the rockingham pottery was a 19th-century manufacturer of porcelain of international repute , supplying fine wares and ornamental pieces to royalty and the aristocracy in britain and overseas , as well as manufacturing porcelain and earthenware items for ordinary use .

it is best known for its finely decorated and , to modern tastes , somewhat gaudy rococo style of porcelain ; indeed its name has almost come to classify such a style and as such pieces by other factories are regularly and incorrectly attributed to rockingham .

a famous piece is the ( 50 kg ) ornate item known as the rhinoceros vase ( of which two are known ) made to demonstrate the skill of producing such a large and complex item as a single piece of fired porcelain .

rockingham pottery

brownish glazed rockingham pottery originated in england , where it was named after the marquis of rockingham , who produced it at his swinton pottery .
the rockingham pottery / by arthur a . eaglestone and terence a . . . .
save rockingham pottery to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .
issued by rockingham pottery in 1985 using original moulds made by shorter & sons in 1940 .
2 bennington / rockingham pottery collectibles , soap dish and mug , yell . . . lot 129
rotherham’s famous rockingham pottery has gone global thanks to a new website launched by rotherham borough council .
antique rockingham pottery spill vase with gilt detail - 8 . 5cm high x 6 . 5 cm dia
visit our world famous collection of rockingham pottery , and marvel at the skill of our local potters .
the yorkshire potteries collection consists of around 300 items of ceramics produced by the non - rockingham potteries in yorkshire . these items were manufactured at other rotherham based potteries , such as holmes pottery , rawmarsh top pottery and kilnhurst old pottery , as well as at potteries further afield in yorkshire , for example leeds pottery and don pottery , both of which have rockingham connections .
alfred bagguley’s mark after he moved his pottery business from the rockingham site to bank street at mexborough . the rockingham brown glazeware was produced from his secret formula
rice , dennis g . . 1971 . rockingham pottery and porcelain . london : p . 83 - 4
rockingham pottery and porcelain by alwyn cox and angela cox : 42 hardcover , first edition . - rooke books pbfa
large rockingham glazed molded pottery jar with cover , ht . 11 3 / 4 in . more . . .
harker pottery : a collector ' s compendium from rockingham and yellowware to modern - $ 39 . 95 : schiffer publishing
group of pottery items , including a redware spittoon , rockingham - glazed bowls and molds , a rockingham - glazed book flask , and a spongeware pitcher . more . . .
this 19th century pottery dog is in fantastic condition and these are quite rare to find in rockingham pottery . there are no cracks or chips . they were the state of vermont .
( for the most comprehensive publication about the rockingham pottery please refer to “rockingham 1745 - 1842” by alwyn and angela cox , antique collectors club publication , this is highly recommended ) .
these were my grandmother ' s who bought them at the pottery in bennington vt . • bennington pottery . • custard cup .
in gratitude , the pottery was renamed the rockingham works ( after the earl’s much admired uncle ) and the griffin crest of the wentworth family was introduced from then on as the pottery’s mark .
how a distinctly english pottery became a uniquely american one is the subject of the new exhibit “‘fancy rockingham’ pottery : the modeller and ceramics in nineteenth century america , ” on view at the university of richmond . some 70 pieces of rockingham pottery – all from private new york area collections – tell the story of relief molded earthenware in america .
mary louise mclaughlin’s centennial experience motivated her to spearhead in 1879 the queen city oh pottery club , america’s first all - women’s pottery organization . her efforts set the stage for rookwood and the blossoming of art pottery in cincinnati . rookwood pottery was founded in 1880 by maria longworth nichols , another centennial convert . no other pottery matched rookwood’s uniquely american style .
manufacturer to the king .
rockingham plate
. item : rockingham plate . maker : rockingham . materials : porcelain . age : early 19c . get images that . make supersized seem small .
a real nice brown splatterwarerockingham / bennington pottery bowl . unmarked but appears to be a piece of rockingham / bennington pottery . in very good condition but does have a hairline ( which you can no . . .
a real nice brown splatterwarerockingham / bennington pottery bowl . unmarked but appears to be a piece of rockingham / bennington pottery . in very good condition but does have a hairline ( which you can not feel ) .
fancy rockingham pottery : the modeller and ceramics in nineteenth century america . diana stradling . university of richmond museum / richmond , va . 2004 .
cox , alwyn . cox , angela . 1983 . rockingham pottery and porcelain 1745 - 1842 . london : p . 200 - 1 , 228
rice , d . g . the illustrated guide to rockingham pottery and porcelain . london : barrie & jenkins , 1971 . pl . 71 .
rockingham pottery & porcelain 1745 - 1842 by alwyn cox & angela cox : faber & faber , london 9780571130498 hard cover , first . - parrott books
bennington rockingham - glaze pottery coachman bottle , mottled brown , finely detailed gentleman holding a mug , wearing a cape . impressed type a circular six - line mark with 1849 . book literature : barret - bennington pottery and porcelain .
the terms “rockingham” and “bennington” pottery have long been used interchangeably , and although much of the nineteenth century wares made in bennington were rockingham , considerable quantities were produced in potteries scattered around the eastern half of the united states .
group of mostly rockingham - glazed pottery , including an f . b . norton , worcester , massachusetts , floral cobalt - decorated two - gallon jug , six graduated rockingham - glazed bowls and three yellowware more . . .
dutch pottery and porcelain . w . pitcairn knowles . scribner’s / new york .
barber , the pottery and porcelain of the united states , pp . 438 , 439 ; diana stradling , jersey city : shaping america’s pottery industry , 1825–1892 .
william and donna gray have been collecting and researching harker pottery for many years .
very old rockingham pottery plate with red griffin mark on back . it has green foliage pattern on cream background with gilt edging . otherwise in good condition .
antique rockingham porcelain cup and saucer
. marks : 1383 painted on the base . rockingham griffin backstamp on the saucer . maker : rockingham . item : cup and saucer . condition : minor gilding wear . . .
antique rockingham porcelain cup and saucer
. marks : 1139 painted on the base . rockingham griffin backstamp on the saucer . maker : rockingham . item : cup and saucer . materials : porcelain . conditi . . .
production of pottery had commenced in vermont in 1785 when captain john norton needed utilitarian earthenware and stoneware for his distilled products and established the norton pottery . the other major pottery in town was that of his brother - in - law christopher webber fenton , united states pottery company , which made ornamental yellowware with rockingham and the new flint enamel glaze , and other wares based on ones made in england .
regrettably , unlike the nearby swinton ( rockingham ) pottery , very little historical documentation is available for the don works . the products of the don pottery provide a major field for research and identification both for the ceramic historian and the collector .
antique rockingham porcelain cup and saucer
. marks : 844 painted on the base of the cup . rockingham griffin backstamp on the saucer . maker : rockingham . item : cup and saucer . materials : porcelain . . .
barret , bennington pottery and porcelain : a guide to identification , pp . 134–35 .
the largest and most important item within the rockingham collection is the rhinoceros vase .
1840 ' s lge rockingham treacle glazed loving cup fighting dogs 2 frogs sprigging .
rockingham - glazed pottery book - form flask , 19th century , ht . 5 1 / 2 , wd . 4 , dp . 2 in . more . . .
1 the term “rockingham” probably originated because the first of the dark brown glazed wares were produced at a pottery located on the estate of the marquis of rockingham in yorkshire ( goldberg 2003 : 27 ) . the manufactory was later renamed the rockingham works ( claney 2004 : 33 ) and produced a variety of porcelain and other expensive wares .
christopher webber fenton hoped to mimic josiah wedgwood’s nomenclature genius by calling rockingham he made at the norton pottery “ flint enamel . ” local potters called fenton’s nomenclature “humbug . ” others called rockingham “variegated ware , ” “fancy ware , ” or simply “rock . ”
molded , rounded rim , yellow brown streaks , summit pottery , 13 x 10 in .
knowles & harvey - - - plant # 1 old end . e . liverpool pottery works
william bloor - - - east liverpool porcelain works - - u . s . pottery wrks
set of 3 batter mixing bowls from bennington pottery in vermont . all in excellent condition .
this is an original rockingham pottery beverage pitcher . depicting the english fox hunt scene , with the fox handle watching the hounds from above . excellent condition . priced to sell .
a rockingham pottery shoe - form inkwell or botle . with evidence of wear from age and use . break and repair to opening at top with a loss to a piece .
rockingham , in the united states , is a pottery with a brown glaze that resembles tortoiseshell . it was made from 1840 to 1900 by many american potteries . rockingham is also the name of a pottery in england in swinton working from 1745 to 1842 . other types of ceramics were also made by the english firm , but the name rockingham was used by collectors for any of the brown glazed pottery made in america . some of rockingham ' s most famous pieces had relief - molded designs including hunt scenes . animal sculptures and historical figures were also made . related pieces may be listed in the bennington category .
but most of the tonnage of 19th century rockingham was quite gaudy . therein lay rockingham’s down side . the glaze’s overpowering nature could make anything look “fancy . ” so much so that in 1901 , years after rockingham’s craze had run it’s course , james carr sighed while recounting what might have been a common exchange between pottery owner and shop worker :
bennington rockingham spatter ware spaniel dog figurine : unmarked , he . . . lot 127
rockingham pottery takes its name from the estate of the marquis of rockingham in yorkshire , england , where potters in the mid - to late eighteenth century created household objects with a characteristic lustrous mottled brown glaze . when rockingham appeared in america around the 1820s , it acquired a whole new array of colors and patterns . ceramics scholar and exhibit curator diana stradling says the term “rockingham , ” strictly speaking , describes only brown glazed ceramic objects .
buffalo pottery deldare ware mug and plate , a doulton lambeth mug , and a rockingham - glazed toby jug , ht . to 8 1 / 4 in . more . . .
was started in 1745 , but it was not until 1826 that it assumed the name rockingham . it continued to operate until 1842 . rockingham porcelain , light in weight , was
early american pottery and china . john spargo . the century co . / ny . 1926 .
“‘fancy rockingham’ pottery : the modeller and ceramics in nineteenth century america” remains on view at the university of richmond museums through february 27 . for information , 804 - 289 - 8276 or urltoken
gates and ormerod , “the east liverpool , ohio pottery district , ” p . 52 ; barber , the pottery and porcelain of the united states , p . 200 . an 1850 price list of his yellow and rockingham ware is illustrated in liebowitz , yellow ware , p . 43 .
american potters – mostly english émigrés freed from the conventions of their homeland – lost no time in transforming rockingham into a dripped , splattered , sponged , polychrome marvel . pottery from bennington vt to east liverpool oh was slathered with it . within three years of it’s introduction to these shores , rockingham by james bennett of pittsburg pa won the 1845 franklin institute pottery diploma . trenton nj was an epicenter of production , with ( émigré ) daniel greatbatch as perhaps rockingham’s best practitioner .
“rockingham” originally described a rich chocolate brown glaze made on the marquis of rockingham’s swinton estate in yorkshire , england beginning in 1757 . when the swinton pottery failed in 1842 the glaze went ( quite successfully ) to potteries in derbyshire . it also went with hordes of emigrating potters to america .
here you will receive this antique pottery spirits bottle in the primitive style . from a local estate .
antique yellow ware milk pitcher with drip brown glaze know as bennington or rockingham pottery . this piece is unsigned . features raised design at shoulder of the pitcher . in very good condition with . . .
an old molded pottery pen stand with a central inkwell and four holes for quill pens . images of nature with relief flower decorations on four sides ; wonderful rockingham or bennington glaze runs and color variations .
rare harker semi porcelain 12 3 / 8
antique plate platter harker pottery co u . s . a
manufacturers sometimes used the term “rockingham” to describe stonewares , usually pitchers , teapots and flowerpots , dipped in brown manganese ( albany ) slip ( ketchum 1987 : 10 ) . rockingham is also sometimes mistakenly called “bennington ware” after the town in vermont that was home to the united states pottery company , which produced rockingham glazed wares ( gates and ormerod 1982 : 7 , ketchum 1994 : 222 ; spargo 1926 ) . since not all rockingham wares were produced in bennington , the use of this term is misleading .
the lion with the flam , impressed stamp that so many associate with don pottery did not appear until 1810 . it is observed that the don pottery book had a great similarity to the leeds pottery pattern books that were published in 1783 and 1794 respectively . this is perhaps not unsurprising considering the past relationships of the founders .
bennington rockingham ware was first produced at the norton pottery circa 1845 during the period when it was owned by julius norton ( son of the founder , captain john norton ) and christopher fenton , his brother - in - law . eventually fenton split from norton ( circa 1849 ) and founded his own firm , the us pottery company , where most of the bennington rockingham ware was produced . the firm dissolved in 1858 .
ok , as a joke this is ridiculous . but it makes perfect sense when studying 19th century rockingham glazed pottery in the united states . every potter today knows – or should know – that making pottery is only half the story . using pots brings them to life . when we trace ownership and function from kiln to cabinet , some interesting patterns come to light – like the connectivity of spittoons in the rockingham market .
made at swinton , yorkshire , in a factory on the estate of the marquess of rockingham . the
all the other three rockingham pattern books are in private hands and so are unavailable to the public .
she said : “rockingham is very special both to porcelain enthusiasts and to the history of rotherham . ”
page from the rockingham pattern book dating from 1826 to 1830 showing tea ware patterns 676 and 677 .
cake mold , american , mid - nineteenth century . rockingham glazed earthenware . d . 10
.
plate of porcelain painted with enamels and gilded , rockingham ceramic factory , swinton , ca . 1825 .
the pottery traded on as a large employer also attracting artists and designers from staffordshire . the don pottery was the second largest industrial pottery in yorkshire at this time employing some 600 people . its finished products were exported to russia , the middle east and south america with the canal used as the starting point for the long journeys .
2 bennington / rockingham pottery collectibles , soap dish and mug , yellow with brown glaze : the rectangular soap dish is in one piece and has drain holes . the mug has flared sides and an applied handle .
up for your consideration is an antique pitcher rockingham glaze bennington primitive yellow ware pottery . there are great colors and markings on this pitcher . th ank you . we will do what it takes to . . .
five mostly rockingham - glazed stoneware vessels , 19th century , a brown - glazed pottery pitcher with a drinking scene molded in relief , a spittoon , and three pitchers : one with portrait medallions more . . .
candlestick , lyman , fenton & co . / united states pottery company , bennington , vermont , 1849–1858 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 9 3 / 8
. flint enamel was added to the glaze .
detail of the “american pottery” mark on the collar band of hound - handle pitcher illustrated in fig . 15 .
about the author & colon ; william and donna gray have been collecting and researching harker pottery for many years .
hound - handled pitcher , united states pottery company , bennington , vermont , 1852–1856 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 12 1 / 8
. there are three stilt marks in a triangular pattern on the base .
the overwhelming naturalistic elements of “fancy rockingham” made it a natural for the university of richmond’s lora robins gallery of design from nature , said university of richmond museum director richard waller . “design from nature is in abundance in rockingham , ” he stated . having spent 20 years at the brooklyn museum of art , he was familiar with rockingham and rockingham collectors and believed that it was a perfect fit for the lora robins gallery .
gates and ormerod , “the east liverpool , ohio pottery district , ” p . 79 ; barber , the pottery and porcelain of the united states , p . 199 ; barber , marks of american potters , p . 105 .
rhinoceros vase from the rockingham factory , swinton , nr rotherham . © rotherham museums , galleries & heritage service
rockingham porcelain remains highly collectable , the cup , saucers and smaller pieces are generally easier to source , although they are becoming steadily harder to find . however , larger rockingham ornamental pieces are few and far between .
unmarked , but this is a known rockingham design . maker : rockingham , but unmarked .
antique porcelain cup and saucer
. item : cup and saucer . materials : porcelain . age : early 19c .
miniature toby jug in the form of the duchess of plaza - toro from gilbert and sullivan ' s the gondoliers . rockingham pottery , 1985 , from original moulds made by shorter & sons , 1940 , first issued in 1949
since the dark rockingham glaze obscured printed manufacturer’s marks and filled impressed marks , making them difficult to read , rockingham - glazed wares were generally not marked by their manufacturers . the philadelphia firm of j . e . jeffords appeared to have marked more of their rockingham wares than other manufacturers ( liebeknecht , personal communication 2012 ) .
don pottery has been a specialised field of collecting for the doncaster museum and art gallery since its establishment in 1909 . the collection represents both the greens and barker periods and is the largest collection of don pottery in any public museum .
further information about bennington rockingham wares may be found in bennington pottery and porcelain by richard carter barret . for many years the curator of the bennington museum , barret is generally considerd to be the foremost authority on the this topic .
group of assorted pottery items , five rockingham - glazed , two redware dishes , a delft bowl , and a large staffordshire blue and white transfer - decorated platter . the collection of dr . howard p . more . . .
one popular line that fenton produced , rockingham , was not his invention , glaze - finished pottery produced in england and elsewhere in the united states . fenton added his own designs and unusual mottling techniques to rockingham , producing pieces with a streaked and spattered brown glaze that combined with the yellow body clay to make a tortoise - shell effect .
gates and ormerod , “the east liverpool , ohio pottery district , ” p . 300 ; barber , the pottery and porcelain of the united states , p . 199 ; barber , marks of american potters , pp . 160 , 161 , 201 . an 1864–1865 price list of the vodrey pottery works of his rockingham and varigated ware and yellow ware is illustrated in joan liebowitz , yellow ware ( west chester : pa . : schiffer , 1993 ) , p . 45 .
the brown glaze was often used on a type of pear - shaped teapot called the “rockingham teapot” after the last marchioness of rockingham who died in 1804 . she had ordered up to eighteen of the teapots at one time .
pitcher , american , mid - nineteenth century . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 11 1 / 8
.
four pieces of rockingham - glazed pottery , a lyman fenton & co . coachman flask , and unmark coachman flask , a hunt jug , and a bough pot , ht . to 10 1 / 4 in . more . . .
four pottery items , a rockingham - glazed cow creamer , and three redware items : a pitcher , a dish , and a jar , ht . to 5 1 / 2 , wd . to 7 in . more . . .
english potter joseph bennett came in 1834 from derbyshire to america where by 1839 he established his own pottery in east liverpool , ohio . he was joined in 1841 by his brothers edwin , william and daniel . the next year james relocated the pottery to pittsburgh and edwin moved to baltimore and established his own pottery there . his brother william followed him in 1847 and the pottery was known as bennett & brothers . the “rebekah at the well” teapot was one of their best - known products .
but the most varied and unsually most valuable bennington pottery is that produced in the short span by charles webber fenton , who married into the norton family and then started his own us pottery company in 1847 . while his in - laws concentrated on stoneware , fenton began intense experimentation in new types of pottery and porcelain , none of which have been exactly duplicated since .
of all ceramic types made in the us during the 19th century , rockingham best held it’s ground against the flood of british factory work , infatuation with chinese porcelain , attempts at copying english styles , etc . rockingham , with scratch blue stoneware as a close second , is the most truly iconic american pottery style of that , or any , era .
there was probably no clearer , nor more ironic , example of this situation than the trajectory of the rockingham glaze .
the site , by the council’s museums , galleries and heritage section , is dedicated entirely to the rockingham pattern book .
rockingham - glazed earthenware hunt jug , 19th century , ht . 10 1 / 2 in . more . . .
john brameld and son william set about developing the pottery . the premises were enlarged with a large paintshop and flintmill being erected .
bennington pottery vermont batter bowl . great for pancake making ! black & grey spatter . marked on bottom bennington potters 1880 vermont .
possibly rockingham ? . 19th century floral pot / vase 11 . 5x6cm . for sale is a possibly rockingham ? . 19th century floral pot / vase . it features a hand painted floral panel upon a fish scale blue ground . . .
all of our ceramic collection is the swinton , brameld and rockingham pottery , collectively referred to as the rockingham collection . rotherham holds the best public collection of rockingham pottery anywhere in the world . since the first item was given to the museum in 1908 , many more items have been acquired by gift , purchase and bequest . the collection demonstrates an excellent range of wares including a full dinner service , and examples of tea and dessert wares , many of which match designs in the rockingham pattern book . the pattern book is the second of four volumes produced to illustrate the designs used in the production of porcelain at the swinton pottery site . it was acquired by heritage services in 2007 , with the aid of a heritage lottery fund grant . the original is held by archives and local studies , and there is a facsimile copy for customers to view in the ceramics gallery .
this is an antique bennington rockingham glaze yellow ware small bowl . the yellow with brown glazing gives the appearance of tortoiseshell .
this means that the new website will be of particular interest to various groups of people as well as the rockingham collectors .
this is an antique bennington rockingham glaze yellow ware large bowl . the yellow with brown glazing gives the appearance of tortoiseshell .
rockingham went from a small country pottery to a royal porcelain manufacturer before going bankrupt but its legacy is some of the most highly - collectable porcelain in the country , of which some 1 , 200 pieces can be found in the borough council’s own collection .
thirty - one pieces of rockingham - glazed pottery , 19th / 20th century , including three pitchers : one with relief - molded fruit , one with lid , and one with foliate - molded band to rim ; six finger bowls , more . . .
there has been a long tradition of manufacturing pottery in south yorkshire and particularly at swinton . early pottery finds in the area go back to prehistoric times . the local tribes found rich local clays were ideal for making pots for storage , cooking , eating and drinking .
bennington pottery , blue agate , round dish . stamped on back 1661 ya , bennington , vermont . great cond , see pics .
pitcher , attributed to the american pottery co . , jersey city , new jersey , ca . 1845 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 9 1 / 4
. this molded pitcher is decorated with an elaborate design featuring gothic architecture and eight apostles . this example is unmarked although a similar pitcher with the american pottery co . mark is in the clement collection , brooklyn museum of art .
colors : bennington pottery rockingham glaze
slip
style mottled browns and yellow ware colors . old ernest and julio gallo cork used .
spotless
clean . size : 6
donut shape with 2 - 1 / 4
center donut ho . . .
rockingham ware in american culture , 1830 - 1930 . jane perkins claney . university press of new england / hanover . 2004 .
in addition , rockingham collectors will also have the option of searching a wide range of categories to identify specific features or patterns .
but there were many others ; newcomb pottery in new orleans founded specifically to instruct young women ; mary chase stratton’s pewabic pottery in detroit ; linna irelan’s art pottery in san francisco , ca , which exclusively used native californian clays . these and many more set the stage for adelaide alsop robineau’s porcelain work beginning in 1904 and culminating in her magisterial scarab vase . the stage was set for america’s arts and crafts revolution .
bennington ware was the product of two factories working in bennington , vermont . around 1847 - 1858 more fancy pottery was made , starting with the parian ware . in 1858 the pottery closed due to financial reasons making the production of parian ware only last 6 - 12 years .
in the 1990’s successful lobbying by local heritage enthusiasts paid off in swinton . the whole rockingham pottery site along with the surviving waterloo kiln was added to the scheduled stock of ancient monuments . also the locally named three cornered wood which has boundaries at warren vale road and blackamoor road was scheduled . the wood was a former clay pit which had extensive re - filling with pottery waste once the clay was exhausted .
barret , bennington pottery and porcelain : a guide to identification , p . 320 , pl . 417 , p . 321 , pl . 418 . john bell also copied this mug ( see comstock , the pottery of the shenandoah valley region , p . 130 , fig . 4 . 143 ) . coxon continued to make this mug with slight variations when he was at the swan hill pottery , ca . 1858–1860 .
the history of the reknowned rockingham pottery factory starts with the making of pottery , tiles and bricks at swinton on a small scale in the 1750’s . the owner joseph flint rented land off the landowner , thomas watson - wentworth , 1 st marquis of rockingham . circa 1755 flint as operator was replaced by edward butler and his wife , elizabeth . they continued manufacture until 1765 when william malpass then took over the pottery from the butlers . with plans for expansion in , 1768 he went into partnership with a william fenney . fenney had previously been a glassmaker in catcliffe but who was bankrupted some eight years earlier in 1759 . some 20 men and 40 boys were employed by them .
readings : the pottery and porcelain of the united states . edwin atlee barber . g . p . putnam’s sons / new york . 1909 .
stephen theis made designs for the united states pottery at bennington , the pottery that was the source of much rockingham ware . the company also produced parian ware and several examples of theis’s designs are on view . a pitcher in the “sunflower and tulip” pattern and one in the “pond lily” design were both made in bennington . his “psyche and cupid” pitcher was made in philadelphia , as was an 1870 serving bowl on view .
perhaps the best known product of the swinton pottery was the rich brown glaze that came to be known as “rockingham glaze” or “rockingham ware” . this was first introduced in the 1770’s . the bramelds made extensive use of it on products after 1806 . it was such a success that other factories began to copy the style . it was developed and made with a secret recipe developed by ex staffordshire potter alfred bagguley .
of questionable taste but always well made and finished . a manganese - brown glaze called “rockingham glaze” was used on the stoneware . from
it will allow people right across the world the unprecedented opportunity to view the entire rockingham pattern book at the click of a mouse .
what both reveal is that the , term
bennington
can be applied to a vast array of pottery and porcelain made in the town , including salt - glazed stoneware , redware , granite ware , flint enamel , scroddled ware , rockingham , parian , and others . what they all have in common is that they were made by only two pottery companies , one of which was in business for a scant 10 years .
rockingham is highly - fired earthenware or stoneware , generally with a buff to yellow paste and a brown mottled and streaked glaze , often characterized by patches of the vessel’s body showing through . rockingham is generally not felt to be a specific ware type ; rather simply a type of glaze applied to yellow , buff or ( rarely ) white - bodied ceramics . rockingham is typically characterized by relief molded decoration .
so , where did the spittoon fit in ? everywhere . it was the single commonest rockingham form ( for obvious reasons ) throughout rockingham’s entire production history . spittoons were simply everywhere . tea parlors , public houses , homes , courthouses , trains , lady’s bathrooms . everywhere .
because the bennington potteries were the first to copy the english rockingham process , and produced the highest quality wares , there is a tendency to label all brown or spatter - glazed pottery as “bennington . ” this is incorrect and only pottery made in bennington , vermont should be so indentified . the similar products of other potteries should be identified as “american rockingham” . at bennington , at least until 1856 , the wares were exceptionally fine in finish because a double glaze technique was used . a glossy underglaze was applied to the clay piece . after an initial firing , the brown rockingham glaze was spattered on and the piece was fired again . the result was a final glaze effect of extraordinary depth and brilliance .
samuel barker of the mexborough old pottery purchased the don pottery works in july 1839 . he resided in ‘mexborough house’ situated where the post office now sits on mexborough high street . he was an extensive property and business owner . the mexborough old pottery was also situated on the south yorkshire canal , less than a mile north east of the don pottery . the site is used today by the liddle supermarket . it was established circa 1800 and was acquired in 1809 by the barker family . samuel barker ran the two potteries together until 1848 . thereafter the mexborough works was converted into an iron foundry and pottery making was confined to the don works . samuel barker’s three sons joined the firm in 1857 and the firm then traded as “samuel barker & son” . the barker family worked the pottery until 1882 and then let the works out to john adamson , jon williamson , edward smith and charles scorah . this partnership continued trading as “samuel barker & son” until 1893 when the pottery closed and the stock was once again sold to pay the rent .
books and journals cox , a , cox , a , rockingham pottery and porcelain 1745 - 1842 , ( 1983 ) , 1 - 254 cox , a , cox , a , ' transactions of the english ceramic circle ' in recent excavations at the swinton pottery : white slatglazed ston , , vol . 11 , 3 , ( 1983 ) , 232 - 254 cox , a , cox , a , ' journal of the northern ceramic society ' in the closure of rockingham works . pt 1 new documents relating to , , vol . 12 , ( 1995 ) , 93 - 150 cox , a , lockett , t , ' the connoisseur ' in the rockingham pottery , 1745 - 1842 , a preliminary excavation , , vol . march , ( 1970 ) , 171 - 176 cox , a , cox , a , ' transactions of the english ceramic circle ' in recent excavations at the swinton pottery : the leeds connection , , vol . 11 , 1 , ( 1981 ) , 50 - 69
the don pottery buildings were partly demolished in the 1880’s and 1890’s and houses and streets erected on part of the site ( new station road ) .
a rockingham teapot with the
rebekah at the well
design , lid stays on the teapot with a small notch on the lid .
octagonal paneled pitcher , attributed to bennett & brothers , east liverpool , ohio , or pittsburgh , pennsylvania , ca . 1844 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 7 3 / 8
. powdered flint was added to the rockingham glaze to produce the streaks of green and blue . a similar pitcher with a different rockingham glaze is in the collection of the east liverpool museum of ceramics , east liverpool , ohio .
the romans appeared in the area shortly after invasion circa ad54 . they built more complex pottery items like amphora’s , mosaiques , oil lamps , dining pots and sets . danum ( doncaster ) and the fort at templeborough both evidenced extensive roman pottery manufacture . there were potteries operating in both rawmarsh and conisbrough in the 1500’s . by 1750 , the demand for pottery products was growing , decoration of pieces improved and ornamental and utilitarian pottery both had a market . the boom of the industrial revolution and the building of canal networks through swinton in the 18th century meant that manufactured pottery could be transported easily to the larger cities and towns to sell to the masses . at swinton there was to be found an abundance of coal along with yellow , red and white clays , meaning raw materials were on hand locally . the abundance of these was the main reasons for the establishment of commercial pottery manufacture at swinton .
for the most part , however , american rockingham appeared in a range of designs that were particular to these shores . “fancy rockingham” objects reflect the fascination with naturalism that was sweeping the young republic . modelers took heed and incorporated flowers , trees , corn , marine life and animals in their pottery designs . much awed by images of niagara falls , modelers introduced fanciful “cascade” or “waterfall” pitchers , several examples of which are on view .
other cases display a dazzling array of flint enamel , a type of glazed pottery that is truly fenton ' s own . using powdered oxides to produce vivid shades of green , blue , and brown and then sprinkling them over a wet , clear glaze , fenton invented this type of pottery in 1849 .
the rockingham pottery / by arthur a . eaglestone and terence a . lockett by eaglestone , arthur a . ( arthur archibald ) ( 1892 - ) municipal museum and art gallery ( rotherham ) : cliffton park , rotherham : municipal museum and art gallery first edition . - mw books ltd .
colors : bennington pottery rockingham glaze
slip
style mottled browns and yellow ware colors . old ernest and julio gallo cork used .
spotless
clean . size : 6
donut shape with 2 - 1 / 4
center donut hole and 1
whiskey spout extension and cork .
rockingham glazed vessels were inexpensive , mass - produced wares of the mid - nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries , manufactured in both england and north america ( claney 2004 : xiii ) . the original use of the term rockingham can be traced back to the late eighteenth century in england . around 1770 , the swinton pottery developed a rich brown glaze for white earthenware that quickly became popular and eventually came to be known as “rockingham” glaze ( cox and cox 1983 : 108 ) . ftn1 these expensive teaware vessels , often decorated with gold gilding ( as shown in the photo on the right ) or polychrome enamels in chinoiserie or floral motifs , bear little resemblance to the later rockingham wares that are the subject of this essay .
diana stradling , jersey city : shaping america’s pottery industry , 1825–1892 ; barber , the pottery and porcelain of the united states , pp . 21 , 438–40 ; lura woodside watkins , “henderson of jersey city and his pitchers , ” antiques 50 , no . 6 ( december 1946 ) : 390 , 391 .
pottery , one of the oldest and most widespread of the decorative arts , consisting of objects made of clay and hardened with heat . the objects made are commonly useful ones , such as vessels for holding liquids or plates or bowls from which food can be served . clay , the basic material of pottery , has…
the don pottery was built in 1801 on the bank of the south yorkshire canal of rowms lane close to its boundary with mexborough . the pottery founder was john green who had been the managing partner of the leeds and swinton potteries who briefly took over the swinton pottery . he remained there until 1800 , when he unfortunatly became bankrupt . he was actually one of the most important and influential personalities of yorkshire ceramics . he had previously resided in hunslet but moved back to wath .
detail of the mark on the base of the yellow ware pitcher illustrated in fig . 22 . it is impressed “swan hill / pottery / south amboy . ”
john brameld decided on action and appealed for help to the wentworth landlord , earl fitzwilliam ( marquis of rockingham ) . as a result of this , the earl provided a huge loan of £2000 to allow john brameld to buy himself out of the partnership and take over the running of the pottery . the 2 nd earl fitzwilliam ( 1748 - 1833 ) owned the huge wentworth estate whose land stretched into swinton . he had inherited his estates from his uncle , charles watson - wentworth , the 2 nd marquis of rockingham and former prime minister who died in 1782 . the pottery then continued under the name of brameld .
eleven ceramic tableware items , including a yellowware jar and food mold , four rockingham - glazed bowls , and three spongeware pitchers . more . . .
the largest bowl has two hairline cracks and one rim chip . beautiful old pottery bowls for use or display . all with age - appropriate crazing in the finish .
2 a number of patterns produced in rockingham glazed wares were also made in smear glazed stonewares . see diagnostic artifacts in maryland essay on relief molded stonewares .
thirteen mostly english ceramic items , including two yellowware bowls , a rockingham - glazed toby jug , and a pair of pearlware shakers . more . . .
rockingham glazed vessels were produced by many north american manufacturers , including firms in canada , the east liverpool pottery district of ohio , illinois , kentucky and in trenton and jersey city , new jersey ( goldberg 2003 ; liebeknecht 2000 ; white and liebeknecht 2002 ; genheimer 1987 ; mansberger and mounce 1990 ) . one of the best known manufacturers of rockingham glazed wares was edwin bennett of baltimore , in production under several different firm names between circa 1848 and 1936 ( kille 2011 ) .
several american rockingham hound - handled jugs on view were made at henderson’s in jersey city , at e & w bennett in baltimore and at potteries in cincinnati and east liverpool , ohio . a later example on view was made around 1848 or 1849 at the united states pottery company in bennington , vt . the modeler was greatbatch .
hound - handle pitcher , american pottery company , jersey city , new jersey , 1840–1850 . rockingham glazed stoneware . h . 8 1 / 2
. this molded pitcher has a reddish brown glaze outside and a putty colored glaze inside . a vine with leaves , tendrils , and grape clusters is on its neck and shoulder .
utilitarian earthenware was the major product produced at the don pottery as occurred with the bramelds a drift into porcelain production started in 1810 - 12 . although the early pieces of pottery were rarely marked , shards have helped identify the products . the earliest marked pieces were the “orange jumper” jugs issued to commemorate the election of 1807 . in this election the local landowner viscount milton , of the wentworth estate took part , standing as a whig candidate . these jugs have the motif ‘don pottery’ painted in red on their bases .
pretty rockingham cup and saucer in pale green and gold with floral decoration . in excellent condition - dated between 1830 and 1840 - please email me with any questions
the general ceramics collection includes pieces used locally and those used as reference samples for non - local factories to demonstrate the similarity to rockingham or other yorkshire potteries .
despite the ultimate failure of the bramelds and the rockingham works , many of their products survive to this day . they are much sought after by collectors worldwide .
common marks from wares decorated by isaac baguley and his son alfred . the earlier mark used from 1842 to 1865 includes a griffin similar to the rockingham mark .
…first products made there were rockingham and yellow - glazed ware . in the decade following the american civil war , william bloor , isaac w . knowles , and others introduced the production of whiteware . by the last decade of the 19th century , production had grown until it was the largest pottery - producing area in the world . …
because the mottled sufaces were created in the imprecise way of dipping a paddle into a vat of glaze and then spattering it on the pottery , no two pieces of rockingham are exactly alike . the museum ' s cases of toby jugs , kitchen items , and animal figures reveal each item to have a speckled pattern of its own .
hound - handle pitcher , east liverpool , ohio , ca . 1965 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 9 3 / 4
. the upper portion and hound are covered with an off - white glaze . the impressed mark reads : “reproduction harker rockingham / mfg 1848 / u . s . a . 1965 . ”
book flasks were popular . the circa 1876 one pictured is attributed to jeffords pottery in philadelphia , and is executed in a desirable cobalt blue glaze on a cream color body .
pottery was initially manufactured by joseph flint near swinton in yorkshire on land rented from the marquis of rockingham in 1745 . however the business passed to an edward butler who in turn sold it to william malpass in 1765 . he went into collaboration with the glass manufacturer william fenney and together , they started to make high quality whiteware and cream enameled wares from good quality clays imported from cornwall and kent . the company thrived , becoming bingley , wood & co and it was then taken over by the leeds pottery in 1787 . however the leeds pottery interest in the company waned , and by 1806 the company was under the direction of the father and son team john and william brameld . they continued making good creamware pottery marked with an impressed brameld mark and also more durable stoneware and pearlware pottery . the latter was decorated with transfer prints and became quite popular . unfortunately the bramelds were not financially aware and the company fell into difficult times , running up debts of about £220 , 000 . however , they secured loans from earl fitzwilliam , heir to the marquis of rockingham . this funding allowed them to start making fine white soft paste porcelain formed from a combination of bone ash , cornish stone and china clay .
maker : rockingham .
rockinham saucer
. item : saucer . materials : porcelain . age : early / mid 19c . marks : griffin mark on base .
presentation pitcher , probably south amboy , new jersey , 1860–1870 . rockingham glazed earthenware . h . 10
. this pitcher may have been made by john l . rue and company , the swan hill pottery , or a later firm copying their work . it has an elaborate filigree - like design around a circular medallion with a bearded man’s head . on the front , in white letters , is the name “mrs john webb . ” the inside has a white glaze and a molded rockingham glazed frog on the bottom .
really nice mixing bowl with a wonderful rockingham glaze with a touch of green oxide added to give it that special glaze touch . each side is paneled , nice form .
rockingham plate
. item : plate . age : early 19c . marks : impressed and printed mark on base . get images that . make supersized seem small .
large rockingham - glazed two - handled ceramic cup , 19th century , ht . 8 1 / 4 , wd . 13 1 / 2 in . more . . .
this is an antique bennington rockingham glaze yellow ware small bowl . the yellow with brown glazing gives the appearance of tortoiseshell . - bottom marked
168 c 30
.
utilitarian objects were rendered with the principle of “dulce et utile . ” a handsome covered chamber pot from the fenton pottery in bennington was made with a flint enamel glaze with striking patches of orange and blue over olive green on a cream body . a couple of book flasks on view were made in dazzling colors . an unmarked example that is attributed to the fenton pottery in bennington has a remarkable flint enamel orange and olive green glaze on a cream body . the other , attributed to jeffords pottery in philadelphia , is done in a cobalt blue glaze .
rockingham plate
. item : plate . marks : griffin mark on base . pattern 780 . age : early 19c . get images that . make supersized seem small .
their advertising sheet states it was made by the harker china company / the oldest pottery in america / established 1840 as an “authentic reproduction of the first harker rockingham hound handled 2 qt . jug , produced in 1948 . ” they also created a hound - handle mug similarly glazed and a “rebekah - at - the - well” teapot with an overall dark brown glaze .
arthur a . eaglestone and t . a . lockett , the rockingham pottery , new revised ed . ( rutland , vt . , and tokyo , japan : charles e . tuttle company , inc . , 1973 ) , pp . 89 , 90 ; frederick litchfield , pottery and porcelain : a guide to collectors ( new york : m . barrows and company , inc . , 1951 ) , p . 217 ; lura woodside watkins , early new england potters and their wares ( 1950 ; reprint , hamden , conn . : archon books , 1968 ) , pp . 7 , 212 ; richard carter barret , bennington pottery and porcelain : a guide to identification ( new york : crown publishers , 1958 ) , pp . 18 , 19 .
clement , notes on american ceramics , p . 18 ; new jersey state museum , the pottery and porcelain of new jersey , 1688–1900 , p . 46 ; early arts of new jersey , the potters art , c . 1680–c . 1900 ( trenton , n . j . : new jersey state museum , 1956 ) , p . 30 ; new jersey pottery to 1840 ( trenton , n . j . : new jersey state museum , 1972 ) . barber , marks of american potters , pp . 75–77 . barber was unaware at this time of the salamander works at woodbridge . new jersey state museum , t he pottery and porcelain of new jersey , 1688–1900 , p . 47 , no . 138 , and new jersey pottery to 1840 , fig . 119 .
rockingham plate
. item : dish or stand . make supersized seem small . marks : impressed mark on base . age : early 19c . place of origin : england .
the new site features all 366 pages of the pattern book , with its beautiful hand - painted designs that were copied by the craftsmen and painters at the rockingham factory in swinton .


ward body works ( also known as ward industries and ward school bus manufacturing , inc. ) was a manufacturer specializing in school buses based in conway , arkansas .

ward filed for bankruptcy in 1980 , and its successor , amtran , continued the use of the ward brand on its school buses until 1992 .

in 1991 , amtran was also acquired by navistar international .

ward body works

d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 .
david henry
dave
ward was a blacksmith and founder of the ward body works in conway , arkansas .
ward body works ( also known as ward industries and ward school bus manufacturing ) was a school bus manufacturer based in conway , arkansas .
“companies comprising the charter membership in addition to superior and blue bird are : carpenter body works , inc . , hackney brothers body co . , hicks body co . , inc . , oneida products corp . , p . a . thomas car works , inc . and ward body works , inc .
clara mae carter et al . , appellants , v . ward body works , inc . , appellee .
ward body works , inc . - ward , the champion of transportation : designed for the safety of your children , pub . 1954
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - urltoken
carter v . ward body works | 439 s . w . 2d 286 ( 1969 ) | sw2d2861717 | urltoken
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - urltoken
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , ic bus , ward school bus history , david h . ward , dave ward , amtran , navistar , ic corp . , conway , arkansas - co… | pinteres…
“the firms merged were the ward body works and ward school furniture inc . , both owned by d . h . ward of conway , his wife and their children .
ward body works went bankrupt in 1980 and was reorganized as american transportation corporation ( amtran ) . amtran continued to to the ward brand name until 1992 .
“ward body works of texas will manufacture and sell school buses , using all standard chassis . it also will manufacture transit buses .
joe mcgee ,
ward body works : conway ' s first big industry ,
log cabin democrat , june 21 , 1955 .
a . * * * we were to get them signed and bring one of them back to the ward body works in conway .
ward body works , ward school bus mfg . , american transportation corp . ( aka amtran ) , amtran div . of navistar , ic corp . div of navistar
“ward body works and texacoach are alleged to have violated the anti - trust statutes since jan . 1 , 1959 ; the blue bird and austin sales since dec . 7 , 1960 ; thomas car works and hurst bus sales since august 1 , 1959 ; and carpenter body works and commercial body corps . since jan . 1 , 1961 . ”
ward body works , inc . , ward , the champion of transportation : designed for the safety of your children ( conway , ar : the company , 1954 ) .
“david h . ward , president of ward body works , friday visited the site here on which grading has been started for erection of his texas bus body plant , and announcing plans to begin operation jan . 1 .
the volunteer was an all - new body redesign introduced by ward for 1973 .
1961 patent : bus body window - us patent no . 3 , 174 , 194 - filed jan . 12 , 1961 issued mar . 23 , 1965 to d . h . ward assigned to ward body works inc .
that mr . sallis and mr . carter were employees of ward body works at the time of their deaths , and not independent contractors .
“the industrialist announced that a texas ward body works corporation will be formed . he will be president and j . roy jones of austin will be vice president and general manager . jones , an austin business man , has for several years been texas sales representative of the ward body works of arkansas .
“the nlrb said it agreed with a trial examiner ' s decision that ward body works , inc . , had engaged in some unfair labor practices .
“little rock , ark . ( ap ) – the ward body works of conway yesterday was sued for $ 885 , 600 in federal court here .
the governing body consists of the mayor and 20 governing body members - ward councillors elected by voters from the 13 auckland wards they represent .
“safety test – a speeding car hits the side of school bus in test of a 1964 ward body works bus on a dragstrip at little rock , ark .
“faulkner circuit clerk wendell bryant reported that ward body works submitted the highest bid of $ 30 , 000 and the equipment was sold on that basis , an attorney for the wards said this meant that the books of the body works would reflect a loss of $ 148 , 000 in completing the merger . ”
“election of w . r . smith jr . , austin , as vice president of ward body works of texas also was announced . smith is general counsel of the corporation .
“pulaski chancellor guy e . williams had order the sale of some of the furniture company’s equipment to satisfy a $ 178 , 170 debt for which ward body works had sued .
“washington , july 19 - ( ap ) – the reconstruction finance corporation has approved a $ 300 , 000 loan for the ward body works , inc . of conway ark . ”
“the election of ray cowan of austin as secretary - treasurer of ward body works of texas , and his appointment as general manager of the new austin bus manufacturing firm , was announced monday .
“little rock , ( ap ) - u . s . district court judge gordon young awarded hicks body co . inc . , of lebanon , ind . , an $ 80 , 150 judgment against the ward body works of conway , ark . , tuesday .
“conway – ( ap ) – ward body works , inc . , manufacturers of bus bodies here , has announced the formation of two new conway concerns that will create more than 100 new jobs .
“ward body works of conway , ark . , has bought a site here for a school bus plant which will be put in operation in january with a new payroll of $ 350 , 000 a year .
northern coach • perley a . thomas car works ( 1972 ; became thomas built buses )
“st louis , mo . - ( ap ) – the u . s . court of appeals has upheld a finding that hicks body co . , lebanon , ind . , is without the right to sue ward body works of conway , ark . , for breach of contract .
ward v western australia [ 2002 ] hca 28 , 8 august 2002 . [ hereinafter ward ]
“ward body works of texas , inc . , of austin , headed by charles d . ward of 4201 s . congress ave . , austin , and the texacoach co . , of austin , headed by fred stroud . 106 brown bldg . , austin .
“conway , june 11 ( ap ) – a national labor relations board hearing on union complaints of discrimination in the laying off of employees by the ward body works , inc . , has been postponed until june 24…
ward body works was founded by conway , arkansas , blacksmith david h .
dave
ward in 1933 . ward established the company after lowering the wooden roof of a school bus used by the southside school district located several miles north of conway . in 1936 ward began manufacturing all - steel bus bodies , one of the first in the country to do so .
d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 when he
lowered the roof of a wooden bus for mr . carl brady of the southside schools
. southside schools were located about 15 miles north of conway . [ 1 ] a blacksmith by trade , ward grew his business primarily on body repair of bus bodies in the area . [ 2 ] in 1936 , he built his first complete school bus body . one of the first manufacturers of the time to use all - metal construction , the first school bus made by ward body works featured removable safety - glass windows and perimeter and center - mounted seating . [ 2 ]
“at san antonio , carpenter body works , inc . , of mitchell , ind . , and its texas distributor , commercial body corp . , headed by john t . lawson , 501 eighth st . , san antonio , were named defendants .
the auckland council organisation is led by the chief executive , who works closely with the mayor .
“little rock ( ap ) — federal judge thomas c . trimble today sustained a motion by ward body works inc . of conway to dismiss a suit brought by hicks body co . inc . , of lebanon , ind . , to gain damages of $ 885 , 600 for alleged breach of oral contract .
crystal healing therapy involves placing gemstones on the body to draw out negative energy .
ward strengthened his postion in 1956 by eliminating a number of outside suppliers through the creation of the c . s . sash co . in addition to supplying aluminum bus windows for ward , excess capacity allowed it to supply the same to many of ward ' s competitors . ward was responsible for a number of improvements in bus window sashes and in1961 applied for a us patent on a bus body window - us patent no . 3 , 174 , 194 - filed jan . 12 , 1961 issued mar . 23 , 1965 to d . h . ward assigned to ward body works inc .
“conway – the national labor relations board has asked 158 employees of the ward body works , inc . , here to hold an immediate election on unionization of the plant or ask the cio to give up attempts to organize the workers . ”
ic corporation was founded in 1933 by blacksmith david h . ward as ward body works , a company that originally made school bus bodies from wood . the name was later changed to ward school bus manufacturing , inc . , a subsidiary of ward industries , inc . , and then to ward bus company . in 1968 , the company was handed over to ward’s son charles . by the 1970s , the company was the largest school bus manufacturer in the world , with twenty - five percent of the market share by 1973 .
“there are six major manufacturers of the body - on - frame type of school bus - blue bird body co . of fort valley , ga . ; carpenter body works , mitchell , ind . ; superior coach division , lima , ohio ; thomas built buses , high point , n . c . ; ward school bus co . , conway , ark . , and wayne corp . , richmond , ind .
the governing body focuses on the big picture and on region - wide strategic decisions .
“dave h . ward , owner of the body works , said some of the equipment from his original firm will be used in the new industries . the bus window sashes will be constructed of aluminum . the school furniture will be made of steel . ”
during the war ward constructed several orders for military buses and also performed body repairs on army vehicles . for their efforts during the conflict ward received a citation from the ordinance section , u . s . army .
“the suit was brought by hicks body co . , inc . , of lebanon , ind .
“conway , march 7 - ( ap ) - employees of the ward body works , inc . , here for the second straight time have rejected affiliation with the cio united auto workers . the workers voted 145 - 54 against the union in a national labor relations board election yesterday . ”
“conway , ark , - ( ap ) – ward body works , inc . of conway has received a $ 1 , 836 , 780 contract from the us army tank automation center at warren , michigan for 6 buses . the buses will be used on the white sands missile base . ”
“conway — more than 700 workers are affected by layoffs at two industrial plants here . dave h . ward , president of ward body works , inc . , said today his firm had laid off about 150 employees in the past two weeks because the company had caught up on its orders . ward said the fall season normally is an off period but that he was negotiating for a foreign contract for 600 bus bodies . ”
“a 1964 school bus is rolled down a steep embankment at conway , ark . , in a safety test of the bus ' durability . the bus contained mannequins in the ward body works test to show the amount of injury to passengers in case of real situation . test was conducted thursday ( january 16 ) . ”
“d . h . ward has built up a large bus body works business at conway , ark . , during the last 12 years , reaching a national market . his success was recounted last month in ‘business week , ’ which said he planned to set up a new plant in texas . location was not then indicated .
this is a slideshow about school buses from what is now called the ic corporation . originally the company was known as ward body works , the company became known as american transportation corporation ( amtran ) in 1980 . pictures thanks to : josh ' s school bus gallery urltoken bus urltoken urltoken the school bus yard urltoken and ebay .
the vanguard was the first cutaway - body school bus designed with 5 rows of passenger seating . [ 4 ]
the ccos operate separately but are accountable to the governing body , which sets their direction and monitors their performance .
the arrangements made between ward and the decedents are evidenced by the following testimony . mr . coy mccaskill , transportation manager of ward , testified as follows :
“little rock ( ap ) – articles of incorporation listing authorized capital of $ 50 , 000 were filed yesterday for the eagle printing and lithographing co . of conway , ark . incorporators were listed as david h . ward , owner of ward body works at conway , jimmy foster and b . a . short , former superintendent of conway schools and now employed by ward . although the company is authorized to print either a weekly or daily newspaper , foster said that no newspaper was planned now . ”
in 1976 , ward built a prototype derived from body of the president . using a modified ihc chassis , it was the first front - wheel drive school bus ; it did not enter production .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 826 ] .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 96 ] .
during the great depression , manufacturing companies , like most of america , took a hit . some companies were able to rebound and become profitable again , while others were not . by the mid - 30 ' s , the struggle of meeting production deadlines for sold bodies forced myers to look for more body options , and while at a national truck show in chicago , illinois , he met a man by the name of ralph h . carpenter from mitchell , indiana . mr . carpenter was the founder of carpenter body works where the development of an all - steel school bus body was beginning to replace the wood and steel combination body .
although they make different types of decisions , there is an active working relationship between the governing body and the local boards .
d . h .
dave
ward founded ward body works in conway , arkansas in 1933 when he
lowered the roof of a wooden bus for mr . carl brady of the southside schools
. southside schools were located about 15 miles north of conway . [ 1 ] . later in the 1930s , the company produced its first all - metal body bus as steel replaced wood as the predominant body material in the industry . in the 1960s , ward school bus manufacturing , inc . was responsible for many notable innovations including use of computers in manufacturing ( using ibm 360s ) , safety advances , and manufacturing process improvements . in the 1970s , ward opened an assembly facility in beaver falls , pennsylvania , but this plant was closed in 1975 . in 1976 , ward built a prototype type d transit school and commercial bus on an international harvester chassis with front - wheel drive and tandem rear tag axles ; it did not enter production .
in 1963 ward filed for another a patent on a knockdown body - us patent no . 3 , 186 , 755 - filed aug . 13 , 1963 , issued june 1 , 1965 to david h . ward . in 1964 ward performed the first independent side impact rollover test on a school bus , the caption on the upi wire photo dated january 11 , 1964 follows :
ward per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 91 ] .
this page uses some content from wikipedia . the original article was at ward body works . the list of authors can be seen in the page history . as with tractor & construction plant wiki , the text of wikipedia is available under the creative commons by attribution license and / or gnu free documentation license . please check page history for when the original article was copied to wikia
at the onset of the war the firm was awarded a number of military contracts . one was for a variety of truck bodies for gmc 2½ - ton , 6×6 , cckw military ordnance trucks which was shared with thomas car works of hihg point , north carolina , another school bus body builder .
in august 1980 , an investment group assisted by the then - arkansas governor bill clinton purchased the assets of ward industries . while the school buses would still bear the ward name , the only interests that the ward family would keep in the new company would be in vehicle distribution . by 1981 , ward was officially known as amtran ( american transportation corporation ) .
following the dissolution of the ward brand , the volunteer remained in production as an amtran .
ward v western australia ( 1998 ) 159 alr 483 , per lee j at 639 .
ward , per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 80 ] .
in early 1954 ward backed out of its contract to supply school bus bodies to hicks bus body co . , and hicks sued , the thursday , july 22 , 1954 edition of the camden ( ark . ) news reporting :
the conference was attended by representatives of the bus body industry and at the end of the 7 - day event the group released a list of minimum standards and recommendations . among them were specifications for type of construction , body length , ceiling height and aisle width and color .
although hicks body co . lost the war with ward , they did win one battle , receiving a judgement of $ 80 , 150 - as reported in the october 11 , 1961 edition of the hope star ( ark . ) :
this is a workmen ' s compensation case involving two consolidated claims for death benefits brought by the widows of the two decedents . the question before the commission was whether the decedents were in the course of their employment as employees of ward body works at the time of their injuries and resulting death . the question before us on appeal is whether there was any substantial evidence to sustain the findings and orders of the commission .
the organisation as a whole is responsible for our operation and service delivery , advising the governing body and local boards and carrying out their decisions .
ward body works , 1933 - 1970 ; conway , arkansas ; 1951 - 1970 , austin , texas ; autobus ward , s . a . , 1947 - 1954 ; mexico city , d . f . , mexico ; ward school bus mfg . , 1970 - 1980 ; conway , arkansas ; 1970 - 1975 , beaver falls , pennsylvania ; american transportation corp . ( aka amtran ) 1981 - 1995 ; amtran div . of navistar , 1995 - 2002 , conway , arkansas ; 1999 - 2002 , tulsa , oklahoma ; ic corp . div of navistar ; 2002 - present , conway , arkansas & tulsa , oklahoma
compare beaumont cj and von doussa j in the full federal court in ward with north j in dissent in the full court ( western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 ) , and lee j at first instance ( ward v western australia ( 1998 ) 159 alr 483 ) .
in 1956 , ward became both a body manufacturer and an industry supplier , as the company created a subsidiary , c . s . sash company , which became a major aluminum window frame manufacturer for school buses . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
“john h . shields , president of the superior coach corp . , is the first president of the newly - organized school bus body mnnufacturers assn .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 , [ 805 ] - [ 820 ] .
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 170 alr 159 at [ 90 ] - [ 91 ] .
carpenter invited myers to mitchell , indiana , to tour his plant and make a deal , and this partnership led to the founding of myers equipment corporation in 1937 . over the next 60 years , the all - steel school bus body pushed carpenter to being a corner stone in the bus body industry .
ward relocated the coachette operations into a disused s . c . sash / surelite building in conway and commenced small scale production of the ward coachette using a chevrolet p30 1 - ton motorhome / bus chassis .
in the 1960s , ward school bus manufacturing , inc . began a series of updates that would modernize manufacturing and production . to catalog the various state and local regulations affecting school bus specifications , in 1964 , company owner charles ward set up a computer mainframe ( using ibm 360s ) . [ 4 ] in the same year , ward performed the first independent rollover test on a school bus , discovering issues related to structural integrity . [ 5 ] during 1967 , the assembly line in the conway facility was upgraded to a moving assembly line , a first in the bus industry . [ 5 ] in 1969 , the recommendations from the crash test were published , finding that an inconsistent number of fasteners among manufacturers could lead to poor joint strength . [ 4 ] the findings would be used in part to government recommendations for school bus joint strength . [ 5 ] following the 1968 retirement of dave ward , ward body works remained a family - owned company , with son charles ward handling operations .
“his selection was announced by david h . ward of conway , ark . , president of the new texas corporation , at the close of its first directors’ meeting . ward , operator of the largest bus body factory in the central west , last year selected austin as the site for his new plant to serve the southwest , west coast , and latin - american markets .
“ward said the plant will built and install school bus and transit bus bodies to be supplied throughout texas and western states and for export to mexico . , central and south america . the export business already has been started from the initial ward plant at conway , ark . , but will be centralized here . ward said .
replacing the president , the senator was the ward counterpart of the blue bird tc / 2000 and the wayne lifestar . following the dissolution of the ward brand , the senator underwent minor revisions to become the amtran genesis .
this established performance requirements for school bus rollover protection , to reduce deaths and injuries from failure of a school bus body structure to withstand forces encountered in rollover crashes .
dave ward drive in conway ( also known as arkansas highway 286 ) is named for the bus company founder .
dave ward drive in conway ( also known as arkansas highway 286 ) is named for the bus company founder .
this established requirements for the strength of the body panel joints in school bus bodies , to reduce deaths and injuries resulting from structural collapse of school bus bodies during crashes .
ward ' s company grew rapidly as demand for school buses escalated . he sited a new bus - building operation at 805 harkrider avenue in the downtown district . the plant grew from an initial size of 10 , 000 square feet to over 100 , 000 square feet . expansion of ward industries operations led to the establishment in 1956 of the patented bus window maker c . s . sash company and the ward school furniture company in conway . in 1950 he established a printing plant , entering into a lasting , and bitter struggle with the local log cabin democrat newspaper . he also pursued his business in mexico city , where he opened a bus plant in february 1947 . the mexico city plant closed in 1954 as cross - border operations became more difficult . to replace this plant ward built a new ward body works facility in austin , texas . the 71 , 600 square foot austin plant opened in march 1951 , receiving parts for making buses from the conway plant .
although they were no longer invovled on the manufacturing end , david h . ward’s son , stephen a . ward , remained in the business as ward transportation service inc . , the regional distributors for ward and later international / ic corp school buses . another spin - off , demographics , was founded by dave ' s son charles to handle mass mailings for the democratic party . it was later reroganized as the conway communications exchange and today does business as acxiom .
crystal healing also involves the use of crystals and stones worn on the body or placed under pillows to ward off sickness , shed negative energy or absorb positive energy , according to crystal vaults , a company that sells such crystals , which it refers to as
talismans
or
amulets .
“perley a . thomas car works inc . , of high point . n . c . , and its texas distributor . hurst bus sales co . , headed by j . k . hurst , 3913 balcones drive , austin .
ward also established the ward school furniture company to build steel and wood chairs , desks and tables for schools and institutions , the january 20 , 1956 edition of the hope star ( ark . ) reporting on his two new business ventures :
upon the occasion of the new equipment display at the 1950 american association of school administrators ' convention , executives of the nation ' s largest school bus body builders formed their own trade group : the school bus body manufacturers association , the february 27 , 1950 edition of the lima news ( o . ) reporting the election of the group ' s first president :
the limit to possible development of the common law was that it must not
fracture the skeleton of principle which gives the body of our law its shape and internal consistency
.
the september 10 , 1952 edition of the camden news ( ark . ) revealed ward was getting into the publishing business :
western australia v ward ( 2000 ) 99 fcr 316 , per beaumont cj and von doussa j at [ 93 ] .
during the 1970s , ward would become one of the largest school bus body manufacturers in the united states , with the company holding a 25 % market share in 1973 . [ 6 ] in 1970 , the austin plant was replaced by an all - new facility in beaver falls , pennsylvania . to expand into small buses , ward purchased texas - based manufacturer coachette in 1973 , moving their production into a separate facility in conway . [ 3 ] additionally , the assembly line at the main conway facility was upgraded and connected to an ibm 370 mainframe , as the company explored computer - based manufacturing . [ 5 ] coinciding with the new assembly line was the redesigned full - size conventional bus body , dubbed the ward volunteer . aside from a redesigned windshield and the change in chassis suppliers , the ward volunteer shares many components with that of the ic bus ce - series produced today .
fay williams ,
are you crazy as dave ward ?
arkansas democrat ( sunday magazine ) , october 21 , 1951 .
the 71 , 600 sq . ft . austin factory , whose 1 , 600 foot bus body assembly line could turn out a new bus body every 15 minutes , opened for business in march 1951 . midway through the year ward received the news that they had qualified for a $ 300 , 000 loan from the reconstruction finance corporation ( a short - lived - 1933 to 1957 - federal agency that supplied loans to municipal governments and small businesses ) , thejuly 19 , 1951 edition of the northwest arkansas times reporting :
ward was born to gaylord oscar ward and lottie p . ward on september 1 , 1904 , in wolfe city , texas , the fourth child of nine , including seven brothers and a sister . his father was a blacksmith , a sawmill operator , and a nazarene preacher . all of the children of the household were schooled on the importance of independent entrepreneurship , and all started their own businesses .
the information technology company acxiom owes its origins to ward bus company owner charles ward . ward founded demographics inc . with his brother stephen ward in 1969 to meet the needs of the young leadership council for the democratic party , of which he was a member , which wanted to create political mailing lists that were competitive with a data processing system set up by winthrop rockefeller and the arkansas republican party . in 1970 the system was used in the successful gubernatorial election campaign of dale bumpers . ward ' s leadership as arkansas ' democratic national committeeman , also helped in the failed draft movement to elect wilbur d . mills to the presidency of the united states in 1972 .
ward v western australia [ 2002 ] hca 28 , per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 234 ] .
listed below are the cases that are cited in this featured case . click the citation to see the full text of the cited case . citations are also linked in the body of the featured case .
the decedents , richard sallis and milton carter , along with two vacationing arkansas state policemen , entered into verbal arrangements with ward body works at conway , arkansas , to deliver four new buses to purchasers in and near los angeles , california . each individual was to drive a bus and the drivers were paid in advance 14 cents per mile for driving the buses to california . they were to be reimbursed the actual cost of gas and oil and any other actual expenses on the buses in transporting them to california . upon delivery of the buses to the consignees in california , they were to obtain receipts which were to be returned to ward along with their receipts for gas and oil and any breakdown repairs , or other bus expenses incurred on the trip . after delivery of the buses in california , the drivers were on their own and under no direction or control whatever by ward .
along with other school bus manufacturers , the late 1970s would prove to be a rough time for ward , which had been renamed ward school bus manufacturing , inc . in 1975 , the pennsylvania plant was forced to close . a year later , ward would produce a prototype for the first front - wheel drive full - size school bus , but the company was forced to abandon the project before it reached production . as ward faced declining demand for school buses , the company was over $ 20 million in debt ; in july 1980 , the company filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy .
“blue bird body co . , of fort valley , georgia , and its texas distributor . austin sales co . , inc . , headed by jack g . fisk , 8419 n . lamar blvd . , austin .
by 1973 ward controlled 25 % of the us school bus market , quite an accomplishment for a firm that had only been making buses for a quarter century . in order to keep their postion further expansion was required and the firm was recapitlized and reorganized as ward school bus manufacturing , inc .
with the retirement of paul e . myers in 1968 , richard and david took over the company , and continued to expand both mec and mbh . as myers equipment grew , richard and david decided to open up the product lines to more than just school buses . mec began offering commercial buses , handicap accessible buses and vans , and got back into the truck body market , this time as a body dealer and not a chassis dealer .
“the ward operation is to fabricate all - metal school bus bodies at its plant and install them on the chassis of all makes of motor vehicles .
the july 20 , 1963 edition of the northwest arkansas times mentioned that ward had recived a $ 1 . 8 million contract from the us army :
the patriot was the first semi - forward control conventional , combining the sloped nose of a type b bus with a full - size body . it was based on a modified version of the gm conventional chassis . [ 4 ]
barry beck ,
ward industries , inc . : a historical study ,
faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 ( winter 1974 ) : 67 - 83 .
“ward announced that cowan , as general manager of the plant , will be in charge of all personnel , operating and purchasing of the new texas corporation .
“mr . and mrs . ward , who reached austin saturday , returned to conway following the close of the organizational meeting of the new texas corporation . ”
1963 patent : us patent no . 3 , 186 , 755 filed aug . 13 , 1963 , issued june 1 , 1965 to david h ward .
barry beck - ward industries , inc . : a historical study , faulkner facts and fiddlings , vol . 16 , no . 4 , winter 1974 issue
“ ( the ) proceedings established that the ward family members had sold assets or borrowed heavily to keep the company operating . as a result , he said , the evidence was that the wards had no money and ' the personal guarantees of the ward family are barely worth the paper they are written on . ”
in 1953 ward ' s school bus sales totalled 2 , 000 units , producing a record $ 5 million in revenue . during the year the hicks bus body co . of lebanon , indiana entered into an 8 - 10 year agreement with ward whereby ward would construct as many as 12 , 000 hicks school bus bodies over the course of the contract , using dies , tools and other equipment supplied by hicks . although they would be built in conway , the resulting buses would be badged as hicks ' bodies and sold through hicks ' network of established dealers . consequently hicks manufacturing operations in lebanon were shuttered and the plant put up for sale , the firm becoming solely a distributor of school bus bodies .
harold b . johnson - a history of dave ward and his company , arkansas state teachers college m . s . e . thesis , pub . 1960 .
barry beck ,
ward industries , inc . : a historical study ,
faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 . 4 ( winter 1974 ) : 67 - 83 .
harold b . johnson ,
a history of dave ward and his company ,
m . s . e . thesis , arkansas state teachers college , 1960 .
in 1976 , ward built a president - based front - wheel - drive prototype school bus using a modified international bus chassis that filed to make it to production .
for additional information : beck , barry . “ward industries , inc . : a historical study . ” faulkner facts and fiddlings 16 ( winter 1974 ) : 67–83 .
ward per gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 91 ] ; mchugh j at [ 561 ] ; per callinan j at [ 969 ] .
ward , per callinan j at [ 626 ] . see also , gleeson cj , gaudron , gummow and hayne jj at [ 74 ] - [ 80 ] .
urltoken ' + ' auto ' + plant + still + going + strong + after + 75 + years . - a0181301714 - article with facts related to ward bankruptcy filing
in considering the possibility of the suspension of native title rights , justice north in the full court in ward discussed the potential for change in the doctrine of tenure itself .
julia ward came of a well - to - do family and was educated privately . in 1843 she married educator samuel gridley howe and took up residence in boston . always of a literary bent , she published her first volume of poetry , passion flowers , in 1854 ; this and subsequent works—including a poetry collection , words for the hour ( 1857 ) , a play , leonora ; or , the world’s own , produced in 1857 , and a trip to cuba ( 1860 ) —had little success .
ward ' s daughter wanda jean stephens is a 1958 graduate of the arkansas school of medicine . she was employed thereafter by the arkansas children ' s colony in conway . the wards also had a son stephen austin . ward was conway school board member from 1946 to 1958 , and a longtime trustee of the local first church of the nazarene . he considered a run for arkansas governor in 1946 , but dropped out lacking sufficient backing . he remained involved in local and state democratic politics . the ward family mansion is located at 1912 caldwell street in conway . the brick - and - steel mansion , dating to 1951 , is now under commercial operation as the ward mansion bed & breakfast .
word got around and ward quickly developed a reputation as the go - to - guy for truck and bus body repair and fabrication . his first all - metal coaches were constructed in 1936 for the nearby hermitage and greenbriar school districts . they featured bi - lateral inward - facing bench seats and included removable wire glass side windows . his bodies developed a following and by 1939 devoted all of his efforts on building school bus bodies .
“hicks had asked for a judgment of $ 150 , 000 . the firm said ward filed to live up to a contract to furnish bus bodies for sale by hicks . ”
“the order said that the money would compensate the hicks firm for dies , tools and other equipment it furnished ward in 1953 in connection with a contract for manufacture of bus bodies .
ward also introduced computer - aided manufacturing to the school bus business , installing an early ibm system / 360 main - frame computer in the conway plant in the mid - 1960s .
many parents also use baltic amber necklaces for teething infants and toddlers , believing that the amber itself will help to take the teething pain away , similarly to the use of other gemstones to cure other ailments . according to healthy children , there is no scientific evidence that the amber works to subside teething pain . there are two theories that explain how the amber supposedly works : one is that a pain - relieving substance ( succinic acid ) is released from the amber by the heat of the baby ' s skin and is absorbed through the skin into the blood stream , and two , the amber stimulates the thyroid gland to increase drooling and reduce inflammation in the ears , throat , stomach and respiratory system .
“it has been indicated that an austin business man , who has been the texas sales representative of the ward conway factory , will be an active figure in the new austin industry . ”
“the case involves the laying off of employees and other alleged unfair labor practices . about 90 workers were released from work two months ago by ward upon completion of a navy contract . ”
although the c . s . sash company was successful , the ward school furniture co . was not , the january 7 , 1958 edition of the hope star ( arkansas ) reporting :
the question before us on appeal is whether there was any substantial evidence to sustain the commission and the circuit court in holding that the decedents were independent contractors and not employees of ward .
“the site , purchased from can smith and associates , is in the new industrial area created when the missouri pacific acquired most of the bergstrom spur . representatives of ward were discussing a site at the time and as soon as the rail connections were assured , the ward plant became the first to be located in the new industrial area just outside the city and served by city utilities .
following dave ward ' s 1968 retirement , his eldest son charles - who had worked at the plant since 1959 - took over as president , although his father remained chairman of the board .
there is no evidence that crystal healing works over and above a placebo effect ,
french told live science .
that is the appropriate standard to judge any form of treatment . but whether or not you judge crystal healing , or any other form of [ complementary and alternative medicine ] , to be totally worthless depends upon your attitude to placebo effects .
ward ' s business increased to the point where he was forced to locate to a new 10 , 000 sq ft . facility located a 805 harkrider street , near the intersection of oak street .
in ward , the majority joint judgment made several comments that indicated the extent to which it relied on the act in contrast to the common law . at paragraph [ 16 ] , it stated :
justice lee in ward stated that ' native title at common law is a communal ' right to land ' arising from the significant connection of indigenous society with land under its customs and culture ' .
by that time the conway assembly line had been substantially upgraded and connected to a next generation ibm system / 370 main - frame computer . also introduced in 1973 was the all - new type c ( conventional ) ward volunteer school bus . the coach featured an all - new body that featured safety advances made possible by the firm ' s pioneering work in school bus crash - testing . ward’s most popular school bus line , it could be used with chassis from any major manufacturer and was updated in 1980 , 1986 , and 1988 . aside from safety upgrades and a redesigned windshield , the modern - day ce - series ic type c school bus shares numerous components found a 1988 volunteer .
however , she also recognised that if the movement toward a bundle of rights approach continued , as it has in ward , it may be necessary to pursue other ways of protecting native title along the lines of the canadian approach . given the potential of the concept of possession to strengthen the concept of native title , and the established jurisprudence in canada following this approach , the high court ' s failure to even consider the body of jurisprudence supporting this and other bases for aboriginal title is disappointing .
crystal healing is an alternative medical technique in which crystals and other stones are used to cure ailments and protect against disease . proponents of this technique believe that crystals act as conduits for healing — allowing positive , healing energy to flow into the body as negative , disease - causing energy flows out .
in 1985 amtran introduced 2 new coaches to supplement ward ' s existing product line ; the vanguard , a type - a cutway van built on a choice of gm or ford 1 - ton chassis ; and the patriot , a full - size semi - forward control type c coach equipped with a sloped nose of the type normally found on type b mid - sized coaches . ward ' s standard type c coach , the volunteer , remained basically unchanged as did the president , ward ' s type d transit - style front - engined coach which was offered on international , gm and asia - smith chassis .
“other first officers of the group are a . l . luce , general manager , blue bird body co . , ft . valley , ga . , vice president , and herbert s . blake , jr . , president of the organization service corp . , new york city law firm , managing director .
“ward , a native texan , said he and his family will visit austin as soon as school is out , and already he is looking forward to the entry of his children in the university of texas .
“ward has been marketing since 1971 a safety bus containing more than twice as many rivets than in pre - 1971 buses . other manufacturers are using better fasteners and more rivets than they did nine years ago .
david henry ward was born to gaylord oscar ( aka george , b . 1876 in arkansas ) and lottie p . ( orrick , b . 1876 in arkansas ) ward on september 1 , 1904 , in wolfe city , texas . his father was a blacksmith , sawmill operator , and nazarene preacher . all of the children of the household were schooled on the importance of independent entrepreneurship , and all started their own businesses .
furthermore , ward extended the principle of extinguishment on reserve lands . the high court overturned the trial judge and the full court of the federal court on the rules for the extinguishment of native title on reserve land .
but the philosophy of modern crystal healing is based on traditional concepts borrowed from asian cultures , most notably the chinese concept of life - energy ( chi or qi ) and the hindu or buddhist concept of chakras , which are vortices of this life - energy , said to connect the physical and supernatural elements of the body .
although it was established prior to ward that native title was vulnerable to extinguishment by the exercise of sovereign authority , the rhetoric of fragility seems to have increased the extent of this vulnerability . prior to ward , an exclusive possession grant extinguished native title , but there could be co - existent rights on a non - exclusive possession grant . in ward , it would seem that the rights that can co - exist are only rights that in no way overlap with the rights of the holder of the grant . so if a pastoral lease confers on the pastoral lessees the right to exclude others ( besides native title holders ) from the land , any equivalent native title right to do so is extinguished , or if a reserve is vested in a statutory body , only that body can control and confer rights on land . strictly , this allows for no co - existence of rights at all . whenever a right exists in both grant holder and native title claimants , the latter is extinguished , reinforcing the extreme vulnerability of native title . in relation to reserves , the trial judge and the full federal court emphasised that the vesting of reserve land only gave to the authority ' rights necessary for the control and management of the reserve ' , and that this right was not sufficient to extinguish native title until exercised .
“ward will continue the operation of the plant in his home town . a separate corporation is being formed for the austin industry . the plant here will be of approximately the same size as the one already in operation .
in her reminiscences ( 1899 ) , julia ward howe told the story of how she came to write “the battle hymn of the republic . ” returning from a visit to an army camp near washington in the company of…
the 90 ' s were tough on the school bus market and that forced manufacturing companies to merge together or go bankrupt . the 70 ' s & 80 ' s
big six
manufactures ( blue bird , carpenter , superior , thomas , ward , and wayne ) , was down to the
big four
with blue bird , carpenter , thomas , and international remaining . ic was the mother company of amtran , which bought out ward during bankruptcy in the 80 ' s , which is how ic became a school bus staple . carpenter would ultimately suffer the same fate as ward and wayne , even after an attempt to restructure and refinance .
other lesser rights may , however , have survived . the result of ward would appear to be , therefore , that native title can only span the whole range of potential rights associated with land on vacant crown land .
it is true that the decedents were required to return to ward , the receipted copy of invoices for the buses delivered , but this was permitted to be done by mail and personal delivery was not required . we conclude that there was substantial evidence that the decedents were independent contractors and not employees of ward at the time of their injuries and resulting deaths . even if the decedents had been employees of ward within the meaning of the workmen ' s compensation law , they had gone to san francisco on personal missions of their own and had not returned within the course of their employment when the accident occurred . the judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed .