the trillers ( lalage ) are a genus of passerine birds belonging to the cuckoo-shrike family campephagidae .

their name comes from the loud trilling calls of the males .

there are about 12 species which occur in southern asia and australasia with a number of species on pacific islands .

they feed mainly on insects and fruit .

they build a neat cup-shaped nest high in a tree .

they are fairly small birds , about 15 to 20 cm long .

they are mainly black , grey and white in colour .

most species are fairly common but the samoan triller is considered to be near threatened and the norfolk island subspecies of the long-tailed triller has become extinct .

triller

when entering my new aus sighting , i noticed that variable triller was split and a subsp was named m . triller - but the variable triller no longer appears in the new c / c tax - i am attaching a screen shot .
polynesian triller ( lalage maculosa ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
common name : norfolk island long - tailed triller the norfolk island long - tailed triller , lalage leucopyga leucopyga , is a conventionally accepted subspecies of the long - tailed triller , lalage leucopyga ( christidis & boles 1994 ; higgins et al . 2006 ; schodde & mason 1999 ) .
rufous - bellied triller ( lalage aurea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
, elevate a subspecies of varied triller ( lalage leucomela conjuncta ) to species rank as mussau triller ( lalage conjuncta ) , following taylor ( 2005 ) . [ ioc : st . matthias is . in the bismarck arch . : ioc ]
the varied triller still exists in clements 6 . 7 along with the all of its former subspecies ; minus the one above .
find out why 25 million people , including stars like kevin hart , vanessa hudgens and the victoria ' s secret models , are using triller .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller was the only subspecies of the long - tailed triller to occur in australia ( higgins et al . 2006a ; schodde & mason 1999 ) . the norfolk island long - tailed triller was restricted to norfolk island in the south - western pacific ocean ( schodde & mason 1999 ) . it was last recorded in 1942 ( schodde et al . 1983 ) and is , thus , presently extinct .
initially , triller was just focused on allowing users to create the videos — you’d make them in the app , then share and watch them elsewhere .
mobile app triller isn’t just a simple way to make music videos anymore — it recently added social features that allow users to follow other users and explore their videos .
triller is a fantastic video editing app that offers some really fun results . the interface is simple and clean , allowing you to create your masterpiece in only five minutes or less .
with the latest update , triller is becoming more of a full - fledged social network , with the ability to follow and be followed . you might follow people you know , or people you discovered through triller famous — then you can toggle back and forth between the famous feed and your own customized feed . plus , everyone gets a profile showcasing all their publicly shared videos .
triller is the easiest way to create flawless video . make celeb - quality music videos , shoot beautiful films , and collaborate with friends to make group videos in seconds . millions have made triller videos on the fly including selena gomez , rita ora , justin bieber , kevin hart + more . just shoot a few takes , tap the triller button , and we quickly edit everything together into an impressive , shareable video . use triller to : * create a professional - looking video with the help of our unique auto - editing algorithm . * look your best with 50 + filters . new filters drop every week . * capture your life from the best angles , or pick from the hottest songs to make your own music video . * personalize your videos with text , drawings , and emojis . * collaborate with friends in group video . * share videos via instagram , twitter , facebook , text , e - mail or save to your camera roll . * * * * * * * * * * * questions ? feedback ? we love it . please write us at : feedback @ triller . co . triller terms : urltoken
triller is a video editing app that lets you create spectacular videos in just a few seconds . the only thing you need is your android device , since the app itself offers hundreds of different songs from all genres .
management documents relevant to the long - tailed triller are at the start of the profile . in addition , the action plan for australian birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) summarises critical ecological and conservation data for the subspecies .
the only food the norfolk island long - tailed triller was known to take were insects ( hull 1909 ) . the other subspecies eat insects ( both adults and larvae , including caterpillars ) as well as small fruits ( mayr 1945 ) . the norfolk island long - tailed triller foraged on terrestrial insects by pouncing onto them from a suitable perch , such as a stump or fence - post , and took flying insects on the wing ( hull 1909 ) .
there is no information on the home ranges or territories of the norfolk island long - tailed triller ( higgins et al . 2006a ) . the other subspecies maintain well - defined territories which are vigorously defended during the breeding season ( bregulla 1992 ) .
triller is the simplest way to create flawless videos . make celeb - quality music videos , shoot beautiful films , and collaborate with friends to make group videos in seconds . with triller , it ' s all about capturing the greatest moments in your life and impressing the world with your extraordinary talent . millions have made triller videos on the fly including selena gomez , rita ora , justin bieber , kevin hart , and more . shoot a few takes , tap the triller button , and triller app can quickly edit everything together into an impressive , shareable video for you . use triller to : • easily create immersive full - screen music videos pick your favorite soundtrack from trending artists and featured genres , record up to a duration of 30 seconds or upload your own videos , and create a professional - looking music video using our unique auto - editing algorithm . • express your true self capture your life from the best angles . tell your story by singing , dancing and performing in your own style . the world will love you as long as you are enjoying yourself ! • personalize your videos adjust , trim and edit your videos with text , drawings , and emojis . add cool effects from the selection of 50 + filters . new filters drop every week . • be creative and have fun together shoot a video with multiple takes , shuffle for the best edit and collaborate with friends in group video . • go social ! chat , comment , and follow the most talented people in the world . share videos via instagram , twitter , facebook , text , e - mail or save to your camera roll . * * * * * * * * * * * questions ? feedback ? we love it . please write us at : feedback @ triller . co .
the long - tailed triller would have been quite distinctive on norfolk island , as it was the only black and white passerine to occur on the island . even during non - breeding , the blackish - brown and white plumage would have allowed easy identification .
if you only record one take , this will be the final music video . however , if you record several takes , triller can edit all of them together , and create a more professional - looking video . you can also apply different filters to further customize the overall look .
but that started to change with the launch of triller famous , a section that highlights a curated selection of user - submitted videos . leiberman said the response was pretty encouraging , with nearly a million users signing up to submit ( he said the app has seen 10 million downloads overall ) .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller formed a distinct population separated , geographically , from all other subspecies ( higgins et al . 2006a ; schodde & mason 1999 ) . the subspecies was formerly considered abundant ( schodde et al . 1983 ) , and was reported to occur in ' considerable numbers ' ( hull 1909 ) . however , no population estimates were available . the norfolk island long - tailed triller became extinct by the mid - twentieth century . the other subspecies are assumed to be stable and secure , as they are not listed as declining or threatened ( birdlife international 2000 ; collar et al . 1994 ) .
there have not been any comprehensive surveys for the species . there have , however , been a number of ornithological surveys on norfolk island since the extinction of the norfolk island long - tailed triller ( e . g . schodde et al . 1983 ; robinson 1988 ; bell 1990a ) , resulting in no sign of the subspecies .
taylor , b . ( 2018 ) . long - tailed triller ( lalage leucopyga ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
i should probably back up a second and explain what triller is . it’s an iphone and android app that allows you to create a video by taking a snippet of your favorite song , adding a video filter and singing along . co - founder and ceo david leiberman said the app is easy to use , but at the same time , “we still preserve the illusion of glamour that’s often destroyed in video . ”
the species as a whole , currently , occurs in five populations , each considered a separate subspecies ( higgins et al . 2006a ; mayr & ripley 1941 ) . consequently , the other extant subspecies of the long - tailed triller occur on islands in the south - western pacific ocean : new caledonia ; vanuatu ; and the solomon islands ( higgins et al . 2006a ; mayr 1945 ; schodde & mason 1999 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . biak triller ( lalage leucoptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the extinction of the norfolk island long - tailed triller is thought to have resulted from predation by the black rat ( rattus rattus ) , which arrived on the island in the 1940s ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; robinson 1988 ) . this also coincided with the clearing of a large area of native forest for the construction of an airport ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . though it was last recorded in 1942 ( schodde et al . 1983 ) , the subspecies was said to have been abundant just a year before ( schodde et al . 1983 ) .
the breeding biology is the only aspect of the ecology of the norfolk island long - tailed triller that is reasonably well known . it was recorded breeding between september and february , when it built a shallow , cup - shaped nest of moss , lichen and root - fibres , and laid a clutch of two pale green eggs with olive - brown speckles ( hull 1909 ; north 1899 ) . norfolk island long - tailed trillers were said to have laid a second clutch of eggs after heavy rainfall , which resulted in an abundance of food ( hull 1909 ) .
the norfolk island long - tailed triller is known to have inhabited rainforest ( de ravin 1975 ) , and is thought to have occurred in all wooded habitats on norfolk island ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the other subspecies occur in open country with tall trees and shrubs in which to perch , rather than in ' solid forest ' . the species is more likely to be seen at the edge of the forest or in secondary regrowth and it is often recorded in plantations or gardens in villages and towns ( bregulla 1992 ; doughty et al . 1999 ; mayr 1945 ) .
the norfolk island subspecies was said to have been bright and lively ( hull 1909 ) , so it was probably readily detectable . the other subspecies of the long - tailed trillers feed quietly in the outer branches of trees , often perching conspicuously in the tops of trees and shrubs , not obscured by the foliage ( bregulla 1992 ; mayr 1945 ) . though the norfolk island long - tailed triller has been extinct since the mid - 20th century , if a presence / absence survey were to be conducted , it should consist of diurnal area searches within a radius of 500 m at various sites , or transect - point surveys ( magrath et al . 2004 ) .
the extinct norfolk island long - tailed triller was a small black and white or dark brown and white passerine with a long tail . it was 17 - 18 centimetres long . the male , when in breeding plumage , was glossy black on the top of the head and neck , and off white or pale buff on the face , below the eye . most of the rest of the upperparts were black , except for a white shoulder patch and rump , and a white tip to the tail . the underparts were white or pale buff . plumage of both non - breeding males and females was similar to males ' breeding plumage , except for the glossy black upperparts which were blackish brown ( bregulla 1992 ; higgins et al . 2006 ; mayr 1945 ) .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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login with instagram , improved performance for downloading & playing videos , improved app activity when it returns from background and many bugfixes to improve user’s experience .
my friend told me about this app , so i listened and got it . i like musically , they’re fun to make , and she said it’s like that . when i got it . . it was just confusing . i had no clue how to make a video , and when i finally figured how to make one , it looked super bad and it just was not that fun . i mean looking at others trillers are fun , but making your own and being proud of it is what i wanted to do . i’d recommend musically over this . more simple and way easier to figure out . i give this a two because the only part i enjoyed was watching other people who were actually good at them . not the best app , prefer musically and i think you’d prefer it too . 💯
sooo i updated the app and my camera isn’t working when i start to record . . i didn’t know if it was the app or my phone so i went to the camera app and my camera worked perfectly fine so then i went back to the app to see if it worked and it didn’t 🙄 so i restarted the app and my phone but yet it still didn’t work soo i dont know what’s wrong . . . like i dont know if it’s bug but i don’t want to delete the app and put it back on there cuz i’m scared it’s gonna delete my stuff so . but it seems like i’m not the only 😭
hi . i just got back on this app since last year i think and i’m having trouble with posting . when i try to post it says i need to confirm my email address before i can post . i tell it to send me a confirmation email and i never receive them ( my main problem ) . i have checked the email i registered with many times and it is correct . this has stumped me and i’m really sad i cannot post . if you could tell me how to fix this problem or if you could fix it that would be great ! thank you , plz reply asap ! ! !
requires ios 10 . 0 or later . compatible with iphone , ipad , and ipod touch . apple tv .
with family sharing set up , up to six family members can use this app .
+ use android shortcuts to quickly make vlogs and music videos ( needs android 7 . 1 + )
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the process of creating a video is really simple . to choose a song , you can use the search box to look it up by artist , album , or song title . you can also import one from your device ' s memory .
once you choose the song , you need to select 15 seconds of it , which will be the duration of your video . after that , you can start recording . you can use the front or back camera , as well as the zoom to add interesting effects .
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do you have a sister & brother song like mawee . bulma ? grab your siblings and dance to that song of yours tonight !
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“we’re giving people the opportunity to make a video that doesn’t look like a bad bar mitzvah video , ” he added .
and if you’re like me and not quite ready to show off your lip - syncing / dancing skills , this gives you a reason to browse the app .
( tristram , 1879 ) – makira ( san cristobal ) and uki , in se solomons .
j . p . verreaux & des murs , 1860 – new caledonia and i of pines .
17–18 cm ; 16·5–21 g . male nominate race breeding with forehead , lores , crown , upper ear - coverts and upperparts glossy greenish - black , indistinct white spots on . . .
gives a short , rasping call note ; loud , melodious song , “tee - zeeia - tee - zeeia - tee - zeeia” . nominate . . .
lowland and mountain forest ; commoner at forest edges and in open areas . probably occurred in all . . .
no current information available . on norfolk i ( nominate race , extinct ) foraged in trees , but also seen to forage in wet grass , perching on . . .
no current information . on norfolk i bred in sept , dec and feb , feb clutches apparently second breeding attempt in response to food . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in the solomon group eba , vanuatu and temotu eba and new caledonia eba ; extinct in norfolk island eba . common . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 and usually were subject to scientific study while alive .
since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing . the situation is exemplified by hawaii , where 30 % of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived . other areas , such as guam , have also been hit hard ; guam has lost over 60 % of its native bird taxa in the last 30 years , many of them due to the introduced brown tree snake .
currently there are approximately 10 , 000 species of birds , with an estimated 1 , 200 considered to be under threat of extinction .
island species in general , and flightless island species in particular are most at risk . the disproportionate number of rails in the list reflects the tendency of that family to lose the ability to fly when geographically isolated . even more rails became extinct before they could be described by scientists ; these taxa are listed in late quaternary prehistoric birds .
given below are usually approximations of the actual date of extinction . in some cases , more exact dates are given as it is sometimes possible to pinpoint the date of extinction to a specific year or even day ( the
its extinction could be timed with an accuracy of maybe half an hour ) . extinction dates in the literature are usually the dates of the last verified record ( credible observation or specimen taken ) ; in many pacific birds which became extinct shortly after european contact , however , this leaves an uncertainty period of over a century because the islands on which they used to occur were only rarely visited by scientists .
elephant bird , aepyornis maximus and / or a . medius ( madagascar , 16th century ? ) the taxonomy of the elephant birds is not fully resolved ; it is certain that at least one taxon survived until some 1000 years ago at least . judging from geographical data , a . maximus and the smaller a . medius are possibilities .
upland moa , megalapteryx didinus ( south island , new zealand , late 15th century ? ) generally believed to have been extinct by 1500 , this is the only moa species that according to current knowledge might have survived until later times , possibly as late as the 1830s .
crested shelduck , tadorna cristata ( northeast asia , late 20th century ? ) a relict species from northeast asia . officially critically endangered due to recent unconfirmed reports .
amsterdam duck , anas marecula ( amsterdam island , south indian ocean , c . 1800 )
saint paul island duck , anas sp . ( saint paul island , south indian ocean , c . 1800 ) only known by a painting from 1793 . might be identical with the amsterdam island duck or a distinct species or subspecies .
pink - headed duck , rhodonessa caryophyllacea ( east india , bangladesh , north myanmar , 1945 ? ) – a reclassification into the genus netta is recommended but not generally accepted . officially critically endangered ; recent surveys have failed to rediscover it .
réunion pochard , aythya cf . innotata ( réunion , mascarenes , c . 1690s ) a bone of a pochard found on réunion seems to resolve the reports of canards other than the mauritian duck having occurred on the island . the taxonomic status of this form cannot be resolved until more material is found , however .
auckland merganser , mergus australis ( auckland islands , southwest pacific , c . 1902 )
the pile - builder megapode , megapodius molistructor may have survived on new caledonia to the late 18th century as evidenced by descriptions of the bird named
tetrao australis
and later
megapodius andersoni
.
the viti levu scrubfowl , megapodius amissus of viti levu and possibly kadavu , fiji , may have survived to the early 19th or even the 20th century as suggested by circumstantial evidence .
raoul island scrubfowl , megapodius sp . ( raoul , kermadec islands , 1876 ) a megapode is said to have inhabited raoul island until the population was wiped out in a volcanic eruption . it is not clear whether the birds represent a distinct taxon or derive from a prehistoric introduction by polynesian seafarers .
himalayan quail , ophrysia superciliosa ( north india , late 19th century ? ) officially critically endangered . not recorded with certainty since 1876 , but thorough surveys are still required , and there was a recent set of possible ( though unlikely ) sightings around naini tal in 2003 . a little - known native name from western nepal probably refers to this bird , but for various reasons , no survey for ophrysia has ever been conducted in that country , nor is it generally assumed to occur there ( due to the native name being overlooked ) .
javan lapwing , vanellus macropterus ( java , indonesia , mid - 20th century ) officially classified as critically endangered , but as this conspicuous bird has not been recorded since 1940 , it is almost certainly extinct .
white - winged sandpiper , prosobonia ellisi ( moorea , society islands , 19th century ) doubtfully distinct from p . leucoptera .
eskimo curlew , numenius borealis ( northern north america , late 20th century ? ) may still exist ; officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
slender - billed curlew , numenius tenuirostris ( western siberia , early first decade of the 21st century ? ) may still exist ; officially classified as critically endangered . a few birds were recorded in 2004 , following several decades of increasing rarity . there was an unconfirmed sighting in albania in 2007 . a survey to find out whether this bird still exists is currently being undertaken by the rspb ( birdlife in the uk ) .
leguat ' s giant
or géant , a hypothetical giant rail from the mascarenes described as leguatia gigantea , is based on his descriptions of flamingos , as leguat was not familiar with their french name flamand or thought that it referred to other birds ( it was in his time sometimes used for spoonbills , for example ) .
antillean cave rail , nesotrochis debooyi known by pre - columbian bones from puerto rico and the virgin islands . stories of an easy - to - catch bird named carrao heard by alexander wetmore in 1912 on puerto rico might refer to this species .
, the last records were in 1984 and it seems that all available habitat is overrun by feral pigs and dogs , which prey on this bird .
vava ' u rail , gallirallus cf . vekamatolu ( vava ' u , tonga , early 19th century ? ) this bird is known only from a drawing by the 1793 malaspina expedition , apparently depicting a species of gallirallus . the ' eua rail , gallirallus vekamatolu , is known from prehistoric bones found on ' eua , but this species is almost certainly not g . vekamatolu , as that bird was flightless and hence is unlikely to have settled 3 distant islands . however , it probably was a close relative .
norfolk rail , gallirallus sp . may be the bird shown on a bad watercolor illustration made around 1800 .
kosrae crake , porzana monasa ( kosrae , carolines , c . mid - late 19th century )
réunion swamphen or oiseau bleu , porphyrio coerulescens ( réunion , mascarenes , 18th century ) known only from descriptions . former existence of a porphyrio on réunion is fairly certain , but not proven to date .
the north island takahē , porphyrio mantelli known from subfossil bones found on north island , new zealand , may have survived to 1894 or later .
new caledonian gallinule , porphyrio kukwiedei from new caledonia , melanesia , may have survived into historic times . the native name n ' dino is thought to refer to this bird .
samoan wood rail , gallinula pacifica ( savai ' i , samoa , 1907 ? ) probably better placed in the genus pareudiastes , unconfirmed reports from the late 20th century suggest it still survives in small numbers , and therefore it is officially classified as critically endangered .
makira woodhen , gallinula silvestris ( makira , solomon islands , mid - 20th century ? ) only known from a single specimen , this rail is probably better placed in its own genus , edithornis . there are some unconfirmed recent records that suggest it still survives , and thus it is officially classified as critically endangered .
fernando de noronha rail , rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ( fernando de noronha , w . atlantic , 16th century ? ) a distinct species of rail inhabited fernando de noronha island , but it has not been formally described yet . probably was extant at first western contact .
tahitian
goose
, rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ( tahiti , late 18th century ? ) early travelers to tahiti reported a
goose
that was found in the mountains . altogether , a species of the rail genus porphyrio seems the most likely choice .
bokaak
bustard
, rallidae ? gen . et sp . indet . ' bokaak '
an unidentified terrestrial bird is mentioned in an early report from bokaak in the marshall islands . it is described as a
. in the former case it may have been a vagrant of some still - extant species ; in any case , no bird that could be described as
bustard - like
is found on bokaak today .
rallidae gen . et sp . indet . ' amsterdam island ' unknown rail from amsterdam island , one specimen found but not recovered . extinct by 1800 or may have been straggler of extant species .
alaotra grebe , tachybaptus rufolavatus ( lake alaotra , madagascar , 1985 ) officially declared extinct in 2010 , 25 years after the last official sighting . declined through habitat destruction and hybridization with the little grebe . disappeared from only known location in the 1980s .
the
painted vulture
, sarcoramphus sacra , a floridian bird supposedly similar to the king vulture , seems based on a misidentification of the northern caracara . see king vulture article for discussion .
ascension night heron , nycticorax olsoni ( ascension island , atlantic , late 16th century ? ) known only from subfossil bones , but the description of a flightless ascension bird by andré thévet cannot be identified with anything other than this species .
new zealand little bittern , ixobrychus novaezelandiae ( new zealand , late 19th century ) long considered to be vagrant individuals of the australian little bittern , bones recovered from holocene deposits indicate that this was indeed a distinct taxon , but it might not be a separate species .
réunion ibis , threskiornis solitarius ( réunion , mascarenes , early 18th century ) this species was the basis of the
réunion solitaire
, a supposed relative of the dodo and the rodrigues solitaire . given the fact that ibis ( but no dodo - like ) bones were found on réunion and that old descriptions match a flightless sacred ibis quite well , the
réunion solitaire
hypothesis has been refuted .
jamaica petrel , pterodroma caribbaea ( jamaica , caribbean ) possibly a subspecies of the black - capped petrel ; unconfirmed reports suggest it might survive . officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
pterodroma cf . leucoptera ( mangareva , gambier islands , 20th century ? ) a wing of a carcass similar to gould ' s petrel was recovered on mangareva in 1922 , where it possibly bred . no such birds are known to exist there today .
guadalupe storm petrel , oceanodroma macrodacyla ( guadalupe , east pacific , 1910s ) officially critically endangered , possibly extinct , but a thorough survey in 2000 concluded the species was certainly extinct .
imber ' s petrel , pterodroma imberi described from subfossil remains from the chatham islands , became apparently extinct in the early 19th century .
the chatham penguin , eudyptes sp . ( chatham islands , sw pacific ) , is only known from subfossil bones , but a bird kept captive at some time between 1867 and 1872 might refer to this taxon .
pigeons , doves and dodos for the
réunion solitaire
, see réunion sacred ibis .
passenger pigeon , ectopistes migratorius ( eastern north america , 1914 ) the passenger pigeon was once among the most common birds in the world , a single flock numbering up to 2 . 2 billion birds . it was hunted close to extinction for food and sport in the late 19th century . the last individual died in the cincinnati zoo in 1914 .
) , but bones have not yet been found . it disappeared at the same time .
rodrigues pigeon , nesoenas rodericana ( rodrigues , mascarenes , before 1690 ? ) formerly in streptopelia . a possible subspecies of the madagascar turtle dove ( n . picturata ) , this seems not to be the bird observed by leguat . introduced rats might have killed it off in the late 17th century .
liverpool pigeon ,
caloenas
maculata also known as the spotted green pigeon , the only known specimen has been in liverpool museum since 1851 and was probably collected on a pacific island for edward stanley , 13th earl of derby . it has been suggested that this bird came from tahiti based on native lore about a somewhat similar extinct bird called the titi , but this has not been verified .
sulu bleeding - heart , gallicolumba menagei ( tawitawi , philippines , late 1990s ? ) officially listed as critically endangered . only known from two specimens taken in 1891 . there have been a number of unconfirmed reports from all over the sulu archipelago in 1995 , however , these reports stated that the bird had suddenly undergone a massive decline , and by now , habitat destruction is almost complete . if not extinct , this species is very rare , but the ongoing civil war prevents comprehensive surveys .
tanna ground dove , gallicolumba ferruginea ( tanna , vanuatu , late 18th - 19th century ) only known from descriptions of two now - lost specimens .
thick - billed ground dove , gallicolumba salamonis ( makira and ramos , solomon islands , mid - 20th century ? ) last recorded in 1927 , only two specimens exist . declared extinct in 2005 .
red - moustached fruit dove , ptilinopus mercierii ( nuku hiva and hiva oa , marquesas , mid - 20th century ) two subspecies , the little - known p . m . mercierii of nuku hiva ( extinct mid - late 19th century ) and p . m . tristrami of hiva oa .
negros fruit dove , ptilinopus arcanus ( negros , philippines , late 20th century ? ) known only from one specimen taken at the only documented sighting in 1953 , the validity of this species has been questioned , but no good alternative to distinct species status has been proposed . officially critically endangered , it might occur on panay , but no survey has located it . one possible record in 2002 does not seem to have been repeated .
farquhar blue pigeon , alectroenas sp . ( farquhar group , seychelles , 19th century ) only known from early reports ; possibly a subspecies of the comoro or seychelles blue pigeon .
rodrigues grey pigeon ,
alectroenas
rodericana ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ) a mysterious bird of unknown affinities , known from a few bones and , as it seems , two historical reports .
dodo , raphus cucullatus ( mauritius , mascarenes , late 17th century ) called didus ineptus by linnaeus . a metre - high flightless bird found on mauritius . its forest habitat was lost when dutch settlers moved to the island and the dodo ' s nests were destroyed by the monkeys , pigs , and cats the dutch brought with them . the last specimen was killed in 1681 , only 80 years after the arrival of the new predators .
new caledonian lorikeet , charmosyna diadema ( new caledonia , melanesia , mid - 20th century ? ) officially critically endangered , there have been no reliable reports of this bird since the early 20th century . it is , however , small and inconspicuous .
which also occurred there . it is possible but unlikely that the species survived on ʻeua until the 19th century .
mascarene grey parakeet , psittacula bensoni ( mauritius , possible réunion as psittacula cf bensoni ) . formerly described as mauritius grey parrot , lophopsittacus bensoni . known from a 1602 sketch by captain willem van westzanen and by subfossil bones described by david thomas holyoak in 1973 . might have survived to the mid - 18th century .
mascarene parrot , mascarinus mascarinus ( réunion and possibly mauritius , mascarenes , 1834 ? ) last known individual was a captive bird which was alive before 1834 .
broad - billed parrot , lophopsittacus mauritianus ( mauritius , mascarenes , 1680 ? ) may have survived to the late 18th century .
rodrigues parrot , necropsittacus rodericanus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , late 18th century ) the species n . francicus is fictional , n . borbonicus most likely so .
glaucous macaw , anodorhynchus glaucus ( n argentina , early 20th century ) officially critically endangered due to persistent rumors of wild birds , but probably extinct .
cuban macaw , ara tricolor ( cuba , west indies , late 19th century ) a number of related species have been described from the west indies , but are not based on good evidence . several prehistoric forms are now known to have existed in the region , however .
carolina parakeet , conuropsis carolinensis ( se north america , c . 1930 ? ) although the date of the last captive bird ' s death in the cincinnati zoo , 1918 , is generally given as its extinction date , there are convincing reports of some wild populations persisting until later . two subspecies , c . c . carolinensis ( east and south of the appalachian range– extinct 1918 or c . 1930 ) and c . c . ludovicianus ( louisiana parakeet , west of the appalachian range– extinct early 1910s ) .
guadeloupe parakeet , aratinga labati ( guadeloupe , west indies , late 18th century ) only known from descriptions , the former existence of this bird is likely for biogeographic reasons and because details as described cannot be referred to known species .
guadeloupe amazon , amazona violacea ( guadeloupe , west indies , mid - 18th century ) the extinct amazon parrots were originally described after travelers ' descriptions . both are now considered valid extinct species closely related to the imperial amazon .
rodrigues owl , mascarenotus murivorus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ) the preceding two species were variously placed in bubo , athene ,
scops
( = otus ) , strix , and tyto before their true affinity was realized .
new caledonian boobook , ninox cf . novaeseelandiae ( new caledonia , melanesia ) known only from prehistoric bones , but might still survive .
1870s ? ) – circumstantial evidence suggests small remnants survived until the early / mid - 20th century .
the puerto rican barn owl , tyto cavatica , known from prehistoric remains found in caves of puerto rico , west indies , may still have existed in 1912 given reports of the presence of cave - roosting owls .
the bahaman barn owl , tyto pollens , known from prehistoric remains found on andros ( bahamas ) , may have survived to the 16th century as indicated by the
chickcharnie
legend .
siau scops owl otus siaoensis ( 20th century ? ) only known from the holotype collected in 1866 . endemic to the small volcanic island of siau north of sulawesi in indonesia . might still survive as there are ongoing rumors of scops - owls at siau .
caprimulgidae - nightjars and nighthawks reclusive ground - nesting birds that sally out at night to hunt for large insects and similar prey . they are easily located by the males ' song , but this is not given all year . habitat destruction represents currently the biggest threat , while island populations are threatened by introduced mammalian predators , notably dogs , cats , pigs and mongoose .
jamaican poorwill , siphonorhis americana ( jamaica , west indies , late 19th century ? ) reports of unidentifiable nightjars from the 1980s in habitat appropriate for s . americana suggest that this cryptic species may still exist . research into this possibility is currently underway ; pending further information , it is classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct .
cuban pauraque , siphonorhis daiquiri ( cuba , west indies , prehistoric ? ) described from subfossil bones in 1985 . there are persistent rumors that this bird , which was never seen alive by scientists , may still survive . compare puerto rican nightjar and preceding .
vaurie ' s nightjar ( caprimulgus centralasicus ) is only known from a single 1929 specimen from xinjiang , china . it has never been found again , but the validity of this supposed species is seriously disputed . it was never refuted to be an immature female desert european nightjar .
coppery thorntail , discosura letitiae ( bolivia ? ) known only from three trade specimens of unknown origin . might still exist .
bogota sunangel , heliangelus zusii ( colombia ? ) a mysterious bird known only from a single specimen of unknown origin . long considered a hybrid but confirmed as a valid species in 2009 through dna analysis .
turquoise - throated puffleg , eriocnemis godini ( ecuador , 20th century ? ) officially classified as critically endangered , possibly extinct . known only from six pre - 1900 specimens , the habitat at the only known site where it occurred has been destroyed . however , the bird ' s distribution remains unresolved .
imperial woodpecker , campephilus imperialis ( mexico , late 20th century ) this 60 - centimetre - long woodpecker is officially listed as critically endangered , possibly extinct . occasional unconfirmed reports come up , the most recent in late 2005 .
the ivory - billed woodpecker ( campephilus principalis principalis ) is most likely extinct , but there is uncertainty on whether or not it was rediscovered in the white river national wildlife refuge of arkansas in 2004 , as intensive searching in the five following years has failed to confirm its survival . the cuban ivory - billed woodpecker ( campephilus principalis bairdii ) was last seen in 1987 and is generally considered extinct , but a few patches of unsurveyed potential habitat remain .
stephens island wren , xenicus lyalli ( new zealand , 1895 ? ) the species famously ( but erroneously ) claimed to have been made extinct by a single cat named
tibbles
.
bushwren , xenicus longipes ( new zealand , 1972 ) three subspecies : x . l . stokesi ( north island , extinct 1955 ) ; x . l . longipes ( south island , extinct 1968 ) ; x . l . variabilis ( stewart island , extinct 1972 ) .
, this species has not been recorded since 1956 and although some habitat still exists , it was not found in dedicated searches in the 1990s . nevertheless , its voice
the identity of
strigiceps leucopogon
( an invalid name ) , described by lesson in 1840 , is unclear . apart from the holotype supposedly from
new holland
, a second specimen from the
himalaya
may have existed ( or still exist ) . lesson tentatively allied it to the meliphagidae , and rothschild felt reminded of the kioea .
mangarevan whistler , ? pachycephala gambierana ( mangareva , gambier islands , late 19th century ? ) tentatively placed here . a mysterious bird of which no specimens exist today . it was initially described as a shrike , then classified as an eopsalteria
robin
, and may actually be an acrocephalus warbler .
eiao monarch , pomarea fluxa ( eiao , marquesas , late 1970s ) previously considered a subspecies of the iphis monarch , this is an early offspring of the marquesan stock .
nuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae ( nuku hiva , marquesas , mid - late 20th century ) previously considered a subspecies of the marquesas monarch , this is another early offspring of the marquesan stock .
white - eyed river martin , pseudochelidon sirintarae ( thailand , late 1980s ? ) officially classified as critically endangered , this enigmatic species is only known from migrating birds and it was last seen in 1986 at its former roost site . recent unconfirmed reports suggest it may occur in cambodia .
red sea cliff swallow , petrochelidon perdita ( red sea area , late 20th century ? ) known from a single specimen , this enigmatic swallow probably still exists , but the lack of recent records is puzzling . it is alternatively placed in the genus hirundo .
mangareva reed warbler , acrocephalus astrolabii ( marianas ? , mid - 19th century ? ) known from just two specimens found from mangareva island in the western pacific .
rück ' s blue flycatcher , cyornis ruckii ( malaysia or indochina , 20th century ? ) an enigmatic bird known from two or four possibly migrant specimens , last recorded in 1918 . might exist in northeast indochina and might be a subspecies of the hainan blue flycatcher .
tana river cisticola , cisticola restrictus ( kenya , 1970s ? ) a mysterious bird , found in the tana river basin in small numbers at various dates , but not since 1972 . probably invalid , based on aberrant or hybrid specimens . an unconfirmed sighting was apparently made in 2007 in the tana river delta .
black - browed babbler , malacocincla perspicillata ( borneo ? , indonesia , 20th century ? ) known from a single mid - 19th century specimen , this bird may be extinct or could still exist . if the specimen label , usually considered erroneous in claiming
java
as the bird ' s origin , is correct , it may have gone extinct earlier .
rodrigues bulbul , hypsipetes cowlesi ( rodrigues , mascarenes , extinction date unknown , 17th century or 18th century might be possible ) known only from subfossil bones .
rodrigues
babbler
( rodrigues , mascarenes , 17th century ? ) known from subfossil bones . provisionally assigned to timaliidae , but placement highly doubtful .
only one reliable record since 1956 , in 1995 , leaves the species ' survival seriously in doubt .
bay starling , aplonis ? ulietensis ( raiatea , society islands , between 1774 and 1850 ) usually called
bay thrush
( turdus ulietensis ) ; a mysterious bird from raiatea , now only known from a painting and some descriptions of a ( now lost ) specimen . its taxonomic position is thus unresolvable at present , although for biogeographic reasons and because of the surviving description , it has been suggested to have been a honeyeater . however , with the discovery of fossils of the prehistorically extinct starling aplonis diluvialis on neighboring huahine , it seems likely that this bird also belonged to this genus .
rodrigues starling , necropsar rodericanus ( rodrigues , mascarenes , mid - 18th century ? ) tentatively assigned to sturnidae . the bird variously described as necropsar leguati or orphanopsar leguati and considered to be identical with n . rodericanus ( which is only known from subfossil bones ) was found to be based on a misidentified albinistic specimen of the martinique trembler ( cinclocerthia gutturalis )
olomaʻo , myadestes lanaiensis ( hawaiian islands , 1980s ? ) officially classified as critically endangered because a possible location on molokaʻi remains unsurveyed . two subspecies are known from lanaʻi ( m . l . lanaiensis , extinct early 1930s ) , molokaʻi ( m . l . rutha , extinct 1980s ? ) and a possible third subspecies from maui ( extinct before late 19th century ) .
cozumel thrasher , toxostoma guttatum ( cozumel , caribbean , early first decade of the 21st century ? ) it is still unknown whether the tiny population rediscovered in 2004 survived hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 . unconfirmed records in april 2006 and october and december 2007 .


halobates or sea skaters are a genus with over 40 species of water striders .

while many are coastal , about five of these are able to survive and stand on the surface of the open ocean , a habitat containing very few insect species .

they are predators , coastal species feeding mainly on fallen terrestrial insects while the oceanic species feed on plankton .

the coastal species lay their eggs on rocks near the shore , the oceanic species attach their egg masses on floating objects such as cuttlebone , feathers and plastic waste .

species are found around the world , commonly near the equator .

most are tiny , the body length being about half a centimeter but with long legs of up to 2 centimeters .

they are wingless and the abdomen is short and compressed compared to the length of the thorax .

gravid females may appear to have an elongated abdomen .

they were first collected by johann friedrich von eschscholtz , a doctor who was part of a russian expedition aboard the rurik between 1815 and 1818 .

some species of storm petrel actively feed on halobates , sometimes splashing the water with their feet to attract or detect sea striders .

the five pelagic species of halobates are h. micans , h. germanus , h. sericeus , h. splendens and h. sobrinus of which the last four are found only in the pacific ocean .

the only species with a wide distribution is halobates micans , which is found in the indian and atlantic oceans .

a fossil species h. ruffoi is known from 45-million-year-old deposits in verona , italy .

close relatives of the genus include austrobates and asclepios .

halobates

reconstructing the evolutionary and ecological history of the sea skaters halobates spp . ( heteroptera : gerridae )
the fragments make it easier for the marine insect halobates sericeus to lay its eggs out over the ocean .
the marine insect halobates sericeus , also known as a
sea skater
or
oceanic water strider .
reconstructing the evolutionary and ecological history of the sea skaters halobates spp . ( heteroptera : gerridae ) [ peerj preprints ]
ms goldstein explained :
we thought there might be fewer halobates if there ' s more plastic - that there might be some sort of toxic effect . but , actually , we found the opposite . in the areas that had the most plastic , we found the most halobates .
the team found a strong association between the presence of halobates and the micro - plastic in a way that was just not evident in the data from 40 years ago .
herring , j . l . ( 1961 ) . the genus halobates ( hemiptera : gerridae ) . pacific insects . 3 : 223 –305 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
so , they ' re obviously congregating around this plastic , laying their eggs on it , and hatching out from it . for halobates , all this plastic has worked out well for them .
examples of a not - yet - hatched sea skater ( halobates sericeus ) egg attached to a piece of plastic ( at the top of the image ) , about the size of a grain of rice , and a hatched egg ( bottom ) .
the sea strider , halobates sericeus , is related to pond striders seen in freshwater lakes . it usually lays its eggs on floating objects in the ocean , like seashells , seabird feathers , tar lumps and pumice . the researchers compared recently collected plastic to that collected in 1972 under a microscope .
andersen , n . m . ; cheng , l . ( 2004 ) . the marine insect halobates ( heteroptera : gerridae ) : biology , adaptations , distribution and phylogeny . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 42 : 119 - 180 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ikawa , t . ; okabe , h . ; cheng , l . ( 2012 ) . skaters of the seas – comparative ecology of nearshore and pelagic halobates species ( hemiptera : gerridae ) , with special reference to japanese species mar . biol . res . 8 ( 10 ) : 915 - 936 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the genus halobates includes the only five insect species that have been successful in a pelagic marine environment . different scenarios of independent colonization events of that environment have been proposed , considering the appearance of pelagic distribution in several non - sister clades in the phylogeny of the genus . in this paper , we aim to update the phylogenetic hypothesis under the criterion of bayesian inference , calibrate a molecular clock using the only fossil described in the genus and also analyze the diversity pattern of the lineage since its divergence . high support values were found in the phylogenetic reconstruction , which tend to decrease with an increase of the distances from the root . low supports for the most derived clades or relatively recent divergences cast doubt on the delimitation of some species . although the divergence time for halobates was estimated at 42 . 01 mya ( ± 8 . 13 ) the emergence of the lineage probably happened a few million years before , so the estimated time of divergence probably also marked the start of diversification of the marine lineages of this genus . since divergence , the richness of genus showed continuous linear growth for approximately 24 . 4 my , when the lineages began to diversify more quickly with a significantly lower extinction rate . the colonization of the pelagic environment which occurred nearly 42 mya , could also have been the starting point of the colonization of the marine pelagic environment when changes in their morphology , physiology and behaviour enabled them to exploit novel ecological niches . ancestors of pelagic marine insects probably inhabited areas close to the seacoast more than 41 mya ago . the ecological history of halobates was probably not limited to a pair of open water colonization events as indicated by earlier proposals . we hypothesize instead that at least three independent events of open water colonization by halobates species have occurred . in this sense , the ecological character of coastal or pelagic distribution is considered to be a homoplasic character without direct implications on the net diversification of halobates .
many colleagues contributed to andersen’s research on halobates and other marine water striders by donating material , cooperating on various projects , etc . in particular , he wished to thank lanna cheng ( scripps institution of oceanography , uc san diego , la jolla ) , john t . polhemus ( englewood , colorado ) , william a . foster ( university museum , cambridge , u . k . ) , tom a . weir ( csiro entomology , canberra ) , jakob damgaard ( zoological institute & museum , copenhagen university ) , and felix a . h . sperling ( university of alberta , edmonton ) . this research was supported by grants from the danish natural science research council , 1990 - 2001 .
the quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north - east pacific ocean has increased a hundred fold over the past 40 years .
scientists from the scripps institution of oceanography documented the big rise when they trawled the waters off california .
they were able to compare their plastic
catch
with previous data for the region .
we did not expect to find this ,
says scripps researcher miriam goldstein .
when you go out into the north pacific , what you find can be highly variable . so , to find such a clear pattern and such a large increase was very surprising ,
she told bbc news .
all the plastic discarded into the ocean that does not sink will eventually break down .
sunlight and the action of the waves will degrade and shred the material over time into pieces the size of a fingernail , or smaller .
an obvious concern is that this micro - material could be ingested by marine organisms , but the scripps team has noted another , perhaps unexpected , consequence .
these
sea skaters
or
water striders
- relatives of pond water skaters - need a platform for the task .
normally , this might be seabird feathers , tar lumps or even pieces of pumice rock . but it is clear from the trawl results that h . sericeus has been greatly aided by the numerous plastic surfaces now available to it in the pacific .
ms goldstein and colleagues gathered their information on the abundance of micro - plastic during the scripps environmental accumulation of plastic expedition ( seaplex ) off california in 2009 . they then compared their data with those from other scientific cruises , including archived records stretching back to the early 1970s .
the natural circulation of water - the north pacific gyre - tends to retain the debris in reasonably discrete , long - lived collections , which have popularly become known as
garbage patches
. in the north - eastern pacific , one of these concentrations is seen in waters between hawaii and california .
this scripps study follows another report by colleagues at the institution that showed 9 % of the fish collected during the same seaplex voyage had plastic waste in their stomachs .
that investigation , published in marine ecology progress series , estimated the fish at intermediate ocean depths in the north pacific ocean could be ingesting plastic at a rate of roughly 12 , 000 to 24 , 000 tonnes per year .
toxicity is the issue most often raised in relation to this type of pollution , but ms goldstein and colleagues say broader ecosystem effects also need to be studied .
the abundance of ocean debris will influence the success , or otherwise , of
rafting communities
- those species that are specifically adapted to life on or around objects floating in the water .
bigger creatures would include barnacles and crabs , and even fish that like to live under some kind of cover , but large - scale change would likely touch even the smallest organisms .
the study raises an important issue , which is the addition of hard surfaces to the open ocean ,
says ms goldstein .
in the north pacific , for example , there ' s no floating seaweed like there is in the sargasso sea in the north atlantic . and we know that the animals , the plants and the microbes that live on hard surfaces are different to the ones that live floating around in the water .
so , what plastic has done is add hundreds of millions of hard surfaces to the pacific ocean . that ' s quite a profound change .
ms goldstein ' s co - authors were marci rosenberg , a student at the university of california los angeles , and scripps research biologist emeritus lanna cheng .
debris tends to collect within the north pacific subtropical convergence zone . ocean eddies and other small ocean circulation features will further aggregate material into more discrete
garbage patches
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
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you will find the latest official ices advice on this page . you can also search for our advice by species and ecoregions in the publications library .
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bycatch of small cetaceans and other marine animals – review of national reports under council regulation ( ec ) no . 812 / 2004 and other information
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the great pacific garage patch is giving sea striders a place to breed out on the open ocean , changing the natural environment there , new research suggests .
the great pacific garbage patch , known to scientists as the north pacific subtropial gyre , is a large patch of mulched up plastic and other garbage , often said to be the size of texas , floating in the pacific ocean .
this paper shows a dramatic increase in plastic over a relatively short time period and the effect it ' s having on a common north pacific gyre invertebrate ,
study researcher miriam goldstein , graduate student at the university of california san diego , said in a statement .
we ' re seeing changes in this marine insect that can be directly attributed to the plastic .
they found that the number of pieces of plastic less than 0 . 2 inches ( 5 millimeters ) in diameter increased about 100 times over the past 40 years . they also found that these tiny plastic pieces gave sea striders more room to lay their eggs , leading to much higher densities of the invertebrate in the garbage patch .
by giving these insects a place to breed out on the open ocean , the plastic patch is changing the natural environment and could be having an impact on the local food web , the researchers said . this is exactly what they ' ve been worried about , goldstein said . [ video : humans hit the oceans hard ]
it ' s a general pattern throughout the ocean that the animals that live on hard surfaces are different than the animals that live on soft surfaces , or in the water column . all this plastic has added a lot of hard surfaces to an ecosystem that historically has very few ,
goldstein told livescience in an email .
researchers collected an alarming amount of small bits of broken down plastic floating across thousands of miles of open ocean .
this could be a
good
thing for the insect ' s main predator , crabs , increasing their numbers — but such a large change could disrupt the oceanic food web , the researchers said . and the items that the insect eats , including tiny animals like zooplankton and fish eggs , could take a big population hit .
the garbage patch community seems to have a very low amount of biodiversity , goldstein said , which isn ' t a great thing :
we ' re concerned that this might change the flow of energy in this ecosystem , potentially favoring the low - biodiversity rafting community at the expense of the high - biodiversity water column community .
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jennifer welsh graduated from the university of california , santa cruz ' s science communication graduate program after working at a start up biotech company for three years after getting her bachelor of science in biological sciences from the university of notre dame . she has worked at wiredscience , the scientist and discover magazine before joining the live science team .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
the evolutionary success of insects on land is unparalleled among the metazoans . although many insects occur in marine habitats , the only oceanic habitat colonized by insects is the sea - air interface .
( hemiptera - heteroptera , gerridae ) are widespread in tropical oceans and both adults and juveniles spend their entire lives on the sea surface . there are an additional 4 1
species in sheltered , coastal marine waters throughout the tropical indo - pacific . after being largely ignored by biologists for decades , sea skaters have recently become much better known and their taxonomy , phylogeny , biology , ecology , and biochemistry have been widely studied .
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cheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cheng , l . ; hill , d . s . ( 1982 ) . marine insects of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 173 - 183 . [ details ]


deltatheridium ( meaning triangle beast or delta beast ) is an extinct species of metatherian .

it lived in what is now mongolia during the upper cretaceous , circa 80 million years ago .

it was a basal metatherian , which places it near start of the lineage that led to the marsupials , such as kangaroos , wallabies , koalas , and opossums .

it had a length of 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) .

its teeth indicate it was carnivorous .

one specimen of archaeornithoides might attest an attack by this mammal , the skull bearing tooth marks that match its teeth .

deltatheridium

scientists believe that deltatheridium had characteristics that are very similar to marsupials ( pouched animals ) that live today .
we found deltatheridium - - this beautiful , little skull - - at our favorite site , ukhaa tolgod .
deltatheridium prerituberculare ( del - tah - ther - id - ee - um ) locality found : mongolia age : cretaceous 80 mya size : 6 inches long prepared for : 2000 museum exhibit fighting dinosaurs characteristics : paleontologists believe that deltatheridium was an early ancestor to modern day marsupials .
so , what are ya , marsupial or placental ? since the discovery of deltatheridium , scientists knew that it was an early mammal . however , before the late 1990s , they debated about what kind of mammal it was . was it a marsupial ( pouched mammal such as opossums and kangaroos ) or a placental ( a mammal that gives birth to fully developed young , such as rats , bats , and whales ) ? now , thanks to some amazing fossil evidence from the gobi , scientists have the answer . on the mammal family tree , deltatheridium is definitely a marsupial . although deltatheridium ' s descendants went extinct , some of its
cousins
became the marsupials we know today .
flashback to 80 million years ago in the gobi desert . deltatheridium scurried among dinosaurs . this cat - sized mammal had sharp canine teeth and triangular molars , much like those of opossums today . this early marsupial probably sunk its teeth into small lizards and insects .
deltatheridium is one of the organisms in birthdays the beginning . it was mentioned in the video called birthdays the beginning - “celebrate” by mr . yasuhiro wada ( ps4 , steam ) presented by nis america on 3 / 14 / 2017 . it appears in the description of no . 174 - andrewsarchus .
we describe here two new specimens of the mammal deltatheridium pretrituberculare from the late cretaceous period of mongolia . these specimens provide information on tooth replacement in basal therian mammals and on lower jaw and basicranial morphology . deltatheroidans , known previously from isolated teeth , partial rostra and jaws from the late cretaceous of asia and possibly north america , have been identified variously as eutherians , as basal metatherians ( the stem - based clade formed by marsupials and their extinct relatives ) , or as an outgroup to both eutherians and metatherians . resolution of these conflicting hypotheses and understanding of the early evolution of the therian lineage have been hampered by a sparse fossil record for basal therians . the new evidence supports metatherian affinities for deltatheroidans and allows a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal metatherians and marsupials . the presence of specialized marsupial patterns of tooth replacement and cranial vascularization in deltatheridium and the basal phylogenetic position of this taxon indicate that these features are characteristic of metatheria as a whole . other morphological transformations recognized here secure the previously elusive diagnosis of metatheria . the new specimens of deltatheridium illustrate the effectiveness of fairly complete fossil specimens in determining the nature of early evolutionary events .
the evidence for the radical transfer of the famous genus deltatheridium to the marsupialia seems to be partly different from that already presented 1 . the cheek tooth formula , a key character separating marsupials and placentals , is questionable for deltatheridium . there are seven cheek teeth , as usual in both groups , and the fourth is molariform , as in marsupials . this is evidence on phyletic affinity only if the primitive state , that of the latest common ancestor , was otherwise . in a manuscript that has circulated privately since 1963 i have argued from diverse evidence that the seven cheek teeth of each group may well be directly homologous with those of the other , with an ambiguity as to the permanent or deciduous premolars . in other words , p 4 4 or dp 4 4 of placentals may well be homologous to m 1 1 of marsupials . if so , a more or less molariform state of the fourth cheek tooth is primitive to both groups and the often nonmolariform state in more or less primitive placentals is secondary . this was why i suggested 2 that deltatheridium might have one more molar than previously thought ; the suggestion is now confirmed . relative wear of the teeth is a useful but unreliable criterion ( ref . 3 , footnote on page 86 ) .
mammal , ( class mammalia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother . in addition to these characteristic milk glands , mammals are distinguished by several other unique features . hair is a typical mammalian feature , although in many…
cretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary…
rat , ( genus rattus ) , the term generally and indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm , or 5 inches . ( smaller thin - tailed rodents are just as often indiscriminately referred to as mice . ) in scientific usage , rat applies to any of 56 thin - tailed , medium - sized rodent…
marsupial , any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass metatheria ( sometimes called marsupialia ) , a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother’s lower belly . the pouch—or marsupium , from which the group takes its name—is a flap…
placental mammal , ( infraclass eutheria ) , any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta , which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus . the placentals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes . although some authorities consider the…
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evolution of the therian mammals in the late cretaceous of asia . part i . deltatheriidae .
on the metatherian nature of the deltatheroida , a sister group of the marsupialia .
cretaceous mammals of southern utah . iii . therian mammals from the turonian ( early late cretaceous ) .
( eds lillegraven , j . a . , kielan - jaworowska , z . & clemens , w . a . ) 182–191 ( univ . calif . press , berkeley , ( 1979 ) .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 205–215 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .
the staggered marsupial third lower incisor : hallmark of cohort didelphimorphia , and description of a new genus and species with staggered i3 from the albian ( lower cretaceous ) of texas .
petrosals of late cretaceous marsupials from north america , and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 182–204 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 165–181 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .
( eds givnish , t . & systma , k . ) 129–161 ( cambridge univ . press , cambridge , ( 1997 ) ) .
we thank a . davidson for preparation of the fossils ; l . meeker , c . tarka and e . heck for illustrations ; and j . hopson , i . horvitz , m . mckenna , c . de muizon and m . norell for comments on the paper . this work was supported by the nsf , the jaffe foundation , the national geographic society , the eppley foundation , the mercedes - benz corporation , the james carter memorial fund and the frick laboratory endowment of the american museum of natural history .
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styracosaurus rider / the dreaded shrink ray . . . how do you feel about it ?
it had a length of 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) . apart from preying on insects , its diet was also composed of small reptiles and what it could scavenge from carrion using its sharp canine teeth .
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full reference : w . k . gregory and g . g . simpson . 1926 . cretaceous mammal skulls from mongolia . american museum novitates 225 : 1 - 20
see also gregory and simpson 1926 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 1979 and simpson 1928
type specimen : amnh 21705 , a skull ( palate with c - m3 and associated lower jaws ) . its type locality is shabarakh usu ( amnh loc . 12049 ) , which is in a campanian eolian sandstone in the djadokhta formation of mongolia .
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a small , probably carnivorous mammal from the late cretaceous that was once thought to be an insectivore , but the possession of certain dental characters indicates that it was a likely ancestor or sister group to the creodonta and carnivora .
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department of anatomical sciences and neurobiology , school of medicine , university of louisville , kentucky 40292 , usa . grougier @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
mammals in the world today make up only a tiny part of all of the mammal species that have ever existed .
although many kinds of mammals lived in north america during the cretaceous , most of their fossils were destroyed .
early mammal fossils from north america are no more than teeth and partial jaws . but in the gobi , entire mammal skeletons are commonly found .
image credits : courtesy of amnh ; mark norell : courtesy of discovery channel online .
a mouse that migrated from the forest to the plains . it appeared after the propagation of adelobasileus .
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keiferia inconspicuella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by murtfeldt in 1883 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from the south-eastern and mid-western united states , north to new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas .

the length of the forewings is 5-5.5 mm .

the forewings are grey mottled with dark grey and yellowish orange .

the hindwings are light to medium grey .

the larvae feed on solanum carolinense and solanum melongena .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

full-grown larvae are green and reach a length of 7 – 8 mm .

keiferia inconspicuella

keiferia brunnea povolný , 1973 ; acta univ . agric . 21 ( 3 ) : 610
keiferia educata povolný , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )
keiferia powelli povolný , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )
larvae on s . carolinense in parts of texas can be either k . glochinella or k . inconspicuella . these will have to be reared to the adult stage until the larva of k . glochinella is described with certainty .
keiferia rusposoria povolný , 1970 ; j . lep . soc . 24 : 6 ; tl : west indies , grenada , balthazar
keiferia inconspicuella can be separated from other species in our study by the lack of a dark band on the posterior margin of the prothoracic shield , the trisetose l group on a9 , the rounded head , pale thoracic legs , the eastern united states distribution and the host being either solanum melongena or s . carolinense but not solanum xanti . they tend to mine the edge of the leaves unlike p . operculella that occupies the central portions of the leaf .
keiferia dalibori king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : hualpen , 12m , chile
keiferia altisolani ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
keiferia elmorei ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
keiferia ( gnorimoschemini ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1724 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ me6 ] , 206 , 31 ; [ fe ]
this species is allied to keiferia altisolani in wing size and color , but it differs in that the male valva is elongate with a triangular apex , and the vinculum processes are vestigial and hump - like , whereas the valva is bifurcate in k . altisolani .
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adults are about 5 . 0 - 5 . 5 mm in forewing length . they are gray mottled with dark gray and yellowish orange . the labial palpus is upturned . the hindwing is light to medium gray and trapezoidal with a long fringe of hairs . the male genitalia have a sickle - shaped uncus with strongly curved base , elongate valva with triangular apex , and posterior margin of the vinculum shallowly excavated medially with paired vestigial hump - like processes . females have a funnel - shaped antrum and a large sickle - shaped signum .
larvae when fully grown are about 7 - 8 mm long , cylindrical , slightly flattened in form , and green colored . the head and t1 shield are light brown without a posterior band . the fifth tooth of the mandible , being small and pointed , is easily worn smooth and missed .
larvae burrow within the leaf along the edge of the leaf blade . they make a blotch - shaped mine and deposit feces and silk within the mine , causing leaves to turn brown .
native to north america . usa ( southeastern and midwestern united states north to about new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas ) .
this species was described with the larva observed to cause the leaves of the host plants to turn brown .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
gnorimoschema altisolani kieffer , 1937 ; bull . dep . agric . calif . 26 : 179
aristotelia chloroneura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : brazil , obidos , santarem
colombiana povolný , 1975 ; acta univ . brno 23 ( 1 ) : 109
larva on solanum powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14
tildenia georgei hodges , 1985 ; j . lep . soc . 39 ( 3 ) : 151 ; tl : illinois , mason co . , sand ridge state forest
gelechia gudmannella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 77 ; tl : west indies , san domingo , puerto plata
larva on solanum carolinense murtfeldt , 1881 , can . ent . 13 ( 12 ) : 244
california , cuba , mexico , hawaii , . . . , introduced ( italy ) . see [ maps ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 216 ; [ nacl ] , # 2047 ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ me6 ] , 207
larva on lycopersicon esculentum , solanum melongena var ' esculentum ' , s . tuberosum , s . carolinense , s . xanthii , s . bahamese , s . umbelliferum [ me6 ] , 208
parasites apanteles dignus , horogenes blackburni , panhormius pallidipes zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1728
vorax ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 53
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
n . sp . , ( family gelechiidae ) a leaf feeder on tomato ( lep . )
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
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