the blind electric ray ( typhlonarke aysoni ) is a little-known species of sleeper ray in the family narkidae , endemic to new zealand .

it is found on the bottom , typically at a depth of 300 – 400 m ( 980 – 1,310 ft ) .

reaching 38 cm ( 15 in ) in length , this species has a thin , nearly circular pectoral fin disc without visible eyes , and a short tail with a single dorsal fin .

its pelvic fins are divided in two , with the anterior portion forming a limb-like appendage ; in males the claspers do not extend past the disc margin .

a weak swimmer , the blind electric ray likely pushes itself along using its pelvic fins .

it is known to feed on polychaete worms , and can defend itself with an electric shock .

reproduction is aplacental viviparous .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) does not have enough information to assess the conservation status of this species .

blind electric ray

benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwa . . . : ingenta connect
well , the blind electric ray isn’t technically blind ( as neither was the blind shark ) … it just has tiny eyes that aren’t really visible , instead being beneath the surface of their skin .
the blind electric ray is a very small poorly - known electric ray with the typical round body shape , small fleshy tail , one dorsal fin , and almost useless eyes . more
learn about the blind electric ray with the fins united initiative . | learn about : rays | pinterest | shark habitat
thick and flabby with a rudimentary tail , the oval electric ray seems virtually incapable of swimming .
notice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape .
blind electric ray typhlonarke aysoni can give an electrical shock and has almost useless eyes . this poorly - known ray uses electroreceptors to
see .
this numbfish has one dorsal fin and lives at great depths ( 200 - 900 m ) .
the blind electric rays are two species of poorly - known electric rays of the genus typhlonarke , belonging to the sleeper ray family , narkidae . the group is known for producing electric shocks for defense . both species are deep - sea rays endemic to the waters off new zealand . more
greek , typhlops = blind + greek , narke = numbness ( ref . 45335 )
by blind electric ray may 3 , 2005 share this 2 . grundies buy grundies mugs , tshirts and hoodiesyour underpants . . . my grundies are soiled by mh jun 6 , 2003 share this 3 . more
tetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , a new species of electric ray from southern africa ( chondrichthyes : to . . .
the blind electric ray is dark brown in colour , and is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds . however , recent marine sanctuaries around new zealand provide some safe havens . more
juvenile speciman of the marbled electric ray , torpedo marmorata risso , 1810 founded in the neum bay . photo by a . gajić .
species has led to uncertainty regarding the extent of the oval electric ray ' s distribution . both species are found off the eastern coast of
continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood . revue / journal title bulletin of marine science issn 0007 - 4977 coden bmrsaw source / source 2003 , vol . 72 , no3 , pp . 923 - 939 ( 1 p . more
head indistinguishable from disc ( e . g . , stingrays like the bat ray )
- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , electric organ ( e . g . , the electric rays )
, endemic to australia ) , the other composed of the electric rays ( narcinidae ) and the shortnose electric rays ( narkidae ) .
garrick , j . a . f . ( 1951 ) .
the blind electric rays of the genus typhlonarke ( torpedinidae )
. zoology publications from victoria university college ( 15 ) .
atlantic torpedo ray may be up to 1 . 82 m ( 6 ft . ) in length
now , the specific blind electric ray we’re talking about today is typhlonarke aysoni . there’s another two : the brazilian blind electric ray ( benthobatis kreffti ; endemic to brazil ) and the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ; endemic to taiwan ) . typhlonarke aysoni is endemic to… you can’t guess it , can you ? it’s not in the common name , like it seems to always be when it comes to these guys . yet , i get to share waters with these guys - yup , they’re endemic to new zealand ! they’re usually found around cook strait ( and on the continental shelves and slopes that are southward from there ) , anywhere from 100 - 900 meters ( 328 - 2 , 952 ft ) deep . also known as the “blind legged torpedo” ( i can’t help but giggle at that name ) or “numbfish , ” this deep - watered ray has an interesting genus name , “typhlonarke , ” that explains its common names . “typhlops” is greek , translating to “blind” and “narke” is also greek , roughly translating to “numbness” or “paralysis . ” and while it may be electric ( zap ! ) the organs capable of producing their electric discharge varies between 8 volts and 220 volts . no worries , though - at that depth , they pose no threat to you . they do pose a threat to their prey ( like polychaete worms , for example ) , though .
most electric rays bury themselves under sand during the day and come out at night to feed . if prey is encountered , the ray will stun the creature with electricity . then , the ray will guide the food with its pectoral fins to its mouth , which is located under its body .
yeah . freaky , huh ? it leads to them having pretty bad eyesight either way , but i wouldn’t completely label them as “blind . ”
de carvalho , m . r . , l . j . v . compagno and d . a . ebert , 2003 . benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwan ( chondrichthyes : torpediniformes : narcinidae ) . bull . mar . sci . 72 ( 3 ) : 923 - 939 . ( ref . 75959 )
in addition to stunning potential prey and dissuading prospective predators , the electric organs of electric rays may also be used to detect prey and to communicate with each other .
rays range in size from just a few inches to over 22 feet wide . the smallest ray is the short - nose electric ray , which is the size of a pancake ; it is only 4 inches ( 10 cm ) across and weighs about 1 pound ( 0 . 5 kg ) . the biggest ray is the manta ray which is over 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) wide and weighs many tons ( thousands of pounds ) . most rays are in - between these two extremes . more than half of all ray species are over 20 inches ( 50 cm ) long . in fact , rays are some of the largest fish in the sea !
largely unknown . blind electric rays of both species have been trawled from 46 to 800 m , but are most common between 300 to 400 m . the flabby disc and rudimentary tail suggest blind electric rays are very poor swimmers and they probably push themselves along the bottom with their well developed pelvic appendages . diet includes polychaete worms . reproduction is probably ovoviviparous . litter size is up to 11 . size at birth is 9 to 10 cm . maximum size 35 cm total length .
uncertain due to confusion with t . aysoni . blind electric rays have been recorded off east coast north island south of east cape , south island , stewart island , chatham rise ( mernoo bank and chatham islands ) and snares shelf to 49s .
its mid - length . electric organs visible through skin of ventral surface , elliptical and about
the bluespotted ribbontail ray taeniura lymna is a very common , timid ray with an oval - shaped disc and two venomous tail spikes toward the tip of its tail . it grows to be 2 . 25 ft ( 0 . 7 m ) long .
hamilton , a . ( july 1902 ) .
notice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape
. transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 34 : 224–226 .
the mouth of the australian coffin ray ( hypnos monopterygium ) is enormous , allowing it to gulp prey half the size of its body .
the following terminology was used to describe shark behaviour and to assess the effects of the electric field .
example of interaction with a change of direction ( proxy for a reaction to the electric deterrent ) .
example of interaction during which a shark approached within 0 . 5 m of an activated electric deterrent .
( greatest transverse width of electric organ at level of third gill slit or its mid - length ) .
all living creatures produce electricity - even humans - but electric rays have two special kidney - shaped organs that generate and store electricity like a battery . large atlantic torpedo rays can generate enough power to produce a shock of about 220 volts , while smaller rays , like the lesser electric ray ( narcine brasiliensis ) can only muster a shock of about 37 volts .
greek , benthos = depth of the sea + greek , batis , - idos = a ray ( raja sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )
the primary threat to the taiwanese blind electric ray is shrimp trawling throughout its limited distribution , where it is taken as bycatch . shrimp trawl fisheries operate along the southwestern coast of taiwan island and may range down to depths of 500 m ( d . ebert pers . obs . 2007 ) . fine mesh nets are used in this fishery , thus it is unlikely that the species can avoid or escape the nets , which may also be causing habitat damage .
for sharks , and carvalho ( 1999a , 1999b ) for electric rays . compared to other elasmobranchs , elec -
kalmijn a ( 1971 ) the electric sense of sharks and rays . journal of experimental biology 55 : 371–383 .
smith ed ( 1973 ) electric anti - shark cable . civil engineering and public works review 68 : 174–176 .
of extant batoids , but their highly specialized electrogenic organs — combined with the fact that the oldest known batoid fossils are very guitarfish - like — would seem to argue against this interpretation . the electric rays appear to fall into two suborders , the first composed of the torpedo rays ( torpedinidae ) and the short - tailed electric ray ( hypnidae — represented by a single species ,
kalmijn a ( 1974 ) the detection of electric fields from inanimate and animate sources other than electric organs . in : fessard a , editor . handbook of sensory physiology vol iii / 3 . berlin : springer - verlag . 147–200 .
rays and skates have a long gestation period and produces relatively few young ( compared to other fish ) . the growth of ray populations , therefore , is slow .
manta ray manta birostris is the largest ray . this graceful swimmer is up to 29 . 5 ft ( 9 m ) wide . mantas eat microscopic plankton , small fish , and tiny crustaceans . they funnel the food into their mouth while they swim , using two large , flap - like cephalic lobes which extend forward from the eyes .
justification : this small endemic electric ray has a very limited known distribution in the waters of the outer shelf in depths of less than 300 m off southwestern taiwan , province of china . the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ) is taken as bycatch in the local shrimp trawl fishery , which uses nets of very fine mesh , likely preventing any capture avoidance . the level of bycatch is not known , however the species is generally retained by the fishing vessels and discarded on landing . the species may also be discarded at sea . although little information has been gathered on its biology and ecology , the high level of endemicity suggests that this species is threatened by incidental fishing mortality . given that intense shrimp trawl fisheries operate throughout this species’ limited range , it is assessed as vulnerable on the basis of suspected declines as a result of continuing , high levels of exploitation .
at long last , season 11’s blind auditions came to a close on the voice tonight , with coaches adam levine , miley cyrus , alicia keys and blake shelton filling the last few spots of their teams before heading into the fiery battle round .
disc of the oval electric ray is ovoid in shape , tapering smoothly towards the rear , and has a very thick margin . the eyes are minute and located 2–3 mm ( 0 . 079–0 . 12 in ) beneath the surface of the skin ; though not visible externally , their positions are marked by small white patches . the
citation : huveneers c , rogers pj , semmens jm , beckmann c , kock aa , page b , et al . ( 2013 ) effects of an electric field on white sharks : in situ testing of an electric deterrent . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e62730 . urltoken
lesser electric rays may bear only 2 pups at a time , while atlantic torpedo rays can deliver as many as 60 pups at a time .
- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , no electric organ ( e . g . , the guitarfish , banjo shark )
compagno , l . j . v . and p . c . heemstra ( may 2007 ) .
electrolux addisoni , a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of south africa ( rajiformes : torpedinoidei : narkidae ) , with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy
. smithiana , publications in aquatic biodiversity , bulletin 7 : 15–49 .
depending on the species , electric rays may eat fishes , worms , and crustaceans . adult atlantic rays consume eels , flounders , and small sharks .
atlantic torpedo rays ( torpedo nobiliana ) , for example , live along the coastlines of canada , the united states , united kingdom , and south africa . but they also have been found in the open ocean at depths of approximately 450 m ( 1 , 475 ft . ) . blind electric rays ( typhlonarke aysoni ) have been discovered in waters as deep as 900 m ( 2 , 950 ft . ) .
with age , the nerves got worse . eight years ago , i had a stressful eye operation that triggered the worst bout of
nerves
in my life . i started waking up in the middle of the night with my heart pounding and obsessive thoughts about going blind .
. the skin is completely smooth . the oval electric ray is dark brown above , lightening towards the disc margins and on the underside . the area around the mouth and nostrils , and the underside of the pelvic appendages , are white . this species can grow to 36 cm ( 14 in ) long , but most do not exceed 30 cm ( 12 in ) .
this study indicates that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks . the electric field we tested had an effect on white shark behaviour up to two metres from the efs and reduced the incidence of predatory strike , but did not deter or repel this species in all situations nor did it repel all individuals . given that the static bait experiments showed that the electric field did not reduce the likelihood of baits being taken , the effects observed in the seal decoy study are likely to be situation - specific . the large discrepancy in the findings from the present study compared to those of smit and peddemors [ 29 ] also highlights the need for future studies to focus on testing the effects of electric fields at different distances from the efs . an accurate map of the electric field produced by different voltage strengths would also aid in determining the electric current levels eliciting behavioural response and the distance from which white sharks can be expected to first detect and react to the electric field . finally , the study was undertaken on white sharks and further study should include other elasmobranch species , as the behavioural responses to electric fields are known to vary across species [ 22 ] .
white bars represent trials with the electric field source ( efs ) turned off ; black bars represent trials with the activated efs ; standard error bars are shown .
histograms of the minimum distance between white sharks and the electric field source ( efs ) when it was turned off ( white ) and on ( black ) .
smit cf , peddemors vm ( 2003 ) estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent . south african journal of statistics 37 : 59–78 .
typhlonarke tarakea is a poorly known electric ray , endemic to new zealand . it is apparently rare , however , its distribution and status is uncertain due to confusion with the similar t . aysoni . t . tarakea is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds , but insufficient information is available to assess the species beyond data deficient at this time .
a new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish–black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .
a new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish - black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .
. rays live mostly on or near the sea bed . different ray species are found in habitats ranging from close to shore to the extreme depths of the ocean ( over 10 , 000 feet = 3 , 000 m deep ) .
like sharks , rays lack a swim bladder and use their oily liver to maintain buoyancy ( other fish use an air - filled bladder to help them float ) . when a ray stops swimming , it sinks down to the sea bed .
rays have a flattened body shape and an elongated tail . the pectoral fins are large and connected to the body to form the ray ' s
disc .
the shape of the disc differs from species to species and may be circular , oval , wedge - shaped or triangular . some body shapes are adapted for living on the sea bed ; others are adapted for almost constant swimming . the ray ' s distinctive tail also varies from species to species . it ranges from stubby ( on the shorttailed electric rays ) to incredibly long ( e . g . , over 10 feet ( 3 m ) long on the whip - like sting rays ) .
elasmobranchs can detect minute electromagnetic fields , < 1 nvcm –1 , using their ampullae of lorenzini . behavioural responses to electric fields have been investigated in various species , sometimes with the aim to develop shark deterrents to improve human safety . the present study tested the effects of the shark shield freedom7™ electric deterrent on ( 1 ) the behaviour of 18 white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) near a static bait , and ( 2 ) the rates of attacks on a towed seal decoy . in the first experiment , 116 trials using a static bait were performed at the neptune islands , south australia . the proportion of baits taken during static bait trials was not affected by the electric field . the electric field , however , increased the time it took them to consume the bait , the number of interactions per approach , and decreased the proportion of interactions within two metres of the field source . the effect of the electric field was not uniform across all sharks . in the second experiment , 189 tows using a seal decoy were conducted near seal island , south africa . no breaches and only two surface interactions were observed during the tows when the electric field was activated , compared with 16 breaches and 27 surface interactions without the electric field . the present study suggests that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks .
i didn ' t get shocked this time but another time i was shocked and it felt like i sprained my ankle . ouch ! electric rays can thrust forward quickly to attack prey or to defend themselves from predators . they can discharge an electrical jolt up to 220 volts and 30 amps . their electric discharge can stun their prey or painfully shock a diver .
. . . a litter size of 1–2 with a size at birth of > 96mm tl has been observed in the recently described brazilian blind torpedo benthobatis kreffti ( rincon et al . 2001 ) and a litter size of two in the western numbfish narcine lasti with size at birth probably close to 80mm tl ( carvalho and séret 2002 ) . the taiwanese blind numbfish b . yangi is known only from a limited number of specimens detailed in its original description while the dark blindray b . moresbyi is known only from five specimens ( carvalho et al . 2003 ) . there remains numerous undescribed species within the family , including the deepwater narcine sp . . . .
digitally recorded video footage from each trial obtained from the underwater camera was reviewed , and independently and ‘blindly’ coded . coding refers to recording the number of approaches and interactions , and estimating the minimum distance between the shark and the efs during each interaction . the coder was termed ‘blind’ as they did not participate in the trials and had no prior knowledge of whether an electric field was being produced when coding videos of each trial . the observer data recorded during the trials were used to identify sharks responsible for each approach .
electric rays belong to the superorder batoidea , which includes stingrays , skates , guitarfishes , and sawfishes . like their relatives the sharks , batoids have skeletons made of tough connective tissue called cartilage .
bratton b , ayers j ( 1987 ) observations on the electric discharge of two skate species ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) and its relationship to behavior . environmental biology of fishes 20 : 241–254 .
jordan lk , mandelman jw , kajiura sm ( 2011 ) behavioral responses to weak electric fields and a lanthanide metal in two shark species . journal of experimental biology and ecology 409 : 345–350 .
out of the five response variables used to assess the effects of the electric field , the time it took to take the bait , number of interaction per approach , and the minimum distance between sharks and the efs were significantly affected by the electric field ( table 2 ) . additionally , the random factor ( individual sharks ) was also significantly different for all parameters ( table 2 ) .
rincon , g . , stehmann , m . f . w . and vooren , c . m . 2001 . results of the research cruises of frv ' walther herwig ' to south america . lxxiv . benthobatis kreffti n . sp . ( chondrichthyes , torpediniformes , narcinidae ) , a new deep - water electric ray from off south brazil and the third species of the genus . archive of fishery and marine research . 49 ( 1 ) : 45 - 60 .
sharks were still capable of taking baits ∼230 cm away from the efs , but the number of interactions within two metres of the efs decreased when it was activated . such a reduction in the number of interactions towards a stimulus placed two metres away from the efs has previously been observed in other species ( e . g . , galapagos sharks ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) ( robbins , unpublished data ) . although behavioural effects two metres from the efs were observed in both studies , white sharks were observed less than 0 . 5 m from the efs on several occasions ( e . g . , video s10 ) , and galapagos sharks consumed sardines ( sardinops sagax ) two metres away from an efs ( robbins , unpublished data ) . scalloped hammerhead sharks ( sphyrna lewini ) and leopard sharks ( triakis semifasciata ) were affected by a strong pulsed electric field , but were also able to swim through the electric field and into voltage gradients greater than 30 v / m [ 32 ] . four species of small benthic rays and sharks , fiddler ray ( trygonorrhina fasciata ) , eagle ray ( myliobatis australis ) , yellowback stingaree ( urolophus sufflavus ) , and spotted catshark ( asymbolus rubiginosus ) , have been observed to approach a bait positioned next to the same electric field as used in the present study [ 51 ] . these studies confirm that electric fields can affect the behaviour of sharks , but that some rays and sharks , including white sharks , are able to be in close proximity to the efs and consume baits close to electric fields .
ray , t . c . , king , l . j . , & grandin , t . ( 1988 ) . the effectiveness of self - initiated vestibular stimulation in producing speech sounds in an autistic child . journal of occupational therapy research , 8 , 186 - 190 .
while several studies have investigated the behavioural response of elasmobranchs to electric fields [ 22 ] , [ 32 ] , most were conducted under laboratory conditions . a field study that tested the efficiency of a personal electric deterrent on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) concluded that the probability of an attack was reduced from about 0 . 70 in power - off mode to about 0 . 08 in power - on mode [ 29 ] . limited information about approach distance and number of approaches was presented , which would have allowed for a better understanding of the behavioural response of white sharks to electric deterrents . additionally , the product tested ( sharkpod™ ) during this previous study is no longer available and has been replaced by the shark shield™ ( shark shield pty ltd , adelaide , australia ) product range . while the waveform and voltage difference between the electrodes produced by the shark shield™ is not different from that of the sharkpod™ , the electrode configuration differs between the two products . this results in differences in the maximum electric field produced and the distribution of the electric field relative to the body of the person using the device . the electrodes of the shark shield freedom7™ trail behind the leg of the user ( fig . 1 ) , while in the case of the sharkpod™ , one electrode is placed on the scuba tank with the other electrode on the ankle of the diver . as a result , the electric field source of the shark shield freedom7™ is located behind the person wearing the device compared to being centred on the diver when wearing a sharkpod™ . prior to this study , the shark shield freedom7™ had not been independently and scientifically tested , and there remains a need to assess how different electrode configurations and locations of the electric field source may impact the efficiency of the electric deterrent .
the bait was consumed on 91 out of 116 trials ( 78 % ) , with the electric field not significantly affecting the likelihood of the bait being consumed ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . out of the 18 identified sharks that interacted with the bait , 14 ( 78 % ) consumed the bait , with 13 ( 72 % ) consuming the bait in the presence of the electric field . six sharks consumed the bait on several occasions , with one shark consuming the bait a total of 23 times including 14 times when the electric field was being produced . sharks responsible for consuming the baits could not be identified on 15 occasions ( 16 % ) .
the only previous study testing in situ behavioural responses of white shark to an electric field found an 80 % reduction in the probability of a shark taking the bait [ 29 ] . this result contrasts with the results from the current study , which did not find any differences in the proportion of baits consumed . because the electric pulse and waveform produced during the previous and present study were the same ( shark shield pty ltd , pers . comm . ) , the disparity between these results is likely due the different configuration of the electrodes and position of the bait . smit and peddemors [ 29 ] attached the bait between the electrodes producing the electric field , whereas this study placed the efs ∼230 cm away from the bait , similar to the way a diver would wear the product tested . further testing should assess the impact that distance between the efs and a bait has on the probability of the bait being consumed . this should be investigated against an accurate map of the electric field produced by the efs to estimate the field strength at which white sharks first detect the field and at which they display a retreat response . this is yet to be carried out in situ , but studies in laboratory conditions have measured the minimum electric field strength that elicits a behavioural response for several shark species [ 13 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 32 ] . the mean maximum field strength tolerated by hammerhead and leopard sharks before they displayed a retreat response was 18 . 50±13 . 27 and 9 . 64±10 . 28 vm –1 , respectively [ 32 ] . both are higher than the threshold of 3–7 vm –1 suggested by smith [ 27 ] who investigated the use of an electric field to produce an electric barrier , supporting the idea that behavioural responses to electric fields varies between species [ 22 ] , and that findings for one species should not be generalised to others .
the objective of this study was to assess the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7™ ( hereafter referred to as the ‘electric field source ( efs ) ’ ) on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . this species was selected because it is responsible for the most unprovoked attacks and fatalities [ 30 ] , [ 33 ] . white sharks demonstrate considerable plasticity in swimming patterns depending on their habitats and likely hunting strategies [ 34 ] . in response to this , we tested the effect of the electric field on white sharks in two different situations and locations : around a static bait at the neptune islands off south australia , and breaching on a towed seal decoy at seal island , false bay in south africa .
electric rays were used by the ancient greeks as a kind of anesthetic , the electricity supposedly numbing the pain of operations and childbirth — in fact , the greek work for these rays is narke , from which we get our word ' narcotic ' .
kalmijn a ( 1978 ) electric and magnetic sensory world of sharks , skates , and rays . in : hodgson e , mathewson r , editors . sensory biology of sharks skates , and rays . arlington , va : office of naval research . 507–528 .
there were two potential analytical biases inherent in the data we collected : 1 ) temporal correlation ( lack of temporal independence ) due to the potential habituation of individual sharks or changes in their motivation through time , and 2 ) pseudo - replication due to instances where the same shark interacted with the bait within and across trials . sharks may have become habituated to the electric field , or sharks that consumed the bait , may have become less likely to respond to the electric field due to the positive reinforcement provided by the bait .
this is a deepwater electric ray with a known bathymetrical distribution of 400 to 600 m depth at bottom water temperatures from 8 to 9°c . it feeds mainly on polychaetes and isopod crustaceans , which it unearths from the sediment . maximum size is around 26 cm total length ( tl ) . matures at 14 to 15 cm tl ( males ) and 20 to 21 cm tl ( females ) . ovoviviparous ; number of young one or two per litter ; size at birth 0 . 96 cm tl . may breed year - round since different gestation stages were found in a single capture , but gestation time and reproductive periodicity unknown .
ninety - eight of the 189 tows were performed with the efs turned off and 91 with the efs turned on . due to logistical difficulties including electrodes wrapping around the equipment , poor visibility , and lack of light penetrating through the water surface , video footage was obtained from 169 tows . eighty - six videos were taken with the efs turned off and 83 with the efs turned on during which 61 interactions ( 43 with efs on , 18 with efs off ) between a shark and the decoy were recorded . interactions visible from the surface accounted for 29 of the 61 interactions observed . the number of interactions per tow across all experiments was 0 . 32 and decreased from 0 . 44 to 0 . 20 when the electric field was produced . the strongest effects of the electric field were recorded for breaches , with no breaches observed when the electric field was produced compared with 16 breaches when the efs was off . the number of surface interactions per tow decreased from 0 . 28 to 0 . 02 when the electric field was produced ( fig . 6 ; table 4 ) .
the proportion of underwater interactions was expected to increase when the efs was activated as a result of sharks aborting their predatory behaviour . the number of breaches and surface interactions decreased when the efs was turned on , but it did not affect the number of underwater interactions . this suggests that white sharks either aborted their breaches outside of the range of the camera or did not initiate a breaching approach . on most days , the visibility was estimated to be less than 5 m indicating that sharks would have to be affected by the electric field further away than 5 m . this contradicts the results obtained from the static bait experiments , which indicate that the electric field did not affect white sharks further than a distance of two metres . the electric field might not reduce the consumption of bait two metres away from the efs , but white sharks might detect the electric pulse from further away and prior to initiating the predatory attack . they might decide not to initiate a breaching approach , which would explain the reduction in breaches and surface interactions and the lack of associated increased number of underwater interactions .
schematic representation of ( a ) the experimental set - up used to test the effects of an electric field during static bait trials at north neptune island , and ( b ) the experimental set - up used with the towed seal decoy at seal island off south africa .
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white sharks may have become acclimatised to the electric field because of habituation to the electric field , or conditioning to the positive rewards resulting from consumption of the bait . for example , a shark that took the bait within the electric field may be more likely to take subsequent baits , because the discomfort caused by the electric field may not have been strong enough to counteract the reward . such temporal correlation and decrease in the effectiveness of an electro - magnetic field has previously been observed in several species [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] . this potential bias was examined but there was no strong decrease with time in the number of approaches per trial , interactions per approach , minimal distance , time to first appear , or time to take the bait . the lack of temporal correlations has also been observed in other species [ 22 ] , [ 50 ] . it is likely that the small number of food rewards provided and the alternation of positive and negative reinforcements from the efs being randomly activated for each trial prevented habituation from occurring and inducing any temporal effects in the study . the proportion of unidentified sharks ( 30 . 6 % ) may have impacted our ability to detect a decreasing response of individual sharks to the pulses . the issue of habituation or conditioning might have also occurred with the towed seal decoy . however , given the low number of interactions recorded when the electric field was present , the likelihood of habituation is low .
proportion of breaches / tow ( white ) , surface interactions / tow ( light grey ) , underwater interactions / video ( dark grey ) , and total number of interactions recorded ( surface and on video ) / video ( black ) when the electric field source was turned off or on .
a new species of torpedo ray , tetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , is described from specimens collected from the southeastern atlantic ocean . the new species is placed in the genus tetronarce based on a uniform dorsal coloration and absence of papillae around the spiracles . the new species is distinguished from its closest congeners , the north atlantic tetronarce nobiliana bonnaparte , 1835 , and . . . [ show full abstract ]
finally , the effects of the electric field were tested by comparing the distributions of the minimum distance recorded for each interaction using a kolmogorov - smirnov ( k - s ) test [ 42 ] and by comparing the proportion of interactions within 2 m using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package .
the behavioural responses observed in the present study varied across individuals , with some sharks less affected by the electric field than others . the reason for this variation is unknown and may be a combination of motivation , different natural feeding histories , dominance hierarchies , individual experiences , or behavioural syndrome ( consistency of responses across situations ) . intra - specific variability was also noted for hammerhead and leopard sharks , as seen by the large standard deviations of the maximum voltage gradient and the difference in the voltage gradient required to elicit head twitches [ 32 ] . the electric deterrent tested produced a behavioural reaction in some sharks , but cannot be relied on to prevent shark attacks in all situations .
each trial was observed by two people and lasted 15 minutes or until a shark took the bait . the status of the efs ( on or off ) was randomised by a coin toss before each trial . the efs was tested to ensure that electric impulses were being produced prior to and following each trial during which the efs was switched on .
rays and sharks are a type of fish that have no bones , only cartilage . some parts of their skeleton , like their vertebrae , are calcified . cartilage , a strong fibrous substance , is softer than bone ; our nose and ears are made of cartilage . even the ray ' s skull is flattened . rays belong to the group of fishes called elasmobranchii , which also includes the sharks , skates , and ratfish . the elasmobranchii are all fish that have no bones , only cartilage .
next up was wedding singer nicholas ray , who said going into his audition that he really hoped to join team adam . it was immediately clear why he felt that way , because his rendition of “i’ve got the music in me” was a little theatrical and showed off his falsetto . he didn’t really stand out on this night of incredible performances , but he definitely had a lot of power behind his voice . levine loved the falsetto ending , but it wasn’t quite enough to get a chair turn .
there was no significant difference in the number of approaches per trial when the electric field was produced ( glmm ( poisson , identity ) : t 105 = 0 . 87 , p = 0 . 39 ) ( fig . 4 ) . the number of interactions per approach , however , increased from 1 . 33±0 . 08 when the efs was turned off to 2 . 20±0 . 20 when the efs was turned on ( glmm ( poisson , log ) : t 163 = 3 . 66 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 3 ) . this suggests that the sharks did not approach the bait more often when an electric field was produced , but interacted with the bait more often within each approach ( fig . 4 ) .
huveneers c , rogers pj , semmens j , beckmann c , kock aa , et al . . ( 2012 ) effects of the shark shield™ electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . final report to safework south australia . sardi publication no . f2012 / 000123–1 . sardi research report series no . 632 . adelaide : sardi - aquatic sciences .
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the efficacy of the electric field in repelling white sharks from attacking a towed seal decoy was assessed by comparing the number of breaches , surface interactions , underwater interactions , and total number of interactions standardised by the number of replicates ( i . e . , the number of tows or number of videos ) using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package [ 40 ] . a binomial distribution based on the probabilities of breaches and surface interactions occurring with the efs activated was also used to estimate the probabilities of the observed number of breaches and surface interactions occurring when the efs was off . the proportion of aborted breaches and investigations coded and the proportion of underwater interactions with a reaction to the electric field were tested using the same minlike two - sided poisson exact test .
forty - nine of the 116 trials were performed without an electric field and 67 with an applied electric field . a total of 314 approaches and 527 interactions by 18 different white sharks were observed . identification of white sharks was not possible for 132 approaches ( 42 % ) and 179 interactions ( 34 % ) . sharks interacted with the bait in up to 27 trials ( 6 . 89±1 . 6 , mean ± standard error ) . the number of approaches per identified shark ranged from 1 to 40 ( 10 . 11±2 . 5 ) , while the number of interactions per identified shark ranged from 1 to 71 ( 19 . 33±4 . 9 ) . during a single trial , the maximum number of approaches , interactions , and interactions per approach was 12 , 29 , and 18 , respectively .
the number of breaches per tow , surface interactions per tow , and total number of interactions recorded were significantly less with the electric field being emitted compared to when the efs was turned off ( poisson exact test : p < 0 . 001 for each test ) . the number of underwater interactions per video , however , did not change significantly whether the efs was turned on or off ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . based on the probability of occurrence estimated when the efs was off ( 0 . 16 and 0 . 28 for breaching and surface interaction , respectively ) , the probability of no breach , or two or less surface interactions occurring with the activated efs was < 0 . 001 . it is therefore unlikely that the lack of breaches and small number of surface interactions observed with the electric field was due to chance alone .
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sharks first approached the bait within a short period ( 80±11 seconds ) . this was not affected by the electric field , with no significant difference in the time it took sharks to first be sighted whether the efs was turned off ( 77±21 seconds ) or on ( 82±12 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 49 = −0 . 17 , p = 0 . 87 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) . sharks took , on average , 197±23 seconds from the start of a trial to consume the bait . although the electric field did not affect the time it took sharks to be first sighted , sharks took twice as long to take the bait when the efs was turned on ( 244±32 seconds ) than when it was turned off ( 122±24 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 61 = −2 . 58 , p = 0 . 01 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) .
our study assessed the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7™ . the study was performed in two locations and tested two distinct approach and behavioural situations to assess whether the response to the shark shield™ was consistent across behaviours . the electric field did not affect the proportion of static baits consumed , but significantly decreased the number of breaches , and surface interactions on a towed seal decoy . while the differences observed could be due to location or the different white shark populations [ 46 ] , it is more likely related to the behavioural states being tested and associated energetic costs . since rapid swimming is necessary to leave the water , the energy required for a breach is higher than that expended during inquisitive behaviour [ 47 ] . considering the energetic cost of breaching , white sharks might be less likely to breach if they can sense any factor that could reduce their chance of being successful or which appears different to natural situations . on the other hand , a white shark might still be inquisitive around a static bait , regardless of the electric field because such approach requires similar energy expenditure to normal swimming . the inquisitive nature of the shark during the static bait trials is supported by the number of times the same white sharks were observed attempting to consume the bait ( e . g . , one white shark approached the static bait in 27 different trials , and another individual had 18 interactions in one trial ) .
ponciano seoane hoped to have a better fate than ray , singing “home” by phillip phillips . “i’m trying to keep a level head , ” seoane said heading into his audition with the knowledge that there were only a couple spots left . “pretty , ” shelton remarked after the first few seconds . levine and cyrus turned right away . seoane had a gorgeous tone , and both coaches wanted him to fill their final spots . “you feel everything you’re singing , ” levine said , praising seoane’s introspection . cyrus seemed to understand that she wasn’t winning this one , but she still tried to fight for seoane . he ultimately became the last member of team adam .


acrobasis betulella , the birch tubemaker , is a species of snout moth in the genus acrobasis .

it was described by george duryea hulst in 1890 , and is known from southeastern canada and the united states .

there is one generation per year .

the larvae feed on betula species , including betula populifolia and betula papyrifera .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

young larvae probably bore into unfolding buds .

older larvae draw several leaves together with silk and consume the margins of the leaves .

pupation takes place in a pupal chamber which is made at the end of the tube .

acrobasis betulella

the birch tube - maker acrobasis betulella in a fragmented habitat : the importance of patch isolation and edges .
the birch tube - maker acrobasis betulella in a fragmented habitat : the importance of patch isolation and edges . - pubmed - ncbi
acrobasis betulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5688 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 59 , f . 3e , 14f , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 17
we examined the response of the birch tube - maker acrobasis betulella hulst ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) to habitat patch isolation and edges . density of a . ␣betulella larva was higher on distant islands than on islands close to the shore . following experimental removal of all larvae from the islands , adults were able to recolonize even the most distant islands , and larval density was again positively correlated with the degree of isolation . larval density was not correlated with island size or the amount of birch present on the islands . larvae on more distant islands did not have lower mortality than those in less isolated sites . larvae were found more often on edges than in the interior of birch stands and developed faster on edges . this positive edge effect , coupled with the ability of the adults to disperse to even our most distant islands , suggests that a . betulella would be favored in an environment fragmented at the same scale as our island system .
acrobasis amplexella ragonot , 1887 ; n . amer . phycitinae galleriidae : 3 ; tl : north carolina
acrobasis vaccinii riley , 1884 ; can . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 237 ; tl : massachusetts
acrobasis rufizonella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 227 ; tl : wladiwostok
acrobasis atrisquamella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 228 ; tl : asia minor
acrobasis carpinivorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1662 ; tl : madison , connecticut
acrobasis elyi neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1661 ; tl : maxton , north carolina
acrobasis nuxvorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1659 ; tl : rowland , north carolina
acrobasis caryalbella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 52 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis comptoniella hulst , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 125 ; tl : long island , new york
acrobasis irrubriella ; [ nacl ] , # 5676 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9
acrobasis ostryella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 54 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis kearfottella dyar , 1905 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 7 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : cleveland , ohio
acrobasis betulivorella neunzig , 1975 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 77 ( 2 ) : 238 ; tl : elizabethtown , north carolina
acrobasis amplexella ; [ nacl ] , # 5654 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 17
acrobasis elyi ; [ nacl ] , # 5666 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 35 - 36
acrobasis stigmella ; [ nacl ] , # 5669 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 12 - 16
acrobasis aurorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5670 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 43 , pl . 4 , f . 17 - 20
acrobasis exsulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5672 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 29
acrobasis angusella ; [ nacl ] , # 5673 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 46 , pl . 4 , f . 35 - 37
acrobasis latifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5675 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 47 , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis evanescentella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 44 ; tl : orlando , florida
acrobasis aurorella ely , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : waschington , d . c
acrobasis cunulae dyar & heinrich , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : mobile , alabama
acrobasis stigmella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 43 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis latifasciella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
acrobasis palliolella ; [ nacl ] , # 5659 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : f . 13b , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 44
acrobasis cunulae ; [ nacl ] , # 5685 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 54 , 13e , pl . 5 , f . 29 - 30
acrobasis irrubriella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis carpinivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5665 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14a , pl . 6 , f . 2023
acrobasis sylviella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis coryliella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : ( new york ? )
acrobasis vaccinii ; [ nacl ] , # 5653 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 21 , f . 5a , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis minimella ; [ nacl ] , # 5657 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 4a , 7c - d , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 22
acrobasis caryalbella ; [ nacl ] , # 5660 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 13a , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 13
acrobasis cirroferella ; [ nacl ] , # 5684 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 14e , pl . 5 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis betulivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5689 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 60 , f . 13h , pl . 6 , f . 18 - 19
acrobasis ostryella ; [ nacl ] , # 5680 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 63 , f . 14g , pl . 6 , f . 31 - 35
acrobasis coryliella ; [ nacl ] , # 5682 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 65 , f . 14i , pl . 6 , f . 41 - 43
acrobasis comptella ; [ nacl ] , # 5656 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 29 , f . 5d , 8b , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 16
acrobasis comptoniella ; [ nacl ] , # 5691 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 6c , 14c , pl . 5 , f . 31 - 37
acrobasis blanchardorum neunzig , 1973 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 75 ( 2 ) : 165 ; tl : sierra diablo wildlife mgt . area , culberson co . , texas
acrobasis blanchardorum ; [ nacl ] , # 5694 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 8a , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 28 , pl . e , f . 2
acrobasis evanescentella ; [ nacl ] , # 5668 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 40 - 41 , pl . 4 , f . 1
acrobasis juglandis ; [ nacl ] , # 5661 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 3a , 5e , 13d , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis kearfottella ; [ nacl ] , # 5663 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 51 , 13c , pl . 5 , f . 14 - 19 , pl . e , f . 3
acrobasis sylviella ; [ nacl ] , # 5662 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14d , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 27 , pl . e , f . 5
acrobasis caulivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 41 , f . 11a - b , 12a , pl . 4 , f . 9 - 11 ; tl : dellwood , florida
acrobasis tricolorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5655 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28 , 7a - b , pl . 2 , f . 34 - 45 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6
acrobasis juglanivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 38 , f . 9a - b , 10b , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : dane co . , wisconsin
acrobasis caryivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5686 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 52 , f . 5f , 13f , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 28 , pl . b , f . 3 - 4
acrobasis texana neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 34 , f . 9c - d , 10a , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 39 ; tl : junction , kimble co . , texas
acrobasis demotella ; [ nacl ] , # 5674 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 5c , pl . 4 , f . 30 - 34 , pl . b , f . 1 - 2 , pl . e , f . 4
acrobasis rubrifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5690 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 57 , f . 3c , 5h , 14b , pl . 5 , f . 40 - 42 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 8
acrobasis kylesi neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 62 , f . 11c - d , 12b , 13g , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 30 ; tl : saline , bienville parish , louisiana
tinea obtusella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : ( ? )
from ( nova scotia - florida ) - to ( wiscon - texas ) , introduced ? ( washington ) . see [ maps ]
larva on vaccinium corymbosum , v . macrocarpon , v . vitis - idaea , v . stamineum , gaylussacia spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 23
nova scotia , prince edward i . , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania , mountains ( virginia , north carolina ) , florida ? . see [ maps ]
larva on kalmia angustifolia , k . latifolia [ mna15 . 2 ] , 24
larva on malus pumila , cydonia oblonga , prunus spp . , cotoneaster , pyracantha , crataegus spp . , eriobotrya japonica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 27
s . canada , n . usa , rocky mountains - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , malus pumila , prunus armeniaca , sorbus americana , rosa sp . , amelanchier sp . , heteromeles arbutifolia , ( buds and fruits ) [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28
california , oregon , washington , nevada , arizona , utah , new mexico , w . texas , w . oklahoma . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus dumosa , q . douglasii , q . garryana , quercus x _ turbinella _ ajoensis , chrysolepis sempervirens [ mna15 . 2 ] , 29
cape cod , massachusetts - florida - e . texas - arkansas , tennessee , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus spp . , quercus marilandica , q . velutina , q . rubra , q . falcata , q . laevis , q . alba [ mna15 . 2 ] , 31
w . texas , new mexico , arizona , colorado . see [ maps ]
se . ontario , michigan , illinois - south carolina , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . cordiformis , c . tomentosa , c . pallida , c . glabra , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , carya illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 37
e . new mexico , texas , oklahoma , louisiana , missouri , s . illinois , mississippi , alabama , florida , na . georgia , south carolina , north carolina . see [ maps ]
ontario , connecticut , new york , new jersey , district of columbia , michigan , illinois , missouri , tennessee , arkansas , north carolina , south carolina , na . georgia , florida , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . pallida , juglans regia ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 43
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , district of columbia , west virginia , tennessee , north carolina , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 45
ontario , new hampshire , new york , pennsylvania , w . north carolina , michigan , illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . glabra , carya ovalis , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 46
larva on juglans nigra , carya spp . ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 57
ontario , new york , connecticut , pennsylvania , tennessee , n . north carolina , michigan , illinois , wisconsin , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 49
ontario , from ( vermont - florida ) - to ( north dakota - new mexico ) . see [ maps ]
phycita juglandis lebaron , 1872 ; 2 nd ann . rept . noxious insects state of illinois : 123 ; tl : ( illinois ? )
larva on carya illinoensis , juglans nigra , j . cinerea , juglans microcarpa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 50
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , michigan , w . virginia , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , c . tomentosa , c . glabra [ mna15 . 2 ] , 51
from ( quebec - florida ) - to ( illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . ovata , c . cordiformis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 52
se . ontario , massachusetts - florida - texas , missouri , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , juglans spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 53
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , na . georgia , alabama , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]
nova scotia , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , vermont , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new yersey , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
larva on myrica asplenifolia , m . gale , m . pensylvanica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 56
nova scotia - manitoba , from ( maine - n . florida ) - to ( minnesota - e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on alnus spp . , alnus serrulata , a . rugosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 58
larva on betula , b . populifolia , b . papyrifera [ mna15 . 2 ] , 60
e . north carolina , se . mississippi , e . texas . see [ maps ]
ontario , new york , michigan , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , louisiana . see [ maps ]
larva on ostrya virginiana , less corylus spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 62
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , florida , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , n . north carolina , iowa , wisconsin , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on corylus americana , c . cornuta [ mna15 . 2 ] , 64
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , north carolina , illinois , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
fourth annual report on the noxious , beneficial and other insects of the state of missouri , made to the state board of agriculture . . . 4th ann . rep . , missouri :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
several species of birch ( betula ) especially b populifolia and b . papyrifera .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
neunzig , h . h . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 2 , p . 59 ; pl . 6 . 10 - 17 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
on sheet with uv black light . submitted for pa record . linked image 2 of 2 of same moth .
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groupe de recherche en écologie forestière , université du québec à montréal , cp 8888 , succ . centre - ville , montréal , québec , h3c 3p8 , canada , , , , , , ca .
rare in maryland . one record from garrett county on 7 / 23 / 2001 ( glaser , micromoths ) .
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urltoken
hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
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note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
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