the plain maskray or brown stingray ( neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae .

it is found in shallow , soft-bottomed habitats off northern australia .

reaching 24 cm ( 9.4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond-shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc .

its short , whip-like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below .

there are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth .

while this species possesses the dark mask-like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not ornately patterned like other maskrays .

benthic in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on caridean shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes .

it is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) .

this species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build .

as it also has a limited distribution and low fecundity , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it as near threatened .

plain maskray

plain maskray , neotrygon annotata . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
the plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family .
the speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) was thought to be a regional colour variant of neotrygon ( formerly dasyatis ) leylandi ( last , 1987 ) until described as a new species by last and white ( 2008 ) . the latter publication also resurrected the genus neotrygon for the maskray species , bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii ) , painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) , plain maskray ( n . annotata ) , ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) and the speckled maskray .
* plain maskray , neotrygon annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bluespotted stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . * painted maskray , neotrygon leylandi ( last , 1987 ) . more
* plain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . more
the grouping of neotrygon spp . , and recent split of the speckled maskray from the painted maskray , has obscured species - specific population trends .
n . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia .
the speckled maskray is not harvested commercially in australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) .
this annual report complies with parliamentary standards of presentation and printing , and uses plain english and clear design .
the plain maskray is found in australia and papua new guinea including the arafura sea and timor sea . the australian distribution extends from the gulf of carpentaria ( queensland ) through the northern territory to at least the bonaparte archipelago , western australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) . specimens from new guinea have also been reported from bycatch surveys in the gulf of papua ( w . white , pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species has yet to be recorded in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 , jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) , although the presence of this maskray in the gulf of carpentaria and the gulf of papua suggests it may inhabit these areas , albeit more sparingly . while a single plain maskray specimen was observed in east java ( indonesia ) , the original catch location was not known ( w . white , pers . comm . , 2015 ) . as such , further investigations are required into the presence of this species in indonesia . when compared to other maskray species , the distribution of this maskray overlaps with the bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii species - complex ) , the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) and the peppered maskray ( n . picta ) . there appears to be no obvious depth partitioning between these species , although the plain maskray is rarely taken in the coastal zone and generally occurs further offshore . the extent of any overlap between the distributions of the plain maskray and the ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) is currently unknown and requires further investigation .
the plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray ( leading to easy confusion with the pacific dasyatis latus ) , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family . it is endemic to northern australia . more
multiple cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae : neotrygon spp . ) : an update
plain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . . . giant stumptail stingray , dasyatis gigantea ( lindberg , 1930 ) . . . urltoken 6 dasyatis izuensis species summary : dasyatis izuensis izu stingray , you can sponsor this page , . . . more
★ plain maskray , ' ' dasyatis annotata ' ' ( last , 1987 ) . ★ ★ bennett ' s stingray , ' ' dasyatis bennetti ' ' ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . ★ ★ short - tail stingray or bull ray , ' ' dasyatis brevicaudata ' ' ( hutton , 1875 ) . more
the speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) is a small maskray species that is regularly caught as a bycatch of prawn trawl fisheries in northeast australian coastal waters . this species was previously regarded as a colour morph of the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) . the speckled maskray appears to be reasonably common over much of its range , although species - specific population assessment is hampered by the lumping of catches into generic divisions and the recent split of this species from the closely - related painted maskray from western australia . recent studies indicate that the species has a low rate of fishing mortality overall in the northern prawn fishery . in addition , the speckled maskray is protected within some of the great barrier reef region in its east coast range . however , due to its small size , the speckled maskray is unlikely to be effectively excluded by the turtle exclusion devices presently used by the tropical australian prawn trawl fleet . individuals caught in these fisheries have a moderately high mortality rate . the species has a low fecundity of 1–3 pups , with preliminary results suggesting an annual reproductive cycle . the speckled maskray is listed as least concern , with a caveat that this is dependent on the presence of large unfished areas and minimal fisheries effort over some other parts of its range .
n . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia . aqua intnl j ichthyol . 2010 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 37–50 .
a 2012 phylogenetic study , based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna , concluded that the ningaloo maskray and the plain maskray ( n . annotata ) are the most basal members of their genus . in addition , the coral bay population showed deep differences in mitochondrial dna from the shark bay population , indicating that they belong to different lineages . whether they represent separate species is ambiguous , as rays from the two locations do not differ physically or in known nuclear dna markers . this genetic divergence suggests that the ningaloo maskray population had once been divided by sea level changes ; using different methods of estimation , this event is thought to have occurred either c . 11 ma , during the miocene , or 3–2 ma , during the pliocene .
keywords : pisces , dasyatidae ; neotrygon australiae ; neotrygon caeruleopunctata ; neotrygon kuhlii ; neotrygon orientale ; n . varidens ; bluespotted maskray ; new species ; species complex ; indo - west pacific
compared to other maskrays , the ningaloo maskray has more protruding eyes that allow it to bury itself deeper in the substrate and still remain aware of its surroundings . within its favored habitat , its coloration makes it well camouflaged against predators .
. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( müller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .
. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( m ? ller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .
neotrygon indica sp . nov . , the indian ocean blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae ) = neotrygon indica sp . nov . , la raie masquée à points bleus de l & 8217 ; océan indien ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae )
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the plain maskray . the species will derive some benefit from broader management initiatives including fisheries - based spatial and temporal closures and the use of bycatch reduction devices . however , research has shown that bycatch reduction devices including turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are less effective for smaller species ( griffiths et al . 2006 ) . furthermore , the effectiveness of fisheries closures ( spatial and temporal ) will be dependent on their location and the proportion of the plain maskray population protected from fishing effort . however , this cannot be quantified from the data currently available . the gulf of papua trawl the fishery is managed under national laws and regulations ( png ) , and there are some seasonal closures in place ; although bycatch reduction devices are not currently in place , there are plans to implement in the near future ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) . detailed species composition data for the bycatch is not currently available , but this is currently being investigated ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) .
the speckled maskray is found in northeastern australia ( possibly also new guinea ) from the wessel islands ( northern territory ) to hervey bay ( queensland ) . the western limit of its distribution has still not been well defined ( last and stevens 2009 ) .
a greyish - green maskray , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins , with a dark mask - like marking around the eyes , a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles , and alternating black and white variable bands and a black tip on the tail .
ningaloo reef is the largest fringing reef system in the southern hemisphere and extends along 270 km of coastline in the north of western australia . the reef is separated from the coast by a 0 . 2 to 7 km wide sandy lagoon , which is backed by a dry coastal plain [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] .
the speckled maskray is protected over some of its east coast range within no - fishing areas of the great barrier reef marine park . although turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are mandatory within all australian prawn trawl fisheries , this small species is unlikely to be effectively excluded by current devices . the speckled maskray would benefit from a careful evaluation of alternative or additional ted options . generally , evaluation of the species ' conservation status would be facilitated by improved monitoring of bycatch , in terms of both the absolute numbers caught and trends in abundance .
. . . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the
java
( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the
bali
( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . molecular population genetics offer the concepts and the practical tools for delineating populations , diagnosing closely related species , and detecting cryptic species . . . .
. . . two batoid species were examined for this study ; the oriental bluespotted maskray ( neotrygon orientalis last , white & séret 2016 ) , and the bluespotted fantail ray ( taeniura lymmaforsskål , 1775 ) . these species were selected because they were the two most frequently ob - served batoids on malaysian bruvs . . . .
endemic to northwestern australia , the ningaloo maskray has been found from shark bay in western australia to the gove peninsula in northern territory . this bottom - dwelling species appears to have very restricted habitat preferences : it inhabits areas of fine reddish sand close to reefs , in inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep .
. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . mü ller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .
. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . müller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian - ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .
. . . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . some authors have attempted to use morphological characters as primary information for the description of cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray complex [ 14 ] , and a recent revision has ostensibly ignored genetic evidence ( e . g . , [ 17 ] ) even though not a single morphological character among those utilized for the description or redescription of four species in the complex [ 14 ] was indisputably diagnostic of any of the species [ 7 ] . also , the apportion of environmental vs . genetic determination in these morphological characters had not been evaluated [ 7 ] . . . .
orsa p , arlyza is , chen w - j , durand j - d , meekan mg , shen k - n ( 2013 ) resurrection of new caledonian maskray neotrygon trigonoides ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) from synonymy with n . kuhlii , based on cytochrome - oxidase i gene sequences and spotting patterns . comptes rendus biologies 336 ( 4 ) : 221 - 232
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
. . . puckridge et al . ( 2013 ) m ? ller and henle ( 1841 ) referred to . however , last et al . ( 2016 ) did not specify how they were able to identify this specimen as a blue - spotted maskray . actually , m ? ller and henle ' s ( 1841 ) leiden syntype cannot be traced with certainty . . . .
. . . the blue - spotted maskray is an indo - pacific maskray of up to 50 cm in disc width ( w d ) ( last & stevens , 2009 ) . currently recognized as neotrygon trigonoides ( castelnau 1873 ) ( eschmeyer et al . , 2017 ) , in australia it has previously been known as neotrygon ( or dasyatis ) kuhlii , a name that is now reserved for individuals of this species complex found in the solomon islands ( last et al . , 2016b ) . this species inhabits coastal soft substratum environments , in association with coral and rocky reefs , to depths of 90 m ( last & stevens , 2009 ; pierce et al . , 2009 ; jacobsen & bennett , 2010 , 2012last et al . , 2016b ) . . . .
because it lives in such shallow waters , the ningaloo maskray is generally not susceptible to fisheries . conversely , its narrow habitat preferences may render it vulnerable to habitat degradation . this species is protected to some extent as its range includes the world heritage sites of ningaloo reef and shark bay . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess its conservation status .
in the scallop sector of the queensland east coast trawl fishery , fishery - independent surveys between yeppoon and hervey bay revealed that the speckled maskray was the third most common elasmobranch species by number in the bycatch ( 15 . 6 % of elasmobranch bycatch ) ( kyne 2008 ) . also , the effect of trawl fishing on the macrobenthos , which is the primary habitat of this species , is another concern .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( müller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .
the speckled maskray is most common in shallow water less than 25 m depth but probably to about 100 m ( last and stevens 2009 , i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) . it is a small species , attaining a disc width ( dw ) of up to around 32 cm ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the most comprehensive analysis of the species ' biology was undertaken by jacobsen and bennett ( 2010 ) based on prawn trawl bycatch specimens from northeast australia . size at 50 % maturity in females was 18 . 1 cm dw , and age at maturity was 3–4 years . the smallest gravid female was 17 . 2 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the species has a low fecundity with 1–3 embryos per litter ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . preliminary investigation ( jacobsen 2008 ) suggested that the speckled maskray undergoes a single reproductive event annually .
inhabiting inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep , the bottom - dwelling ningaloo maskray has highly specific habitat preferences . it is found on reddish sand near reefs , upon which its coloration grants it excellent camouflage . it is able to bury itself deeper than other maskrays thanks to its protruding eyes . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as data deficient due to lack of information . it is not vulnerable to fisheries but may be impacted by habitat degradation .
the first known sighting of the ningaloo maskray was during a study of ningaloo marine park ' s sharks and rays ( hence its common name and scientific epithet ) , funded by the western australian marine science institute ( wamsi ) . it was described by peter last , william white , and melody puckridge in a 2010 article for the scientific journal aqua . the type specimens are two adult males , one 30 cm ( 12 in ) and the other 29 cm ( 11 in ) across , both collected from five fingers reef near coral bay , western australia .
. . . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . we assess whether the different clades , including those recently resurrected or erected as new species [ 24 ] correspond to evolutionary significant units that deserve the status of separate species . . . .
the plain maskray inhabits continental shelf waters between 12 and 62 m ( last and stevens 2009 ) , although the species is more prominent in deeper water environments . while the species can reach up to 45 cm disc width ( dw ) , it is more commonly encountered at smaller sizes . it is typically found in environments with sandy or soft substrates ( jacobsen and bennett 2012 ) . this species likely has an annual reproductive cycle ( jacobsen 2007 ) , producing 1 - 3 embryos ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . size at birth is 12 - 14 cm dw ( last and stevens 2009 ) with the smallest recorded free - living animal measured at 13 . 7 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . age and size at 50 % maturity is estimated to be four years and 20 . 4 cm dw in males and 3 - 4 years and 19 . 1 cm dw for females ( jacobson and bennett 2010 ) . size at first sexual maturity is 19 . 2 cm dw in males and 18 . 4 cm dw in females ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . males are estimated to live to at least 9 years and females to at least 13 years , both with an estimated maximum size of 45 . 2 cm dw ( stobutzki et al . 2002 ) . generation length is calculated as 8 . 5 years based on the above female age at maturity and maximum age figures .
as with many other small demersal stingrays , the speckled maskray is highly susceptible to capture in trawl fisheries . it is a common component of prawn trawl bycatch ( which is discarded ) within its range . survivorship is generally unknown , and probably dependent on the method of capture . stobutzki et al . ( 2002 ) reports that 27 % of females and 95 % of males ( 57 % total ) captured in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) died in the trawl net . this species does not appear to be robust in heavy trawl gear with scallop catch , where it is often crushed , resulting in reasonable mortality ( kyne 2008 ) .
the speckled maskray is a highly abundant species within some parts of its distribution ; commonly caught as trawl bycatch within the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in the gulf of carpentaria ( zhou and griffiths 2008 ) . on the east coast , common on queensland scallop trawling grounds between yeppoon and hervey bay ( kyne et al . 2005 ) , but not commonly encountered on east coast prawn trawl grounds north of cairns ( kyne 2008 ) . also a prominent species in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 ) and a likely component of elasmobranch bycatch in the torres strait prawn fishery ( i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) .
the ningaloo maskray has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc about 1 . 1 times wider than long , with straight to slightly convex leading margins and rounded outer corners . the snout is short and rounded . the eyes are large and protruding , with large crescent - shaped spiracles behind . between the slender nostrils is a curtain - shaped flap of skin with a deeply fringed rear margin that is divided into two lobes . the small mouth has shallow grooves at the corners and is surrounded by papillae ; there are also two long papillae on the floor of the mouth . the teeth range from long and pointed to short and blunt . there are five pairs of s - shaped gill slits . the pelvic fins are narrow and triangular .
. . . australiae , n . caeruleopunctata , n . orientale ) previously under n . kuhlii and resurrected a fourth one , n . varidens ( garman 1885 ) [ 25 ] . diagnostic morphological differences between the species were proposed but no in - depth assessment of inter - specific against infra - specific differences was included [ 24 ] . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . . . .
. . . the maskrays of genus neotrygon castelnau ( family : dasyatidae ) is resurrected as a valid generic name form the genus dasyatis ; have dispersed widely in the indo - west pacific and represented largely by an assemblage by a narrow - ranging coastal endemics ( last and white 2008 ; puckridge et al . 2013 ) . the species blue - spotted maskray / stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) is consid - ered to be common across the indo - west pacific region forming an important component of artisanal and commercial fisheries in a number of areas ( compagno and last 1998 ; white and dharmadi 2007 ) . this species has lots of taxonom - ic ambiguity at present and it is classified as ' data deficient ' . . . .
a new maskray , neotrygon ningalooensis n . sp . , is described from material collected near coral bay in the ningaloo marine park , off the central coast of western australia , where its distribution appears to be restricted and patchy . however , other recently accessed material , collected further south ( shark bay , western australia ) and east ( gove , northern territory ) , suggest that this species is more widespread . like other members of the genus neotrygon , it lives primarily on sandy substrates but often hides partly concealed beneath small coral bommies during the day . its eyes are relatively more protrusible than its congeners enabling it to bury deeply in soft sediments with its eyes still exposed . the type specimens were speared in shallow water near the shore in close association with two congeners , n . leylandi and n . kuhlii , from which it differs in colour and morphology . neotrygon ningalooensis and n . leylandi both have an ornate dorsal coloration but lack the vivid blue spots typical of n . kuhlii . molecular analysis has confirmed that the three sympatric species at ningaloo are specifically distinct .
. . . this species complex consists of up to eleven parapatrically - distributed lineages representing separate species [ 6 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] of which nine have already been formally described [ 7 , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . these are n . australiae last , white and séret 2016 , n . bobwardi borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . caeruleopunctata last , white and séret 2016 , n . malaccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . moluccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . orientale last , white and séret 2016 , n . vali borsa 2017 , n . varidens ( garman 1885 , and n . westpapuensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . müller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . . . .
body not wing - like ; disc length slightly shorter than width 90 . 4 % ( 82 . 6–97 . 6 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 74 . 6 % ( 68 . 9–78 . 7 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , pearl thorns on mid disc ; tail whip - like , total length 338 . 5 % ( 297 . 4–402 . 9 % ) dw , with long and large ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 102 . 7 % ( 74 . 0–123 . 4 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 10 . 9 % ( 9 . 1–11 . 9 % ) dw , tail height 6 . 5 % ( 5 . 7–7 . 2 % ) dw , plain in colour ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 23 . 2 % ( 20 . 5–26 . 9 % ) dw ; eye diameter 2 . 6 % ( 1 . 8–3 . 1 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 5 . 9–7 . 7 % ) dw , interspiracular length 16 . 8 % ( 14 . 3–18 . 7 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 19 . 8 % ( 17 . 8–21 . 9 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 1 % ( 12 . 2–13 . 8 % ) dw . genus : pastinachus .
body not wing - like ; disc length slightly longer than width 104 . 1 % ( 82 . 3–120 . 0 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 88 . 5 % ( 67 . 7–107 . 0 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , with or without thorns on midline , thorns granular ( like pearl ) or sharp if present ; tail usually whip - like , total length 270 . 2 % ( 154 . 7–468 . 0 % ) dw , without ventral skin fold , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 9 . 2 % ( 4 . 1–12 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 9 % ( 3 . 4–9 . 0 % ) dw , plain in colour or with patterns ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 16 . 1 % ( 11 . 9–26 . 0 % ) dw ; eye diameter 4 . 3 % ( 1 . 0–6 . 7 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 4 . 7–12 . 1 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 5 % ( 12 . 9–25 . 8 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 23 . 8 % ( 14 . 6–30 . 8 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 15 . 8 % ( 9 . 0–19 . 2 % ) dw . genus : himantura . adult female himantura walga however has short and bulbous tail .
body not wing - like , disc length slightly longer than width 101 . 0 % ( 79 . 9–112 . 9 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 87 . 9 % ( 66 . 4–103 . 3 % ) dw , no denticles , thorns confined to midline of disc ; tail whip - like , total length 277 . 2 % ( 75 . 2–346 . 1 % ) dw , long but low ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 56 . 1 % ( 31 . 7–99 . 3 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 8 . 5 % ( 3 . 7–12 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 0 % ( 2 . 8–6 . 8 % ) dw , plain colour of either dark brown or black ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 17 . 8 % ( 11 . 1–23 . 1 % ) dw ; eye diameter 3 . 8 % ( 1 . 8–6 . 6 % ) dw ; spiracle length 7 . 5 % ( 5 . 1–10 . 4 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 1 % ( 12 . 5–22 . 1 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 21 . 4 % ( 11 . 7–25 . 0 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 7 % ( 8 . 3–16 . 0 % ) dw . genera : dasyatis and taeniurops . taeniurops meyeni has short tail , without body thorns .
character 1 : body disc shape : 0 = wing like ; pectoral fin greatly expanded , 1 = rhombus , quadrangular or oval ; pectoral fin not greatly expanded . character 2 : body denticles and thorns : 0 = no distinct denticles and thorns , 1 = no distinct denticles ; thorn confined to midline of disc , 2 = granular or flat denticles band very broad ; some may have thorns that either confine to center of body or midline , thorns can be blunt or sharp , 3 = with small spiny or star like denticles ; no thorns along central disc or tail . character 3 : head position and elevation : 0 = head extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head elevated , 1 = head not extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head not elevated . character 4 : rostrum or cephalic fin : 0 = rostral fin single and convex , 1 = rostral fin bilobate and broadly notched medially 2 = snout forming bilobate cephalic fin , laterally based on head , 3 = not as stated . character 5 : gill opening : 0 = six gill opening , 1 = 5 gill opening . character 6 : tail types : 0 = tail short and stout , not whip like , 1 = tail long , whip like . character 7 : tail pattern : 0 = plain , 1 = banded or striped . character 8 : ventral skin fold : 0 = no ventral skin fold , 1 = low ventral skin fold , with or without indistinct dorsal skin fold , 2 = large ventral skin fold , 3 = distinct dorsal and ventral skin fold . character 9 : caudal fin : 0 = no caudal fin , 1 = with well developed caudal fin .
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eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
sister species to the more wide - ranging dasyatis kuhlii group members ( d . kuhlii and d . leylandi ) .
currently there is no information available on population size or trend . however population reduction is suspected to have occurred over the last three generations ( see the rationale section for more details ) .
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age and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology . - pubmed - ncbi
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age and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology .
school of biomedical sciences , university of queensland , brisbane , 4072 queensland , australia . i . jacobsen @ urltoken
vertebral band formations were used to define age and growth in three neotrygon species caught regularly as by - catch in prawn trawl fisheries in north - east australia . centrum edge and marginal increment ratio analyses were used to validate annual band formations . age estimates ranged from 1 to 18 years , with the von bertalanffy growth function considered to have the best fit to neotrygon picta ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 271 mm , k = 0·12 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 360·5 mm , k = 0·08 ) and neotrygon kuhlii ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 438·6 mm , k = 0·08 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 440·6 mm , k = 0·08 ) disc width ( w ( d ) ) - at - age data . the gompertz growth function had the best fit to neotrygon annotata w ( d ) - at - age data ( males , w ( d∞ ) = 230·4 mm , k = 0·20 ; females , w ( d∞ ) = 265·5 mm , k = 0·31 ) . age at sexual maturity ranged from 3 to 6 years , with n . picta having the smallest size at birth ( 100 mm w ( d ) ) , smallest w ( d ) at 50 % maturity ( w ( d50 ) : male , 172 mm , female , 180·7 mm ) and lowest age at sexual maturity ( 3 - 4 years ) . this study helps redefine and improve the accuracy of fisheries - based risk assessments for these small species with relatively conservative life - history variables .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water ; 8°s - 16°s
eastern indian ocean and southwest pacific : northern australia , southern new guinea and eastern indonesia .
maturity : l m ? , range 18 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )
found offshore on continental shelf and feeds on bony fishes and crustaceans . litters of 1 - 3 pups , born at 12 - 14 cm wd ( ref . 114953 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 )
ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
last , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )
) : 27 . 1 - 28 . 7 , mean 28 ( based on 140 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01096 ( 0 . 00347 - 0 . 03466 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
last , p . r . 1987 ,
new australian fishes . part 14 . two new species of dasyatis ( dasyatididae )
, memoirs of museum victoria , vol . 48 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 61
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3fba2fb1 - caa5 - 40ca - 80d4 - 431d067a9cc7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46aa84cc - 730f - 40bd - b686 - 3f2d7437f74a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52cfdad0 - 347e - 41a9 - adcd - 19528ddc7e61
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46fb0c2b - 3ac6 - 4e9d - b777 - 301ea837ed25
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 347356
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endemic to northern australia from the bonaparte archipelago , wa to wellesley islands qld . inhabits soft bottom substrates in depths of 12 - 62 m .
dasyatis annotatus last , 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 57 , fig . 1 . type locality : northwest shelf , wa .
marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .
. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp . ( as
last , p . r . & compagno , l . j . v . 1999 . family dasyatidae . pp . 1479 - 1505 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
. rome : fao vol . 3 pp . 1397 - 2068 . ( as
in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .
sp . nov . , a new species from northern australia . 315 - 326 in last , p . r . , white , w . t . & pogonoski , j . j . ( eds ) . descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans .
stobutzki , i . c . , miller , m . j . , heales , d . s . & brewer , d . t . 2002 . sustainability of elasmobranches caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn ( shrimp ) trawl fishery .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 8°s - 16°s
eastern indian ocean : timor sea . western pacific : arafura sea and off northern australia .
maturity : l m ? , range 20 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )
found on the continental shelf . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . little is known of its biology .
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picture of neotrygon annotata has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved
size : disc width : at least 24 cm . total length : at least 45 cm .
habitat often found in along shallow coastal tropical waters . found on continental shelf at depths of 12 m - 62 m .
habits observed lying on the bottom of the flats and bays , shoal lagoons , river mouths and patches of sand between coral area . they could swim rapidly by undulating their pectoral fins . sometimes they are found swimming near the surface . most often they are completely or partially buried in the sand or mud with only tail , eyes and spiracles exposed . pectoral fins are used to dig in to the floor to excavate prey .
general : general systemic effects systemic symptoms are uncommon , but nausea , vomiting , hypotension and collapse can occur .
general : other in cases of major mechanical trauma , significant tissue damage can occur and if major vessels are severed , exsanguination can occur . similarly , if the chest or abdomen are punctured , severe , even lethal internal injury can occur . this injury may not be immediately apparent , delayed death being possible .
treatment summary stings by marine stingrays are generally associated with significant local pain and physical trauma . treatment is directed at dealing with these problems , as envenoming is not a major issue ( other than any pain - producing effects of the venom ) . initial pain is often responsive to immersion of the stung area in hot ( 45c , not scalding ) water for an hour ( ensure no thermal injury occurs ) . beyond this , analgesia can be provided by an escalating scale , from oral , through parenteral analgesics , to regional anaesthetic nerve block . the wound should be inspected for retained sting fragments and these removed . major bleeding following transection of vessels should be staunched . beware wounds where the sting has penetrated a body cavity , either the abdomen , or the chest . penetrating injuries over the heart can prove lethal . beware early or late haemopericardium . stingray wounds can develop late necrosis and secondary infection . beware tetanus .
key diagnostic features immediate severe local pain , lacerated wound after walking in shallow ( usually sandy ) water , rapid local swelling , development of local necrosis / chronic ulceration uncommon , but possible .
general approach to management first priority is relief of pain and staunching bleeding if major vessel transected . thereafter symptomatic care , good wound care .
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correction : molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0129411 .
elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of the current but problematic dasyatidae ( order myliobatiformes ) was the first priority of the current study . here , we studied three molecular gene markers of 43 species ( coi gene ) , 33 species ( nd2 gene ) and 34 species ( rag1 gene ) of stingrays to draft out the phylogenetic tree of the order . nine character states were identified and used to confirm the molecularly constructed phylogenetic trees . eight or more clades ( at different hierarchical level ) were identified for coi , nd2 and rag1 genes in the myliobatiformes including four clades containing members of the present dasyatidae , thus rendering the latter non - monophyletic . the uncorrected p - distance between these four ‘dasytidae’ clades when compared to the distance between formally known families confirmed that these four clades should be elevated to four separate families . we suggest a revision of the present classification , retaining the dasyatidae ( dasyatis and taeniurops species ) but adding three new families namely , neotrygonidae ( neotrygon and taeniura species ) , himanturidae ( himantura species ) and pastinachidae ( pastinachus species ) . our result indicated the need to further review the classification of dasyatis microps . by resolving the non - monophyletic problem , the suite of nine character states enables the natural classification of the myliobatiformes into at least thirteen families based on morphology .
citation : lim kc , lim p - e , chong vc , loh k - h ( 2015 ) molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0120518 . urltoken
copyright : © 2015 lim et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .
funding : we thank japan international centre for agricultural sciences ( jircas ) 57 - 02 - 03 - 1005 , um research grant ( umrg ) rg191 - 121sus and um ippp grant - pg103 - 2012b for the financial support of the study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the family dasyatidae in the order myliobatiformes is one of the biggest families of batoid fishes . according to carpenter & niem [ 1 ] , the body of members of the dasyatids is characterized by a large , oval , circular or rhomboidal disc usually covered with denticles , thorns and tubercles on the dorsal surface and sometimes on the tail . given the large number of species described in the dasyatidae , the classification and status of the described species are still in flux owing to taxonomic uncertainties especially at the family level . the few comprehensive studies on the classification within the dasyatidae are based either on morphology , including their external morphological structures , squamation , tooth root vascularization and structure , lateral line canal , skeletal structure and cephalic and branchial musculature [ 2 ] , or molecular markers including mtgenome , rag1 and scfd2 [ 3 , 4 ] . nevertheless , these approaches fail to classify the dasyatidae such as the species of himantura and pastinachus into defined clusters since some still remain as incertae sedis or uncertain placements . the binary differentiation based on the absence and presence of placoid scales ( or more often terms such as thorns and denticles ) as adopted by mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] is thought to be too general because there are instances of variable patterns of thorns and denticles among the dasyatids . on the other hand , some distinct characters such as the ventral tail fold and body and tail pigmentations , not included in mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] , may be used to resolve the taxonomic uncertainties between himantura and pastinachus [ 5 ] .


thectophila is a genus of moths in the cosmopterigidae family , although some sources place it in the blastodacnidae family .

the genus contains only one species , thectophila acmotypa .

it is endemic to new zealand , where it is only known from the arthur 's pass .

the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .

all wings are lanceolate , with acutely pointed apices .

the forewings are creamy white , narrowly edged with ochreous , a black streak at the apex terminates in a tuft of black cilia .

the remaining cilia are whitish .

the adults appear in february and can be found amongst rough herbage on mountainsides .

nothing is known about its biology or host plant .

thectophila

thectophila meyrick , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 57 : 701 ; ts : thectophila acmotypa meyrick
thectophila acmotypa meyrick , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 57 : 701
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[ richard brown ] sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ; gelechioidea families
meyrick , 1927 descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera trans . n . z . inst . 57 : 697 - 702
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