perpendicular recording ( or perpendicular magnetic recording , pmr ) is a technology for data recording on hard disks .

it was first proven advantageous in 1976 by shun-ichi iwasaki , then professor of the tohoku university in japan , and first commercially implemented in 2005 .

the first industry-standard demonstration showing unprecedented advantage of pmr over longitudinal magnetic recording ( lmr ) at nanoscale dimensions was made in 1998 at ibm almaden research center in collaboration with researchers of data storage systems center ( dssc ) – a national science foundation ( nsf ) engineering research center ( ercs ) at carnegie mellon university ( cmu ) .

perpendicular recording

fig . 1 illustrates an example perpendicular magnetic recording system 100 . the perpendicular magnetic recording system 100 includes a read / write head 102 , which generates a magnetic field perpendicular to a perpendicular magnetic recording stack 104 .
a book on perpendicular recording is recently published by kluwer academic press : s . khizroev and d . litvinov “perpendicular magnetic recording” , 2004
perpendicular recording : a new approach to writing on magnetic media that aligns bits vertically , perpendicular . . .
on next page we will explain how perpendicular recording works and we will compare it to longitudinal recording .
reproduced voltage versus linear bit density characteristics for perpendicular magnetic recording with various recording layer thickness , δ .
fig . 1 is a schematic representation of a perpendicular magnetic recording system with a prior art patterned perpendicular medium .
perpendicular recording is a method of recording data to a hard disk drive ( hdd ) . perpendicular recording aligns data bits vertically — perpendicular to the disk , which allows for additional room on a disk to pack more data , thus , enabling higher recording densities . contrast with longitudinal recording .
perpendicular magnetic recording systems , such as systems including a perpendicular recording head and a perpendicular magnetic recording stack with a coupled granular / continuous ( cgc ) structure having a dual continuous layer , can exhibit ultra high density recording capability resulting in an increased storage capacity .
the above analysis of both the tilted perpendicular recording and the perpendicular recording based on micromagnetic simulations suggests that , the tilted perpendicular recording system can significantly increase the medium thermal stability as compared to both the longitudinal and the perpendicular recording . for example , a possible gain in stability from 50 % to about 100 % may be achieved over the perpendicular recording . a feasible smaller transition parameter and a larger snr can be achieved in the tilted perpendicular recording than the perpendicular recording . an almost instantaneous switching in the tilted medium is obtained in the tilted perpendicular recording . this switching may be used to achieve a data rate above 2 ghz . the tilted recording system has much less fringing problem as compared to both the longitudinal and the perpendicular recording .
the perpendicular recording system is suitable for high density recording because of the strong magnetic coupling between neighboring magnetic bits .
the invention is also a magnetic recording disk drive that incorporates the above - described patterned perpendicular magnetic recording disk .
fig . 2 illustrates an example perpendicular magnetic recording stack having a dual continuous layer .
4 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , wherein the interlayer comprises ru .
information may be stored on a perpendicular magnetic recording stack . such information may be written to and / or read from the perpendicular magnetic recording stack using a read / write head .
considering the evolution to the novel perpendicular magnetic recording , i particularly examined the complementary relation to conventional longitudinal recording , which is the complementary nature between the two recording modes .
perpendicular ( solid lines ) and in - plane ( broken lines ) hysteresis curves of co - cr perpendicular recording media with various cr contents .
year - by - year trend of the number of papers related to perpendicular magnetic recording for journals of the ieee magnetics society , and for the perpendicular magnetic recording conference ( pmrc ) .
the present tapered write head designs and the tilted perpendicular recording media are in part based on recognition of certain technical limitations of the in longitudinal and perpendicular recording systems with conventional write heads .
the following sections first describe examples of tapered single pole write heads and titled perpendicular recording media . next , certain limitations of longitudinal and perpendicular recording systems with conventional write heads are discussed to illustrate some of the advantages and benefits of the combinations of the tapered single pole write heads and titled perpendicular recording media . in addition , various designs of tapered single pole write heads are described . such tapered single pole write heads may be used with various perpendicular recoding media including the tilted perpendicular recording media as illustrated in the specific examples in this application and non - tilted perpendicular recording media such as various perpendicular recording media .
flux flow in a double - layered perpendicular magnetic recording medium . horseshoe - shaped bits are formed with the perpendicular and in - plane anisotropy films .
3 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic layer comprises cocrpt .
however , as the perpendicular recording components were developed , numerous disadvantages were discovered . here is a list of some of the disadvantages of the perpendicular system :
in a perpendicular recording media , magnetization is formed easily in a direction perpendicular to the surface of a magnetic medium such that bits stand up and be perpendicular to surface , resulting from perpendicular anisotropy in the magnetic recording layer . on the other hand , in a longitudinal recording media , magnetization is formed in a direction in a plane parallel to the surface of the magnetic recording layer , resulting from longitudinal anisotropy in the magnetic recording layer .
fig . 5 shows simulation results of the a m - h loop for typical perpendicular recording media .
due to at lest the above reasons , the thermal stability is a problematic in the perpendicular recording .
5 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , wherein the interlayer comprises and metal oxide .
fig . 3 illustrates example operations for manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording stack having a dual continuous layer .
the long argument between longitudinal and perpendicular recording was settled at last . it can be said that it was a moment at which the true value of perpendicular magnetic recording was recognized for the first time widely and to a great degree . for this very reason , the strong impetus for development of perpendicular recording resumed .
perpendicular recording is the hard drive industry ' s answer to the superparamagnetic effect . as its name implies , perpendicular recording aligns bits vertically—perpendicular to the disk surface . this recording method allows drive manufacturers to increase a disc ' s areal density without shrinking bits to a point where they become vulnerable to the superparamagnetic effect .
fig . 2 illustrates an example perpendicular magnetic recording stack 200 having a dual continuous layer . in one implementation , the perpendicular recording stack 200 includes a substrate 202 , an underlayer 204 , a magnetic granular recording layer 214 , a dual continuous layer 224 , and an overcoat 230 . however , the perpendicular magnetic recording stack 200 may have more or less layers .
perpendicular recording technology achieves 1 . 8 - inch drive that holds the industry largest 80 - gigabytes of information
the structure of perpendicular pole head with soft underlayer provides an immediate advantage of perpendicular recording over longitudinal : the magnitude of the recording field in this configuration is increased by approximately a factor of 2 over longitudinal medium .
fig . 3 illustrates example operations 300 for manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording stack having a dual continuous layer .
this invention relates generally to patterned perpendicular magnetic recording media , such as disks for use in magnetic recording hard disk drives , and more particularly to patterned disks with data islands having improved magnetic recording properties .
one advantage for the perpendicular recording is that the medium thickness can be larger than that in the perpendicular recording . however , as the recording densities increase , the medium thickness of the perpendicular recording is also limited . large thickness medium can cause the write field to decrease . this decrease is undesirable because it limits the h k of the medium that can be written on .
, it is readily apparent that demagnetization caused by random thermal fluctuation is very much suppressed in perpendicular magnetic recording .
read - back resolution of perpendicular recording medium is lower compared with longitudinal medium due to the presence of sul .
2 . longitudinal recording system ( conventional ) recorded magnets repulse and weaken each other in longitudinal recording .
in the storage device industry to commercialize perpendicular magnetic recording , and the company has applied the technology to hdd that achieve unsurpassed recording density and high operating reliability . this success rests on development of a new magnetic disk structured to support perpendicular recording , a new high performance perpendicular magnetic head , and disk and head integration technology that maximizes their combined performance .
in the longitudinal recording , the medium coercivity h c is approximately in the range of between 0 . 5 hk and 0 . 6 h k due to the perpendicular component of the write field at the tips and boundaries from the write poles . in the perpendicular recording , the medium h k is in the perpendicular direction . the largest component of write field from single pole head with sul is also in the perpendicular direction , parallel to the medium anisotropy . as can be seen in fig . 4 , for same h k media , a larger write field is required in the perpendicular recording as compared to the longitudinal recording . by doing so , the values of h k for perpendicular media that can be written in the perpendicular recording are not much higher than the longitudinal recording .
the figure shows how recorded magnetization changes according to the thermal fluctuation as the recording density is increased . with longitudinal recording , recording bits become increasingly unstable as the recording density is increased , in contrast , in perpendicular magnetic recording , the recorded magnetization becomes more stable at high densities . this is a typical difference derived from inherent essential natures of the two recording modes . as a consequence , it can be concluded that perpendicular recording is fundamentally appropriate for high - density recording . in perpendicular magnetic recording , the head and disk strongly interact with each other , which brings stability against ambient circumstance such as temperature and air pressure , which in turn affects spacing of the head and medium .
after these experiments , i once more inferred that two possibilities would become particularly important in the future of perpendicular magnetic recording .
this application provides , among others , perpendicular magnetic recording systems that use tapered single pole write heads . suitable magnetic recording media include tilted perpendicular recording media where the anisotropy directions of a layer of magnetic grains for recording are tilted from the direction perpendicular to the layer , and non - tilted perpendicular recording media where the anisotropy directions of a layer of magnetic grains for recording are substantially perpendicular to the layer without tilting . the tapering of the single pole write heads may be designed to produce large down - track field strength and field gradient to produce sharp transitions in writing data and to produce large off - track field gradient to avoid erasure of neighboring tracks in high density media .
the recording medium is characterized by the recording layer thickness , distance between recording layer and the soft underlayer and the thickness of the soft under - layer . each of the head and media parameters influences the recording process .
prototyping of a hard disk drive using perpendicular magnetic recording ( 52 . 5 gb / in 2 ) and its recording bit image on the disk , by hitachi ltd . 15 )
fig . 7b shows simulation results of the medium switching field distribution along the center track for the perpendicular and longitudinal recording media .
what is needed is a patterned perpendicular magnetic recording medium that has a narrow sfd and is less susceptible to adjacent track overwrite .
during that work , it became clear to me that the increase of recording density was most important for research on magnetic recording . the invention of metal tape described above and the establishment of the theory of high - density magnetic recording were both achievements along that path of development . moreover , i had noticed by 1975 that magnetization perpendicular to the plane of the recording medium was an extremely effective means to improve the recording density . 3 ) , 4 ) these speculations and four discoveries are shown as major milestones in the early research on perpendicular magnetic recording that guided the beginning of perpendicular magnetic recording , as the following .
fig . 9 shows simulation results of the switching field distribution with respect to the write field angle for the titled perpendicular media and conventional perpendicular media .
fig . 10 shows simulation results of the switching speed as a function of the damping constant for both the titled perpendicular media and conventional perpendicular media .
magnetic recording traditionally uses a longitudinal recording method where a recording medium is configured to have its anisotropy easy axes along the longitudinal directions within the magnetic recording medium plane . the storage density based on this method is known to be limited due to the thermal instability of the magnetic grains . an improved method based on a perpendicular recording configuration has been developed to mitigate some technical limitations in the longitudinal recording devices , e . g . , to achieve better thermal stability than the longitudinal recording . typically , a perpendicular recording configuration uses media with their medium anisotropy easy axes perpendicular to the medium plane and a single pole head with a soft magnetic under layer to enhance the write field . another magnetic recording technique called “tilted longitudinal recording” has also been developed to use an inductive head with a tilted medium .
fig . 7a shows simulation results of the spatial profiles of the perpendicular field , filed angle , and the medium coercivity relative to the field anisotropy along the center track of the perpendicular and longitudinal recording media .
in one embodiment , the invention generally provides a perpendicular recording medium comprising a magnetic layer , wherein the magnetic layer exhibits improved corrosion resistance while maintaining the magnetic properties suitable for high density perpendicular recording . one embodiment provides a perpendicular recording medium comprising a magnetic layer , wherein the magnetic layer comprises cobalt ( co ) , platinum ( pt ) , and at least one of molybdenum ( mo ) and chromium ( cr ) , the magnetic layer having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy . another embodiment provides a granular perpendicular recording medium comprising a granular magnetic layer , wherein the magnetic layer comprises co , pt , and at least one of mo and cr , the granular magnetic layer having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy .
comparison of longitudinal and perpendicular recording can be found in : h . n . bertram and m . williams “snr and density limit estimates : a comparison of longitudinal and perpendicular recording” – ieee trans . magnetics , vol . 36 , pp . 4 - 9 , 2000
fig . 1 illustrates an example of a single pole write head for writing on a titled or non - titled perpendicular recording medium .
can be derived with respect to the magnetic head , recording medium , signals , and recording method . this complementarity relation
this comparison of normalized roll - off curves is not completely honest – it is difficult to achieve a longitudinal pw50 as narrow , as the ones which be obtained with perpendicular recording . assuming the same pulse width can be achieved , the perpendicular recording has intrinsically lower resolution .
magnetic flux distribution of a perpendicular head in an enlarged model experiment . this photograph appeared on the cover of a magazine , nikkei electronics , of august 7 , 1978 , 5 ) which reported perpendicular magnetic recording .
fig . 4 shows simulation results of the angles of media coercivity fields with respect to media anisotropy in both perpendicular and longitudinal recording systems .
2 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic layer comprises argon ions on a surface of the magnetic layer .
fig . 8 also shows that the nucleation field of the tilted medium , defined as the negative field with the first medium grain reversed , is also much larger ( than that of the perpendicular medium . the absolute value of hn for tilted perpendicular media is smaller than that for the perpendicular media , the ratio of abs ( hn / how ) for tilted perpendicular recording media is much larger than that for conventional perpendicular recording media . based on the data in fig . 8 , in the illustrated tilted perpendicular recording medium , this ratio is about ( 0 . 4 / 0 . 65 ) = 0 . 61 while the ratio for the conventional perpendicular recording medium is about ( 0 . 6 / 1 . 35 ) = 0 . 44 . this implies less medium noise and larger thermal stability in both the high density and the low density recording .
the first data of recording magneto - motive force versus reproduced output characteristics of a double - layered perpendicular medium and a single - pole head in comparison to a single layer perpendicular medium ( may 19 , 1978 ) .
fig . 5 is a schematic of the write process on patterned perpendicular media .
is seagate ' s barracuda 7200 . 10 as good as it sounds ? and what ' s the deal with perpendicular recording technology , anyway ?
the storage capacity of a perpendicular magnetic recording stack may be improved by increasing the areal density of a magnetic granular recording layer . however , as the areal density of a magnetic granular recording layer increases , other performance factors may become more relevant , including without limitation the thermal stability of the magnetic granular recording layer , recording ease ( i . e . , writability ) , and media noise .
. therefore , it is very structure - oriented . for the perpendicular magnetic recording , in contrast , because its resolution depends entirely on the playback head resolution , the smallest bit on the recording layer can be formed as small as the size of fine grains of the magnetic film . perpendicular magnetic recording can be said to be more material - oriented .
in perpendicular magnetic recording , because the bit magnetization is aligned in an anti - parallel way , the recording bits are mutually attracted with respect to the magnetic force , which allows them to be packed densely to produce a highly dense configuration . in similar fashion , because the head and medium are also mutually attractive , the writing head field distribution becomes steeper and more focused as the medium approaches the head . for that reason , a narrow track recording is readily realized . it can attain a high linear recording density and can simultaneously accommodate even a narrow track recording . therefore , the areal recording density is more easily increased using perpendicular recording than using longitudinal recording . 13 )
the answer is simple : nobody knows for sure . the history of perpendicular recording started many decades ago , almost simultaneously with longitudinal recording . many attempts have been made to develop a perpendicular recording system , however the industry was successfully introducing new generations of longitudinal components , achieving high areal density . the development of high density systems required complicated optimization of recording heads and media , consuming efforts of large groups of scientists and engineers . the few parts , which were produced never demonstrated any advantages over longitudinal recording components . the research in perpendicular recording was left to several university groups and was not considered to be worth much of attention .
in the above examples of the tilted perpendicular recording , tapered single pole write heads are used to produce large down - track field and field gradient and to generate a large off - track field gradient . in addition , the tapering effectively reduces the footprint of the write pole on the recording media and thus allows for higher data densities . these and other desirable properties of the tapered single pole write heads may be used to improve performance of other perpendicular recording media such as non - tilted perpendicular recording media where the anisotropy axes of the magnetic grains are substantially perpendicular to the media surface .
a single pole head with the sul and the tapered neck with a small throat height can achieve large perpendicular recording field with large field gradient . in the perpendicular recording , the medium coercivity decreases with the write field . the effective write field gradient is small . in the present tilted perpendicular recording , the recording system can be optimized with respect to the medium tilted angle so that the direction of the optimum recording field at the transition center can be close to 45° with respect to the perpendicular direction . therefore , close to the transition center where the largest perpendicular field gradient occurs , the medium coercivity increases with decreasing write field . under these conditions , a large effective field gradient is produced and thus the medium transition parameter can be reduced .
thermal stability of recording bits of a hard disk drive , indicating that the higher the density of perpendicular magnet recording , the less the decrease the stability becomes , thereby showing sufficient stability , by toshiba . 17 )
7 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , the magnetic layer comprising cobalt , platinum , and at least one of molybdenum and chromium .
. however , what i found is that another mode exists in which we can align magnets perpendicularly to the tape plane , as depicted in ( b ) of the figure . this is the ‘perpendicular mode’ , or perpendicular magnetic recording .
the idea of perpendicular magnetic recording came to my mind first and foremost when i considered the possibility of using the perpendicular component of the magnetization directly for high - density magnetic recording because it always appeared in the pursuit of high - density recording , as described above . in the following , i will describe the early experiment that made me think of that idea ( see
the majority of hard disk drives found on the market today use a recording technology called longitudinal , where bits are stored side by side on the magnetic surface . this recording technique has been used since the first hard disk drives . a new recording technology , called perpendicular , is being used on newer hard disk drives , allowing a higher recording density . in this tutorial we will explain you everything you need to know about perpendicular recording and how data is stored on the hard disk drive magnetic surface .
the breakthrough that transcended this areal density limitation was perpendicular magnetic recording . the dotted line in the figure marks the density trend of perpendicular magnetic recording . it extends the trend more than 100 gbit / inch 2 with a linear development , possibly entering into the terabit density domain . the fact that the trend of perpendicular recording shows a linear line throughout the entire period from the experimental age to the actual mass - production age proves that the combination of the principle and its associated devices to achieve high - density recording was correct .
s ince the first time
get perpendicular
got stuck in our heads , we ' ve anxiously anticipated the arrival of perpendicular recording technology . the wait has been long , especially on the desktop , but perpendicular recording has finally arrived in seagate ' s barracuda 7200 . 10 hard drive . and it ' s arrived in style . seagate has exploited the new recording technology to offer a drive with a monstrous 750 gb capacity—50 % more than any other drive on the market .
lee , k . j . , et al . ,
recording physics of perpendicular recording with single layered medium and ring head ,
journal of applied physics , 91 ( 10 ) : 8700 - 8702 , may 2002 .
3 . the magnetic recording head as in claim 1 , wherein the tapered neck has a straight profile along tracks on the recording medium .
the shape of the perpendicular recording signal read - back also depends on the track width . the narrower the recorded track , the less is the field cancellation effect ( fce ) and the read - back waveform is closer to rectangular . this is easily understood from the fact that for perpendicular recording media both down - track and cross - track directions are equivalent ( they are perpendicular to the medium magnetization direction ) .
figs . 2a , 2 b , 3 a , and 3 b show two examples of tapered single pole write heads and an example of titled perpendicular recording media .
iwasaki , s . ,
perpendicular magnetic recording ,
ieee transactions on magnetics , mag - 16 ( 1 ) : 71 - 76 , jan . 1980 .
an example of a tilted perpendicular magnetic recording medium is also described to include a magnetic layer and a soft magnetic under layer beneath the magnetic layer . the magnetic layer includes magnetic grains with anisotropy easy axes tilted with respect to a perpendicular direction that is perpendicular to the magnetic layer . when combined with a tapered single pole write head , such a recording medium may provide better recording performance than other recording systems , such as improved thermal stability , a higher anisotropy field h k , smaller switching field distribution , reduced noise , and faster switching speed . high storage densities above 10 2 gbits / in 2 , e . g . , at the level of tbits / in 2 , can be obtained in such a tilted perpendicular recording system .
the medium 102 has a structure for perpendicular recording and may be implemented as a tilted perpendicular medium or a non - tilted perpendicular medium . the medium 102 may be a disk having multiple layers formed on a substrate . as one example , the medium may include a magnetic medium layer , a growth layer beneath the magnetic medium layer , and a soft under layer beneath the growth layer . as an example of the non - tilted perpendicular recording media , the magnetic medium layer may include magnetic grains that are grown along the perpendicular direction and have their anisotropy directions in the perpendicular direction . alternatively , the magnetic medium layer may include magnetic grains that are grown along the perpendicular direction but have their anisotropy directions tilted at a predetermined angle or angles with respect to the perpendicular direction . a tilted perpendicular medium may also be constructed to have at least one magnetic layer with perpendicular anisotropy between two magnetic exchange coupling or anti - ferromagnetic coupling layers . the magnetic interactions of these layers produce an effective tilted anisotropy of the multi - layer structure . two or more such multi - layer structures may be stacked .
perpendicular media grains are strongly oriented . this results in smaller medium noise and a sharper recorded transition . the high orientation of the perpendicular medium also improves side - track writing and edge noise .
fig . 8 shows simulation results of the remanent m - h loops for the titled perpendicular media and conventional perpendicular media where the cone angle distribution for the anisotropy axes is within 3 degrees .
the next important development was the perpendicular recording medium . a medium material was required for which the magnetic surface poles of n and s were retained on the surface plane , which is designated as a perpendicular anisotropy film . we found in 1975 that a thin film made of cobalt ( co ) and chromium ( cr ) alloy was the most promising perpendicular medium material . luckily enough , that material was available as a result of research work of magneto - optical recording , which was being conducted parallel in our laboratory at that time . this finding ultimately created the most effective means of accomplishing perpendicular magnetic recording .
figs . 7a - 7e are sectional views of a single discrete magnetic island on a patterned perpendicular magnetic recording medium for different implementations of the medium according to this invention .
6 . the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic layer comprises a co - containing magnetic material that forms less than 10 atomic percent coox in the co - containing magnetic material after exposure of the perpendicular magnetic recording medium to an environment having 80 % relative humidity at 80 degree c . for at least four days .
magnetic recording hard disk drives with patterned magnetic recording media have been proposed to increase data density . in conventional continuous magnetic recording media , the magnetic recording layer is a continuous layer over the entire surface of the disk . in patterned media the magnetic recording layer on the disk is patterned into small isolated data islands arranged in concentric data tracks . patterned - media disks may be longitudinal magnetic recording disks , wherein the magnetization directions are parallel to or in the plane of the recording layer , or perpendicular magnetic recording disks , wherein the magnetization directions are perpendicular to or out - of - the - plane of the recording layer . perpendicular media will likely be the choice for patterned media because of the increased data density potential of perpendicular media . to produce magnetic isolation of the patterned data islands , the magnetic moment of the spaces between the islands are destroyed or substantially reduced to render these spaces essentially nonmagnetic . alternatively , the media may be fabricated so that that there is no magnetic material in the spaces between the islands . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 820 , 769 describes a type of patterned perpendicular media and its fabrication method .
magnetic recording techniques , devices , and systems under a tilted perpendicular recording configuration . an implementation of such a system may include a magnetic head having a single pole to produce a magnetic field along a perpendicular direction ; and a storage medium having a top surface to be substantially perpendicular to the perpendicular direction and positioned to interact with the magnetic field , wherein the storage medium includes ( 1 ) a magnetic medium layer that has anisotropy easy axes tilted at a tilting angle with respect to the perpendicular direction , ( 2 ) a growth layer beneath the magnetic medium layer , and ( 3 ) a soft under layer beneath the growth layer .
therefore , the roll - off ( amplitude versus recorded density ) behavior of the perpendicular system is quite complicated with signal shape and amplitude depending on numerous factors , such as recording density , track width , sul thickness , distance to the sul etc . intrinsically larger amplitude of the perpendicular signal at lower densities rolls off faster at higher recording density . therefore , it is not clear how to estimate gains and losses of the perpendicular system read - back . also , it is very difficult to compare perpendicular read - back signal with longitudinal .
perpendicular prml channels were described in : m . madden . m . oberg , z . wu and r . he “read channel for perpendicular magnetic recording” – ieee trans . magnetics , vol . 30 , pp . 241 - 246 , 2004 r . cidecian , e . eleftheriou and t . mittelholzer “perpendicular and longitudinal recording : a signal processing and coding perpective” – ieee trans . magnetics , vol . 38 , pp . 1698 - 1704 , 2002
prior to the perpendicular method , the bits were written horizontally on the recording surface of the disk platter . ( assistance with these illustrations courtesy of hitachi global storage technologies . )
a higher recording field is very advantageous for magnetic recording . not only does the cylindrical structure of perpendicular medium grains provide better thermal stability , the ability to overwrite high coercivity medium allows higher anisotropy and improves thermal stability even further . also , the higher coercivity medium has a smaller transition parameter and allows recording at higher linear density .
looking back at how the perpendicular anisotropy magnetic film was found , the major factors were the following .
shielded pole heads are becoming popular in perpendicular recording . the idea is to place a high permeability shield next to the recording pole . this shield “sucks” some of the head flux and improves the head gradient , while slightly reducing the deep gap field . the shielded head has an additional advantage – a larger horizontal magnetic field component helps to switch perpendicular media .
generally , lowering exchange coupling of perpendicular recording media causes their magnetic hysteresis loops to become more sheared , and correspondingly have a larger difference between coercive field ( hc ) and nucleation field ( hn ) . there are many prior examples of this relationship between exchange coupling and hc - hn for cocr - based and reactive oxygen - based sputtered perpendicular recording media .
7 . the magnetic recording head as in claim 1 , wherein the single - pole magnetic write tip comprises a plurality of magnetic layers along the direction substantially perpendicular to the recording medium , wherein two adjacent magnetic layers have equilibrium magnetizations in substantially opposite directions .
in one implementation , the perpendicular magnetic recording stack 104 includes a substrate 106 , one or more underlayers 108 , one or more magnetic granular recording layers 110 , and a dual continuous layer including a first continuous layer 112 and a second continuous layer 114 .
in america , at around 1982 , several venture companies of perpendicular recording had been founded . in a similar fashion , from around 1985 , american universities started supporting magnetic recording research centers one after another . i believe that happened because of the impact of our 144 committee on magnetic recording in japan society for the promotion of science ( jsps ) , which was described above in section 3 . subsequently , ibm proposed a new read head using the magneto - resistive ( mr ) effect , which produced a separate stream from perpendicular recording in the roadmap , however even during that time , our committee continued steadily with its activities to promote perpendicular recording ; now we have had meetings more than 190 times .
hitachi will present these achievements at the 8th perpendicular magnetic recording conference ( pmrc 2007 ) , to be held 15th - 17th october 2007 , at the tokyo international forum in japan .
as the technology progressed , it has become clear that the thermal stability gains are smaller than expected , but there are many other , less evident advantages of the perpendicular recording scheme .
the numerous theoretical predictions and experimental evaluations of the perpendicular recording potential are all over the place . the most optimistic scenarios predicted that the optimized perpendicular system may achieve a factor of 4 - 5 over the best longitudinal areal density , resulting in approximately 500 gb / in2 . pessimistic evaluations consider that the advantages of the perpendicular recording are compensated by the disadvantages , resulting in the complete wash - out between the longitudinal and the perpendicular schemes . the realistic estimates are in the range of doubling the areal density achievable with longitudinal media , around 200 - 300 gb / in2 .
talking to people of hitachi gst , fujitsu , hitachi , and toshiba , they say that about 75 % of hard disk drive shipments will be of perpendicular products . in 2010 , probably all such products requiring memory will have adopted perpendicular recording drives . in this way , such large companies as toshiba , hitachi , fujitsu , and seagate technology are all concentrating on producing perpendicular disk drives .
for example , one of such problems is the thermal stability . as the recording densities increase , due to the constraint caused by the thermal stability , the track width decreases faster than both the down track and the perpendicular dimensions . the perpendicular recording write field decreases faster with the track width as compared to the longitudinal recording . although the tapered neck structure with a very small throat height on the write pole may be used to increases the write field significantly , the total write field still decreases when the recording density increases .
the tilted perpendicular recording design shown in figs . 2a and 2b can be used to produce large write fields and thus provide improved recording performance than conventional longitudinal recording and perpendicular recording . in order to enhance the write field magnitude , the write pole tip is designed to have a tapered neck structure with a very small throat height . the medium is designed to have the anisotropy easy axes tilted at a desired angle , e . g . , 30° or 45° , with respect to the perpendicular direction . the medium easy axes may be parallel to one another with a small cone angle of , for example , 5° or less .
the industry highest recording density in commercially available as of december 14 , 2004 .
a read head for detecting the magnetized recording layer structure on the pillar tops .
due to above reasons , it is difficult for both the longitudinal recording and the perpendicular recording to exceed areal densities higher than 200 gbit / in 2 . one of the main limitations in these systems is the low write field produced by various conventional write heads and thus media with a high medium anisotropy cannot be used to improve the recording performance .
the above tilted perpendicular recording may be used to achieve a high write field from write head to write highest anisotropy magnetic media . the media h k may be increased by a factor of about 1 . 6 with this method . the neighboring tracks becomes more stable as the hk of the media increases . a larger write field , almost 50 - 80 % higher than the highest write field in other systems , may be used in the present system . this high h k can be used to significantly solve thermal stability problem . for example , if the current grain sizes in other magnetic media are used , the tilted recording media may have an extreme long data decay time and can be practically used to store written data indefinitely . the media switching field distribution can be decreased by 80 % . the switching speed , which may be at least 5 times faster than that in the perpendicular recording , is comparable with longitudinal recording . the tilted perpendicular recording allows for a large write field , almost 50 - 80 % higher than the highest write field in other systems . for example , the write field can be close to the saturation field bs by introducing the tapered neck structure with very small throat height for single pole tip ( spt ) with sul . the tilted perpendicular recording significantly reduces the media switching field distribution so that a sharp transition can be achieved with a small transition width . this leads to a higher storage linear density . the tilted perpendicular recording also increases the media energy barrier at the track edge and the neighboring tracks as compared to conventional perpendicular recording . this allows for a reduction in the erase band by 50 % or more in comparison with other recording methods . notably , a storage density at or above 1 tera bit / in 2 may be achieved in systems under this tilted perpendicular recording configuration . the tilted perpendicular recording may be suitable for various recording applications such as hard disk recording , pattern media , thermal assistant ( pattern ) media and other magnetic recording applications .
a perpendicular magnetic recording stack with a dual continuous layer and a method of manufacturing the same . the perpendicular magnetic recording stack includes a substrate , one or more magnetic granular recording layers , and a dual continuous layer having first and second continuous layers . the first continuous layer , disposed between the second continuous layer and the magnetic granular recording layers , has an intermediate lateral exchange coupling , which is higher than the lateral exchange coupling of the magnetic granular layers . the second continuous layer has a higher lateral exchange coupling than the first continuous layer .
a straightforward argument from the vertical field estimate is that the perpendicular pole head can in principle write media with twice the coercivity of the longitudinal medium . however , the realistic gain is much smaller due to different switching processes of longitudinal and perpendicular media . longitudinal grains have larger dispersion of easy axis orientation and are easier to switch , while perpendicular grains are typically well oriented in the vertical direction . in practice , the coercivity gain of a perpendicular recording system over longitudinal medium may be close to 50 - 70 % .
6 . the magnetic recording head as in claim 4 , wherein the tapered neck has a straight profile on a trailing edge along the tracks of the recording medium .
referring back to fig . 8 , the medium h k ( h n ) in the tilted perpendicular recording system is significantly larger than the medium h k ( h n ) in the perpendicular recording . in the cross track direction , any in - plane field changes the angle between the write field and the medium anisotropy direction away from 45° . as shown in fig . 4 , the energy barrier of the medium grains increase with this angle . as go off track , the energy barrier increases . both the h k increases and the angle changes in the tilted perpendicular recording increase the energy barrier of the medium grains in the neighboring tracks . as a result , the adverse effect of the fringing field from the write head is reduced in the tilted perpendicular recording .
iwasaki , s . ,
perpendicular magnetic recording focused on the origin and its significance ,
ieee transactions on magnetics , 38 ( 4 ) : 1609 - 1614 , jul . 2002 .
implementations described and claimed herein provide perpendicular magnetic recording stacks with a dual continuous layer . in one implementation , the perpendicular magnetic recording stack includes a substrate , one or more magnetic granular recording layers , and a dual continuous layer having first and second continuous layers . the first continuous layer , disposed between the second continuous layer and the magnetic granular recording layers , has an intermediate lateral exchange coupling , which is higher than the lateral exchange coupling of the magnetic granular layers . the second continuous layer has a higher lateral exchange coupling than the first continuous layer .
a method of digital recording on a magnetic disk in which the bits are in a vertical arrangement instead of horizontal in order to take up less space . also called
vertical recording ,
toshiba and seagate introduced perpendicular recording drives in the 2005 - 2006 time frame . other drive vendors followed , and areal densities reached 400 gigabits per square inch by 2009 .
the demagnetization field in the perpendicular medium is small at the transition region . this allows writing narrower magnetic transitions and improves thermal stability of high density data ( this is opposite to longitudinal medium ) . also , the non - linear transition shifts in the perpendicular medium are less critical , compared with longitudinal recording .
in may 2005 , toshiba ( japan ) announced the shipment of a new music player with an installed hard disk drive , which for the first time in the world , used perpendicular magnetic recording . it was in 1977 that i first presented perpendicular magnetic recording at the international magnetic conference in los angeles . therefore , it took all of 28 years until that technology first appeared in the marketplace .
perpendicular flexible disk drive with a co - cr / ni - fe double layered recording medium and a single pole head . the auxiliary magnetic pole was located on the rear side of the disk .
the prior perpendicular recording is also limited by the signal to noise ratio ( snr ) due to the media switching field distribution , the small write field gradient , and effect of the magnetostatic interaction .
table 1 compares magnetic properties and recording parametric for perpendicular magnetic recording stacks having a single continuous layer with perpendicular magnetic recording stacks having a dual continuous layer . the magnetic properties include : coercivity field , h c , nucleation field , h n , and magnetization thickness product , mrt . the recording parametric include : writing plus erasure , wpe , reverse over - write , rev _ ow , on track bit error rate , pe , off track bit error rate , otc , media signal noise ratio , esmnr , and total signal noise ratio , esnr . as shown in table 1 , the dual continuous layer improves the magnetic properties and recording parametric .
signal processing for readback signals has been changed . that is simply a matter of course because longitudinal recording was fundamentally appropriate for analog signals . therefore , standing on the concept of ‘complementarity’ , which means the accomplishment of a total world by adding perpendicular recording to the conventional longitudinal recording world , is important . this is not a concept of ‘duality’ or a dual entity .
with reproduced waveforms indicating a single - peaked pulse resembling that of a conventional recording .
4 . the magnetic recording head as in claim 1 , wherein the tapered neck has a third tapered profile on a leading edge along the tracks of the recording medium .
5 . the magnetic recording head as in claim 4 , wherein the tapered neck has a fourth tapered profile on a trailing edge along the tracks of the recording medium .
base layers , i . e . all layers lying under the first magnetic recording layer
perpendicular recording can enhance the thermal stability in comparison with longitudinal recording . as the areal density increases , the medium grains in the down track and cross track dimensions are decreased in order to maintain good signal to noise ratio ( snr ) . so the only way to enhance thermal stability for a given anisotropy medium is to increase the medium thickness . for a medium thickness greater than the grain diameter , the medium anisotropy directions are more likely to have perpendicular component as the thickness of the medium increases . however , there are still some intrinsic problems in perpendicular recording that cannot be easily solved satisfactorily .
the difference between longitudinal and perpendicular recording is the orientation of the media grains . in the case of longitudinal recording the grains magnetization is lying in the plane of the magnetic medium . when the media is magnetized by the recording head , the average magnetization is pointing in the down - track direction ( figure 7 . 1 ) . when perpendicular head and media are used , the media grains are oriented in the “depth” of the medium and their magnetization is pointing either “up” or “down” .
once again , it is worth noticing , that the particular perpendicular roll - off curve strongly depends on the head and medium optimization . with all the advantages , draw - backs and limitations of the perpendicular recording system , recent experimental studies demonstrated about a 20 - 40 % gains in the highest achievable areal density .
the principle of conventional magnetic recording is that magnetic fields are applied parallel to the plane of the magnetic medium . as described in this paper , the invention and development of a new method of placing the magnetized information perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic recording medium is presented . the yield in the mass production of high - density hard disk drives ( hdds ) for perpendicular recording is much higher than that of hdds for conventional recording . consequently , it is estimated that as many as 75 % of the 500 million hdds to be shipped this year will use this technology .
victora r . ( 2001 ) perpendicular recording media . in : plumer m . l . , van ek j . , weller d . ( eds ) the physics of ultra - high - density magnetic recording . springer series in surface sciences , vol 41 . springer , berlin , heidelberg
to understand the “u” - shape , we have to analyze the structure of the stray fields in the case of perpendicular recording . the schematic diagram of these fields is shown in figure 7 . 10 .
these recording techniques , however , have difficulties to address various limitations or barriers for further increasing the storage densities , such as the thermal stability issue , the medium noise , the bit error rate limitations , and the limited data rate due to the limited medium switching speed and other limitations . the thermal stability issue is particularly limiting in the longitudinal recording . the large media switching field distribution and transition width can lead to certain limitations in the perpendicular recording in addition to the limitation due to the media switching speed problem . in both longitudinal and perpendicular recording , the write field decreases with track width and this aspect of such methods limits the storage densities . furthermore , the fringing field and the erase of neighboring tracks in both longitudinal and perpendicular recording are also barriers to achieving high storage densities .


film4od is a uk based video on demand service for film4 , from channel four television corporation and filmflex .

film4od officially launched on 1 november 2010 , following two years of development by filmflex , with more than 500 films available at launch .

film4od has more new releases available to rent than itunes , lovefilm or blinkbox , with many films available on the same day as dvd release and some on the same day as cinema release .

films are available for 48-hour rental and are streamed online using microsoft silverlight requiring a minimum broadband speed of 2 mbit/s .

a download-to-rent option was added on 26 september 2011 , allowing films to be watched while offline .

film4od

youview : other likely content providers include lovefilm , blinkbox , film4od and guardian news & media .
film4od , film4 ' s online film - on - demand service , today announced the launch of a ‘download to rent ' service that will enable film4od viewers to watch films offline for the very first time .
film4od , available at www . film4od . com , was launched in november 2010 and has more than 50 , 000 registered users . the introduction of the download to rent service complements the existing online streaming service .
channel 4 also plans to use film4od to amplify its broadcast seasons , such as the forthcoming ' partners in crime ' season .
“we’re always reviewing the best use of our resources and on this occasion this means that we are unfortunately no longer able to offer film4od , ” said film4od in a statement to customers , adding that the decision whether to bring the service back is “under review” .
the download to rent service lets users save movies to their computer , meaning that film4od viewers can watch films offline for the first time .
the on demand release of 127 hours on film4od will be promoted on both the urltoken homepage , and as an on air promo on the film4 channel .
film4od , which officially launched today , has more than 500 films available for 48 - hour rental online . prices ranging from 50p to £3 . 99 .
other content providers for the service include lovefilm , blinkbox , film4od and guardian news & media , part of the group that publishes mediaguardian . co . uk .
we ' re incredibly demanding of our video , so we ' re excited to learn channel 4 has launched a video on demand movie - rental service called film4od .
simple and easy - to - use , film4od is an online film - on - demand service which closely compliments the editorial tone and philosophy of the film4 channel .
in addition to the wide range of individual titles , film4od customers are able to enjoy a fresh perspective on the films they love through regularly updated themed seasons and selections .
filmflex has developed and built an online vod platform after two years of research and development and is partnering with a number of leading technology companies . so far two services for major media brand clients have been launched , virgin media urltoken and film4od www . film4od . com . more announcements of partnerships with leading brands will follow later in 2011 .
film 4 has partnered up with filmflex to present film4od - - a browser - only service that lets you rent films for 48 hours online . the service already has 500 movies available to rent .
filmflex movies , one of europe’s largest movies - on - demand services , has today announced the launch of a download to rent option on film4od , film4’s online video - on - demand ( vod ) service .
are blinkbox , blinkx , bskyb , film4od , golant media ventures , guardian news & media , indiemoviesonline , lovefilm , pushbutton , radioplayer , stream uk , stv , travel channel , tvinci , utv and woomi .
the closure follows the acquisition of filmflex by global provider vubiquity last year . film4od’s closure , though , is an isolated decision : vubiquity will continue to provide rental vod services to virgin , ee , talktalk and eircom .
. if film4od takes off however , it seems like that would be the natural next step for the service , and as it ' s only just launched we ' re willing to give it a little while to get settled .
filmflex is to launch a new online movies on demand portal on behalf of channel 4’s film 4 . the new film4od has more than 500 titles at launch and is already claiming to have more movies available than either itunes , lovefilm or blinkbox .
as of last year , the company , which had licensing agreements with major us studios and many independent distributors , had logged over 90 million transactions since its launch . now , though , film4od will shut its streaming doors once and for all .
on film4od movies are available from between £0 . 99 to £3 . 99 , and the service launches with attack the block and arthur available to watch the same day as they are released on dvd . julia wrigley , head of film4 , says :
all movie rentals on film4od offer unlimited viewing for up to 48 hours following the first play . each film has a rental period of up to 30 days . all movies are protected by approved digital rights management technologies and the service is geo - blocked to the uk .
the content providers working with youview are blinkbox , blinkx , bskyb , film4od , golant media ventures , guardian news & media , indiemoviesonline , lovefilm , pushbutton , radioplayer , stream uk , stv , travel channel , tvinci , utv and woomi ,
said youview .
film4od , which channel 4 claims will have more films available than rivals such as lovefilm and blinkbox , will offer a 48 - hour rental service with titles priced from 50p to £3 . 99 . films available at launch include the girl with the dragon tattoo and shutter island .
“video on demand continues to soar in popularity with viewers enjoying the freedom to watch their preferred content on their own terms . we’re excited to extend our relationship with filmflex to offer ‘download to rent’ , further strengthening the viewer experience alongside the film4od online streaming and film4 channel . ”
filmflex , one of the most successful movies on demand providers in europe , will be responsible for sourcing and curating film content , as well as supplying technology for customers to watch films on mobile devices . the company already provides video content to virgin movies , ee and film4od .
talktalk ' s latest deal with filmflex , the company behind a number of rental services including virgin movies , film4od and ee ' s film store , means subscribers to both talktalk ' s essentials tv and plus tv packages will have access to hundreds of brand new on demand movies .
film4od has more new releases * available to rent than itunes , lovefilm and blinkbox , and with many films available on the same day as dvd release , and some on the same day as cinema release , the on - demand film streaming service provides an unrivalled offering for film fans .
film4 channel manager , julia wrigley , said :
video on demand continues to soar in popularity with viewers enjoying the freedom to watch their preferred content on their own terms . we ' re excited to offer ‘download to rent ' , further strengthening the viewer experience alongside the film4od online streaming and film4 channel .
in another example of its unique user - focused offering , channel 4 ' s film4od online streaming service will provide access to 127 hours on the same day as its dvd release ( june 6th ) , complemented with a bespoke microsite bringing together a plethora of related content including interviews with the director danny boyle and links to his entire film4 oeuvre .
almost 1 , 200 individual titles have been bought since film4od launched in november 2010 , and the site has had more than 8 . 3 million page views and over 1 . 7m unique visitors . on average , there are in excess of 8 , 000 visits a day to the site , of which returning visitors make up nearly 30 % .
sky , film4 and lovefilm are included on a list on content partners interested in working with delayed hybrid project youview . the full list comprises blinkbox , blinkx , bskyb , film4od , golant media ventures , guardian news & media , indiemoviesonline , lovefilm , pushbutton , radioplayer , stream uk , stv , travel channel , tvinci , utv and woomi .
channel 4’s film4od movie vod service has launched download - to - rent versions of titles in its catalogue . prices range from £0 . 99 to £3 . 99 per film rental , which gives unlimited viewing up to 48 hours after the first play , and each film has a rental period of up to 30 days . channel 4 is working with filmflex to deliver the drm protected service . recent release on offer include the likes of attack the block . it is the first time viewers will be able to download films to watch offline on their pcs and they will be able to start watching the film while it is downloading . film4od , launched in november 2010 , has over 50 , 000 registered users , according to channel 4 .
once you ' ve forked over your dosh , you ' ll be able to stream that movie over the intertubes . the good news is there are already over 500 titles available to rent . film4od reckons you ' ll need a minimum broadband speed of 2mbps to use the service properly , but it kindly includes a speed tester so you can ensure your connection is up to snuff .
with films from major studios and independents as well as home grown films like 127 hours , neds , nowhere boy and slumdog millionaire from film4 productions , film4od offers an intuitive , easy - to - navigate service that allows consumers to not only browse by movie genre , title and new releases , but also watch trailers , view box office details and movie trivia and enjoy specially commissioned movie extras .
film4od was launched as an online streaming service in november last year , and now has more than 50 , 000 registered users . with the expansion into offline viewing , it hopes to increase its user - base allowing those with low bandwidth or those on the move to access the movies too . users can also begin watching a movie while it is downloading . jeff henry , filmflex ceo , said :
building on the success of regular old 4od and regular old film4 , film4od lets you rent movies for a period of 48 hours , for a one - off payment . prices range between 50p and £3 . 99 , depending on how new and exciting the movie in question is . most of the films we browsed were at least £2 . 49 though , even relatively ancient titles such as tim burton ' s batman .
film4 channel manager julia wrigley said :
after a very successful launch , film4od continues to showcase ' great films you know , great films you don ' t ' - viewers can rent films which amplify the seasons broadcast on the film4 channel , from the 9pm seasons like films for life , the british connection and sci - fi , to the finest foreign language and home - grown movies , including films made by film4 productions .
with films available from between £0 . 99 to £3 . 99 , the download to rent service launches with film4 ' s attack the block and arthur available to watch the same day as they are released on dvd . film4od , powered by vod white - label specialists filmflex , offers more new releases * to rent online than anyone else , including itunes , lovefilm or blinkbox with many available on the same day as their dvd release .
simple and easy - to - use , film4od is an on - demand film streaming service which closely compliments the editorial tone and philosophy of the film4 channel . almost 1000 individual titles have been bought since launch in late october , and the site has had more than 5 . 6 million page views and over 1 . 2 million unique visitors . on average , there are in excess of 8 , 000 visits a day to the site , of which returning visitors make up nearly 40 % .
the uk on - demand subscription - free internet - connected tv service revealed that content provision organisations registering an interest to engage with the platform represent a wide range of free and paid content including , entertainment , mainstream and independent films , music , news , factual , sport , arts and local content . these include blinkbox , blinkx , bskyb , film4od , golant media ventures , guardian news & media , indiemoviesonline , lovefilm , pushbutton , radioplayer , stream uk , stv , travel channel , tvinci , utv and woomi .
genre fans living in the united kingdom and ireland are in for a real treat . in fact , i ' m jealous . icon film distribution ( formerly owned by mel gibson ) and frightfest have teamed up in an exclusive partnership to bring genre films to vod in the uk and ireland . under the name
frightfest presents ,
fans can see film via ifd ' s digital partners ( including sky , itunes , amazon , blinkbox , film4od , virginmovies , talktalk , google , volta , and eircom ) giving film fans instant access to some of their favorite frightfest titles . each release will have the collective backing of ifd and frightfest across marketing , pr and social media . the partnership deal was negotiated by zak brilliant , head of theatrical , and sophie wong , tv and digital sales manager , for icon , and greg day . . . [ read the whole post on twitchfilm . com . . . ]
distributor to release films from horror fantasy film festival under frightfest presents banner . icon film distribution ( ifd ) and uk horror fantasy film festival frightfest have entered into an exclusive partnership that will see ifd releasing frightfest curated films under the banner ‘frightfest presents’ . select titles for the joint venture will be announced over the coming weeks . in a move to expand the festival brand nationwide , select frightfest endorsed films will be made available across the uk and ireland via ifd’s digital partners , including sky , itunes , amazon , blinkbox , film4od , virginmovies , talktalk , google , volta , and eircom . each release will have the collective backing of ifd and frightfest across marketing , pr and social channels . the partnership deal was negotiated by zak brilliant , head of theatrical , and sophie wong , tv and digital sales manager , for icon , and greg day and ian rattray , directors of frightfest . paul mcevoy , co - director of frightfest said : “in expanding the frightfest brand we are opening
london — u . k . distribution house icon film distribution and frightfest , the u . k . ’s top horror film festival , have entered into an exclusive partnership that will see ifd releasing frightfest curated films under the banner “frightfest presents . ” the films will be made available in the u . k . and ireland via ifd’s digital partners , including sky , itunes , amazon , blinkbox , film4od , virginmovies , talktalk , google , volta and eircom . each release will have the collective backing of ifd and frightfest across marketing , pr and social channels . the deal was negotiated by zak brilliant , head of theatrical , and sophie wong , tv and digital sales manager , for icon , and greg day and ian rattray , directors of frightfest . frightfest , which was set up 15 years ago , screened 63 films last year . guests in previous year have included guillermo del toro , george romero , dario argento and sam raimi . ifd has a long track record in releasing genre films ,
filmflex , the company that ' s powering the whole shebang , is a joint venture between sony and the walt disney company , and already offers an on - demand service to virgin media .
check it out , and let us know what you reckon . too expensive ? is the quality decent enough for your discerning eyes ?
be respectful , keep it clean and stay on topic . we delete comments that violate our policy , which we encourage you to read . discussion threads can be closed at any time at our discretion .
by continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our privacy policy unless you have disabled them . you can change your cookie settings at any time but parts of our site will not function correctly without them . [ close ]
in what is one of the most crushing of ironies , bskyb has been added to the list of content providers youview , the project that it has campaigned so hard to strangle at birth .
youview has been working with key partners to shape and test the processes for making content available via the platform since autumn 2010 .
in addition alcatel - lucent , blinkx , capablue , deluxe , easeltv , imd , ioko , kaltura , nativ , ooyala , red bee media , technicolor , triplesee and twofour will be part of a technology and service providers’ advisory group .
“we’re delighted with the response we’ve had from the creative industries , ” said richard halton , ceo , youview . “we want all types of content providers to be able to deliver their content via youview so viewers get the best possible choice . the diversity and expertise of the organisations that are informing our development will ensure that youview is able to support a potentially unlimited range of content in the future . ”
all content providers – including those that form its advisory group – will later this year , be invited by youview to confirm their formal intention to making content available via the platform .
yet in october 2010 the stand out provider bskyb raised concerns to ofcom about youview’s effect on competition feeling that the consortium partners have no incentive for innovation in the pay - tv market . speaking to the guardian newspaper , a spokesperson from sky refused to confirm the company interest in youview and said :
we already distribute sky content across a wide range of platforms . it makes sense for us to continue to explore new ways of reaching customers , but it ' s too early to say at this stage whether we ' ll offer a service over youview .
other firms listed were very clear about their indication to engage with the project . said simon calver , ceo , lovefilm , said : “lovefilm is committed to bringing its service to as many customers as possible on the broadest range of platforms , and therefore continues to follow and support youview’s development with interest . ” added james rowley - ashwood , co - founder and coo , indiemoviesonline said : “we see youview being a key part of our strategy to bringing viewers the widest possible choice of on demand movies through the living room tv . it’s great for indiemoviesonline to be part of the group informing the development of youview , giving us the confidence that the platform will balance the needs of all types of content providers . ”
like most websites channel 4 uses cookies . in order to deliver a personalised , responsive service and to improve the site , we remember and store information about how you use it . this is done using simple text files called cookies which sit on your computer . these cookies are completely safe and secure and will never contain any sensitive information . they are used only by channel 4 or the trusted partners we work with . how to manage cookies
in order to deliver an optimised service , channel 4 uses cookies . these are simple text files which sit on your computer , and are only used by us and our trusted partners . to find out about managing cookies , please see our cookies policy .
james franco stars as aron ralston in 127 hours - the remarkable true story of mountain climber ' s struggle to save himself after a falling boulder crashes on his arm and traps him in an isolated canyon in utah . the film reunites boyle with academy award - winning screenwriter simon beaufoy and academy award - winning producer christian colson .
two years of development and consumer research were carried out by vod experts filmflex to deliver this market - leading movie service .
all movie rentals stream within seconds of purchase and allow for unlimited playback within 48 hours of purchase . via a personalised login and account , customers can start a movie at one location and finish it from another . all movies are protected by approved digital rights management technologies and the service is geo - blocked to the uk . available to all pc and mac users in the uk , the service offers two streaming rates , with users able to select different speeds according to their broadband connection .
channel 4 partners with filmflex to launch a new online video on - demand service for film4 .
channel 4 has partnered with filmflex , the iptv joint venture between sony and disney , to launch a new online video on - demand service for film4 .
titles include the girl with the dragon tattoo and shutter island , along with film4 - backed movies such as four lions and slumdog millionaire .
the service , which will go head to head with the on - demand movie offerings of blinkbox and lovefilm , will operate in addition to the existing 4od catch - up tv platform .
last month , channel 4 announced that film4 ' s film financing budget would be increased by 50 % from next year to £15 million per annum .
looking to catch up on x - files ? demand 5 has a new name .
digital spy , part of the hearst uk entertainment network © 2018 hearst magazines uk is the trading name of the national magazine company ltd , 72 broadwick street , london , w1f 9ep . registered in england 112955 . all rights reserved .
channel 4 has teamed up with filmflex to launch a video - on - demand digital film rental service for film4 with more than 500 titles available at launch .
the head of film4 , julia wrigley , said the digital service would allow the broadcaster to
amplify
the film seasons broadcast on the tv channel .
filmflex is a joint venture between sony pictures television and the walt disney company .
channel 4 already runs the 4od on - demand service , which focuses on catchup tv programming .
last month , channel 4 announced that it was increasing the budget of its film4 production division , which was responsible for hit movies including slumdog millionaire , by 50 % to £15m a year .
to contact the mediaguardian news desk email editor @ urltoken or phone 020 3353 3857 . for all other inquiries please call the main guardian switchboard on 020 3353 2000 .
if you are writing a comment for publication , please mark clearly
for publication
.
© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .
the service , which saves the movie to the user ' s computer , has been introduced to enable users either with low bandwidth or those who would like to watch a film when not connected to the internet , such as when travelling or abroad . the new functionality also allows users to begin watching their selection while the film is being downloaded .
two years of development and consumer research were carried out by vod white - label specialists filmflex to deliver this market - leading movie service .
filmflex is the uk ' s leading on - demand movie service provider having managed the vod movie service on virgin media since 2005 , with over 65 , 000 , 000 buys to date .
filmflex is a joint venture between sony pictures television ( a sony pictures entertainment company ) and the walt disney company emea , and has content deals with over 30 movie suppliers including all the hollywood studios .
dr neale foster , managing director and coo of access europe , tells operators how to reach 100 million consumers with iot - enabled multiscreen video services .
francisco lima , visual effects technology supervisor at gramercy park studios discusses the future of virtual reality .
ex tivo exec pancrazio auteri has been named as chief technology officer of the discovery and recommendations company .
this website is a part of perspective publishing limited , registered in england no 2876166 . by using this website you agree to our cookie policy and privacy policy .
we ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?
' s tweets and complete profile . click the
follow
button to send a follow request .
you can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more
here ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .
by embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .
not on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .
this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
“we believe streamed movie rental is now becoming a much more satisfying choice for many movie fans , ” said andrew keyte , chief executive of filmflex , the sony - disney joint venture that has managed uk cable’s vod since 2005 . “the industry has been waiting for a mainstream , mass market and legitimate online movie service and we are delighted to be partnering with a film brand as widely respected as film4 . ”
content has been secured with the majority of the major studios including the rights to retail films on the same day as their vod release . independent studios have also been contracted and films will also be available from film 4 productions . initial movies include the girl with the dragon tattoo , shutter island , four lions and slumdog millionaire and will be available to rent at between £0 . 50 to £3 . 99 .
the on demand service is being designed to reflect the editorial tone of the film 4 channel , which is distributed in basic across all of the uk’s major pay - tv platforms .
julian clover is a media and technology journalist based in cambridge , uk . he works in online and printed media . julian is also a voice on local radio . you can talk to julian on twitter @ julianclover , on facebook or by email at jclover @ urltoken .
broadband tv news covers is the industry’s no . 1 information provider bringing news , analysis and comment on the delivery of digital television , around europe and the world .
join over 40 , 000 readers to our daily and weekly emails . complete the simple form to get the latest issue delivered direct to your inbox .
broadband tv news offers a range of commercial possibilities from banner advertising to white paper hosting . keep your brand at the front of buyer ' s minds .
we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .
this website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible . cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful .
you can adjust all of your cookie settings by navigating the tabs on the left hand side .
strictly necessary cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings .
if you disable this cookie , we will not be able to save your preferences . this means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again .
this website uses google analytics to collect anonymous information such as the number of visitors to the site , and the most popular pages .
the pay - per - view vod service , which first launched in november 2010 , was originally powered by filmflex , a joint iptv venture from sony and disney to distribute digital titles .
filmflex , which was one of the largest vod and multiplatform providers outside the united states , grew over the years to become a white label digital video storefront that powered the rentals for multiple services , including ee film store , virgin media online movies , talktalk box office and eircom .
the film rental service will close on wednesday 8th july 2015 , with customers advised to watch all rented movies in full by midnight on tuesday 7th july , after which point they will no longer be available . refunds will not be offered .
film4 fans , though , can now watch the channel live on digital service all 4 for the first time .
images on urltoken are authorised and subject to restrictions . permission is required for any further use beyond viewing on this site . remote control icon created by bjoin andersson from noun project .
urltoken is partly funded through affiliate marketing , which means that clicking some links on this page may generate income for the site . however , this is an independent publication : we take care not to let commercial relationships dictate the editorial stance of content or the writing staff .
tnw uses cookies to personalize content and ads to make our site easier for you to use . we do also share that information with third parties for advertising & analytics .
“filmflex continues to innovate using the latest technologies to allow our clients to offer the very best movie service to their customers . the download to rent service makes it easier for those with low bandwidths or those on the go to enjoy the greatest selection of movies online . download to rent is yet another enhancement of our offering to our brand partners as we continue to extend filmflex’s leading white - label position into new platforms and new markets” .
filmflex is a joint venture between sony pictures television and the walt disney company . it has managed the video - on - demand service on virgin media since 2005 , and has notched up over 65m buys to date . the company says there are more partnerships in the pipeline later this year .
the movie rentals will offer unlimited viewing for up to 48 hours after the initial play , and each film has a rental period of up to 30 days . the movies are protected by digital rights management technologies and the service is geo - blocked , meaning it will work in the uk only .
read next : fitness tracking startup endomondo hits 5 million downloads , plans u . s . expansion [ video ]
stay tuned with our weekly recap of what’s hot & cool by our ceo boris .
sit back and let the hottest tech news come to you by the magic of electronic mail .
prefer to get the news as it happens ? follow us on social media .
got two minutes to spare ? we ' d love to know a bit more about our readers . start !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
bbc asian network is a british radio station serving those originating from and around the indian subcontinent . the music and news comes out of the main urban areas where there are significant communities with these backgrounds . the station has production centres in birmingham , leicester and london ( television centre & western house ) . its ' parent ' station is bbc radio 2 at western house and it is part of the bbc audio and music division .
a year later , following consultation the bbc trust announced it was reconsidering its plan to close the station in favour of reducing its budget , although it stressed no final decision had been made .
bbc television had broadcast an asian news programme , nai zindagi naya jeevan , since 1968 from its studios in birmingham . whilst pioneering , this series followed a traditional news and current affairs format .
, introduced a daily show aimed primarily at that community in the city . at one point the audience consisted of 67 per cent of the south asian community in leicester .
, the bbc radio station for the midlands , followed leicester ' s lead and introduced a similar daily show .
by 1988 , plans had been laid for shared south asian programmes across the midlands , on the am frequencies of radio leicester and bbc wm , and on 30 october 1988 the asian network was launched on bbc wm and bbc radio leicester with a combined output of 70 hours per week .
in 1996 the station was relaunched as ' the bbc asian network with its own am frequencies in the midlands . it was led by founder member vijay sharma from leicester .
in 1998 , the station got its own newsroom and reporters in a project led by mike curtis , the news editor at bbc radio lincolnshire who had also worked at radios cornwall and oxford and as a senior journalism trainer for local radio in london .
by 2000 , the station ' s output had shifted focus from the midlands to the uk as a whole , and the station became a truly national network on monday 28 october 2002 when it was relaunched for the dab digital radio system .
in january 2006 , the bbc announced that they were investing an extra £1m in the bbc asian network , and increasing the number of full - time staff by 30 % in a bid to make british south asian interests ' a mainstream part of the corporation ' s output ' . the internal management structure of the station changed with bob shennan , then controller of bbc radio 5live , taking over as controller , with a new head of news , husain husaini ( a senior editor in bbc five live ) , a head of music mark strippel markie mark – a music dj and former member of punjabi hit squad – and a network manager , mike curtis ( previously asian network ' s news and sports editor ) .
in april 2006 the first wave of schedule changes were introduced with further changes coming into effect on 14 may and 21 may with weekend changes occurring from 17 june .
in august 2007 , the asian network received a new logo as part of a general re - brand of all national bbc stations . in 2009 , this was re - branded again to add prominence to the asian aspect of the logo .
from 2010 , another change to the schedule took place . sonia deol fronts the 10 . 00am to 12 . 30pm , monday to friday show on bbc asian network . sonia , who previously presented a friday afternoon show on the station , will move to the new weekday slot from monday 8 february . former weekend presenter tommy sandhu hosts the breakfast show from 7am till 10am ( replacing adil ray ) . nihal , who was on afternoons from monday to thursday ( 1 . 00 - 3 . 00pm ) , added fridays to his schedule .
as a result of the changes , morning presenters adil ray and nikki bedi left the station after nearly six years . station controller andy parfitt says :
i thank nikki for her excellent contribution to the station over many years . i wish her well for the future and will be helping her develop her bbc radio career .
jas rao , who currently presents drivetime , will continue to work on projects for the network .
later in 2010 , tommy sandhu moved from drivetime to breakfast , noreen khan - who had replaced sandhu at weekend breakfast following the earlier changes - took over drivetime , and sunny and shay from channel 4 programme ` the family ` took over the helm of the weekend breakfast show .
one of the most significant programmes in the asian network lineup was an ongoing asian soap opera silver street which was first broadcast in 2004 . storylines focused on the lives of a primarily british south asian community in an english town of unspecified name and location , with themes that generally related to issues that affect the daily lives of british south asians and their neighbours
the cancellation grew out of criticisms of the asian network in the bbc trust ' s annual report . in july 2009 it was revealed that the asian network had lost over 20 % of its listeners in a single year and , per listener , was the most costly and expensive bbc radio station to run .
was replaced by monthly half hour dramas and in august 2010 , bbc asian network announced it would be launching a new drama season from 1st september 2010 . according to a bbc press release
titled bbc asian network presents . . . the new drama strand is committed to providing distinctive , original and impactful content , all relevant to the target audience .
, director general of the bbc , proposed closing the station in a bid to scale back bbc operations and allow commercial rivals more room .
although the bbc trust later rejected plans to close 6 music and approved the plans to close an .
on 14 march 2011 , the bbc announced it was reconsidering its plan to close the station in favour of reducing its budget in half , although it emphasised no final decision had been made .
with the departure of andy parfitt in the summer of 2011 , the decision was taken to place the asian network back under bob shennan , who by now was controller of radio 2 and 6 music . shennan was in charge of the network when he was controller of five live and knew the station and its management team well . shennan will now oversee the possibly drastic changes to the schedule and staffing of the radio station which will follow from the wider bbc ` s cuts plans .
the bbc asian network features a generally regular schedule of programming in english and south asian languages . many programmes are named after the usual presenter . programmes are presented in english except where noted otherwise .
mike allbut – former t20 presenter and prior to that of the saturday mid - morning show .
changes to drama on bbc asian network bbc press release , 16 november 2009 .
this entry is from wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . it may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer )
une fenêtre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoquée un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - à - dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
les jeux de lettre français sont : ○ anagrammes ○ jokers , mots - croisés ○ lettris ○ boggle .
lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit libérée .
il s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer
la plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral ( tid ) . l ' encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .
les jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - croisé , joker , lettris et boggle sont proposés par memodata . le service web alexandria est motorisé par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .
changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .
copyright © 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclopédie en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de définitions et plus . tous droits réservés .
les cookies nous aident à fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
would you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .
it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .
i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .
of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .
channel one was a television channel owned and operated by virgin media television and then sky plc . the channel was launched on 1 october 2007 at 21 : 00 on freeview , virgin media and sky as virgin1 , replacing ftn . the channel broadcast 24 hours on cable , satellite and freeview ; a one - hour timeshift , channel one + 1 , broadcast on cable and satellite .
bskyb acquired the channel on 4 june 2010 and rebranded it as channel one . on 15 september 2010 , bskyb announced that it would close channel one and sister channels bravo and bravo 2 . channel one ' s freeview space on the multiplex was used to launch challenge there . channel one closed on 1 february 2011 at 06 : 00 . [ 1 ] it was replaced by challenge on freeview and sky atlantic on sky .
it was announced in the summer of 2007 that virgin media television was to launch the new channel . the network had previously expressed their interest in running a general entertainment channel to coincide with the relaunch on ntl : telewest to virgin media . at first , the company stated that all of their other channels including ftn , would still run as normal , but because of ftn having a key freeview primetime slot , this was later changed . [ 2 ]
the channel was launched as virgin1 at 21 : 00 on 1 october 2007 on all platforms ( freeview , virgin media and sky ) replacing former virgin media television channel ftn . some media sources have claimed that it was intended to be in direct competition with british sky broadcasting ' s flagship channel , sky1 , which in august 2010 had a 0 . 8 % share of the market compared with virgin1 ' s 0 . 7 % . [ 3 ]
on 20 february 2008 , the channel moved from ftn ' s old slots 153 and 154 on sky and took over bravo ' s slots 121 and 122 , which were placed higher up on the epg . the next day , the channel went on to achieve its highest ratings thus far , with the season premiere of terminator : the sarah connor chronicles which secured a 4 . 2 % share of multi channel viewers . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
on 27 april 2009 , it was announced that virgin1 ( on freeview ) would move from multiplex d to multiplex a , allowing the channel to broadcast 24 hours a day . it ' s vacated slot was used to launch a timeshifted version of the channel which broadcast from 18 : 00 to 06 : 00 . in wales , it was only available from 09 : 00 to 19 : 00 , with the + 1 service only available from 19 : 00 .
on 14 may 2009 , virgin media television announced plans to revamp the channel . on 9 june 2009 , it underwent a rebranding with new idents , break bumpers and onscreen identity . as part of the rebrand a mascot called red was introduced , a puppet character from the creator of the itv digital monkey . [ 6 ]
on 20 october 2009 , the channel reduced its hours on freeview to 09 : 00 – 03 : 00 , allowing tease me tv to launch . the revocation of tmtv ' s licence in november 2010 freed up the bandwidth it used from channel one , but it was left vacant until the closure of the channel .
from 30 october 2009 , the channel briefly aired tna impact ! at 21 : 00 ( which was also shown on sister channel bravo at the time ) . this was the first time wrestling has been aired on free television in the uk since 2001 .
on 1 june 2010 , the timeshifted version of the channel ceased broadcasting on freeview channel 35 , allowing yesterday to extend its broadcast hours . the timeshifted service continued to operate on satellite and cable platforms , between 04 : 00 and 01 : 00 daily ( the live challenge jackpot simulcast on virgin1 between 00 : 00 and 03 : 00 was not timeshifted ) . [ 7 ]
on 4 june 2010 , british sky broadcasting and virgin media announced that they had reached an agreement for the acquisition by sky of virgin media television . virgin1 was also a part of the deal , but was rebranded as channel one on 3 september 2010 , as the virgin name wasn ' t licensed to sky . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
on 15 september 2010 , bskyb announced that it would close channel one and its sister channels bravo and bravo 2 . sky cited the similarity of channel one ' s content to that of sky3 , which similarly provided freeview viewers a taste of content previously available to sky subscribers . however , many freeview viewers criticised sky for deliberately dumbing down their freeview offerings in an attempt to gain more subscribers for their sky tv service . sky3 in particular , was perceived by many viewers for constantly being full of tired original sky programming , while sky sports news was removed from the freeview service . others questioned about the inclusion of challenge as a replacement on freeview . by the end of december , the continuity announcer confirmed the closure date for the channel as 1 february 2011 . at 06 : 00 on 1 february 2011 , channel one ceased broadcasting on all platforms , with many programmes moved to other sky - owned channels . it was replaced by challenge on freeview and sky atlantic on sky . the last programme aired on the channel was an episode of star trek enterprise . since the closure , aspects of the former channel one service , including sci - fi and drama programming , were incorporated into sky ' s free - to - air channel , pick .
the following is a list of the ten most watched shows on channel one , based on live + 7 data supplied by barb up to 18 october 2010 . [ 10 ]
the schedule for channel one consisted of a mixture of american and british comedy , drama and factual programming , both acquired and commissioned . the channel was pitched between male - targeted channel bravo and female - targeted channel living . in addition to exclusive content , channel one also showed some content from living , bravo and challenge .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
talktalk has today announced a deal with filmflex movies ltd to bring its customers hundreds more movies on demand , with even more new releases available to rent on the same day as dvd .