pondicherry gramin bank , also known locally as puduvai bharathiar grama bank ( pbgb ) is a regional rural bank in the indian union territory of puducherry .

it is the largest bank in pondicherry in terms of branch network .

the bank was established in the year 1980 under the regional rural bank act , 1961 .

this bank is jointly owned by government of india , government of puducherry and sponsored by indian bank .

the shareholders of the bank are government of india ( 50 % ) , government of puducherry ( 15 % ) and indian bank ( 35 % ) .

pondicherry gramin bank

pondicherry gramin bank , locally known as puduvai bharathiar grama bank ( pbgb ) is a regional rural bank in the indian union territory of puducherry . this bank jointly owned by government of india , government of puducherry and sponsored by indian bank was established in the year 1980 .
bank has sponsored three regional rural banks ( rrbs ) for details click pallavan grama bank , puduvai bharathiar grama bank , saptagiri grameena bank .
bank of baroda customers can make fund transfers through neft or rtgs to any bank account in india .
it can be accessed and used by everyone anytime anywhere with an internet bank account with bank of baroda .
8 . 03 there are eight rrbs in the region , two in assam and one each in the remaining six states . there are no rrbs in the state of sikkim . five rrbs sponsored by sbi are in the states of assam , arunachal pradesh , meghalaya , mizoram and nagaland , while three rrbs sponsored by ubi are in assam , manipur and tripura . before amalgamation , there were 11 rrbs . the largest north - east rrb , i . e . assam gramin vikas bank , having 354 branches , was formed on january 12 , 2006 through amalgamation of four rrbs , viz . cachar gramin bank , lakhimi gaonlia bank , pragjyotish gaonlia bank and subansiri gaonlia bank , all sponsored by ubi in assam , with its head office at guwahati .
the task force report is the product of many collaborative efforts . the task force met and discussed on various aspects of empowerment of boards of rrbs for operational efficiency . the task force wishes to place on record , its gratitude to dr . y . v . reddy , governor , reserve bank of india for entrusting this task of national importance as also for providing necessary guidance . smt . usha thorat , deputy governor , reserve bank of india had taken initiative to call a consultation meet of commercial banks and gave valuable inputs for the task force . we thank her as well as all the senior personnel of rpcd of reserve bank of india . the task force generated and considered a vast amount of materials in its deliberations and meeting with stakeholders and others . we would also like to mention the cooperation received from nabard officials of uttar pradesh ro , lucknow , bihar ro , patna and assam ro , guwahati , and the chairman and staff of baroda eastern up gramin bank , assam gramin vikas bank , and uttar bihar kshetreya gramin bank , who not only coordinated the field visits at their end , but also provided significant inputs .
the first four alphabets , barb , denotes the name of the bank , i . e . , baroda bank 0 - for future use
jointly owned by govt . of india , govt . of puducherry & indian bank
000136 - indicates the particular branch of baroda bank ( calicut city branch ) .
1 . shri g . c . chaturvedi , ias , joint secretary , ministry of finance , government of india 2 . shri a . k . das , special secretary , government of west bengal 3 . dr . k . v . rajan , regional director , reserve bank of india , bhopal 4 . shri k . bhattacharya , general manager , rural planning & credit department , reserve bank of india , mumbai . 5 . shri anup banerjee , dy . managing director , state bank of india , ho , mumbai 6 . shri v . k . nagar , general manager , punjab national bank , ho , new delhi 7 . shri t . v . bhat , general manager , syndicate bank , ho , manipal 8 . shri n . s . bose , chairman south malabar gramin bank , malappuram , kerala
8 . 06 a review of the bank - wise performance ( annexure 8 . 1 ) reveals that where business levels have not been raised and / or where npa ratios have not been reduced , the banks have not been able to improve the operational performance and their accumulated losses have increased . these include langpi dehangi rural bank , arunachal pradesh rural bank , nagaland rural bank and manipur rural bank . in the case of three banks viz . arunachal pradesh rural bank , manipur rural bank and nagaland rural bank , the level of npas at 60 . 3 , 33 . 3 and 32 . 8 per cent , respectively and continued to be very high . the langpi dehangi rural bank in assam covers only two backward hilly districts of karbi anglong and n . c . hills and its poor financials are partly due to the limited scope for business . langpi dehangi rural bank , manipur rural bank and nagaland rural bank have low staff productivity levels ( rs . 77 . 6 lakh , rs . 66 . 1 lakh and rs . 73 . 9 lakh , respectively ) and branch productivity levels ( rs . 322 . 9 lakh , rs . 209 . 8 lakh and rs . 40 . 3 lakh , respectively ) as compared with the average in the ner ( staff productivity : rs . 130 . 85 lakh and branch productivity : rs 645 lakh ) . incidentally , it is observed that except assam gramin vikas bank and manipur rural bank , per staff business in the remaining rrbs is much less than the all india average ( annexure 8 . 2 ) .
the government lender , bank of baroda opened its 111 th branch in the kadapa district of andhra pradesh . the branch was inaugurated by k venkateswarlu , the bank’s zonal manager .
there are different loan products of the bank offered to the public . for details click loans
shri . g . mahendra , deputy general manager , indian bank – corporate office , chennai .
the bank was established on 15th august 1907 as part of the swadeshi movement and so proudly shares its founder ' s day with nation ' s independence day . indian bank was one among the 14 banks nationalized on july 19 , 1969 . in 2007 the bank became a public listed bank . as on 31 . 12 . 2017 , the government of india was holding 81 . 87 % of the equity capital of the bank with the balance 18 . 13 % with the general public .
couldn ' t find a bank location with your criteria . please try again by changing search terms .
besides , ifci limited , shri anshuman sharma is also on the board of india post payments bank limited .
( i ) one official each from rbi , nabard and the state govt . and two from the sponsor bank
the above can be used for online funds transactions via neft , rtgs and imps to any baroda bank account .
while making a neft or rtgs transaction with bank of baroda , customers need to provide the below given information .
ifsc codes and micr codes can be easily procured if the bank’s full name and the branch is known . users can conveniently find micr codes and ifsc codes printed on cheque books / leaves issued by bank of baroda . the reserve bank of india site also offers the complete list of ifsc codes required for customers . apart from the bank’s official website , the other sources available for getting ifsc codes are either third party financial websites or fiscal comparison websites .
bank has two subsidiaries : 1 . indbank merchant banking services ltd . for details click indbank merchant banking services ltd .
for powers and duties of the officers and employees of the bank click job roles / duties of employees and officers .
pandyan grama bank , administrative office , 2 - 70 - 01 , collectorate complex , virudhunagar - 626 002 . tamilnadu .
the activities of the bank are covered by the banking regulation act and the directives of rbi issued from time to time .
the closing position of bank of baroda’s non - performing assets ( npa ) stood at just under 10 % for the financial year ending 2016 following the bank’s acquisition of standard loans from a number of different banks . these loans were acquired with tenors of three to four months , which helped the bank lower its proportion of bad debt in its total loan book . over the duration of the previous month , bank of baroda acquired standard loans to the tune of rs 7 , 400 crore from a variety of banks , with a buyback clause inserted in the agreements . a spokesman for the bank stated via email that bank has undertaken transactions under the ibpc scheme on a risk sharing basis with various banks to the extent of rs 7 , 400 crore as on march 31st 2016 for a period of 91 days to 120 days based on guidelines issued by the rbi . customers looking to make money transfers to bank of baroda accounts can do so by using the bank’s ifsc code for the relevant area .
farmers clubs programme implemented by the bank in co - ordination with nabard helps to propogate the principles of development through credit and it is the grass root level informal forum aims at creating a cordial relationship between the bank and farming community for mutual benefit .
there is no arrangement for consultation with the members of public in formulating any of the policies of the bank . however , as directed by rbi , the standing committee on customer service at corporate office includes five customers of the bank representing the public .
indian financial system code ( ifsc ) is utilized for electronic payment applications like real time gross settlement ( rtgs ) , national electronic funds transfer ( neft ) , immediate payment service ( ipm ) , a bank - to - bank electronic instant mobile money transfer service ( imps ) , and centralized funds management system ( cfms ) designed by reserve bank of india ( rbi ) .
any degree with good knowledge in tally erp / gst willing to work in apollo tyre dealer . handling billing activity and bank works
the bank aims to drive change in the banking sector through investment in internal resources and strategic partnerships with young and enthusiastic companies .
real time gross settlement system ( rtgs ) settlements are done on an individual basis by the bank . no charge is levied for rtgs transfers and customers have to make transfers as per the bank’s regulations . funds can be transferred anywhere within india using this service .
in the recently concluded all india rbi rajbhasha shield competition ( 2014 - 15 ) organized by the country’s apex bank , bank of baroda bagged prizes across four categories of awards . this competition is held every year for public sector banks and financial institutions across the country .
started in 1908 as a small financial enterprise , the baroda sun identified with the logo of bank of baroda has risen to be one of the leading international banking institutions . bank of baroda’s story of growth has been one with corporate vision , keen governance and financial prudence . bank of baroda has been a harbinger of social change , efficiently catering to their clientele with innovative solutions and always being a constant partner providing assistance for their different financial needs . bank of baroda now offers a wide range of products to its large customer base with exciting benefits and advantages . bank of baroda car loans are widely sought out by customers for their low charges , additional concessions and exciting discounts .
puduvai bharathiar grama bank , puducherry has invited applications for recruitment at various posts . the interested and eligible candidates can apply by february 27 .
( i ) to co - ordinate , guide , facilitate and focus all internal control measures including addressing external supervision issues in the bank .
bank has 3 overseas branches - one in singapore , for details click singapore and 2 in srilanka . for details click colombo and jaffna .
ifsc code : and micr code : ; bank of baroda address : , - ; branch code is , contact number : , bank of baroda timings : monday to friday : 10 am to 4 pm , saturday - 10 am to 4 pm ( except 2nd and 4th saturday ) .
retail mortgage loan applicants may have to settle for a rating - based lending rate when they apply with bank of baroda . the bank is all set to consider credit rating of loan seekers in order to decide the rate of interest at which it will lend to retail mortgage loan borrowers .
besides the bank provides 24x7 banking service through atms spread all over the country . for location of atm and its address click : atm network .
for savings bank deposit , additional interest of 1 . 00 % p . a . is offered to staff / eligible ex - staff members .
as per section 4 ( 2 ) of rti act , bank disclosed the information suo motu as under : for details click on the link .
bankbazaar , which is a popular financial comparison site , gives a comprehensive table carrying ifsc codes for bank of baroda’s branches within india . any user visiting the bankbazaar website has to select the bank ifsc code link present at the bottom of the main page . customers clicking on this link will be taken to a second page carrying four dropdowns . customers have to enter certain details like state , bank , branch and district in order to get ifsc codes or micr codes for bank of baroda . the generated table also contains the phone number , address of the branch , name , branch code etc .
bank of baroda is one of the most reputed banks that is a pioneer in numerous customer centric activities within the indian banking sector . bank of baroda provides services and products such as loans , debit and credit cards , deposits , remittances , demat services , electronic clearing services and government business , among others .
dr . emandi sankara rao is currently serving as md & ceo of ifci ltd , a government of india undertaking . ifci is the oldest financial institution and the first development finance institution of the country set up in 1948 and has been contributing towards indian economic growth through development of infrastructure and industry . dr . rao is also the chairman of ifci group companies and institutions namely stock holding corporation of india ltd , ifci venture capital funds ltd , ifci factors ltd , management development institute – gurgaon & murshidabad and institute of leadership development . he is an alumni of iit bombay ( phd ) , iit kharagpur ( m . tech ) , pondicherry central university ( pgdba ) and andhra university ( b . e . electrical engineering ) .
5 . section 11 of the rrb act 1976 provides for the sponsor bank to appoint the chairman of rrbs from among its officers . the task force recommends that the chairman be selected on merit and appointed by the sponsor bank from amongst a panel of qualifying officers in coordination with nabard . ( para 2 . 19 )
walk - in clients are allowed to transfer fund to any other bank , which is covered under neft if the amount does not exceed inr 50 , 000 .
19 . the task force feels that there is considerable scope for enhancing treasury income of rrbs by adding depth to their investment portfolios . they may also be enabled to place their short - term surpluses for cblo investments through any commercial bank . investments in stdrs and inter bank – inter rrb deposits / inter bank participatory certificates , may also be permitted . scope for investment under slr could be considered for extension to goi bond , state government bond , treasury bill , central / state govt . guaranteed bonds and other approved securities . rrbs may also be allowed to deal in nre / fc / nrb / fcra , certificates of deposits , etc . in consortium with sponsor bank . besides , rrbs should be given freedom to place their money in term deposits with any bank . ( para 3 . 32 )
based on the central and state laws , corporate office has prescribed the list of various documents to be held / maintained by the branches / offices of the bank .
4 . 1 . the reserve bank of india in their letter dated 11 september 2006 also indicated that the following points might be taken into consideration by the task force .
venkateswarlu addressed the occasion , where he said that bank of baroda has become india’s second–biggest public sector lender with a revenue of rs . 10 lakh crore . he also added that the bank began its operations in gujarat in the year 1908 and expanded its branches to 5 , 411 all over the country as well as 26 more in 25 countries .
all branches and offices of the bank are provided with the copies of manuals of instructions and circulars for discharging their functions effectively . for list of manuals = > click manuals .
2 . 30 by its very composition , the board is dominated by the sponsor bank nominees . it is true that once the chairman takes up position in the rrb , he identifies himself with the bank . however , often his seniors from the sponsor bank are nominated on the board , which effectively takes away his freedom to decide on important issues . while it has been widely acknowledged that the representatives of other stakeholders played a constructive role in business expansion , the role of the state government nominees was limited by absence or narrow concern about the participation of the bank in various subsidy schemes . similarly , the non - official directors had a negligible role to play in the governance of rrbs in many cases .
1 . 20 at present , rrbs cover 525 districts in the country . as per data available , 80 districts in the country are yet to be covered by rrbs . there is a need to ensure that all districts in every state / union territory are covered by rrbs . at present , there is no coverage of rrbs in districts such as sikkim ( 4 districts ) , goa ( 2 districts ) , andaman and nicobar islands ( 2 districts ) , daman & diu ( 2 districts ) , lakshadeep , delhi , and chandigarh ( 1 each ) as well as pondicherry ( 4 ) . similarly , 18 districts in tamil nadu , 10 districts in arunachal pradesh , 5 districts in kerala 3 districts in meghalaya , and 6 districts in nagaland are yet to be covered by rrbs . the feasibility of covering the uncovered districts may be explored .
the norms for discharge of the functions of the bank are based on rbi directives with board’s approval . for time norms for certain services click time norms for certain services in normal circumstances .
regarding the system of compensation in the bank , it is informed that for officers , it is fixed as per officers service regulations and for employees it is based on bi - partite settlement .
the public are informed that the sanctioning authorities shall decide to sanction a loan exercising the powers conferred by the bank after taking into consideration the facts , figures and merits of each loan proposal . .
6 . 07 concurrent audit , regular internal inspection by the bank , management audit by the sponsor bank , statutory audit by the statutory auditor and statutory inspection by nabard , are independent instruments of supervision . these should not be construed as overlapping as the perspective and focus of these systems are qualitatively different . all banks should be subjected to these processes . the audit machinery , methods / tools , need to be upgraded and new audit classification norms may be introduced . the key officer - in - charge of the supervision cell of the bank must ensure that these are taken up in a coordinated manner .
please save the url of the refurbished site in your favourites as we will give up the existing site shortly and register or re - register yourselves for receiving rss feeds for uninterrupted alerts from the reserve bank .
bob received second prize in linguistic region a & b ; and also a consolation prize under c region . the bank also received an award for its in house journal bobmaitri under the bilingual house journal category .
there is no provision of budget allocation for bank for proposed expenditure and disbursements . this provision is not applicable to banks . there are targets furnished to the various functionaries at zonal level for mobilizing business . .
3 . 27 with the application of income tax to rrbs from the current financial year , rrbs will have to pay income tax on such interest earnings , resulting in further reduction in returns on investment . at present , while making investment in the under noted avenues except in fdrs , rrbs seek advice from the concerned department of the sponsor bank as under : investing in tier ii bonds of sponsor bank and other banks .
one of the foremost public sector banks within the country , bank of baroda has acquired the rights for semi - naming of the sikanderpur metro station in gurugram . this station will be known as bank of baroda sikanderpur metro station . this concept of procuring semi - naming rights is a concept that has only recently been introduced in india and is used primarily for the purpose of branding . it is to be noted that this is the first time a public sector bank has procured the semi - naming right of a metro station . sikanderpur is an interchanging metro station and is the only one that connects directly to the gurgaon rapid metro .
bank of baroda statement 0n the verdict passed by the hon’ble free state high court , bloemfontein on 12 . 06 . 2018 , on its appeal for revision of the preservation order passed on 27 . 03 . 2018
v . in the rrbs for arunachal pradesh , the financial margin as on 31 march 2005 is negative ( i . e . , - 1 . 6 % ) which leads to negative net financial margin . this is a matter of concern as regards the long term survival of the bank and a viability study may be taken up specifically by sbi / sbird , hyderabad to address the issues of operational viability of the bank .
dear customer , net / mobile banking & atm services will not be available from 8th july 2018 4 : 00 am to 8 : 00 am due to maintenance activity . regret for the inconvenience caused - indian bank
in a bid to encourage merchants , and establishments to adopt cashless transactions , public sector lender , bank of baroda is offering free pos devices to current account holders , till the end of december . the installation charges has been waived . t p misra , the regional manager of the panaji region , said that the bank has appealed to all merchants to install the pos machine or qr code mode of payment , so that commercial enterprises can reduce their dependency on cash . bob has also launched a mobile banking platform called mconnect plus , along with other internet banking facilities . the bank is also promoting its mobile wallet , mclip , to enable cashless payments .
bank of baroda has declared that they have partnered with creditmantri to unveil an innovative credit device in which they can garner information from all data sources to gauge customer’s credit worth and risk factor . this is yet another praiseworthy attempt on the bank’s part to ensure complete digitalization in their banking procedures . this new approach is helpful to understand the applicant’s repayment history and credit requirements better without having to resort to a whole lot of cumbersome paperwork .
the reserve bank of india has assigned ifsc codes to all banks in india to identify branches when fund transfers are made . the use of an ifsc code is mandatory while making interbank transfers like neft and rtgs across any bank in india . online money transfers can be made without any confusions using ifsc codes and micr codes . the first four letters in an ifsc code indicate the name of the bank and the last six numbers help identify the beneficiary’s branch . the zero in the middle is a control character and is reserved for future use . ifsc codes help eliminate the risk factor while making money transactions and make sure that the funds reach the right recipient at the right branch .
the bank has a three tier organizational set up comprising its corporate office at chennai , 41 zonal offices and 2736 branches as on 31 . 12 . 2017 spread all over the country besides 3 overseas branches in singapore and srilanka .
the joint customer service committees at zonal level and branch level are constituted with bank customers as members to offer their suggestions / grievances in the committee meetings and the committee meeting is held every month at zonal level / branch level .
besides the above , concessions in charges for various services rendered are extended to select category of customers viz . , individuals in rural area , senior citizens , students , defence personnel , government departments , ministries , blind / differently abled , institutions , co - operative / land development bank , service co - operatives and drda , pm / cm relief funds , religious welfare services / charitable institutions , landless agriculture labourers , regional rural banks sponsored by the bank etc .
the public sector bank plans to engage these new partners in customer acquisition , launch of new products , and better service for its customers in areas such as sme financing , algorithmic lending , bill discounting , retail lending and wealth management .
the bank has decided to internally switch to this process of credit - based rating since it helps the bank identify the right borrower , and eases out the probability of loan default . banks in india have been charging corporate customers based on their credit rating however , this is the first time the same is being applied to retail customers as well . the approach will not just make good customers enjoy better rates but will also push customers towards maintaining a healthy credit history .
indian bank provides convenient educational loans for meritorious / deserving students to acquire knowledge and skill in the field of their interest . by playing beacon , new - generation ' s quest for success is ably supported , paving way for generation banking .
india lends will help the bank expand the consumer lending market , companies would get an alternate way to fund their operations through kredx’s invoice - discounting platform , and fisdom will make the investment advisory industry more accessible and understandable through their personalised financial advices .
to meet the production credit requirements of the farmers in a timely and hassle - free manner , bank has implemented the scheme in letter and spirit and thereby , sanctioned ` 882 . 51 crore by issuing 353905 kisan credit cards during the year 2015 - 16
we record our sincere thanks to govt . of india , reserve bank of india , rrbs across the country , various state governments , rrb associations and numerous individuals and organisations which participated in the consultation meetings and those who gave their views in written memoranda .
our bank implements certain subsidy loaded loan schemes of central government and state government viz . pmegp scheme , uyegp scheme , technology up gradation fund scheme ( tufs ) for textile industry , needs , tahdco etc . . offering certain percentage of subsidy of the loan projects .
2 . 27 it is not enough if the board sets appropriate goals and objectives . they have to be widely shared and made part of the culture and activities of the organisation . motivation through example and two - way communication becomes very important . informal communication is as important as the formal one . the top management should not only be in constant touch with the intermediate and cutting edge levels at branches but also with the clients . the board should review the efficacy of this approach . the client should feel comfortable approaching the rrbs . the bank’s products and relationships should reflect this concern . the generic products should be presented in a way that appeal to the rural customers . for instance the erstwhile siwan rrb in bihar made a success of its loan product for foreign education . the poor people had no hesitation to approach prathama bank in moradabad of up . the members of shgs and farmer clubs felt that they were part of the bank itself . the board should ensure that the objectives get translated as products and practices that encourage the rural population to deal with the bank .
general ledger accounting petty cash handling . new tin no . & gst registration process bank reconciliation statement brs day book maintaining purchase invoice maintaining sales invoice maintaining monthly purchase report prepared monthly sales report prepared expenses and voucher maintained stock maintaining system billing customer handling marketing knowledge price fixation receipt and payment maintainence
bank of baroda does not levy any charge for a neft transfers and settles transaction as batches during weekdays and on saturdays . the money will be sent to the beneficiary within the same day or by the next working day . neft transactions are done based on deferred net settlements ( dns ) .
2 . 03 reserve bank of india is the central bank of the country . it performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national economic policy objectives . it is the regulator and supervisor of the financial system . it prescribes broad parameters for banking operations within which the country’s banking and financial system functions , so as to ensure stability . as per the provisions of the rrb act , 1976 , rbi represents the goi on the boards of rrbs . recently rbi has constituted empowered committees for rrbs on a state - wise basis the role of which has been examined in detail separately in this chapter .
10 . the board of directors are to be made more independent by providing them a broader policy framework within which the rrbs should develop their own operations and policies . it is recommended that each bank’s board take total responsibility for business policies . as regards staffing pattern and hr issues , each bank’s board can finalise the staff requirements of branch / controlling office within the prescribed ceiling , based on earlier experience as also efficiency and business requirements . directors on the board of rrbs should be free from any personal business or other relationship with the rrb that could interfere with their independent judgment . ( para 2 . 22 )
rrbs may be allowed to participate in the call money market . this will augment the profitability of the bank as the surplus funds can be invested on daily basis and earn interest at an average rate of 6 % . to participate in call money market , rrbs may need some initial guidance from sponsor banks .
iv . to solve the long term need for trained bank officials in the north eastern region for all commercial banks , rrbs , financial institutions including mfis and nbfcs , it is suggested that the iibm guwahati may consider implementing a one - year course on banking and finance based on the nibm , pune syllabus .
( iv ) provide guidance to the rrbs on operational issues / problems , implementation of lead bank scheme and service area approach , investment of non - slr surplus funds , performance under annual action plan and priority sector , credit under various government sponsored programmes , prudential norms , branch expansion / rationalization programme , etc .
in a bid to settle an outstanding loan with kohinoor mills , bank of baroda ( bob ) has acquired a stake in a property owned by the former . the deal contains a clause which states that bob can sell the stake back to kohinoor mills after expiry of three years from the date of signing the contract .
30 concurrent audit , regular internal inspection by the bank , statutory audit by the statutory auditor and statutory inspection by nabard are independent instruments of supervision and rrbs may be subjected to these processes . the audit machinery , methods / tools , need to be upgraded and audit classification norms may be introduced . ( para 6 . 07 )
bank of baroda ( bob ) , which was smashed by an inr 6000 crore overseas exchange swindle at one of its numerous branches , is now working towards coming up with a centralized monitoring and tracking system to spot indiscretions immediately . bob has brought in deloitte to put together a stronger kyc ( know - your - customer ) system to identify fraudulence instantly . this came 30 days after the finance ministry pulled in ey to look into the forex con where black money was ostensibly sent from the bob’s ashok vihar branch to hong kong . apparently the rbi had come down hard on all public sector lender after the so - called scandal and they have requested every public bank to make their safety measures and policies more stringent . under this new agenda , bank of baroda will present resourcefulness like cooling term for forex transfer for new consumers , pre - consent of some money transfers and decreasing threshold limits on remittance numbers in a specific tenure . yes , even neft / rtgs transactions using ifsc codes fall under this .
23 . there may be occasions when the rural bank would have opportunities to finance in excess of the exposure limits under regulatory norms or self - imposed norms by the board of directors . in such a case , rrbs may join in consortium finance arrangements on pari passu basis with public sector banks / dfis . ( para 4 . 16 )
4 . 17 credit becomes an effective instrument of development when it is coupled with relevant knowledge inputs . farmers need both technological and commercial information . the former will include soil and water management , agronomical practices , inputs management , organic farming , precision approach , etc . the latter is about demand and supply projection , price discovery , crop diversification , contract farming , organizing producer groups / companies , etc . the bank may arrange both technical and commercial extension services with the help of concerned agencies and technology platforms . product development 4 . 18 the bank should develop savings , credit and other product lines keeping in view the existing and potential requirements of the clientele . this is the marketing approach . the bank should be one step ahead in meeting the rural clientele needs in a way that is acceptable . all processes relating to banking should be user friendly at minimum cost and inconvenience to the customer and the bank itself . this is a cultural question rather than directions from above . 4 . 19 the credit products should address the needs of all those who want to help themselves through new ventures and improving and expanding existing enterprises in all the three sectors which appreciate the needs of the customer in a flexible way . the principle of credit is that there is a liquidity shortage in the initial stages of any venture . the bank has to look at the total needs of the venture and not confine itself to certain components . depending upon the assets and income level of the entrepreneur , the involvement of the borrower could be fixed . there is also the risk perception . developing a continuing relationship banking is a collateral substitute . blind application of unit costs is not good banking . finally , banking skills is about recognising what is acceptable risk .
iii . in arunachal pradesh rrb , the financial margin as on 31 march 2005 is negative ( i . e . , - 1 . 6 % ) . therefore , a viability study may be taken up specifically by sbi / sbird , hyderabad to address the issues of operational viability of the bank . ( para 8 . 9 - v )
ii . to solve the long term need for adequately trained bank officials in the north eastern region for all commercial banks , rrbs , financial institutions including mfis and nbfcs , it is suggested that the iibm , guwahati may consider implementing a one - year course on banking and finance on the lines of nibm pune syllabus . ( para 8 . 9 – iv )
16 . the task force recommends that chairmen of rrbs , should also be appointed as members of the empowered committee ( ec ) constituted by rbi to bring in more efficiency in the functioning of rrbs . the empowered committee may ensure that no rrb is constrained in its business decisions by sponsor bank and that requisite support is forthcoming . ( para 2 . 36 ) .
2 . 04 as per section 2 ( g ) of the rrb act , 1976 , the sponsor bank is identified as a bank . sponsor banks besides sponsoring the rrbs , also subscribe to 35 % of the equity . as per section 3 ( 3 ) of the act , the sponsor banks have to aid rrbs by providing management and financial assistance . sponsor banks also appoint chairmen from among their own officers or otherwise , nominate two directors to the board of the rrbs and depute such number of officers and employees as may be necessary for smooth functioning of rrbs . the sponsor banks provide refinance support to rrbs and help in maintaining liquidity . the various functions of the sponsor banks in relation to the rrbs are listed in annexure 2 . 2 .
citizen’s charter is ported in our web site urltoken for details click citizen charter . for details of contacts click c ontacts , for details of corporate governance clic corporate governance , all the branches of the bank subscribe one vernacular and one english daily news papers for the use of public . the working hours of the branches are displayed in the branch premises in bold letters for the information of the public .
13 . the task force suggests that the role of sponsor bank should be supportive and broadly confined only to : ( i ) extending management support as required by rrbs . ( ii ) nominating its share of members in the board of directors to provide expert advice to rrbs . ( iii ) providing funds for which the rrbs may also have the freedom to choose from any bank / financial institutions . ( iv ) providing expert guidance / help in investment related issues for which rrbs may also have the freedom to choose from alternatives , if available from other banks / primary dealers and ( v ) conducting management audit till alternative arrangements are made by the rrbs themselves . ( vi ) assisting rrbs in all hr matters as may be referred to them by the rrbs . ( para 2 . 32 ) .
risk management committee to take care of asset - liability management , credit risks , decisions on interest risks and review of interest structure , as also for effective recovery policies including compromise and settlement procedures . the risk management committee may not wholly consist of directors . the committee may be constituted with the chairman , one of the board members having knowledge on the subject and 2 / 3 senior officials of the bank .
in the changed scenario after amalgamation , there is a need to review the relationship of sponsor bank vis - à - vis rrb . sponsor banks are sometimes perceived as competing in the same business and product market space with rrbs . the relationship between sponsor banks and rrbs needs to be changed into a synergistic one , beneficial to both banks . as already announced by finance minister , sponsor banks are squarely responsible for the performance of the rrbs sponsored by them . therefore , the task force recommends that an mou be executed between the sponsor bank and the govt of india as regards the performance of rrbs under various key parameters such as incremental growth in business , outreach , profitability , improvement in cd ratio , reduction in npas , etc . in turn , sponsor banks may , as usual , sign mous with their sponsored rrbs .
20 . savings products form the core services provided by rrbs . next in order of importance are micro credit products and project finance , housing , education , personal loans which are a part of the credit portfolio . the rrbs may focus on enhancing incomes from other sources by way of issue of bank guarantees . rrbs in consortium with sponsor bank may enter in to remittance services not only within the district / state but also across the country and in some cases to foreign countries , life and non - life insurance including crop insurance , animal insurance and health insurance , transacting in government securities , mutual funds and equities on behalf of clients , etc . similarly , capital - gains deposit accounts , collection of taxes and other government business and salary disbursements are other service products that can boost rrbs income . ( para 4 . 12 )
creditmantri will help the bank develop data - based algorithm for sme credit underwriting , while fundstiger will help improve small business’s access to capital and use technology to lower the cost of loan application processing . with probe42 , bob will leverage information about small , medium and large corporates for lending and banking purposes , and power2sme’s tech - enabled platform will allow access to credit - worthy smes and to their complete transaction history .
1 . 06 the credit portfolio of banks has changed markedly during the last 10 years . personal loans grew faster than any other segment . it increased from 9 . 3 % of the total bank credit in 1996 to 22 . 2 % in 2005 . this consists mainly of housing loans that increased from 2 . 8 % of the bank credit to 11 % over the period . other personal loans comprising loans against fixed deposits , gold loans and unsecured personal loans also rose from 6 . 15 to 10 . 7 percent . in contrast , there has been a sharp decline in the share of lendings to industry . credit to industry as a whole fell from 48 . 8 percent to 38 . 5 percent and for small - scale industries , it fell from 10 . 1 % in 1996 to 4 . 1 % in 2005 .
i . the task force examined the specific issues of rrbs in the ne region . it endorses the recommendations of the committee on financial sector plan for north eastern region , set up under the chairmanship of smt . usha thorat , deputy governor , reserve bank of india . the recommendations relating to rrbs , may be implemented at the earliest so as to strengthen the rural banking infrastructure as the rural cooperative credit structure is poor .
the information relating to public is ported in the bank’s web site from time to time . for details of financial results click : financial results , for information relating to investors click investors , for annual reports click a nnual reports . and for criteria for selection of concurrent auditors click empanelment of audit firms for conducting concurrent audit . the information under section 4 ( 1 ) ( b ) of rti act is updated annually in the month of february .
touted to be a win - win situation for both the parties , it will lead to untagging the rs . 90 crore outstanding loan as a non - performing loan for the bank . for kohinoor mills , this deal with save them from the embarrassment of being tagged a defaulter and put them in a better position to approach other lenders for completion of this project . the realty project will house a hotel along with residential and commercial units once completed .
prof . n . balakrishnan was the chairman of data security council of india and is currently one of its directors . he is also on the board of indian institute of information technology and management , kerala and equitas small finance bank limited . he has also been in the past , a member of the national security advisory board . he was also one of the directors of the bharat electronics limited ( bel ) , and a part - time member of the telecom regulatory authority of india .
2 . 14 the top policy making body of any progressive institution should reflect a fair cross section of the public interest and that of other important stakeholders whose well being is closely linked with the fortunes of that institution . the flavour of times and dictates of public policy demand representation to women in top policy making bodies . a non - institutional minority shareholder or a long - term depositor of a bank is another important stakeholder interested in the fair performance of that bank . similarly , human resources in organisations are no more to be considered liabilities and many organisations with a modern outlook have started accounting them as assets in the annual financial statements . while considering the struggling past of rrbs , notwithstanding the hiccups of occasional agitations and legal battles with banks ' management , sometimes , even on trivial issues , the task force cannot but acknowledge the contributions made by the field personnel in ramping up business volumes . the employees of rrbs are important stakeholders who could hugely influence the fortunes of the institutions .
with a view to increasing the operational efficiency of rrbs , reserve bank of india vide its letter no . rpcd . co . no . rrb . 2584 / 03 . 05 . 33 ( f ) / 2006 - 07 dated 11 september 2006 set up a task force to deliberate on areas where more autonomy could be given to the boards of rrbs , with broad terms of reference and additional areas to be covered . a brief summary of the report including background and important recommendations of the task force , is presented below :
9 . the rrb act , 1976 provides for setting up of committees within the bank or as sub - committee of the board , as may be needed . it is , therefore , suggested that the board of directors of rrb may constitute such committees as may be required by them for efficient operations of the respective banks but they must necessarily have the following committees : ( i ) risk management committee ( ii ) management committee ( iii ) investment , hr and it committee and ( iv ) audit committee ( para 2 . 21 )
24 . credit becomes an effective instrument of development when it is coupled with relevant knowledge inputs . farmers need both technological inputs and commercial information . the former will include soil and water management , agronomical practices , inputs management , organic farming , precision approach , etc . the latter is about demand and supply projection , price discovery , crop diversification , contract farming , organizing producer groups / companies , etc . the bank may arrange both technical and commercial extension services with the help of professional agencies and technology platforms . ( para 4 . 17 )
( i ) extending management support as required by rrbs . ( ii ) nominating its share of members in the board of directors to provide expert and unbiased advice to rrbs . ( iii ) providing funds for which the rrbs may also have the freedom to choose from any bank / financial institutions . ( iv ) providing expert guidance / help in investment related issues for which rrbs may also have the freedom to choose from alternatives , if available from other banks / primary dealers . ( v ) conducting management audit till alternative arrangements are made by the rrbs , themselves .
1 . 21 recently , reserve bank of india has urged all banks to review their practices to promote financial inclusion . they have been advised to open no - frill accounts with minimum balances . new credit delivery models like business correspondents , business facilitators , postal services , etc as well as new technologies are being experimented with so as to reach the unreached customers . there is considerable imbalance in credit deployment by the banking system among many states of the country vis - à - vis the deposits generated therefrom . a comparison between deposits and credit of scheduled commercial banks with nsdp in different states is revealing :
right to information act the government of india has enacted the right to information act 2005 replacing the freedom of information act . in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of any public authority , the act provides the right to citizens to secure access to information of general nature . the public sector banks are
public authorities
for the purposes of this act . information available under the act as far as the banks are concerned the relevant provision that have already come into force are sections 4 ( 1 ) , 5 ( 1 ) & 5 ( 2 ) . the right to information includes an access to the information which is held by or under the control of the bank which comes under public authority and includes the right to inspect the work , document , records , taking notes , extracts or certified copies of documents / records and certified samples of the materials and obtaining information which is also stored in electronic form . the information exempted from disclosure the act provides under sections 8 and 9 , certain categories of information that are exempt from disclosure to the citizens . the public may also refer to the relative sections of the act before submitting a request for information . how to get the information ? any citizen can request for information by making an application in writing or through electronic means to public information officer ( pio ) placed at corporate office , indian bank , 254 - 260 avvai shanmugam salai , royapettah , chennai - 600 014 . it can also be submitted in any of the bank’s branches / zonal offices . citizens can also submit request through online portal by accessing the link urltoken where the rti fees can be paid online and upon submission of the request the requester gets the registration number and can track the application . the application shall be disposed of in accordance with the section 7 of rti act . .


triad is one of the earliest and simplest solutions to the spacecraft attitude determination problem , due to harold black .

black played a key role in the development of the guidance , navigation and control of the u.s. navy 's transit satellite system at johns hopkins applied physics laboratories .

as evident from the literature , triad represents the state of practice in spacecraft attitude determination , well before the advent of the wahba 's problem and its several optimal solutions .

given the knowledge of two vectors in the reference and body coordinates of a satellite , the triad algorithm obtains the direction cosine matrix relating both frames .

covariance analysis for black 's classical solution was subsequently provided by markley .

triad method

the triad approach to decision - making for hazardous waste sites offers a technically defensible methodology for managing decision uncertainty that leverages innovative characterization tools and strategies . the triad refers to three primary components , systematic planning , dynamic work strategies , and real - time measurement systems . if you are unfamiliar with the triad , follow the links to learn more about what makes the triad different from traditional approaches , key triad concepts , requirements for successfully implementing a triad approach , and the benefits one can expect from implementing the triad . an epa publication ,
summary of the triad approach
( pdf , 38 kb ) also provides an excellent synopsis of the triad .
the triad method is a book written for homeopaths , whatever their prescribing style , who are looking for a way to approach complex cases .
using case examples , she explains the triad method and demonstrates how it can be applied in your homeopathic practice , wherever you are working .
differentiating dark triad traits within and across interpersonal circumplex surfaces . - pubmed - ncbi
► the triad method was used for ecological risk assessment of a metal contaminated site . ► the integrated risk was calculated from three lines of evidence ; chemistry , toxicology and ecology . ► the triad was considered appropriate for conducting improved ecological risk assessments .
the triad approach can accelerate project schedules , reduce overall project costs , and improve project outcomes .
together , hegel believes , these characteristics make his dialectical method genuinely scientific . as he says , “the dialectical constitutes the moving soul of scientific progression” ( el remark to §81 ) . he acknowledges that a description of the method can be more or less complete and detailed , but because the method or progression is driven only by the subject matter itself , this dialectical method is the “only true method” ( sl - m 54 ; sl - dg 33 ) .
in the triad method she tells her story of setting up the maun homeopathy project clinics , describes her experience of treating people there and how she developed a way of prescribing that addresses the different layers of ill health and suffering she perceived .
the triad manages hazardous waste site decision - making uncertainty through systematic planning , dynamic work strategies , and real - time measurement technologies .
• these cognitions cause distortions in the way we see things ; ellis suggested it is through irrational thinking , while beck proposed the cognitive triad .
• rebt uses different methods depending on the personality of the client , in beck’s cognitive therapy , the method is based upon the particular disorder .
overview : triad is a very unique tool that allows surveyors to best fit a map , deed or coordinate system to an unlimited number of known points in considerably less time than any other method . triad will perform an analysis of all points common to two coordinate systems accurately , easily and quickly . the more points in a solution , the better it works . triad is a powerful program that is simple to learn , organizes and documents the process of analyzing a survey retracement . the surveyor can focus on professional judgment , not the tedious task of crunching numbers and comparing record verses measured data . the results are summarized with statistics .
recent discussions surrounding the dark triad ( narcissism , psychopathy , and machiavellianism ) have centered on areas of distinctiveness and overlap . given that interpersonal dysfunction is a core feature of dark triad traits , the current study uses self - report data from 562 undergraduate students to examine the interpersonal characteristics associated with narcissism , psychopathy , and machiavellianism on four interpersonal circumplex ( ipc ) surfaces . the distinctiveness of these characteristics was examined using a novel bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters . results suggest that dark triad traits exhibit distinct structural summary method parameters with narcissism characterized by high dominance , psychopathy characterized by a blend of high dominance and low affiliation , and machiavellianism characterized by low affiliation on the problems , values , and efficacies ipc surfaces . additionally , there was some heterogeneity in findings for different measures of psychopathy . gender differences in structural summary parameters were examined , finding similar parameter values despite mean - level differences in dark triad traits . finally , interpersonal information was integrated across different ipc surfaces to create profiles associated with each dark triad trait and to provide a more in - depth portrait of associated interpersonal dynamics .
there are a number of factors ( e . g . , appropriate qa / qc , flexible contracting , stakeholder concurrence , etc . ) that contribute to successful triad implementations .
v . a . terekhova , m . a . pukalchik , and a . s . yakovlev , “the triad approach to ecological assessment of urban soils , ” eurasian soil sci .
technological advances in field analytical methods combined with experiences gained from historical hazardous waste site cleanup work have led to the epa ' s triad approach to hazardous waste site characterization , remediation , and closure .
knowledge of the genetic relatedness among individuals is essential in diverse research areas such as behavioural ecology , conservation biology , quantitative genetics and forensics . how to estimate relatedness accurately from genetic marker information has been explored recently by many methodological studies . in this investigation i propose a new likelihood method that uses the genotypes of a triad of individuals in estimating pairwise relatedness ( r ) . the idea is to use a third individual as a control ( reference ) in estimating the r between two other individuals , thus reducing the chance of genes identical in state being mistakenly inferred as identical by descent . the new method allows for inbreeding and accounts for genotype errors in data . analyses of both simulated and human microsatellite and snp datasets show that the quality of r estimates ( measured by the root mean squared error , rmse ) is generally improved substantially by the new triadic likelihood method ( tl ) over the dyadic likelihood method and five moment estimators . simulations also show that genotyping errors / mutations , when ignored , result in underestimates of r for related dyads , and that incorporating a model of typing errors in the tl method improves r estimates for highly related dyads but impairs those for loosely related or unrelated dyads . the effects of inbreeding were also investigated through simulations . it is concluded that , because most dyads in a natural population are unrelated or only loosely related , the overall performance of the new triadic likelihood method is the best , offering r estimates with a rmse that is substantially smaller than the five commonly used moment estimators and the dyadic likelihood method .
forster , michael , 1993 , “hegel’s dialectical method” , in the cambridge companion to hegel , frederick c . beiser ( ed . ) , cambridge : cambridge university press , pp . 130–170 .
summary : triad is used when it is necessary to relate different coordinate systems with two or more points in common . triad provides a rigorous approach for an accurate conversion of local coordinates to a different system or , state plane coordinates from nad27 to nad83 . for control surveys , use it to compare the new measured positions with previous coordinates to get
tied - in
to an existing survey instantly with confidence based on the residuals listed for each point in the solution . use it to estimate the compass and chain index necessary for retracement of ancient glo surveys . in gis applications , it is great for hooking record maps together to build a mosaic . triad has been in wide use in the us and around the world since 1991 . developed by a gps / gnss consultant , geodesist and licensed boundary surveyor with over 30 years ' experience . there is no exaggeration to the statement that an analysis performed with triad will accomplish in seconds , what otherwise can take hours ! .
fifth , because the determination in the speculative moment grasps the unity of the first two moments , hegel’s dialectical method leads to concepts or forms that are increasingly comprehensive and universal . as hegel puts it , the result of the dialectical process
winfield , richard dien , 1990 , “the method of hegel’s science of logic ” , in essays on hegel’s logic , george di giovanni ( ed . ) , albany , ny : state university of new york , pp . 45–57 .
worries that hegel’s arguments fail to fit his account of dialectics have led some interpreters to conclude that his method is arbitrary or that his works have no single dialectical method at all ( findlay 1962 : 93 ; solomon 1983 : 21 ) . these interpreters reject the idea that there is any logical necessity to the moves from stage to stage . “ [ t ] he important point to make here , and again and again” , robert c . solomon writes , for instance ,
the cognitive triad are three forms of negative ( i . e helpless and critical ) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression : namely negative thoughts about the self , the world and the future . these thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred spontaneously .
the displacement equations for trials with motion generation and prescribed timing capabilities are developed and cast in polynomial forms . these equations are solved for five precision points using a continuation method . a detailed description of the method used to generate the solution curves is provided in the paper . two infinities of solutions can be obtained for the problem under consideration as we are solving four equations in six unknowns . the solution procedure discussed is applied to synthesize a four - bar function generating mechanisms and a six - bar mechanism .
subbian tt , flugrad dr , jr . . five position triad synthesis with applications to four - and six - bar mechanisms . asme . j . mech . des . 1993 ; 115 ( 2 ) : 262 - 268 . doi : 10 . 1115 / 1 . 2919186 .
the data on the pollutant content , ecological toxicity , and structural and functional specifics of soil microbial communities in urbanozem sampled in the city of kirov were used to describe the remediation effect of humic substances ( lignohumate and nanomagnetitohumate ) . the integral index of environmental risk on contaminated and background soil sites was calculated using the triad method . based on varying chemical risk index , ecotoxicological risk index , and ecological risk index , this method proved that humic substances are able to reduce ecological toxicity and transform the ecophysiological indices of biota in urban soils . the most vivid effect of humic products has been revealed on introduction of 0 . 0025 and 0 . 01 % mass . the biological activity of nanomagnetitohumate and lignohumate , rather than their ability to bind toxicants , is apparently the principal factor controlling their remediating effect .
this volume presents recent advances in the field of matrix analysis based on contributions at the mat - triad 2015 conference . topics covered include interval linear algebra and computational complexity , birkhoff polynomial basis , tensors , graphs , linear pencils , k - theory and statistic inference , showing the ubiquity of matrices in different mathematical areas .
error trapping : the preference in retracing another survey is to quickly identify acceptable monuments . a unique feature of triad is its optimized blunder detection routine . this routine will instantaneously identify individual points contributing the greatest errors when fitting one system of coordinates with common points to another . simply remove the unacceptable points to obtain the best solution .
when i started visiting botswana and set up the maun homeopathy project in 2002 i faced the challenge of treating people living with hiv and aids . there i developed the “triad method of prescribing” which addresses three main layers of health to give as much homeopathic healing support as possible to clients who were struggling with a life - threatening condition . this approach does not attempt to cure hiv or aids but rather aims to support the individual living with the many stresses of this debilitating disease . the maun homeopathy project has now been running for 10 years and along with the other volunteer homeopaths we have treated over 3 , 000 people there .
lauer warns us against dismissing the idea that there is any implication or necessity in hegel’s method at all ( lauer 1976 : 3 ) . ( other scholars who also believe there is a logical necessity to the dialectics of the phenomenology include hyppolite 1974 : 78–9 and h . s . harris 1997 : xii . )
there are several features of this account that hegel thinks raise his dialectical method above the arbitrariness of plato’s dialectics to the level of a genuine science . first , because the determinations in the moment of understanding sublate themselves , hegel’s dialectics does not require some new idea to show up arbitrarily . instead , the movement to new determinations is driven by the nature of the earlier determinations . indeed , for hegel , the movement is driven by necessity ( see , e . g . , el remarks to §§12 , 42 , 81 , 87 , 88 ) . the nature of the determinations themselves drives or forces them to pass into their opposites . this sense of necessity —the idea that the method involves being forced from earlier moments to later ones—leads hegel to regard his dialectics as a kind of logic . as he says in the phenomenology , the method’s “proper exposition belongs to logic” ( phg §48 ) . necessity—the sense of being driven or forced to conclusions—is the hallmark of “logic” in western philosophy .
a . dagnino , s . sforzini , f . dondero , s . fenoglio , e . bona , j . jensen , and a . viarengo , “a “weight - of - evidence” approach for the integration of environmental “triad” data to assess ecological risk and biological vulnerability , ” integr . environ . assess . manage . , no . 4 , 314–326 ( 2008 ) .
strengthened by my experience in botswana i started to use the triad method of prescribing for my clients in the uk . with this method i specialise in treating people with complex health issues for example layers including a chronic physical health problem , stress / emotional trauma and / or a history of taking conventional medications . in essence three remedies are given at each consultation to address three main layers of your health . the first layer is your main complaint , the most acute problem that is bothering you . the second layer is the whole picture of your health including any stresses and mood or emotional imbalances – this is known as the ‘constitutional’ or ‘fundamental’ layer and is the only prescription that classical homeopaths make . the third layer is the miasmatic layer . miasms are an aspect of homeopathic philosophy which explains why we are susceptible to particular illnesses or diseases . they are mostly inherited susceptibilities so in your consultation i will ask about your family medical history to gain an overview of which miasms need addressing . the miasmatic prescription underpins the other two prescriptions as well as aiming to strengthen your core health and vitality – your
with a greater focus on soil protection in the eu , the need for ecological risk assessment tools for cost - effective characterization of site contamination is increasing . one of the challenges in assessing the risk of soil contaminants is to accurately account for changes in mobility of contaminants over time , as a result of ageing . improved tools for measuring the bioavailable and mobile fraction of contaminants is therefore highly desirable . in this study the triad method was used to perform a risk characterization of a former surface treatment and metal industry in eskilstuna , sweden . the risk assessment confirmed the environmental risk of the most heavily contaminated sample and showed that the toxic effect was most likely caused by high metal concentrations . the assessment of the two soil samples with low to moderate metal contamination levels was more complex , as there was a higher deviation between the results from the three lines of evidence ; chemistry , ( eco ) toxicology and ecology . for the slightly less contaminated sample of the two , a weighting of the results from the ecotoxicological loe would be recommended in order to accurately determine the risk of the metal contamination at the sampling site as the toxic effect detected in the microtox ® test and ostracodtoxkit™ test was more likely to be due to oil contamination . the soil sample with higher total metal concentrations requires further ecotoxicological testing , as the integrated risk value indicated an environmental risk from metal contamination . the applied methodology , the triad method , is considered appropriate for conducting improved environmental risk assessments in order to achieve sustainable remediation processes .
“hegel’s dialectics” refers to the particular dialectical method of argument employed by the 19th century german philosopher , g . w . f . hegel ( see entry on hegel ) , which , like other “dialectical” methods , relies on a contradictory process between opposing sides . whereas plato’s “opposing sides” were people ( socrates and his interlocutors ) , however , what the “opposing sides” are in hegel’s work depends on the subject matter he discusses . in his work on logic , for instance , the “opposing sides” are different definitions of logical concepts that are opposed to one another . in the phenomenology of spirit , which presents hegel’s epistemology or philosophy of knowledge , the “opposing sides” are different definitions of consciousness and of the object that consciousness is aware of or claims to know . as in plato’s dialogues , a contradictory process between “opposing sides” in hegel’s dialectics leads to a linear evolution or development from less sophisticated definitions or views to more sophisticated ones later . the dialectical process thus constitutes hegel’s method for arguing against the earlier , less sophisticated definitions or views and for the more sophisticated ones later . hegel regarded this dialectical method or “speculative mode of cognition” ( pr §10 ) as the hallmark of his philosophy , and used the same method in the phenomenology of spirit [ phg ] , as well as in all of the mature works he published later—the entire encyclopaedia of philosophical sciences ( including , as its first part , the “lesser logic” or the encyclopaedia logic [ el ] ) , the science of logic [ sl ] , and the philosophy of right [ pr ] .
other sections of hegel’s philosophy do not fit the triadic , textbook example of being - nothing - becoming at all , as even interpreters who have supported the traditional reading of hegel’s dialectics have noted . after using the being - nothing - becoming example to argue that hegel’s dialectical method consists of “triads” whose members “are called the thesis , antithesis , synthesis” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 93 ) , w . t . stace , for instance , goes on to warn us that hegel does not succeed in applying this pattern throughout the philosophical system . it is hard to see , stace says , how the middle term of some of hegel’s triads are the opposites or antitheses of the first term , “and there are even ‘triads’ which contain four terms ! ” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 97 ) . as a matter of fact , one section of hegel’s logic—the section on cognition—violates the thesis - antithesis - synthesis pattern because it has only two sub - divisions , rather than three . “the triad is incomplete” , stace complains . “there is no third . hegel here abandons the triadic method . nor is any explanation of his having done so forthcoming” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 286 ; cf . mctaggart 1964 [ 1910 ] : 292 ) .
typical boundary re - tracement application : it is a well - known principal that the intent of a boundary retracement is to re - establish the lines and corners of a prior survey in their most probable original locations . a common method of analysis uses coordinates to compute the inverses or connections between found monuments and compare the inversed bearings and distances with the corresponding inverses on a plat or map . if the inverses are consistent in rotation and distance then those monuments may be acceptable for re - establishing the boundary . this process becomes more difficult to organize and quantify as the number of points increase . for example , four points have six possible inverses . eight points have 28 , doubling to 56 inverses when comparing the map points with the field points . the time spent analyzing found monuments in this way is time consuming and costly . triad is a productive and efficient solution for handling this problem .
so far , we have seen how hegel describes his dialectical method , but we have yet to see how we might read this method into the arguments he offers in his works . scholars often use the first three stages of the logic as the “textbook example” ( forster 1993 : 133 ) to illustrate how hegel’s dialectical method should be applied to his arguments . the logic begins with the simple and immediate concept of pure being , which is said to illustrate the moment of the understanding . we can think of being here as a concept of pure presence . it is not mediated by any other concept—or is not defined in relation to any other concept—and so is undetermined or has no further determination ( el §86 ; sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) . it asserts bare presence , but what that presence is like has no further determination . because the thought of pure being is undetermined and so is a pure abstraction , however , it is really no different from the assertion of pure negation or the absolutely negative ( el §87 ) . it is therefore equally a nothing ( sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) . being’s lack of determination thus leads it to sublate itself and pass into the concept of nothing ( el §87 ; sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) , which illustrates the dialectical moment .
note that , while hegel was clearly influenced by fichte’s work , he never adopted fichte’s triadic “thesis—antithesis—synthesis” language in his descriptions of his own philosophy ( mueller 1958 : 411–2 ; solomon 1983 : 23 ) , though he did apparently use it in his lectures to describe kant’s philosophy ( lhp iii : 477 ) . indeed , hegel criticized formalistic uses of the method of “ triplicity [ triplizität ] ” ( phg §50 ; alternative translation ) inspired by kant—a criticism that could well have been aimed at fichte . hegel argued that kantian - inspired uses of triadic form had been reduced to “a lifeless schema” and “an actual semblance [ eigentlichen scheinen ] ” ( phg §50 ; alternative translation ) that , like a formula in mathematics , was simply imposed on top of subject matters . instead , a properly scientific use of kant’s “triplicity” should flow—as he said his own dialectical method did ( see section 1 ) —out of “the inner life and self - movement” ( phg §51 ) of the content .
since the analytical method leads to oppositions or contradictions , he argued , if we use only analytic judgments , “we not only do not get very far , as kant says ; we do not get anywhere at all” ( the science of knowledge , i : 113 ; fichte 1982 : 112 ) . without the synthetic concepts or judgments , we are left , as the classic reductio ad absurdum argument suggests , with nothing at all . the synthetic concepts or judgments are thus necessary to get beyond contradiction without leaving us with nothing .
how it works : triad works by determining the four parameters of a two - dimensional transformation : rotation , scale and translation . these are solved simultaneously by best fitting the points in one coordinate system to the same points in a second coordinate system . the points in the first system are treated like a figure , the angular relationship between points is retained while the figure is scaled , rotated and shifted to best fit all the points in the second system . new coordinates can be computed for the boundary based on a best fit of all acceptable monuments . alternately , if one prefers , the two best points can be fixed . a summary report is created for the job file .
but why does hegel come to define reason in terms of dialectics , and hence adopt a dialectical method ? we can begin to see what drove hegel to adopt a dialectical method by returning once again to plato’s philosophy . plato argued that we can have knowledge of the world only by grasping the forms , which are perfectly universal , rational concepts or ideas . because things in the world are so imperfect , however , plato concluded that the forms are not in this world , but in a realm of their own . after all , if a human being were perfectly beautiful , for instance , then he or she would never become not - beautiful . but human beings change , get old , and die , and so can be , at best , imperfect copies of the form of beauty—though they get whatever beauty they have by participating in that form . moreover , for plato , things in the world are such imperfect copies that we cannot gain knowledge of the forms by studying things in the world , but only through reason , that is , only by using our rationality to access the separate realm of the forms ( as plato argued in the well - known parable of the cave ; republic , book 7 , 514–516b ) .
hegel provides the most extensive , general account of his dialectical method in part i of his encyclopaedia of philosophical sciences , which is often called the encyclopaedia logic [ el ] . the form or presentation of logic , he says , has three sides or moments ( el §79 ) . these sides are not parts of logic , but , rather , moments of “every logical concept” , as well as “of everything true in general” ( el remark to §79 ; we will see why hegel thought dialectics is in everything in section 4 ) . the first moment—the moment of the understanding—is the moment of fixity , in which concepts or forms have a seemingly stable definition or determination ( el §80 ) .
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interpreters have offered various solutions to the complaint that hegel’s dialectics sometimes seems to violate the triadic form . some scholars apply the triadic form fairly loosely across several stages ( e . g . burbidge 1981 : 43–5 ; taylor 1975 : 229–30 ) . others have applied hegel’s triadic method to whole sections of his philosophy , rather than to individual stages . for g . r . g . mure , for instance , the section on cognition fits neatly into a triadic , thesis - antithesis - synthesis account of dialectics because the whole section is itself the antithesis of the previous section of hegel’s logic , the section on life ( mure 1950 : 270 ) . mure argues that hegel’s triadic form is easier to discern the more broadly we apply it . “the triadic form appears on many scales” , he says , “and the larger the scale we consider the more obvious it is” ( mure 1950 : 302 ) .
note that , although hegel acknowledged that his dialectical method was part of a philosophical tradition stretching back to plato , he criticized plato’s version of dialectics . he argued that plato’s dialectics deals only with limited philosophical claims and is unable to get beyond skepticism or nothingness ( sl - m 55–6 ; sl - dg 34–5 ; pr , remark to §31 ) . according to the logic of a traditional reductio ad absurdum argument , if the premises of an argument lead to a contradiction , we must conclude that the premises are false—which leaves us with no premises or with nothing . we must then wait around for new premises to spring up arbitrarily from somewhere else , and then see whether those new premises put us back into nothingness or emptiness once again , if they , too , lead to a contradiction . because hegel believed that reason necessarily generates contradictions , as we will see , he thought new premises will indeed produce further contradictions . as he puts the argument , then ,
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“dialectics” is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides . in what is perhaps the most classic version of “dialectics” , the ancient greek philosopher , plato ( see entry on plato ) , for instance , presented his philosophical argument as a back - and - forth dialogue or debate , generally between the character of socrates , on one side , and some person or group of people to whom socrates was talking ( his interlocutors ) , on the other . in the course of the dialogues , socrates’ interlocutors propose definitions of philosophical concepts or express views that socrates challenges or opposes . the back - and - forth debate between opposing sides produces a kind of linear progression or evolution in philosophical views or positions : as the dialogues go along , socrates’ interlocutors change or refine their views in response to socrates’ challenges and come to adopt more sophisticated views . the back - and - forth dialectic between socrates and his interlocutors thus becomes plato’s way of arguing against the earlier , less sophisticated views or positions and for the more sophisticated ones later .
two further journeys into the history of philosophy will help to show why hegel chose dialectics as his method of argument . as we saw , hegel argues against kant’s skepticism by suggesting that reason is not only in our heads , but in the world itself . to show that reason is in the world itself , however , hegel has to show that reason can be what it is without us human beings to help it . he has to show that reason can develop on its own , and does not need us to do the developing for it ( at least for those things in the world that are not human - created ) . as we saw ( cf . section 1 ) , central to hegel’s dialectics is the idea that concepts or forms develop on their own because they “self - sublate” , or sublate ( cancel and preserve ) themselves , and so pass into subsequent concepts or forms on their own accounts , because of their own , dialectical natures . thus reason , as it were , drives itself , and hence does not need our heads to develop it . hegel needs an account of self - driving reason to get beyond kant’s skepticism .
these sorts of considerations have led some scholars to interpret hegel’s dialectics in a way that is implied by a more literal reading of his claim , in the encyclopaedia logic , that the three “sides” of the form of logic—namely , the moment of understanding , the dialectical moment , and the speculative moment—“are moments of each [ or every ; jedes ] logically - real , that is each [ or every ; jedes ] concept” ( el remark to §79 ; this is an alternative translation ) . the quotation suggests that each concept goes through all three moments of the dialectical process—a suggestion reinforced by hegel’s claim , in the phenomenology , that the result of the process of determinate negation is that “a new form has thereby immediately arisen” ( phg §79 ) . according to this interpretation , the three “sides” are not three different concepts or forms that are related to one another in a triad—as the textbook being - nothing - becoming example suggests—but rather different momentary sides or “determinations” in the life , so to speak , of each concept or form as it transitions to the next one . the three moments thus involve only two concepts or forms : the one that comes first , and the one that comes next ( examples of philosophers who interpret hegel’s dialectics in this second way include maybee 2009 ; rosen 2014 : 122 , 132 ; and winfield 1990 : 56 ) .
the second moment—the “ dialectical ” ( el §§79 , 81 ) or “ negatively rational ” ( el §79 ) moment—is the moment of instability . in this moment , a one - sidedness or restrictedness ( el remark to §81 ) in the determination from the moment of understanding comes to the fore , and the determination that was fixed in the first moment passes into its opposite ( el §81 ) . hegel describes this process as a process of “self - sublation” ( el §81 ) . the english verb “to sublate” translates hegel’s technical use of the german verb aufheben , which is a crucial concept in his dialectical method . hegel says that aufheben has a doubled meaning : it means both to cancel ( or negate ) and to preserve at the same time ( phg §113 ; sl - m 107 ; sl - dg 81–2 ; cf . el the addition to §95 ) . the moment of understanding sublates itself because its own character or nature—its one - sidedness or restrictedness—destabilizes its definition and leads it to pass into its opposite . the dialectical moment thus involves a process of self - sublation , or a process in which the determination from the moment of understanding sublates itself , or both cancels and preserves itself , as it pushes on to or passes into its opposite .
fichte’s account of the synthetic method provides hegel with the key to moving beyond kant . fichte suggested that a synthetic concept that unifies the results of a dialectically - generated contradiction does not completely cancel the contradictory sides , but only limits them . as he said , in general , “ [ t ] o limit something is to abolish its reality , not wholly , but in part only” ( the science of knowledge , i : 108 ; fichte 1982 : 108 ) . instead of concluding , as a reductio ad absurdum requires , that the two sides of a contradiction must be dismissed altogether , the synthetic concept or judgment retroactively justifies the opposing sides by demonstrating their limit , by showing which part of reality they attach to and which they do not ( the science of knowledge , i : 108–10 ; fichte 1982 : 108–9 ) , or by determining in what respect and to what degree they are each true . for hegel , as we saw ( cf . section 1 ) , later concepts and forms sublate—both cancel and preserve —earlier concepts and forms in the sense that they include earlier concepts and forms in their own definitions . from the point of view of the later concepts or forms , the earlier ones still have some validity , that is , they have a limited validity or truth defined by the higher - level concept or form .
we must be careful , however , not to apply this textbook example too dogmatically to the rest of hegel’s logic or to his dialectical method more generally ( for a classic criticism of the thesis - antithesis - synthesis reading of hegel’s dialectics , see mueller 1958 ) . there are other places where this general pattern might describe some of the transitions from stage to stage , but there are many more places where the development does not seem to fit this pattern very well . one place where the pattern seems to hold , for instance , is where the measure ( el §107 ) —as the combination of quality and quantity—transitions into the measureless ( el §107 ) , which is opposed to it , which then in turn transitions into essence , which is the unity or combination of the two earlier sides ( el §111 ) . this series of transitions could be said to follow the general pattern captured by the “textbook example” : measure would be the moment of the understanding or thesis , the measureless would be the dialectical moment or antithesis , and essence would be the speculative moment or synthesis that unifies the two earlier moments . however , before the transition to essence takes place , the measureless itself is redefined as a measure ( el §109 ) —undercutting a precise parallel with the textbook being - nothing - becoming example , since the transition from measure to essence would not follow a measure - measureless - essence pattern , but rather a measure - ( measureless ? ) - measure - essence pattern .
scholars who interpret hegel’s description of dialectics on a smaller scale—as an account of how to get from stage to stage—have also tried to explain why some sections seem to violate the triadic form . j . n . findlay , for instance—who , like stace , associates dialectics “with the triad , or with triplicity ”—argues that stages can fit into that form in “more than one sense” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . the first sense of triplicity echoes the textbook , being - nothing - becoming example . in a second sense , however , findlay says , the dialectical moment or “contradictory breakdown” is not itself a separate stage , or “does not count as one of the stages” , but is a transition between opposed , “but complementary” , abstract stages that “are developed more or less concurrently” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . this second sort of triplicity could involve any number of stages : it “could readily have been expanded into a quadruplicity , a quintuplicity and so forth” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . still , like stace , he goes on to complain that many of the transitions in hegel’s philosophy do not seem to fit the triadic pattern very well . in some triads , the second term is “the direct and obvious contrary of the first”—as in the case of being and nothing . in other cases , however , the opposition is , as findlay puts it , “of a much less extreme character” ( findlay 1962 : 69 ) . in some triads , the third term obviously mediates between the first two terms . in other cases , however , he says , the third term is just one possible mediator or unity among other possible ones ; and , in yet other cases , “the reconciling functions of the third member are not at all obvious” ( findlay 1962 : 70 ) .
although the speculative moment negates the contradiction , it is a determinate or defined nothingness because it is the result of a specific process . there is something particular about the determination in the moment of understanding—a specific weakness , or some specific aspect that was ignored in its one - sidedness or restrictedness—that leads it to fall apart in the dialectical moment . the speculative moment has a definition , determination or content because it grows out of and unifies the particular character of those earlier determinations , or is “a unity of distinct determinations ” ( el §82 ) . the speculative moment is thus “truly not empty , abstract nothing , but the negation of certain determinations ” ( el §82 ) . when the result “is taken as the result of that from which it emerges” , hegel says , then it is “in fact , the true result ; in that case it is itself a determinate nothingness , one which has a content” ( phg §79 ) . as he also puts it , “the result is conceived as it is in truth , namely , as a determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] ; a new form has thereby immediately arisen” ( phg §79 ) . or , as he says , “ [ b ] ecause the result , the negation , is a determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] , it has a content ” ( sl - dg 33 ; cf . sl - m 54 ) . hegel’s claim in both the phenomenology and the science of logic that his philosophy relies on a process of “ determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] ” has sometimes led scholars to describe his dialectics as a method or doctrine of “determinate negation” ( see entry on hegel , section on science of logic ; cf . rosen 1982 : 30 ; stewart 1996 , 2000 : 41–3 ; winfield 1990 : 56 ) .
we can begin to see why hegel was motivated to use a dialectical method by examining the project he set for himself , particularly in relation to the work of david hume and immanuel kant ( see entries on hume and kant ) . hume had argued against what we can think of as the naïve view of how we come to have scientific knowledge . according to the naïve view , we gain knowledge of the world by using our senses to pull the world into our heads , so to speak . although we may have to use careful observations and do experiments , our knowledge of the world is basically a mirror or copy of what the world is like . hume argued , however , that naïve science’s claim that our knowledge corresponds to or copies what the world is like does not work . take the scientific concept of cause , for instance . according to that concept of cause , to say that one event causes another is to say that there is a necessary connection between the first event ( the cause ) and the second event ( the effect ) , such that , when the first event happens , the second event must also happen . according to naïve science , when we claim ( or know ) that some event causes some other event , our claim mirrors or copies what the world is like . it follows that the necessary , causal connection between the two events must itself be out there in the world . however , hume argued , we never observe any such necessary causal connection in our experience of the world , nor can we infer that one exists based on our reasoning ( see hume’s a treatise of human nature , book i , section ii ; enquiry concerning human understanding , §6 ) . there is nothing in the world itself that our idea of cause mirrors or copies .
the work of johann gottlieb fichte ( see entry on fichte ) showed hegel how dialectics can get beyond kant—beyond the contradictions that , as kant had shown , reason ( necessarily ) develops on its own , beyond the reductio ad absurdum argument ( which , as we saw above , holds that a contradiction leads to nothingness ) , and beyond kant’s skepticism , or kant’s claim that reason’s contradictions must be reined in by the understanding and cannot count as knowledge . fichte argued that the task of discovering the foundation of all human knowledge leads to a contradiction or opposition between the self and the not - self ( it is not important , for our purposes , why fichte held this view ) . the kind of reasoning that leads to this contradiction , fichte said , is the analytical or antithetical method of reasoning , which involves drawing out an opposition between elements ( in this case , the self and not - self ) that are being compared to , or equated with , one another . while the traditional reductio ad absurdum argument would lead us to reject both sides of the contradiction and start from scratch , fichte argued that the contradiction or opposition between the self and not - self can be resolved . in particular , the contradiction is resolved by positing a third concept—the concept of divisibility—which unites the two sides ( the science of knowledge , i : 110–11 ; fichte 1982 : 108–110 ) . the concept of divisibility is produced by a synthetic procedure of reasoning , which involves “discovering in opposites the respect in which they are alike ” ( the science of knowledge , i : 112–13 ; fichte 1982 : 111 ) . indeed , fichte argued , not only is the move to resolve contradictions with synthetic concepts or judgments possible , it is necessary . as he says of the move from the contradiction between self and not - self to the synthetic concept of divisibility ,
notice , however , that plato’s conclusion that the forms cannot be in this world and so must be exiled to a separate realm rests on two claims . first , it rests on the claim that the world is an imperfect and messy place—a claim that is hard to deny . but it also rests on the assumption that the forms—the universal , rational concepts or ideas of reason itself—are static and fixed , and so cannot grasp the messiness within the imperfect world . hegel is able to link reason back to our messy world by changing the definition of reason . instead of saying that reason consists of static universals , concepts or ideas , hegel says that the universal concepts or forms are themselves messy . against plato , hegel’s dialectical method allows him to argue that universal concepts can “overgrasp” ( from the german verb übergreifen ) the messy , dialectical nature of the world because they , themselves , are dialectical . moreover , because later concepts build on or sublate ( cancel , but also preserve ) earlier concepts , the later , more universal concepts grasp the dialectical processes of earlier concepts . as a result , higher - level concepts can grasp not only the dialectical nature of earlier concepts or forms , but also the dialectical processes that make the world itself a messy place . the highest definition of the concept of beauty , for instance , would not take beauty to be fixed and static , but would include within it the dialectical nature or finiteness of beauty , the idea that beauty becomes , on its own account , not - beauty . this dialectical understanding of the concept of beauty can then overgrasp the dialectical and finite nature of beauty in the world , and hence the truth that , in the world , beautiful things themselves become not - beautiful , or might be beautiful in one respect and not another . similarly , the highest determination of the concept of “tree” will include within its definition the dialectical process of development and change from seed to sapling to tree . as hegel says , dialectics is “the principle of all natural and spiritual life” ( sl - m 56 ; sl - dg 35 ) , or “the moving soul of scientific progression” ( el §81 ) . dialectics is what drives the development of both reason as well as of things in the world . a dialectical reason can overgrasp a dialectical world .
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