the jenks optimization method , also called the jenks natural breaks classification method , is a data clustering method designed to determine the best arrangement of values into different classes .

this is done by seeking to minimize each class ’s average deviation from the class mean , while maximizing each class ’s deviation from the means of the other groups .

in other words , the method seeks to reduce the variance within classes and maximize the variance between classes .

the jenks optimization method is directly related to otsu 's method and fisher 's discriminant analysis .

jenks natural breaks optimization

given a vector of numeric values and the number of desired breaks , calculate the optimum breakpoints using jenks natural breaks optimization .
george f . jenks proposed jenks natural breaks in his 1977 article entitled ‘optimal data classification for choropleth maps’ .
, ( or making maps with any software ) , this page explains about
natural breaks
for setting map ranges . jenks natural breaks is also called
fisher ' s natural breaks
.
real statistics data analysis tool : the real statistics resource pack provides the jenks natural breaks data analysis tool to perform the optimization automatically .
the jenks natural breaks method was ported to c from code found in the classint r package .
i ' m looking for an implementation of the jenks optimization algorithm for data classification .
jenks natural breaks optimization addresses the problem of how to split a range of numbers into contiguous classes so as to minimize the squared deviation within each class .
observation : the jenks natural breaks algorithm is commonly used to color maps as shown in figure 9 .
the jenks natural breaks optimization method allows you to break up data points into the best possible number of groupings , with the best possible contents of each group for choropleth mapping .
the jenks natural breaks classification method seeks to reduce the variance within classes and maximize the variance between classes . urltoken urltoken
fisher ' s natural breaks uses dynamic programming to find the optimal solution and is deterministic .
you wish . here are stands displayed in 5 natural breaks classes , according to age .
different class break values between this map and the natural breaks map . each class here will
natural breaks is complicated because many steps are involved , but does not involve any higher math .
the first thing to remember about the natural breaks ( jenks ) classification is that it is an optimization method for choropleth maps . in short , it arranges each groupings so there is less variation in each class or shading .
equal intervals , quantile , natural breaks , pretty breaks – there’s a lot to choose from . but what is the difference between each of them ?
and so here’s a literate implementation of jenks natural breaks in javascript . if you can , please help to improve it by making the implementation more explanatory .
compute “natural” break values ( jenks algorythm ) on list / tuple / numpy . ndarray of integers / floats .
equal intervals , quantile , natural breaks , pretty breaks . each data classification methods generate different choropleth maps . we explain the advantages and disadvantages of using each type of choropleth map .
any pointers to any particular work that uses jenks natural break or even compares it with k - means would be great .
natural breaks classes are based on the nature of data . the range is set only when a surprise or big difference appears in data values . convergent data values put together under one class . different classes are properly distributed under this way . this method is applied to prepare this atlas , and it is calculated by the gis software according to the jenks natural breaks optimization ( jenks ) . it depends on the adequate classification by the clearest values on the map .
don ' t use multidimensional clustering algorithms for a one - dimensional problem . a single dimension is much more special than you naively think , because you can actually sort it , which makes things a lot easier . in fact , it is usually not even called clustering , but e . g . segmentation or natural breaks optimization . you might want to look at jenks natural . . .
simple - statistics , my library for literate , beginner - friendly statistics , now has a literate implementation of jenks natural breaks . in the process of understanding the implementation , i found that the matrix system is a sort of dynamic programming that cleverly solves all breaks from 1 - k when you request k breaks . thus my implementation breaks it into two parts - creating the matrices and pulling a solution out of them .
to perform the analysis for example 1 , press ctrl - m and select the multivariate analyses option from the main menu and then select jenks natural breaks from the dialog box that appears , as shown in figure 5 .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged python clustering optimization or ask your own question .
when the jenks natural breaks dialog box appears , fill in the various fields as shown in figure 5 and press the ok button . if you leave the number of iterations field blank then the algorithm will evaluate all possible partitions .
this page was updated 20 october 2002 to expand on the natural breaks description . thanks to daniel karnes of dartmouth college for pointing out the need for improvement .
the founder of the natural breaks data classification method was a cartographer by the name of george frederick jenks . he specialized in monitoring the eye movements of people when looking at a map . and the results for this map looked great too .
the jenks natural breaks algorithm , just like k - means , assigns data to one of k groups such that the within group distances are minimized . also just like k - means , one must select k prior to running the algorithm .
borden dent ( cartography - - thematic map design , fifth edition , 1999 , pages 147 - 149 ) relates that the natural breaks classes are found by an iterative search to minimize the sum of spreads of the classes . thus it is a one - dimensional example of the k - means clustering method . natural breaks , jenks ' method , and k - means are all the same in this instance .
jenks ( r1 , , lab , iter ) – performs jenks natural breaks optimization on the data in range r1 for k classes and outputs a k + 1 × 3 range , whose first k rows contain the left and right endpoints of each of the classes followed by the number of elements in the class . the last row contains the total squared deviation of the k classes , followed by the squared deviation for the data in r1 and gvf .
natural breaks ( jenks ) takes an iterative approach by comparing the sum of squared deviations between classes to the array mean . then , the algorithm uses a goodness of variance fit with 1 as a perfect fit and 0 as a poor fit .
features in each bin . here is the jenks classification for the image above .
what we don’t know is whether these four intervals is the partition of the full range that results in the smallest sum in cell t21 . as we will see shortly , the optimum solution , using jenks natural breaks optimization , is shown in figure 3 . as you can see , this is a better solution than the one shown in figure 2 ( since 3107 . 102 < 4496 . 957 ) .
if you want round numbers in your ranges , then you should choose pretty breaks . all pretty breaks does is rounds each break - point up or down . so instead of having a break point as 599 . 364 it will become 600 , 000 with pretty breaks .
the quantile style provides quantile breaks ; arguments to quantile may be passed through . . . .
the chart shows the number of acres in each unique age class . this method uses then jenks
computebayesfactors : compute bayes factors generatecontrolfile : generate control file for ' bamm ' getjenksbreaks : jenks natural breaks classification gettiprates : compute tip - specific macroevolutionary rates from ' bammdata ' . . . plotprior : plot the prior and posterior distribution of shifts setbammpriors : set bamm priors traitdependentbamm : strapp : structured rate permutations on phylogenies
create a “natural breaks” classification using two or more classes . look closely at the map . now reverse the order of the classes in the legend ( use , for example ) . what changes ? can you discover why ?
one problem is that your boss is not letting the data speak . perhaps there are three
natural
clusters . insisting on five will result in breaking apart two of the clusters . those break points will not be
natural .
i ' m not sure what mathematical definition you are using for
natural breaks ,
but one interpretation is to identify places where there are
gaps
in the data . in other words , you want to cluster the data .
the hclust style uses hclust to generate the breaks using hierarchical clustering ; the pars attribute returns the hclust object generated , and can be used to find other breaks using gethclustclassintervals ; arguments to hclust may be passed through . . . .
natural breaks
finds the
best
way to split up the ranges . suppose we had 30 counties , 15 counties with 0 - 1 values , 10 counties with 16 - 18 values , and 5 counties with 24 - 29 values . obviously , the
best
ranges are 0 - 1 , 16 - 18 , 24 - 29 . counties with similar values should have the same color .
natural breaks
is the only method that finds the
best
ranges .
given a desired number of classes , k , the natural breaks method partitions the data into k subsets that minimize the sum of the
spreads
within each subset . (
spread
is an informal term employed solely for this description . )
and this is not quibbling about style : the wikipedia article about jenks natural breaks describes an algorithm entirely unlike these ones . there’s no mention of dynamic - programming matrices , and there’s no hint in the implementations of something like the ‘sum of deviations between classes . ’ of course , there are no comments in any of the ports , so it’s hard to tell .
getclassjenks ( nbclass ) : perform a jenks classification and return bounds into an array . alias : getjenks ( nbclass )
as a result of making rounded numbers , pretty breaks will also be very picky for the number of classes you decide .
jenks is k - means in one dimension . the wikipedia article would be one of the references you seek . for work that uses the jenks method , just find any of several million maps created by arcview users over the last 20 years .
my boss has asked me to show the distribution of a variable ( square footage of 17 , 000 public library outlets / branches ) , breaking it into 5 categories using natural breaks . putting aside arguments of the
best
number of categories or the problems with categorizing a continuous variable . . . i ' ve used proc rank for creating deciles , quantiles , etc . , but the only place i ' ve seen that uses
natural breaks
( outside of distance sporting events ) is chloropleth maps . i ' ve googled for a solution . the closest i got , other than a bunch of articles on analyses using the jenks optimization in arcgis , was a post to the uga sas - listserv in 2000 . i ' ve seen a few possible links to using proc cluster , but that always seems to be when doing a multivariate analysis .
here 3107 . 102 ( cell l7 ) represents the total squared deviation for the partition found using the jenks natural breaks algorithm , 27504 . 59 ( cell m7 ) is the squared deviation of the input data , as calculated by = devsq ( b3 : i22 ) and 88 . 7 % is the gvf ( cell n7 ) , as calculated by the formula = 1 - l7 / m7 .
there’s a standard algorithm we use for jenks , with existing ports in in javascript , python , and in java and fortran .
here you have php urltoken this is implementation of jenks algorithm . david drake made these functions and integrated it with google api .
the range u10 : u13 of figure 8 contains the array formula = jenks ( b3 : i22 , 4 , , 100000 ) .
when the data represent a random sample from a population consisting of two more more distinctly different subpopulations , and you know - - or can accurately guess - - how many different subpopulations there are , then natural breaks can do a good job of choosing classes which reflect the subpopulation groupings .
observation : in example 2 , we were able to go through each possible partition and calculate its squared deviation . while in example 1 , this is too time - consuming to do manually , we can use the real statistics jenks natural breaks data analysis tool , as described below , to do the calculations for us , for other problems the number of possible partitions is even too time - consuming for the computer to do .
jenks natural breaks works by optimizing the goodness of variance fit , a value from 0 to 1 where 0 = no fit and 1 = perfect fit . the key in selecting the number of classes is to find a balance between detecting differences and overfitting your data . to determine the optimum number of classes , i suggest you use a threshold gvf value you desire and use the number of classes that satisfies this value first .
it means the ranges where like areas are grouped together . obviously , we do not give a low rate area the same color as a high rate area . natural breaks minimizes the variation within each color , so the areas within each color are as close as possible in value to each other .
gvf ( r1 , r2 ) = gvf for the right endpoints ( breaks ) in range r2 based on the data in column range r1 .
i found this python implementation of the jenks natural breaks algorithm and i could make it run on my windows 7 machine . it is pretty fast and it finds the breaks in few time , considering the size of my geodata . before using this clustering algorithm for my data , i was using sklearn . clustering . kmeans ( here ) algorithm . the problem i had with kmeans , was finding the optimum k value parameter , but i
solved
it launching the algorithm for different k values and using sklearn . metrics . silhouette _ score ( here ) to find the best k .
the range k3 : n7 of figure 7 contains the output of the array formula = jenks ( b3 : i22 , , true ) . the range p10 : s14 of figure 8 contains the output of the array formula = jenks ( b3 : i22 , , true , 100000 ) .
i also read from another source that says jenks is usually used to spot gaps in ranged data . again i cannot find a reference to explain this .
try out jenks in simple - statistics . if the assortment of other algorithms included make you feel like you should create a new ‘micro library’ , you can also just use the jenks implementation as a standalone . please don’t delete the comments : if you need compression , use uglify - js as a separate step .
widely used within gis packages , these are forms of variance - minimization classification . breaks are typically uneven , and are selected to separate values where large changes in value occur . may be significantly affected by the number of classes selected and tends to have unusual class boundaries . typically the method applied is due to jenks , as described in jenks and caspall ( 1971 ) , which in turn follows fisher ( 1958 ) . see figure 4‑22 for more details . unsuitable for map comparisons
the method requires an iterative process . that is , calculations must be repeated using different breaks in the dataset to determine which set of breaks has the smallest in - class variance . the process is started by dividing the ordered data into groups . initial group divisions can be arbitrary . there are four steps that must be repeated :
i am new to this topic . as far as i know both are data clustering methods . then my question is when is jenks prefered over k - means ?
let’s be clear : the algorithms we use for jenks are directly ported from an algorithm that accepted punch cards , documented in a paper composed and published on a typewriter .
the pretty style chooses a number of breaks not necessarily equal to n using pretty , but likely to be legible ; arguments to pretty may be passed through . . . .
positioning of breaks may be pre - determined by the classification procedure ( e . g . jenks natural breaks ) , but these are often manually adjustable for some of the schemes provided — this is particularly useful if specific values or intervals are preferred , such as whole numbers or some convenient values such as 1000s , or if comparisons are to be made across a series of maps . in some instances options are provided for dealing with zero - valued and / or missing data prior to classification , but if not provided the data should be inspected in advance and subsets selected prior to classification where necessary . some authors recommend that maps with large numbers of zero or missing data values should have such regions identified in a class of their own .
so : yes , this isn’t the first implementation of jenks in javascript . and it took me several times longer to do things this way than to just get the code working .
there is no such assurance . but natural breaks makes the most epidemiologically accurate map . making the map
pretty
is important , but that would involve such factors as right number of colors ( not too few , not too many ) , right color palette ( a standard colorbrewer palette provided by vitalnet ) , high resolution so the map does not look fuzzy , and nice legend .
however , jenks and k - means are different in how they minimize within group distances . jenks takes advantage of the fact that 1 - dimensional data is sortable which makes it a faster algorithm for 1 - dimensional data . k - means is more general in that it can handle data in any dimension ; including dimensions greater than 1 where the data is not sortable .
’s thematic formatting facilities providing a wide range of options that reduce or remove the dependence on formal class boundaries . the jenks method , as implemented in a number of gis packages such as
the jenks style has been ported from jenks’ basic code , and has been checked for consistency with arcview , arcgis , and mapinfo ( with some remaining differences ) ; added here thanks to hisaji ono ; note that the sense of interval closure is reversed from the other styles , and in this implementation has to be right - closed - use cutlabels = true downstream for clarity .
using silhouette with jenks should be comparable to using it with kmeans . it ' s a heuristic and you shouldn ' t trust it blindly . imho the best is to visualize your rrsults .
the sd style chooses breaks based on pretty of the centred and scaled variables , and may have a number of classes different from n ; the returned par = includes the centre and scale values .
from jenks import jenks import numpy as np def goodness _ of _ variance _ fit ( array , classes ) : # get the break points classes = jenks ( array , classes ) # do the actual classification classified = np . array ( [ classify ( i , classes ) for i in array ] ) # max value of zones maxz = max ( classified ) # nested list of zone indices zone _ indices = [ [ idx for idx , val in enumerate ( classified ) if zone + 1 = = val ] for zone in range ( maxz ) ] # sum of squared deviations from array mean sdam = np . sum ( ( array - array . mean ( ) ) * * 2 ) # sorted polygon stats array _ sort = [ np . array ( [ array [ index ] for index in zone ] ) for zone in zone _ indices ] # sum of squared deviations of class means sdcm = sum ( [ np . sum ( ( classified - classified . mean ( ) ) * * 2 ) for classified in array _ sort ] ) # goodness of variance fit gvf = ( sdam - sdcm ) / sdam return gvf def classify ( value , breaks ) : for i in range ( 1 , len ( breaks ) ) : if value < breaks [ i ] : return i return len ( breaks ) - 1
due to numerical stability , the log likelihood is used , turning the product into a sum of logarithms , for optimization is the same , given that the log function is monotonicly increasing . by convention , loss functions are minimized with neural networks , this means we will negate it and call it the negative log - likelihood :
it depends on the number of areas , number of colors , and the cpu . remember that with 254 counties and 6 colors , there are 8 , 301 , 429 , 675 possible range combinations . it might take the computer a little while to test so many combinations . there would be even more combinations ( a lot more ) with 7 colors . vitalnet natural breaks has been designed with special programming to run as fast as possible . it runs quickly , a second or two , with a modest number of ranges or if not that many areas . but it eventually slows down with a larger number of ranges and areas . so if using natural breaks , start with a low number of ranges , and only increase the number to a large number if needed , and then be prepared for a possible wait . if needed , you can minimize the window and do other tasks .
the standard deviation classification method shows how much an attribute value varies from the mean . particularly useful for economic and physical studies such as temperature , wind and other natural phenomena with planar distributions which depend on arithmetic averages to get analyses .
the bclust style uses bclust to generate the breaks using bagged clustering ; it may be anchored using set . seed ; the pars attribute returns the bclust object generated , and can be used to find other breaks using getbclustclassintervals ; if bclust fails , a jittered input vector containing rtimes replications of var is tried — with few unique values in var , this can prove necessary ; arguments to bclust may be passed through . . . .
in addition to selection of the scheme to use , the number of breaks or intervals and the positioning of these breaks are fundamental decisions . the number of breaks is often selected as an odd value : 5 , 7 or 9 . with an even number of classes there is no central class , and with a number of classes less than 4 or 5 the level of detail obtained may be too limited . with more than 9 classes gradations may be too fine to distinguish key differences between zones , but this will depend a great deal on the data and the purpose of the classification being selected . in a number of cases the gis package provides linked frequency diagrams with breaks identified and in some cases interactively adjustable . in other cases generation of frequency diagrams should be conducted in advance to help determine the ideal number of classes and type of classification to be used .
first is proc means using the groups / clusters picked by fastclus , next is the same using the 4 jenks categories out of arcmap . the min / max are the lower and upper level of each interval .
the fisher style uses the algorithm proposed by w . d . fisher ( 1958 ) and discussed by slocum et al . ( 2005 ) as the fisher - jenks algorithm ; added here thanks to hisaji ono .
very interesting read . as someone who struggled through the implementation of jenks [ 1 ] a few years ago in php , i can attest to the fact that it was extremely difficult to find any programming of jenks that was understandable and clear . i was able to find some examples of code , but nothing could explain what was actually happening and , as you said , there were no comments or poor comments in those examples .
in this case , it ' s a combination - the algorithm jenks arrived at is not just the math - implemented , but a clever solution that ( afaik ) has not been expressed in pure - math terms .
every implementation i could find of jenks is a port from fortran iv , with the same terrible variable names , no comments , and absolutely no evidence that the porting author knew absolutely anything about what the code was doing .
i read on this website that jenks is particularly suited for 1 - dimensional data , while k - means are for multi - dimensional . is this true ? if so can you point me to some references about this ?
the fixed style permits a
classintervals
object to be specified with given breaks , set in the fixedbreaks argument ; the length of fixedbreaks should be n + 1 ; this style can be used to insert rounded break values .
i thought jenk ' s method of optimization was k - means in one dimension ( see this comment by whuber ) . i believe there are multiple
jenk ' s
methods though , so it could be some confusions around this . your second comment also seems to be confused , if you use k - means clusters in one dimension it doesn ' t assign groups in non - contiguous rank order .
it’s a bit hard to see how round the numbers are ( it’s grouping by 5’s ) in this example because all the examples above also produce round numbers . but when you have large numbers like population estimates ( see below ) , it will generate some very pretty breaks .
a common one is “k - means , ” which ( given k ) minimizes the total within - cluster variance . this method , which has been around a long time , was rediscovered by cartographers in 1963 and so goes by the name “jenks’ method” in that community .
it destroys the objective display of the data . of the few patterns the user can test , the
prettiest
pattern will almost certainly be selected , but that has nothing to do with the correct display of the data . if the pattern resulting from natural breaks is not
pretty
, it just means there is no strong geographic pattern to the data . artificially selecting ranges to produce a
pretty
or desired pattern can easily turn into
how to lie with maps
. a valid reason to manually set map ranges is to compare two maps , to use the same ranges as in an existing map .
step 4 : individual values in each class are then systematically assigned to adjacent classes by adjusting the class boundaries to see if the tssd can be reduced . this is an iterative process , which ends when improvement in tssd falls below a threshold level , i . e . when the within class variance is as small as possible and between class variance is as large as possible . true optimization is not assured . the entire process can be optionally repeated from step 1 or 2 and tssd values compared
cartographica has added new classifications for displaying data . we have expanded the classifications from equal interval and jenks classifications to equal count , equal area , quartile distributions , quintile distributions , and classification that incorporates all unique values . the upgrades in classifications schemes gives users better capability for displaying data using chlorpleth maps .
i studied up on this and wrote it while working for a startup a few years ago , in 2009 . i found that all of the available choroplethic mapping solutions available had inadequate splits of data when asked to create a map . unfortunately , very few implementations of jenks exist outside of professional cartography packages .
jenks ( r1 , k , lab , iter ) – outputs a a k × 1 column range , whose first k− 1 rows contain the right endpoint of the first k− 1 classes ( the endpoint of the k th category is the largest element in r1 ) and whose last element is the gvf .
interesting that you mention the
combination .
when i was able to find the aforementioned image that showed the jenks method , i knew i had to understand what it meant and what the symbols were . i found it very cool that the mathematics were simple and it was the process that made the method work so well .
jenks is an algorithm designed specifically for this case that tries to maximize the similarity of numbers in groups while maximizing the distance between the groups . it tends to look good and be easily understood , so it’s popular . it’s in arcgis , qgis , and lots of other tools for maps and statistics . it’s in university lectures and textbooks .
the kmeans style uses kmeans to generate the breaks ; it may be anchored using set . seed ; the pars attribute returns the kmeans object generated ; if kmeans fails , a jittered input vector containing rtimes replications of var is tried — with few unique values in var , this can prove necessary ; arguments to kmeans may be passed through . . . .
another thing to notice is that this concept is very natural to extend to multiple output dimensions . instead of using 1 - dimensional gaussian kernels , we can also use n - dimensional gaussian kernels , by using the squared norm between the $ \ mathbf { y } $ and $ \ mathbf { y } ’ $ output vectors . if we look at the uncorrelated multivariate gaussian distribution , our kernel function turns into :
this article isn’t available online , or in print . as far as i can tell , it has never been digitized . it’s ostensibly still owned by the university of kansas geography department , so the copy that bill morris was kind enough to scan and share i can’t safely post . even if the university doesn’t assert copyright , because professor jenks passed in 1996 , it’ll be copyrighted in his name until 2072 .
note after looking into the jenks algorithm proposed in the answer , i found that the classint package in r apparently has a number of such algorithms . i post a note from its documentation to expand on the answer below . i have no idea how well these perform in practice , i post them just because of the variety of possibilities and because being in r makes them easy to try out for yourself .
my question : does anyone know whether sas has a procedure that does this ? i could probably write up code to do the iterations , but if there is a ready - made proc , there ' s no reason to do that . it also looks like the head / tail breaks approach is better ( would be more appropriate for this data , since it has a long tail ) and would be more straight - forward if i had to write something myself .
the breaks between the classes are set so that the total area of the features in each class is as close as possible to 1 / k times the total area of all features . ( this of course makes sense only for features with areas—that is , for polygonal features . ) the result usually is a map that has about the same amount of every symbol on it—a kind of visual balance . ( thought question : could you describe , in detail , an algorithm for determining the equal area cutpoints ? )
fantastic article . i like to think of this phenomenon with a positive spin though . . i can use the jenks algorithm without understanding anything about how it works , just plug it in and go . and with a few test cases i can even port it to a new language without really understanding it . i admire tom ' s work in digging in and doing it right , but as a journeyman programmer i like that i can just use it without really understanding it . sometimes cargo cults work .
for each range combination , calculate
sum of squared deviations for class means
( sdcm _ all ) , and find the smallest one . sdcm _ all is similar to sdam , but uses class means and deviations . suppose we have four counties and two ranges . for [ 4 ] [ 5 , 9 , 10 ] , sdcm _ all = ( 4 - 4 ) ^ 2 + ( 5 - 8 ) ^ 2 + ( 9 - 8 ) ^ 2 + ( 10 - 8 ) ^ 2 = 0 + 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 . for [ 4 , 5 ] [ 9 , 10 ] , sdcm _ all = ( 4 - 4 . 5 ) ^ 2 + ( 5 - 4 . 5 ) ^ 2 + ( 9 - 9 . 5 ) ^ 2 + ( 10 - 9 . 5 ) ^ 2 = 0 . 25 + 0 . 25 + 0 . 25 + 0 . 25 = 1 . for [ 4 , 5 , 9 ] [ 10 ] , sdcm _ all = ( 4 - 6 ) ^ 2 + ( 5 - 6 ) ^ 2 + ( 9 - 6 ) ^ 2 + ( 10 - 10 ) ^ 2 = 4 + 1 + 9 + 0 = 14 . [ 4 , 5 ] [ 9 , 10 ] has the smallest sdcm _ all , so is
best ranges
, minimizes variation within classes . intuitively , it makes sense to use [ 4 , 5 ] [ 9 , 10 ] , and the natural breaks algorithm automatically figures this out .
instead of using a non - parametric approach like histograms or kernel density estimation we can also use parametric distributions where we estimate the parameters to fit the assumed distribution . if the family of distributions fits the data well we can get very nice fits with relatively little amount of data , however , if the family does not fit the generating distribution properly you will get poor results . some standard distributions , for example gaussians are easy to fit by just looking at some statistics of your data . in case of the gaussian the mean $ \ hat { \ mu } = \ overline { x } = \ frac { \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ nx _ i } { n } $ and $ \ hat { \ sigma } ^ 2 = \ frac { \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ n ( x _ i - \ overline { x } ) ^ 2 } { n - 1 } $ will produce the most likely gaussian that generated your data . in more complicated distributions you will need to use some form of iterative optimization , for instance using gradient descent on the likelihood function to fit your parameters . below , i have illustrated a gaussian fit on our data generated by a default gaussian . notice that this animation uses smaller sample sizes .
the feature / symbol dichotomy : a gis divides the functions of representing data on a map into at least five conceptually different parts : the attributes are classified ( classification ) and associated with geometric figures ( projection ) , the classifications are associated with graphic symbols , and those symbols determine how the geometric figures will appear ( symbolization of the graphic shapes ) .
emphasize substance over form : when working with complex software , like a gis , deal with the important things first and take care of the details as late in the process as possible .
look for the familiar within the strange terminology : many disciplines have , or could have , contributed to the development and evolution of gis . many techniques may already be familiar to you under different names . do not let the terminology daunt you !
maps are statistics : symbolizing features on a map to reflect underlying data is a statistical procedure . you can use statistical techniques to help determine appropriate symbolization methods .
you are in charge : always have a reason for your choice of data symbolization : do not let the computer choose .
the legend editor is a complex dialog providing access to almost all arcview’s capabilities to classify and modify the display of features . every feature has a geographic location . the view erects a graphic shape at each feature’s location in order to show it to a person . a graphic shape is a combination of a geometric shape and a symbol , which records the visual features of the shape , such as its colors , line styles , and so on . the shape is determined by the geographic data , but the means of displaying the shape are not . determining how the shape will display is the role of the legend editor . the legend editor can make this determination based on the values of one or more attributes of each feature . in this manner arcview can show data on a map .
the legend editor sets up a sequence of processes . the first is classification . this assigns features to groups according to the values of one or more of the feature attributes . the second is symbolization . this associates a symbol with each class . the figure sketches this process .
in addition , the legend editor controls how the classifications will be named or labeled in the view’s table of contents and provides capabilities to save and reload a legend .
gis software differs in how it implements the legend editor capabilities , but it must implement these capabilities at some level .
invoke the legend editor through a menu item ( theme | edit l egend ) , a button , or most simply by double - clicking on a theme’s legend in the view .
the legend editor dialog is in a separate window that can be moved outside the arcview window . however , it will never disappear behind arcview . it can remain open while you do other arcview operations ( it is “modeless ,
not a child window ) .
the legend editor will act differently on different kinds of themes : feature themes , image themes , and grid themes .
the legend editor dialog has been long in need of improvement . typically , changes to the legend type , values field , or classification type will cause unwanted side - effects , often destroying any colors or symbols you have already specified . the trick lies in specifying this fundamental information first . only when you are sure you have chosen the right kind of legend , the correct attribute ( s ) to display , and the correct number of classifications should you bother with the details of specifying the symbols themselves .
this last rule applies to all complex software : deal with the important things first and take care of the details as late in the process as possible ( or never , if you can get away with it ) .
practice editing symbols . ( you double - click on one to change it . ) can you find a way to edit multiple symbols simultaneously ?
suppose two classifications overlap ; for example , suppose one classification is 0 - 10 and the next is 5 - 20 . how does arcview resolve this conflict ; that is , how does it decide which classification to use for values within the overlapping region ?
figure out what this button does and how it is relevant to the previous question .
( optional ) the “statistics” button is handy . experiment with it . note that there are two definitions of “standard deviation” ( sd ) . one is the “root mean square” ( of the deviations from the mean ) , or “population” standard deviation . the other has been adjusted to reduce its estimation bias ; it is
n / ( n - 1 ) ) times larger than the population sd when n values are involved . which sd does arcview compute ?
when is the “advanced” button enabled ? optional ( for now ) : determine what the advanced options do .
every map is to some extent a distortion of reality . through this distortion some maps reveal patterns and other maps lie [ see monmonier or tufte , for instance ] . one of the subtlest forms of lying with maps is associated with the method of classifying numerical attributes .
we will experiment with different classification methods . the material here is background . for more information see urltoken ( section 6 ) .
for each classification type below , n numerical values are to be divided into k classifications ( “classes” ) according to the rules to be described . suppose the ordered numerical values are x
respectively . in every case the classifications consist of non - overlapping intervals of numbers .
the k classes will be constructed to contain as near to n / k values as practicable . for example , if n is 18 and k is 5 , then n / k = 3 . 6 , so the classes will contain either 3 or 4 values each . the cut points will always coincide with one of the original data values .
some intervals may contain none of the original values ( can you think of a simple example ? ) .
this is almost another kind of equal interval classification . however , the interval length is set to be some multiple of the standard deviation of the data . multiples of 1 and 0 . 5 are common ; smaller multiples may be used with lots of data .
equal length and equal number legends are conceivable for polyline and multipoint themes , but arcview does not implement these . ( the features of a
multipoint
theme consist of zero , one , or more points . )
any nonempty set of numbers can be centered by subtracting the mean of those numbers from each value . the resulting values are known as residuals . one measure of spread is the sum of squares of the residuals . it is a measure of how much the values vary about their means , and so is appropriate for identifying clusters of data .
there are many other types of classification , but ( for data sets with no “ties” ) all can be reduced to equal intervals after applying a preliminary transformation of the data , y = f ( x ) . for example , dividing y = log ( x ) into equal intervals is equivalent to dividing the range of the x’s into intervals of equal ratios , such as 1 - 2 , 2 - 4 , 4 - 8 , and so on . therefore classification methods for numerical data are usually determined by their effects on the resulting map rather than by some statistical method based purely on the data .
the classification method is an easy target for criticism when you make a map . therefore , always have a reason for selecting your method . it is not sufficient to say , “the computer chose it . ” who is in charge , you or the machine ?
experiment with the data provided in gtkav chapter 9 ( counties . shp ) . apply all five classification methods and vary the numbers of classes . each team ( computer ) will select one of the several dozen numerical attributes to study .
create a histogram of the data , by hand or using software on your computer ( such as excel or a statistics package ) . use this as a frame of reference for evaluating the maps you create . create at least two versions of this histogram by substantially varying the bin size ( or , equivalently , by varying the number of histogram bars ) . using these histograms alone , predict your answers to the next three questions . then proceed to answer those questions through experimentation with arcview’s legend editor . check your answers against your predictions .
this page was last updated 11 march 2004 . it was reformatted . the
summary of principles
section was added . minor editorial changes were made to clarify portions of the text .
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if nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .
subtract the sdbc from the sdam ( sdam - sdbc ) . this equals the sum of the squared deviations from the class means .
after inspecting each of the sdbc , a decision is made to move one unit from the class with the largest sdbc toward the class with the lowest sdbc .
new class deviations are then calculated , and the process is repeated until the sum of the within class deviations reaches a minimal value .
a is the set of values that have been ordered from 1 to n .
mean i . . j is the mean of the class bounded by i and j .
when re - writing this , i had chosen to use the google charts api for our maps so , you should be able to use this to simply output a map assuming you provide all the necessary parameters .
this was kind of based on another script that was in french ( which i don ' t speak very well , at all ) . the original script had many issues and bugs and wasn ' t as flexible as i wanted it to be . so , i re - wrote it .
this one works well and is flexible in terms of the datasets . it has been tested pretty thoroughly and , as far as i can tell , is correct .
need a chance to go over it again and make improvements and / or more comments .
licensed under the apache license , version 2 . 0 ( the
license
) ; you may not use this file except in compliance with the license . you may obtain a copy of the license at
unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing , software distributed under the license is distributed on an
as is
basis , without warranties or conditions of any kind , either express or implied . see the license for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the license .
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example 1 : define 4 classes for the data in figure 1 which achieves this objective .
suppose , for example , that we simply divide the 160 elements in figure 1 into four intervals each containing 40 elements , as shown in figure 2 .
here , for example , cell q18 contains the formula = small ( $ b $ 3 : $ i $ 22 , 40 * ( p18 - 1 ) + 1 ) , cell r18 contains the formula = small ( $ b $ 3 : $ i $ 22 , 40 * p18 ) and cell s18 contains the formula = countifs ( $ b $ 3 : $ i $ 22 , ” > = ” & q18 , $ b $ 3 : $ i $ 22 , ” < = ” & r18 ) . note that cell r3 should contain the 120 th smallest element in figure 1 , which is 80 . 7 , but since 80 . 7 is also the 121 st smallest element , this would split 80 . 7 between interval 3 and interval 4 . this is why we are forced to make interval 3 slightly smaller and interval 4 slightly bigger .
the squared deviation of each of the four intervals is found in range t17 : t20 , with the sum in cell t21 . note that cell t17 contains the array formula
example 2 : find the optimal partition of the values 5 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 15 into 3 classes .
since this is a simpler problem than the one in example 1 , we are able to evaluate all six possible solutions , as shown in figure 4 .
in the first possible solution , shown in range b3 : d7 , the three classes are 5 , 8 and 9 - 15 . the squared deviation for the third category ( cell d6 ) , for example , is calculated by the formula = devsq ( d3 : d5 ) , with a total for all three classes of 18 , using the formula = sum ( b6 : d6 ) .
we see from figure 4 that the optimal partition is the second one , with classes 5 , 8 - 9 and 12 - 15 , since the total squared deviation of 5 is less than that of the other partitions .
where d * is the minimum total squared deviation , as described above , and d is the squared deviation of the data set , which for example 2 is 58 . 8 ( cell aa3 ) as calculated by the formula = devsq ( f3 : h5 ) . gvf takes a value between 0 and 1 . the closer to 1 the better the fit .
for example , there are 8 , 301 , 429 , 675 ways to partition 254 data elements in 6 classes . this number gets even larger the more data elements there are and the more classes we want to use . in such cases , we will need to use an iterative approach . in particular , we select a partition at random and see which class has the largest squared deviation and which class has the least squared deviation .
if , for example , we used 6 classes and class 3 had the largest squared deviation and class 5 had the smallest squared deviation , then we would move the last element in class 3 into class 4 ( in the direction of class 5 ) . if instead , class 3 had the largest squared deviation and class 1 had the smallest squared deviation , then we would move the first element in class 3 into class 2 . we repeat this process again and again , continuing until the squared deviations of none of the classes changed or until a maximum number of iterations had been reached , at which point we would select the partition with the lowest total squared deviations . in order to avoid a local minimum , from time to time we could make a random perturbation .


schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc. ( sel ) designs , manufactures , and supports products and services ranging from generator and transmission protection to distribution automation and control systems .

founded in 1982 by edmund o. schweitzer iii , sel shipped the world 's first digital protective relay .

presently , the company designs and manufactures embedded system products for protecting , monitoring , control , and metering of electric power systems .

the company serves a variety of industries , including utilities , pulp and paper , transportation , water and wastewater , education , healthcare , government , mission-critical facilities , and oil , gas , and petrochemical operations .

sel is 100 percent employee owned , headquartered in pullman , washington , with about 2,300 based in there in addition to 2,700 employees in field offices and other manufacturing facilities in about 15 national locations , in addition to another 45 international .

schweitzer engineering laboratories

schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . jobs , employment in moscow , id | urltoken
company :
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc .
jobs in moscow , id
schweitzer engineering laboratories headquarters in pullman . ( jesse tinsley / the spokesman - review )
flyer type sdr distribution recloser controller with optional schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . control relays
owler has collected 11 screenshots of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories ' website since apr 2015 . the latest sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories website design screenshot was captured in sep 2017 .
congratulations to schweitzer engineering laboratories for winning one of awb ' s 2014 better workplace awards .
schweitzer engineering laboratories b . v . - filing history ( free information from companies house )
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . sel - 3620 and sel - 3622 | ics - cert
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . jobs in moscow , id ( about 277 jobs ) .
2 schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . operations manager jobs , including salaries , reviews , and other job information posted anonymously by schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . operations manager employees . find schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . operations manager jobs on glassdoor . get hired . love your job .
the owler community has estimated the number of employees of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories to be one .
tags : ceo , change , executive team , luis d’acosta , schweitzer engineering laboratories . pullman , sel
microplanet is the top competitor of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories . microplanet is a public company that was founded in woodinville , washington in 1995 . microplanet has 3 more employees vs . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories .
the owler community has estimated the revenue of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories to be less than $ 1m .
i have been working at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . part - time ( less than a year )
i have been working at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . full - time ( more than 3 years )
glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . .
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . has filed h1b lcas and green card perm applications for different fiscal years . the applications filed by schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . could have been certified , denied or withdrawn during the same period . please click on the links below to view the detail h1b lca and green card perm certification history of schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . including the status , offered salaries , work locations , job titles and nationalities at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . . schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . 2350 ne hopkins court pullman , wa 99163 , usa
sel is engaged in the protection , control , monitoring , automation and metering of electric power systems . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories is a private company . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories ' s top competitor is microplanet , led by wolfgang struss , who is their interim - ceo . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories has 38 followers on owler .
sel is seen as one of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories ' s biggest rivals . sel was founded in pullman , washington } in 1982 . compared to sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories , sel generates $ 679 . 4m more revenue .
the search company :
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc .
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supported devices : schweitzer engi . . . schweitzer engi . . . schweitzer engi . . . schweitzer engi . . . more . . .
luis d’acosta is no longer ceo at schweitzer engineering laboratories in pullman after the palouse region’s largest private employer reorganized its executive team .
g & w is perceived as one of sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories ' s biggest rivals . g & w was founded in 1905 , and is headquartered in bolingbrook , illinois . g & w generates $ 100m more revenue vs . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories .
schweitzer engineering laboratories ( sel ) seeks a firmware engineer to be continually challenged , resulting in new efforts to truly “make . . .
i applied online . the process took a week . i interviewed at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . ( pullman , wa ) .
i applied in - person . i interviewed at schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . ( jeddah ( saudi arabia ) ) in may 2017 .
sel is engaged in the protection , control , monitoring , automation and metering of electric power systems . sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories was founded in 2000 . . . .
how much do schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . employees make ? glassdoor has salaries , wages , tips , bonuses , and hourly pay based upon employee reports and estimates .
dr . schweitzer is an ieee fellow and member of the u . s . national academy of engineering . in 2012 he was awarded the ieee medal in power engineering for his
leadership in revolutionizing the performance of electrical power systems with computer - based protection and control equipment .
he is currently president and chief executive officer of schweitzer engineering laboratories , pullman , wash .
are you ready to be part of a highly motivated and well - equipped team ? are you a quick learner who likes new challenges ? if so , then you are ready to join us at schweitzer engineering laboratories .
schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . ( sel ) has a reputation for quality , reliability , integrity , and service , which has enabled us to expand both within the electric utility market and into industrial , international , and oem markets .
“the passenger who flew the most last year wasn’t ed schweitzer , ” wray disclosed . ed schweitzer wasn’t even in the top 10 , according to wray .
schweitzer engineering laboratories ( sel ) seeks a firmware engineer to be continually challenged , resulting in new efforts to truly “make electric power safer , more reliable and more economical” . people throughout the world now rely on our products to help them efficiently and safely receive / deliver . . .
the top 10 competitors in sel - schweitzer engineering laboratories ' competitive set are microplanet , sel , g & w , abb , siemens , s & c , schneider electric , eaton , rockwell automation and emerson electric . together they have raised over 8 . 9m between their estimated 856 . 3k employees .
“we’re constantly evolving , ” said schweitzer , “everything we do is a continuous learning experience . ”
dr . edmund o . schweitzer iii delivered the first commercial digital protective relay in 1984 . under his technical , managerial , and fiscal leadership , schweitzer engineering laboratories has expanded to over 1800 employees . ed understands and supports the need for investing in employees . in return , he expects that we hire only the best , most highly motivated team members , and that we deliver simple , reliable , and cost - effective products and solutions .
that makes the story of ed schweitzer , founder of schweitzer engineering laboratories , all the more remarkable . the company , which makes sophisticated equipment for the global electrical power industry , is based in pullman , washington , population about 32 , 000 . more than half of that count comes from the students at washington state university , so schweitzer’s 2 , 000 local employees ( out of a total worldwide of about 3 , 800 ) account for more than one in ten permanent residents , powering the local economy , hiring wsu grads and many others , and supporting local institutions .
from the spokesman review in 1997 . i started just before christmas and at my first friday lunch ed schweitzer
note : before schweitzer engineering laboratories , inc . can hire foreign nationals , it must file labor certifications with dol ( department of labor ) . the application can be approved , withdrawn or denied by the dol . to hire a candidate temporarity , h1b lcas are filed . for permanent hiring , green card perm applications are filed by the employer on behalf of the candidate .
the opc server for schweitzer engineering laboratories sel - 3354 is opc certified ! opc certification is the process of ensuring that applications meet the standards specified by the opc foundation . opc certification requires extensive testing to ensure true interoperability . opc certification means multi - vendor system interoperability is guaranteed . if your opc products are not certified , you need to ask your vendor what sort of guarantees they offer .
a stalwart industry supporter , ed schweitzer also serves as one of the faces of the no plane no gain campaign .
“one of the things we’ve always done is provide every employee with the tools they need to do their job well , ” said wray , aviation department manager at schweitzer engineering laboratories ( sel ) , which offers products and services for the protection , monitoring , control , automation and metering of electric power systems . “we’ve saved so much money with that one tool , and we’ve accomplished projects we couldn’t have performed without it . ”
while others outsource , schweitzer goes diy . while others establish a tightly focused definition of work history and skills they’re looking for , schweitzer focuses on fundamentals : “i like to hire smart people with good values and strong fundamental education , ” says founder ed schweitzer , who started the company in his basement 35 years ago . today , it employs just over 5 , 000 and has revenue of nearly $ 1billion .
an ipo would have kept schweitzer engineering , which had 2014 sales of more than $ 600 million and has been profitable each of its 31 years , independent , at least temporarily . but as a public company , its board of directors would have been compelled to consider any outside offer for the company , and schweitzer’s enviable market position and record of growth ( it expects to exceed $ 1 billion in revenue within 5 years ) would certainly have made it a target of larger companies . it doesn’t take too much musing to see a big offer , reluctantly accepted , and the buyer moving schweitzer’s operations out of pullman .
if security and reliability are important factors for your engineering systems , opc server for iec 61850 offers you a secure and reliable connection to a wide range of automation systems .
sel engineering services , inc . ( sel - es ) seeks a professional , innovative and detailed individual for our project engineer i / i , / iii – automation . . .
but is there another way ? the projected shortfall in manufacturing workers – the u . s . is expected to come up a full 2 million employees short of its required 3 . 4 million new workers in the sector in the decade ending 2025 , according to a study by the manufacturing institute and deloitte – is so significant that no approach should be ignored . and today , i want to recommend to every manufacturing ceo the very different experience of schweitzer engineering laboratories , a maker of sophisticated equipment for the global power industry based in pullman , wash .
i’m not suggesting that ed schweitzer’s way is the only way . but his company’s startling success at attracting , developing and retaining devoted employees shouldn’t be ignored . schweitzer engineering competes against far more glamorous technology companies for electrical engineering graduates , and more than holds its own . and given its remote location , about 75 miles south of spokane near the idaho border , conventional thinking suggests the company would long ago have exhausted the local labor market , where it employs more than one - in - ten residents ( aside from the students at washington state university ) . but a recent push to hire 100 assemblers , expected to take three months of concentrated recruiting , instead was completed in three weeks . ( more on that below . )
schweitzer engineering laboratories ( sel ) ongoing commitment to community engagement , and their giving efforts , ranging from financial , material , and volunteer - driven support . their employees can be found on several local boards , volunteering at local events , and supporting organizations throughout the palouse . sel’s role as the largest private employer on the palouse helped stabilize the palouse’s economy and sustain local efforts , such as funding science programs at the local public schools , pullman - moscow regional airport , and the palouse discovery science center . their long - standing efforts to support and foster the palouse region’s growth has earned them this year’s business entrepreneur of the palouse award .
dave whitehead , a 23 - year veteran of sel , is chief operations officer . he is leading global operations as well as research and development . he also is overseeing quality , sales , engineering services and manufacturing .
pullman sits about 75 miles south of spokane , in eastern washington , and it’s safe to say that , without the university and schweitzer , it would be a far smaller and less interesting place to live .
the bravo turned a three - day trip to fergus falls into a one - day trip . “when something comes up , it’s priceless to be able to be there in a few hours , ” said schweitzer .
critical system solutions the sel advantage the sel advantage what advantage can you expect from sel products and services ? application , protection , and integration engineering support we have experienced field application engineers and integration application engineers available to answer our customers’ technical questions . these engineers are located throughout our 55 offices in the united states and 46 offices in an additional 22 countries worldwide . sel engineering professionals provide an array of services , including cost - effective solution designs , application and operation of sel or other . . .
bob morris , who joined sel 26 years ago , is chief engineering services officer . tony lee is chief manufacturing officer . he started at sel in 1991 . joey nestegard , who has been with sel since 2002 , has been named chief finance officer .
schweitzer and d’acosta are two of six executives involved in the restructuring , which leaves no one with the title of ceo and puts people with at least 15 years of experience at sel in charge of key areas of the business .
schweitzer has been president and is now also chief technology officer of sel , which manufactures high - tech equipment for electric power transmission and distribution that’s sold to utilities and large - volume power users . the company employs 2 , 330 people in pullman and 475 in lewiston .
sel engineering services , inc . ( sel - es ) seeks a professional , innovative and detailed individual for our project engineer i / i , / iii – automation in king of prussia , pennsylvania . sel serves electric power utilities and industrial companies worldwide through the design , manufacture , supply , and suppor . . .
there are only three commercial flights a day from pullman , and they all go to seattle . that means visiting sel’s very first customer – otter tail power company in fergus falls , mn – took “three [ airline ] legs and you started by going 250 miles the wrong way , ” said schweitzer .
“quality is really intertwined with safety , ” added wray . in the flight department , hazard reports are an opportunity to identify issues , measure them and improve . similarly , schweitzer officials say products returned by customers and handed over to the r & d lab “are worth their weight in gold” for identifying faults .
if you ' re going to be an intern here it is a very professional environment depending on the department you work in . you always need to be on your game because you never know if you ' re going to be introduced to do a schweitzer or not . you should always have your elevator pitch ready .
ed schweitzer founded the company in 1982 after inventing the first digital relay for protecting electrical power systems as part of his phd project at washington state university ( wsu ) . being in pullman – next door to wsu and 15 minutes from the university of idaho – provides sel with a strong pipeline of interns and recruits every year .
today , sel has thousands of different products for monitoring , automating and protecting power grids in 147 countries . to grow beyond hand - soldering circuit boards in schweitzer’s basement , the company needed to be able to respond to customer outages more quickly than was possible via airline travel . that’s why the company decided to obtain a business airplane .
“as we expand our reach , we want to ensure that we maintain our commitment to quality , innovation and customer service , ” company founder edmund o . schweitzer iii said in the news release . “this new structure will focus our company on those objectives , while broadening the experience of our executive team and providing opportunities to develop the next generation of leaders throughout the company . ”
“i’m convinced we would not be a company of 3 , 700 people without business aviation , ” said schweitzer . “recently some of our engineers and assemblers flew to new york to look at the latest electronic assembly - line equipment . as employee - owners , they’re using the company’s tools – the airplanes – to make an investment decision on the tools they use on the manufacturing floor . ”
critical system solutions sel product application guide sel product application guide central offices sel engineering services and power management solutions • graphical settings software • state measurement software • sel display clocks • model power system testing • protection and automation services • arc - flash hazard services ® • powermax power management and control systems • remedial action schemes • autosynchronization systems • distribution automation enterprise event viewing software synchrophasor visualization software settings software application design software sel university substation . . .
the year 2009 , then , was crucial for pullman . ed schweitzer had already sold 49 % of the company , beginning in 1994 , to workers through an employee stock ownership plan . ed was nearing retirement age and selling his remaining and controlling stake was on his mind . over the years , “i have considered all the possibilities – going public , selling to a strategic buyer , ” ed tells me .
critical system solutions sel safety sel safety improve safety by applying sel technology 2 . work with sel engineering services to identify and categorize arc - flash hazards and mitigation solutions . 3 . apply wireless fault indication system to reduce the need to enter underground vaults . 4 . install sel bluetooth® to serial adapter to communicate wirelessly without entering hazardous areas . 1 . install sel relays with arc - flash detection that can operate as fast as 2 milliseconds after an arc - flash event . with sel arc - flash detection ten simple ways to improve safety with sel technology : without . . .
so , ask yourself , under your company’s recruiting system , would you have hired leo ressa , known widely in pullman as the guy who owned the shoe repair shop for 30 years ? how about terry troyer , who spent 20 years running a couple of drive - thru espresso shops in nearby lewiston , idaho ? today , ressa is 64 and troyer is 60 , and each is a manufacturing supervisor at schweitzer , overseeing crews of 20 or more fellow employees , after having worked their way through a variety of departments and job functions .
critical system solutions table of contents sel product application guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 example industrial plant one - line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 automation and integration overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 example industrial automation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . maximum performance . minimum space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 fault indicators and sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . . general engineering services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 sel - 849 . . .
thanks to the city of moscow’s sponsorship , be the entrepreneur bootcamp™ ( bte bootcamp™ ) announces the first annual palouse pitch event followed by the awards ceremony for the entrepreneur of the palouse awards ceremony , sponsored by the university of idaho executive mba program .
the entrepreneur of the palouse award recognizes local entrepreneurs in three categories . recipients receive a $ 1 , 000 grant and are selected based on their commitments to serving our region’s businesses , residents , visitors , and students . this year’s awardees are :
latah trail association was selected due to their continued commitment to regional development on the palouse , and reflects their commitment to the community and what this award honors .
their efforts in 2015 included organizing “over 1 , 800 volunteer hours in fundraising , clerical work , trail cleanup , and promotional activities” said tom carroll , the nominator . “we have been instrumental in the creation and promotion of the latah trail , a well - loved and used community resource . ” their commitment to community development continues in their planned efforts over the next two years for improving the 16 - mile trail .
jennifer harbour nominated poppy , an eco - friendly salon , because of its commitment to the community and employees , support of local artisans and small business owners , as well as to green business practices . since opening in june of 2012 poppy has grown exponentially . poppy also “regularly hosts fundraisers for local and national charities and causes . ” poppy’s continual commitment to regional development , local businesses support , and local causes embodies the entrepreneurial spirit of the palouse .
meet these incredible community members and entrepreneurs . the event is limited to 150 people , and hors d’oeuvres will also be served at this free event .
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notes : n . a . : not available . u . s . employees includes part - timers as of time of survey . job growth , new jobs , and voluntary turnover are full - time only . revenues are for 2010 or latest fiscal year . all data based on u . s . employees . * average annual pay : yearly pay rate plus additional cash compensation for the largest classification of full - time salaried and hourly employees .
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one of the best parts of our weekly friday lunch meeting is getting to meet recent hires from our 100 + locations worldwide .
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meet jaycie poitra , a senior at washington state university studying business management . jaycie started with sel in 2015 as a human resources intern and was recently promoted to human resources associate in pullman , wa .
one of jaycie’s favorite memories at sel was the manufacturing hiring push , where the team recruited over 100 assemblers in two weeks . “i really loved seeing everyone come together to help get this task done . all of the late nights and hard work paid off . ”
side from recruiting , jaycie has been working on various internal websites for human resources . she helped create the sites , provided custom design work , enabled permissions , and more . when she started , not many employees knew how to use the site , so jaycie took initiative to provide helpful learning aids .
at first i want to give thanks to almighty allah that he gave me a chance to join in sel family in saudi arabia at dammam . i joined in sel 21st may 2017 as a technician
less of whether you like the job or not . sel has proven that idea wrong tenfold ! i now work for a company that not only cares about it ' s employees ,
but our families too ! i cant ever imagine going back to a job that i ' m not proud to be a part of . our commitment
i have worked for sel now 1 year , 4 months and i ' m still loving it . every year we invent something that revolution
izes the power industry . people that i chat with are amazed at what we have accomplish
ed in just 32 short years . makes me wonder what we will do in the next 32 years .
t to learn and grow like i ' ve never been able to before . i am constantly
plus , the company has taken great care of my son and i with the awesome benefits package . saying i ' m proud to work for this world class company is an understate
great benefits , wonderful people . . . i know it sounds cliché , but i love my job and i love working for sel !
were in places such as the united arab emirates , spain , brasil , france or colombia .
i thought since it was my first week with the company that i wouldn ' t receive it , but it was in my first paycheck . the company had aprox 400 employees at that time . they now boast 3800 . ed stopped and introduced
longer in use ) . i received a nice esop when i retired labor day weekend in 2007 .
one of the best companies i worked with and wonderful people . mabuhay sel !
great place to work . i am impressed with how we work together and identify measure improve our processes .
one of the best parts of our weekly friday lunch meeting is getting to meet recent hires from our 100 + locations worldwide . check out the video to hear why these employees chose sel !
red , white and bloom—thanks to our facilities team for the creative flower flag . wishing all a safe and happy independence day from sel !
the national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) invited five teams to compete in a two - part , 21 - week microgrid controller competition . one of the teams was from sel . check out the video to learn about the microgrid that earned them first place .
peoria , ill . , without caterpillar ( cat ) ? benton harbor , mich . , without whirlpool ( whr ) ? columbus , ind . , without cummins engine ( cmi ) ?
one of america’s under - appreciated relationships is the one between smaller cities and bigger companies , an often - happy exchange of quality - of - life for the combination of well - paying and skilled jobs , economic growth and stability , and corporate generosity to support cultural and educational institutions .
for every cummins engine , approaching its 100th anniversary in 2019 as civic benefactor to columbus , however , there are scores of middle market and larger companies , based in smaller cities , that have sold to larger competitors and then packed up their factories and left town . the effect is devastating .
this page was last modified on 22 january 2016 , at 15 : 38 .
appointment of diego florencio rodas as a person authorised to represent uk establishment br013897 on 26 may 2016 .
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appointment of prashant julka as a person authorised to represent uk establishment br013897 on 26 may 2016 .
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appointment of carlos arthuro quecan as a person authorised to represent uk establishment br013897 on 25 may 2016 .
appointment of carlos arthuro quecan as a person authorised to represent uk establishment br013897 on 25 may 2016 . - link opens in a new window - 4 pages
mindsphere connects real things ( e . g . industrial machinery and equipment ) to the digital world . . .
ernest w . marshall jr . has joined power management company eaton as its chief human resources officer . . .
abb has developed the jfbd nylon conduit to feature a corrugated design especially for the food and b . . .
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urltoken
enter your email address below to receive urltoken ' s free email newsletters and periodic updates on h1b and employment sponsored greencards .
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critical system solutions industries we serve industries we serve at sel , our more than 30 years of experience providing highly reliable , innovative solutions have made us a valued business partner for power management , process control , and factory automation . sel products are designed to meet the rigorous environmental and operational demands of facilities that must operate flawlessly , 24 hours a day , seven days a week . commercial buildings consumer products renewable energy life sciences electric utilities
critical system solutions sel overview sel overview who we are our mission at sel is to make electric power safer , more reliable , and more economical . to accomplish this mission , sel designs , manufactures , and supports a complete line of products and services for the protection , monitoring , control , automation , security , and metering of electric power systems . sel solutions range from comprehensive generator protection to distribution automation and control systems . sel customers come from a wide variety of industries and include government agencies , airports , universities , water treatment facilities , . . .
critical system solutions sel commitment to quality sel commitment to quality what does sel quality mean to customers ? ·· sel products and service conform to its published specifications and meet or exceed the customer’s expectations . “reliability is a big issue due to the exposure a public utility has , and the utility made the decision to change out the other relays and go exclusively with the sel - 351 relays . when i heard that , it was all the testimony i needed . when i showed my people what our local power supplier down at yates had gone through , that was all it took . my recommendation wasn’t . . .
critical system solutions sel commitment to quality how does sel achieve quality ? robust designing the sel design process is documented , controlled , and certified under the iso 9001 : 2008 standard , quality management systems requirements . the sel research and development ( r & d ) division applies this process to new product development and product enhancement projects . r & d works with manufacturing to create robust designs that adhere to the sel design for manufacturability ( dfm ) , design for test ( dft ) , and design for automation ( dfa ) guidelines . sel designs products for a service life of over 25 years . . .
critical system solutions sel product application guide transmission lines comprehensive generator protection ( sel - 300g , sel - 700g ) real - time synchrophasor vector processor ( sel - 3378 ) subcycle distance relaying ( sel - 421 ) line differential ( fiber , digital channels ) ( sel - 311l , sel - 411l ) synchrowave® pdc with archiving distributed generation intertie / wind generator protection ( sel - 700gt , sel - 700gw ) synchrowave central software field / stator ground module ( sel - 2664 , sel - 2664s ) real - time automation controller ( sel - 3505 ) zero - settings line differential ( sel - 387l ) power transformers five - winding transformer . . .
fiber - optic communications critical motor medium - voltage substation * main medium - voltage substation * sel - 451 high - voltage industrial substation synchronous motor * local integration not shown 1 fast motor bus transfer ( fmbt ) 2 main - tie - main ( mtm ) scheme 3 the sel - 3355 computer drives a display unit and supports the rtac image hmi . active arc - flash protection control wire connection mirrored bits communications via wire mirrored bits® communications via fiber differential communications via fiber fiber - optic communications communications type example industrial plant one - line diagram critical system . . .
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convert protocols with highly reliable , robust sel protocol gateways . apply the sel - 3301 protocol gateway to convert scada protocols . government and industry personnel are increasingly aware that scada data links are part of the mission - critical infrastructure . the sel - 3301 is . . .
protect scada links , maintenance ports , i & c systems , and other serial links from unauthorized access and control . install sel - 3021 serial encrypting transceivers to prevent eavesdropping or unauthorized control via serial communications links . protect critical operating , f . . .
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this behavior could result in unauthorized communications through the sel - 3620 and sel - 3622 to configured nat port forwarding destinations .
sel has determined that , when nat port forwarding is not used , all routed traffic is filtered properly through the firewall access control lists . if nat port forwarding is required , sel recommends that users of affected products contact their sel sales representative or customer service representative to obtain a no - cost firmware upgrade cd - rom packet including upgrade instructions .
nccic / ics - cert recommends that users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability . specifically , users should :
minimize network exposure for all control system devices and / or systems , and ensure that they are not accessible from the internet .
locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls , and isolate them from the business network .
when remote access is required , use secure methods , such as virtual private networks ( vpns ) , recognizing that vpns may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available . also recognize that vpn is only as secure as the connected devices .
ics - cert reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures .
ics - cert also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ics - cert web page . several recommended practices are available for reading and download , including improving industrial control systems cybersecurity with defense - in - depth strategies .
additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available in the ics‑cert technical information paper , ics - tip - 12 - 146 - 01b - - targeted cyber intrusion detection and mitigation strategies , that is available for download from the ics - cert web site .
organizations observing any suspected malicious activity should follow their established internal procedures and report their findings to ics - cert for tracking and correlation against other incidents .
the device does not properly enforce access control while configured for nat port forwarding , which may allow for unauthorized communications to downstream devices .
cve - 2017 - 7928 has been assigned to this vulnerability . a cvss v3 base score of 7 . 2 has been assigned ; the cvss vector string is ( av : n / ac : l / pr : n / ui : n / s : c / c : l / i : l / a : n ) .
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several years ago , mark wray’s maintenance manager came to him and said the flight department could do more work in - house if they only had a borescope . to be useful , it needed to be a very advanced borescope , one that could turn 90 - degree corners and record video of the airplane’s internal components .
that way of doing things is integral to sel’s culture . it’s why the company recently built a three - story r & d lab at its pullman , wa headquarters so sel engineers have the facilities to test every new product for resistance to high temperatures , humidity , physical damage and electrostatic shock . and it’s why sel bought its first airplane , a cessna citation bravo , in 1999 .
one of the things we’ve always done is provide every employee with the tools they need to do their job well .
on most flights , sel’s aircraft go to customer sites , carrying engineers or “sel university” instructors – specialists who train customers to integrate digital technologies into their power systems . salespeople and supply chain managers also fly . in the last 15 years , more than 2 , 200 different employees – over half of the people who work at the company – have flown on the company airplanes .
sel is 100 - percent employee owned , and business aviation is just another tool employees need to do their jobs . so many different employees fly to so many different offices ( sel has more than 100 around the world ) and customer sites , that the company has added three citation sovereigns and a citation x since acquiring the bravo . the company also opened a second aviation base in charlotte , nc , where one of the sovereigns transports people between customer support offices from nashville to philadelphia .
while the sel aircraft are available to every employee with a business need , the flight department still has to educate some workers on the value of business aviation .
when sel first opened the charlotte base , utilization of the sovereign based there was initially low , said wray . “one of our biggest challenges was educating the employees in those offices that the airplane was available to them . ”
to show all sel employees how the airplanes have contributed to the company’s growth and remind them that the aircraft is there for them to use , wray has made presentations at sel staff meetings live - streamed to national and international offices .
meanwhile , the flight department’s schedulers aim to fill seats on all the company aircraft by working alongside the people in the corporate travel department , which handles employees’ airline travel . they all sit together in a single office , where there’s a large white board that lists sel’s largest facilities , along with the name of every employee who needs to visit those locations .
“when we have an aircraft going to one of those offices , we call those people [ listed on the board ] to see if they’d like a seat , ” said kori whitcomb , sel’s dispatch manager . if the company aircraft can’t meet an employee’s travel schedule , the corporate travel department arranges airline flights for them .
when the schedulers have run through all the names on the white board and there are still empty seats , “we’ll send an email to each department to let them know where the aircraft is headed , ” said whitcomb .
using this scheduling technique , the charlotte - based sovereign had the highest utilization of all sel’s airplanes within three years , flying nearly 500 hours annually .
“we call that process ‘identify , measure , improve , ’” said wray , and it guides everything sel does , from the flight department to the manufacturing floor . for example , if a supplier cannot deliver a component that meets sel’s standards , sel will manufacture that component in - house .
sel is so vertically integrated because many of the company’s products are custom - built to customer specifications and are designed so that every product meets their high standards of quality .
the company’s emphasis on quality “rubs off on everything , ” said wray . in addition to its safety management system , the flight department has also put in place a quality management system focused on measuring and improving the passenger experience .
when harris corporation , the lead contractor on the faa’s data communications ( datacomm ) initiative , needed highly reliable computers for the project , it turned to sel .
as part of the nextgen air traffic management system , datacomm eventually will replace many two - way radio voice transmissions by enabling pilots and air traffic controllers to send text messages to each other . in 2014 , harris worked with sel to develop a solution to the faa’s need for dependable computers at base stations around the country – the ground units that communicate with aircraft in flight .
that solution is the sel - 3355 rugged computer , which has no fans , vents or moving parts . instead , it uses solid - state memory and copper heat pipes to manage the temperature of its components . “we designed the sel - 3355 to last for 20 years , ” said dave whitehead , sel vice president of r & d . “engineers can even remotely monitor and mediate its systems . ”
sel will provide more than 300 sel - 3355 computers for the nextgen project .
“for nexgen , it’s vital to have extremely reliable communications with aircraft as they’re traveling across the country , ” said whitehead . “it’s been really exciting for us to take the products we build for the electric utility industry and apply them to critical infrastructure in other industries , such as aviation . ”
bases : headquartered on pullman - moscow regional airport ( puw ) . a second base is located at charlotte douglas international airport ( clt ) .
aircraft : one cessna citation bravo , three citation sovereigns , one citation x .
personnel : 14 pilots ( including a department manager who flies ) , four maintenance technicians , two line technicians , two dispatchers , three corporate travel coordinators , one administrative assistant .
nbaa has redesigned business aviation insider to provide a more engaging reader experience , both in print and online .
the magazine ' s digital edition is now optimized for tablet app users . learn more about nbaa ' s magazine app .
all member employees are eligible to receive their own printed copies of business aviation insider free of charge . to subscribe , update your communications preferences .
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the iec 61850 opc server from matrikonopc provides connectivity to any iec 61850 compliant rtu , ied ( intelligent electronic device ) , plc , meter , transducer , relay , etc . this opc server enables you to monitor and control electrical substations and wind turbines located far in the fields securely and reliably . it connects to multiple devices at the same time , where the read and write operations with these devices are optimized to deliver the necessary data in time for the protective relaying . the opc server for iec 61850 supports :
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iec 61850 7 - 2 ( acsi ) , 7 - 3 , 7 - 4 , and 8 - 1 ( scsm ) .
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multiple communication channels at the same time for iec 61850 ethernet access ( tcp / ip ) .
do you have iec 61400 - 25 wind turbines ? use the opc server for iec 61400 - 25 .
here at matrikonopc , we stand behind our products . included in your purchase price is all software updates , 24 / 7 access to matrikonopc’s world - class support from our highly trained professionals around the globe and more for 1 year . we ' ll support you or your money back !
do you require multiple protocol support in one single opc server ? learn more about the matrikonopc universal connectivity server .
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the skills gap bedeviling u . s . manufacturers has given rise to hundreds of programs to train workers . and most of these efforts , though varied in other ways , share one important trait : the schooling that occurs happens offsite , not at the factories for which workers are being trained . it could be at a community college , regional or local “workforce development” agency , or other independent organization .
the aim is to develop and sharpen skills of a potential assembly worker , or higher skilled manufacturing player , and then plug them in to an ongoing company operation with as little ramp - up time as possible .
many employers prefer this model . given the narrowing of the mission at many companies – to a core competency of a relative handful of tasks , letting others handle less - central requirements of the workplace – it makes sense to them . the very nature of training and integration of new workers – some drop out , some don’t make the cut , even the best can slow down the operation with questions and adjustments – seems antithetical to some operations designed to run 24 hours a day , 365 days a year , at flat - out 100 % of capacity , with minimal layers of management .
d’acosta , who was named ceo in 2014 , now serves as chief sales officer , according to a news release sel issued tuesday afternoon .
he originally was hired by sel in 2005 to lead the company’s mexican operations . he moved to pullman in 2012 to become vice president of sales and customer service and was promoted to chief operating officer just prior to being named ceo .