ochre health is an australian health care services company that is headquartered in sydney , australia .

ochre health specialises in the provision of health services to outer-urban , regional and remote communities .

ochre health is an iso : 9001 accredited organisation .

ochre health

why work with ochre health ? at ochre health – we’re committed to maintaining the long - term health of our patients . . . .
act ochre medical centres : . act gp jobs with ochre health . they choose to stay with ochre health because they want to and share our passion for improving health . . .
ochre health medical centre cohuna vic prides itself on delivering quality patient care and improved health outcomes .
why work with ochre health ? ochre health is looking for a full - time general practitioner with special interests in the following : . . . .
ochre health is seeking fifo general practitioner to join our highly regarded medical practice . as part of the ochre health team , you will receive on and . . .
ochre health medical centre bruce is situated in the the north canberra district of belconnen .
ochre health has added a new doctor to its bruce team , placing . . .
rich green , national operations manager at ochre health group pty ltd . - relationship science
act medicare local , act 2601 and ochre health , calwell act 2905 , australia .
a brief how to video around sending a patient health summary using argus secure messaging . for information on ochre health visit urltoken
why work with ochre health ? ochre health is looking for a senior vocationally registered rural generalist ( gp / vmo ) to undertake the role of medical director to . . .
australian hearing will be at ochre health on the 27th and 28th september conducting free hearing checks .
working as a general practitioner in australia has never been easier . the team at ochre health have supported many new zealand general practitioners ( frnzcgp ) who have decided to make the step across the pacific ocean to australia to work in an ochre health medical centre . ochre health operates [ … ]
at ochre health we understand that our network is best placed to recommend doctor colleagues they think of highly and who would benefit from working with ochre health . refer a doctor friend you be . . .
locum mental health specialist - child & youth mental health . a locum mental health specialist - child & youth mental health is required from 30 july - 13 . . .
a brief how to video around sending letters using argus secure messaging . for information about ochre health visit urltoken
registered nurses there is 1 full time nurse and 1 registered nurse working at ochre health medical centre calwell .
john burns is the chief executive officer at ochre health and an adjunct professor of the university of canberra .
ochre health medical centre garran , act is a purpose built medical facility located next door to canberra hospital . the medical centre is the 29th to join the growing ochre network .
ochre health explains what you need to know to avoid getting the flu this winter . click to read more >
ochre health medical centre bruce has been established with financial assistance from the australian federal government under the superclinics program .
a brief how to video around trouble shooting problems with argus secure messaging . for information about ochre health visit urltoken
due to a fast growing patient database , ochre health casey is looking to add their next gp to the team .
katherine west health board ( kwhb ) provides an industry renowned clinical , preventative and emergency health service in seven health centres , servicing 3500 . . .
building a 21st century primary health care system : australia ' s first national primary health care strategy .
a brief how to video showing where to look for errors with secure messaging using argus . for information about ochre health visit urltoken
gp / vmo position in newly acquired ochre health practice . eligible for rvts , rlrp , romps , retention grants & relocation assistance
general practitioner + vmo sought to join ochre health boggabri in western nsw . rural mining town with established medical centre and hospital .
darleen barton , of dipac & associates , is a practitioner running counselling , coaching & mediator services from ochre health casey’s services .
mixed billings ( on doctor ' s discretion ) excellent patient numbers beautiful country practice about the ochre health with 35 medica . . .
watts i ( 2009 ) red ochre , body - painting , and language : interpreting the blombos ochre . botha , knight , oxford university press , oxford .
the phcds program will allow local health services to be provided that meet the health needs of the surrounding community .
ochre health medical centre lithgow joined the ochre network on the 31st of march 2015 . previously known as lithgow family practice this clinic is well established in the community and comes with a team of dedicated doctors and staff .
great opportunity for a registered nurse to join our team as practice nurse . ochre health have several act based roles in our expanding team .
opportunity for vr gp in ochre health medical centre calwell . existing patient base . practice in busy shopping centre in southern suburbs of act .
ochre health has added a new doctor to its bruce team , placing renewed focus on paediatric services and stronger support for children’s health . ochre medical centre bruce has recently welcomed dr ranga panagoda , who has arrived on the back of the bruce practice experiencing a boost [ … ]
open and flexible contract arrangments – none of our doctors have fixed terms in their contracts . they choose to stay with ochre health because they want to and share our passion for improving health outcomes .
ochre health gps moved into a new purpose built facility on the 23rd november 2015 . the old site has become home to allied health services and visiting specialists . the medical centre provides quailty care and strives to improve the health outcomes of the local community .
dr paresh dawda is a general practitioner , senior research fellow at the australian primary health care research institute ( aphcri ) and act medical director at ochre health and adjunct associate professor , university of canberra .
gp or gp / vmo position in the brand new ochre health st helens practice . eligible for rvts , rlrp , romps , retention grants .
ochre health is looking for a vocationally registered general practitioner for our grafton practice located within easy reach of the stunning north coast of . . .
starting with a practice in nsw in 2002 , ochre health now has more than 31 medical centres across 6 states and territories . . . .
ochre health operates over 30 medical centres across australia and has successfully relocated 30 uk gps to australia in the past 3 years . . . .
we are currently going through an extraordinary period of growth and are keen to speak with you about making ochre health your next and final step .
uvapf values and critical wavelengths ( cw ) of ethnographic and experimental ochre powder samples .
this policy will be reviewed by ochre health management on a regular basis to ensure that it continues to adhere to the australian privacy principles . should an update of this policy be required , an updated version will be published on the ochre health website ( urltoken ) as well as updated on display at the ochre health medical centre which you attend . medical centre staff will place a notice up to advise patients of the update to policy .
a successful partnership of health policy makers , health service organisations , health practitioners , communities and academics . this has formed the basis for raising ad hoc partnerships to formal contractual partnerships .
overview specialising in family health and paediatrics , ochre medical centre casey is located just off horse park drive , adjacent to springbank rise early learning centre .
primary health care demonstration sites ( phcdss ) are dedicated one - stop - shop health care facilities providing communities with access to a range of health services and providers under the one roof .
xrd spectra recorded for ochre samples 5 ( ovinjange fine ground ochre powder ) , 15 ( napier medium hard red shale chunk ) and 19 ( napier soft yellow limonite chunk ) .
in partnership with danila dilba health service ( ddhs ) and aboriginal medical service alliance northern territory ( amsant ) , naccho hosted the 2017 ochre day in darwin on the 4th and 5th of october . ochre day is an indigenous men’s health event targeting the needs and issues of one of australia’s most disadvantaged demographics .
ochre health tea gardens requires a psychologist to work 2 sessions per week ( 1 full day ) . remuneration will be 75 % of earnings paid fortnightly .
as a part of the ochre health medical group committed to excellence , they provide support for practitioners wishing to be involved in medical education , . . .
ochre medical centre noosa is here for your health . our knowledgeable gps are able to help you in all aspects of general health . new patients welcome . 24 sunshine beach road , noosa heads call u . . .
for credible health information by category from territory , state and national healthcare and health - related organisations , visit the link below .
locum mental health registrar . our client requires a locum mental health registrar to provide coverage asap - 5 august . . . .
locum specialist - sexual health . a locum specialist - sexual health is required from 16 july - 16 september . . . .
rural gp | vmo – scottsdale , tasmania this is an excellent opportunity for an experienced rural general practitioner to join our expanding practice in scottsdale . we are excited to announce that a well established medical centre in scottsdale has joined the ochre health network . with this positive news , ochre health are looking [ … ]
ochre health has welcomed a doctor with special interests in women and children’s health , antenatal care and mental health to its growing team in bruce . dr jessica nathan arrives on the back of the bruce practice experiencing a boost in patient demand over the last six months . dr [ … ]
all ochre health employees are require to read and sign a confidentiality agreement . all staff are aware that a breach of patient confidentiality is considered a dismissible offence .
ochre health group pty ltd . provides medical services . the company was founded by ross lamplugh and hamish meldrum in 2002 and is headquartered in woolloomooloo , australia .
about ochre medical centre wollongong ochre is proud to have five local experienced general practitioners within the team who’ll see patients over a 15 - minute consultation . supporting our doctors , is a team of medial professionals including registered nurses , allied health and administration staff .
this position paper states aboriginal male health should be a core primary health care service provided by aboriginal community controlled health organisations ( acchos ) . naccho as a cultural organisation has always supported appropriate gender - based approaches to health service provision , which fits within the current approaches of primary health care service , quality and research and evaluation .
ochre medical centre bridport is an accredited family medical practice located in tasmania ' s north east .
ochre health medical centre wentworth falls is located in the blue mountains in nsw . the practice is home to a dedicated team of doctors , nurses and staff who work to deliver improved health care for their local community and patients .
finally to all the naccho ochre day delegates from prior year’s we thank you for your past and continuing support of naccho’s initiatives to close the gap in male health .
current nt working with children clearance – ochre card ( or ability to obtain ) . industry health solutions are recruiting for a fun , personable , outgoing . . .
locum mental health pho . take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . . . .
locum mental health specialist - adult inpatient / community . take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most . . .
locum mental health consultant . take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . . . .
ochre health are currently seeking an experienced general practitioner to join our expanding practice in st helens , on the east coast of tasmania . as gp vmo . . .
with 30 medical centres across 5 states and territories , ochre health is the medical centre service provider of choice for over 150 doctors , serving a diverse . . .
for a complete list of hospitals and health services in the south east region of new south wales , see this listing from nsw health .
where you dispute the accuracy of the information ochre health has recorded , you are entitled to submit a written request the doctor to correct that information . please be advised that the request and a note will be placed on your file but ochre health will not erase the original record . you will be notified once this correction has been made .
if the act sounds like the place for you , get in touch with the recruitment team at ochre health today to hear about job opportunities opening up in the region .
locum registrar - sexual health . take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . . . .
locum gp + occupational health . take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . . . .
ochre health is excited to announce that we have acquired a well established medical centre in scottsdale & bridport . with this news , we are looking for an . . .
as chief operating officer for ochre health , jason is responsible for the national management of medical centres and patient care , building ‘the ochre way’ – to ensure that our clinics are easy to access , friendly to deal with and operating efficiently , every time , every day .
naccho’s position paper on aboriginal male health ( 2010 ) describes the key policy areas and programmes naccho has documented that should be developed in male health . these include physical health , strong minds , brother care , healing and men’s business , as well as aboriginal male health workforce development .
locum registar - mental health . a locum mental health registrar is required to cover a nsw hospital from 20 - 31 august . . . .
occupational health experience . occupational health gp - gladstone region , qld . delivering a broad range of occupational healthcare services to thousands of . . .
supported by primary health tasmania under the primary health networks program - an australian government initiative . | building blocks funded by the department of social services
dr paul dugdale is an associate professor of public health at the australian national university ' s ( anu ) medical school , director of the anu centre for health stewardship and director of chronic disease management for act health .
these stunning destinations can all be found within an hour’s drive from many of ochre health’s centres , where we currently have job openings . if rural southern queensland sounds just right for you , be sure to get in contact with our recruitment team at ochre health to discuss our job openings in noosa , sippy downs , caloundra , eumundi , maleny and montville .
experimental ochre samples subjected to spf , ed - xrf , xrd , granulometric , colorimetric and uvr analyses .
ternary diagram ( a ) and biplot ( b ) illustrating the relationship between spf values and ochre colour .
ochre health will provide scottsdale and bridport residents with enhanced medical services following its acquisition of scottsdale doctors surgery this month . from 23 april 2018 , scottsdale doctors surgery will operate as ochre medical centre scottsdale , with the continuation of its weekly outreach service to bridport . the new [ … ]
seeking expressions of interest from vr gps that are currently located in / around the sunshine coast and available to work 2 - 4 days per week . the ochre health . . .
registered nurses there are 6 registered nurses working at ochre health medical centre bruce . services provided by the registered nurse’s are : cdm and health assessments , immunisations , wound dressings , ear syringing , removal of sutures and any other services that the doctors request .
the sites will offer fit - for - purpose accommodation for a range of health professionals , which will improve access to specialists and allied health personnel .
do the job you love , work with ochre health in australia . enjoy greater clinical independence with improved pay and work / life balance ! working in australia could be your best practice !
a highlight of the dinner was the handing over of the “naccho ochre day shield” by ms lizzy adams , the qaihc chairperson to mr john singer the ahcsa chairperson . mr singer assured everyone that the ahcsa would hold the naccho ochre day shield in safe keeping until naccho ochre day 2015 which will be held in adelaide . mr singer also committed ahcsa to work with naccho to deliver a bigger and better naccho ochre day in adelaide in 2015 .
holiday season has ended and many of us are getting started on our new year ' s resolutions in full swing . talk to an ochre health gp about any of your health goals for 2018 . our doctors are here to support you . click to read more >
a review of complications relevant to diabetes and the patient ' s cardiovascular health .
teacher - secondary health , physical education ( hpe ) and sci . . .
boston , ma : the health institute , new england medical center ; 1993 .
the current health system in many small country towns has been built around a local hospital and general practitioner ( gp ) providing most health services to the community .
refer a doctor and you could earn up to $ 10 , 000 towards your next getaway ! ! with 32 medical centres across 5 states , ochre health is the medical centre service . . .
lancefield country practice is located 70kms north of melbourne . the medical practice offers a range of health services and is dedicated to improving the health of the local community .
a total of 1 , 865 of the 2 , 540 potential respondents regularly consulted with two or more health care professionals and were asked who organised their health care .
over time , this way of delivering health services to regional communities has changed , with more people experiencing chronic health conditions and greater difficulty attracting gps to country towns .
overview ochre health medical centre cohuna pride themselves on delivering quality care to the local cohuna community . there is ample parking available , and an amcal pharmacy just down the road in the central shopping district .
at ochre , we know the value of great doctors , and we are always on the lookout for quality medical practitioners .
ochre health medical centre lithgow is situated in the central tablelands of nsw and is the gateway to the blue mountains . lithgow is only a 2 hour drive from sydney and home to the zig zag railway .
the practice nurse assists the patient in identifying health problems as perceived by the patient .
june newsletter for nurses and aboriginal and torres strait islander health workers in western queensland .
coordination of care within primary health care and with other sectors : a systematic review .
representatives from the health service and the community will also be involved in this process .
the health services available at the phcdss will reflect the needs of the local community .
overview ochre health medical centre casey is a private billing practice which has 15 consulting rooms , a large treatment room and a dedicated procedure room . this state of the art gp super clinic has an onsite pharmacy , pathology and a range of allied health services . walk - ins are [ … ]
overview the practice has been servicing the local area for many years . it offers a range of health services including general family medical care , women’s health , men’s health , occupational medicine , travel advice and vaccinations , antenatal checks , childhood vaccinations and workers compensation .
a focus on setting goals with the patient based on the patient ' s health objectives .
the process will also give the community an opportunity to be involved in developing health services .
overview ochre health medical centre bathurst is located in a purpose built building on the grounds of charles sturt university , close to the world famous mount panorama motor racing circuit . the spacious premises have ample on - site parking .
the development of the questionnaire has been reported elsewhere [ 16 ] . the questionnaire has three sections ( a ) demographics ( b ) health , coordination and time use for managing the respondent ' s own health and ( c ) carer time use for managing the caree ' s health . part ( b ) of the survey comprises four sections ( 1 ) health ( 2 ) health service use ( 3 ) working together and ( 4 ) time use .
we’ve moved ! ochre medical centre kingston has moved into brand new premises in green square , kingston . click here to read more >
find the ideal job and lifestyle you want , with the help and support of ochre recruitment making the process as easy as possible .
vicki has over 35 years experience in the health , aged care and community services sectors including the private , state and federal arenas . with qualifications in occupational therapy and health economics , she has worked in a range of health , practitioner , academic , management and policy positions .
australian primary health care research institute , australian national university , research school of population health , college of medicine , biology and the environment , the australian national university , canberra , australia .
chris is among the third intake of medical interns participating in ochre health’s government - funded community internship program in tasmania . the 13 week placement will have him spending several months living and working in queenstown on tasmania’s stunning west coast .
ochre medical centre wollongong ochre medical centre was purpose built to provide up - to - date facilities required for the provision of comprehensive medical care for the community . featuring 17 spacious consulting rooms boasting natural light , three - bed treatment room , and a dedicated procedure room .
naccho ochre day commenced with a male only breakfast held in the dining room at the “royal on the park hotel” . this breakfast began with mc associate prof james ward introducing a “welcome to country” by uncle des boyd followed by the traditional dancers “kalu - yurung” ( fast rain ) . on behalf of naccho , mr justin mohamad ( naccho chairperson ) welcomed all 160 delegates to the second naccho ochre day . this was followed by a celebration of current aboriginal male health programmes presented by mr bernard kelly - edwards , galambila aboriginal health service inc . , mr cameron harris , wuchopperen health service , and mr leaf bennet , institute for urban indigenous health .
dr . deepica amarasuriya ( mbchb ; dip obst ; fracgp ) – general practitioner deepica has over 20 years’ experience as a canberra gp and joined ochre health in 2011 . she completed her bachelor of medicine and surgery at the university of auckland , new zealand . she obtained a diploma in obstetrics in 1990 and gained fellowship of the royal australian college of general practitioners ( fracgp ) in 1994 . specialty interest areas : women’s health including ante natal and post - natal care , child health , oncology and preventative health .
take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . . . .
flinders island has a population of just over 800 . ochre takes pride in providing excellent medical care to all of the flinders island community .
wadley l ( 2006 ) revisiting cultural modernity and the role of ochre in the middle stone age . soodyall , jonathan ball , johannesburg .
specialty interest areas : women’s health , aged care , mental health , general skin checks and minor procedures as well as musculoskeletal problems . dr marchioni will be working from tuesday to friday each week
with a number of medical centres in canberra , ochre health has a range of act gp jobs for local gps and doctors looking to move to the act . for more information please call the recruitment team on ( 02 ) 8356 3100 .
australian primary health care research institute , australian national university , research school of population health , college of medicine , biology and the environment , the australian national university , canberra act 2601 , australia .
national institute for mental health research , australian national university , research school of population health , college of medicine , biology and the environment , the australian national university , canberra act 02601 , australia .
the phcds model changes the way health services are delivered , by offering a greater range of primary health services to a greater number of people , encouraging people to lead healthier lifestyles and reducing hospitalisation .
rahc provides support and training and covers transport costs to the location . the receiving health service provides accommodation and employs the health professional on a casual basis at the usual pay rate for the position . this means there are none of the additional costs associated with agency staff . in addition , rahc endeavours to assist health professionals to transition into permanent roles within the health services . rahc has placed over 600 health professionals in almost 2 , 000 placements since its first placement in december 2008 . [ 8 ]
programmed health professionals is a leading supplier of staffing solutions to healthcare facilities across australia . . . .
view and download the full report mobile health : empowering people with type 2 diabetes using digital tools .
dr michael brown ( mbbs ) – general practitioner dr brown is currently working as a gp at the ochre health medical centre bruce practice . he studied mbbs from sydney in 1980 . specialty interest areas : men’s health and paediatrics . dr brown is available for appointments all day monday , tuesday & wednesdays and 7 : 00am - 12 : 30pm thursday .
naccho ochre day dinner was held for the first time this year and included the “jaydon adams memorial oration” . this first oration was delivered by mr trent adams , jaydon’s younger brother . trent spoke eloquently about his brother jaydon’s work in aboriginal health . trent also spoke about the importance of addressing aboriginal male health issues especially if we want to close the gap .
we are proud to announce that ochre medical centre noosa and ochre medical centre eumundi have both received the patients’ choice award for 2017 by online appointment booking company healthengine . the award is given each year to the 100 top - performing medical centres ( out of 2 , 500 + ) as [ … ]
overview ochre health medical centre bruce is located in the belconnen district of canberra , and shares occupancy with the university of canberra ( building 28 , next to soccer fields and across from the new sub - division of lawson ) . with ample parking on - site , the practice provides a wide range of supporting allied health services , supported by cdm trained nurses .
the opening of naccho ochre day included a “welcome to country” by taikurtinna palti who also delivered a “smoking ceremony & ochre day “dedication ceremony” at the end of day one . naccho would like to again , here , respectfully acknowledge the naccho ochre day was held last year on the lands of the kaurna peoples of the adelaide plains . naccho also pays our respects to your elders past , present and future and uphold your culture while we were visiting your beautiful country .
ochre medical centre montville is located on the beautiful sunshine coast hinterland and features three consultation rooms , a procedure room , on - site parking . . .
watts i ( 2002 ) ochre in the middle stone age of southern africa : ritualized display or hide preservative ? s afr archaeol bull 57 : 1–14 .
rifkin rf ( 2011 ) assessing the efficacy of red ochre as a prehistoric hide - tanning ingredient . j afr archaeol 9 ( 2 ) : 1–28 .
general practitioner ochre health is excited to announce the relocation and expansion of our well - established medical practice to a purpose built , state - of - the - art health hub located in green square , kingston , act in april 2018 . the location : nestled in the heart of canberra’s cosmopolitan kingston suburb , rich in history , green square offers a [ … ]
chris was the business manager for north west qld allied health service , involved in its initial set up and management of service delivery . this has provided him strong links into allied health and general practice service delivery to the gulf of carpentaria . chris also assists others as a consultant practice manager and health consultant ; successfully conducting projects in health governance , practice management , and workforce recruitment and retention strategies for regional and remote communities .
the creation of a platform that can be used to provide a wider range of primary health care services .
a better relationship with the local area health service resulting in a more productive and less stressful working environment .
6 . in order to ensure that services match the needs of the community , planning should involve the local community and all relevant stakeholders and strong linkages should be established and maintained with local government , relevant doctor organisations , allied health , the local hospital and area health network , neighbouring towns and relevant aboriginal health services .
the shires of pingelly and cunderdin have nominated to be engaged in the development of a primary health care demonstration site that will provide the community with access to a range of health services and providers under one roof .
this will be determined through engaging the community and health service staff and through the clinical services redesign process .
hamish is a co - founding owner of the ochre health group , and is the director of medical services . hamish is a nz medical graduate with experience in general practice , emergency medicine and obstetrics . hamish worked in bourke nsw for 5 years as a gp obstetrician and since 2006 has been based in sydney as the director of medical services . hamish is an examiner for the racgp fellowship exam . hamish is involved with clinical governance , gp research , quality improvement , and clinical support for doctors in the ochre health group .
from the very start in 2002 , with our first medical centres in rural nsw , ochre health has been committed to delivering the best health outcomes for our communities . we believe that in order to achieve this , our doctors must be supported by a highly trained team of nurses , practice and operational staff , all working towards the same goal ; improving healthcare in australia .
dr karen pahlow ( fracgp ) – general practitioner – not accepting new patients dr pahlow is working as a gp at the ochre health medical centre bruce practice . she has studied mbbs and dipracog in 1988 . specialty interest areas : antenatal care , paediatrics and women’s health . dr pahlow is available for appointments monday , wednesday & friday and till 12 : 15pm tuesday & thursday .
hodgskiss t ( 2012 ) an investigation into the properties of the ochre from sibudu , kwazulu - natal , south africa . south afr humanit 24 : 99–120 .
spf values obtained by in vivo assessment for red ochre samples mixed with both clarified butter and with animal fat on test subject a range from 4 . 5 to 10 . 0 . when mixed with animal fat , spf values range from 5 . 4 to 9 . 8 . the type of binder used , whether it is dairy derived clarified butter or subcutaneous animal fat , appears to have no marked effects on the spf capacity of ochre . a comparison of average spf values obtained for samples applied in dry form and with binders ( clarified butter and animal fat ) , indicates that dry ochre powder provides a degree of protection against uvr similar to ochre powder mixed with clarified butter and with animal fat . this suggests that it is not necessary to mix ochre powder with a binder to achieve satisfactory spf values .
specialty interest areas : family medicine , women’s health and paediatrics . dr danesh will be working on tuesdays and thursdays
coughs , colds , sprains , rashes - your local pharmacist can give you expert advice on many health issues .
actively collects and analyses clinical data in order to achieve measurable , sustainable improvements in population health . . . .
a small project user group will be established at the site to liaise with representatives from the existing health staff , community members , shire , gps and other local health care providers to develop and implement the pchds and services .
existing staff , health care providers and the wider community will be consulted in the planning and implementation of services .
take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment . we provide gp & specialist , locum & permanent doctor positions in australia & new zealand . you’ll benefit from the personalised service that matches you to positions that suit your current lifestyle needs and career goals . ochre recruitment place doctors in remote , regional and metropolitan regions .
ochre medical centre noosa is centrally located in noosa at 24 sunshine beach road , across the road from bcc cinemas . the modern , purpose built medical . . .
a significant expansion in medicare services including greater uptake of enhanced primary care ( epc ) items , outreach services to outlying communities and more clinician time to participate in disease prevention and health promotion activities , including formal public health activities .
ochre health explains what you need to know to avoid getting the flu this winter . what is new in 2018 ? this year we have stronger flu vaccines for people aged over 65 and free vaccines for kids aged 6 months to under 5 years . who should get [ … ]
dr andrew boyden ( b rural sc bmbs mph fracgp ) andrew studied medicine in adelaide and trained and worked as a gp in melbourne prior to working with government and non - government organisations in the areas of public health , health education , clinical guidelines development and health policy . he has previously served as the heart foundation’s national director of clinical issues . currently , apart from working part - time as general practitioner at the ochre health clinic in bruce he serves as a clinical adviser for nps medicinewise . specialty interest areas : prevention of chronic disease ; quality use of medicines dr boyden is available for appointments from 2pm – 7 . 30pm friday
at ochre health calwell , our highly experienced team of doctors provide a range of services at the highest level to our patients . the specific services we provide include : general practice care ( all aspects ) , women’s health , men’s health , family medicine , childhood immunisations , care for the elderly , asthma care plans , diabetes care plans , 75 + health assessments , chronic disease management , vaccinations , and employment / insurance medical assessments . fees apply , with a medicare rebate generally available for all medical services . walk in appointments are welcome but scheduled appointments will take priority . appointments can be made by calling our reception on 6291 0045 .
ochre health provides medical services in 12 regional and geographically remote towns around australia . our goal is to deliver high quality , sustainable healthcare solutions through adopting a partnership approach with local authorities and medical practitioners , in order to deliver better access and better health outcomes for our patients . our team of practitioners , staff and owners form a friendly constitution that we are proud to work together to achieve our purpose .
ochre health has supported a young girl in the noosa community to fundraise for go purple day , an initiative of epilepsy queensland as part of epilepsy awareness month . noosa local tayla stinton , 12 , climbed brisbane’s story bridge on 26 march to raise funds and awareness for the [ … ]
ochre’s flagship facility within the nsw region and features 12 spacious consulting rooms ( all of the rooms have windows ) , a three bed treatment room ( state . . .
take your medical career to the next level with ochre recruitment , one of australasia ' s most established and trusted agencies . you ' ll benefit from the . . .
wadley l ( 2005 ) ochre crayons or waste products ? replications compared with msa crayons from sibudu cave , south africa . before farming 2005 ( 3 ) : 1–12 .
rifkin rf ( 2012 ) processing ochre in the middle stone age : testing the inference of prehistoric behaviours from actualistically derived experimental data . j anthropol archaeol 31 : 174–195 .
the most recent positions vicki has held include : assistant secretary , primary and ambulatory care branch , for the then department of health and ageing , and as a senior policy advisor for healthdirect australia pty ltd . vicki has a keen interest in strengthening partnerships and facilitating collaborative approaches within the health and community care sector to ensure better integration of the health care system .
overview ochre medical centre kingston is nestled in the heritage - rich and vibrant green square – kingston’s original heart , and one of the inner south’s premier shopping and entertainment precincts .
dr mrin ponnambalam ( mbbs , frcophth , ico ) – general practitioner dr mrin ponnamblam completed her medical degree at king’s college london , uk . she obtained her postgraduate degree in ophthalmology prior to starting general practice . including all general practice services , she has a special interest in preventative medicine , health promotion , smoking cessation , obesity management , women’s health ( including antenatal and postnatal care ) , mental health and paediatrics . she performs mental health and management plans . specialty interest areas : women’s health , mental health , ophthalmology dr ponnamblam is available for appointments monday & wednesday from 8 : 30am to 4 : 00pm , tuesday & thursday from 7 : 45am to 4 : 00pm & friday from 8 : 30am to 3 : 00pm
vr general practitioner – dws we are looking for an experienced vocationally registered general practitioner ( gp ) to join our state of the art medical practice in bruce , act ( dws ) . ochre health medical centre bruce opened its doors in february 2014 and is located in the belconnen district [ … ]
visiting hours at canberra hospital have changed to 0600 to 2100 , except for mental health and the alcohol & drug service .
research centre for primary health care and equity , unsw ; 2006 . [ cited 30 july 2014 ] . available from :
dr david voon ( fracgp ) – general practitioner dr voon is one of ochre health’s most experienced doctors . he has completed bmedsc , mbbs , and facnem from tasmania in 1976 . specialty interest areas : vasectomy , minor surgery , in - grown toe nail , acupuncture and men’s health . dr voon is available for appointments monday , tuesday , thursday ( till 7 : 00pm ) & friday and till 12 : 45pm wednesday .
mackay a , welz a ( 2008 ) engraved ochre from a middle stone age context at klein kliphuis in the western cape of south africa . j archaeol sci 35 : 1521–1532 .
dr chris harrison ( facrrm ) – medical coordinator / general practitioner dr harrison is a highly experienced canberra gp who joined ochre health in july 2013 . he completed his mbbs from sydney in 1984 and also has a degree in dranzcog . specialty interest areas : family medicine , antenatal care , work health and minor surgery . dr harrison is available for appointments all day monday to friday . appointments are available till 7 : 15pm monday .
the research explores how type 2 diabetes patients at the ochre health medical centre , a large integrated - care medical centre , can manage their diabetes through an ipad equipped with health and well - being applications ( apps ) . a multidisciplinary team of researchers have come together to investigate the possibility of adopting mobile technologies in primary care settings . the mhealth pilot program involves not only the patients but also doctors , nurses and support staff .
rural general practitioner ( gp ) – dws – grafton , nsw we are looking for an experienced rural general practitioner ( gp ) to join our well established medical centre in the dws town of grafton , nsw . about the opportunity ochre health is looking for a vocationally registered general practitioner for our [ … ]
the remote area health corps ( rahc ) has been successful in meeting the needs of remote indigenous communities . the rahc is australian government funded and designed to attract urban health professionals to work for a short period ( 3 to 12 weeks ) in remote indigenous communities in the northern territory where there is a need for a clinical service but there is no local health professional available .
dr marlene pearce ( fracgp ) – general practitioner dr pearce trained locally at the university of qld . she trained as a gp in country victoria , where she gained further training in rural health , aboriginal health and obstetrics & gynaecology . she moved back to the sunshine coast with her husband . specialty interest areas : family medicine , sexual health & family planning , pregnancy care , dermatology , preventative health . dr pearce is available for appointments 8am - 5pm mondays , thursdays & fridays and 10am - 5pm tuesdays
our experiments demonstrate that red ochre holds significant photoprotective capacities under both in vitro and in vivo conditions . high iron oxide content and smaller grain sizes correlate with greater photoprotective capacity ( spf ) . results also confirm that it is not essential to combine powdered ochre with an organic binder to achieve optimal uva and uvb protection . the use of binders may nevertheless be advantageous in terms of fixing ochre particles to the skin surface and therefore extending the duration of protection . the high photoprotective effect of the single yellow ochre sample was unexpected . samples from the same location ( napier ) present variable photoprotective ( spf ) values which does not fit the general pattern we observe for the other samples [ 100 , 142 , 144 ] . because this represents a minor proportion of the analysed instances , our discussion will focus on the broader results which suggest that the finer the ochre powder and the higher its hematite content the higher the photoprotective effect .
world health organisation 2002 . global solar uv index : a practical guide . who / sde / oeh / 02 . 2 .
ochre health medical centre bruce opened it’s doors in february 2014 and is located in the belconnen district of canberra . 2 , 400sqm in size and spread over four floors , the medical centre shares occupancy with the university of canberra , who are located on the third floor . the practice is currently home to 11 doctors with the capacity to grow to 18 doctors with a wide range of supporting allied health services , supported by cdm trained nurses .
overview conveniently located in a central shopping centre , with ample car parking and easy access to childcare facilities and more . ochre medical centre calwell is an agpal accredited private billing general practice .
mount isa is a beautiful mining town in north west queensland . nestled among the ochre - red selwyn ranges , on the banks of the leichardt river , it is a . . .
dr antoinette kanagasuntherie ( mbbs , mrcp , nmrcgp , fracgp ) – general practitioner antoinette is originally from sri lanka and studied medicine in nigeria . she spent the last 20 years in the uk and republic of ireland where she trained and later worked as a gp . she provides a full range of services including assessing and managing patients with acute and long term illnesses , cancer care , mental health , antenatal and women’s health ( including contraceptive implants ) , sexual health , sports injuries , dermatology and health promotion . antoinette splits her time working 3 days per week in casey and 2 days per week in bruce . specialty interest areas : sports medicine and women’s health
in 2007 matthew was named young leader in aboriginal and torres strait islander health and in 2008 received the deadly vibe young leader award .
after hours health services include those that are open before 7am or after 6pm on a weekday , or are open on the weekend .
hub4health is a non for profit community organisation providing a range of health and wellbeing services to the communities of break o ' day region . hub4health is a safe and confidential place for the residents of break o ' day to access health support , information and services .
this means more residents can access the health services they need , in a prompt manner and without needing to travel to other locations .
the model of bringing together primary health services to focus on building a healthy community is done successfully in many places around the world .
provide a range of administrative and clerical support services to enable the operations manager shellharbour / shoalhaven mental health service ; and change . . .
coordination of care relates to the interrelationship between and within multiple levels of the health care system including micro level ( patients and service providers ) , meso level ( health service organisations ) and macro level ( health services ) [ 7 ] . key to understanding coordination of care is to take a broad view and recognise its association with continuity of care , integration of care and patient - centred care [ 9 ] .
parra ej ( 2007 ) human pigmentation variation : evolution , genetic basis and implications for public health . yearb phys anthropol 50 : 85–105 .
the first step in this process will be to determine the health care needs of the community and how best these services can be delivered .
if you know a doctor who would be a good fit at ochre , refer them to us and you could receive a prepaid visa gift card up to the value of aud $ 2 , 000 .
sheilagh has been a key figure in the development of rural health systems and strategy for queensland . in 2002 she was appointed as a medical advisor to health workforce queensland lending her expertise in the challenges facing rural health outcomes . sheilagh also published a report for the queensland rural medical support agency titled ‘solutions to the provision of primary care to rural and remote communities in queensland’ in 2004 . for her contribution to rural health , dr cronin has been recognised by the australian medical association , as well as with a life membership for the rural doctors association of queensland .
dr stephanie davis ( mbbs , m . app . epid , fafphm ) – general practitioner registrar dr davis graduated from the university of adelaide in 2004 and worked for several years in rural and remote australia , as well as some stints overseas . during this time , she completed her fellowship of public health medicine with special interest in infectious diseases epidemiology . an interest in primary health care led stephanie to enroll in general practice training in 2014 . dr davis will be working mondays , thursdays and fridays . specialty interest areas : infectious diseases , sexual health , public health
one of the characteristics of the changing demographics of populations across the world is the increasing burden that long - term conditions ( ltcs ) place on all health systems . the prevalence of ltcs is increasing , as is the number of concurrent conditions suffered by an individual [ 1 , 2 ] . in our complex , multipart health systems , the patient journey increasingly requires multiple consultations with multiple providers of care including general practitioners ( gps ) , specialists , nurses and allied health care providers . in addition , the accompanying social problems necessitate communication across the health and social interface .


outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) is the energy radiating from the earth as infrared radiation at low energy to space .

olr is electromagnetic radiation emitted from earth and its atmosphere out to space in the form of thermal radiation .

the flux of energy transported by outgoing longwave radiation is measured in w/m ² .

over 99 % of outgoing longwave radiation has wavelengths between 4 µm and 100 µm , in the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum .

contributions with wavelengths larger than 40 µm are small , therefore often only wavelengths up to 50 µm are considered .

in the wavelength range between 4 µm and 10 µm the spectrum of outgoing longwave radiation overlaps that of solar radiation , and for various applications different cut-off wavelengths between the two may be chosen .

radiative cooling by outgoing longwave radiation is the primary way the earth system loses energy .

the balance between this loss and the energy gained by radiative heating from incoming solar shortwave radiation determines global heating or cooling of the earth system ( energy budget of earth ’s climate ) .

local differences between radiative heating and cooling provide the energy that drives atmospheric dynamics .

outgoing longwave radiation

taylor , p . c . , 2012 : tropical outgoing longwave radiation and longwave cloud forcing diurnal cycles from ceres .
figure 7h - 3 : annual ( 1987 ) quantity of outgoing longwave radiation absorbed in the atmosphere .
noaa climate data record ( cdr ) of daily outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) , version 1 . 2
_ _ _ _ _ _ et al . a technique for estimating outgoing longwave radiation from hirs radiance observations .
noaa climate data record ( cdr ) of daily outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) , version 1 . 2 - urltoken
gruber , a . ; krueger , a . f . the status of the noaa outgoing longwave radiation data set .
schmetz , j . ; liu , q . outgoing longwave radiation and its diurnal variation at regional scales derived from meteosat .
schmetz , j . , and q . liu , 1988 : outgoing longwave radiation and its diurnal variation at regional scales derived from meteosat .
hai - tien lee , et al , 2007 : development of the hirs outgoing longwave radiation climate dataset . j . atmos . oceanic technol . , 24 , 2029–2047
_ _ _ _ _ _ ; lee , h . - t . ; yanuk , d . validation of a technique for estimating outgoing longwave radiation from hirs radiance observations .
national center for atmospheric research staff ( eds ) . last modified 05 sep 2014 .
the climate data guide : outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) : avhrr .
retrieved from urltoken
national center for atmospheric research staff ( eds ) . last modified 09 sep 2014 .
the climate data guide : outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) : hirs .
retrieved from urltoken
ellingson , r . g . et al ( 1994 ) : validation of a technique for estimating outgoing longwave radiation from hirs radiance observations . j . atmos . oceanic technol . , 11 , 357–365
because of the spectral properties of the sun and earth radiation we tend to refer to them as
shortwave
and
longwave
radiation , respectively .
the upward longwave radiation product is a measure of the total outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) at the top of the atmosphere , and provides important information regarding the earth’s outgoing energy and overall energy budget at the top of the atmosphere ( toa ) . it is one of three radiation budget parameters that determine the earth radiation budget at the toa . the other two parameters are the incoming solar radiation and the reflected solar radiation . the olr is estimated directly from several abi infrared radiances for each abi pixel , regardless of sky condition . this product , together with the incoming total solar radiation and the reflected solar radiation define the earth’s radiation budget at the toa . understanding of the earth’s radiation budget is important for climate monitoring purposes .
liebmann , b . , and c . a . smith , 1996 : description of a complete ( interpolated ) outgoing longwave radiation dataset . bull . amer . meteor . soc . , 77 , 1275–1277
lau , k . m . , and p . h . chan , 1983 : short - term climate variability and atmospheric teleconnections from satellite - observed outgoing longwave radiation . part i : simultaneous relationships .
ellingson , r . g . , d . j . yanuk , h . - t . lee , and a . gruber , 1989 : a technique for estimating outgoing longwave radiation from hirs radiance observations .
ellingson , r . g . , h . - t . lee , d . yanuk , and a . gruber , 1994 : validation of a technique for estimating outgoing longwave radiation from hirs radiance observations .
absorption of longwave radiation by the atmosphere causes additional heat energy to be added to the earth ' s atmospheric system . the now warmer atmospheric greenhouse gas molecules begin radiating longwave energy in all directions . over 90 % of this emission of longwave energy is directed back to the earth ' s surface where it once again is absorbed by the surface . the heating of the ground by the longwave radiation causes the ground surface to once again radiate , repeating the cycle described above , again and again , until no more longwave is available for absorption .
the energy absorbed by the surface is radiated from the earth as terrestrial longwave radiation ( l↑ ) . the amount of energy emitted is primarily dependent on the temperature of the surface . the hotter the surface the more radiant energy it will emit . the gases of the atmosphere are relatively good absorbers of longwave radiation and thus absorb the energy emitted by the surface . the absorbed radiation is emitted in all directions with the downward directed portion being longwave atmospheric counter - radiation ( l↓ ) .
otterman , j . , d . starr , t . brakke , r . davies , h . jacobowitz , a . mehta , f . cheruy , and c . prabhakara , 1997 : modeling zenithangle dependence of outgoing longwave radiation : implication for flux measurements .
ellingson , r . g . ; ferraro , r . r . an examination of a technique for estimating the longwave radiation budget from satellite radiance observations .
the monthly g s values are defined by on individual 5° by 5° grids , where f ↓ refers to the downwelling longwave radiation at the earth’s surface .
_ _ _ _ _ _ et al . a comparison of erbe and avhrr longwave flux estimates .
in terms of hemispheric averages , the longwave and shortwave cloud forcing tend to balance each other in the winter hemisphere . in the summer hemisphere , the negative shortwave cloud forcing dominates the positive longwave cloud forcing , and the clouds result in a cooling . for deep convection the solar and longwave effects also cancel .
outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) data at the top of the atmosphere are observed from the advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) instrument aboard the noaa polar orbiting spacecraft . data are centered across equatorial areas from 160°e to 160°w longitude . the raw data are converted into a standardized anomaly index .
ellingson , r . g . , and r . r . ferrado , 1983 : an examination of a technique for estimating the longwave radiation budget from satellite radiance observations .
a ll heated objects must emit electromagnetic radiation , particularly so if they are surrounded by empty space . this radiation is referred to as outgoing . as long as the incoming radiative flux is larger than the outgoing , the radiated object will continue to warm , and its temperature will continue to increase . this in turn will result in an increase in the outgoing radiation ( according to the stefan - boltzman law the outgoing radiation increases faster than the temperature ) . at some point the object will emit as much radiation as the amount incoming and a radiative equilibrium ( or balance ) will be reached . using what we have learned about radiative heat transfer and some geometric calculation we can calculate the equilibrium temperature of an object if we know the amount of incoming energy . here is how we do that in the case of a planet rotating around the sun :
comparisons were made between estimates of the outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere derived from narrowband advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) and broadband earth radiation budget experiment ( erbe ) scanning instruments . four months of measurements are considered : april , july , and october , 1985 and january 1986 . two types of comparisons are considered : . . . [ show full abstract ]
comparisons have been made between estimates of the outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) at the top of the atmosphere derived from narrowband advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) and broadband earth radiation budget experiment ( erbe ) scanning instruments . four months of measurements are considered : april , july , and october 1985 and january 1986 . instantaneous comparisons ( i . e . , . . . [ show full abstract ]
olr ( outgoing longwave radiation ) is a measure of the amount of energy emitted to space by earth ' s surface , oceans and atmosphere . as such , it is a critical component of the earth ' s radiation budget . in a different context , olr values are often used as a proxy for convection in tropical and subtropical regions since cloud top temperatures ( colder is higher ) are an indicator of cloud height .
trenberth ke , fasullo jt . global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation .
all bodies emit radiation and the wavelength ( or frequency ) and energy characteristics ( or spectrum ) of that radiation are determined solely by the body ' s temperature .
under other circumstances net longwave can be zero or a positive number . if zero the amount of radiation emitted by the surface would be equal to that of the air . this is true when the air and surface have the same temperature . if the air is warmer than the ground a positive value exists . this could occur with heavy cloud cover ( clouds are good absorbers and radiators of longwave radiation ) or if a warm air mass travels over a colder surface .
in the ideal case ( referred to as
black body
) matter will absorb all the energy impinging on it in the form of electromagnetic waves and as a result will warm up and itself become a radiation source . this
give and take
of energy leads to a state of equilibrium , where the outgoing radiation balances the incoming one .
the earth radiation budget part 2 : energy from earth and earth ' s temperature .
budyko m . the effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the earth .
it is interesting to note that this exponent does not exactly correspond to the rayleigh - jeans approximation for longwave blackbody radiation ( which would provide an expression proportional to t * ) . a higher value for l * would be required for that .
ohring , g . , a . gruber , and r . ellingson , 1984 : satellite determination of the relationship between total longwave flux and infrared window radiance .
) . in turn , increasing global surface temperature enhances emission of longwave ( lw ) radiation to space ( the planck response ) . a schematic of the global energy budget response to a step change in greenhouse gas ( ghg ) concentrations is illustrated in
: outgoing lw radiation ( olr ) initially decreases because of enhanced lw absorption by higher ghg levels ; as energy accumulates in the climate system , global temperature rises and olr increases until the toa energy balance is restored—when olr once again balances the net absorbed solar radiation ( asr ) . in this canonical view of global warming , the net energy accumulation ( shaded green area in
emma c . turner , simon f . b . tett . ( 2014 ) using longwave hirs radiances to test climate models . climate dynamics 43 , 1103 - 1127
cho , h . , c . - h . ho , and y . - s . choi , 2012 : the observed variation in cloud - induced longwave radiation in response to sea surface temperature over the pacific warm pool from mtsat - 1r imagery .
barkstrom , et al . earth radiation budget ( erbe ) archival and april 1985 results .
the determination of the earth ' s radiation budget is essential to atmospheric modeling and climate studies . radiation budget experiments have used satellites to measure the fundamental radiation parameters - - the amount of solar energy received by the planet , the planetary albedo ( the portion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back to space ) , the emitted terrestrial radiation ( also referred to as the outgoing longwave radiation - - olr ) , and the net planetary energy balance ( the difference between the absorbed solar energy and the olr ) . the most recent experiment to measure these parameters is the nasa earth radiation budget experiment or erbe . results from erbe are presented below , you can find more information about erbe in the papers cited below . as you look at these maps , the month is printed in the upper left hand corner and the legend is given along the bottom of the figure . albedo values are given in units of percent reflectance , all others are in terms of energy per unit time per unit area ( watts per square meter ) .
bakstrom , b . r . ceres : the start of the next generation of radiation measurements .
recall that under normal conditions air temperature decreases with an increase in altitude through the troposphere . this occurs because the earth is the immediate source of energy for heating the air above it . knowing that heat is transferred from warmer to cooler bodies , this means the surface is normally hotter than the air above . so for most situations , net longwave radiation is a negative value as more longwave radiation is emitted by the earth than it gains from the air . some of this radiation is emitted out to space is lost from the earth system . that which is not lost to space is absorbed by the atmosphere and drives the
greenhouse
effect .
zhang , k . x . , m . d . goldberg , f . y . sun , l . h . zhou , w . w . wolf , c . y . tan , n . r . nalli , and q . h . liu ( 2017 ) , estimation of near - real - time outgoing longwave radiation from cross - track infrared sounder ( cris ) radiance measurements , journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology , 34 ( 3 ) , 643 - 655 . urltoken
observe how the major deserts have their largest olr during their summer . this results from the annual temperature cycle - - as the desert surface heats up it emits more longwave radiation . note also the large emission in the vicinity of the oceanic subtropical highs ( 30n and 30s ) .
in general , the absorbed solar radiation exceeds the outgoing longwave radiation in the tropical and subtropical regions , resulting in a net radiative heating of the planet , while in the middle to polar latitudes there is a net cooling . this equator - to - pole difference , or gradient , in radiative heating is the primary mechanism that drives the atmospheric and oceanic circulations . on an annual and long - term basis in which no energy storage and no change in the global mean temperature occurs , this radiative imbalance between the tropics and polar regions must be balanced by meridional heat transport by the atmosphere and oceans .
calvet , j . c . ; viswanadham , y . amazon forest radiation budget from satellite data .
before proceeding to investigate the effect of solar radiation on earth we should take a moment to review the physical laws governing the transfer of energy through radiation . in particular we should understand the following points :
harries , j . e . , and coauthors , 2005 : the geostationary earth radiation budget project .
solar radiation occurs over a wide range of wavelengths . however , the energy of solar radiation is not divided evenly over all wavelengths but , as figure 1 shows , is rather sharply centered on the wavelength band of 0 . 2 - 2 micrometers ( μm = one millionth of a meter ) . as can be seen from figure 2 , the main range of solar radiation includes ultraviolet radiation ( uv , 0 . 001 - 0 . 4 μm ) , visible radiation ( light , 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 μm ) , and infrared radiation ( ir , 0 . 7 - 100 μm ) .
the greenhouse effect is the term applied to the warming of the earth’s surface that results from the fact that atmospheric gases have a greater transparency for incoming solar radiation than for outgoing longwave thermal radiation emitted by the earth’s surface . ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation contributes little directly to this whole global radiation balance . first , uv radiation is a small fraction of extraterrestrial solar radiation , and second , much of it is absorbed in the stratosphere in comparison with other radiation components . however , ozone ( o 3 ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ) are greenhouse effect gases . ozone is important because it absorbs radiation in the middle of the “atmospheric window , ” within the 8 to 12 micrometer wavelength bandwidth where many of the other standard greenhouse - effect gases ( water vapor , co 2 , ch 4 , n 2 o ) have little effect . tropospheric and stratospheric ozone play a role in the greenhouse effect . cfcs are important because 1 ) they have been recently introduced into the earth’s atmosphere , 2 ) they have a strong warming potential for each increment added to the atmosphere , 3 ) they will continue to be released to the atmosphere from emissions from closed cell foams and fugitive refrigerant gases . cfc substitutes may have their own greenhouse effect impacts .
the algorithm ( a multivariate regression of goes irradiances on olr reference value ) considers goes channels 3 ( 6 . 4µm ) , 4 ( 11µm ) and 5 ( 12µm ) , adding a virtual channel in 8 mm and a longwave tail ( l > 15µm ) . nevertheless , similar statistical errors are obtained by a linear combination of channel 4 irradiance and the longwave tail only .
loeb ng , et al . towards optimal closure of the earth’s top - of - atmosphere radiation budget .
olr ( outgoing longwave radiation ) is a measure of the amount of energy emitted to space by earth ' s surface , oceans and atmosphere . as such , it is a critical component of the earth ' s radiation budget . in a different context , olr values are often used as a proxy for convection in tropical and subtropical regions since cloud top temperatures ( colder is higher ) are an indicator of cloud height . olr observations are made via the advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) instrument aboard the noaa polar orbiting spacecraft . the raw ascending and descending swath data have been spatially and temporarally interpolated onto grids to facilitate use .
the monthly olr and surface downwelling longwave radiation in all - sky and clear - sky conditions between 2003 and 2014 are provided by the nasa ceres ebaf product 48 . the monthly caf and tcpw are from the same product . the original gridded 1° × 1° data are all interpolated on a 5° by 5° box .
gube , m . radiation budget parameters at the top of the earth ' s atmosphere derived from meteosat data .
ramanathan , v . et al . cloud radiative forcing and climate : results from the earth radiation budget experiment .
figure 7 - 12 simple greenhouse model . radiation fluxes per unit area of earth ' s surface are shown .
the outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) at the top of the atmosphere ( toa ) is an important meteorological variable , used in several ways . on one hand , it is used by the meteorological community as an index related to convective activity since lower olr values are associated to the top height of well developed clouds ( schmetz ; liu , 1988 ) . on the other hand , the olr is the infrared component of the earth ' s energy balance . together with the solar net radiation flux , it helps to describe the changes in energy availability induced by clouds through the difference between clear - sky and the observed radiative balances ( ramanathan et al . , 1989 ) .
another part of the energy going to space from the earth is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the earth . the solar radiation absorbed by the earth causes the planet to heat up until it is emitting as much energy back into space as it absorbs from the sun . because the earth is absorbing only a tiny fraction of the sun ' s energy , it remains cooler than the sun , and therefore emits much less radiation . most of this emitted radiation is at longer wavelengths than solar radiation . unlike solar radiation , which is mostly at wavelengths visible to the human eye , the earth ' s longwave radiation is mostly at infrared wavelengths , which are invisible to the human eye . when a cloud absorbs longwave radiation emitted by the earth ' s surface , the cloud reemits a portion of the energy to outer space and a portion back toward the surface . the intensity of the emission from a cloud varies directly as its temperature and also depends upon several other factors , such as the cloud ' s thickness and the makeup of the particles that form the cloud . the top of the cloud is usually colder than the earth ' s surface . hence , if a cloud is introduced into a previously clear sky , the cold cloud top will reduce the longwave emission to space , and ( disregarding the cloud albedo forcing for the moment ) energy will be trapped beneath the cloud top . this trapped energy will increase the temperature of the earth ' s surface and atmosphere until the longwave emission to space once again balances the incoming absorbed shortwave radiation . this process is called
cloud greenhouse forcing
and , taken by itself , tends to cause a heating or
positive forcing
of the earth ' s climate . usually , the higher a cloud is in the atmosphere , the colder is its upper surface and the greater is its cloud greenhouse forcing .
the measured outgoing longwave radiation and albedo also indicate regional forcing mechanisms . for example , in the tropics east - west variations can be as large as the north - south averages and are associated with east - west circulations . tropical regions , in general , display a net radiative heating , the sahara is often experiencing a net radiatively cooling . this is due to the high surface albedo , the warm surface temperatures and the dry and cloud free atmosphere . the radiative cooling is maintained by subsidence warming , which also has a drying effect and therefore helps maintain the desert .
the product contains the 1 - degree by 1 - degree daily mean outgoing longwave radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere derived from hirs radiance observations onboard noaa tiros - n series and metop satellites . the olr retrieval uses multispectral regression models ( ellingson et al . , 1989 , lee , 2014 ) . the cdr processing includes hirs radiance calibration , inter - satellite hirs olr calibration , normalization of geostationary - based olr retrieval to hirs , and grid - based 7 - day boxcar temporal integration assisted with imager - based olr derived from gridsat cdr data ( lee , 2014 ) .
abel , p . g . , and a . gruber , 1979 : an improved model for the calculation of longwave flux at 11 μm . noaa technical report , ness 106 , ntis pb80 - 119431 , 24 pp .
in order to maintain a stable climate , the earth must be in energetic equilibrium between the radiation it receives from the sun and the radiation it emits out to space . from this equilibrium we can calculate the effective temperature te of the earth .
figure 7 - 11 efficiency of absorption of radiation by the atmosphere as a function of wavelength . major absorbers are identified .
which is the derivative of the function f ( l ) representing the total radiation flux in the wavelength range [ 0 , l ] . the total radiation flux ft emitted by a unit surface area of the object , integrated over all wavelengths , is
the greenhouse effect is well - established . increased concentrations of greenhouse gases , such as co 2 , reduce the amount of outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) to space ; thus , energy accumulates in the climate system , and the planet warms . however , climate models forced with co 2 reveal that global energy accumulation is , instead , primarily caused by an increase in absorbed solar radiation ( asr ) . this study resolves this apparent paradox . the solution is in the climate feedbacks that increase asr with warming—the moistening of the atmosphere and the reduction of snow and sea ice cover . observations and model simulations suggest that even though global warming is set into motion by greenhouse gases that reduce olr , it is ultimately sustained by the climate feedbacks that enhance asr .
radiation goes through a transformation when it encounters other objects ( solid , gas or liquid ) . that transformation depends on the physical properties of that object and it is through this transformation that radiation can transfer heat from the emitting body to the other objects .
to calculate the radiation transmitted through a slab of length l , we integrate ( 7 . 27 ) by separation of variables :
harrison , e . f . , d . r . brooks , p . minnis , b . a . wielicki , w . f . staylor , g . g . gibson , d . f . young , f . m . denn , and the erbe science team , 1988 : first estimates of the diurnal variation of longwave radiation from the multiple - satellite earth radiation budget experiment ( erbe ) , bull . am . meteorol , soc . , 69 , 1144 - 1151 .
starting from this radiative equilibrium situation , we now perturb the equilibrium ( step 2 ) by adding dm of species x , keeping everything else constant including temperature . if x is a greenhouse gas , then adding dm will decrease the outgoing terrestrial flux at the top of the atmosphere by an amount df ; df is the radiative forcing caused by increasing the mass of x by dm . more generally , if fin and fout are the incoming and outgoing radiation fluxes in the radiative equilibrium calculation ( fin = fout ) , then the radiative forcing associated with any perturbation to this equilibrium situation , and calculated with the same procedure as above , is defined as df = fin - fout .
because of its spherical shape incoming solar radiation is not equally distributed over the planet . at each instant , only the sun lights only half of the planet ' s surface , with maximum radiation coming in at local noon and less in other times of the day .
figure 7 - 7 solar radiation spectra measured from a satellite outside earth ' s atmosphere ( in bold ) and at sea level .
goes - 8 imager radiances in water vapor and infrared channels 3 , 4 and 5 were used for assessing outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) at the top of the atmosphere . estimation by itpp5 software applied to hirs / noaa 14 passes over brazil was considered as
true reference
. imagery from both satellites is currently acquired and processed at cptec / inpe . goes full - resolution imagery allows assessment of mean irradiance for sets of goes pixels contained within the area of a single hirs pixel . additional goes variables were estimated , such as : an
equivalent channel
at 8 mm and a
longwave tail
for l > 15 mm ( this one is not detected neither by hirs nor goes sensors ) . isotropic outgoing radiance was assumed . multivariate regression of goes irradiances on olr itpp estimates provided a goes estimator with accuracy comparable with others already published and based on avhrr / noaa information . it was found that a regression based only on channel 4 and the longwave tail yielded estimates with the same accuracy : mean deviation of 3 w . m - 2 and standard deviation of 11 w . m - 2 . the application for another period in the year , averaged over 1º´1º grid cells , yielded similar mean deviation and standard deviation of 7 w . m - 2 . these results suggest that the algorithm applied in this work has physical rather than purely statistical meaning and could be used for olr monitoring in daily and seasonal scales .
olr ( outgoing longwave radiation ) is a measure of the amount of energy emitted to space by earth ' s surface , oceans and atmosphere . as such , it is a critical component of the earth ' s radiation budget . in a different context , olr values are often used as a proxy for convection in tropical and subtropical regions since cloud top temperatures ( colder is higher ) are an indicator of cloud height . olr observations are made via the advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) instrument aboard the noaa polar orbiting spacecraft . the raw ascending and descending swath data have been spatially and temporarally interpolated onto grids to facilitate use . olr estimates are a key component for the standard madden - julian oscillation ( mjo ) clivar diagnostics which are used to study the mjo and for climate model evaluation .
a gas molecule absorbs radiation of a given wavelength only if the energy can be used to increase the internal energy level of the molecule . this internal energy level is quantized in a series of electronic , vibrational , and rotational states . an increase in the internal energy is achieved by transition to a higher state . electronic transitions , that is , transitions to a higher electronic state , generally require uv radiation ( < 0 . 4 mm ) . vibrational transitions require near - ir radiation ( 0 . 7 - 20 mm ) , corresponding to the wavelength range of peak terrestrial radiation . rotational transitions require far - ir radiation ( > 20 mm ) . little absorption takes place in the range of visible radiation ( 0 . 4 - 0 . 7 mm ) which falls in the gap between electronic and vibrational transitions .
we examine in this chapter the role played by atmospheric gases in controlling the temperature of the earth . the main source of heat to the earth is solar energy , which is transmitted from the sun to the earth by radiation and is converted to heat at the earth ' s surface . to balance this input of solar radiation , the earth itself emits radiation to space . some of this terrestrial radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and radiated back to the earth , resulting in the warming of the surface known as the greenhouse effect . as we will see , trapping of terrestrial radiation by naturally occurring greenhouse gases is essential for maintaining the earth ' s surface temperature above the freezing point .
loeb ng , et al . observed changes in top - of - the - atmosphere radiation and upper - ocean heating consistent within uncertainty .
diekmann , f . j . , and g . l . smith , 1989 : investigation of scene identification algorithms for radiation budget measurements .
the terrestrial radiation flux absorbed by the atmospheric layer is fsto4 . the atmospheric layer has both upward - and downward - facing surfaces , each emitting a radiation flux fst14 ( kirchhoff ' s law ) . the energy balance of the ( earth + atmosphere ) system , as viewed by an observer from space , is modified from equation ( 7 . 10 ) to account for absorption and emission of radiation by the atmospheric layer :
because of the quantized nature of radiation , an object can emit radiation at a certain wavelength only if it absorbs radiation at that same wavelength . in the context of our simple model of figure 7 - 3 , a particle can emit at a certain oscillation frequency only if it can be excited at that oscillating frequency . a blackbody is an idealized object absorbing radiation of all wavelengths with 100 % efficiency . the german physicist max planck showed in 1900 that the flux distribution function flb for a blackbody is dependent only on wavelength and on the temperature t of the blackbody :
this climate data record ( cdr ) contains the daily mean outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) time series in global 1 degree x 1 degree equal - angle gridded maps spanning from january 1 , 1979 to december 31 , 2013 , and continuing daily with a two - day lag . the olr is estimated directly from the hirs radiance observations for all sky conditions . the observations from imagers onboard international operational geostationary satellites are incorporated to improve the sampling of the olr diurnal variation . the daily olr cdr is at its initial version 1 . 2 . the data file format is netcdf - 4 with cf metadata , and it is accompanied by algorithm documentation , data flow diagram and source code for the noaa cdr program .
luther , f . m . , and r . g . ellingson . 1985 . carbon dioxide and the radiation budget , p . 25–55 .
by contrast , in the strong co2 absorption band at 15 mm , radiation emitted by the earth ' s surface is absorbed by atmospheric co2 , and the radiation re - emitted by co2 is absorbed again by co2 in the atmospheric column . because the atmosphere is opaque to radiation in this wavelength range , the radiation flux measured from space corresponds to emission from the altitude at which the co2 concentration becomes relatively thin , roughly in the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere . the 15 mm blackbody temperature in figure 7 - 8 is about 215 k , which we recognize as a typical tropopause temperature .
this absorption of energy by the earth must be balanced by emission of terrestrial radiation out to space . the earth is not a blackbody at visible wavelengths since the absorption efficiency of solar radiation by the earth is only e = 1 - a = 0 . 72 . however , the earth radiates almost exclusively in the ir where the absorption efficiency is in fact near unity . for example , clouds and snow reflect visible radiation but absorb ir radiation . we approximate here the emission flux from the earth as that of a blackbody of temperature te , so that the energy balance equation for the earth is
the albedo , olr and net radiation are closely related to surface type and the weather regime . for example , look at the sahara desert and the amazon basin in the summer and winter . the incoming solar radiation is a function of latitude and time of year . the desert is approximate 20 degrees north latitude while the amazon basin is approximately 20 degrees south of the equator . so the incoming solar radiation in the amazon in january ( southern hemisphere summer ) is nearly the same as the incoming solar radiation over the sahara in july ( northern hemisphere summer ) . the two regions also have very high albedos during their respective summers - - but for two different reasons . the high albedos of the amazon are the result of highly reflecting deep - convective cloud systems . over the desert , there are few clouds , but the surface , which is mostly dry soil , is highly reflective . the olr is very different for these two regions . the amount of terrestrial radiation is a function of temperature , the tops of the convective clouds are very cold , and so the outgoing energy is small . in contrast the desert surface is very warm , and so the olr is large . what is the difference in the net radiation for these two regions ?
and 2 2 y 3 ( t v ) = represents the monochromatic transmittance for ( initially ) isotropic diffuse radiation emitted at the optical depth t v .
the monthly g a values are calculated by on each 5° by 5° grid 42 , where σ is the stenfan–boltzmann constant ( 5 . 67 × 10 −8 w m −2 k −4 ) . g a represents the difference between the heat emitted by the earth’s surface and the longwave radiation escaping from the toa . the former energy is estimated based on the assumption of blackbody radiation ; thus , the emissivity ( ε ) is close to one for every underlying surface . this assumption is confirmed by the global surface emissivity map ( fig . s4 ) derived using the nasa ceres ebaf products 48 .
the study of clouds , where they occur , and their characteristics , play a key role in the understanding of climate change . low , thick clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the earth . high , thin clouds primarily transmit incoming solar radiation ; at the same time , they trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the earth and radiate it back downward , thereby warming the surface of the earth . whether a given cloud will heat or cool the surface depends on several factors , including the cloud ' s altitude , its size , and the make - up of the particles that form the cloud . the balance between the cooling and warming actions of clouds is very close although , overall , averaging the effects of all the clouds around the globe , cooling predominates .
the solar and terrestrial properties of clouds have offsetting effects in terms of the energy balance of the planet . in the longwave , clouds generally reduce the radiation emission to space and thus result in a heating of the planet . while in the solar ( or shortwave ) , clouds reduce the absorbed solar radiation , due to a generally higher albedo than the underlying surface , and thus result in a cooling of the planet . view the maps of cloud forcing given above . does the presence of low level clouds over oceans heat or cool the planet ? what about the convective clouds over the oceans ?
cite dataset when used as a source : hai - tien lee and noaa cdr program ( 2011 ) : noaa climate data record ( cdr ) of daily outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) , version 1 . 2 . [ indicate subset used ] . noaa national climatic data center . doi : 10 . 7289 / v5sj1hh2 [ access date ] . , ncei cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data , nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system . ncei makes no warranty , expressed or implied , nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty . ncei can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the ncei archives .
the planck blackbody formulation for the emission of radiation is generalizable to all objects using kirchhoff ' s law . this law states that if an object absorbs radiation of wavelength l with an efficiency el , then it emits radiation of that wavelength at a fraction el of the corresponding blackbody emission at the same temperature . using kirchhoff ' s law and equation ( 7 . 3 ) , one can derive the emission spectrum of any object simply by knowing its absorption spectrum and its temperature :
sinha , a . , and j . e . harries , 1997 : the earth’s clear - sky radiation budget and water vapor absorption in the far infrared .
the model calculates the distribution of atmospheric temperatures necessary to achieve a global radiative equilibrium for the earth system , that is , an exact balance between the incoming solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere ( fs / 4 ) , the outgoing solar radiation flux reflected by the earth system ( fsa / 4 ) , and the terrestrial radiation flux emitted by the earth system ( fs ( 1 - a ) / 4 ) . this equilibrium is necessary for a stable climate ; as we will see below , even a small deviation would cause a large temperature perturbation . the model used for the calculation may be as simple as a 1 - dimensional ( vertical ) formulation of radiative equilibrium , or as complicated as a gcm ; the choice of model is not too important as long as the calculated temperature profiles are reasonably realistic .
the absorption or scattering of radiation by an optically active medium such as the atmosphere is measured by the optical depth d of the medium . we have seen above how gas molecules absorb radiation ; they also scatter radiation ( that is , change its direction of propagation without absorption ) but this scattering is inefficient at visible and ir wavelengths because of the small size of the gas molecules relative to the wavelength . scattering is important for aerosols , which we will discuss in the next chapter . consider in the general case a thin slab [ x , x + dx ] of an optically active medium absorbing or scattering radiation ( figure 7 - 17 ) :
thus the radiation decays exponentially with propagation distance through the slab . we define d = n ( sabs + sscat ) l as the optical depth of the slab :
a typical object emits radiation over a continuous spectrum of frequencies . using a spectrometer we can measure the radiation flux df ( w m - 2 ) emitted by a unit surface area of the object in a wavelength bin [ l , l + dl ] . this radiation flux represents the photon energy flowing perpendicularly to the surface . by covering the entire spectrum of wavelengths we obtain the emission spectrum of the object . since df depends on the width dl of the bins and this width is defined by the resolution of the spectrometer , it makes sense to plot the radiation spectrum as df / dl vs . l , normalizing for dl ( figure 7 - 4 ) .
barkstrom , b . r . , the earth radiation budget experiment ( erbe ) , 1984 : bull am . meteorol . soc . , 65 , 1170 - 1185 .
houghton , j . t . , the physics of atmospheres , 2nd ed . , cambridge university press , new york , 1986 . blackbody radiation , gray atmosphere model .
this solar radiation flux fs is intercepted by the earth over a disk of cross - sectional area pre2 representing the shadow area of the earth ( figure 7 - 9 ) . a fraction a of the intercepted radiation is reflected back to space by clouds , snow , ice . . . ; a is called the planetary albedo . satellite observations indicate a = 0 . 28 for the earth . thus the solar radiation absorbed by the earth per unit time is given by fspre2 ( 1 - a ) . the mean solar radiation flux absorbed per unit area of the earth ' s surface is fspre2 ( 1 - a ) / 4pre2 = fs ( 1 - a ) / 4 .
the total daily radiation decreases from equator to pole . thus the earth ' s surface should inherently be warmer at the equator than it is at the poles . however , …
absorption or scattering is more efficient if the radiation beam falls on the slab with a slant angle q relative to the perpendicular , because the radiation then travels over a longer path inside the slab ( figure 7 - 18 ) . the physical path of the beam through the slab is l / cosq , and the optical path is d / cosq :
allen l . h . ( 1994 ) uv radiation as related to the greenhouse effect . in : biggs r . h . , joyner m . e . b . ( eds ) stratospheric ozone depletion / uv - b radiation in the biosphere . nato asi series ( series i : global environmental change ) , vol 18 . springer , berlin , heidelberg
as energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place ( see figure 7h - 1 ) . a portion of the energy ( 26 % globally ) is reflected or scattered back to space by clouds and other atmospheric particles . about 19 % of the energy available is absorbed by clouds , gases ( like ozone ) , and particles in the atmosphere . of the remaining 55 % of the solar energy passing through the earth ' s atmosphere , 4 % is reflected from the surface back to space . on average , about 51 % of the sun ' s radiation reaches the surface . this energy is then used in a number of processes , including the heating of the ground surface ; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water ; and plant photosynthesis . the heating of the ground by sunlight causes the earth ' s surface to become a radiator of energy in the longwave band ( sometimes called infrared radiation ) . this emission of energy is generally directed to space ( see figure 7h - 2 ) . however , only a small portion of this energy actually makes it back to space . the majority of the outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases ( see figure 7h - 3 below ) .
when coefficients obtained for june 2001 are used for olr assessment in august 2001 , averages over a 1º×1º grid show errors with standard deviation of ±7 w . m - 2 . absolute errors lower than 14 w . m - 2 lie over the most part of noaa overpass . this result suggests that the algorithm describes physical rather than statistical or seasonal properties of outgoing longwave flux . given the better resolution and higher frequency of goes imagery , a detailed monitoring of daily and seasonal cycles of olr over south american region could be allowed . further analysis and improvements of these aspects are recommended , especially comparisons with other olr estimation models available for noaa 14 and 16 and
absolute
measurements like those of ceres sensor .
figure 7 - 13 radiation fluxes emitted to space at three different wavelengths and for the temperature profile in the left panel . opaque regions of the atmosphere are shown in gray shading .
the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the earth ' s surface and atmosphere . it results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases , such as carbon dioxide , water vapor , and methane , are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing longwave radiation emitted from the earth ' s surface . without the greenhouse effect life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the earth would be a chilly - 18° celsius , rather than the present 15° celsius .
a terrestrial radiation spectrum measured from a satellite over north africa under clear - sky conditions is shown in figure 7 - 8 . as we will see in section 7 . 3 . 3 , the terrestrial radiation spectrum is a combination of blackbody spectra for different temperatures , ranging from 220 to 320 k for the conditions in figure 7 - 8 . the wavelength range of maximum emission is 5 - 20 mm . the earth is not sufficiently hot to emit significant amounts of radiation in the visible range ( otherwise nights wouldn ' t be dark ! ) .
because the atmosphere is almost transparent to sunlight , all that is absorbed at the surface results in warming and the emission of ir radiation ; this radiation cannot freely escape into space because of absorption in the atmosphere by trace gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . these absorbing gases and their surrounding air warm up , emitting radiation downward , towards the earth ' s surface , as well as upward , towards space . this effectively traps part of the ir radiation between ground and the lower 10 km of the atmosphere . this reduction in the efficiency of the earth to lose heat causes the surface temperature to rise above the effective temperature calculated above ( t e ) until finally , enough heat is able to escape to space to balance the incoming solar radiation . the effect is analogous to that of a blanket that traps the body heat preventing it from escaping into the room and thus keeps us warm on cold nights .
if the earth had no atmosphere , a surface temperature far below freezing would produce enough emitted radiation to balance the absorbed solar energy . but the atmosphere warms the planet and makes earth more livable . clear air is largely transparent to incoming shortwave solar radiation and , hence , transmits it to the earth ' s surface . however , a significant fraction of the longwave radiation emitted by the surface is absorbed by trace gases in the air . this heats the air and causes it to radiate energy both out to space and back toward the earth ' s surface . the energy emitted back to the surface causes it to heat up more , which then results in greater emission from the surface . this heating effect of air on the surface , called the atmospheric greenhouse effect , is due mainly to water vapor in the air , but also is enhanced by carbon dioxide , methane , and other infrared - absorbing trace gases .
we still need to relate the radiative forcing to change in the earth ' s surface temperature , which is what we ultimately care about . such a relationship can be derived using our simple 1 - layer model for the atmosphere in section 7 . 3 . 2 . in this model , the outgoing terrestrial flux for the initial atmosphere in radiative equilibrium ( step 1 ) is ( 1 - f / 2 ) sto4 , where f is the absorption efficiency of the atmospheric layer and to is the surface temperature ( equation ( 7 . 15 ) ) . increasing the abundance of a greenhouse gas by dm corresponds to an increase df of the absorption efficiency . thus the outgoing terrestrial flux for the perturbed atmosphere ( step 2 ) is ( 1 - ( f + df ) / 2 ) sto4 . by definition of the radiative forcing df ,
the sensitivity of outgoing longwave radiation ( olr ) estimation techniques , based on either advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ) or high resolution infrared sounder ( hirs ) data , has been simulated using radiation transfer model calculations for different atmospheric conditions . the simulations have focused on the effects of near - surface temperature discontinuity over desert surfaces and on variations in the strength of temperature and moisture inversion over subtropical high pressure regions . sensitivity tests show that the avhrr technique overestimates the reference model olr when skin temperature exceeds the surface air temperature , with the overestimate increasing with skin–air temperature differences . the magnitude of the overestimates appears similar to what was found in comparisons of avhrr derived and earth radiation budget experiment ( erbe ) , olr fluxes over desert surfaces . unlike avhrr , the hirs technique shows no tendency to over - or - under estimate model calculations for such conditions . in subtropical high - pressure regions , the avhrr olr fluxes tend to be smaller than those observed by erbe . as temperature inversion becomes stronger , the olr difference between model calculations and avhrr estimations increases , but the strength of the inversion does not have much effect on the hirs technique . as the h2o content in the inversion layer increases , the model and hirs derived fluxes decrease while the avhrr derived fluxes do not follow the variations of the radiation balance between the surface and near surface levels . results indicate that large flux differences between erbe and avhrr over desert and subtropical oceanic regions are due to shortcomings in the avhrr technique while the hirs technique is successfully sensitive to the variations in air temperature and water vapor .