cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to new zealand and islands of the southern pacific ocean .

the new zealand forms are often referred to as kākāriki .

they are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominately green plumage .

most species are forest species , although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland .

the genus formerly had a disjunct distribution , with two species found in the society islands and the majority of the genus ranging from new caledonia to macquarie island , but absent from the 4100 km in between .

despite many fossil birds being found in the islands between these two areas being found none of these were of undescribed cyanoramphus species .

like many other species of birds the cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans .

the two species from the society islands , the black-fronted parakeet and the society parakeet , have become extinct as have the subspecies from lord howe island and macquarie island , as well as an undescribed form from campbell island .

one species , the malherbe 's parakeet ( c. malherbi ) , is critically endangered while most other species are endangered or vulnerable .

habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions .

cyanoramphus

cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae : north i . , south i . , stewart i . and auckland is . ( new zealand )
voice : characteristic parakeet chatter , with variety of softer tur - tur - tur calls . calls are similar to other cyanoramphus species of similar size .
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taylor , r . h . 1985 . status , habits and conservation of cyanoramphus parakeets in the new zealand region . icbp tech . publ . 3 : 195 - 211 .
it has been treated variously ; either as a distinct species ( birdlife australia 2013 ; christidis & boles 2008 ; juniper & parr 1998 ; mcallan & bruce 1988 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) or as cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii , a subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) ( christidis & boles 1994 ; del hoyo & collar 2014 ; higgins 1999 ; schodde & mason 1997 ) . a phylogenetic study reported a high degree of genetic divergence between it and other cyanoramphus , thus warranting its treatment as a distinct species ( boon et al . 2001 ) .
oritz - catedral , l . ( 2013 ) . the population and status of green parrot ( tasman parakeet ) cyanoramphus cookii on norfolk island . unpublished report to the director of national parks .
it has been suggested that the lord howe island parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens ) be included with the norfolk island green parrot ( christidis & boles 2008 ) , however , further taxonomic investigation is required .
west , r . , tisdall , c . and aviss , m . ( 1995 ) captive management plan antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) . threatened species occasional publication , 7 : 1 - 6 .
motte , k . & e . hall ( 1988 ) . report and recommendations on the green parrot cyanoramphus novaezealandiae cookii captive breeding program . report to the australian parks and wildlife service . sydney : taronga zoo .
boon , w . m . , j . c . kearvell , c . h . daugherty , & g . k . chambers ( 2001 ) . molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki ( cyanoramphus spp . ) .
greene , t . c . ( 2003 ) breeding biology of red - crowned parakeets ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) on little barrier island , hauraki gulf , new zealand . notornis , 50 ( 2 ) : 83 - 99 .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . cyanoramphus cookii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 01 : 36 + 1000 .
greene , t . c . 1999 . aspects of the ecology of antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) and reischek’s parakeet ( c . novaezelandiae hochstetteri ) on antipodes island , october - november 1995 . notornis 46 : 301 - 310 .
oritz - catedral , l . & d . h . brunton ( 2008 ) . clutch parameters and reproductive success of a translocated population of red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 389 - 393 .
lane , b . a . , m . r . bezuijen , d . greenwood , g . w . carr & r . ward ( 1998 ) . 1998 recovery plan for norfolk island parrot ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii ) . melbourne : ecology australia pty ltd .
reischek’s parakeets are more abundant than antipodes island parakeets in most habitats . significant differences in diet between the two parakeet species have been observed . strong seasonal and annual dietary differences related to food availability are also apparent . reischek’s parakeets are strong fliers and have been observed flying between islands within the antipodes group . social behaviour is similar to other species of cyanoramphus parakeets , but they have been noted spending considerable periods basking and preening in sheltered areas . like other cyanoramphus species they are strongly territorial around nests , and call loudly and chase intruders from immediate vicinity .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanoramphus malherbi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
boon , w . m . ; kearvell , j . c . ; daugherty , c . h . ; chambers , g . k . 2000 . molecular systematics of new zealand cyanoramphus parakeets : conservation of orange - fronted and forbes ' parakeets . bird conservation international 10 : 211 - 239 .
other synonyms catalan : cotorra front - roja czech : kakariki rudočelý danish : gedeparakit german : ziegensittich english : red - crowned parakeet , red - fronted parakeet , red - fronted , macquarie or lord howe parakeet spanish : perico maorí cabecirrojo , perico maorí rojo estonian : suur - maooripapagoi finnish : uudenseelanninviherkaija french : perruche de sparrman , perruche de sparrman , p . de macquarie ou p . de lord howe hungarian : piroshomlokú kecskepapagáj italian : kakariki fronterossa , parrocchetto fronterossa japanese : aohashiinko japanese : アオハシインコ latin : cyanoramphus [ novaezelandiae , erythrotis , subflavescens ] , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae , psittacus novae zelandiae lithuanian : raudonkaktė šoklioji papūga maori : kakariki , ka - ka - riki dutch : roodvoorhoofdkakariki , roodvoorhoofdkarakiri norwegian : rødkroneparakitt polish : modrolotka czerwonoczelna portuguese : kakariki - fronte - vermelha russian : краснозобый горный прыгающий попугай , краснолобый прыгающий попугай slovak : kakariki cervenocelý , kakariki červenočelý swedish : rödpannad parakit chinese : 红额鹦鹉 chinese ( traditional ) : 紅額鸚鵡
relatively little is known about breeding for reischek’s parakeets . they appear to nest from october to march within tunnels modified or constructed within the bases of clumps of tussocks or ferns . clutch size in the wild is unknown . it is likely that their breeding ecology and behavior are similar to those of other cyanoramphus parakeets .
hill , r . ( 2002 ) . non - current recovery plan for the norfolk island green parrot cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii - may 2002 . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2010 .
taylor , j . ( 2014 ) . archived 2014 discussion : red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) , norfolk island parakeet ( c . cookii ) and new caledonian parakeet ( c . saisseti ) are being lumped as c . novaezelandiae : list as near threatened ? . birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums . birdlife international . available from : urltoken .
cyanoramphus auriceps is found throughout much of the north , south , stewart and auckland islands , new zealand , and on several offshore islands . it is generally considered uncommon throughout its range ( heather and robertson 2015 ) , however , it may become abundant on offshore islands and in mainland forests during periods of heavy seed production ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) .
also known as the antipodes green parakeet , this parakeet is a plump bird with a green head and body , but with purplish - blue wing - coverts and some flight feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the forehead and face are a bright emerald green , while the rest of the plumage is a more olive colour , being yellower below ( 4 ) . this bird is the largest of its genus ( 5 ) , and produces a wide range of chattering calls , lower - pitched than other cyanoramphus species ( 2 ) .
reischek’s parakeet is one of two cyanoramphus parakeet species that inhabit the remote antipodes islands . it is a medium - sized , brightly coloured , green parrot with a red crown , that looks very similar to other ‘red - crowned’ parakeets ( e . g . c . novaezelandiae ) . but appearances can be deceiving . genetic studies reveal that crown colour may not be a good indicator of parakeet taxonomy , and that the diminutive orange - fronted parakeet may be the closest relative of reischek’s parakeet . it is common throughout the antipodes islands , particularly in more open areas and coastal fringes close to penguin colonies .
while building and maintaining a resilient population on norfolk island is seen as the priority , to reduce the risk of a single event wiping out the species , it is planned to establish an insurance population of green parrots . phillip island is a small island six kilometres off the southern coast of norfolk island which is part of norfolk island national park and is free of introduced mammalian predators . an initial assessment of the island as a suitable site has established that , due to almost 20 years of rehabilitation work , the green parrot’s former range has sufficient feed trees to accommodate a small population ( a . smith 2014 ) . a plan for the translocation of a small founder population is currently being developed . numerous translocations of closely related cyanoramphus species to predator - free islands have been undertaken in new zealand and have largely been successful ( a . smith 2014 ) .
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23 cm . bright blue - green parrot with diagnostic orange frontal band and orange patch on sides of rump . also has pale lemon - yellow forecrown . female slightly smaller with proportionally smaller bill .
greene , t . , hitchmough , r . , kearvell , j . & van hal , j .
this species is listed as critically endangered because , subsequent to serious declines since the 1800s , it underwent a population crash following rat invasions in 1990 - 2000 , and it now has a very small population that has declined during the last decade .
spp . ) forest valleys in the south island : the hawdon and poulter valleys in arthur’s pass national park and the south branch of the hurunui valley in lake sumner forest park . they are patchily distributed within these valleys ; absent in many parts but in some places can be quite common ( kearvell 2013 ) . they have been translocated to four islands : maud and blumine islands in the marlborough sounds , chalky island in fiordland , and tuhua / mayor island in the bay of plenty . releases of captive - raised birds to the south branch of the hurunui to augment the population in 2015 and 2016 appear to have been successful with released birds having successfully paired and 9 - 10 nests located in 2016 ( j . kearvell
. the population appeared to stabilise at low levels since then , and it is likely that in 2016 the mainland populations remain at an extremely low level of around 100 birds in total ( j . kearvell
translocations to islands began in 2005 , with 46 birds now released onto chalky , 61 on blumine , 68 on maud and 95 on tuhua ( j . c kearvell
2016 ) . these releases all appeared highly successful at first with positive signs of breeding and population establishment - however , population growth has now slowed on all islands and the persistence of these populations appears to still be tenuous ( a . grant
although the population numbered several hundreds prior to 2000 , a prolific increase in the population of rats and stoats within its restricted south island range induced a rapid population decline and the total population has remained well below its previous levels . successful translocations on four islands have boosted the population of this species , but decreases may have continued on the mainland . overall , the global population was estimated at
290 - 690 individuals in early 2013 , with the mainland populations estimated to total 130 - 270 individuals and the island populations totalling 160 - 420 individuals ( j . c . kearvell
2013 ) . obtaining accurate population estimates is extremely challenging for the species , but recent counts indicate that the mainland population may have declined to around 100 birds , and the offshore island populations to around 250 birds in total ( j . c . kearvell
2016 ) . the population has a skewed sex ratio of males to females , probably due to higher predation on incubating females ( kearvell and farley 2016 ) .
the population fell from 500 - 700 birds prior to 2000 , to 100 - 200 by 2004 . increased conservation efforts ( especially predator control ) in its small south island range and a successful translocation of birds to four islands suggest its rapid decline has ceased and some recovery has taken place . however , 2013 estimates suggest further declines on the mainland , and during a three generation ( 14 year ) period the species has still experienced a reduction in the number of mature individuals , which is precautionarily estimated to have been extremely rapid , as latest population estimates include an unknown but potentially significant proportion of non - mature individuals ( translocated birds yet to have bred ) .
it is restricted to nothofagus beech forest , although it may not have been so historically . on maud island it uses areas with a high canopy cover and low understory and ground cover ( ortiz - catedral 2012 ) . it requires mature trees with natural hollows or cavities for nesting . monitoring has revealed that 80 % of nests are in mature living trees , with the remaining 20 % in dead trees ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2012 ) . of those nests found in mature trees , 68 % are in red beech nothofagus fusca . breeding is linked with the irregular seeding of nothofagus when numbers can increase substantially , and it seems that populations may fluctuate significantly in line with breeding / seeding events ( t . greene in litt . 2016 ) . in mast years , many pairs will lay a second clutch , and some may lay a third clutch , with breeding continuing through the austral winter . first clutches may average more than eight eggs , with second clutches averaging over seven in 2011 . a study on maud island has shown that birds form pairs at around seven years of age , and nest in a variety of natural cavities where beech is unavailable ( j . kearvell in litt . 2011 , 2012 ) . it feeds on seeds , fruits , leaves , flowers , buds and invertebrates ( kearvell 1999 , kearvell 2013 ) .
, with recent population crashes being due to rat irruptions . the species ' s hole - nesting behaviour leads to a reduced ratio of females in the population due to predation of birds on the nest ( elliott
. 2011 ) and in time , this problem may affect other island populations . population growth in island populations , especially on maud island , may also be limited through predation by falcons ( falconidae ) , and displacement of two nesting pairs by introduced common starlings
has now been documented ; the overall impact of this recently - identified threat is uncertain , but may be minimal ( j . c . kearvell
on little barrier island were suffering from psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) . the virus has been sequenced and appears very similar to the strain found in crimson rosella
, in which the disease is known to be endemic within the captive population . in 2009 , some individuals of
on maud island were showing some symptoms consistent with pbfd . in reaction , testing of the entire captive population has been undertaken , as well as more limited sampling of individuals in all three island populations , as well as other parrot species . results indicate that antibodies for pbfd were detected in
. 2012 , 2013 ) . monitoring for the disease in the captive population continues and the main captive breeding unit has now been declared disease - free ( t . greene
immunosuppression may also be involved , either because of small population size and / or because of post pbfd issues ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2013 ) .
cites appendix ii ( 1981 ) . hawdon and poulter valleys are located within arthur ' s pass national park and the hurunui south branch is in lake sumner conservation park (
. monitoring of nests will verify whether this is allowing numbers to stabilise and expand . the hawdon population received
control only during plague years , which occur , on average , every four years ( j . c . kearvell
. all three valleys are now part of the
battle for our birds
initiative targeting rats and stoats in south island beech forest sites . the control of
is now continuous , whereas control measures against rats are implemented when populations reach trigger points ( j . c . kearvell
2008 , 2009 ) , and since 2003 only one nest out of 153 has been lost to invasive predators ( j . c . kearvell
since 2003 , the captive facility at isaacs construction wildlife centre , peacock springs ( christchurch ) , has released , in conjunction with department of conservation , a total of over 250 individuals ( j . c . kearvell
. the reintroduction of birds to maud island has been underway since 2007 , and wild - bred birds are now nesting on the island . translocations to tuhua island have been taking place since december 2009 , and in early 2011 it was expected that all birds produced in the next captive breeding season would be released there to provide a sufficient founder population ( j . c . kearvell
. translocations have also been carried out on blumine island ( j . c . kearvell
. 2012 ) . a second captive - breeding group was being set up at mount bruce but has been discontinued due to a lack of capacity ( j . c . kearvell
. 2013 ) . another attempt to set up a second captive breeding population has been initiated with the auckland zoo with the hope that a 5th island population will be started on rotoroa island ( t . greene
2016 ) . a study to assess the genetic diversity of the remnant mainland population , with the aim of ensuring that any new founder populations on islands are as genetically diverse as possible , has been completed ( j . c . kearvell
2013 ) . an analysis of breeding data is also due to be started . a comprehensive testing programme for psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) in parrots throughout new zealand was initiated ( t . greene
develop a technique to accurately monitor numbers . continue to study the species ' s breeding biology and ecology . stabilise and increase numbers in the mainland valley populations through predator control , and monitor effectiveness . train people in the identification of the species ( j . c . kearvell
. establish further populations on predator - free offshore islands and develop captive breeding programmes to assist with this . closely monitor the threat from pbfd ( j . c . kearvell
. continue research into methods of controlling introduced predators ( j . c . kearvell
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25 cm . small bright green parakeet . yellow - green body ; yellow crown ; red band from forehead to billl ; red patches on flanks ; violet - blue on wing coverts .
this species is thought to have suffered declines in the past to the point that it now has a moderately small population , and as a result it is listed as near threatened . if predator control continues within parts of its range , habitat recovers and remaining forests are protected , it may warrant downlisting in the future .
the population has decreased in numbers in the past and the species is generally uncommon throughout its range , although it may be common on offshore islands and in some mainland forests ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) . trend justification : this species is thought to have been adversely affected by forest clearance , introduced predators and hybridisation . consequently , slow to moderate declines are suspected in the past .
, or , where the two occur sympatrically on small islands it is found in denser unbroken forest .
. breeding occurs mainly in october - december . it feeds on seeds , berries , flowers , and roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas , the species will often feed on the ground .
and roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas the species will often feed on the ground .
on solander island . on auckland island , there is an unnaturally high rate of hybridisation between the two species . beak and feather disease virus ( bfdv ) has been identified from birds in the eglinton valley , fiordland ( massaro
cites appendix ii . this species occurs within a number of national parks and reserves where forest habitat is protected , but predators still pose a threat . it is benefiting from efforts to eradicate introduced predators from mainland forests and offshore islands . successful translocations to offshore islands ( mana , long island and motuara island in queen charlotte sound ) have taken place and translocations to mainland sites ( maungatautari , boundary stream ) are underway ( elliott 2013 ) .
ensure that remaining primary forest is not logged . re - vegetate islands that have historically been overgrazed . maintain and / or increase control of invasive predators within mainland forests .
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the red - fronted parakeet is immediately recognisable by its distinctive , brightly coloured plumage . vivid crimson feathers appear on the forehead , crown and behind the eye , earning this bird its alternative common name of ‘red - crowned parakeet’ ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this conspicuous red marking on the head contrasts with the predominantly green colour of the rest of the body , though yellow mutations are occasionally found in the wild ( 5 ) . the underside of the wings are blue - violet , the beak is grey - blue , getting darker at the tip , and the eyes are orange ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this bird has a unique and unusual voice , which is sometimes likened to the bleating of a goat ( 5 ) .
the omnivorous red - fronted parakeet feeds mainly on plant material , including seeds , fruits , flowers , nectar , leaves and shoots , but also on invertebrates and will occasionally scavenge animal carrion ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
these parakeets live in permanent pairs that frequently join with other pairs and their young , and have been observed to form small flocks in the autumn and winter ( 8 ) . in studies on little barrier island , breeding activity was recorded from november to march , with peak egg - laying in december ( 9 ) . clutches were usually large , ranging from four to nine ( average of seven ) eggs , and female parakeets took total responsibility for their incubation , which lasts from 19 to 23 days ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . hatchlings are covered with a white down that changes to grey within a few days ( 5 ) . fledglings leave the nest after 32 to 49 days ( 9 ) .
historically abundant in mainland new zealand , the red - fronted parakeet is now effectively extinct in this area ( recent sightings are now believed to be cage escapes or releases or vagrants from offshore island populations ) . populations currently remain on offshore islands , including the kermadec islands , three kings , some hauraki gulf islands , kapiti island , stewart island and surrounding islands , chatham islands , snares , antipodes islands , auckland islands , and norfolk island ( self - governing australian territory ) . now extinct on lord howe island and macquarie islands ( 6 ) .
found in a wide variety of habitats , including dense temperate rainforests , coastal forest , scrubland , forest edges and open areas . this bird prefers nesting in hollow limbs , holes or stumps of trees , but , where suitable trees are lacking , will also use holes , burrows and tunnels in the ground , cliffs and tussock grass ( 6 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) . listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
the red - fronted parakeet has been upgraded from least concern to vulnerable on the iucn red list due to its apparent extinction from the mainland , leaving only fragmented populations across off - shore islands . european settlement and conversion of forest to farmland probably contributed significantly to this bird’s decline , with clear - felling , logging and burning of forests drastically reducing available habitat . the disappearance of this species from the mainland is also attributed to nest predation from introduced predators , such as rats , cats , stoats and weasels , in addition to competition for food and breeding sites from introduced birds . formerly persecuted for damaging crops and gardens ( 6 ) .
the red - fronted parakeet is fully protected from trade across international boarders by its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) . a captive breeding programme has also been established on norfolk island for this bird . the ability of this species to breed well in captivity , and its popularity in aviculture collections , is likely to prevent this bird from ever becoming completely extinct . future priorities advocated in the conservation of the red - fronted parakeet include preserving important habitat of remaining populations , carrying out research to determine current population size and trends , and performing predator control measures if found to be appropriate ( 6 ) .
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forbes , h . o . & robinson , h . c . 1897 ,
catalogue of the parrots ( psittaci ) in the derby museum
, bulletin of the liverpool museum , vol . 1 , pp . 5 - 22
gray , g . r . 1862 ,
a list of the birds of new zealand and the adjacent islands
, ibis , vol . 4 , no . 15 , pp . 214 - 252
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 21c4d485 - 7561 - 44d4 - 96f2 - 8036b253a9a5
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . available from :
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened birds . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 2
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the norfolk island green parrot is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . this species was prioritisied because it is important to the people of nortfolk island . recovery of the species is achievable ; actions to protect breeding sites have proven successful in the past and will aid its recovery . zoos victoria is actively involved in the recovery of the parrot , as are the norfolk island national park staff and the community . expertise is in place and the australian government and others have committed financial support . management of feral predators like feral cats and rats will not only help the green parrot , but all of the native animals on the island . reducing the impact of feral cats is a key area of focus in the bird action plan , as well as creating safe havens for threatened species .
the threatened species strategy webpage includes information on other projects that may be supporting the species .
the norfolk island green parrot is bright green with a red forehead and forecrown , a red stripe across each eye , a dark blue region on the leading edge of each wing and a small patch of red on either side of the rump . the sexes are similar in appearance , but the female can be distinguished by her smaller size , smaller red forehead and forecrown patches , and a smaller , narrower bill . juveniles are similar to the adults , but green colouring is duller and red colouring is less extensive ( forshaw 1981 ; higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is confined to norfolk island . its distribution is concentrated in the north - western region of the island around mount pitt , which lies in norfolk island national park . it is believed that breeding is largely confined to suitable habitat in the national park ( hill 2002 ; moore 1985 ; schodde et al . 1983 ; smith 2014 ) .
the extent of occurrence of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with high reliability , to be 35 km² ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the species was probably widespread on norfolk island , and present on the nearby phillip island , and perhaps nepean island , before the arrival of european settlers and subsequent clearing of endemic forest ( hill 2002 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .
the area of occupancy of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with medium reliability , to be 8 km² ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the area of occupancy declined following the arrival of european settlers and the species distribution had become concentrated around the mount pitt area by 1908 ( hull 1909 ) .
a captive breeding program implemented from the 1980s ended in 2009 when remaining birds were released ( garnett et al . 2011 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot population was surveyed intensively during 2013 and 2014 and from 1977to 1997 . surveys included ( hermes et al . 1986 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; oritz - catedral 2013 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) :
this species occurs as a single , contiguous breeding population ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the abundance of green parrots has undergone episodic fluctuation since human settlement on norfolk island . surveys conducted in winter 2013 confirmed a dramatic decline in the population , with an estimated population of between 46 and 92 individuals compared to an estimated 240 birds in 2010 . however , as the methodologies employed in these two surveys differ , comparison of results is problematic . there were only 10 confirmed records of adult females in winter 2013 with the maximum number of breeding pairs estimated to be unlikely to exceed 23 ( ortiz - catedral 2013 ) .
since the 2013 winter survey an intensive recovery program has been implemented throughout the national park which resulted in 58 chicks successfully fledging in the 2014 calendar year , of which 27 were female ( a . smith 2014 , pers . comm . ) .
the population is estimated to have consisted of about 190 pairs before the arrival of european settlers ( hill 2002 ) . the population declined substantially between 1774 , when the species was first recorded ( hoare 1974 ) , and 1908 , when the distribution had become largely confined to suitable habitat around mount pitt ( hull 1909 ) . in 1937 , a large number of birds were collected by an expedition from the smithsonian institute , and when no individuals were recorded in the two years following the expedition , the species was feared extinct ( hill 2002 ) . however , by the 1950s residents of the island claimed that the species was reasonably common ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ) . the following population estimates have been published :
in 1977–78 , three to five breeding pairs and 17–30 individuals in total ( forshaw 1981 ; schodde et al . 1983 )
in 1988 , four breeding pairs and 32 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )
in 1989–1995 , three to ten breeding pairs , and 25 to 44 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )
in 2006–07 , a minimum six breeding pairs and more than 200–400 individuals ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . )
in 2013 , a population of between 46 and 92 individual birds with only 10 adult females ( oritz - catedral 2013 ) .
historically , the decline in the number of breeding pairs has been attributed to successive years of dry ( and unfavourable ) conditions . only 10 young were produced from known nests in 2005–06 , but the reproductive output of known pairs doubled in the 2006–07 season following increased rainfall in the preceding year ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the recent decline can be attributed to predation by cats and rats , a lack of safe nesting hollows and competition for nesting hollows from the introduced crimson rosella ( platycercus elegans ) , common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) and honeybee ( apis mellifera ) ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .
norfolk island national park contains most of the suitable foraging habitat and is thought to contain the entire suitable breeding habitat of the norfolk island green parrot ( hill 2002 ) with the exception of one nest site discovered in 2013 on private land adjoining the national park ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot primarily occurs in remnant norfolk island pine ( araucaria heterophylla ) tall closed rainforest , as well as in other native vegetation , eucalypt plantations and adjacent to native forest in orchards and gardens ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .
norfolk island national park encompasses 465 ha ( 12 % of norfolk island land ) . this national park has been classified into five habitats : weed infested native forest ( 161 ha , 35 % ) ; dense african olive ( olea europaea subsp . cuspidata ) forest ( 129 ha , 28 % ) ; native forest ( 97 ha , 21 % ) ; dense red guava ( psidium cattleianum var . cattleianum ) forest ( 41 ha , 9 % ) ; and plantation forest ( 32 ha , 7 % ) . native vegetation consists of palm forest , hardwood forest and norfolk island pine forest .
nesting and roosting habitat the norfolk island green parrot usually nests in a hollow or cavity in the limb , trunk or stump of living or dead trees , especially in larger native trees , including ironwood ( nestegis apetala ) , bloodwood ( corymbia spp . / eucalyptus spp . ) , cordyline and norfolk island pine , but now also using tree ferns ; nests are typically within 2 m of the ground ( garnett et al . 2011 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot generally roosts in concealed areas , including holes in trees , and thick vegetation such as epiphytes , tussocks , sedges and ferns . it often roosts in nesting sites ( higgins 1999 ) . inexperienced fledglings often roost in exposed sites ( higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot perches in trees when in forest , but may perch on the ground in open habitats , or when feeding on the ground ( higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
female norfolk island green parrots may begin laying eggs from 10–12 months of age , or even shortly after reaching independence . the age at which males become sexually mature is not known . longevity in the wild is expected to be 7 . 3 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . one wild breeding female was thought to be at least nine years old ( lane et al . 1998 ) , whilst the oldest known captive individual was 14 ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the generation length of this species is estimated , with low reliability , to be 4 . 6 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the norfolk island green parrot is not known to cross - breed with any other species .
reproduction the norfolk island green parrot breeds in all months of the year with a notable increase in breeding late summer and autumn ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) . average age of first breeding is expected to be approximately 2 . 0 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . clutch size has been recorded between 1 - 9 eggs ( dnp 2010 ) however clutches are more commonly around 3 or 4 ( a . smith . 2014 pers . obs . ) . females do all the incubation whilst both males and females share in rearing the chicks . females spend a larger amount of time in the nest feeding , visit the nest site more frequently and stay for longer than males , making them more susceptible to predation ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot exhibits double - clutching ( i . e . it has two nests concurrently at different stages of development ) . as the chicks reach around two weeks of age , the female parrot may leave the nest and commence a new nest , leaving the original nest to be tended by the male ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . thus , pairs can fledge up to four broods of young during a single year . eggs are laid at two - day intervals , and the incubation period ( 21 days ) commences after the second or third egg is laid ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . young birds leave the nest six to seven weeks after hatching , and generally become independent three to five weeks after fledging ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
in 1987–1998 , a mean of 13 wild nesting attempts per year ( range 1–27 , n = 12 years ) was recorded in norfolk island national park , from a total of 52 known nest hollows ( lane et al . 1998 ) . during this period a mean clutch size of 4 . 9 eggs ( range 1–9 , n = 161 clutches ) was recorded and a mean of 1 . 77 eggs ( range 0–6 , n = 161 clutches , or 35 . 5 % of clutch ) hatched per clutch . during this study , up to four chicks successfully fledged per nest with a total of 46 male and 44 female parrots fledged on the island . of fledged individuals , 18 ( 39 % ) males and eight ( 18 % ) females survived their first year ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . the 1987–1998 figures equate to 4 . 6 males and 4 . 4 females fledging per year , and 1 . 8 males and 0 . 8 females surviving to their first year .
from 2001–07 , a total of 213 young fledged from known nests ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is adversely affected by competition for nesting sites with introduced species , such as common starling , crimson rosella and honeybee ( hill 2002 ) . while in the nest , females brooding eggs and birds tending chicks are vulnerable to predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) and black rats ( rattus rattus ) . inexperienced females may also select nest sites that are easily accessible to predators ( lane et al . 1998 ) .
adult norfolk island green parrots primarily eat seeds , fruits , flowers and leaves of native and introduced trees and shrubs , including norfolk island pine , ironwood , norfolk island palm ( rhopalostylis bauerri ) , bloodwood , cordyline and white oak ( lagunaria patersonia ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ) . they are reported to prefer the blossum and seeds of bloodwood and wild maple ( elaeodendron curtipendulum ) , but also eat seeds , fruits and bark of introduced species including wild tobacco ( solanum mauritianum ) , red guava , african olive , peach ( prunus persica ) and lantana ( lantana camara ) ( forshaw & cooper 1978 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .
norfolk island green parrots forage in all vegetation strata , depending on the location of seasonally available food items ( higgins 1999 ) . adults prefer to feed in the canopy in forested areas . however , for three to five weeks after fledging , juveniles feed extensively on the ground eating fallen seeds of african olive , norfolk island pine and red guava ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . during the summer months birds have been observed largely feeding in the canopy of trees , whilst in the winter months a large proportion of foraging time appears to be on the ground ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) . they will also feed in modified habitat , disturbed habitat and on exotic plants ( fruit trees ) , especially where native vegetation has been removed ( forshaw & cooper 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .
the norfolk island green parrot is regarded as sedentary or resident , and occurs in most habitat types throughout the year . adults display little movement before or after breeding ( higgins 1999 ) . this species descends to lower altitudes when fruit trees in orchards and gardens are fruiting ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) . this species is gregarious and it usually occurs in pairs , family parties or small groups ( higgins 1999 ) .
the majority of sightings of parrots outside of the national park are recorded during december and january . it has been suggested that some sightings may be excess males that are forced out of the park ( lane et al . 1998 ) .
distinctiveness there are no other species on norfolk island that are similar to the norfolk island green parrot .
recommended methods various techniques are employed to assess the status of the norfolk island green parrot population including nest inspections , visual and aural surveys , distance sampling and general observations ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .
nest surveys are also undertaken in addition to the overall population census . predator - resistant nest sites constructed throughout the national park are monitored monthly for signs of nesting activity . active nests are monitored twice weekly ; motion sensor cameras are also used to both record activity and to detect possible interference from other species .
the clearance of suitable forest habitat , particularly hollow - bearing trees such as ironwood , to provide timber and land for agriculture and pine plantations was a major factor in the decline of the norfolk island green parrot ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the widespread clearance of endemic forest has now ceased on norfolk island ( garnett et al . 2011 ) , and most of the remaining habitat is protected through its inclusion in norfolk island national park or through the listing of vegetation under local government legislation . however , patches of forest continue to be cleared on private land : this threat is being addressed through agreements between conservation bodies and landholders to conserve endemic forest ( hill 2002 ) .


the chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) is a small bird in the hummingbird family , trochilidae .

it is restricted to northernmost chile with reports from southern peru .

its natural habitats are dry shrubland and rural gardens .

it is threatened by habitat loss and is classed as a critically endangered species .

it is usually classified in its own genus eulidia but is sometimes placed with the purple-collared woodstar in the genus myrtis .

in 2013 it was classed as endangered but recently , it was classed as critically endangered by the iucn red list .

chilean woodstar

chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) is a species of bird in the trochilidae family .
this entry was posted in americas , archive , south america and tagged chilean woodstar . bookmark the permalink .
habitat loss , the chilean woodstar lives primarily in the desert climate where it is also threatened by the use of insecticides . more
the chilean woodstar is classified as endangered ( en ) , considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
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the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird . it has iridescent olive - green plumage and white underparts . males are distinguished by their violet - red throat patch and both sexes possess short , black bills . . . more
the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird . it has iridescent olive - green plumage and white underparts ( 2 ) . males are distinguished by their violet - red throat patch and both sexes possess short , black bills ( 2 ) .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list is to pend the decision on chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii and keep this discussion open until early 2015 , while leaving the current red list category unchanged in the 2014 update .
the highly restricted range of the chilean woodstar represents a threat to its survival ; the species is confined to just two valleys in northern chile which are already heavily cultivated ( 2 ) . viable habitat for this species of hummingbird is therefore scarce .
listing three foreign bird species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , the chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) , and the st . lucia forest thrush ( cichlherminia lherminieri sanctaeluciae ) - from latin america and the caribbean as endangered throughout their range ; final rule
following further review , there has been a change to our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list status of this species , and the recommended classification to be put forward to iucn is to treat chilean woodstar as critically endangered under criterion a2ac + 3c + 4ac .
the chilean woodstar , endemic to chile and peru , is a small hummingbird in the trochilidae family ( bli 2008 ) . no larger than the size of a moth ( johnson 1967 , p . 121 ) , the chilean woodstar is approximately 3 inches ( in ) ( 8 centimeters ( cm ) ) in length and has a short black bill ( bli 2008 ; del hoyo et al . 1999 , p . 674 ) . males have iridescent olive - green upperparts , white underparts , and a bright violet - red throat ( del hoyo et al . 1999 , p . 674 ; fjelds and krabbe 1990 , p . 296 ) . more
estades , c . f . , aguirre , j . , escobar , m . a . h . , tomasevic , j . a . , vukasovic , m . a . and tala , c . ( 2007 ) conservation status of the chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii . bird conservation international 17 ( 2 ) : 163 - 175 .
a color photo of the chilean woodstar birdyarrellii - of the yarrellii species - and lists its size , weight , and number in existence at the time of the advertisement . azapa and lluta river valleys in chile , peru are stated as the animal ' s habitat range . luiz claudio marigo is the photographer . price : $ 10 . more
benoit - c . , i . l . , editor . 1989 . red book on chilean terrestrial flora ( part one ) . corporación nacional forestal ( conaf ) , santiago , chile .
description : the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird about the size of a moth . this beautiful bird is no larger than three inches long , with iridescent , olive - green upperparts . males also have while underparts , accented by a bright violet - red throat . habitat : this hummingbird has varied habitat needs , from riparian thickets to arid scrub , agricultural lands , and gardens . more
the tiny , beautiful chilean woodstar is a hummingbird endemic to chile and peru . while it has always had a limited population distribution , it was once locally abundant . the 1970s marked a steep decline for the species due to both habitat loss and potential poisoning by dimethoate , a potent insecticide used to control mediterranean fruit flies . pesticides are still being used in the habitat of this hummingbird and continue to affect its reproduction . more
rest of day searching for chilean woodstar in azapa valley . in the evening return to tacna day 3 . mejia lagoons . drive to mejia lagoons and birding here . red - fronted coot is only found here in all peru , also good wetlands with many migrants . day 4 . mollendo pelagic . drive to arequipa . we will look out for raimondiā“s yellow - finch and grayish miner en route day 5 . chiguata and salinas . more
schuchmann , k . l . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
chilean woodstar , peruvian sheartail , oasis hummingbird , tamarugo and cinereous conebills , vermillion flycatcher , peruvian meadowlark and the strange slender - billed finch . after our arrival we will visit the rocky coast where we expect to see a great array of its endemic seabirds including peruvian pelican , peruvian booby , guanay and red - legged cormorants , the stunning inca tern and band - tailed and gray gulls . along the desert coast we will look for flocks of willet , whimbrel , ruddy turnstone , surfbird , franklin ' s gull and elegant terns . more
chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii is only known to breed regularly in the azapa and vitor valleys , arica department , extreme north chile ( estades 2007 ) . it is currently listed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) because it has a very small range ( estimated extent of occurrence [ eoo ] = 2 , 200 km 2 ) with all viable populations apparently confined to remnant habitat patches in two desert river valleys ( collar et al . 1992 ) . as these valleys are heavily cultivated , the extent , area and quality of suitable habitat ( and therefore the population ) are likely to be declining .
cites appendix ii . all exports of hummingbirds from peru and chile are controlled . a ten - year species recovery plan was approved in 2004 and included plans for a public awareness campaign , a study of competition between the woodstar and peruvian sheartail , a permanent population monitoring programme , restoration of natural vegetation in the azupa and lluta valleys , incorporation of its conservation into the agenda of the local good agricultural practices committee , and a study of the feasibility of an
estades ( in litt . 2007 ) estimated the population to number 650 individuals in azapa , and 550 in chaca . this totals 1 , 200 individuals , roughly equivalent to 800 mature individuals . previously , estades et al . ( 2007 ) had calculated a chilean population of 1 , 539 individuals in september 2003 . recent information , however , suggests that the population of this species has since declined to around 500 individuals ( d . lebbin in litt . 2012 ) . this estimate is assumed to equate to a population of c . 335 mature individuals , rounded here to c . 350 mature individuals . trend justification : evidence from surveys and anecdotal observations indicates that this species is undergoing an extremely rapid decline . population estimates have shown that the azapa and chaca populations have reduced by 15 . 6 % annually ( 81 . 6 % ) in 10 years ( c . f . estades in litt . 2013 ) .
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for a while , it looked like they might actually be in recovery . but this year’s census of the american subspecies , the rufa red knot , found that numbers have plummeted to an all - time low . the likely cause ? food shortages in delaware bay , a crucial feeding stopover site on their migration .
climate change and invasive species don’t just impact birds – the latest update to the iucn red list of threatened species shows that they are a growing threat to australia’s unique reptiles . however , the update also revealed good news for four south american amphibians assumed to be extinct .
we present the highlights of the latest issue of bird conservation international , our quarterly peer - reviewed journal promoting worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and their habitats .
we’ve selected crafts from across the world that will delight children and benefit birds . from ten - minute fruit kebabs to a summer spent birdhouse building , we’ve got projects for every age and timespan : all you need to do is pick your skill level .
help us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .
around one in five of all the world’s bird species migrate . and while every migration is an epic and often perilous feat of endurance , here’s a selection of species that we feel go the extra mile .
ulcinj salina is a traditional salt pan whose shallow waters feed and support more than 250 bird species . however , recent proposals to build a large - scale tourism resort threaten to obliterate it .
jane alexander is an acclaimed actress , author and an impassioned birder who is also a member of birdlife’s global advisory group . here , she talks to us about how acting got her into birding , and how the new generation gives her hope .
a new mode of farming is taking off in south america . the pampas is one the world’s most important grassland biomes : but intensive farming is wearing it down . now , a scheme for sustainable , bird - friendly meat is getting prestigious recognition .
one in eight bird species is in danger of extinction – but what are the main factors driving their decline ? they might not be what you think . read about the five biggest threats to bird biodiversity , and what’s being done to combat them .
over the last 40 years , europe’s skylarks have suffered a 50 % decline due to the intensification of agriculture . in sweden , this figure jumps to a staggering 75 % .
we interview katharine lowrie : part of a record - breaking couple who sailed the atlantic to begin an ultra - marathon through south america , all to raise money and awareness for wildlife and wild places .
it’s a first for burkina faso . . . a love story between environmental organization naturama ( birdlife - burkina faso ) and the private cement factory cimburkina . their common aim is to strengthen nature conservation and improve community livelihoods at the cement plant ' s operating sites .
following a tireless campaign by birdlife australia , which gained support from around the world , the australian government has decided to reject an application for phosphate mining on christmas island , a crucial wildlife haven in the indian ocean .
while armed conflict in colombia may be over , an influx of illegal miners and loggers means our newest partner’s collaborative approach to conservation has never been more important .
we are a global partnership of independent organisations working together as one for nature and people . read more about birdlife .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
8 cm . small hummingbird with short black bill . iridescent olive - green upperparts . male has violet - red throat . rest of underparts white . strongly forked tail . short , green central rectrices . longer outer rectrices blackish . female white tinged buff below , tail unforked , and rectrices tipped white .
estades , c . , fjeldså , j . , gonzalez - gomez , p . l . , howell , s . , jaramillo , a . & lebbin , d .
benstead , p . , capper , d . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , taylor , j . & ashpole , j
this species is classified as critically endangered based on evidence that it is undergoing an extremely rapid population decline . urgent research and targeted conservation actions are now required to understand , halt and reverse this decline .
, and there is a historical record as far south as northern antofagasta province , but there are no recent records for peru ( estades 2007 ) . it was described as very common in the first half of the 20th century , with over 100 seen feeding together . in the late 1980s , the species was noted as common in gardens in arica and regular in the lluta valley ; however , it has since disappeared from these areas , and it is now rare in the azapa valley , where it was once regular and common ( estades 2007 , a . jaramillo
, while in 2007 the total population was estimated at around 1 , 200 individuals ( 55 % in azapa and 45 % in chaca ) ( c .
2007 ) . recent information , however , suggests that the population of this species has since declined to around 500 individuals ( d . lebbin
. 2012 ) . population estimates have shown that the azapa and chaca populations have reduced by 15 . 6 % annually ( 81 . 6 % ) in 10 years ( c . f . estades
. 2013 ) . monthly searches for the species in all tacna valleys ( southern peru ) during 2008 - 2009 did not yield any records of this species ( n . hidalgo
. 2013 ) . it has been speculated that the species could be lost from the azapa valley within a decade , and that the species could face extinction within two decades ( a . jaramillo
it inhabits small remnant patches of native scrub in desert river valleys up to 750 m , but birds are occasionally reported above 2 , 000 m and once as high as 3 , 000 m ( j . fjeldså
. despite the large numbers formerly seen feeding in flowering trees , it is usually a solitary feeder . active nests have been found in april , may , late august and september and there appear to be two annual peaks in breeding activity ( estades 2007 , estades
. 2007 ) . it is likely that males display at leks . courtship territories are placed above dense thickets which are now scarce in azapa and vítor ( clark
remaining native habitat in the narrow and heavily cultivated valleys inhabited by the species is confined to small patches , and the indigenous plants favoured by the species may be severely threatened . dense thickets , possibly used as courtship territories , are now scarce due to the spread of agricultural activities in azapa and vítor ( clark
. 2013 ) . although it has adapted to use introduced plants the presence of certain native species may still be a limiting factor ( estades 2007 ) . the ' chañar ' tree
may be an important food resource but is often destroyed by farmers who consider it invasive and believe it attracts mice ( estades 2007 ) . pesticides began to be heavily used in the azapa valley in the 1960s in order to control the mediterranean fruit fly and other crop pests , but the peruvian sheartail
has not suffered similar declines , suggesting that this may not be the primary cause of its decline ( estades 2007 ) . competition with peruvian sheartail has been suggested as a potential threat , although this has not been proven ( estades
. 2013 ) . the various threats of habitat destruction , pesticide use and competition with other hummingbirds are likely to be synergistic in their impacts on the species ( p . l . gonzalez - gomez
through their monopolisation of the new resource ( p . l . gonzalez - gomez
research genetic structure of populations . begin a habitat restoration program in the lluta , chaca and azapa valleys , ensuring that species whose flowers are visited regularly by
. 2014 ) . conduct an education campaign to emphasize the importance of native plants , and encourage the planting of appropriate trees and bushes . continue population monitoring , as detailed in species recovery plan . limit the amount of pesticides used in azapa and chaca valleys . as the vast majority of the species ' s range is now privately owned , it has been recommended that some of this land be purchased to create pesticide - free , native plant reserves , with perhaps one in each valley inhabited by the species ( a . jaramillo
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22688244a112392683 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eulidia yarrellii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
little is known about the natural ecology of this small hummingbird . it is a solitary feeder and has been observed in gardens feeding on flowers of lantana spp . and hibiscus spp . ( 2 ) . nests containing eggs and chicks have been recorded in late august ( 2 ) .
this bird is currently restricted to the extreme northern reaches of chile . it is thought to be confined to just two valleys that contain suitable habitat ( 2 ) .
found in scrub in desert river valleys up to 750 metres above sea level ( 2 ) .
classified as endangered ( en – b1 + 2abce ) on the iucn red list 2002 ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
further research into the natural ecology of this species is urgently required in order to understand the nature of resources needed to sustain the population . exports of hummingbirds from peru and chile are controlled ( 2 ) and this species is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
birdlife international ( 2003 ) birdlifes online world bird database : the site for bird conservation . version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk . birdlife international . available at : urltoken
bbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken
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relationships unclear ; usually placed in monotypic genus , as here , but external morphology and behaviour support treatment within myrtis . possible hybridization with thaumastura cora indicated # r . monotypic .
n chile in lluta , azapa and vitor valleys ( arica ) ; historical record as far s as n antofagasta . few sight records in s peru ( tacna and possibly moquegua ) # r .
7·5–8 cm ; 2·3–2·6 g . male has short black bill ; upperparts iridescent olive green ; throat shining violet - red , underparts white ; central tail . . .
cultivated desert river valleys and gardens from 200 m to 750 m , commonest below 400 m , with a . . .
little known . nesting records are available from may , aug and sept , while an immature was collected in nov , and juveniles and partially . . .
presumably sedentary for the most part , occasionally straggling s into n antofagasta , chile , but . . .
critically endangered . cites ii . a little - known , restricted - range species : present in peru - chile pacific slope eba . until 2000 ranked as vulnerable , and only uplisted to . . .
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molecular studies # r # r indicate that genera myrtis , eulidia , rhodopis , thaumastura and chaetocercus form a monophyletic group that includes also calypte , archilochus and selasphorus .
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the atacama desert is a narrow strip of desert along the northwest coast of chile . it extends nearly 1600 km and reaches a maximum width of 180 km . in many areas rainfall has never been recorded . consequently , an extremely arid , almost barren , landscape predominates . despite the aridity of this desert , some cacti ( eulychnia ) , perennials ( nolana ) and mesquite ( prosopis ) occur in basins where occasional water accumulation occurs . relatively few animal species have adapted to this arid environment and therefore , faunal diversity and density is extremely low . even bacteria are scarce , and in many portions of the desert insects and fungi are absent . the intrinsic value of the atacama desert ' s plant and animal communities lies in the unique nature of their composition , the high levels of endemism and some species ' remarkable adaptations for survival in some of the planet ' s most demanding conditions .
description location and general description the atacama desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1 , 600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of chile from near arica ( 18°24 ' s ) southward to near la serena ( 29°55 ' s ) ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . this desert is a sparsely populated virtually rainless plateau , running east from the pacific ocean to the andes mountains . the average width is less than 100 km . the xeric conditions extend up to1 , 500 masl on the drier slopes ( börgel 1973 ) . the faulted coastal mountains ( mostly 500 - 1000 m high ) are composed of cretaceous sediments ( limestone and sandstone ) over more ancient masses of crystalline rocks ( lustig 1970 ) .
the atacama desert is considered to be one of the driest coastal deserts in the world . vegetation must contend with an annual rainfall of 0 . 6 mm in arica and 2 . 1 mm in iquique . the atacama becomes slightly less arid as it moves southward . the average monthly temperatures in iquique range from 14 . 5 oc in september to 21 oc in march ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
topography and substrate combine to influence the patterns of moisture availability and areas of suitable habitat . where isolated mountains or steep coastal slopes intercept the clouds , a fog zone develops with a stratus layer concentrated against the hillsides . the moisture allows the development of fog - zone plant communities termed
lomas
( small hills ) near the coast and in lower portions of numerous gorges (
quebradas
) between sea level and 1 , 100 m . these plant formations also have been called the fertile belt , fog oases or meadows on the desert . plant communities of the lomas consist of mixtures of annual and short - lived perennial and woody scrub vegetation .
the northern coastal zone has almost no vegetation . among some of the few plant species found in this zone are cacti growing over 500 m - eulychnia iquiquensis and copiapoa sp . near iquique , there is large community of tillandsia landbeckii growing at 990 - 1 , 100 m ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . the valleys along streams support plant communities that are composed of trees prosopis chilensis , p . tamarugo , salix humboldtiana , schinus aareira , acacia macrantha and caesalpinia tinctoria and other shrubby and herbaceous plants ( roig 1999 ) . on slopes moistened by drizzle during the winter , sparse strands of tillandsia spp . may exist in association with a few lichens .
near the town of antofagastsa , the region is practically devoid of vegetation except for eulychnia iquiquensis and copiapoa sp . only some brush plants occur along the coastal plateaus , dependent for survival on the moisture of persistent fog , they include heliotropium pycnophyllum , ephedra breana and lycium deserti ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . in places away from the area of fog formation , the desert is almost lifeless . in these areas , even decomposition does not occur . dead vegetation may be thousands of years old ( roig 1999 ) .
the southern atacama desert has a fog - zone vegetation with approximately 230 species of vascular plants . euphorbia lactiflua and eulychnia iquiquensis are dominant species in the central area of this zone . other shrubby species in the zone include echinopsis coquimbana , oxalis gigantea , lycium stenophyllum , proustia cuneifolia , croton chilensis , balbisia penduncularis and tillandsia geissei . bromeliads are also present along the coastal flats in this southern part , and include deuterocohni chrysantha and puya boliviensis ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
the southernmost area in the ecoregion is near chañaral . this area has communities of shrubs such as skytnathus acutus , encelia canescens , frankenia chilensis , and nolana rostrata . annuals and perennials include perityle emoryi , oenothera coquimbensis , ademia latistipula , atragalus coquimbensis , cruckshanksia verticillata , fagonia chilensis and tetragonia angustifolia ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
biodiversity features the intrinsic value of the atacama desert ' s plant and animal communities lies in the unique nature of their composition , the high levels of endemism and some species ' remarkable adaptations for survival in some of the planet ' s most demanding conditions . the highly endemic flora is of particular importance . there are some traditional uses of species by the local inhabitants ( aronson 1990 ; bittmann 1988 ) , e . g . food from oxalis spp . , medicinals from salvia tubiflora and ephedra spp .
there are approximately 550 species of vascular plants representing 225 genera and 80 families in the lomas formations . the most diverse families are the asteraceae , nolanaceae , cataceae , boraginaceae , and apiaceae . endemism can be very high ( over 60 % ) ( rundel et al . 1991 ) . most of the plant species mentioned earlier are endemic to the atacama desert . three cacti are endemic to the northern part of the atacama desert ; they are eulychnia iquiquensis , neoporteria sensu and copiapoa sp . endemic shurbs of the ecoregion include berberis litoralis , anisomeria littoralis , atriplex taltalensis , adesmia viscidissima , croton chilensis , balbisia peduncularis , nicotiana solanifolia , teucrium nudicaule , monttea chilensis , stevia hyssopifolia , senecio almeidae , gutierrezia taltalensis and haploppus desrticula . endemic plants near tocopilla are malesherbia tocopillana , mathewsia collina and nolana tocopillensis ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
understandably , very few animals have adapted to successfully inhabit this extremely dry habitat . the few scorpions and insects are the prey of lizards ( tropidurus spp . ) and of a small passerine of the genus geositta . an occasional bird of prey or vulture can be found scavenging on the carrion of domestic animals . mammals are equally few with a mouse ( phyllotis darwini ) and a fox ( pseudalopex griseus ) encountered periodically . the growth of a few scattered shrubs and herbaceous plants such as lichens enables certain specialized insects and poisonous spiders to colonize these deserts .
current status the region has been moderately affected by roads and mining operations . the northern area of the ecoregion has been especially affected by overgrazing of domestic livestock , collection of firewood , and commercial gathering of rare plants , including cacti and bulbs .
some nearby areas have archaeological importance . the beauty and rarity of the lomas formations provide opportunities for tourism combined with scientific studies . if the impact on the delicate communities is controlled through supervision , lomas formations can be enjoyed by the public and preserved . environmental education on the importance , rarity and the unusual characteristics of these natural resources is desperately needed . for example , quebrada el león needs some recuperation from overuse and could become a lasting and informative oasis as a nature reserve for residents of caldera and copiapó ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
three protected areas exist within the extreme desert region . pan de azúcar national park ( established in 1986 , iucn category ii ) covers 438 km² . it has been recommended ( anderson et al . 1990 ) that this park be expanded northward to include quebrada esmeralda ( 25°50 ' s ) and quebrada de las lozas ( 25°41 ' s ) , which would protect areas very rich in cacti . la chimba national reserve ( iucn category iv ) of 30 km² was recently established and lies approximately 15 km north of antofagasta . pampa del tamarugal national reserve ( iucn category iv ) , 1 , 023 km² in size , is one of the key areas for the conservation of the threatened tamarugo conebill ( conirostrum tamarugense ) .
types and severity of threats a few port towns exist in this desert . iquique , caldera , and antofagasta are located on precarious sea - eroded terraces at the base of coastal cliffs . these towns are the outlet for the numerous mining centers in the interior tectonic basins . the wealth of the region lies in its mineral resources ( copper , sodium chloride , sodium nitrate , iodine salts ) , not in its spare biotic resources ( roig 1999 ) .
most threats to this ecoregion are closely associated with the few human population centers . specifically , these include increased urbanization , pollution , road construction , livestock grazing – ( numerous goats ) , fuelwood gathering , commercial plant collecting , and erosion .
since many sites have become accessible by road only recently ( i . e . , within the past 12 years ) , atacama ' s specialized ecosystems remained well preserved until recent times . road construction in association with mining operations is increasing human occupation in the region . with the rise in copper prices during the 1980s , reactivation of mining activities utilizing large quantities of sulphuric acid has had an essentially undocumented impact on terrestrial and marine life ( anderson et al . 1990 ) .
justification of ecoregion delineation the atacama desert is distinguished as being one of the driest places in the americas – and said to resemble a lunar landscape . inititial delineation’s followed di castri ( 1968 ) , however for the linework we followed simmonetti and montenegro ( 1994 ) to draw the northern and southern boundaries . eastern delineations follow the unesco ( 1980 ) boundary for the neighoring puna ecoregion in the high andes , and the western delineation is the pacific ocean .
references anderson , e . f . , m . bonilla - f . , a . e . hoffmann - j . , and n . p . taylor . 1990 . succulent plant conservation studies and training in chile . world wildlife fund - u . s . , washington , d . c .
aronson , j . 1990 . desert plants of use and charm from northern chile . desert plants 10 ( 2 ) : 79 - 86 .
bittmann , b . 1988 . recursos y supervivencia en el desierto de atacama . in masuda , s . , editors , recursos naturales andinos . tokyo : university of tokyo .
börgel , r . 1973 . the coastal desert of chile . pages 111 - 114 in d . h . k . amiran , and a . w . wilson , editors . coastal deserts : their natural and human environments . tucson : university of arizona press .
di castri , f . 1968 . esquisse ecologique du chili . biologique de l ' amerique australe 4 . cnrs , paris , france .
dillon , m . o . , and a . e . hoffmann - j . 1997 . lomas formations of the atacama desert northern chile . in s . d . davis , v . h . heywood , o . herrera - macbryde , j . villa - lobos , and a . c . hamilton , editors . centres of plant diversity : a guide and strategy for their conservation . wwf , iucn , oxford , u . k .
dorst j . 1967 . south america and central america : a natural history . hamish hamilton , london .
lustig , l . k . 1970 . appraisal of research on geomorphology and surface hydrology of desert environments . in w . g . mcginnies , b . j . goldman , and p . paylore , editors . deserts of the world : an appraisal of research into their physical and biological environments . university of arizona press , tucson .
roig , v . 1999 . atacama desert . page 54 in m . e . mares , editor , encyclopedia of deserts . university of oklahoma press , norman .
rundel , p . w . 1981 . the matorral zone of central chile . pages 175 - 201 in f . di castri , d . w . goodall , and r . l . specht , editors . ecosystems of the world vol . 11 . elsevier , amsterdam .
simmonetti , j . a . and g . montenegro . 1994 . conservation and use of biodiversity of the arid and semiarid zones of chile . presented at the international workshop
conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad en zonas áridas y semiáridas de américa latina
, march 1994 , guadalajara , mexico . unpublished document .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
this discussion was first published as part of the 2013 red list update , but remains open for comment to enable reassessment in 2014 .
further information is requested on the population trends , size and distribution of this species . comments on the proposed uplisting are welcome .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation : cambridge , u . k .
we have conducted monthly additional searches for the species in all tacna valleys ( south peru ) during 2008 - 2009 , this species was not recorded in any census . regards .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 31 march , after which recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
the final red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in mid - 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
the final categorisation will be published later in 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessment by birdlife and iucn .
with stark cliff walls over 1 , 600 meters high , the chicamocha canyon is the deepest in colombia . unfortunately for biologists , its difficult terrain houses a number of endemic species . it was in order to confirm the presence of one of these species – nicéforo’s wren thryophilus nicefori – that four biologists from calidris ( birdlife in colombia ) [ … ]
most businesses want to minimise their impact on the natural world – but it can be hard to know where to start . luckily , the process has just got a whole lot easier with the release of a new roadmap for companies operating in some of the most biologically significant places on the planet . the report , [ … ]
“a summit for the flyways” united 100 different organisations from 70 different countries to address one problem : how to protect migratory birds on their incredible journey . and with millions of migratory birds passing through the middle east , it was the perfect opportunity to tackle regional issues , too . birdlife took advantage of the fact that conservation [ … ]
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thaumatopsis magnificus is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by fernald in 1891 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new mexico , arizona and colorado .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

the forewings are dull yellow with white stripes .

the hindwings are uniform white .

adults are on wing in june and july .

thaumatopsis magnificus

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
t . bolterellus forewing has dark gray lines between white stripes ; t . fernaldella and t . floridalis forewings have only one white stripe edged with black scales ; loxocrambus awemensis forewing has thin white lines , not thick stripes ( compare images of these and related species at mpg here and here )
distribution and dates ( frank haimbach , academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , archive . org )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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