the chartered institute of public relations ( cipr ) is a professional body in the united kingdom for public relations practitioners .

founded as the institute for public relations in 1948 , cipr was awarded chartered status by the privy council of the united kingdom in 2005 and added " chartered " to its name .

as of late 2012 , cipr had 10,095 members .

the association provides training and education , publishes a code of conduct and hosts awards and events .

it is governed by a board of directors led by a president who is elected each year .

chartered institute of public relations

chartered institute of public relations , 52 - 53 , russell square , london . wc1b 4hp
the appc , chartered institute of public relations and prca produced the draft definition in collaboration .
the chartered institute of public relations is a membership - driven organisation which has a responsibility to provide professional services and embody good practice .
without doubt , the public relations industry has come a long way . testament to the industry ' s progression is its professional body , the chartered institute of public relations .
© copyright 2018 public relations institute of australia ( acn 85066451732 ) . all rights reserved .
the institute of public relations first met on 10 february 1948 , at the st bride institute fleet street . this was as a result of meetings in 1946 and the establishment of ' a standing conference of public relations officers in november that year .
the chartered institute of public relations is the uk ' s leading public relations industry professional body with 9000 members . the institute represents and serves the interests of people working in public relations in the uk and abroad . it offers access to information , advice and support , and provides networking and training opportunities through a wide variety of events , conferences and workshops .
this article was funded by the institute for public relations . i would like to thank the institute for public relations and to specifically thank president & ceo frank e . ovaitt , jr . , for his support and encouragement of ethics research .
for example , refer to the ethics codes of a few of the major public relations associations : the global alliance for public relations and communication management ( urltoken ) , the international public relations association ( ipra ) code of athens ( urltoken ) , the european public relations confederation , also endorsing the code of athens along with its own code and the code of lisbon ( urltoken ) , the public relations institute of australia ( urltoken ) the public relations society of america ( urltoken ) , the international association of business communicators ( urltoken ) , the chartered institute of public relations ( urltoken ) or the arthur w . page society ( urltoken ) of senior - level public relations executives .
develop your skills in public relations ( pr ) planning and integrated communications management with the chartered institute of public relations ( cipr ) professional pr diploma . delivered part - time over one year , this course will boost your career and improve your decision - making and effectiveness at work .
if you feel that you haven ' t reached this level of study , please take a look at the chartered institute of public relations advanced certificate , also offered by birmingham city university . or , if you feel you have already achieved this level , please take a look at the masters in public relations .
prsa certifies dit ma in public relations and ma in public affairs & political communication .
from the beginning the institute was involved in four broad areas of activity : professional practices , education , programmes and public relations . the professional practices committee was first established in 1956 , leading to the institute ' s adoption of its first code of professional conduct in 1963 .
“the skilled practitioner of today will become the dinosaur of tomorrow if they don’t commit to continuing professional development . the advanced certificate is a superb qualification . i recommend it unreservedly for those wanting to develop their pr skills . ” jason mackenzie , president at chartered institute of public relations
the chartered institute of public relations ( cipr ) is a professional body for public relations practitioners in the uk . with over 11 , 000 members involved in all aspects of public relations , it is one of the largest bodies of its type in europe . the cipr advances the public relations profession in the uk by making its members accountable through a code of conduct , developing policies , representing its members and raising standards through education and training . it also operates the uk lobbying register ( urltoken ) .
the central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ethics in public relations . i review the evolution of public relations ethics , the current state of practice , and the thoughts of ethicists .
lauzen , m . m . ( 1997 ) . understanding the relations between public relations and issues management . journal of public relations research , 9 ( 1 ) , 65 - 82 .
we represent communicators working in or supporting local public services , from councils and health authorities to regional police and ambulance authorities . we are a voice for you at a national level and within the chartered institute of public relations . if you have issues , concerns or just want to shout about your work , we are there to help you .
the cipr advances professionalism in public relations by making its members accountable to their employers and the public through a code of conduct and searchable public register , setting standards through training , qualifications , awards and the production of best practice and skills guidance , facilitating continuing professional development ( cpd ) , and awarding chartered public relations practitioner status ( chart . pr ) .
from its incorporation in 1962 the ipr was recognised by the government ( the board of trade ) as the official representative body of public relations in britain . it was awarded chartered status by the privy council in 2005 .
the game plan of the new chartered institute of public relations ( cipr ) is , according to director - general colin farrington , to ' get to a situation where the market will demand membership ' . extra membership funds would enable the body to advance its roles of providing leadership for the industry , developing policy and raising standards through training and education .
as someone who works in communications , there were many training courses available to me , but being a member of the chartered institute of public relations ( cpir ) and someone who was completing their continuous development programme , i spoke to my manager and we both agreed that the cipr advance certificate would be the most appropriate course for me to complete .
wright , d . k . ( 1993 ) . enforcement dilemma : voluntary nature of public relations codes . public relations review , 19 ( 1 ) , 13 - 20 .
jacquie ' s main research interests are : history and sociology of public relations ; health and food communication ; public relations in tourism , especially sports tourism ; and pr in sport .
wright , d . k . ( 1985 ) . can age predict the moral values of public relations practitioners ? public relations review , 11 ( 1 ) , 51 - 60 .
groups like the center for public integrity ( urltoken ) criticize the public relations industry for a lack of ethics , counting the influence of public relations and lobbying as one of the primary threats to truthful journalism . other groups like corporate watch ( urltoken ) are less restrained in their criticism and consider public relations firms and professionals as deliberately unethical :
wright , d . k . ( 1989 ) . ethics research in public relations : an overview . public relations review , 15 ( 2 ) , 3 - 5 .
leeper , k . a . ( 1996 ) . public relations ethics and comunitariarianism : a preliminary investigation . public relations review , 22 ( 2 ) , 163 - 179 .
pratt , c . b . ( 1994 ) . research progress in public relations ethics : an overview . public relations review , 20 ( 3 ) , 217 - 224 .
diversity – reflecting the diversity of our membership and the broader public relations community in our activities and dialogue .
to be at the heart of a professional and diverse public relations profession that organisations , government and the public understand and value . a profession that :
bivins , t . h . ( 1992 ) . a systems model for ethical decision making in public relations . public relations review , 18 ( 4 ) , 365 - 383 .
ipr presents a variety of pr education programs , pr leadership forums and conferences for public relations scholars and professionals .
this provides a general introduction to public relations as a management activity , and an understanding of communications processes in practice .
the finding that little or no ethics training or study is held by public relations practitioners with a university education is not a new concern . the commission on public relations education , a group of experts who periodically examine public relations curricula and recommend modifications , recognized the dearth of ethics study in their 2006 report ( see : urltoken ) . the group recommended the following actions at universities and colleges offering courses or majors in public relations :
the cipr is the voice of the public relations profession , a champion of its interests and a respected partner to the broader communications community .
amid the scandal caused by the lack of honest and open communication during numerous corporate crises , such as enron ( bowen & heath , 2005 ) , and the ethical blunders of public relations firms themselves , public relations faces an identity crisis . is ethical public relations even possible ? are public relations professionals really “the ‘invisible men’ who control our political debates and public opinion , twisting reality and protecting the powerful from scrutiny” as charged by p . r . watch ( urltoken ) and similar groups ?
others have gone on to study the cipr diploma which offers accreditation to our ma in public relations .
prsa jobcenter puts more than 2 , 000 public relations , communications and marketing jobs within easy reach .
public relations is about reputation - the result of what you do , what you say and what others say about you .
chase , w . h . ( 1977 ) . public issue management : the new science . public relations journal , 33 , 25 - 26 .
we are the advocate and voice of the public relations profession , a champion of our professional interests , a respected partner to the broader communications community and a body that works in the public interest . we enhance the reputation and understanding of the public relations profession and the professionalism of our members through the provision of world - class structures for the practice of public relations . we do this by providing education , knowledge building and sharing , research , excellent governance , conduct and ethics .
aimed at people with some experience as pr professionals , the diploma focuses on strategic public relations and its role as an integral part of both public and private sector communications .
seib , p . , & fitzpatrick , k . ( 1995 ) . public relations ethics . fort worth : harcourt brace college publishers . the work by these two authors ( a professor / attorney combination ) takes a legalistic look of public relations work and media relations ethics . an appendix containing the major codes of ethics in public relations is a strength of this book . although a bit dated , this book is a good historical reference and is highly focused on codes of ethics and professionalism , as well as litigation and the governmental process in public relations .
the chartered institute of public relations advanced certificate will enable you to make a real difference to your organisation , from improved effectiveness at work to enhanced decision - making skills . we are the only centre in the west midlands approved by the cipr to offer this course , which is accredited by the creative skillset and industry recognised in the uk and worldwide . the course is run part - time , allowing you to work while you study .
for authorative comment on local public service communications issues , contact the cipr local public services group .
pearson , r . ( 1989b ) . a theory of public relations ethics . unpublished doctoral dissertation , ohio university , athens .
( ipr ) is a nonprofit foundation dedicated to research in , on and for public relations . we investigate
the cipr is the largest association of its kind in europe . it is a member of the european pr federation cerp ( confederation europeanne des relations publiques ) and a founding member of the global alliance for public relations and communications management .
kruckeberg , d . ( 2000 ) . the public relations practitioner’s role in practicing strategic ethics . public relations quarterly , 45 ( 3 ) , 35 - 40 . kruckeberg gives a strong rationale of how the communication function should be involved in ethics , why it is essential to communicate ethically with publics , and how these elements are the cornerstones of effective public relations practice .
jacquie has published articles and book chapters on the ethics of communication , rhetoric , propaganda , diplomacy and was co - editor , with magda pieczka of critical perspectives in public relations ( itbp , 1996 ) . she currently sits on the editorial boards of prism , journal of communication management and public relations review .
© 2018 , public relations society of america , inc . 120 wall street , 21st fl . new york , ny 10005 - 4024
popular with recent graduates looking to sharpen their expertise and with professionals entering the public relations field , this course will provide a thorough grounding in public relations theory and practice , making it the ideal springboard for advancing your career .
ireland’s premier professional qualification in public relations and communications , providing a detailed understanding of the theory and practice of professional communications . find out more about the qualification of choice for pr professionals
' intellectual property - why is it important to you ' , oct 2017 - this cpd webinar was held with ipo , chartered management institute southern and communications practitioners working in this area . thank you to all those involved and particularly to the intellectual property office ( ipo ) . the next in the series will be held in spring .
reputation has a direct and major impact on the corporate well - being of every organisation . that is why the professionalism of public relations practitioners is so important .
every year we recognise the achievements of public relations professionals , teams and agencies through our leading awards : the excellence awards and pride awards .
qmu is the only institution outside london to teach the cipr diploma in internal communications practice , the cipr diploma in public affairs practice and the cipr professional public relations diploma .
the development is official recognition from the government that public relations plays an important and influential role in business and society .
fiona denning is a multiple graduate of birmingham city university . after graduating with her first degree , ba ( hons ) media and communication , fiona’s career got off to a flying start , taking responsibility for city centre communications for the west midlands police . keen to make more of her skills fiona soon returned to the university to improve her career prospects with a part - time cipr ( chartered institute of public relation ) postgraduate diploma . it was a commitment that certainly paid off .
bivins , t . h . ( 1980 ) . ethical implications of the relationship of purpose to role and function in public relations . journal of business ethics , january , 65 - 73 .
pratt , c . b . , im , s . h . , & montague , s . n . ( 1994 ) . investigating the application of deontology among u . s . public relations practitioners . journal of public relations research , 6 ( 4 ) , 241 - 266 .
good stuff . i hold a master degree in public relations and i found the material very use as a pr practitioner .
the professional organization , established in 1948 , for uk public relations consultancies . it is the largest such organization in europe .
pearson ( 1989a ) explored the concept of dialogue as an ethical basis for public relations . he thought that public relations was best defined as “the management of interpersonal dialectic” ( pearson , 1989b , p . 177 ) emphasizing the personal relationship maintenance and building functions of public relations with members of publics . an entire strain of research ( ledingham & bruning , 2001 , 2000 ) has found that relationship building functions are the most crucial aspect of public relations , and pearson’s link to the usefulness of dialogue in doing that makes perfect sense . dialogue is best seen as an ongoing process of seeking understanding and relationship , with the potential to resolve ethical dilemmas through a mutual creation of truth . kent and taylor ( 2002 ) offer an extensive list of factors to consider in engaging in the process of dialogue , and it is an invaluable resource for public relations professionals seeking to build that process into the communication of their organization .
jacquie l ' etang fcipr is a lecturer and director of the msc in public relations at the university of stirling . she worked in a variety of public relations roles at the british council in the 1980s including the 50th anniversary celebrations ( 1984 ) , promotional publications , staff newsletter and annual report . her first degree was in american & english history ( uea ) ; subsequently she obtained postgraduate degrees in commonwealth history ( london ) , public relations ( stirling ) and social justice ( stirling ) . her phd focused on public relations ' role and evolution in british society .
heath , r . l . , & bowen , s . a . ( 2002 ) . the public relations philosophy of john w . hill : bricks in the foundation of issues management . journal of public affairs , 2 ( 4 ) , 230 - 246 . this article makes interesting reading for anyone looking for a ‘mentor’ in their public relations career . many quotes directly from hill and his writings are examined in the context of hill’s counseling top management and his commitment to a strong ethical responsibility and advising function in public relations .
bowen , s . a . ( 2001 , may ) . a theory of ethical issues management : expansion of the tenth generic principle of public relations excellence . paper presented at the meeting of the international communication association , washington .
cipr public relations centre , 52 - 53 russell square ( 5 , 371 . 41 mi ) london , united kingdom wc1b 4hp
cipr awards are industry - recognised and the only professional qualifications awarded by a chartered body . whether you are entering the profession or an experienced pr practitioner , courses are offered at every level .
grunig , j . e . , & huang , y . h . ( 2000 ) . from organizational effectiveness to relationship indicators : antecedents of relationships , public relations strategies , and relationship outcomes . in j . ledingham & s . bruning ( eds . ) , public relations as relationship management : a relational approach to the study and practice of public relations ( pp . 23 - 53 ) . mahwah , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
the current state of ethics in public relations practice depends heavily on codes of ethics held by the major professional associations . membership in these groups is voluntary , meaning that one is not required to belong to such an association in order to practice public relations . members agree to abide by a code of ethics that is written for the entire group . some codes of ethics are written in terms that forbid a list of certain activities ; other codes of ethics espouse a set of ethical principles which should be followed . whether written in positive or negative terms , most of the professional associations in public relations have a code of ethics .
grunig , j . e . ( 2001 ) . two - way symmetrical public relations : past , present , and future . in r . l . heath ( ed . ) , handbook of public relations ( pp . 11 - 30 ) . thousand oaks , ca : sage .
jones , b . l . , & chase , w . h . ( 1979 ) . managing public policy issues . public relations review , 5 ( 2 ) , 3 - 23 .
lobbying is a discipline within public relations where the general intention of the activity is to inform and influence public policy and law . ' lobbyists ' are practitioners who execute planned and sustained efforts to deliver specific objectives within this broad profile of activity .
bivins , t . h . ( 1989 ) . are public relations texts covering ethics adequately ? journal of mass media ethics , 4 ( 1 ) , 39 - 52 . this is a landmark study showing the historical data on how little attention public relations education has focused on ethics . that has changed a bit , but this study was instrumental in forcing a more attentive stance toward ethics in public relations among modern textbooks .
despite the strides made in modern public relations toward becoming ethical advisors in management , the field holds “a tarnished history” in the words of one scholar ( parsons , 2004 , p . 5 ) . like any young profession , the historical development of public relations shows a progression toward more self - aware and ethical models of communication . by reviewing this development , the historically negative reputation of public relations , as well as its potential for encouraging ethical communication , we can see the maturation of the profession from one engaged in simple dissemination of information to one involved in the creation of ethical communication .
in this book the author asks a big question : how did public relations develop in britain and why ? the question is answered through a broad ranging narrative which links the evolution of british public relations in the early 20th century to key political , economic , social , and technological developments . drawing on oral history interviews with more then 70 pr practitioners and extensive archival research , the book highlights some of the sociological issues relevant to a study of public relations and foregrounds the professionalisation of the occupation in the second part of the 20th century .
learning never stops and in order for you to be the best at what you do , you need to continually develop yourself . the advance certificate was my springboard for greater things and i have already held discussions with my employers about my future development opportunities , and i will soon be applying to become a chartered practitioner in public relations .
educating decision makers in the organization , specifically the ceo and dominant coalition , of the abilities if the public relations function to engage in ethical advisement by using issues management , research , relationships with publics , and conflict resolution should be one of the primary responsibilities of communication executives . most chief executives originate from financial or engineering backgrounds , and no little or nothing about the capabilities of public relations beyond media relations . so , it is the responsibility of the public relations practitioner to educate him or her about the many ways that public relations can contribute to the success of the organization , including solving and preventing ethical dilemmas . educating the ceo and other dominant coalition members in the organization is one of the primary routes through which practitioners in the iabc study said they achieved membership in the strategic decision making core . therefore , this recommendation also serves to empower the public relations function within an organization and to foster high - level career access for practitioners .
given the criticisms against codes of ethics , public relations scholars have worked to create other methods of understanding , analyzing , and managing ethical dilemmas . these approaches are based on varying schools of thought from philosophy to sociology .
there is a considerable body of evidence emerging to suggest that modern public relations practices are having a very significant deleterious impact on the democratic process … by giving vested interests the opportunity to deliberately obfuscate , deceive , and derail public debate on key issues the public relations industry reduces society’s capacity to respond effectively to key social , environmental and political challenges . ( urltoken )
as students of public relations , we have been given the task to use 4 of theories , mainly ; 1 . systems theory 2 . stakeholder theory 3 . issues theory 4 . excellence theory
one of the following plus 1 year ' s relevant full - time employment in public relations ( or related sectors , e . g . marketing , journalism ) :
a senior lecturer for public relations at both undergraduate and postgraduate level , philip has significant experience as an award - winning journalist and owner of a successful pr company .
pratt , c . b . ( 1991 ) . public relations : the empirical research on practitioner ethics . journal of business ethics , 10 , 229 - 236 .
curtin , p . a . , & boynton , l . a . ( 2001 ) . ethics in public relations : theory and practice . in r . l . heath ( ed . ) , handbook of public relations ( pp . 411 - 422 ) . thousand oaks , ca : sage .
grunig , l . a . ( 1992b ) . toward the philosophy of public relations . in e . l . toth & r . l . heath ( eds . ) , rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations ( pp . 65 - 91 ) . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
seib , p . , & fitzpatrick , k . ( 1995 ) . public relations ethics . fort worth : harcourt brace college publishers .
bowen , s . a . ( 2000 ) . a theory of ethical issues management : contributions of kantian deontology to public relations’ ethics and decision making . unpublished doctoral dissertation , university of maryland , college park , md .
this review of current , cutting - edge , and historical research in public relations ethics is worth little if public relations professionals do not implement ethical analyses in their daily practice . we can contribute to more socially responsible and credible organizations , but only if we take the steps necessary to make our voices heard in the dominant coalition . public relations professionals should be the ones to alert senior management when ethical issues arise . public relations counselors should also know the values of both internal and external publics , and use these in astute analyses and ultimate resolutions of ethical dilemmas . at any level of one’s career it is never too early or too late to implement the following guidelines :
the ability to engage in ethical reasoning in public relations is growing in demand , in responsibility , and in importance . academic research , university and continuing education , and professional practice are all attending more than ever to matters of ethics . the public relations function stands at a critical and defining juncture : whether to become an ethics counselor to top management or to remain outside the realm of the strategic decision making core . how we choose to respond to the crisis of trust among our publics will define the public relations of the future .
* if you do not have the necessary gcses or gces you may still be accepted at the discretion of the university on the basis of your professional experience ( not necessarily in public relations ) .
although it is true that no single person or function can be the entire “ethical conscience” of an organization , the public relations function is ideally informed to counsel top management about ethical issues . public relations professionals know the values of key publics involved with ethical dilemmas , and can conduct rigorous ethical analyses to guide the policies of their organizations , as well as in communications with publics and the news media . careful and consistent ethical analyses facilitate trust , which enhances the building and maintenance of relationships – after all , that is the ultimate purpose of the public relations function .
current research supports a historical trend of associating public relations with all things unethical – lying , spin - doctoring , and even espionage . many critics argue that there can be no ethical public relations because the practice itself is akin to manipulation and propaganda . an unfortunate belief among many journalists , policy makers , and laymen is the belief that the term ‘public relations ethics’ is an oxymoron : either an unreal possibility , or smoke and mirrors to hide deception .
in this module you will become familiar with the primary tactics used in public relations , and some of the tools used to plan and manage them in the managerial role .
grunig , j . e . ( 1992a ) . communication , public relations , and effective organizations : an overview of the book . in j . e . grunig ( ed . ) , excellence in public relations and communication management ( pp . 1 - 30 ) . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
grunig , j . e . , & grunig , l . a . ( 1992 ) . models of public relations and communication . in j . e . grunig ( ed . ) , excellence in public relations and communication management ( pp . 285 - 325 ) . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
the aim of the cipr specialist diploma ( public affairs ) is to enable candidates to develop specialist knowledge and expertise in the contexts , concepts and practical tools of public affairs . this qualification put this experience into the wider context of the role of public affairs in organisations and society , how public affairs contributes to an organisation’s success , and what is expected of an ethical practitioner in the complex political environment .
this module provides an introduction to management skills and to reflective professional practice that will help you assess and develop a dynamic career in public relations .
parkinson , m . ( 2001 ) . the prsa code of professional standards and member code of ethics : why they are neither professional or ethical . public relations quarterly , fall , 27 - 31 .
the central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ethics in public relations . i review the evolution of public relations ethics , the current state of practice , and the thoughts of ethicists . definitions will be provided and key areas of evolution and debate within the field will be addressed . implications for practitioners are discussed , including the research showing that a strong sense of ethics and of how to arrive at ethical decisions can enhance the career prospects of public relations professionals . recommendations for public relations practitioners are made , including topics such as gaining access to an organization’s top decision makers , promotion to an ethical counselor role , on - the - job ethics training or ethics study , and approaches to ethical analyses . finally , practical guidelines for dealing with ethics will be offered , followed by an annotated bibliography with suggestions for further reading .
bivins , t . h . ( 1989 ) . are public relations texts covering ethics adequately ? journal of mass media ethics , 4 ( 1 ) , 39 - 52 .
grunig , l . a . ( 1992a ) . activism : how it limits the effectiveness of organizations and how excellent public relations departments respond . in j . e . grunig ( ed . ) , excellence in public relations and communication management ( pp . 503 - 530 ) . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
parsons , p . j . ( 2004 ) . ethics in public relations : a guide to best practice . london : kogan page . this book takes a basic look at public relations ethics through a history of public relations as a professional pursuit , truth telling , trust , rights , respect , and the issue of propaganda versus persuasion . it uses many modern cases and examples to illustrate concepts , and is a good beginning overview of ethics in public relations practice . there are some brief but practical checklists and simple diagrams for helping to evaluate one’s own ethics . it is written in a conversational manner and includes many interesting or humorous examples to make it entertaining yet useful reading .
bowen , s . a . ( 2004 ) . expansion of ethics as the tenth generic principle of public relations excellence : a kantian theory and model for managing ethical issues . journal of public relations research , 16 ( 1 ) , 65 - 92 . this article provides a deontological ( duty and principle based ) rationale blended with theory from public relations to result in a theory of how ethical issues management can be conducted . it is highly theoretical and academic in nature , but includes a schematic model which is useful in simplifying deontology into a flow chart approach .
the cipr has published a professional standard for lobbying , explaining the cipr code of conduct in the specific context of public affairs .
this would buy a media - relations campaign , online reputation management and the public - affairs team
working with you on a governmental level
.
members of the cipr are expected to develop and display
ethical competence
, which is where their technical and strategic abilities as a public relations professional are deployed in an ethical manner , within the framework of the cipr code of conduct .
this unit situates public relations within a strategic management framework , enabling critical and ethical examination of the role and responsibilities of the function , and senior practitioners , within a contemporary context . it considers practical challenges and conceptual underpinnings relating to public relations strategy and planning in a variety of situations and types of organisation . the importance of organisational and functional objectives is emphasised with a focus on research and analysis to support problem identification , stakeholder mapping and objective setting .
one of the biggest challenges for the industry is the general misconception about what public relations is and does . what it is about is building lasting relationships with different groups via effective two - way communication . in a business setting , it is about helping an organisation achieve certain objectives , but its function is far wider . tied to freedom of speech , public relations can provide a voice to those who wouldn ' t necessarily have one – which is why true public relations does not exist anywhere other than in a democracy .
grunig , j . e . , & hunt , t . ( 1984 ) . managing public relations . new york : holt , rinehart and winston .
celebrating its 60th anniversary this year , the institute has developed considerably within its lifetime , although perhaps most notably in the last decade . during this time it has grown its membership to over 9 , 500 individuals working across industry sectors ; has approved an increasing number of pr degrees ; and has developed and expanded its training courses and professional qualifications nationally and overseas . only three years ago the institute achieved charter status , recognition from government that it is the professional body to lead the industry .
4 years ' relevant full - time employment in public relations ( or related sectors ) and 5 gcses at grade c or above , 1 of which must be in the english language .
the diploma enables you to analyse and critique a range of public relations theories and concepts , and apply them to practice . this aids your decision - making skills and effectiveness at work .
the assessment will involve producing an executive report and analysis of research findings on a topic of your choice that relates to public affairs .
iabc grant research ( bowen et al . , 2006 ) showed that , although a large number of public relations practitioners reported that they do advise their ceo ( 30 % ) or senior management ( 35 % ) , another 35 % of public relations professionals who say they have no access to the dominant coalition of their organizations . these practitioners are implementing the strategic decisions of others rather than making their own contributions in the areas of organization strategy , issues management , or – on ethics . public relations cannot contribute to organizational effectiveness without offering input on the views of strategic publics to executive management—nor can it advise on the ethical issues and dilemmas that stand to damage organization - public relationships , diminish credibility , and tarnish reputation .
our world - class foundations aid people ' s understanding of the public relations profession . we provide cipr members with education , up - to - the - minute research and a code of conduct to enhance their professionalism .
in the us , early public relations practices introduced many ethical concerns because the press agentry ( j . e . grunig & hunt , 1984 ) approach prevalent then emphasized hyperbole , sensationalism , and often lacked truth . the so - called “father of public relations , ” edward bernays , called this time period of 1850 - 1905 “the public be damned era” ( cutlip et al . , 2006 ) . press agents were concerned with generating publicity at almost any cost , and this approach engendered the unethical reputation of modern - day public relations . ethics as a consideration entered the development of modern practice in about 1906 , with prominent practitioner ivy lee’s declaration of principles . his declaration moved the practice into “the public be informed” era with his emphasis on telling the truth and providing accurate information .
grunig , j . e . , & grunig , l . a . ( 1996 , may ) . implications of symmetry for a theory of ethics and social responsibility in public relations . paper presented at the meeting of the international communication association , chicago .
kruckeberg , d . ( 1993 ) . universal ethics code : both possible and feasible . public relations review , 19 ( 1 ) , 21 - 31 .
mcelreath , m . p . ( 1996 ) . managing systematic and ethical public relations campaigns ( 2nd ed . ) . new york : brown & benchmark .
kent , m . l . , & taylor , m . ( 2002 ) . toward a dialogic theory of public relations . public relations review , 28 ( 1 ) , 21 - 37 . this is an exemplary article for providing recommendations for opening a dialogue between organizations and publics . ethics is both an underlying assumption and discussed in the rationale for dialogue , as well as how to maintain balanced power relations once a dialogue is started .
the commission noted a need to elevate in importance “particular issues and trends in the public relations field such as ethics and transparency” ( p . 43 ) in undergraduate education . these experts argued that an education in public relations “can provide a body of knowledge about the process of ethical decision - making that can help students not only to recognize ethical dilemmas but to use appropriate critical thinking skills to help resolve those dilemmas in a way that results in an ethical outcome” ( urltoken , p . 22 ) . public relations professionals need both experience managing ethical issues and academic study of ethics . studying ethics helps practitioners to advance professionally and to make defensible judgments in the eyes of publics . not preparing young practitioners to deal with ethics disadvantages them in their career aspirations and harms the reputation of the public relations profession itself .
pearson , r . ( 1989a ) . beyond ethical relativism in public relations : coorientation , rules , and the idea of communication symmetry . in j . e . grunig & l . a . grunig ( eds . ) , public relations research annual ( vol . 1 , pp . 67 - 86 ) . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
fitzpatrick , k . , & bronstein , c . ( eds . ) . ( 2006 ) . ethics in public relations : responsible advocacy . thousand oaks , ca : sage . this edited book contains chapters written by some of the top scholars in public relations , each addressing a different component of advocacy and if an advocacy approach is used , what would be the requirements for it to be ethical ? topics include risk management , activism , strategic communication , feminism and diversity , and public affairs . chapters are heavily based in current public relations theory and research , but often include implications for practice . a more advanced text than most others , you should probably save this for reading once you have completed a few more basic books since its argumentation sometimes assumes prior knowledge of public relations ethics or research in that area .
you will be taught at one of the most established centres for education and research in the field of public relations in europe , and you will have access to our full range of specialist resources and our library which is open 24 / 7 throughout the year .
stauber , j . , & rampton , s . ( 1995 ) . toxic sludge is good for you : lies , damn lies , and the public relations industry . monroe , me : common courage press . this book takes a scathing look at public relations ethics , discussing numerous scandals and transgressions . although the facts are here , they are interpreted with hyperbole . this work is useful to those seeking reasoning for why ethics should be a part of public relations to identify the problems that result when we ignore ethics .
grunig , j . e . ( ed . ) . ( 1992b ) . excellence in public relations and communication management . hillsdale , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
one of the earliest public relations executives to argue for the role of acting as an ethical counsel to management was john w . hill ( heath & bowen , 2002 ) . hill had a very developed philosophy of corporate responsibility and issue management , and this recent analysis found that ethics pervaded both his work as executive counsel and his books about public relations ( hill , 1958 , 1963 ) . hill’s grasp of the interaction between ethics , issues management , and “far - reaching effects of corporate policy” ( hill , 1958 , p . 16 ) made him not only one of the most successful practitioners of his century . john w . hill was a progenitor of what scholars called public relations as the “corporate conscience” ( ryan & martinson , 1983 , p . 22 ) .
martinson , d . l . ( 1994 ) . enlightened self - interest fails as an ethical baseline in public relations . journal of mass media ethics , 9 ( 2 ) , 100 - 108 .
will enable students to define the field and scope of public relations and its relationship with marketing , advertising , publicity , propaganda etc . students will also be able to demonstrate an understanding of the way that public relations is placed within organisations ( in terms of its relative position to the dominant coalition , budget share etc . ) broad introductions will be given to some specialist areas including financial / investor public relations , lobbying , marketing pr ( fmcgs ) sponsorship , working in - house or in a consultancy and corporate social responsibility . concepts such as relationship building , reputation management and working with publics will be illustrated .
promote the role of council and other public services communications as effective tools to engage with residents and other stakeholders .
to answer the demand for ethics training from the professional front , training in ethical decision making is being offered by some employers , universities , and professional associations . only recently have public relations scholars incorporated a substantial amount of moral philosophy into the body of knowledge we know as communication . the inclusion of this scholarly literature in our own field can powerfully extend the ethical reasoning capabilities of public relations professionals . these approaches , which are reviewed below , offer substantive ethical guidelines for analyzing dilemmas .
the uk public affairs council is an independent body that maintains a register of those engaged in lobbying and of the organisations on whose behalf they lobby .
the internet encyclopedia of philosophy explains : “the field of ethics , also called moral philosophy , involves systematizing , defending , and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior” ( urltoken ) . definitions of ethics normally have in common the elements of requiring some form of systematic analysis , distinguishing right from wrong , and determining the nature of what should be valued . in the public relations discipline , ethics includes values such as honesty , openness , loyalty , fair - mindedness , respect , integrity , and forthright communication . this definition of public relations ethics goes far beyond the olden days of “flacking for space” or spinning some persuasive message , but this view is not shared by everyone .
vercic , d . , grunig , l . a . , & grunig , j . e . ( 1996 ) . global and specific principles of public relations : evidence from slovenia . in h . m . culbertson & n . chen ( eds . ) , international public relations : a comparative analysis ( pp . 31 - 65 ) . mahwah , nj : lawrence erlbaum associates .
ryan , m . , & martinson , d . l . ( 1983 ) . the pr officer as corporate conscience . public relations quarterly , 28 ( 2 ) , 20 - 23 . ryan and martinson coined the term “public relations as corporate conscience” in this landmarrk article . this is a short article , containing some data and opinion from the authors .
the uklr , which is free of charge to search and register , provides the public with a channel to complain about the conduct of a registered lobbyist .
heath , r . l . , & cousino , k . r . ( 1990 ) . issues management : end of first decade progress report . public relations review , 16 ( 1 ) , 6 - 18 .
this article takes a look at public relations codes of ethics . it describes the common problems of codes of ethics and making them useful in practice . this work is useful to those seeking an alternative to a code of ethics , such as ethics statements or policies . it is also helpful for those with a code of ethics to identify the problems one should guard against .
two years ' relevant full - time employment in public relations ( or related sectors e . g . marketing , journalism ) and 5 gcses grade 4 ( c ) or above , one of which must be english language .
reporters from the bureau posed as agents for the government of uzbekistan – a brutal dictatorship responsible for killings , human rights violations and child labour – and representatives of its cotton industry in a bid to discover what promises british lobbying and public relations firms were prepared to make when pitching to clients , what techniques they use , and how much of their work is open to public scrutiny .
if you wish to further your studies when you have successfully completed the cipr diploma , you may apply for a 60 - credit exemption against the 180 - credit ma in public relations .
ukpac wrote to the minister for the cabinet office matthew hancock to announce that it was winding up as of today . the ukpac was set up in 2010 after a recommendation by the public administration select committee to create a public register of lobbyists .
public relations ( pr ) is the way organisations , companies and individuals communicate with the public and media . a pr specialist communicates with the target audience directly or indirectly through media with an aim to create and maintain a positive image and create a strong relationship with the audience . examples include press releases , newsletters , public appearances , etc . as well as utilisation of the world wide web .
but before the industry gets too carried away , it is worth noting that there are around 400 chartered professional bodies in the uk . while the development is welcome , the challenge of gaining real and widespread recognition for the profession from the business community begins now - charter status is a means to that end rather than an accomplishment of that end in itself .
fearn - banks , k . ( 2000 ) . crisis communication : a review of some best practices . in r . l . heath ( ed . ) , handbook of public relations ( pp . 479 - 485 ) . newbury park , ca : sage .
we will teach you the theory of public relations so you can use this knowledge to enhance your professional skills . you’ll learn the ethical and societal context in which public relations operates as a developing discipline , accompanied by practical skills in campaign management and evaluation , as well as engagement with traditional and social media . through workshops with visiting practitioners and research in recommended texts , you will gain an understanding of the principles of pr which will greatly improve your decision - making skills and effectiveness at work .
as the civil unrest of the 1960s called both government and businesses to a higher level of accountability , their communication functions responded with the creation of more open , ethical , and socially responsible forms of public relations . the function of issues management ( chase , 1976 ) began to advise executives on ethically responsible policy decisions , and symmetrical public relations ( j . e . grunig & hunt , 1984 ) began to incorporate the desires of publics for more fair and balanced decision making . although research ( bivins , 1989 ; pratt & rentner , 1989 ) showed that scant attention was given to ethics in major public relations textbooks before this time , the last decade has shown an improvement . this interest in teaching and discussing public relations ethics is good news , especially for new practitioners so that they do not inadvertently limit their prospects for promotion . as newer data ( discussed below ) reveals , job promotion options may be constrained for practitioners who do not know ethics or feel prepared to advise on ethical dilemmas .
we will teach you the theory of public relations so you can use this knowledge to enhance your professional skills . you’ll learn the ethical and societal context in which public relations operates as a developing discipline , accompanied by practical skills such as writing for both digital and traditional media , media planning and evaluating pr campaigns . through workshops with visiting practitioners and research in recommended texts , you will gain an understanding of the principles of pr which will greatly improve your decision - making skills and effectiveness at work .
berger , b . k . , & reber , b . h . ( 2006 ) . gaining influence in public relations : the role of resistance in practice . mahwah , nj : lawrence erlbaum . berger and reber’s book focuses on power in public relations , but power and public relations are inextricably connected . this book would be a great one to read if you are experiencing resistance from your management or clients on including ethical analyses in organizational decision making . it offers guidance and research on both accruing power and influence as well as how to go a step further and become an “activist” for responsible management in your organization .


em : t records ( emit records ) was a british record label , based in nottingham , which specialized in ambient electronic music .

they were active from 1994 to 1998 , and after a period of bankruptcy , re-established themselves in 2003 under new ownership and management .

in summer 2006 , the label officially ceased operations again .

em : t records

below is every regular em : t release ( except 302 acid live ) .
discovery is a catalogue of archival records across the uk and beyond , from which you can search 32 million records .
em : t artwork is extraordinarily unique . provide some insight into the overall concept .
beatsystem : em : t2297 ( em : t - 1997 ) - don ' t judge an act by its name . . . wonderfully wild experimental sounds , not techno .
originally recorded as an ebauche dj set at swagger in cambodia , this is a very special mix as it’s exclusively showcasing tracks from one of my all - time favourite record labels , em : t records ( aka emit records ) .
following the success of his first album , which was re - released in the united states by instinct records , woob contributed tracks to more em : t compilations and to trance label flying rhino records . in late 1995 , he released a second album on em : t titled woob 2 4495 which garnered further praise . a third woob album was being planned in 1998 when em : t went out of business . [ 1 ]
it could be argued that em : t ' s packaging almost de - emphasizes the artist ' s own persona .
tune in to the 11 . 07 . 10 broadcast of star ' s end for scott kelly ' s two hour - long guest dj mix presenting tracks from a selection of em : t records releases
em : greater than zero , less than one ( foundry - 1998 ) - a microscopic look into em ' s powerbook . . . experimental computer sounds .
top label - the lucid dreams album with celia green should be compulsory listening for those interested in out of body experiences . em : t used to be known as time before and released dodgy prog house records .
search public records to uncover angela ' s emails , phone numbers , addresses and more .
like other important music labels ( fax records , instinct ambient , em : t , recycle or die ! , etc . ) silent records had a “look” to their releases . a certain aesthetic , influenced by the rave , electronic and chill - room culture of the 90’s , was prevalent in the overall look and feel of silent records . from before the first cd release until her departure from the label in 1996 , kathleen ( kat ) cascone was primarily responsible for the graphic design of silent records .
he first came to attention in the early 1990s when he submitted the track ″void″ to the nottingham - based t : me [ sic ] recording company . the track was included on the first release by t : me’s new downtempo label em : t , a compilation album titled em : t 0094 , which led to woob signing with the label .
in 1997 , during em : t’s heyday , innerviews conducted the following interview with thompson , exploring the sonic and design approaches that informed the label .
caul : reliquary ( eibon records - 1997 ) - darkness meets divinity in this treasure chest of assorted relics .
gamble , t . and j . j . moriarty . 2006 . new county records for amphibians and reptiles in minnesota . herpetological review 37 : 114–116 . | pdf
you can search the records in discovery , our catalogue , by filling in the form below . you do not need to fill out every field to search these records ; using only the last name and regiment number often works .
pluto
and
odonna
on plug in & turn on x . 2 ( instinct records , 1994 )
pipe dreams ( tip records 2013 ) artist : gaudi track : tonto ' s expansion written and produced by gaudi .
rom 1994 to 1998 , em : t records put out 18 of the most engaging and adventurous albums in the electronica and ambient realms . while those genres were the core focus , most of the releases shifted in form and function to the point of being endearingly unclassifiable . jazz , breakbeats , noise , worldbeat , spoken word , and even singer - songwriter components were seamlessly woven into em : t releases’ fabric , further elevating their intrigue .
em : t , a shining star that burned bright , released some amazing ambient music in its brief existence . it has a hardcore , cultish following . . .
innerversions ( six degrees records 2011 ) gaudi + nusrat fateh ali khan
dil da rog muka ja mahi
from the album
dub qawwali
( six degrees records ) written by gaudi , nusrat fateh ali khan , kraftwerk . produced by gaudi
ultra raw analoque and soulful detroit techno tracks from an old warp records head now operating under his new raza alias . essential !
em : t never achieved commercial success . in fact , the label crashed in 1998 when it filed for bankruptcy . the founders said they were the victim of distributors taking advantage of them . artists complained about fair compensation from the company . em : t ' s discography is now nearly entirely out of print , with the majority unavailable even in digital stores .
▶ woob - void , part one - em : t explorer ambient - youtube | ♪ music ♪ . . . . . that makes me dream away . . . | pinterest
after the international success of gaudi ' s 5th album
bass , sweat & tears
by interchill records , ( first time that a
chill / dub
album reached no . 2 on itunes europe and no . 31 on itunes usa official charts ! ! ) , we are ready now to announce his new
side project
called continvvm , due to be released worldwide on the 27th october by legendary uk label em : t records .
i have originals of these that i can send to you as individual tracks : 3395 international peoples gang 5595 various ( no title ) and i ' ve got these that were released on instinct : em : t 0094 ( 1994 ) em : t 2000 ( 2cd comp , 1995 ) em : t explorer ( 2cd comp , 1996 ) em : t beat exploration ( 1998 ) i ' m pretty sure that the 2 double cd comps are duplicates of imports , i ' d have to check the track listings . anyway , i ' ll start rippin ' zippin ' and sendin ' to ya . ( i hope that others will provide some too - this is really good stuff and was always hard to find ! ) thanks drew
302 acid 0005 is posted here : urltoken also , there are a bunch of gel - sol / 302 acid stuff on there . thanks for the other em : t stuff ! !
these records are index cards created by the army medal office towards the end of the first world war . they record the medals that men and women who served in the first world war were entitled to claim . please note you can also download and view these records on
woob 1194 was the debut album of british soundtrack and ambient musician paul frankland . it was recorded over the span of two months and was released in the summer of 1994 on em : t records . it was em : t’s second release and is considered today to be a classic ambient album , and enormously influential . a lengthy , seamless fusion of western and non - western electronic and acoustic elements , interspersed with soundbites and film samples , with a level of emotional engagement and compositional sophistication rare in music of this type . both tracks are originally released in 1994 on em : t ( cat # 1194 ) . few copies are sealed and come in differently coloured covers , handstamped + an additional poster .
haiti appeal project ( organic records 2010 ) gaudi & greg hunter
ca $ hmere
written and produced by gaudi and greg hunter .
on a dubmission - volume 2 ( wakyo records 2009 ) sounds from the ground feat . gaudi
palmprint
co - written by gaudi
for many years i have been slowly collecting as much of the material released by em : t records but still have quite a few to find . however , i decided i had enough to dedicate an entire swagger dj set to this great label , and hopefully the original artists will be pleased to see their work combined in this way .
david ya from entropy records added a comment to our woob winners post , so we thought we’d add it here in case anyone missed it .
mutantribe ( iboga records 2013 ) artist : gaudi track : leather sexy dynamite ( l . s . d ) written and produced by gaudi .
you ' re welcome . all of ' em seemed like a good idea then i learned quickly that lots of people have some of them and don ' t need it all . thanks for the idea .
paul haslinger : world without rules ( rgb records - 1996 ) - world - music influences abound in a fascinating release from former tangerine dream - er .
some key em : t musicians included ambient dub artist paul frankland , who records as woob ; ambient techno explorer mat jarvis , who works under the moniker gas ; neo - classicist carl stone ; avant - pop outfit international people’s gang ; trip - hop provocateurs slim ; and the complex brew that is undark , russell mills’ project merging world music , electronics and rock .
if i didn ' t feel associated with a
scene
before i definitely am not now , so i can ' t really answer that .
t cells observed in atb is associated with changes in the other t cell subsets , correlation analyses were done . in atb , the frequency of cd4
the first and initial 12inch vinyl ep on styrax records . three track issue , finest warm chords driven & clubby groovin’ detroit style techno . thank you - don !
the analysis of the phenotype of circulating cd4 + t cells showed a decreased frequency of t cm cd45ro + cd27 + t cells and a higher frequency of cd45ro − cd27 + t cells in atb than in ltbi . the frequencies of these subsets showed a negative correlation between them , not found with the other subsets , suggesting that the generation of cd45ro − cd27 + and cd45ro + cd27 + t cells is a dynamic process where the increase of the first one could be a compensatory mechanism for the reduced frequency of t cm cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 + t cells observed in atb . this finding and the irreversible loss of cd27 expression associated with terminal effector t cell differentiation ( 28 ) would support the idea that cd45ro − cd27 + t cells might be direct precursors of cd45ro + cd27 + t cells and that the latter would give rise to cd45ro + cd27 − t em and terminally differentiated or effector cd45ro − cd27 − t cells . decreased frequency of t cm ( cd45ro + cd27 + ) has been also reported in children ( 31 ) and adults ( 75 ) with active tb . however , although there are many studies addressing the phenotypic characterization of t cell subsets in tb , the mechanism ( s ) underlying the reduced frequency of memory t cells in tb is still poorly understood .
em : t , a shining star that burned bright , released some amazing ambient music in its brief existence . it has a hardcore , cultish following , and the original releases are tough ( i . e . costly ) to come by .
the tfem was renamed the territorial efficiency medal in 1921 when the tf became the territorial army . the name and design of the award was changed again in 1930 , becoming the efficiency medal ( territorial ) , sometimes noted as em ( t ) .
track “then whip r . t . ” , production and writing with random , 2006
em : t records was one of the leading labels in the ambient realm , but their presence has not kept up , having gone bankrupt in 1998 , then again in 2006 . i have found various sources of the original cover art and carefully cleaned up each one . each picture is 1500×1320 ( keeping with the digipak dimensions ) . woob 1194 ( coincidentally one of the most notable releases ) is 1000×880 , same aspect ratio , but slightly smaller .
tundra and sunflakes ( ketama records 2011 ) gaudi
under the surface
written and produced by gaudi . screen
15 minutes of freedom
produced by gaudi , alex paterson , chester .
surprised i haven ' t upped this one . bt is familiar to many because of the power of his trance songs . this isn ' t that . be . . .
tapaninen p , korhonen a , pusa l , seppala i , tuuminen t . 2010 .
kevin , may have to borrow one from ya ' . volume 11 is only 128 kbps . bummer . . . anyhow , let me know when you get ' em up . i ' ll link folks to the ones on your blog that aren ' t posted here .
cells , which may occur as a compensatory mechanism to balance the proportion of circulating t cell subsets .
the emperor : an introduction ( nascente 2009 ) gaudi + nusrat fateh ali khan “kahin mot se bhi ne” from the album “dub qawwali” ( six degrees records ) written by gaudi & nusrat fateh ali khan . produced by gaudi
i’m really sorry to have missed the deadline for the woob comment competition . it was my birthday 31th december so i was quite busy with family to send in time… finally , i decide to give you my thoughts about woob , gas & all em : t artists into a dedicated 122 minute mix story :
ngo , v . t . and t . gamble . 2011 . gekko canaensis sp . nov . ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , a new gecko from southern vietnam . zootaxa 2890 : 53–64 . | pdf
gaudi feat . random :
then whip r t
written & produced by gaudi & matt b .
if members of the royal flying corps did not see service overseas until 1916 or later , you will not find a medal card here . the air ministry maintained these medal records and they have not been transferred to the national archives .
tb is a chronic , infectious disease , and prolonged exposure to mycobacterial antigens affects the biology of antigen - specific t cells ( 71 ) , including the generation of memory t cells . most of the studies focusing on t cell memory profiles in tb ( 27 , 33 , 75 ) analyze the phenotypes of circulating t cells ex vivo or after short - term in vitro stimulation . these studies show that the responding cells are mainly t effector memory ( t em ) or t effector ( t ef ) cells ( 8 , 46 , 75 ) . however , there are not many studies addressing this issue in long - term cultures , where central memory t ( t cm ) cells should be the main responders ( 6 , 25 , 41 ) , and even fewer studies comparing the phenotypes of antigen - specific t cells responding to in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens in both short - and long - term cultures . phenotypic characterization of th1 and th17 cells has shown that ifn - γ and il - 17 are produced by t cell subsets with different phenotypes following short - term in vitro stimulation with mycobacterium bovis bcg ( 62 ) or mycobacterial antigens ( 52 ) . in these studies , ifn - γ - producing cells displayed an effector or effector memory phenotype , while il - 17 - producing cells were mainly central memory cells , suggesting that ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cells are long - lived memory cells actively involved in the immune response to m . tuberculosis infection .
the department has made some progress in the past few years . during the 1980s and early 1990s , a lack of trust in the police department developed among minority communities ; the department ' s records on internal review and training were poor and civilian review was ineffectual . in 1985 , two portland officers were reinstated by an arbitrator after they were fired for selling
don ' t choke ` em , smoke ` em
t - shirts on the day of the funeral of lloyd
tony
stevenson , who reportedly had been killed by a police chokehold . in 1990 , the internal affairs unit had a unique record in dealing with complaints of excessive force - of seventy - eight complaints , the division found in favor of the officer involved in every case . the next year , two cases were upheld - out of seventy - six - a sustained rate of less than 3 percent .
the highly - influential british label was founded and run by music enthusiast chris allen and multi - instrumentalist and composer david thompson . thompson served as the a & r director for em : t . he wondered if “r & d” might have been more appropriate for what he did , given the expansive nature of the label’s output .
ngo , v . t . and t . gamble . 2010 . a new species of gekko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from tà kóu nature reserve , binh thuan province , southern vietnam . zootaxa 2346 : 17–28 . | pdf
prolonged exposure to antigen has been associated with defective generation of t cm by induction of effector and exhausted cells ( 40 , 65 ) . since tb is a chronic infection where t cells are constantly exposed to mycobacterial antigens , it is possible to hypothesize that this persistent , chronic stimulation may explain the decreased t cm cells observed in tb . in this regard , we found that the frequency of cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 + t cells was restored in atb after the completion of their anti - tb treatment , while the frequency of cd4 + cd45ro − cd27 + t cells was reduced . these changes may be related to an effective control of the infection with low levels of antigens available to activate antigen - specific t cells , thus favoring generation of t cm cells , as previously proposed ( 40 ) .
overall em : t records ( pronounced
emit
) have been off the scene for five years , having produced a series of seventeen releases between 1994 and 1998 . the label has the reputation of delivering music that defies ready classification . here london based artist producer gaudi has teamed up with sound - therapist antonio testa bringing together testa ' s love of ethnic , recycled and homemade instruments and gaudi ' s electronic skills to create a deeply absorbing series of strangely accessible audio aberrations . collaborators include , among others , alio die on nai flute , walter maioli with drones , opium with voice , nir bakshy on cello .
being a part of silent records was a great experience - - i can ' t say it was
fun
but it was certainly rewarding helping to create and shape a place for artists to release and distribute their work . i appreciate all the hard work put in by all our artists , employees and interns over the years . it would not have been possible without them .
the em : t series grew from our interest in music which rewards careful and repeated listening . we wanted to offer an alternative to the decline into generic categorization and marketing - by - numbers which seems so evident elsewhere . the starting point was , and indeed still is , a series of albums which is open - ended rather than restricted by its own history .
recorded and mixed at square centre studios , nottingham , england and at other studios across the world . track # 3 has been remixed from the album a small , good thing - slim westerns , courtesy of soleimoon recordings . track 8 artwork and audio puts the duration as 9 : 30 but actual running time is 11 : 03 . there is 1 : 33 of silence that follows the track . ( p ) 1994 t : me recording ltd . ( c ) 1994 t : me recording ltd . packaged in a digipak case . also released in the united states as part of em : t 2000 .
gamble , t . , e . greenbaum , t . r . jackman , and a . m . bauer . 2015 . into the light : diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos . biological journal of the linnean society 115 : 896–910 .
gamble , t . , a . m . bauer , e . greenbaum , and t . r . jackman . 2008 . evidence for gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards . j ournal of biogeography 35 : 88–104 . | pdf
t cells have different profiles regarding the proportion of cells expressing cd45ro and cd27 . there was a very low frequency of cd45ro
aorto , i ' ve made 320k mp3s of the lossless files , and packaged together every em : t album i have , but my upload speed is crap . we ' d be days waiting for me to get them into my dropbox or on rapidshare . i ' ll put the files on a ftp site i have direct access to and send you the info . you can take whatever you haven ' t gotten already . that ' ll be in about 12 hours or so . chris
behind the scenes , kathleen and kim married and had a son , cage , while the silent offices were at their busiest . this dynamic was another important factor in the success of silent records . kathleen continues to work as a graphic designer for a san francisco company .
recorded and mixed at square centre studios , nottingham , england , and other studios across the world . released in a digipak . ( p ) 1994 t : me recording ltd . ( c ) 1994 t : me recording ltd . made in england
the basic idea is to catch the eye and be recognizable as a series , without telling the listener exactly what to expect . the point is to listen and find out . too many labels seem intent on defining each release in simplistic , generic terms , which involves crude comparisons with other material and , in effect , predetermining what will be heard . we don ' t feel our audience needs to be told how they should feel about an em : t album until they ' ve actually heard it .
t cell subsets ( data not shown ) . thus , the combined use of cd45ro along with cd27 defined four subsets of cd4
woob ' s first full length album , woob 1194 , was released by em : t in 1994 and was immediately regarded as a milestone in ambient music . [ 2 ] production involved an atari st work station , akai s950 sampler and a gem s2 synthesizer . the tracks were mixed and performed live , which contributed to the organic and evocative nature of the music . [ 3 ]
gamble , t . and d . zarkower . 2012 . sex determination [ primer ] . current biology 22 : r257–r262 . | pdf
t cell subsets ( data not shown ) . likewise , the frequencies of ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cd4
artwork maintaining em : t records ' high standard of presentation continvvm is released as a quality digipack that is a joy to own . the lead image is an extreme close - up photograph of some abandoned agricultural machinery thick with abstract surface detail - water droplets fresh and clean bejewelling a mottled , rusted domed centre . elegant white expanses dominate the remainder of the three - panel foldout , faintly textured on the inside of the package . a simple tracklisting takes up only a corner of the rear cover with credits floating against abundant white inside . one wing presents the definition
- n . continuum , that which must be regarded as continuous and the same and which can be described only relatively .
if you’re interested in buying some of this music you can find a few releases still active on the web . both woob and gas are active and i highly recommend buying gas 0095 and everything that woob has – really high quality ambient electronic music ! you can find gel - sol’s newer releases on bandcamp , but for his em : t release you can head over to urltoken where you can find gel - sol , international people’s gang , 302 acid , and gaudi : testa . for lucid dreams 0096 , beatsystem 2297 , and the two compilations it’s not such an easy task . you can get 2297 , 0096 , 0094 , and 0004 on amazon . there also seems to be quite a lot of em : t releases on grooveshark , but i’m doubtful as to whether anyone is getting any money from plays on there .
gamble , t . , a . m . bauer , e . greenbaum , and t . r . jackman . 2008 . out of the blue : a novel , trans - atlantic clade of geckos ( gekkota , squamata ) . zoologica scripta 37 : 355–366 . | pdf
t cells , with a higher frequency of this subset producing ifn - γ and il - 17 in atb after cfp - 10 stimulation .
paul frankland alias woob is a music genius . especially the opener
on earth
takes the listener on an unforgettable journey . the music has a very cinematographic feel , partly due to the use of exquisite samples ( taken from the movie
ashik kerib
, from
quantum leap
and from star trek ' s
the mark of gideon
) . every time i listen to this album , i feel like transported again to some unknown realms and it never gets boring , even after years of listening . this release is my favourite among the em : t series and like all other em : t recordings , it has been processed through the roland sound space 3 - d system that gives the music more depth and colour . this is by far the most intrigating , thrilling , fascinating and inspiring ambient work i know .
higham , t . e . , t . gamble , and a . p . russell . 2017 . on the origin of adhesion in geckos : small morphological changes lead to a major biomechanical transition in the genus gonatodes . biological journal of the linnean society 120 : 503–517 . | pdf
correia , l . m . , t . gamble , m . f . landell , and t . mott . 2016 . indels ascertain the phylogenetic position of coleodactylus elizae gonçalves , torquato , skuk & sena , 2012 ( gekkota : sphaerodactylidae ) . zootaxa 4084 : 147–150 . | pdf
a label with consistently high - quality releases full of creative , nature - themed ambient / downtempo / world music that ' s strangely both nostalgic and futuristic at the same time . having only somewhat recently discovered em : t , i now feel i ' d been missing out . and yet , the highlights of the catalogue being t : meless , they still warrant listens some 15 years later . the obscurity of the cds can be frustrating for some , but i feel the search is part of the experience . and i ' ll hunt down all of them one day .
regarding the phenotype of ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cells in short - term cultures , both t cm and t em cd4 + and cd8 + t cells were the main producers of ifn - γ , followed by cd45ro − cd27 + t cells , whereas cd45ro − cd27 − t cells had the lowest contribution to the production of both ifn - γ and il - 17 . it should be noted that unlike ifn - γ - producing cells , il - 17 - producing cells were mainly cd27 + t cells , suggesting a differential requirement of this costimulatory molecule in the production of this cytokine after stimulation with specific antigens . pepper et al . ( 50 ) found that ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cells have differential expression of cd27 in a model of infection with listeria monocytogenes , but unlike our results , they reported that il - 17 - producing cells were mainly short - lived cd27 − t cells . in addition , scriba et al . ( 62 ) , based on the expression of cd45ra , ccr7 , and cd27 , found that after short - term in vitro stimulation , il - 17 - producing cells were mainly central memory cells , whereas ifn - γ - producing cells were predominantly effector cells . however , our finding that an important percentage of il - 17 - producing cells are cd45ro − cd27 + may suggest that t cells in the early differentiation stages are capable of producing this cytokine .
gamble , t . , e . greenbaum , t . r . jackman , a . p . russell , and a . m . bauer . 2017 . repeated evolution of digital adhesion in geckos , a reply to harrington and reeder . journal of evolutionary biology 30 : 1429–1436 . | pdf
gamble , t . 2010 . a review of sex determining mechanisms in geckos ( gekkota : squamata ) . sexual development 4 : 88–103 . | pdf
phenotypic changes in t cells associated with anti - tb therapy . ex vivo frequencies of cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 + ( a ) , cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 − ( b ) , cd4 + cd45ro − cd27 + ( c ) , and cd4 + cd45ro − cd27 − ( d ) t cells in four atb patients before and after anti - tb treatment . paired student ' s t test : * , p ≤ 0 . 05 .
just re - ripped em : t 2000 - can verify for sure that cd 2 is the same as the 3394 compilation , the name popped up when i put the cd in . sending you 4 parts for that one - 320 rate creates huge files , but i think it ' s worth it for this stuff . glad to help - i ' ve found a lot of good music here and am definitely happy to pay you back in some wayl
russell , a . p . , j . baskerville , t . gamble , and t . higham . 2015 . the evolution of digit form in gonatodes ( gekkota : sphaerodactylidae ) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in gekkotans . journal of morphology 276 : 1311–1332 . | pdf
gamble , t . , e . greenbaum , t . r . jackman , a . p . russell , and a . m . bauer . 2012 . repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos . plos one 7 : e39429 | pdf | supplementary material faculty of 1000 selection - recommended .
gamble , t . 2016 . using rad - seq to recognize sex - specific markers and sex chromosome systems . molecular ecology 25 : 2114–2116 . | pdf
gamble , t . 2006 . relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles ( chrysemys picta ) . herpetological review 37 : 308–312 . | pdf
altogether , these results demonstrate that m . tuberculosis infection alters the generation of memory t cells and the functional profile of t cells by biasing the protective th1 profile toward the pathological th17 response during active disease , which could exacerbate the immune - related pathology . despite the reduction of t cm cells , this t cell subset was functionally able to produce more ifn - γ and il - 17 than were memory cells from latently infected individuals after long - term stimulation with specific mycobacterial antigens . these findings provide a better understanding of immunological alterations occurring during active tb that could be used for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies .
it is hard , if not impossible , to decide whether this or gas0095 is my favorite em : t release . while gas0095 has more beat - driven technoid power , woob1194 makes better use of the em : t - typicall 3d sound imaging system : woob1194 truly is spatially expanded music ! it is a very original work which immediately draws the listener ' s attention to it and then carries the listener away into an unforgettable odyssee through its mellow and sinister beauty , its majestetic moments of silence , its deep beats and powerfull basslines , bird sounds and weird horror movie samples . a landmark in the history of ambient music . this cd is listed in the music library on the erowid - web site as an album for those with interests in spirituality , philosophy , entheogens and drugs . and it is somewhat addictive . truly unique . any connaisseur of electronic music should at least know it , while buying it has become a quite costly matter these days .
over the next decade , a handful of max and harvey tracks appeared on compilation albums released by ninja tune and flying rhino records . two eps containing both old and new material were released by bigameobasounds in 2010 . with the release of have landed in 2012 , frankland announced on his website that
woob has assimilated max & harvey
. [ 5 ]
faraway : far from the madding crowd ( resurgence - 1998 ) - nicely done ethno - world sounds , but can ' t avoid the dead can dance comparisons .
gamble , t . , g . r . colli , m . t . rodrigues , f . p . werneck and a . m . simons . 2012 . phylogeny and cryptic diversity in geckos ( phyllopezus ; phyllodactylidae ; gekkota ) from south america ' s open biomes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 943–953 . | pdf
gamble , t . 2007 . incidence of aural abscesses in painted turtle ( chrysemys picta ) populations in minnesota . chelonian conservation and biology 6 : 293–295 . | pdf
werneck , f . p . , t . gamble , g . r . colli , m . t . rodrigues , and j . w . sites . 2012 . deep diversification and long - term persistence in the south american ‘dry diagonal’ : integrating continent - wide phylogeography and distribution modeling of geckos . evolution 66 : 3014–3034 . | pdf
gamble , t . and a . m . simons . 2004 . comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations . wildlife society bulletin 3 2 : 1269–1278 . | pdf
gamble , t . , e . mckenna , w . meyer , s . v . nielsen , b . j . pinto , d . p . scantlebury , and t . e . higham . 2018 . xx / xy sex chromosomes in the south american dwarf gecko ( gonatodes humeralis ) . journal of heredity 109 : 462–468 . | pdf
gamble , t . , a . m . bauer , g . r . colli , e . greenbaum , and t . r . jackman , l . j . vitt and a . m . simons . 2011 . coming to america : multiple origins of new world geckos . journal of evolutionary biology 24 : 231–244 . | pdf | supplementary material
matsubara , k . , t . gamble , y . matsuda , d . zarkower , s . d . sarre , a . georges , j . marshall graves , and t . ezaz . 2014 . non - homologous sex chromosomes in two geckos ( gekkonidae : gekkota ) with female heterogamety . cytogenetic and genome research . 143 : 251–258 . | pdf
bauer , a . m . , t . r . jackman , e . greenbaum , and t . gamble . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of the italian gekkotan fauna . pp 59–62 . in : c . corti ( ed ) , herpetologia sardiniae . societas herpetologica italica , edizioni belvedere , latina , “le scienze” ( 8 ) , 504 pp . | pdf
gamble . t . 2014 . collecting and preserving genetic material for herpetological research . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , salt lake city , ut . buy here - ssar books
gamble , t . , j . coryell , t . ezaz , j . lynch , d . scantlebury , and d . zarkower . 2015 . restriction site - associated dna sequencing ( rad - seq ) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex - determining systems . molecular biology and evolution 32 : 1296–1309 . | pdf | supplementary material | rad - seq python script
a special new version of the woob track giant stroke is being sent to everyone else who left a comment , please contact us if you haven’t received it by the end of the decade .
thanks everyone for the comments . i didn’t expect such a great response ! it’s a real incentive to carry on with more woob excursions . thanks again everyone and have a great new year .
we thank the tb patients and noninfected and latently infected individuals who consented to participate in this study and the tuberculosis control programs of the servicio seccional de salud de antioquia and the secretaria de salud de medellín , who contributed in the recruitment of the patients and allowed us to have access to the clinical records of the patients . we also thank thomas j . scriba and andrés baena for their critical reading of the manuscript .
enigma : mcmxc a . d . ( charisma / virgin - 1990 ) - mostly great . the high points are must - have material , and the weak points aren ' t that bad .
t cells seems to be affected by the bacterial load and also that an effective anti - tb therapy restores the immunological components which were altered during the active disease , thus recovering the immune homeostasis .
guarnizo , c . e . , f . p . werneck , l . g . giugliano , m . g . santos , j . f . antunes , l . sousa , a . b . d ' angiolella , a . r . dos santos , c . strussmann , m . t . u . rodrigues , t . f . dorado - rodrigues , t . gamble , and g . r . colli . 2016 . cryptic lineages and diversification of an endemic anole lizard ( squamata , dactyloidae ) of the cerrado hotspot . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94 : 279–289 . | pdf
was created as a sub - division of t : me , to provide a collectible series of high - quality cd releases aimed at
enquiring minds in an anxious age
. producers and label bosses
the importance of memory t cells in m . tuberculosis infection has been clearly demonstrated in mice , but in humans its role is less clear . in mice , the generation of memory t cells correlates with an increased recall response and enhanced protection after m . tuberculosis infection ( 33 , 63 ) . however , in humans its role is controversial and the only anti - tb vaccine available , bcg , does not induce an effective memory t cell response , showing variable protection among human populations , since it seems to be effective only in protecting children from severe forms of tb ( 3 ) . in addition , the observation that cured tb patients may become reinfected and suffer active tb further supports the idea that anti - m . tuberculosis memory t cells are not protective in tb . despite this , the generation of memory t cells is the basis for the development of the new tb vaccines that would protect against m . tuberculosis and help to control its spread around the world , mainly in areas of high endemicity .
ledee , o . , a . mosser , t . gamble , g . childs , and k . oberhauser . 2007 . a science club takes action . science and children 44 : 43–45 . | pdf
gamble , t . , j . aherns , and v . card . 2006 . tyrosinase activity in the skin of three strains of albino gecko ( eublepharis macularius ) . gekko 5 : 39–44 . | pdf
gamble , t . , t . a . castoe , s . v . nielsen , j . l . banks , d . c . card , d . r . schield , g . w . schuett , and w . booth . 2017 . the discovery of xy sex chromosomes in a boa and python . current biology 27 : 2148–2153 . | pdf | supporting data | commentary by j . j . emerson
man , you guys are great . can ' t tell you how cool this is . much appreciated . just imagine that all this is going around the blogosphere . . . information is truly a powerful thing .
gamble , t . , and d . zarkower . 2014 . identification of sex - specific molecular markers using restriction site associated dna sequencing ( rad - seq ) . molecular ecology resources 14 : 892–901 . | pdf
t cells following stimulation with cfp - 10 were evaluated in four cured tb patients , and the results were compared with the pretreatment measurements . in all patients , there was an increase in the frequency of circulating cd4
thomas , t . m . , m . c . granatosky , j . r . bourque , k . l . krysko , p . e . moler , t . gamble , e . suarez , e . leone , and j . roman . 2014 . taxonomic assessment of alligator snapping turtles ( chelydridae : macrochelys ) , with the description of two new species from the southeastern united states . zootaxa 3786 : 141–165 . | pdf
d ' angiolella , a . b . , t . gamble , t . c . s . avila - pires , g . r . colli , b . p . noonan and l . j . vitt . 2011 . anolis chrysolepis duméril & bibron , 1837 ( squamata : polychrotidae ) revisited : molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the anolis chrysolepis species group . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 160 : 35–63 . | pdf
uyehara , i . k . , t . gamble and s . cotner . 2010 . the presence of ranavirus in anuran populations at itasca state park , minnesota , usa . herpetological review 41 : 177–179 . | pdf
t cells in both 24 - h and 144 - h cultures from non - tbi . at 24 h , there were not significant differences in the frequencies of ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cd4
long - term cultures are reported to detect mainly memory t cell responses ( 10 , 41 ) , and in this regard , we found that both cd4 + and cd8 + t cm ( cd45ro + cd27 + ) cells were the major subset producing both ifn - γ and il - 17 . despite the reduced frequency of cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 + t cells found ex vivo in atb , the high proportion of t cm cells producing ifn - γ and il - 17 in atb after long - term stimulation suggests that although t cm differentiation may be impaired in atb , due to the persistent mycobacterial stimulation , they are still able to proliferate and produce cytokines after stimulation with mycobacterial antigens in vitro . of note , the percentages of cd4 + and cd8 + dead cells , as determined by fasl , annexin v , and 7 - aad staining , were always very low in long - term cultures , and there were no differences between ltbi and atb ( data not shown ) , suggesting that the differences in the cytokine responses observed in long - term cultures were not due to increased cell death .
gamble , t . , a . j . geneva , r . e . glor , and d . zarkower . 2014 . anolis sex chromosomes are derived from a single ancestral pair . evolution 68 : 1027–1041 . | pdf
t cells with different phenotypes did not show any relationship with afb positivity in sputum smears in our tb patients ( data not shown ) . nevertheless , there was a trend toward lower numbers of ifn - γ - producing cd4
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t cells evaluated at 24 h and 144 h following stimulation with cfp - 10 and ppd diminished in atb after anti - tb treatment , but the change did not reach statistical significance . these results show that the functional response of cd4
main , h . , d . p . scantlebury , d . zarkower and t . gamble . 2012 . karyotypes of two species of malagasy ground gecko ( paroedura : gekkonidae ) . african journal of herpetology 61 : 81–90 . | pdf
t cells from fresh blood and pbmc stimulated for 24 h with ppd were analyzed for the expression of ccr7 , cd62l , cd27 , and cd45ro . based on the expression pattern of these surface molecules , cd27 and cd45ro were selected to identify cd4
t cells was done by evaluating the expression of cd45ro and cd27 in cells from 24 - h and 144 - h cultures stimulated with cfp - 10 and ppd . one representative example of the gating strategy for the phenotypic and functional evaluation of cd4
the generation of immunological memory is the hallmark of the adaptive immune response ( 59 ) . cd4 + and cd8 + memory t cell subsets can be distinguished by the expression of different phenotypic markers , homing properties , and functional capacities ( 7 , 51 ) . memory t cells are classically identified by the expression of cd45ro , the low - molecular - weight isoform of cd45 which , along with other surface markers , defines different stages of differentiation of cd4 + and cd8 + t cells . cd27 is a costimulatory molecule belonging to the tnf family expressed in all cd4 + naïve cells and in more than 80 % of cd4 + memory cells ( 15 , 24 ) . a loss of cd27 expression has been proposed to be characteristic of induced effector cd4 + and cd8 + t cells ( 21 , 56 ) . cd27 - negative cells are suggested to be a more differentiated subset with a higher capacity to secrete cytokines and a stronger recall response than those of the cd27 + population ( 61 ) .
it is important to note that the allure of ambient music during the mid 90’s goes beyond the music . the artwork , design and packaging is so important to those who lived it and those who collect it . kat’s work with silent can’t be underestimated .
. beginning in 1992 , t : me released vinyl singles which later grew to double - packs , featuring club music which tied together deep house , downtempo and tribal house with a bit of a jokey english twist . early artists to come to the label included
t cells in response to mycobacterial antigens was determined in 24 - h whole - blood and 144 - h pbmc cultures stimulated or not with cfp - 10 and ppd . there was a negligible percentage of ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cd4
daza , j . d . , t . gamble , v . abdala , and a . m . bauer . 2017 . cool geckos : does plesiomorphy explain morphological similarities between geckos from the southern cone ? journal of herpetology 51 : 330 - 342 . | pdf
rodriguez , e . m . , t . gamble , m . v . hirt , and s . cotner . 2009 . presence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis at the headwaters of the mississippi river , itasca state park , minnesota . herpetological review 40 : 48–50 . | pdf
the original digipak version on the em : t label with following tracks : 1 > generator 0000 [ 0 : 33 ] , 2 > experiments on live electricity [ 16 : 36 ] , 3 > microscopic [ 9 : 50 ] , 4 > miniscule [ 0 : 00 ] , pixels [ 1 : 27 ] , 5 > vapourware [ 2 : 00 ] , 6 > seocl₂ [ 0 : 33 ] , 7 > earthshake [ 9 : 15 ] , 8 > mathematics and electronics [ 12 : 30 ] , 9 > timestretch [ 0 : 01 ] , earthloop [ 3 : 40 ] , 10 > f [ 0 : 20 ] , 11 > h₂teo₃ [ 0 : 20 ] , 12 > discovery [ 10 : 30 ] , 13 > generator 0072 [ 1 : 20 ] .
this study shows alterations in the phenotypes of circulating cd4 + and cd8 + t cells and the frequencies and phenotypes of ifn - γ - and il - 17 - producing cd4 + and cd8 + t cells in patients with active tuberculosis . a special feature of our study is that short - term ( 24 - h ) whole - blood and long - term ( 144 - h ) pbmc cultures were compared . because in short - term cultures there is not enough time for cellular division , their evaluation has been considered an ex vivo measurement of the host ' s immune status , and cytokines produced in these cultures are considered to be produced mainly by effector cells or effector memory t cells ( 25 , 26 , 41 ) . conversely , long - term assays ( 5 to 7 days ) allow the evaluation of antigen - specific memory t cells expanded after stimulation with the cognate antigen . in addition , long - term assays have been reported to be more sensitive and specific in detecting latent infection than short - term cultures , especially in areas where tb is endemic ( 6 , 10 , 25 ) .
gamble , t . , a . m . simons , g . r . colli , and l . j . vitt . 2008 . tertiary climate change and diversification of the amazonian gecko genus gonatodes ( sphaerodactylidae , squamata ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 269–277 . | pdf
ex vivo phenotypes of cd4 + and cd8 + t cells . the phenotypes of cd4 + and cd8 + t cells from non - tbi , ltbi , and atb were evaluated according to the expression of cd45ro and cd27 as described in materials and methods . a representative example of the expression of cd45ro and cd27 on cd4 ( a ) and cd8 ( b ) t cells from one ltbi is shown . frequencies of cd4 + ( c ) and cd8 + ( d ) t cells from non - tbi ( n = 12 ) ( white bars ) , ltbi ( n = 11 ) ( gray bars ) , and atb ( n = 24 ) ( black bars ) . two - way anova test with bonferroni ' s posttest : * , p ≤ 0 . 05 ; * * * , p ≤ 0 . 001 . pearson ' s correlation coefficient between the percentages of cd4 + cd45ro + cd27 + and cd4 + cd45ro − cd27 + t cells from atb ( r = −0 . 7317 , p = 0 . 0001 ) ( e ) and non - tbi ( white circles ) ( pearson r = −0 . 7417 ; p = 0 . 0058 ) and ltbi ( black circles ) ( pearson r = −0 . 2190 ; p = 0 . 5176 ) ( f ) . correlations between cd8 + cd45ro + cd27 + and cd8 + cd45ro − cd27 + t cells in atb ( pearson r = −0 . 0844 ; p = 0 . 6947 ) ( g ) and non - tbi ( pearson r = −0 . 3545 ; p = 0 . 2581 ) and ltbi ( pearson r = −0 . 7951 ; p = 0 . 0034 ) ( h ) .
frequencies of ifn - γ - producing cd4 + and cd8 + t cells in atb with different afb smear values . pbmc from atb were stimulated for 144 h with cfp - 10 and then evaluated for the frequency of ifn - γ - producing cells as described in materials and methods . frequencies of ifn - γ - producing cd4 + and cd8 + t cells in patients with afb smear values of 1 + ( white circles ) , 2 + ( gray circles ) , and 3 + ( black circles ) . kruskal - wallis test with dunn ' s multiple comparison test .
berendzen , p . b . , t . gamble , and a . m . simons . 2 008 . phylogeography of the bigeye chub , hybopsis amblops ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) : early pleistocene diversification and post - glacial range expansion . journal of fish biology 73 : 2021–2039 . | pdf
nielsen , s . v , j . l . banks , r . e . diaz jr . , p . a . trainor , and t . gamble . 2018 . dynamic sex chromosomes in old world chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . journal of evolutionary biology 31 : 484–490 . | pdf
berendzen , p . b . , j . f . dugan , and t . gamble . 2010 . post - glacial expansion into the paleozoic plateau : evidence of an ozarkian refugium for the ozark minnow notropis nubilus ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) . journal of fish biology 77 : 1114–1136 . | pdf