morgan kaufmann publishers is a burlington , massachusetts ( san francisco , california until 2008 ) based publisher specializing in computer science and engineering content .

since 1984 , morgan kaufmann has published content on information technology , computer architecture , data management , computer networking , computer systems , human computer interaction , computer graphics , multimedia information and systems , artificial intelligence , computer security , and software engineering .

morgan kaufmann 's audience includes the research and development communities , information technology ( is/it ) managers , and students in professional degree programs .

the company was founded in 1984 by publishers michael b. morgan and william kaufmann and computer scientist nils nilsson .

it was held privately until 1998 , when it was acquired by harcourt general and became an imprint of the academic press , a subsidiary of harcourt .

since 2001 it is an imprint of the science and technology division of the elsevier publisher .

morgan kaufmann publishers

in june 1998 , it was acquired by harcourt general , inc . morgan kaufmann became an imprint of academic press , a subsidiary of harcourt , and the publishing program of ap professional , another imprint of academic press , was combined with the morgan kaufmann publishing program .
schmidt b . , gonzález - domínguez j . , hundt c . , schlarb m . , morgan kaufmann publishers inc . , cambridge , ma , 2018 . 416 pp . type : book ( 978 - 0 - 128498 - 90 - 3 )
morgan kaufmann delivers the knowledge of experts to the computing community . through superior print and digital content , our authors aim to educate our readers and inspire innovation .
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vee a . , the mit press , cambridge , ma , 2017 . 376 pp . type : book ( 978 - 0 - 262036 - 24 - 5 )
like reading and writing , programming has become an essential fundamental tool to organize information . a few centuries ago , being able to write and read , whether in spanish , english , or french , was a way to be valuable to society . can programming . . .
computing semantic similarity of concepts in knowledge graphs zhu g . , iglesias c . ieee transactions on knowledge and data engineering 29 ( 1 ) : 72 - 85 , 2017 . type : article
semantic similarity expresses the commonality among concepts ; therefore , it may play a critical role in a wide range of computational applications . the authors propose a method ( wpath ) to measure “the semantic similarity between concepts in . . .
mathematics for computer graphics ( 5th ed . ) vince j . , springer international publishing , new york , ny , 2017 . 505 pp . type : book ( 978 - 1 - 447173 - 34 - 2 ) , reviews : ( 2 of 2 )
if there is a student guide for understanding the mathematics for computer science , this is it . mathematics for computer graphics is a gem of a book for this purpose . the readers not only get knowledge of prerequisites and depth , but also p . . .
parallel programming is not optional . in the past , algorithm designers focused on the design of sequential algorithms , because of moore’s law , and hardware speed improvements did the rest . today , computer scientists and software engineers mu . . .
han b . , birkhäuser basel , cham , switzerland , 2017 . 724 pp . type : book ( 978 - 3 - 319685 - 29 - 8 )
the book describes the theory and application of wavelets and framelets . particularly , it presents an extensive study of the design of various types of filter banks . the book is part of springer’s “applied and numerical harmonic analys . . .
on the parameterized complexity of associative and commutative unification akutsu t . , jansson j . , takasu a . , tamura t . theoretical computer science 660 ( c ) : 57 - 74 , 2017 . type : article
equational unification and matching play an important role in theorem proving , term rewriting , and declarative programming . given a set of axioms and two terms , equational unification asks whether the terms can be made equal by variable substituti . . .
white r . , banks e . , addison - wesley professional , boston , ma , 2018 . 832 pp . type : book ( 978 - 1 - 587145 - 04 - 9 )
many computer networking books have been adopted in universities and are very popular [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , so it is hard for a new book to make an impact unless it differentiates in a significant way . this book tries to achieve this , though i feel it could ha . . .
serverless computing : economic and architectural impact adzic g . , chatley r . esec / fse 2017 ( proceedings of the 2017 11th joint meeting on foundations of software engineering , paderborn , germany , sep 4 - 8 , 2017 ) 884 - 889 , 2017 . type : proceedings
the concept of virtual machines has liberated - - elegantly and very successfully - - information technology ( it ) from hardware constraints . the next step in virtualization now concerns the very programs themselves : in “serverless” . . .
mathematical grammar of biology yamagishi m . , springer publishing company , incorporated , new york , ny , 2017 . 82 pp . type : book ( 978 - 3 - 319626 - 88 - 8 )
what is life ? this is a question that bothers everyone . many scientists , including physicists such as schrödinger , have attempted to explain it using science . toward the end of the last century , a scientific revolution happened that resulted . . .
enhancing collaboration in classroom using smartphone in developing countries iqbal m . , mehmood t . group 2018 ( proceedings of the 2018 acm conference on supporting groupwork , sanibel island , fl , jan 7 - 10 , 2018 ) 112 - 116 , 2018 . type : proceedings
the paper discusses a smartphone application with four features : the presentation of audio quiz questions , optical character recognition ( ocr ) scoring on a server , record management , and an english dictionary . it was tested with about 120 students . . .
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game design workshop - a playcentric approach to creating innovative games - 2nd edition . pdf


oysters ооо ( in russian : « ойстерс » ) is a russian company , designing and manufacturing consumer electronics , known for manufacturing advanced sailfish os smartphone oysters sf as partner of jolla the developer of the os .

company is vendor of digital devices since 2010 , and one of the largest russian vendors of this kind .

produced devices are branded with name oysters like e.g. car video recorders , car navigation devices , smart phones , tablet computers , radar detectors .

oysters llc

© copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved • gatehouse news
that ' s partners , plural . there ' s the intex aqua fish and now the oysters sf . what sets the oysters sf apart are better specs .
oysters is a russian company that designs and manufactures consumer electronics . since its incorporation in 2010 it has become one
because of incorrect information supplied to the times , a story on page a3 of thursday ' s times about the seapit river shellfish grant incorrectly stated todd stressenger ' s title and his company ' s location . stressenger is managing member of east falmouth - based atlantic oysters llc .
oysters products are an epitome of user - friendliness , quality materials and superb design . our production process relies on advanced in - house solutions that enable us to offer our customers unusually rich functionality at a competitive price . our extensive network of service
the oysters sf is a dual - sim phone ( with a space for a microsd card too ) , has lte connectivity ( cat . 4 , 150mbps / 50mbps ) ) and is going to the russian market for a yet - unknown price .
sony xperia xz2 premium goes on pre - order in the us for $ 999 . 99
you get a free xperia ear duo true wireless headset if you grab it from amazon .
first images of samsung galaxy tab a2 ( 10 . 5 ) and tab advanced2 leak
these are the successors to the galaxy tab a 10 . 1 ( 2016 ) .
amazon echo account for over 50 % , followed by 30 % for google home and 4 % for apple homepod .
the unique phone will appear in russia , malaysia , india , taiwan , and hong kong by the end of july .
the huawei nova 3 is expected to be unveiled 10 days earlier , on july 18 .
if all recent rumors turn out true , the samsung galaxy s10 + could have as many as five cameras .
the plant in uttar pradesh was unveiled by indian pm narendra modi and south korean president moon jae - in .
phones can be purchased with a cny100 coupon while the stocks are traded for under hkd17 .
the phone will have the kirin 970 chipset , gpu turbo tech and a 6 . 9 - inch amoled .
samsung dominates this week ' s top 10 chart only two oppo phones and three xiaomi handsets .
the extra cameras can be wide , tele , b & w ; or just . . . there . but even the huawei p20 pro with its three cameras can ' t cover all options .
embrace the future now , or wait for the kinks to be ironed out .
3d face scanning is a good secondary option , but won ' t cut it by itself .
google and nokia are out of the running ! check out the final four and cast your vote .
samsung galaxy tab s4 10 . 5 samsung galaxy tab a2 10 . 5 samsung galaxy tab advanced2 vivo z1i samsung galaxy on6 oppo a5
of the largest russian vendors of digital devices . the company produces tablet computers , smart phones , car navigation devices , car
123103 , moscow , zhivopisnaya str . , 5 , block 6 , building 2
are you ready to meet the most advanced sailfish phone ? i ' ll pretend i didn ' t hear the
what ' s sailfish ?
questions . and - surprise ! - the phone doesn ' t come from jolla , the maker of the os , but from one of its partners .
it has an octa - core processor ( mediatek mt6753 , 64 - bit cortex - a53 at 1 . 3ghz ) , while the jolla c and aqua fish have quad - core processors ( 32 - bit cortex - a7 at that ) . and you get a bigger 3 , 000mah battery .
not bad for a phone with a 5
screen . the resolution is 720p , just like the other two ( at least it ' s an ips ) . you also get a higher resolution camera - 13mp vs . 8mp - plus a 5mp selfie cam ( vs . 2mp for the other two ) . the main camera can record 1080p video .
update : oh , no ! i forgot the turing phone , which has a 5 . 5
1080p screen , 13mp camera and snapdragon 801 chipset with 3gb of ram . that one started life as an android phone , but dropped the google os in favor of sailfish .
ugly looking phone . they should ' ve just stick to the design from the original jolla like intex .
yes ! ! ! another alternative to my 1 + year old jolla . . . beautiful , but what ' s up with those bottom buttons ? sailfish is a buttonless ui ?
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mortmain is the perpetual , inalienable ownership of real estate by a corporation or legal institution ; the term is usually used in the context of its prohibition .

historically , the land owner usually would be the religious office of a church ; today , insofar as mortmain prohibitions against perpetual ownership still exist , it refers most often to modern companies and charitable trusts .

the term " mortmain " is derived from mediaeval latin mortua manus , literally " dead hand " , through old french morte main .

mortmain

when an organization owns a piece of land which will never pass to another owner , it ' s known as a mortmain . a church ' s property is often protected by a mortmain . mortmain literally means “dead hand . ”
the law of mortmain was abolished in britain in 1960 . mortmain legislation still exists , however , in some other jurisdictions in the commonwealth and in the united states .
thinking himself invincible because of his army , mortmain bound the automatons to his own life .
mortmain was a short , middle - aged man with graying sideburns and light gray eyes .
‘new laws on mortmain limited the size of donations that might be bequeathed to religious foundations . ’
[ accessed 14 september 2012 ] ; william chester jordan , ‘mortmain’ , in joseph strayer ed . ,
mortmain was raised by a warlock couple , john and anne shade . [ 1 ] from his adoptive father , john , mortmain developed a shared interest in mechanical tinkering and the possibility of combining magic with devices . [ 2 ]
mortmain was a smart and deceitful man , able to trick and manipulate others easily , as well as wealthy and proud . mortmain was cruel and merciless , hardened by his deep hatred for shadowhunters and his years of plotting his revenge .
‘royal licences to acquire property in mortmain allowed for a period of expansion into adjacent properties in the early 14th century . ’
mortmain , statute of .
the oxford companion to british history . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
despite being an adopted child , mortmain evidently had a close relationship with his parents , who had raised him with love and as if he was there own , no different from them . dubbed their
clockwork prince
, mortmain knew of his parents ' activities and thought them justified by the time he was grown up . when his parents were killed , mortmain tried to plead a case , believing that his family was wrongly murdered . when he was denied this justice , mortmain devoted his entire life to avenging their deaths .
figure 1 shows that mortmain exactions made up virtually all of the income the bailiff collected in tielt in both may and september 1384 .
after that fateful night , mortmain bided his time , hiding in cadair idris , gathering his wits thinking of ways to finally get tessa .
what made you want to look up mortmain ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
mortmain , statute of .
the oxford companion to british history . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
of land to a monastery or other corporation deprived the lord of many profitable feudal incidents , for the corporation was never under age , never died , and never committed felony or married . statutes were consequently passed between the 13th and the 16th century prohibiting alienation into mortmain without license from the crown . the modern law was contained in the mortmain and charitable uses acts , 1888 and 1891 , and in a number of acts that authorized limited companies and some other corporations to hold land without license in mortmain . an unauthorized conveyance into mortmain made the land liable to forfeiture to the crown .
at one point , mortmain found a way to prolong his life , possibly through dark magic or through the contacts of his late parents , or even through a spell in the book of the white . because of the public nature of his business , mortmain , pulling the vampire trick , covered the fact that he did not age normally by faking his own death as dr . hollingworth mortmain and
leaving
his inheritance and shipping business to his
son
, axel mortmain . he then moved from shanghai to london , using his new identity as an excuse to change the course of the business from trading to mechanics . [ 3 ]
frustrated at tessa ' s escape , mortmain left nate at the mercy of de quincey , believing nate ' s use and plan to be flawed . when nate was rescued by tessa and the enclave , he contacted mortmain shortly after , still eager to prove himself to him , whom nate saw as a powerful figure that could help him rise in status , as well . mortmain took advantage of nate ' s position and information , and the two began plotting their infiltration of the london institute .
land held in mortmain by some of the religious corporations were confiscated by the statute 27 henry viii , c . 28 ( 1535 ) , and thus , according to
23 henry viii and this statute of george ii , in their effect on the dispositions of land , which they prohibit , differ from the old mortmain acts . the
the first mortmain act in england was enacted during the reign of king edward i . a later statute passed during the reign of king george ii was the model for subsequent mort - main acts in that it prevented the transfer of lands to charities unless the gift complied with certain requirements . mortmain acts have been abolished by statute .
‘the rest was in the hands of the church and nobility , protected against sale by entail or mortmain , or owned by urban corporations , or bourgeois landowners . ’
restricted by
the statute of mortmain commonly so called
, remarks the master of the rolls in corbyn vs . french , 4 vesey ' s reports , 427 ,
but
, he adds ,
very improperly , for it does not prevent the alienation of land in mortmain , nor was that the object of the act
.
his adoptive parents were both murdered by the clave sometime after 1815 . while he was also hunted , he was never found by the shadowhunters . mortmain believed that his parents were unjustly murdered , particularly anne , who was apparently unaware of the full extent of john ' s dealings and plans . bent on revenge , mortmain began plotting the massacre of the race of shadowhunters . establishing a new identity , he chose the surname
mortmain
, which means
hand of death
in french , for himself . [ 1 ]
with his father ' s watch , mortmain made tessa change into him . for some reason , tessa is overwhelmed by shade during the change , something mortmain seemed to have anticipated . after a brief moment of glee upon being reunited somewhat , mortmain hurriedly explained to his father his situation and asked him for the binding spell he created that would complete the animation of his clockwork army , binding the demon souls onto the automatons , making them both strong because of the demons , yet protected from shadowhunter weapons because of the mechanical bodies . before shade could finish writing the spell down , the change stopped abruptly , but mortmain was able to get what he needed and figured the rest out on his own .
in the law governing wills , statutes based upon the original mortmain acts have been passed in some states to restrict the power of a testator to make gifts to charities . these modern statutes , also called mortmain acts , protect only the immediate family of a decedent from disinheritance by death - bed gifts to charities when the will is executed within the statutory period .
when tessa was rescued by shadowhunters from the dark house , pieces of cogs and clockworks manufactured by mortmain ' s company were found in the cellar , along with dissected bodies of people . that and the fact that mortmain is nate ' s employer lead the shadowhunters ' investigation to him . they questioned him , and even resorted to false threats , at one point , but throughout the interrogation , mortmain feigned surprise at the news of nate ' s disappearance , claiming that nate had left his service to work for the club . mortmain also maintained the guise of a mere mundane , ignorant yet curious and aware of the shadow world through his membership at the pandemonium club , under the leadership of
the magister
, de quincey .
this time came sooner than he anticipated . jem , then tessa ' s fiancé , was close to death . taunting the group , mortmain sent them a letter and a pack of yin fen , telling them his terms : tessa for the yin fen . though tessa wanted to oblige , jem refused outright and destroyed the instructions that would have allowed them to contact mortmain .
( new york , 1985 ) , vol . 8 , 488 col . 2 . adding to the confusion , this meaning of ‘mortmain’ can also be found in french legal texts , spelled
said , that thanks were due to the noble lord for illustrating the inconvenience of the statute of mortmain . he knew a gentleman who had left a large property to a dissenting establishment to carry out certain charitable intentions , but which were defeated in consequence of the statute of mortmain . if it had been devised to oxford or cambridge instead of a dissenting institution , the intentions of the devisee would have been able to hays been carried into effect . he believed that if the statute of mortmain were abolished , it would allow of many persons leaving their property for charitable purposes .
‘hospitals and poor houses found the charitable bequests on which they had always relied dwindling , and , as ecclesiastical institutions , they were cut off from further endowments by legislation of 1749 restricting mortmain . ’
licences allowing , in particular instances , transfers into mortmain , notwithstanding the statute , were issued from time to time . the text of a licence of edward i himself has been preserved , permitting a certain
the manner of establishing a charity was in the course of time restricted by
the statute of mortmain commonly so called
, remarks the master of the rolls in corbyn vs . french , 4 vesey ' s reports , 427 ,
but
, he adds ,
very improperly , for it does not prevent the alienation of land in mortmain , nor was that the object of the act
.
while the older enclave members went to de quincey ' s hideout , mortmain went and told the remaining shadowhunters , the young will and jem , of
the magister ' s
ultimate plan , which involved a ritual that would raise his clockwork army to be performed by mrs . dark . frantic , the pair rush off to the location mortmain told them about , leaving the institute and its inhabitants practically defenseless .
is not applied to the sovereign , yet land so taken
in manum nostram
is not to be retained . such a retaining would be in mortmain . and the king promises to convey the land to other
of mortmain , in so far as they applied to future conveyances to spiritual corporations , were suspended ( 1554 ) for twenty years ( 1 and 2 philip and mary , c . 8 , sec . li ) .
this early statute of mortmain applies only to action by religious houses in the way of enabling lay owners to hold their lands . the statute does not seem directed against the holding by the houses of land in their own possession . the correctness of sir william blackstone ' s surmise that even before the conquest licences in mortmain had become necessary
among the saxons
( commentaries , b . 11 , c . 18 , 269 ) does not appear to be confirmed by this magna carta , nor , in any general sense , by the fact that the allusion in the constitutions of clarendon ( 1164 ) to mortmain was confined to advowsons ( ibid . ) .
the statutes 23 henry viii and this statute of george ii , in their effect on the dispositions of land , which they prohibit , differ from the old mortmain acts . the statutes referred to render such dispositions void , that is , of no effect whatsoever . but alienations in mortmain properly so termed were not mere nullities , but were effectual to transfer ownership of land to a corporation by which the land might be retained until its forfeiture .
soon enough , mortmain and his automatons returned and attacked , using jem ' s shadowhunter blood , which one of his automatons swiped off of him from an encounter at the bridge , to get into the institute . during this time , mortmain had finally revealed himself as the true magister , and that de quincey was a patsy , with mrs . dark partly revealing the same to jem and will , both of whom then rushed back to the institute .
the noun mortmain is primarily a legal term , describing a kind of protection of a group ' s hold on property or land . historically , buildings and land owned by a church organization would have a mortmain to protect the church against losing the property even after the death of the person in charge . in old french , mortemain literally means
dead hand ,
from the medieval latin manus mortua , which in legal terms means
inalienable power .
the pair arrived too late , however , as thomas and agatha had already perished in the battle , and jessamine , sophie , and tessa were cornered in the sanctuary , which mortmain was able to get into after tricking them with the mimicry of will ' s voice . mortmain had nate and his automatons take the others away , leaving him and tessa alone together in the sanctuary . mortmain tried to convince and coax tessa into changing into his father . unwilling to give into his commands , tessa threatened to kill herself , going as far as changing into a woman who had been shot , faking her death through the wave of blood that poured out of her body , brought upon by the change .
( reading on the statute of uses ) ,
the possessions that had been in mortmain began to stir abroad
, a
stir
extended by the statute 37 henry viii , c . 4 ( 1545 ) , to other
axel mortmain , also known as the magister , was the head of the pandemonium club until 1878 . having slowed his aging through the use of dark magic , mortmain dedicated his life to avenging his parents ' deaths . he made tessa gray ' s existence possible , hoping to use her for his own purposes to create a new race , a form of warlocks , half - demons and half - shadowhunters , that are superior to the nephilim and meant to cause their destruction .
believing her to be dead , mortmain grieved for the loss , of the being he had waited years to have . when will arrived , mortmain made a hasty escape with his teleportation ring , leaving behind a button from his jacket that will had cut with his seraph blade . while he would eventually realize that tessa survived , he was still ultimately unsuccessful that night . he was at least able to retrieve a pyxis , carrying the greater demon armaros , from the institute through nate . [ 3 ]
the residents of the london institute , along with magnus bane and a few silent brothers , arrived the following day . his army was able to quickly subdue and overpower them , and mortmain had tessa brought back to him . however , tessa , acting on impulse and a sudden notion , changed into the angel ithuriel . the freed portion of ithuriel ' s spirit angrily called him out and crushed him in his fiery hands , killing him , mortmain ' s last words being those of disbelief . [ 4 ]
the plan was foiled , however , when jessamine and nate ' s relationship and their role in the plot are discovered , with jessamine and nate revealing parts of it to tessa . mortmain , however , anticipated this to some extent and had placed a block in jessamine ' s mind , preventing the others from getting further information from her . benedict was turned , however , when charlotte threatened to expose him . for this failure , mortmain stopped sending him his medicine and left him to succumb to his disease and die .
wanting to show tessa what she helped him achieve , mortmain unleashes his army on a nearby village , horrifying tessa . he also sent some to ambush the emergency council meeting that was attended by almost all shadowhunters , killing several of the present and unprepared shadowhunters .
referred to render such dispositions void , that is , of no effect whatsoever . but alienations in mortmain properly so termed were not mere nullities , but were effectual to transfer ownership of land to a corporation by which the land might be retained until its forfeiture .
finally , mortmain once again demanded that tessa change into his father , john shade , as he once had . this time , however , he was able to convince tessa , with the promise that he would send jem yin fen when she does as he asks .
in the way of enabling lay owners to hold their lands . the statute does not seem directed against the holding by the houses of land in their own possession . the correctness of sir william blackstone ' s surmise that even before the conquest licences in mortmain had become
united into one body , under a special denomination having perpetual succession under an artificial form
( shelford ,
a practical treatise on the law of mortmain , & c .
, philadelphia 1842 , 22 ) had become established for purposes which , in respect to any
the statute of mortmain , was intended , as stubbs tells us , to put an end to
the fraudulent bestowal of estates on religious foundations , on the understanding that the donor should hold them as fiefs of the church , and as so exonerated from public burdens .
1279 . mortmain refers to property held by a ‘dead hand’ and therefore inalienable . kings and barons objected to persons granting their land to a religious institution and receiving it back again , having shed , in the process , their military and other feudal obligations . the provisions of
nate adored mortmain more than anything , he treated him like a god because he was powerful and would have been capable of helping nate become powerful as well . he would even kill his own sister for the magister . mortmain didn ' t share much affection towards him , however , as after the boy did something wrong , he gave him to de quincey for one of his downworlder parties where he would have been drained of blood and killed . in the end , nate was simply another pawn to serve a purpose for him and his goals .
years later , the grays ' adopted son nathaniel wrote to him from new york , trying to blackmail him with information from elizabeth ' s diary , in exchange for money or a job . instead , mortmain sent him a ticket to bring him down to london to see if he was the special child . he then learned that nate had an adoptive sister named theresa , and it was she who was the special child . ecstatic to finally have found her , mortmain had nate bring tessa to london , employing the dark sisters to train her ability .
land held in mortmain by some of the religious corporations were confiscated by the statute 27 henry viii , c . 28 ( 1535 ) , and thus , according to lord bacon ( reading on the statute of uses ) ,
the possessions that had been in mortmain began to stir abroad
, a
stir
extended by the statute 37 henry viii , c . 4 ( 1545 ) , to other religious houses and to chantries , this statute transferring their lands to the sovereign ' s possession in consideration of his majesty ' s great costs and charges in his then wars with france and scotland .
during the brief period of reaction after the death of king edward vi , the statutes of mortmain , in so far as they applied to future conveyances to spiritual corporations , were suspended ( 1554 ) for twenty years ( 1 and 2 philip and mary , c . 8 , sec . li ) .
, and an allusion of his to
plenty and purchasing
, suggest the view that holding of land in mortmain , being opposed to land stirring abroad and its ready purchase , was in the nature of a public inconvenience or mischief . similar views had not actuated the english kings and barons previous to
excluding from its operation cities and towns corporate , having , by their ancient customs , power to
devise into mortmain
, the statute alluded to declares trusts or assurances to the uses just mentioned
erected and made of devotions or by common assent of the people without any corporation
, or
to the uses and intents to have obites perpetual or a continual service of a priest forever
, or for sixty or eighty years , to be within the mischiefs of alienation
into mortmain
, and as to future gifts void except for terms not exceeding twenty years ( cf . i edward vi , c . xiv ) .
among the saxons
( commentaries , b . 11 , c . 18 , 269 ) does not appear to be confirmed by this magna carta , nor , in any general sense , by the fact that the allusion in the constitutions of clarendon ( 1164 ) to mortmain was confined to advowsons ( ibid . ) .
would specially commend , a statute of queen elizabeth mentions ( 43 elizabeth , c . iv , 1601 ) . dispositions in aid of
superstitions
were not to be deemed charitable , and these the courts were to ascertain and condemn , in the varying light of english statutes , as evils like to alienations in mortmain .
the statute of mortmain bears a close relation to the statute quia emptores , enacted eleven years later , in which the feudal dues of the superior lords , the king the chief of them , are secured by the abolition of subinfeudation ; as , in this act , they are secured by the limitation of ecclesiastical endowments .
the statute thereupon ordains that
no person , religious or other
, nullus religiosus aut alius quicumque , shall buy or sell lands or tenements or receive them , or appropriate them ( under pain of forfeiture ) so as to cause the land to come into mortmain , per quod ad manum mortuam terræ et tenementa hujusmodi deveniant quoque modo .
in the succeeding reign a law was passed making this law of elizabeth perpetual ; and the 7th of james 1st commended people
who gave money to bind out apprentices .
this relaxation of the mortmain law continued in the reign of charles 2nd and after the revolution , for he found a law of william 3rd ( 7th and 8th ) reciting—
dispositions for charity , which the law would specially commend , a statute of queen elizabeth mentions ( 43 elizabeth , c . iv , 1601 ) . dispositions in aid of
superstitions
were not to be deemed charitable , and these the courts were to ascertain and condemn , in the varying light of english statutes , as evils like to alienations in mortmain .
licences allowing , in particular instances , transfers into mortmain , notwithstanding the statute , were issued from time to time . the text of a licence of edward i himself has been preserved , permitting a certain person to give a parcel of land to a certain prior and convent to be held sibi et successoribus suis in perpetuum , but subject to the due and accustomed services to the capitalibus dominis fœdi , illius ( year books of the reign of king edward i , years xxxii - xxxiii , london , 1864 , 499 ) . this licence recites that it is given ob affectionem et benevolentiam towards the religious order . nor do licences in mortmain seem to have ever become in england , as in france , recognized sources of royal revenue .
which was when it came to some corporation
( lord bacon ,
reading on the statute of uses
) , alienation of lands or tenements to a corporation being termed alienation in mortmain ( stephen ,
new commentaries on the laws of england
, 15th ed . , london , 1908 , i , 296 ) . the alienation was formerly expressed by the now obsolete words
mortmain also told tessa that her existence was made possible because of his intervention , having kept track of her shadowhunter mother and letting loose the greater eidolon demon on her , thus producing her . he told her about the origin of her clockwork angel necklace , of how it had been his father ' s and how he tuned it to her life to protect tessa from danger and harm .
when adele starkweather , now known as elizabeth , married richard gray , mortmain gave richard a job at his company to get closer to her . realizing what could be done with a child of a shadowhunter and a demon , he then sent out an eidolon demon to sleep and have a child with her . he hoped for a daughter , with whom he could have his own children with to create a new species superior to the shadowhunters . when a child was conceived , mortmain gave elizabeth the clockwork angel , which his adoptive father had made for his mother which had the angel ithuriel trapped in it , to protect the child from being stillborn . suspicious , the gray family left london without leaving a new address . he had since been looking for them , to no avail .
but opposition to mortmain holdings as being perpetuities appears in a statute of henry viii , which preceded the confiscating statutes . this is the statute 23 henry viii , c . x ( 1531 ) , directed against holding of lands ,
to the use of parish churches , chapels , churchwardens , guilds , fraternities , commonalties , companies , or brotherhoods
, purposes previously acknowledged as charitable and religious .
he began with the shadowhunter who he believed wronged his family : aloysius starkweather of the york institute , whom he pleaded with through reparations in 1825 , almost ten years after his parents ' death . when he lost the case , mortmain decided to help faeries , who also held a grudge against aloysius , kidnap aloysius ' infant granddaughter , adele starkweather , and replace her with the sickly mundane elizabeth moore .
in the institute ' s sanctuary , when tessa appeared to have killed herself , he wept over her body , mourning the years he spent—then believed to have been wasted—preparing for her birth . though mortmain wanted to marry and impregnate her , it was only for his sick plans of creating a new species . he attempted to convince tessa to join him willingly with embellished words but eventually revealed his true cold and cruel nature .
at this point , mortmain had made benedict lightwood , a well - respected council member , his own puppet after promising him a cure for his demon pox . he made the lightwood challenge charlotte branwell for the position as the head of the institute , which would give him access to the institute ' s great library , as well as some free rein of the enclave , aiding in his quest of destroying the council from within .
these associations
of many individuals united into one body , under a special denomination having perpetual succession under an artificial form
( shelford ,
a practical treatise on the law of mortmain , & c .
, philadelphia 1842 , 22 ) had become established for purposes which , in respect to any property they were allowed to acquire or to retain , implied an ownership free from the vicissitudes and limited duration of ownership by natural persons .
saving to the lords
their wards and escheats and other services
. a statute of 1290 permits any freeman to part with his land , the feoffee to hold of the same lord and by the same services as his feoffor held . but the statute cautiously adds that in no wise are the lands to come into mortmain against the statute ( see 18 edward i , c . i , c . ii , c . iii ) .
the term manus mortua is not applied to the sovereign , yet land so taken
in manum nostram
is not to be retained . such a retaining would be in mortmain . and the king promises to convey the land to other persons subject to services from which ownership by the
religious men
or others had withdrawn it , services for the defence of the realm , alios inde feoffabimus per certa servitia nobis inde ad defensionem regni nostri facienda , saving to the lords
their wards and escheats and other services
. a statute of 1290 permits any freeman to part with his land , the feoffee to hold of the same lord and by the same services as his feoffor held . but the statute cautiously adds that in no wise are the lands to come into mortmain against the statute ( see 18 edward i , c . i , c . ii , c . iii ) .
we learn from sergeant stephen ( op . cit . , iii , 174 ) that
there is now practically no restraint whatsoever on gifts of land by will for charitable purposes . pure personal estate
, he adds ,
may , of course , be freely bequeathed for these purposes
. all corporations , however , are yet precluded by english law from purchasing land
except by licence in mortmain from the crown
( ibid . , 16 ) .
mortmain refers to property held by a ‘dead hand’ and therefore inalienable . kings and barons objected to persons granting their land to a religious institution and receiving it back again , having shed , in the process , their military and other feudal obligations . the provisions of westminster ( 1259 ) declared against alienation of land without the lord ' s permission . edward i ' s statute of 1279 forbade such transfers on pain of forfeiture , to the chagrin of the clergy .
( 1259 ) declared against alienation of land without the lord ' s permission . edward i ' s statute of 1279 forbade such transfers on pain of forfeiture , to the chagrin of the clergy . loopholes in the statute were found and repeated efforts were made to block them . after the reformation , bequests were more likely to be made to charities or educational establishments , and exceptions to the prohibition of mortmain were made in favour of oxford and cambridge colleges , and trusts like the
reciting that gifts of lands in mortmain are restrained by magna cata , and other laws as against the public utility , but that
nevertheless this public mischief has of late greatly increased by many large and improvident alienations or dispositions to uses called charitable uses
, this statute ( 9 george ii , c . xxxvi , 1736 ) provides that thenceforth such dispositions shall be
null and void
, unless executed with certain prescribed solemnities , and not less than twelve months before the death of the donor .
but according to the existing law of england we learn from sergeant stephen ( op . cit . , iii , 174 ) that
there is now practically no restraint whatsoever on gifts of land by will for charitable purposes . pure personal estate
, he adds ,
may , of course , be freely bequeathed for these purposes
. all corporations , however , are yet precluded by english law from purchasing land
except by licence in mortmain from the crown
( ibid . , 16 ) .
for , notwithstanding mortmain statutes , and as if to protect the sovereign from the reproach which , according to coke , he might otherwise have incurred , the lord chancellors seem , from a period long previous to that of king henry viii , to have protected and guarded trusts or uses in favour of charity . the chancellors seem to have administered this duty in their capacity as guardians of the king ' s conscience , and by force of an assumed , if not expressed , delegation of the royal prerogative and sovereign will .
once there , he once again had mrs . black killed , in hopes of proving to tessa his dedication to her . he also revealed the full extent of his plans , expressing his interest in breeding the race of half - shadowhunters , half - demons , a new kind that is just like tessa , who are superior to the nephilim and would be able to destroy them , finally extracting his revenge . calling himself an honorable man , mortmain offered to marry her before getting his way with her . [ 4 ]
chancellor kent observes ,
we have not in this country re - enacted the statutes of mortmain or generally assumed them to be in force ; and the only legal check to the acquisition of lands by corporations consists in those special restrictions contained in the acts by which they are incorporated … and in the force to be given to the exception of corporations out of the statute of wills
( commentaries on american law , 14th ed . , boston , 1896 , ii , 282 ) . the commentator states , by way of exception , that the
before the coming of the conqueror and his feudal lawyers much land in england had been acquired to be held by the spiritual tenure of frankalmoign , a tenure subjecting the holders to what was termed the trinoda necessitas f ( or threefold obligation ) of repairing highways , building castles , and repelling invasions , but otherwise to no service other than praying for the souls of the donor and his heirs , dead or alive ( stephen , op . cit . , i , 139 , 140 ) . to such pious foundations already established none of the mortmain legislation applied .
the mortmain statute of edward i , known as
statutum de viris religiosis
, 7 edward i , enacted in 1279 , and so often referred to by writers on english real property law , recites that religious men have entered into their own fees as well as into the fees of other men , and that those services due
and which at the beginning were provided for the defence of the realm
are wrongfully withdrawn and the escheats lost to the chief lords ( duke ,
the law of charitable uses
, london , 1805 , 193 ) .
ash was definitely asserted to be the property of the abbey in 1279 , when the abbot with his men was declared to be quit of all forest dues in his vill of ash . ( fn . 4 ) the chartulary of chertsey abbey ( fn . 5 ) records that shortly after the statute , ' vulgarly called mortmain , ' 11 acres in ash with sufficient common pasture for his flocks and herds were held by robert de zathe , while geoffrey de bacsete ( bagshot ) and his brother william had 28 . the atwaters of west clandon also held land in ash . ( fn . 6 )
notwithstanding the statements in the cases cited from vesey ' s reports that devises for charitable uses are not in themselves alienations in mortmain , the latter word ' s meaning has yet been claimed to embrace any perpetual holding of land
in a dead or unserviceable hand
. and such , it is claimed ,
is the characteristic of alienations to charitable uses
. land dedicated to the service of charity and religion is said to be
practically inalienable
, because any disposition of it , which is incompatible with the carrying out or continuity of the benevolent purposes of the conveyance , will be restrained by courts of equity ( lewis ,
a practical treatise on the law of perpetuity
, philadelphia , 1846 , 689 ) , in
the expressions quoted from lord bacon , and an allusion of his to
plenty and purchasing
, suggest the view that holding of land in mortmain , being opposed to land stirring abroad and its ready purchase , was in the nature of a public inconvenience or mischief . similar views had not actuated the english kings and barons previous to henry viii , who ( to quote barrington ,
observations on the more ancient statutes
, london , 1796 , 113 ) ,
had no notion of an inconvenience or mischief to the public from a stagnation of property
, realizing , however , that ,
as the land was given to god , the king and the barons lost all the usual profits of what was held under them
( ibid . ) .
notwithstanding the statements in the cases cited from vesey ' s reports that devises for charitable uses are not in themselves alienations in mortmain , the latter word ' s meaning has yet been claimed to embrace any perpetual holding of land
in a dead or unserviceable hand
. and such , it is claimed ,
is the characteristic of alienations to charitable uses
. land dedicated to the service of charity and religion is said to be
practically inalienable
, because any disposition of it , which is incompatible with the carrying out or continuity of the benevolent purposes of the conveyance , will be restrained by courts of equity ( lewis ,
a practical treatise on the law of perpetuity
, philadelphia , 1846 , 689 ) , in england the court of chancery .
( old fr . , morte meyn ) , dead - hand , or
such a state of possession of land as makes it inalienable
( wharton ,
law lexicon
, 10th ed . , london , 1902 , s . v . ) , is
the possession of land or tenements by any corporation
( bouvier ,
law dictionary
, boston , 1897 , s . v . ) , or
where the use came ad manum mortuam , which was when it came to some corporation
( lord bacon ,
reading on the statute of uses
) , alienation of lands or tenements to a corporation being termed alienation in mortmain ( stephen ,
new commentaries on the laws of england
, 15th ed . , london , 1908 , i , 296 ) . the alienation was formerly expressed by the now obsolete words amortization and amortisement , the person so alienating being said to amortize ( murray ,
new english dictionary
, oxford and new york , 1888 ) , a verb used by chaucer in connexion with good works
amortised by some following
( the persones tale ) . in old french amortissement was used in connexion with licences termed chartes d ' amortissement , validating an alienation , amortir being defined éteindre en tout ou en partie les droits de la seigneurie féodale (
la grande encyclopédie
, paris , s . d . ;
century dictionary
, new york , s . d . , s . v . amortization ; cf . the same use of the english word in statute 15 richard ii , c . 5 ) .
the condition of lands or tenements held without right of alienation , as by an ecclesiastical corporation ; inalienable ownership .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
a history of the county of surrey : volume 3 . originally published by victoria county history , london , 1911 .
esche , assche ( xiii cent . ) ; asshe ( xiv cent . ) .
the area of the parish is 6 , 292 acres , including the district of wyke , formerly in worplesdon , but added to ash in 1880 . ( fn . 1 )
the making of aldershot camp has revolutionized the whole of this neighbourhood . the camp itself is in hampshire , but ranges have been established in ash parish , and houses in connexion with the camp have turned what were desolate heaths into a succession of straggling villages or even towns . henley park ( q . v . ) lies on the other side of the parish . it is one of the numerous parks formed in the surrey bailiwick of windsor forest . cobbett , the famous political and social reformer , farmed land at normandy in this parish .
of prehistoric antiquities only a few neolithic implements , in the surrey archaeological society ' s museum at guildford , have been recorded .
there was an inclosure act ( ash and frimley ) , 1801 , making large inclosures of waste , but reserving certain rights of fuel ( turf ) to the inhabitants .
there are wesleyan and congregational chapels in the village . there are also wesleyan chapels in ash street and normandy . wyke is an ecclesiastical parish formed out of ash , worplesdon , and wanborough in 1847 ( vide infra ) .
henley park is the seat of sir owen roberts ; normandy park of mr . p . g . henriques , j . p . ; westwood house of lieut . - colonel coussmaker .
ash school ( national ) was built in 1835 ; ash vale school ( also national ) was built in 1860 , and enlarged 1897 ; wyke school ( national ) was built in 1874 , and enlarged 1896 .
the victoria hall was built in 1897 as a jubilee memorial . it is used for meetings and entertainments .
frimley , though formerly part of ash , was in godley hundred , not in woking , which justifies a presumption that it may have become the property of chertsey abbey at an earlier date than ash .
palaeolithic flints have been found in the drift gravels on the hills , and a few neolithic implements at places unspecified in the parish . on the hill , near the southern end of chobham ridges , is a very large round barrow called round butt ; south of it mainstone hill probably preserves the name of the standing stone , which formed a boundary mark of chobham in the early chertsey charter . dr . stukeley , in his itinerarium curiosum , records a roman urn and coins as found here .
frimley manor house is the seat of mrs . burrell , frimley park of mr . n . spens , watchetts of mr . h . j . b . hollings , prior place of mr . f . h . goldney .
the royal albert orphan asylum was built by subscription in 1864 . it has about two hundred inmates , boys and girls . a farm is attached to it . schools ( national ) were built in 1842 , and enlarged in 1897 .
york town with camberley is a small town which has grown up on the road in the northwestern part of frimley parish , and increased owing to the proximity of the military college , sandhurst , over the berkshire border , the staff college at camberley , and the albert asylum .
the royal military college , founded by frederick , duke of york , was removed under his direction to sandhurst , close to this neighbourhood ( but in berkshire ) , in 1812 . the houses which grew up near it in surrey were called after him , york town . when under a later royal commander - in - chief , the duke of cambridge , the staff college was built in 1862 , the extension of york town was called cambridge town , but was soon changed to camberley for postal convenience , and under that name has become the most important place of the district .
schools ( provided ) were built at york town in 1883 ; at camberley in 1897 ; at camberley , infants , in 1902 . there is a roman catholic school , built in 1877 . there was a church school at york town from 1818 to 1883 .
frimley , york town , and camberley form an urban district under an urban district council , by the act of 1894 .
it seems probable that the manor of ash ( esche , xii cent . ; asshe , assche , xiv cent . ) was included under henley in the land which the domesday commissioners say that azor granted for his soul to chertsey in the time of king william . ( fn . 2 ) the fact that the parish was known as ash by henley in the 14th century ( fn . 3 ) lends colour to the suggestion that henley in early times was regarded as the more important place .
chertsey abbey . party or and argent st . paul ' s sword having its hilt or crossed with st . peter ' s keys gules and azure .
in 1537 the abbey granted ash with its other lands to henry viii , ( fn . 7 ) and for a few years it seems to have remained as crown property . edward vi , however , shortly after his accession granted it to winchester college , ( fn . 8 ) which still holds it .
there is no mention of a mill under henley in domesday book , but it is certain that a mill existed at ash from comparatively early times , for in 1322 the abbot of chertsey ordered a new windmill to be built at ash . ( fn . 9 ) windmills were comparatively new in england then , and it may have been in place of a small water - mill of earlier date . there seems no later record of it .
henley ( xi cent . onwards ; henle , xiv cent . ; suth henle and henle on the heth ) was granted in william ' s reign to chertsey by azor , a wealthy englishman who had retained land after the conquest . ( fn . 10 )
in 1343 the manor was reported to be in the king ' s hands owing to ' the rebellion ' of john de molyns , who was one of the ministers disgraced in 1340 for alleged misappropriation of money , and the abbot took advantage of his tenant ' s disgrace to renew his demands for rent ; he pointed out that henley had been held of his church since the time of its foundation for the service of paying a sum of money with twelve gallons of honey yearly , and suit at the abbey ' s court at ash . ( fn . 16 ) the rent is said to have been wrongfully withdrawn by john de molyns .
john de molyns ' disgrace appears to have been of only short duration . in 1343 the manor was again granted to him to hold in the same way as before , ( fn . 17 ) and the next year he obtained a confirmation of that grant . ( fn . 18 ) possibly the manor or part of it may have been granted to henry de stoughton ( fn . 19 ) during de molyns ' disgrace ; at any rate , in 1349 henry released to him all his right in the manor . ( fn . 20 ) some two years later john granted henley to the king in return for special privileges in his buckinghamshire property , ( fn . 21 ) and in 1359 the king levied a fine against william son of john , ( fn . 22 ) by which he made his possession more secure .
from that time henley manor remained crown property for upwards of three centuries , and the evidence for its history consists chiefly of appointments of stewards and parkers . in 1633 charles i granted it to robert tyrwhitt and arthur squib , ( fn . 23 ) who sold it soon after to sir john glynn . ( fn . 24 ) in 1724 the duke of roxburgh , lord justice in the absence of george i from england in 1723 and 1725 , seems to have been residing at henley park . ( fn . 25 ) bowen ' s map of about 1736 also names him as occupier . sir john glynn ' s son left three daughters , two of whom died unmarried , and the manor passed to dorothy , the third daughter , who married sir richard child , created earl of tylney in 1731 . in 1739 the earl sold the manor to mr . solomon dayrolles , ( fn . 26 ) who in 1784 conveyed to henry halsey . ( fn . 27 ) the halsey family are still owners , but the late lord pirbright lived in the house , and sir owen roberts is the present tenant .
the manor of frimley , although part of the parish of ash , is in godley hundred , and is reckoned in it in a court roll . ( fn . 47 ) it may have been the land in ash purchased for chertsey abbey by bartholomew de winton , the abbot , in 1277 , from a sir walter raleigh . ( fn . 48 ) william de henley ' held land in fremelesworth ' of the abbey , together with henley ( q . v . ) , in 1324 . it came into the possession of henry viii in 1537 ( fn . 49 ) with other monastic lands , and was apparently held by the crown in demesne for some years . it was granted to sir john white of aldershot , ( fn . 50 ) who died seised of it in 1573 , ( fn . 51 ) leaving a son and heir robert , then aged twenty - eight . robert died in 1599 , ( fn . 52 ) when the manor passed to his daughters helen and mary , who had respectively married richard and walter tichborne .