the salamandroidea are a suborder of salamanders , referred to as advanced salamanders .

the members of the suborder are found worldwide except for antarctica , sub-saharan africa , and oceania .

they differ from suborder cryptobranchoidea as the angular and prearticular bones in their lower jaws are fused , and all members use internal fertilization .

the female is fertilized by means of a spermatophore , a sperm-containing cap placed by the male in her cloaca .

the sperm is stored in spermathecae on the roof of the cloaca until it is needed at the time of oviposition .

the earliest known salamandroid fossils are specimens of the species beiyanerpeton jianpingensis from the tiaojishan formation , dated to the late jurassic period about 157 ( plus or minus 3 ) million years ago .

salamandroidea

fossils , molecules , divergence times , and the origin of salamandroidea . - pubmed - ncbi
salamandroidea is known as the salamander family , and first appeared about 160 million years ago .
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suborder salamandroidea fertilization internal ; angular bone fused with prearticular bone in lower jaw ; 2 pairs of limbs ; external gills in a few species that remain permanently aquatic ; aquatic , semiaquatic , and terrestrial . family ambystomatidae ( mole salamanders ) small to moderate size , to 35 cm ; usually with well - developed lungs ; …
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proc natl acad sci u s a . 2012 apr 10 ; 109 ( 15 ) : 5557 - 8 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1202491109 . epub 2012 mar 28 .
department of comparative biology and experimental medicine , university of calgary , calgary , ab , canada t2n 4n1 . janders @ urltoken
pmid : 22460794 pmcid : pmc3326514 doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1202491109
stratigraphic column from the mid - mesozoic to recent , showing the impact of the new fossil salamander published in pnas ( ) . the blue bar represents the estimate of salamandroid divergence from yang and rannala ( ) , and the red bar represents that from zhang et al . ( ) . “a” is the stratigraphic placement of the stem salamander kokartus ; “b1” the age of chunerpeton used in reisz and müller ( ) and roelants ( ) ; “b2” the age of chunerpeton used by zhang et al . ( ) ; “c” the new fossil salamandroid ; and “d” the previously oldest known salamandroid valdotriton . the new salamandroid extends their known range by 40 myr ( dashed red line ) , placing it older than an estimate made from the fossil record ( ) . the impact of changing hypotheses of taxonomic or stratigraphic placement is also demonstrated ; the different age interpretations for chunerpeton has a 17 - myr impact on the divergence estimate as read from the fossil record ( dashed line ) .
proc natl acad sci u s a . 2012 apr 10 ; 109 ( 15 ) : 5557 - 5558 .
we paleontologists can sometimes suffer from envy when we look at the sheer amount of data that a molecular systematist can bring to bear on a question of evolutionary relationship between species . our fossils are often fragmentary , and the fossil record can be stingy , especially failing to produce small , fragile taxa such as amphibians over periods of tens of millions of years . nevertheless , paleontologists have exclusive access to some information from deep time , primarily the combination of primitive and derived states that can tell the story of character transformation within a lineage , assuming the taxon is sufficiently well represented in the fossil record . we also used to claim exclusive access to information on the timing of events of evolution , but because of the development of molecular clock techniques we now have to share this stage . molecular divergence estimates are highly sensitive to the number , location , and topological distribution of calibration points (
) , and fossils , being constraints on the younger end of cladogenesis , necessarily underestimate divergence timing . the result of these sets of potential biases is a frequent mismatch in the ages estimated by using either set of data . this discrepancy has certainly been evident with respect to the evolution of extant amphibians ( frogs , salamanders , and caecilians ; collectively lissamphibia ) , with molecular estimates being much older ( as much as 100 myr ) than the fossil record suggests (
salamanders are the morphologically most generalized of the three extant groups , not having the locomotor specializations of their sister taxa frogs ( i . e . , jumping ) or caecilians ( i . e . , burrowing ) . there is an important divergence near the base of the salamander phylogenetic tree ( fig . 1 ) between the cryptobranchoids ( cryptobranchidae and hynobiidae ) , and salamandroids ( all other salamanders , excepting sirenidae , whose placement remains controversial ) . until the pnas study ( 12 ) , the oldest known salamandroid was from the cretaceous of spain ( 13 ) . gao and shubin ' s new species extends this range by 40 myr , with important implications for our understanding of salamander evolution .
stratigraphic column from the mid - mesozoic to recent , showing the impact of the new fossil salamander published in pnas ( 12 ) . the blue bar represents the estimate of salamandroid divergence from yang and rannala ( 1 ) , and the red bar represents that from zhang et al . ( 6 ) . “a” is the stratigraphic placement of the stem salamander kokartus ; “b1” the age of chunerpeton used in reisz and müller ( 3 ) and roelants ( 9 ) ; “b2” the age of chunerpeton used by zhang et al . ( 6 ) ; “c” the new fossil salamandroid ; and “d” the previously oldest known salamandroid valdotriton . the new salamandroid extends their known range by 40 myr ( dashed red line ) , placing it older than an estimate made from the fossil record ( 6 ) . the impact of changing hypotheses of taxonomic or stratigraphic placement is also demonstrated ; the different age interpretations for chunerpeton has a 17 - myr impact on the divergence estimate as read from the fossil record ( dashed line ) .
it is the 40 - myr age range extension that has the most exciting implications . a number of estimates for the divergence of cryptobranchoids and salamandroids have been made in the past several years (
) has become more commonplace . however , these estimates are still much older than suggested by a direct reading of the fossil record . one recent attempt to infer divergence by using just fossils (
) estimated this split to be at approximately 143 mya , which is more than 30 myr more recent than the youngest of the molecular estimates , and 80 myr younger than the average of the molecular estimates .
this discrepancy results from a few issues with the fossil data that skew this estimate toward younger ages , and biases in the molecular data that skew estimates in the older direction . the first , and probably greatest , effect with respect to this particular fossil - based estimate is the incompleteness of the fossil record for lissamphibians . there are enormous periods of nonrepresentation during which we know there must have been fossils . approximately 80 myr span between triadobatrachus ( the first frog ) and the stem salamanders karaurus and kokartus . similarly , there are approximately 55 myr between triadobatrachus and the first caecilian eocaecilia , and the next caecilian fossil does not occur for another 45 myr ( 20 ) . the fossil record improves as it gets progressively younger , but not evenly or even predictably . this incompleteness makes what is already an underestimate biased toward even younger ages . a second issue is a methodological decision made by marjanović and laurin ( 10 ) to use “hard” maximal constraints , i . e . , making the statement that a clade can definitely not be older than a particular lower bound ( in stratigraphic terms , older is toward the bottom and younger to the top of a stacked time series ) . however , we already know that the fossil record is an underestimate of true age of divergence , so those bounds themselves are just as prone to these same systematic biases , and most of the molecular studies have not used maximal constraints as a result . finally , there is a disagreement over the age of the earliest cryptobranchoid chunerpeton ( 21 ) , which underscores the need for explicitness when using stratigraphic and fossil data to constrain divergence estimates ( 4 ) .
this discrepancy is where the new fossil salamandroid fits into the picture . gao and shubin ' s new salamander extends the known range of salamandroids by 40 myr , or 17 myr older than the time that had been estimated by the fossils alone . this starkly underscores the caution we must take when making statements about evolutionary trends from a direct reading of the fossil record . however , the new fossil salamander is still much younger than most estimates from molecular clocks .
gao and shubin ' s new salamander extends the known range of salamandroids by 40 myr .
this may be a result of a fragmentary fossil record ; fossils await discovery that will create more range extensions into deep time , eventually to approach the dates suggested by the molecular clocks . alternatively , it might point toward systematic biases within the chosen calibration method ( 1 ) or the molecular data themselves ( 22 ) .
one recent molecular study estimated a time of divergence that fits very well with this new fossil ( 5 ) . the authors used fossil data in a number of innovative ways . first , they used a number of external and internal calibration points from the fossil record as hard minimal constraints ( i . e . , the clade must have diverged by this point ) . they then took the suggestion of using maxima ( 10 ) , but instead of using these as absolute or hard constraints , used them as “soft” constraints by creating a distribution of possible ages for these events . the result of their method , depending on the exact parameters used , places the basal salamander divergence slightly ( 3 myr ) to reasonably ( 13 myr ) older than this first salamandroid ( fig . 1 ) . not using any maximal constraint increased the age of estimation for the divergence by 20 to 30 myr , and using hard maxima made the estimate 10 myr younger than the soft maxima . the preference for using the soft maxima withstood this test from the fossil record well , and may point the direction for future molecular clock work ( 1 ) , but further analytical work will be necessary to ensure these results are repeatable and consistent before they become standard practice . however , notwithstanding the caution with which fossil data should be used , they appear to increase the accuracy of estimates of divergence made by molecular clock models , and should be incorporated ( with appropriate provisos ) whenever possible .
i thank a . jaszlics for the image of notophthalmus ; and brian gratwicke for the image of cryptobranchus .
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
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chris taklis added an association between
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triturus macedonicus
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chris taklis added an association between
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triturus macedonicus ( karaman , 1922 )
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chris taklis added text to
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triturus macedonicus ( karaman , 1922 )
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δυτικός χτενοτρίτωνας
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triturus macedonicus ( karaman , 1922 )
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( zool . ) a division of amphibia including the salamanders and allied groups ; the urodela .
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the slaty spinetail or slaty castlebuilder , ( synallaxis brachyura ) , is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical new world from northern honduras to western ecuador and east-central brazil .

it is a member of the south american bird family furnariidae , a group in which many species build elaborate clay nests , giving rise to the english name for the family of " ovenbirds " .

however , the slaty spinetail constructs a bulky spherical stick nest 36x43 cm in size , with a long tubular entrance , 0.4 – 4.5 m high in a shrub or vine covered tree .

it lays two or three greenish white eggs .

this species is a widespread and common resident breeder in lowlands and up to 1500 m altitude in a range of scrubby habitats , including second growth , road and river edges , and overgrown pasture .

the slaty spinetail is typically 15 cm long , and weighs 18.5 g .

it is a slender bird with a long , pointed wispy tail .

the plumage is mainly dark grey-brown becoming dark grey on the head .

the crown and shoulder patches are rich rufous .

sexes are similar , but young birds are duller and browner with a yellowish chin .

the slaty spinetail is an insectivore which is difficult to see as it forages for beetles , caterpillars and other prey deep in tangled thickets , but may be located by its hard chu-chu-chrrrr call .

slaty spinetail

remsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . slaty spinetail ( synallaxis brachyura ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the slaty spinetail is common in a variety of open woodland and shrubby habitats in the tropical and subtropical zones ( 200 - 3300m ) , ranging from the northern coast of honduras to southwest ecuador . it is often found foraging in family groups or pairs in low , dense vegetation . it has a uniformly dark gray body with deep rufous wing coverts and a rufous crown , extending from behind the forehead to the nape . the four subspecies recognized are separated both geographically and altitudinally . brachyura is found in northern colombia ( mostly below 300m ) and has a deep chestnut crown and a paler gray supercilium . caucae is found mostly above 1 , 000m central colombia is paler overall . griseonucha of southwest ecuador is darker overall with a silvery throat and some white in the belly . nigrofumosa is found primarily above 1 , 000m in western ecuador and western colombia , and is similar to griseonucha but with a dark throat .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( del hoyo et al . 2003 ) .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
phylogenetic study # r found this species to be sister to s . subpudica . proposed race chapmani ( colombia ) described as like nigrifumosa but with rump slightly browner and crown , wings and underparts slightly paler , but variation apparently clinal , and individual specimens not diagnosable . named taxon jaraguana ( goiás , in e brazil ) , described as race of present species , was based on misidentified specimens of s . hypospodia . race nigrifumosa often ( as in hbw ) misspelt nigrofumosa # r . four subspecies tentatively recognized .
lawrence , 1865 – nc honduras s to panama and nw colombia s to nw ecuador ( s to n guayas ) .
chapman , 1923 – sw ecuador ( s from guayas and azuay ) s to extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
14–16 cm ; 16–21 g . one of the darkest species in genus . nominate race has deep rufous - chestnut crown and nape , greyish supercilium , darker grey rest of head , dark . . .
song a low “ch - ch - ch - churrr - r - r - r” , “je - ch - ch - chrrrrr” or “chut - chut - . . .
second - growth scrub , riparian thickets , and undergrowth at edges of montane evergreen forest and . . .
dietary items recorded are coleoptera , hemiptera , larval diptera and lepidoptera , spiders , spider eggs , and seeds . usually in pairs , . . .
eggs in jan–feb and apr–oct in costa rica . monogamous ; paired throughout year . nest a bulky mass c . 20–40 cm high and 40 . . .
not globally threatened . fairly common to common in most of range . occurs in la planada nature reserve and río ñambí natural reserve , in colombia . tolerant of moderate . . .
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recent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5–6 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .
incorporates poecilurus , siptornopsis and gyalophylax , all of which have been found to be morphologically and genetically # r inseparable from synallaxis . see also mazaria ( above ) .
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an individual briefly appearing at the edge of a bush before moving back into cover .
call given by a bird in a pasture beside the forest ; form chapmani .
richard garrigues , josep del hoyo , keith blomerley , pere sugranyes , greg baker .
manuel retana , juanfran herrera cueva , juan d , mauricio rueda , megan , lars petersson , orlando jarquín g . , fred werner , greg griffith , joe tobias , marc fasol .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis brachyura . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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12 - 15 april 2014 for many known birding destinations in costa rica , we don’t have great earth - shattering news to share . the destinations are well documented ( in barrett lawson’s excellent costa rican birdfinding guide as well as online ) and the expected species are well documented . that said , we can still share our experiences , tag on a few [ . . . ]
5 july 2012 – el sendero los quetzales ( boquete side ) expectations were high for the los quetzales trail , and it did not disappoint . we parked at the anam ranger station and hiked the 4wd road in and the first few kilometers of the trail . quite close to the ranger station we had our first of many mixed species flocks and found the beautiful [ . . . ]
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the st kilda house mouse ( mus musculus muralis ) is an extinct subspecies of the house mouse found only on the islands of the st kilda archipelago of northwest scotland .

it is uncertain when they first arrived on the islands , but it is possible that they unwittingly were transported there during the norse period .

isolated on the islands , the st kilda house mouse diverged from relatives .

it became larger than the mainland varieties , although it had a number of traits in common with a subspecies found on mykines in the faroe islands , mus musculus mykinessiensis .

when the last st kildans were evacuated in 1930 , the endemic house mouse became extinct very quickly , as it was associated strictly with human settlement .

some specimens exist in museums .

the st kilda field mouse ( apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis ) is still present .

st kilda house mouse

mouse in the house . . - review of summer house backpackers , st kilda , australia - tripadvisor
the last mammal to go extinct in britain was the st kilda house mouse .
but the st . kilda house mouse needed the warm houses , farms , and dropped food crumbs of its human neighbors to survive . within three years of the humans evacuating , all the st . kilda house mice had died off . in contrast , the field mice survived and are still living on st . kilda today .
two kinds of mice used to be found on st kilda . both were varieties ( subspecies ) of the mainland house mouse and wood mouse respectively . they were probably brought to st kilda by norsemen . like many animals which have become isolated , they evolved to be different from their ancestors , in this case larger .
the reasons for this are not precisely known but may be the result of field mice having invaded house mouse habitat and , through some form of competition , preventing the house mouse from breeding .
scientists believe that as early as 500 bc , norse settlers arrived in st . kilda and brought along a few unwanted stowaways–european house mice . isolated from their mainland relatives , these house mice evolved over time into a distinct species , larger and shaped differently from their ancestors . st . kilda is also home to a unique subspecies of field mouse , that probably also arrived as stowaways and evolved into a new species .
following the evacuation of the human population from st kilda , field mice migrated from the hills to the abandoned homes and buildings .
the house mouse of mykines is considered to be a race of its own with special and significant characteristics . of these one must mention that the tale is very long and the hind legs are especial long and powerful probably giving the mouse extra power for jumping . the color is also different from its ancestor , the common house mouse , as it is more brownish and have a lighter tinted bellow . likewise it is interesting , that their inner nose openings are more conical than on other house mice , a trait it has in common with the mice of st . kilda , the most western , isolated island in the hebrides ! it is assumed , that the mykines and st . kilda house mice are the representatives of the eldest of europe ' s house mice .
it was probably the vikings that got the house mouse to st kilda . the mice lived exclusively in the human settlements , feeding exclusively off of the detritus that humans tend to leave about them . for a thousand years , no one really bothered about them .
we often hear about how human activity and expansion can endanger wildlife habitats . but can you think of any animals that might be threatened by the disappearance of humans ? after careful consideration , the story of the extinct st . kilda house mouse came to my mind .
the islands of st kilda , which lie 41 miles ( 66km ) west of benbecula in the outer hebrides , were abandoned by humans in 1930 .
the st kilda house mouse was dependent on the presence of people , as it fed on grain and other human commodities . with the evacuation of the people in 1930 , its source of food was lost and it died out . it is now extinct and only exists as specimens in museum collections .
a shame it’s gone then . but the good news is that another ‘man - made’ rodent subspecies , the st kilda field mouse , is currently thriving . by all accounts it has developed a taste for mars bars .
too . the relationship between the two species where they occur together has been the subject of much research . house mice used to occur on st kilda before the human population of that island was evacuated in 1930 after which they rapidly declined to extinction .
the st kilda field mouse is still common on hirta and is also present on dun . it was never so dependent on people , so it did not die out like the house mouse . it feeds on snails , insects , moss and seeds , but will also feed on the carcasses of dead sheep , birds and any apples , mars bars or other delicacies foolishly left around by work party members !
altogether there are only a few hundred pairs , making it a great rarity . specimens of the adult birds and their eggs were highly prized . the st kildans used to collect eggs for selling to collectors . today it is fully protected on st kilda .
the house mouse can be divided in two different races , western mouse and eastern mouse . the eastern mouse comes from norway while the western mouse comes from germany and england and now a days can be found in mykines , on nolsoy , hestur and fugloy , while the rest og the faroese mouse are mixtures of western mouse and eastern mouse . if it is true , what landt writes , it is interesting , that the mykines mouse in just 200 years have developed to a race of its own with it own name , mus musculus mykinessiensis . but more probably , it is a development , which have taken closer to 1000 years . the mykines house mouse is nowadays seen all around the island in an unknown number . it can be seen in the houses , in the houses for drying the sheep meat and in the open nature , the puffins lands and at least in a considerable number in borgardalur .
st . kilda is a small group of islands about one - hundred miles off the west coast of scotland . the isolated archipelago was inhabited by humans for more than two thousand years , from the bronze age until 1930 . in 1930 the few remaining residents of st . kilda were permanently evacuated because of sickness , crop failure , and casualties of world war i .
the st kilda wren is a sub - species of the mainland wren and has only been found on hirta , dun , soay and boreray . it is larger than those from the mainland .
if nothing else , the st kilda house mouse shows us the limitations of the words and ideas that we use to frame the great ecological debates of our age . it blurs the distinctions between wild and domestic , natural and man - made , history and natural history , anthropology and ecology , even between vermin and endangered animal . as such , it can help us to frame fundamental questions about conservation , what we are trying to achieve and why we are trying to achieve it . the st kilda house mouse should be a rallying call for the curiosity of conservationists ; we need to question perceived wisdom , distinctions and definitions and to measure worth and value and meaning . to care for the planet , or even to care about it at all , we need to be curious .
suggested routes of colonisation of the field mouse ( from a poster in the observatory ) .
there are only 2 wild species of terrestrial mammals on mykines . it is the house mouse and the hare . apart from that , there are the domestic mammals , sheep , cow , horse , dog and cat .
it is not known for how long there have been house mouses on mykines . the vicar landt in his
forsøg til en beskrivelse over færøerne
( a trial to a description of the faroes ) from 1800 states , that there were no house mice on mykines at that time . whether this is true , is not possibly to say anything about now , but it dosn´t seem probably . modern dna technologies , have shown interesting result . the distribution of house mouse can be taken as a proof of the way the faroes have been colonised , as the house mouse have followed man . genetical investigation of faroese people have shown , that the men came from norway while the faroese women came from ireland .
berry , r . j . & tricker , b . j . k . 1969 . competition and extinction : the mice of foula with notes on those on fair isle and st . kilda . journal of zoology 158 : 247 - 265 .
isolated from their mainland relatives , these house mice evolved over time into a distinct species , larger and shaped differently from their ancestors .
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2014 . © ian andrews . although previously recognised as a subspecies of the field mouse or even a separate species in its own right , current thoughts are that is should be treated as an island form .
despite the field mice thriving , the change and lack of food resulted in extinction for the island ' s house mice , who took only two years to die out .
it is a curious story , and a curious creature , and one that i personally feel entirely ambiguous about . should it have been saved ? is its extinction a great loss for biodiversity ? was there a moral obligation to save the subspecies ? would there have been a moral obligation to save them had they not been classed as a subspecies ? is it a subspecies or a cultural relic or even just a cruel mistake ? a wild animal , or a pet , or vermin ? people worry about the loss of subspecies of tigers – should they have worried about the loss of the st kilda house mouse ? does this story belong in the annals of ecology , or history ?
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2013 . © david parnaby . field mice are dark brown above and white below ; when compared to house mice , they have larger , more protruding eyes , larger ears and a longer tail . on fair isle , they are larger and darker ( less sandy brown ) than their mainland counterparts .
in recent years the islands ' summer warden has been plotting the distribution of st kilda wrens . the most recent census was done on hirta in 1993 . a total of 113 - 117 pairs were recorded . a map showing apparent occupied territories was produced . territories were based on areas where males were recorded singing at least three times , a nest or young were found , or where a bird was giving an alarm call .
st kilda is not the most hospitable of places . in fact , it is probably most famous for being decidedly inhospitable . by 1930 things had gotten so bad for the islanders that the whole community asked to be relocated to the mainland , and so the island was deserted . as is often the case with decidedly inhospitable places , the only people who currently bother to go there regularly are the military and a small group of conservationists .
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2014 . © ian andrews . these mice are most readily seen at dusk under the bird feeders from the observatory ' s lounge window .
st kilda is an archipelago on the wrong side , as it were , of the outer hebrides , making it the most remote place in the british isles . this did not stop it from being inhabited by humans from the bronze age right up until the twentieth century . in that time , the islanders developed their own remarkable culture , which i wholeheartedly advise you to research . it is a place where culture and nature bleed into each other . indeed , it is the uk’s only unesco world heritage site for both nature and culture , and hosts britain’s largest seabird colony .
wilson , k . , eady , p . & del nevo , a . j . 1998 . origin of an insular population of the wood mouse based on parasitological evidence . journal of wildlife diseases 34 ( 1 ) : 150 - 154 .
in any case by 1932 , within two years of humans leaving , the mouse was extinct . they were not hardy enough to leave the abandoned buildings , and without human food available to pilfer there was nothing for the fat little rodents to eat .
delany , m . j . & davis , p . e . 1961 . observations on the ecology and life history of the fair isle field - mouse apodemus sylvaticus fridariensis . proceedings of the zoological society of london 136 ( 3 ) : 439 - 452 .
flowerdew , j . r . & tattersall , f . h . 2008 . wood mouse . in : harris , s . & yalden , d . w . ( eds ) mammals of the british isles : handbook , 4th edition . the mammal society , southampton .
normally one don ' t see much to them , but they can be seen in cellars and drying houses for sheep meat , where an ongoing fight against both the mouse and the starlings takes place . the mice can pass through the smallest openings , a hole of only 16 millimeters diameter it said to be enough .
the hares live at quite high altitudes in the outfield , in 400 to 500 meters hight and are most often seen around knukur in the great slope of rocks and stones , where the radio and antenna house is situated . but they can also be seen in the lower parts of the outfield . normally only one is seen at a time , running quickly from its hiding place behind or under a stone , trying to come to a more secure distance from one .
evolutionarily speaking , a thousand years isn’t a lot , if you are a human . if you are a mouse , however , it is enough time to create the pitter - patter of 5 , 000 generations of little feet . as is often the case with animals on islands with little competition , it got bigger , because bigger animals are generally more efficient at conserving heat and energy . not massively so , but big enough to eventually become a subspecies . a human - made subspecies , completely dependant on human food to survive . little more than a parasite .
it was once thought that the various races of field mice on scottish islands may have been glacial relicts , in other words they had survived the ice age in these localities . however , it is now thought that all the island field mice have been introduced by humans . work by prof . r . j . ( sam ) berry , based on skeletal characteristics , has indicated that the mice were inadvertently introduced by the vikings from norway , the route by which these introductions occurred being shown on the map ( right ) . there is not a total agreement about this , however , and one more recent piece of work , based on the parasites carried by the mice , suggests that the ' fair isle field mouse ' , in contrast to most other island populations , may have come from the british mainland .
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all most daily one see the 2 species of seals , which are seen around the faroes , spotted seal and grey seal .
one can also be so fortunate to see whales . killer whales , pilot pilot whales , porpoises and , more seldom , fin whales , sperm whales and humpback whales .
the hares on mykines are found in a little but apparently stable number . they probably live on the margins as the number is not increasing and they have never been hunted .
the hares on mykines stem from the same hares that one sees an the other faroese islands and which were brought to the faroes from the norwegian island kragerø in the 1850 ' ies . it was snow hares , who in the beginning also became white in the winter , but they now only are grey in the winter , because of many years of natural selection .
if one goes to the holm , then on the narrow land before the stair down to lamba , one often hear and see the seals on the small skerries north of the holm . and that at all seasons . just outside the landingplace , just outside the holmgjogv with the little skerry one often can see them quite close and one get the impression , especially if one is in a bout , that they are quite curious . one see their head with the big black eyes looking directly at one and if one whistle , they seem to be even more curious .
in former time they were systematically hunted and the hunters were paid for the number of jaws they presented , as the seal were thought to be a danger for the fishery . the hunt was performed by killing the cubs in the caves in which they were brought up in the first time of their life . now they are occasionally hunted by rifle and their meat tastes quite good .
if one is lucky , it is possible to see around 300 seals at one time on the skerries north and west of mykines holm , where they are lying to dry , rest and sleep . all though they can be quite noisy . it can be a beautifully sight in calm and sunny weather to see them swim in the clear water west of the holm , north of uti a bølið in the little bay below the lighthouse .
almost every year there is reported sights of whales in the sea around mykines .
for some years ago 16 pilot whales were killed in lendingergjogv . in the late 90 ' ies , sulan departing from mykines met a group of pilot whales just outside lendingergjogv , from where they were driven to bøur in sørvags fjorður , where they were killed .
several times in the late years , there have been seen killer whales very close to the shoreline of mykines . once some men gathering sheep saw five killer whales swimming along the coast and in between the skerries on the south cost just east of the village .
in the late 90 ' ies some fin whales and a sperm whale were seen in the waters just south of mykines . there was at least 2 fins swimming westward while the sperm whale was more far out , but not longer than it could be seen , how the the blast was directed sideways as the sperm whales blast is .
it is sobering to think that humans can have such a dramatic effect on the genetics of a population of animals as to create a new subspecies . that is , until you look at a dog . or a cow .
whewell’s gazette : year 2 , vol . # 41 | whewell ' s ghost
researchers have begun a study into a remote island archipelagos super - sized field mice , which can grow up to twice the size of their mainland cousins .
a team from the university of edinburgh university wants to know why the mice came to be so big .
the mice weigh up to 50g and have pale - coloured hair on their underbellies .
he said :
they are cute and a little bit different from mainland mice .
mr black added :
the theory is that because they ' re here with very little competition or predation , that allows them to get bigger and being bigger allows them to cope better with the extreme conditions out here , the cold and the weather .
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
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) . like most of the island forms , both are distinctly larger than mainland field mice .
text based largely on research by simon and richard aspinall and prof . r . j . berry
berry , r . j . 1985 . the natural history of orkney . collins , london .
© fibo 2018 . fair isle bird observatory is run by an independent charity , fair isle bird observatory trust ( a registered scottish charity sco 11160 ) .
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i stayed here for 2 weeks . . apart from it been very noisy . . there is a family of mice running about in the rooms . . avoid
sorry you didnt enjoy your stay with us . during the period you stayed with us we did experience some extremely bad weather and had pest control out immediately to rectify the problem , this was quickly resolved and we have had no further issues since then .
the price you found is 29 % lower than this hotel ' s average rate of us $ 70 / night .
we analyze rates over a 60 day period , and compare your selection to the average rate of comparable stays to ensure you ' re getting the best possible deal .
booked into the beachhouse for a week ending up staying longer , had loads of fun free breakfast , ensuited bathrooms , kitchen is a little small but you work with it . $ 4 . 00 pizzas cheap drinks and the best backpacker night on fridays pashing pop on the rooftop bar . staff are so friendly in reception help you with everything and so close to the beach . would recommend it to fellow travellers .
i stayed here for a few days as i was backpacking through australia . there a few good things about this hostel . i met a lot of really nice people , most people are working or looking for work in australia . the staff are on the whole pretty friendly and helpful . the en suite bathrooms are really clean and modern . free breakfast was great . there are a few things that would make this hostel a lot better in my opinion . for starters they should put enough lockers in the room for every bedspace because if you are just staying a few days all the lockers are taken up by the long term residents . also if someone is using the en suite bathroom there are no alternative toilet facilities in the whole hostel unless you go down to the bar . i also don ' t like the fact you can ' t drink alcohol in your room , it wouldn ' t be a problem but the bar downstairs is too overpriced to be aimed at backpackers . also at one point a guy working for the hostel claiming to be
security
walked straight into a girl only dorm to make sure we weren ' t drinking alcohol , just as well no - one had just got out of the shower ! ! there is also a lot of noise from the upstairs bar at weekends which sucks cos most of the time the events there aren ' t even really marketed at the guests in the hostel . finally by far the worst thing in this hostel was the kitchen , it was soooo dirty . i know this is mostly the fault of people staying in the hostel but it was very small meaning that it didn ' t much for it to get dirty . also its really badly equipped , when i stayed the only had two forks ! ! my review makes it sound pretty terrible but its not the worst place in the world to stay for a few days especially if you are on a tight budget and can put up with a horrible kitchen . it could just be a whole lot better thats all !
one of the night in this hostel , the bed bugs bite me so bad ! i went to the reception and told them about this . the rude girl told me that they gonna spray my bed and change my sheet . when i came back that night , they didn ' t spray the bed at all ! and during that night , the bed bugs start again to attack me ! ! now , my body is full of bites and they told me to change the bed because the bed bugs was only on this area . . . . ! good answer ! and if i wanted to change the room i have to wash my clothes . i left and they didn ' t give me the money back ! ! so , sleep in this hostel is an adventure and i don ' t recommended this hostel . . . the personnel is rude and now my body is cover of bed bugs bites
i have no idea how places like this stay in business . not only did they capitalize on the f1 grand prix weekend by suddenly doubling their prices , we were generously allowed to make up our own beds and were not allowed our key deposit back the next day until we returned to our room to remove the sheets and take them to the laundry basket area . the bad : clouds of wine flies that breed in the bar carpet broken hand driers in all 3 toilets loud music until 3am from private rooftop function wine banned from our own room no dount to force us to buy their overpriced crap selection of spirits from $ 10 ( with discount ! ! ) ' continental ' breakfast turned out to be stale home brand bread , coffee and something that may have been jam . disgusting toilets in the bar being ignored every time i tried to ask for directions / borrow a pen / get more toilet paper / order a drink the good : do not stay here , there are many many alternatives even during busy season .
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dichomeris stipendiaria is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by braun in 1925 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern british columbia to utah , washington , california and oregon .

the wingspan is 17-18 mm .

adults are on wing in july and august .

the larvae feed on solidago and erigeron species , as well as aster eatonii .

the larvae are pale whitish , tinged with green or grey and with a shiny black head .

dichomeris stipendiaria

it came to uv light near pond in wooded area of a flood plain . it looks somewhat like 2304 - dichomeris stipendiaria here mpg .
trichotaphe stipendiaria braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 196 ; tl : logan canyon , near logan , utah
dichomeris stipendiaria ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 89 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36
d . vindex is similar , and hodges reports that they are easily confused . both are known from oklahoma . i ' m not sure that this specimen can be safely placed at the species level . d . stipendiaria is a far western species .
dichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212
dichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353
dichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213
dichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94
dichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35
dichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215
dichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082
dichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72
dichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67
dichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
dichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242
dichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243
dichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247
dichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232
dichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244
dichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :
dichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg
dichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )
dichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )
dichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg
dichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teffé
= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan
dichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
dichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan
dichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima
dichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan
dichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar
dichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta
dichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java
dichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa
dichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan
dichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra
dichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos
dichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan
dichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
dichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi
dichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe
dichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
dichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona
dichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104
dichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana
resupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti
dichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
dichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras
dichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china
dichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m
dichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina
dichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
dichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin
dichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan
dichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73
dichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang
dichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 73
dichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem
dichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , téffe
dichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters
dichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi
dichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria
dichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang
dichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
dichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje
dichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg
dichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur
dichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china
dichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni
dichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china
dichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood
dichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )
dichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale
dichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )
dichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m
dichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , iquitos
dichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teffé
dichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col
dichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft
dichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india
dichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold
dichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m
dichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana
dichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
dichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos
dichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft
dichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick
dichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia
dichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera
dichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m
dichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
dichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut
dichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey
dichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m
dichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m
dichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins
dichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas
dichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
dichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221
dichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12
dichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77
dichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama
dichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .
dichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay
dichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo
dichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
dichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
dichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai
dichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49
dichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida
dichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas
dichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m
dichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .
dichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york
dichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina
dichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica
dichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas
dichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora
dichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california
dichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama
dichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla
dichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13
dichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland
dichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida
dichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas
dichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas
dichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft
dichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida
dichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station
dichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )
dichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica
dichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34
dichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : peña blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona
= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36
dichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york
dichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida
dichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky
dichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )
dichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg
dichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas
dichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada
dichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york
dichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )
dichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona
dichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
dichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska


the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm .

the hindwings are pale grey .

adults are on wing from march to july .

the larvae feed on helianthus species .

they create a gall , which has the form of a thickening of the walls of the stem .

it varies in form from oblong to almost round .

galls mostly occur singly on the stems and are generally located somewhat below mid-height of the plant .

bucculatrix needhami

bucculatrix needhami is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida , kentucky , illinois , maine , new york , ohio , south carolina and texas .
bucculatrix needhami is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida , kentucky , illinois , maine , new york , ohio , south carolina and texas . the wingspan is 13–15 mm . the forewings are white marked with irrorated fuscous streaks . the hindwings are pale grey . adults are on wing from mar . . .
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urltoken
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collected at the wedge plantation , charleston county south carolina by richard b . dominick 3 april 1970
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