate well . therefore , it is suggested that the amphizoidae are the sistergroup of hygrobiidae + dytiscidae .
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hayesiana triopus is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from nepal , north-eastern india , southern china and thailand .

the wingspan is 64 – 78 mm .

the metanotum is dark brown with creamy white stripes .

the abdomen upperside is black with an interrupted belt of red and lateral orange spots .

the underside of the thorax and abdomen is reddish-orange .

the forewing upperside is dark grey-green with six narrow transverse blackish bands .

the discal spot is large , rectangular and translucent .

the hindwing upperside is black with a conspicuous white costal patch and tornal area .

the hindwing underside is reddish orange .

it is a diurnal species with a fast but bumbling flight .

adults are attracted to the flowers of agapanthus africanus in hong kong .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on adina globiflora in india .

hayesiana triopus

macroglossa triopus westwood , 1847 , cabinet oriental ent . : [ 14 ] , pl . 6 , fig . 4 . type locality : [ india , ] assam .
transferred to rhodosoma by butler , 1876 , trans . zool . soc . lond . 9 : 534 ; then to hayesiana by fletcher & nye , 1982 , in nye ( ed . ) , generic names moths of the world 4 : 74 . erroneously transferred implicitly to rhodosoma by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 317 . implicitly transferred back to hayesiana by kitching & cadiou , 2000 , hawkmoths of the world : 47 .
wingspan : 64 - - 78mm . an unmistakeable species . forewing upperside dark grey - green ( fading to greyish - brown ) with six narrow transverse blackish bands ; discal spot large , rectangular and translucent . hindwing upperside black with conspicuous white costal patch and tornal area . hindwing underside reddish orange ( as abdomen underside ) . metanotum dark brown with creamy white stripes . abdomen upperside black with an interrupted belt red and lateral orange spots . underside of thorax and abdomen reddish - orange .
a diurnal species with a fast but bumbling flight - - has difficulty pinpointing flowers . attracted to the flowers of agapanthus africanus in hong kong . will fly during damp , overcast conditions and in hot , sunny weather , generally during the the late morning and early afternoon ( r . kendrick , pers . comm . , 2000 ) . the resting position is the same as for those of the genus macroglossum ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
china : vi ( guangdong ; hong kong ) ; 10 . viii ( simao / pu ' er , yunnan ) ; ix ( hong kong ) .
ovum : broadly ovoid ; surface smooth and shiny ; colour pale grass - green ; size larger than those of macroglossum and cephonodes ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larva : full - fed 70mm , width 11mm , horn 14mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the final instar head round , surface smooth . body tapering sharply frontad from segment 5 ; horn long , stout , laterally compressed , ending in a sharp point , basal half gently upcurved , distal half gently down - curved . surface of body dull and smooth except for four small tubercles on the front half of each of segments 6 to 11 , on the dorso - lateral stripe , those on 7 and 8 larger than the rest . horn with tubercles on dorsal and ventral surface .
in colour , head green , with a white stripe separating face from cheek . body pale green , the divisions between the secondary rings white . there is an indistinct dark green dorsal stripe and a white dorso - lateral stripe , the latter clearly defined on 2 to 4 , faint on 5 to 11 , and with white tubercles on 6 to 11 , edged above with dark green on these segments . there are bluish - white oblique lateral stripes , which are clearest on 7 to 9 . horn bluish - green with a small , triangular , bluish latero - basal patch , the tubercles green . true legs pale flesh - colour , outer faces red ; shanks of prolegs dull terracotta . spiracles pure white with a broad transverse brick - red band across the middle of all except those on segments 11 and 12 , which are immaculate white and twice as large as the rest ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
pupa : 42 - - 52mm , breadth 11 - - 14mm . very like that of cizara sculpta in shape . in colour , tongue greyish - green , darker at tip ; thorax and wing - case greyish - green ; two pale chestnut spots on segment 2 . legs dark chestnut barred with pale orange , abdomen pale ochreous - brown above , reddish - brown with short longitudinal chestnut lines below ; bevels of free abdominal segments dark chestnut . there are broad blackish patches and short black lines between the spiracles of segments 3 to 10 . tongue - case projecting slightly beyond the frons ; antenna equal to fore leg , coxal piece absent or rudimentary . surface smooth and shiny . cremaster conical , tapering gently to a short , widely bifid tip ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larval hostplants . adina globiflora ( rubiaceae ) in india ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
china : yunnan ( simao / pu ' er ) ; guangdong ( longtou shan ) ; hong kong ; guangxi ( longmen ) .
nepal , bhutan , northeastern india , southern china , thailand and northern vietnam . also recorded from fraser ' s hill , peninsular malaysia ( cheongweei gan , pers . obs . 2015 )
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gnophaela clappiana is a moth of the erebidae family .

it was described by holland in 1891 .

it is found from arizona and new mexico to colorado .

the length of the forewings is 21 – 25 mm .

adults are on wing from late july to early august .

the larvae have a shining dark maroon head .

in the mid-dorsal line of the body , there is a row of bright yellow triangles .

lateral to this is a row of large warty double tubercles of a glistening steel-blue colour , each with a tuft of hairs .

between these tubercles is a patch of velvety dull black .

there are also a number of yellow lines and steel-blue tubercles .

gnophaela clappiana

gnophaela clappiana ; [ nacl ] , # 8033 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440
gnophaela epicharis druce , 1896 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 18 ( 103 ) : 40 ; tl : guatemala
gnophaela baileyi laguerre & monzon , 2014 ; j . ins . biodiv . 2 ( 2 ) : 3 ; tl : guatemala , huehuetenango , todos santos , villa alicia
gnophaela discreta ; [ nacl ] , # 3036 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440
gnophaela latipennis ; [ nacl ] , # 8034 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440
gnophaela vermiculata ; [ nacl ] , # 8037 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 439
gnophaela aequinoctialis ; godman & salvin , 1885 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 ; [ nacl ] , # 3035 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 3m ; p . 271 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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contributed by maury j . heiman on 16 august , 2013 - 9 : 39pm
contributed by maury j . heiman on 4 july , 2013 - 12 : 52am
phylogeny of milkweed tussocks ( arctiidae : arctiinae : phaegopterini ) and its implications for evolution of . . .
by michelle a . dacosta , paul larson , julian p . donahue , susan j . weller
annals of the entomological society of america 99 ( 5 ) : 723 - 742 . , 2006
contributed by maury j . heiman on 7 may , 2013 - 12 : 35am
six species of tiger moths ( arctiidae : lithosiinae , ctenuchinae ) new to the united states fauna , with notes on their . . .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 28 april , 2013 - 12 : 04am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 26 april , 2013 - 7 : 42pm
tiger moths and woolly bears : behavior , ecology , and evolution of the arctiidae .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
following lafontaine and schmidt ( 2010 ) , the traditional arctiidae have been transferred to the family erebidae as a subfamily ( arctiinae ) , with former subfamilies such as lithosiinae now treated as tribes . the circumscription of arctiinae remains virtually identical to recent circumscriptions of arctiidae , but circumscriptions of some taxa within the arctiinae have changed .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
lafontaine , j . d . and m . fibiger . 2006 . revised higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) . canadian entomologist 138 : 610 - 635 .
schmidt , b . c . and p . a . opler . 2008 . revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada . zootaxa 1677 : 1 - 23 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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gonophaela [ sic ] morrisoni druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 3 : pl . 12 , 7
larva on cynoglossum grande , c . occidentale , hackelia californica , mertensia sp . , myosotis sp . godfrey & crabtree , 1986 , j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 206 - 213
josiomorpha cathetozosta becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : guatemala , quetzaltenango , aguas georninas
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
watson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
sources : specimens in the ua insect collection , michael singer ( eeb , u of a ) , ray nagle ( u of a medical school ) , ferguson et al . 2000 .
lafontaine , , j . d . , and b . c . schimdt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea of north american north of mexico .
ferguson , d . c . and p . a . opler . 2006 . checklist of the arctiidae of ontiental united states and canada .
ferguson , d . c . , p . a . opler , m . j . smith , and j . p . donahue . 2000 .
moths of western north america . 3 . distribution of arctiidae of western north american .
contributions of the gillette arthropod diveristy museum , colorado state university . also see moths of north america ' s
ferguson , d . c . 1985 . contributions toward reclassification of the world genera of the tribe arctiini , part 1 - - introduction and a revision of the neoarctia - grammia group ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ; arctiinae ) .
franclemont , j . g . 1966 . two new species of arctiidae from southern arizona . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 68 : 250 - - 257 .
knowlton , c . b . 1967 . a revision of the species of cisthene known to occur north of the mexican border . transactions of the american entomological society 93 : 41 - - 103 .
record in richers database : rustler park 8500 ' , cochise co 17 aug 1998 . leuscher id
reported ( madera cyn , 1 aug 1965 ) by donahue ( 1993 , j . lep . soc 47 : 199 - 210 ) .
record in richers database : cave creek , cochise co . 26 august 1976 , leuschner id
( mona 8253 ) has black antennae and the wings have a glossy sheen .
has white - to - pale - grayish antennae and the wings are dull .
reported ( douglas : 7 oct 1945 , 4 may 1986 [ uv light ] ) by donahue ( 1993 , j . lep . soc 47 : 199 - 210 ) .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .


it is found in africa .

the habitat consists of forests .

the wingspan is 44 – 55 millimetres ( 1.7 – 2.2 in ) for males and 44 – 53 mm ( 1.7 – 2.1 in ) for females .

adults are on wing year-round .

the larvae feed on drypetes gerrardi , drypetes ugandensis , ritchiea fragrans , phyllanthus , and boscia species

appias sabina

appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa appias haendeli appias isokani var . dubia appias sabina f . absyrtus appias sabina f . divisapex appias sabina f . epaphioides appias sabina f . euphrosyne appias sabina f . reversa appias sabina f . semiepaphia appias sabina f . thalia appias sabina sabina f . bicolor appias sabina var . defecta appias sabina var . latimarginata appias udei appias weberi belenois confusa belenois coniata mylothris majungana papilio hecyra phrissura phoebe pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora pieris sabina
appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias haendeli ( suffert , 1904 ) appias isokani var . dubia ( aurivillius , 1899 ) appias sabina f . absyrtus ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias sabina f . epaphioides ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . euphrosyne ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . semiepaphia ( strand , 1911 ) appias sabina f . thalia ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina sabina f . bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias sabina var . defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias sabina var . latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias udei ( suffert , 1904 ) appias weberi ( suffert , 1904 ) belenois confusa ( butler , 1872 ) belenois coniata ( butler , 1879 ) mylothris majungana ( grose - smith , 1891 ) papilio hecyra ( mabille , 1880 ) phrissura phoebe ( butler , 1901 ) pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora ( mabille , 1898 ) pieris sabina ( c . & r . felder , 1865 )
appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]
appias sabina ( albatross white ) female , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]
appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photos steve woodhall © ]
at first glance appias sabina can be mistaken for certain mylothris species , but in appias the apex on the forewing is more acute . in sabina the black spots are small and do not extend onto the costa of the forewing . in similar mylothris species , e . g . poppea and rhodope , there is a flush of bright yellow at the base of the underside forewings , but in appias sabina the yellow is restricted to the costa of the hindwing .
appias sabina , the sabine albatross or albatross white , is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in africa . the habitat consists of forests .
appias sabina is a common and widely distributed species found across most of sub - saharan africa from sierra leone to western kenya , and south to the northern parts of south africa . it also occurs on madagascar and the comoro islands .
there are about 23 - 28 species that are currently accepted as members of appias , comprising 7 - 8 species from the australian region , 16 - 20 from the oriental region , and 6 in africa . it is difficult to be precise about numbers as there is uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of some species .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
this is a forest species , often seen along logging roads , but is migratory in behaviour so can turn up in savannah / woodland habitats , botanical gardens and city parks .
males are usually seen singly or in two ' s and three ' s amidst aggregations of belenois , eurema and mylothris , imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the wingspan is 44–55 millimetres ( 1 . 7–2 . 2 in ) for males and 44–53 mm ( 1 . 7–2 . 1 in ) for females . adults are on wing year - round .


cinara pilicornis , the spruce shoot aphid or brown spruce shoot aphid , is an aphid species in the genus cinara found on norway spruce ( picea abies ) and sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) .

it is a quite large aphid species with a plump , dull brown body .

it seems to have little effect on the tree .

it is a european species but it has also been reported in spruce forests in new zealand , together with the spruce aphid ( elatobium abietinum ) .

c. pilicornis , which is attended by the honeydew-collecting ants formica polyctena , is seldom attacked by the parasitoid wasp pauesia pini .

it is also a host for entomophthora fungi .

c. pilicornis produces the trisaccharide melezitose .

citronellol , cis – trans-nepetalactone and cis – trans-nepetalactol are stress-induced compounds released by the host plant .

these compounds originated from the aphids and they are assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species .

cinara pilicornis

[ cinara pilicornis , syn . : c . hyalinus , c . piceicola , c . pinicola , aphis pilicornis , cinaropsis pilicornis , lachnus piceicola ]
zhang , guangxue , wanyu zhang & tiesen zhong . 1993 . sinozoologia 10 : 134 > > cinara pilicornis
semiochemicals related to the aphid cinara pilicornis and its host , picea abies : a method to assign nepetalactone diastereomers .
eastop & hille ris lambers . 1976 . survey of the world’s aphids 73 , 153 , 236 - 238 > > cinara pilicornis
of the 31 aphid species blackman & eastop list as feeding on sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) baker ( 2015 ) lists 16 as occurring in britain : adelges abietis , adelges cooleyi , adelges laricis , adelges viridis , aphis fabae , cinara costata , cinara piceae , cinara piceicola , cinara pilicornis , cinara pruinosa , elatobium abietinum , mindarus obliquus , neomyzus circumflexus , pachypappella lactea , pineus similis , and prociphilus xylostei .
gittins , bishop , knowlton & parker . 1976 . research bulletin of the idaho agricultural experiment station 96 : 11 > > cinara pilicornis
semiochemicals related to the aphid cinara pilicornis and its host , picea abies : a method to assign nepetalactone diastereomers . - pubmed - ncbi
eastop , miyazaki & sorin . 1998 . miscellaneous publication of the national institute of agro - environmental sciences 22 : 3 > > cinara pilicornis
zhang , guangxue , lijuan liu , he & tiesen zhong . 1988 . acta entomologica sinica 31 ( 2 ) : 228 > > cinara pilicornis
pashtshenko & lobkova . 1990 . in lelej [ ed . ] . news of insect systematics of the soviet far east 7 > > cinara pilicornis
ghosh , a . k . 1982 . the fauna of india and adjacent countries . homoptera , aphidoidea . part 2 . subfamily lachninae 51 > > cinara pilicornis
hottes . 1953 . proceedings of the biological society of washington 66 : 158 > > cinara pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16086
the cinara pilicornis alate ( see above , second ) is greyish - brown with transverse waxy bars and little sclerotization . the apterous males are green with an elongate flattened body .
inouye . 1970 . bulletin of the government forest expereriment station 228 : 80 > > cinara ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16089
danielsson . 1987 . population structure , genetics and taxonomy of aphids and thysanoptera . proceedings of the international symposium , smolenice , czechoslovakia , 9 - 14 september 1985 340 > > cinara pilicornis
zhang , guangxue , xiaolin chen , tiesen zhong & jinghua li . 1999 . in zhang , guangxue [ ed . ] . fauna of agricultural and forestry aphids of northwest , china : insecta homoptera aphidinea 198 > > cinara pilicornis
stadler , b ( 1997 ) . egg distribution and survival of cinara pilicornis ( hartig ) on damaged and undamaged norway spruce ( picea abies ) ( l . ) karst . , journal of applied entomology , 121 , 71 - 75 . abstract
spruce aphid , elatobium abietinum forest and timber insects in new zealand no . 54 : spruce aphid . revised 2009 based on r . zondag ( 1983 ) insect : elatobium abietinum ( walker ) ( hemiptera : aphididae ) * * one other aphid , cinara pilicornis…
mamontova . 1972 . fauna ukraini 20 ( 7 ) : 147 > > cinaria pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16090
börner . 1952 . mitteilungen der thüringischen botanischen gesellschaft supplement 3 : 43 > > cinaropsis ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16087
hartig . 1841 . zeitschrift für die entomologie , herausgegeben von ernst friedrich germar 3 : 369 > > aphis pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 184956
pašek . 1954 . conifer aphids in czechoslovakia ( homoptera - aphidoidea ) 207 > > cinaria ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 501976
steffan . 1972 . in schwenke [ ed . ] . die forstschädlinge europas . ein hanbuch in fünf bänden . erster band : würmer , schnecken , spinnentiere , tausendfüssler und hemimetabole insekten 364 > > cinaropsis pilicornis
volatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme–gc–ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis–trans - nepetalactone and cis–trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .
volatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme - gc - ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis - trans - nepetalactone and cis - trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .
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( see section below for colour forms ) . the whole aphid is clothed with
, or at least paler basally and medially than at apex . most of hairs on the outer side of the middle section of the hind tibia
which has the hairs on the outer side of the hind tibiae all less than 0 . 12 mm long ) . the second hind
which have the second tarsal segment shorter than the maximum diameter of the cones ) . the siphunculi are
is found throughout europe through to china and japan and it has been introduced to australia , new zealand , north and south america .
lays its eggs in autumn on current year needles . the eggs begin hatching early the next march before bud burst . initially small colonies develop on undersides of the previous year ' s twigs , but these move on to new growth after bud - burst as shown below . the
the mealy covering becomes more apparent ( see picture below ) . the species is usually not ant attended .
( see first picture below ) which are larger and somewhat darker than their eventual offspring .
species . numerous alatae are produced in may - july ( see picture below ) .
there are two colour forms - orange brown or greyish green . an apterous adult of the orange - brown form is pictured below , together with immatures of the green form ( or possibly green males ) .
report that in some years it is extremely abundant among young spruce plantations . they also comment that it was far less common in the 1950s and 1960s than it was in the 1980 ' s . our own impression is that it is now less common than at the time carter & maslen were writing , possibly because of a decline in the planting of spruce .
looked at factors affecting the low temperature survival of the eggs on sitka spruce . glycerol and mannitol were present in the eggs but neither appeared to be related to their supercooling ability which was related to the temperature in the period preceding collection .
looked at the effect of high levels of pollution on the spruce shoot aphid . under experimental conditions aphid populations were found to be higher on seedlings exposed to pollutants ( gaseous sulphur dioxide , sodium fluoride , calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate ) than on those not exposed . fluoride had a stronger positive effect on aphid numbers than sulphur dioxide or nitrogen .
) . host trees showing either heavy symptoms of needle - yellowing or looking green and healthy were compared . host plant quality did not seem to influence the proportion of eggs surviving to spring . also , the biomass of developing first instar larvae of the fundatrices was independent of the degree of needle - yellowing . damaged or stressed trees did
provides an important source of honeydew for bee populations . hence bee keepers view this aphid very favourably , although it can damage young trees . moulds growing on honey dew may stain shoots black . there is some evidence that the aphid can cause the current year ' s needles to turn yellow and fall from the lower side of the shoots that have supported colonies .
we have made provisional identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens , along with host plant identity . in the great majority of cases , identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens . we have used the keys and species accounts of blackman & eastop ( 1994 ) and blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) supplemented with blackman ( 1974 ) , stroyan ( 1977 ) , stroyan ( 1984 ) , blackman & eastop ( 1984 ) , heie ( 1980 - 1995 ) , dixon & thieme ( 2007 ) and blackman ( 2010 ) . we fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the ( summarized ) taxonomic information we have presented . any errors in identification or information are ours alone , and we would be very grateful for any corrections . for assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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pettersson m 1 , unelius cr , valterová i , borg - karlson ak .
kth , school of chemical science and engineering , department of chemistry , ecological chemistry group , se - 100 44 stockholm , sweden .
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