jeol , ltd. ( 日本電子 nihon denshi kabushiki-gaisha , nihon meaning japan and denshi meaning electron ) is a major developer and manufacturer of electron microscopes and other scientific instruments , industrial equipment and medical equipment .

its headquarters are in tokyo , japan , with 25 domestic and foreign subsidiaries and associated companies as of 2014 .

it is listed in the top ten businesses world-wide for analytical laboratory instrument manufacturing .

jeol 's instruments are used by researchers around the world , including the university of cambridge , university of oxford , and mit .

it has been included in the activest lux nanotech mutual fund and the westlb nanotech fund .

jeol

jeol finetech co . , ltd . and jeol engineering co . , ltd . , merged .
jeol ( europe ) bv is part of a world wide network of jeol companies , with their head office in akishima , tokyo .
jeol usa headquarters are located in peabody , massachusetts , just north of boston . the jeol campus houses our electron optics and analytical instruments demonstration facilities , the jeol institute , the main parts depot and service center for the western hemisphere . jeol ltd . is iso 9001 and iso 14001 certified .
jeol designs and manufactures scientific instruments for high - level research and development activities .
jeol ( italia ) s . p . a . , established in italy .
jeol group medium - term management plan ,
focus plan 2006
announced .
here are the developments of
yokogushi
strategies which jeol is pushing forward with .
please direct questions or comments about delta or jeol nmr spectrometers to the discussion boards .
jamp - 3 auger microprobe completed . jeol anstalt , east europe corporation , established .
jeol group medium - term management plan ,
bright plan 1000 ,
announced .
what do you think - will jeol canada , inc . grow fast ? are they expanding their staff ? how does jeol canada , inc . stack up against the competition ?
product guide ( 2012 ) no . 0403c278c printed in japan , jeol co . ltd .
on the 10th october 1963 , mr kazato , the founder of jeol ltd japan , opened the first european jeol demonstration centre , at delviljem ( london ) which housed the jem 6a .
yoshimura n . ( 2014 ) history of jeol electron microscopes . in : historical evolution toward achieving ultrahigh vacuum in jeol electron microscopes . springerbriefs in applied sciences and technology . springer , tokyo
from 1954 mr jose delville operated as a representative in europe for various companies including jeol ltd .
surface analysis jeol has long led the way in surface analysis instruments with auger microanalyzers , electron probe microanalyzers ( epma ) , and photoelectron spectrometers . jeol auger microprobes offer the highest resolution available .
jeol present at the 42nd iscc & 15th gcxgc symposium , held in riva del garda , italy .
jeol introduces the it - 500hr for seemless operation between an optical image and a hr sem image .
in 1957 jeol ltd appointed the delvil company as their exclusive representative for france and the united kingdom .
yuichi matsumoto manages jeol brasil instrumentos cientificos ltda . in sao paulo , established in 2010 to provide direct support to our growing customer base . mr . matsumoto was named president in february 2014 . he has held several key positions within jeol since joining the company in 1985 , including general manager of american and european sales promotion dept . of jeol ltd , general manager of jeol b . v . ( benelux ) , managing director of jeol u . k . he received a bachelor of commerce degree from meiji university .
jeol is a leading global supplier of electron microscopes , ion beam instruments , mass spectrometers and nmr spectrometers .
jeol brasil instrumentos científicos ltda av . jabaquara , 2958 5° andar conjunto 52 04046 - 500 são paulo sp
jeol usa , inc . , a wholly - owned subsidiary of jeol ltd . japan , was incorporated in the united states in 1962 . the primary business of jeol usa is sales of new instruments and peripherals and support of a vast installed base of instruments throughout the united states , canada , mexico , and south america .
looking into solar energy ? ebsd image of solar thin film . learn more about energy applications for jeol microscopes urltoken
dr . isabell heads the transmission electron microscope product division of jeol usa . since joining jeol in 2003 as assistant product manager , tom has worked closely with the jeol usa tem group , jeol ltd . in japan and with jeol customers to help keep the company at the forefront of tem technology in materials and life sciences research . prior to joining jeol , dr . isabell held positions in business development at emispec in tempe , arizona and applications support at fischione instruments in export , pennsylvania . dr . isabell received a b . s . in materials science and engineering from the university of minnesota and a ph . d . in materials science and engineering from northwestern university .
not all jeol industrial equipment products are available in every country . for specific information and more details about jeol products available in your area , contact the ie international business office at sales - ieg @ urltoken . thank you .
jeol , a world - leading high - end scientific instruments manufacture , provides a wealth of applications and technical information .
gatan xum x - ray image of a mosquito leg shown in today ' s workshop at jeol usa in peabody .
following the success of this meeting , the first orders in the uk were recorded for jeol ' s jem 6a .
the jeol usa organization is comprised of 300 employees , 180 of whom are field service personnel , for jeol makes customer service and support a top priority . additionally , applications specialists , technical support , sales and marketing , product management , training instructors , and administrative personnel are a committed team of people dedicated to making jeol an outstanding supplier of scientific instruments .
we at jeol usa welcome those interested in the latest news about our electron microscopy , nmr , and m . . .
on 1st april 1971 , the company ' s name was officially changed to the current name jeol ( uk ) ltd .
mr . arima oversees all jeol usa service operations throughout the americas . service and support is of utmost importance to jeol , and in addition to 12 service offices in the us , the company has service offices in canada , mexico , and brazil .
jeol challenged developing em , a little bit later . the birth of ad - 1 em , assembled on a wood table , was the debut of our company , jeol . it was september 1947 , a few years after the end of the pacific war .
as managing director , katsumoto yaguchi oversees north and south american operations and acts as liaison between jeol ltd . and jeol usa , inc . he manages strategic human resource allocations of japanese company transferees and takes initiatives in financial and other business decisions . he has held several key positions in business planning and finance since joining jeol ltd . in 1982 , upon graduation from aoyama gakuin university with a bachelor’s degree in management engineering . before relocating to the u . s . he managed the finance & information technology division at jeol ltd .
gc - tofms application : comprehensive analysis + unknown component analysis of coffee samples using headspace gc - ms | applications | jeol ltd .
the jeol delta / nmr support web site provides support for users interested in the delta nmr software package and jeol ' s nmr spectrometers . the web site includes delta nmr software kits for nmr data processing only and kits for jeol nmr spectrometer control with data processing . areas for delta license key generation , discussion forums , faq ' s , and documentation downloads are also available on this web site .
industrial equipment jeol’s advanced electron beam and plasma technologies are used to create high - quality , high - performance optical films and plating .
robert santorelli , chairman emeritus , has held the positions of chairman of the board , president , ceo and coo during his 35 - plus years at jeol usa , inc . additionally , he has served as president of jeol ' s subsidiary companies in mexico and canada .
jeol mexico sa of c . v . arkansas 11 piso 2 colonia nápoles delegación benito juárez c . p . 03810 mexico d . f .
medical equipment jeol’s innovative , cost - effective systems for medical diagnoses and analyses integrate routine clinical chemistry , hematology , immunodiagnostics , and laboratory automation .
jeol ltd . express ourselves that we as jeol ltd . and any of our affiliates have concluded no agency relationship and no contractual relationship with ervin danesh aryan company in islamic republic of iran on our manufactures and sell , services and any others in all cases in the past and current business .
in 1975 , mr . kazato stepped down and mr . tadao kasei took the presidency of jeol . the new president , mr . kasei , took into consideration the valuable role which the kazato research foundation had played in the field of electron microscopy , and also had an idea to preserve the name
kazato
in respect for the founder of jeol . he decided to donate jeol ' s funds to support the foundation which was suffering from the shortage of funds . this policy was inherited by jeol ' s successive presidents , and jeol has been backing the foundation by donating funds regularly . the sum of jeol group ' s donation amounted to 276 , 300 , 000 yen up to 2015 . the number of presentees and the amounts of grants by year are shown in the following table . since 1969 , the presentees and grants totaled 611 and 193 , 260 , 000 yen , respectively .
jeol usa , inc . - scanning electron microscopes , transmission electron microscopes , scanning probe microscopes , mass spectrometers , nmr spectrometers , and semiconductor tools .
jeol ( europe ) bv - scanning electron microscopes , transmission electron microscopes , scanning probe microscopes , mass spectrometers , nmr spectrometers , and semiconductor tools .
how much do jeol usa employees make ? glassdoor has salaries , wages , tips , bonuses , and hourly pay based upon employee reports and estimates .
customers , employees and colleagues have come to know bob ' s counsel , dedicated to corporate values of stability , honesty and integrity . along with his new role as chairman emeritus , he will serve as the senior advisor to support both jeol usa and jeol ltd . ( tokyo ) business activities .
as the biggest global supplier of electron - optical and analytical systems , jeol has been your experienced partner for innovative research and development for over 60 years . jeol’s professional expertise accompanies you from sales , through training and application to service . products and services at the highest level - tailor - made for individual requirements . open up the numerous possibilities and application areas of jeol systems for your company objectives too . a future - oriented investment that is worthwhile .
that is why i left the first company in chiba . we founded the company in tokyo , in 1949 . this was the actual start of jeol .
in july 1990 jeol ( uk ) ltd moved to their current office and demonstration centre in welwyn garden city , hertfordshire with a compliment of 52 staff .
since 1949 , the jeol legacy has been one of outstanding innovation in developing instruments used to advance scientific research and technology . jeol has 60 years of expertise in the field of electron microscopy , more than 50 years in mass spectrometry and nmr spectrometry , and more than 40 years of e - beam lithography leadership .
named president of jeol usa in 2009 , mr . genovese has held key positions in the jeol sales organization for 25 years . he most recently served as vice president and general manager of the sales and marketing division for electron optics and analytical instrumentation . his responsibilities at jeol have previously included management of the new england regional sales for electron optics , and assistant sales manager of jeol usa ' s regional sales offices . mr . genovese received a b . s . in economics from boston college and an executive m . b . a . from suffolk university , and is a member of several microscopy societies throughout the u . s .
jeol instrumentation can be found in many laboratories , including diagnostic pathology research laboratories . our customers also include numerous medical centers , hospitals and institutes located in mexico .
ch - nmr - np ( 13 c and 1 h nmr database of natural products ) the ch - nmr - np system is powered by jeol ltd .
promoted in 2006 to the board of directors , mr . pohorenec is general manager of operations at jeol usa . he oversees management of jeol usa inventory , procurement , logistics , accounting , information technology and related operational functions as well as two engineering groups . he has held several positions at jeol since joining the company in 1984 as a service engineer in the dallas , texas office . throughout the 1990s and until recently , he held management positions in jeol ' s u . s . products manufacturing division . he is a graduate of northeastern university with a b . s . in operations technology , and received electronic engineering technical training at devry institute .
jeol ( europe ) bv offers sales , service , support and applications training for a wide range of jeol of scanning electron microscopes ( sem ) , scanning probe microscopes ( spm ) , transmission electron microscopes ( tem ) , nmr spectrometers , esr spectrometers , mass spectrometers , amino acid analyzers and semiconductor process equipment . as one of the worlds leading suppliers of scientific equipment , we are proud to offer our customers the highest level of sales and technical support maximizing their investment in jeol products .
lithography jeol has produced lithography tools for more than 40 years , and offers semiconductor manufacturers a comprehensive line of e - beam systems for photomask and direct write , as well as a lineup of wafer inspection tools . jeol semiconductor equipment is backed by award - winning 24 / 7 service support and long - term commitment to our customers .
early in his career , after graduating from the institute of vocational training in electronic engineering in 1984 , mr . arima developed epma and fe - sem instruments at jeol . he became a senior engineer in development of sem and tem products at jeol usa in 1996 , and returned to japan in 2005 . in 2012 he was promoted to assistant general manager in the electron microscopy business unit at jeol global headquarters . we are pleased to have mr . arima back in the usa working closely with us again .
every business has its own style . what is the office environment and culture like at jeol canada , inc . ? are people dressed in business casual , . . .
what are the average starting salaries , bonuses , benefits and travel requirements like at jeol canada , inc . ? what do you like best about working at . . .
kazato and ito are the founders of jeol , a firm specializing in the design and manufacture of electron microscopes . after studying electrical engineering in the navy kazato became interested in electron microscopes , which were then little known in japan . after the war , he formed jeol with ito and struggled to manufacture the company ' s first products . eventually , jeol became a highly respected firm in the field . the two discuss both engineering and management issues and focus on the problems of international business in the electron microscope field .
the jeol arm300cf is an atomic resolution electron microscope , with both stem and tem cs correctors providing a stem - haadf resolution of 47 pm and a tem resolution of 50pm .
the jsm - it500hr , based on the highly successful and award winning jeol intouchscopetm series , is equipped with a high - brightness electron gun and fully integrating jeol’s energy dispersive x - ray spectrometer ( eds ) . this revolutionizing jsm - it500hr is a superb high throughput sem , delivering a dramatically improved work efficiency ( 40 % or higher than conventional models ) .
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your jeol ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
do you work at jeol canada , inc . ? how did you find the job ? how did you get that first interview ? any advice for someone trying to get in ?
ch jeol ( germany ) gmbh tödistrasse 60 8002 zürich switzerland phone : + 41 4428 36124 fax : + 41 4428 36123 e - mail : info @ urltoken internet : www . urltoken
jeol’s technology , experience , collaborating business philosophy and service expertise has made us the preferred corporate supplier for domestic industry . our teams are used widely and successfully in market areas such as :
the jsm - it500hr , based on the highly successful and award winning jeol intouchscope ™ series , is equipped with a high - brightness electron gun and fully integrating jeol ' s energy dispersive x - ray spectrometer ( eds ) . this revolutionizing jsm - it500hr is a superb high throughput sem , delivering a drmatically improved work efficiency ( 40 % or higher than conventional models ) .
the jsm - it500hr , based on the highly successful and award winning jeol intouchscope ™ series , is equipped with a high - brightness electron gun and fully integrating jeol ' s energy dispersive x - ray spectrometer ( eds ) . this revolutionizing jsm - it500hr is a superb high throughput sem , delivering a dramatically improved work efficiency ( 40 % or higher than conventional models ) .
in 1968 , mr . kenji kazato , the founder and the first president of jeol , had an idea to return to society the benefits he had received since his founding jeol for manufacturing electron microscopes . he donated 100 , 000 shares of jeol ' s stock in his possession , in commemoration of jeol ' s 20th anniversary . in response , some of the leading members of the japanese society of electron microscopy consulted with their close friends on how to make the most of his donation . they decided to establish a foundation to promote the research in electron microscopy . in september 1968 , the organizing committee for the establishment of the kazato research foundation was formed and the committee adopted the prospectus of the foundation . the members of the organizing committee were as follows :
jeol - - a world leader in electron microscopes ( sems and tems ) , electron beam lithography , defect review and inspection tools ) and analytical instruments including mass spectrometers , nmrs and esrs .
the jeol resonance inc . nor dr . hayamizu assume no responsibility whatsoever for any direct or indirect damage , loss , prejudice or emotional distress caused by use of ' ch - nmr - np ' .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your jeol ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
analytical instruments jeol is renowned for innovations in mass spectrometry . we introduced the direct analysis in real time ( dart ) open air ion source as well as the first maldi - tof / tof of its kind . we offer exact mass , high resolution lc / ms and gc / ms . jeol has a long history in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) and electron spin resonance ( esr ) .
collette joined jeol usa’s management team in 2009 and skillfully navigated us through a variety of complex employee relations initiatives . her innovative approach to human resources management contributed to the enhancement of our employee programs and communication channels .
i never went to the usa before the war . however , i understand more or less what the u . s . culture is . i think this is very important for jeol start - up and the development .
mr jose delville established a company - delviljem ( london ) at fir tree house , headstone drive , wealdstone , middlesex which became the official jeol distributor for the uk . dr kay was appointed managing director of delviljem .
stephane jeol has filed for patents to protect the following inventions . this listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the united states patent and trademark office ( uspto ) .
jeol bv is the distributor in the benelux countries for nanalysis benchtop nmr . clicking on the above link will bring you to the nanalysis website . for more information contact us , or download the brochures from our download section .
on the basis of creativity , and research and development , jeol [ the name of the company ] positively challenges the world’s highest technology thus forever contributing to the progress in both science and human society through its products .
jeol designs and manufactures scientific instruments for high - level research and development activities . our customers include scientists and engineers working in leading - edge academic and industrial laboratories around the world . jeol products and services enable them to pursue a variety of r & d applications that require high resolution imaging and analytical capabilities such as : basic observation and analysis , environmental science , information technology , semiconductor production , biotechnology , nanotechnology , and a broad range of industrial endeavors .
there ' s a scanning electron microscope . in the united states , there is no manufacturer of the transmission electron microscope , so the transmission electron microscopes are imported from japan and the netherlands . the scanning microscope , the us has a supplier . it ' s called amray . internationally , for the transmission electron microscope , there are only three suppliers . jeol , hitachi and philips . the scanning microscope has a few more . in the united states , it is amray . for the scanning microscope , the other big players are jeol , hitachi and toshiba subsidiary . in europe there are cambridge zeiss and leica . this kind of company . but the big players are , jeol , hitachi , and philips .
fi , gl , is , no , se jeol ( nordic ) ab hammarbacken 6a se - 19127 sollentuna sweden phone : + 46 828 2800 fax : + 49 829 1647 e - mail : info @ urltoken internet : www . urltoken
mr . arima returned to jeol usa headquarters in 2017 to ensure continued quality of service and support for our microscopy and analytical instruments and to help strategically enhance our products and service as a liaison to the company ' s global headquarters in japan .
scanning electron microscopy jeol scanning electron microscopes offer the ultrahigh resolution and versatility that empower today ' s microscopist to image and characterize a new generation of nanomaterials , capture biological details , analyze forensic evidence , create nanopatterns , and pinpoint problems in manufacturing processes .
from our office in welwyn garden city , hertfordshire , jeol ( uk ) ltd offer sales , support and applications training for a wide variety of scanning electron microscopes ( sem ) , scanning probe microscopes , transmission electron microscopes ( tem ) , nmr spectrometers , esr spectrometers , mass spectrometers , amino acid analysers and semiconductor process equipment . as one of the worlds leading suppliers of scientific equipment , we are proud to offer our customers the highest level of sales and technical support maximising their investment in jeol products .
jeol ( uk ) ltd continues to market a wide variety of scanning electron microscopes , scanning probe microscopes , transmission electron microscopes , nmr spectrometers , esr spectrometers , mass spectrometers , amino acid analysers and semiconductor process equipment in the uk , irish republic and uk territories .
jeol bv is the representative of spi supplies for the benelux . above link will bring you to the home page of spi supplies . please select the products you need and contact us , mentioning the spi product number . we will come back to you asap with a quotation .
chris rood joins the management team after nearly 15 very successful years as the sales manager of the southwestern united states for jeol usa . chris has a background in electron microscopy and ran the sem lab at sandia national labs before coming to work for jeol usa as an application engineer . chris has a degree in geophysics from uc riverside and an mba from santa clara university . as the national sales manager , chris will oversea sales activities for all products in north america . with his positive attitude and easy demeanor , chris is a welcome addition to the usa management team .
sample preparation jeol leads the way in cross section preparation solutions for difficult materials , including composites , oil shale , coatings , paper , and solar panels . our sample preparation tools include fib for micro milling and imaging for semiconductor and composite materials , and a vacuum evaporator for carbon coating .
jeol , ltd . , based in japan , is a global supplier , researcher and developer of scientific instrumentation and industrial equipment used in the fields of optical communication , nanotechnology , life sciences , forensics and biotechnology . the firm offers products in three primary categories : scientific . . . . .
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your jeol ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
jeol , ltd . , based in japan , is a global supplier , researcher and developer of scientific instrumentation and industrial equipment used in the fields of optical communication , nanotechnology , life sciences , forensics and biotechnology . the firm offers products in three primary categories : scientific . . . . . see more
collette’s credentials bridge over 20 years as a senior manager with responsibilities in all functional disciplines of human resources . promoted to jeol’s board of directors in april 2014 , the addition of collette’s expertise , insight and judgment will provide an important dimension to the board of directors and a new perspective to its deliberations .
in december 1968 , the establishment of the kazato research foundation was approved by the ministry of education , science and culture . then , in january 1969 , the registration of the foundation was completed . when the foundation was established , it was administered by four trustees and two auditors , all of who were the members of the organizing committee . among 100 , 000 shares of jeol ' s stock donated by mr . kazato , 50 , 000 shares were sold in the market for 22 , 984 , 500 yen during the formal process of establishing the foundation . among 22 , 984 , 500 yen , 20 , 000 , 000 yen was used for the endowment of the foundation , together with the remaining 50 , 000 shares of his donation . later , the endowment from jeol ' s stock was increased by 29 , 200 shares due to the capital increase of jeol , amounting to 79 , 200 shares at present .
transmission electron microscopy jeol innovations in transmission electron microscopy are legion , ranging from ultrahigh resolution optics with spherical aberration cs correction for atom - to - atom characterization , to advanced 3d tomography for the life sciences . our tems enable researchers to investigate samples using cryotomography , stem , mds , eds , edxa and eels .
coffee - complex and aromatic ( thanks to pyridine , just one of the components ) . jeol examined coffees from 4 regions using the accutof - gcx for a new technique : non - targeted analysis combining comprehensive analysis ( using high resolution gc - ms ) and unknown component analysis ( using soft ionization and ei ) . urltoken
jeol ltd japan established jeolco ( uk ) ltd . incorporated on 26th september 1968 , with dr k ito appointed as managing director of jeolco ( uk ) ltd at the first b . o . d meeting held on the 3rd october 1968 . the company initially operated from the same office at 4 shakespeare rd , finchley .
our customers include scientists and engineers working in leading - edge academic and industrial laboratories around the world . jeol products and services enable them to pursue a variety of r & d applications that require high resolution imaging and analytical capabilities such as : basic observation and analysis , environmental science , information technology , semiconductor production , biotechnology , nanotechnology , and a broad range of industrial endeavors .
which do you prefer - touch screen or traditional controls ? when jeol introduced the intouchscope sem 2 years ago with a touch screen , we still offered keyboard , mouse , and knobset . the benchtop sem neoscope now offers touchscreen , and so will our newest model sem coming soon ! here ' s an article from r & d about the growth of touch screen control . urltoken
as one of the leading manufacturers of scientific instruments , jeol supplies a broad spectrum of electron - optical systems and components . electron microscopy , the company ' s core competency , has been making key contributions to the continuous development of scientific and industrial research for more than 60 years . the analysis of biological and material samples thus now enables high - quality resolutions into the atomic range , as well as the most accurate and realistic images of microscopic details to magnifications up to hundreds of thousands of times . jeol microscopes are easy to operate , flexible to use and extremely high quality . they therefore play a significant role worldwide in the development of new products and materials , quality assurance , forensic examinations , biology , material characterisation and many other fields of application .
thank you for your interest in jeol ( uk ) ltd . we are a leading supplier of scanning electron microscopes ( sems ) , transmission electron microscopes ( tems ) , scanning probe microscopes ( spms ) , mass spectrometers , nmr spectrometers , and semiconductor tools for scientific and industrial purposes . we provide applications - specific solutions that advance our customers ' diverse objectives — from routine analysis of organic and inorganic specimens to breakthroughs in nanotechnological development .
thank you for your interest in jeol ( europe ) bv . we are a leading supplier of scanning electron microscopes ( sems ) , transmission electron microscopes ( tems ) , surface analysis equipment ( aes , xps ) , mass spectrometers , nmr spectrometers , and semiconductor tools for scientific and industrial purposes . we provide applications - specific solutions that advance our customers ' diverse objectives — from routine analysis of organic and inorganic specimens to breakthroughs in nanotechnological development .
in 1956 the first jnm - 1 nmr instrument was released by jeol ( at that time , japan electron optics laboratory co . ltd . ) . 1h resonance freuqency of the cw nmr system was abe to choose among 4 , 12 and 32 mhz . a spectrum was displayed on an oscilloscope , and a strip chart recorder ( recording onto paper tape ) was used to print the results . three separated 1h signals of ethyl alcohol were observed at 32 mhz ( 7 , 680 gauss ) .
at that time i met professor borries , one of the inventors . unfortunately he died early , so he couldn ' t be awarded the nobel prize . his partner ruska received the nobel prize . after the war borries left siemens and created his own research laboratory . i think there was some support from siemens . he wanted to design the electron microscope , make it , and then sell it . he said that the jeol was the ideal of his ambition , because we had a technical group , a factory , and a sales plan . unfortunately he couldn ' t do that because he died so early .
jeol is the world leader of electron optical and analytical instrumentation for scientific and industrial r & d . ; we provide a suite of products and innovative solutions used by scientists working in a variety of applications around the globe . our office in mexico has been active with sustained growth since 1973 when the first instrument was installed locally . from that time to the present , we have achieved market preference and are known as the no . 1 supplier of electron microscopy in the region , partnering with customers in academic , industrial , and government laboratories . applications , technical , and service expertise is also available . what can we help you achieve ?
the initial projections that a handful of electron microscopes would saturate the worldwide market proved to be grossly pessimistic , and many companies entered the fray . rca was by far the leader in north america , with its electromagnetic lens technology , technological expertise , and corporate support for electron microscope development . general electric tried to compete for a while with its line of electrostatic electron microscopes . metropolitan vickers in england ( later associated electrical industries ) produced the e . m . 1 invented by professor l . c . martin at imperial university as early as 1936 . philips , siemens , and carl zeiss each tried to grab a share of the european market . starting in 1939 , scientists in japan gathered to decide on the best way to build an electron microscope . this group evolved into the japan electron optics laboratory ( jeol ) that would eventually produce more models and varieties of electron microscopes than any other company . hitachi and toshiba in japan also played a major role in the early development process .
the two interview subjects discuss the founding of the company in post - world war ii japan , the development of new products , and early sales to japanese universities and research institutes . particular emphasis is given to such issues as the difficulties of establishing overseas markets and competition from foreign firms such as siemens , rca , and philips . a second important theme is the nature of small - scale , precision manufacture of electron microscopes customized to meet particular buyer ' s needs .
interview # 199 for the center for the history of electrical engineering , the institute of electrical and electronics engineers , inc .
this manuscript is being made available for research purposes only . all literary rights in the manuscript , including the right to publish , are reserved to the ieee history center . no part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the director of ieee history center .
request for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the ieee history center oral history program , ieee history center at stevens institute of technology , castle point on hudson , hoboken , nj 07030 usa or ieee - history @ ieee . org . it should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted , anticipated use of the passages , and identification of the user .
kenji kazato and kazuo ito , an oral history conducted in 1994 by william aspray , ieee history center , hoboken , nj , usa .
[ note : ito translates for kazato as well as giving his own answers . yuzo takahashi was also present . ]
can i ask each of you in turn to tell about your early careers up to the time that you started working on the microscope ? then i ' ll ask you both to comment on questions as we go from there . mr . kazato , would you be willing to go first ? would you tell me about your early life and your schooling ? what kind of family you came from ? did you have a science and engineering background in your family ?
i graduated from the navy ' s engine school : there were several navy schools . normal officers school , engine school , and accounting school . i was one of the engineering officers on many battleships . by the way , my mother ' s uncle lived in the usa . he emigrated to the usa in the 1870s , and died at the age of one hundred and two around 1950 , in the era of president eisenhower .
my elder sister has two nationalities , american and japanese . my father went to the usa around 1899 , and he came back here in 1915 . i was born in japan .
when i was in the navy , i was a battle officer , but i realized how different the levels of technology were in japan versus the us . we were very inferior , and i believed that without this technology , we would never be able to win . in fact , we couldn ' t . anyhow , that was my conviction . so i asked to transfer from the battleship to the laboratories . this was very exceptional because this kind of officer was normally on ships .
research job is for a completely different type of officer . but i wanted to transfer to a laboratory . first i was sent to the fuel depot . there was a special factory , which tried to deal with artificial fuel . i was transferred there . then later , i requested another transfer , so i went to the naval central institute . it was in tokyo . this institute was really the key of the basic naval research centers dealing with torpedoes , sonar , radar , guided missiles and so forth .
i wanted to go back and ask a question about the navy engineering institute . what kind of education , what courses of study did you get , and how good was the education ?
the education was specialized in the engine . certainly we had the best training of engineers . we had other military drills , running , english , and mathematics , etc .
oh no . at the final time before the war , or during the war , kazato was at the naval central institute . i also joined this institute .
my case was very simple . i was born in kyoto . i graduated from high school , and then tokyo university — in the science department , in physics . normally , my career would have been in research , just like a professor , or in some research institute . this would have been a normal career . but since this was during the war , i was induced to join the navy institute , and my title was engineering officer . a special title . after two years , i would be a civilian researcher in the navy . kazato was related so much to the us , but in my case , no . i had no such background .
my father and grandfather were medical professors . my grandfather was educated in germany . when he returned from germany , he became the first professor of kyoto university ' s surgical department .
it never flew . we had information from germany about their two missiles at the end of the war . we had all the documents about these missiles , so we started to experiment .
both . fire control and also the guided side . he came from the guided side . i am a physicist , but i got into the missile engine side .
there were many people and lots of activity in wireless and electronic engineering at the research institute . these people all joined many places . some to nippon telephone and telegraph corporation , or international telephone and telegraph corporation , but i didn ' t follow this kind of course . instead , i wondered what i could do at the time . i wanted to do something for japan’s future . during the war , actually a little bit back , when i was in the navy at kure in hiroshima prefecture , i found a small book on the electron microscope . i didn ' t know what the electron microscope was , so i bought the book .
i hoped that it could be suggestions for the improvement of weapons , but it had no relation to weapons . so , i kept just it .
yes , and forgot about it since it did not relate to weapon technology . after the war ended , i had to leave the navy . i found the book again . i read it , god suggested ,
this is the work i should do .
inspiration , that ' s the word .
at the time we had all possible problems , including not enough food to eat . we were in the middle of disaster , so the electron microscope , at that time in japan , seemed no help at all . i believed , however , that this kind of instrument would be necessary and useful for the future of japan . japan is certainly a very small island , and a hundred million people lived on this one small island . how could we live , how could we survive ? we didn ' t have any resources . we could import all the resources , oil and minerals . then we needed to get some materials and work on them with machines and then export . this was the only way . industry was the way of the future for japan . without good materials we could not make good products . i believed the electron microscope would be very important for improving the material .
i see from your personal history that it was very quickly that the business was established . by april of 1946 . how did you have the resources to do this ?
until we built the first microscope , it was a very , very hard time because we had nothing to sell . after one instrument was completed , the only way to survive was to sell it .
so we tried and we sold . selling was the only way to keep our living . we didn ' t have any big resources or money given from elsewhere . we just earned it and spent it by investing and making more . this had a spiral effect .
it spiraled on , yes . how large was the operation at first . how many people ?
starting from several . kazato had this initiative , and i joined . another two or three people joined together . i am a physicist , and we had electrical engineers , mechanical engineers , and a chemist . the key members were all there at the beginning . i think we had a total of twenty people .
it is kazato’s native place . i joined , after receiving his letter , saying that he wanted to start this company . i was on my way living with my parents . after the war i had nothing to do . i wanted to leave my parent’s home by any means .
if his letter had arrived a little bit later , i ' d have joined another research laboratory , the national institute of machining . actually , i had two offers . his offer was first , so i joined him .
a backer for the business . we were living in a building that belonged to the navy . it was a clubhouse for navy sub - officers .
it had big rooms . the ground floor became the factory and the first floor the living quarters .
exactly . the electricity was not dependable . it was down quite often . if it was cut , we slept there . if it came back on at midnight , you came down and worked .
i owned the factory . my family still has a stationery shop in chiba mobara city . i got some support from this , but certainly i also got a backers ' money . i had the navy contacts , and in navy circles i could find backers . so money came from that source . however , this money was not free .
right . i didn’t agree with the backers about the operation of the company .
it lasted several years , but it didn ' t have any key technical people .
i don ' t think he did that . he just tried to survive .
but you said that he brought together some twenty people or so to work in the company , of all kinds of different backgrounds .
we believe that the majority was from the navy , and several navy people played a key role .
we didn ' t want to use the other people ' s money . so money should come only from our work .
so we got the purchase order of the electron microscope , then got a loan from the bank . you know , with this new company , no one believed we could build a new kind of microscope . several people left the old company , then we were just barehanded , nothing . i concentrated to make the first electron microscope here so that they could understand how i could do that . i got a loan from my mother . this was a race against time , to see how quickly we could make the microscope , and how quickly we could get the purchase order . fortunately we succeeded . the first parts orders came from yamanashi university , and we are very much indebted for this .
they were not at all academic organization . the purchase orders always came with some special requests . we tried our best to satisfy the customers and get the money . i think in some way this is the best kind of achievement we made . we didn ' t think we could do anything very remarkable in scientific or other technical achievements . we completed the electron microscope , yes , but this was not only basic research . we were asked , for example , whether the resolution should be thirty angstroms , ten angstroms , five angstroms , three angstroms , or one angstrom . we had to try our best to satisfy the customers .
actually , no . we didn ' t have any research contracts . we didn ' t have that kind of capability . his conviction to start the electron microscope was difficult to understand for me as a physicist . but i admired his conviction , and through all his career , he kept this conviction . this was not so easy .
after the war , the occupying forces had certain restrictions on the kind of research and development that you could do . were there restrictions on your company ?
besides , the electron microscope was not restricted . i’ll tell you another story . this was not directly related to the success of the company , but indirectly , yes . the interest of the electron microscope could already be seen here during the war . during the war i read a little history . of course , i didn ' t know they would start a company . but our scientific community received a report from dr . ruska and borries , the inventor of the electron microscope . they said it had obtained a higher resolution than the optical microscope . this created a lot of enthusiasm in japan . i don ' t know how it did , really . then japan created a special task force , but the important thing was the budget . the budget was about eighty thousand yen ; it would be about a million dollars today . during the war , money was very scarce , but i appreciate the money that was given to the electron microscope .
the government money was distributed to all the universities , toshiba , hitachi , and all of these companies . surprisingly , when the war ended , it was said that twenty microscopes were working in japan . this is an unbelievable number . this is a very important fact : it was not a very useful microscope , but the basic training , basic understanding , research , and basic physical background , was already done during the war .
no . they were very prestigious people from big institutions . they had no interest in working with us . of course , we didn ' t know that and did not know this task force existed .
no . after the war interest in the electron microscope continued , and the educational ministry spent money every year to equip the university . so at least the market was there .
yes . bacteriologists of kyoto university , an electrical engineering professor from osaka university , all the tokyo university physicists , toshiba and hitachi , these companies constructed electron microscopes . this was really a group of all types of people .
you say that you brought together this group of people that had all kinds of different specialties . can you tell me about the different tasks that are involved in getting a good working electron microscope ? what different sets of skills do you need ?
well , first we need the physicists to calculate electron optics . this was my area . i designed the focal length , etc . to set the magnification , we also needed those in mechanical design and electrical engineers . it was not so easy at that time . the application was unknown , not only to us , but in general . we didn ' t know how to use them . we could see bacteria , viruses , yes . but bacteria just looked like black peas . we could see nothing inside . in the case of metals , we could only see their shadows . the replica technique and the cutting of medical or biological specimens came later . we needed the right people to work on applications for the electron microscope , so we could use higher resolution .
we wanted to target research institutes for the industry . even though they didn ' t know exactly what applications were needed , they bought the electron microscope and then tried to find out what applications to use them on .
well , certainly the bacteriology , or virus people needed electron microscopes . i remember the particular application for carbonblack ( name of a german company ) for the chemical industry . they wanted to see the particle itself .
in these applications we didn ' t focus on a particular area of application , but approached the big organizations , anticipating that they would have something for which they needed an electron microscope .
certainly , customer customization was the key to our success . our competitors in japan were , hitachi ; and from the beginning toshiba , and then shimudzu , all the big companies . worldwide , there was rca , general electric , and philips , aei , and this type of first - class company . these companies had some interest in the electron microscope . not only how they are used , but also in sales . to compete against all these companies , customization was our concentration , our key . but this came later .


rpd international is a design and manufacturing firm founded in 2013 by a british entrepreneur , josh valman .

after only six months of its establishment , the business was worth £ 1 million .

rpd operates a global supply chain of 100 + factories in 40 + countries .

rpd international ( company )

the team are all employees at rpd international , the company owned by josh valman , hence the robot ' s name .
josh valman is managing director of rpd international , a design and manufacturing company , operating a global supply chain of creative individuals , suppliers and factories .
just a short walk from london’s westminster tube station , in a fairly quiet open plan office in millbank tower is rpd international .
the teenager is the boss of rpd international , which allows companies of all sizes to pay a fixed retainer to access a flexible supply chain , comprising designers , engineers and distributors . “we can help any company to make any product , ” he says . “a six - person company can deliver as much as a 2000 - person company now . . ”
in 2013 , aged 18 , valman founded rpd international , a design and manufacturing firm , which boasted phenomenal growth from take - off . the company was valued at £1m within its first six months of trading .
london teenager josh valman is on a mission to change the way product design , engineering and manufacturing works around the world . tanya weaver meets with this young entrepreneur to discover how he became the ceo of the supply chain company rpd international
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the young entrepreneur still enjoys tinkering and works as a junior engineer for rpd international on sundays . “i’ll always be fascinated by problem - solving , ” he said .
the young entrepreneur still enjoys tinkering and works as a junior engineer for rpd international on sundays . “i’ll always be fascinated by problem - solving , ” he said . – telegraph .
the payouts will be based on seniority , not position at the company , betters said . everyone will get a certain dollar amount based on the number of months worked at brothers international as of april 30 , 2017 .
josh valman is managing director of rpd international , a design and manufacturing company , operating a global supply chain of creative individuals , suppliers and factories . from their headquarters in london’s westminster , his teams provide product design , manufacturing and supply chain solutions to companies across europe , asia and america .
with advanced searching , free company accounts and comprehensive credit reports across 11 countries , company check is the uk ' s most used online business data provider , delivering 107 million reports to over 22 million visitors in 2017 alone .
junior chamber international ( jci ) uk is committed to raising awareness of young people doing amazing things in our businesses and communities .
at just 19 years old , josh valman has built a global manufacturing company , valued at more than £1 million .
“rpd differs from the miproto platform in that there are local project managers — if you pay the enterprise rate you will have a dedicated person at rpd who knows all of the projects undertaken by your company and who can act as a liaison between rpd , the company using the platform and the departments involved in each project . the miproto platform is more guided for individual people who have an idea and want help to get it made — there’s more hand holding .
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rpd international has pledged marketing , mentoring and business support as well as the design and manufacturing of the winner’s products . it has also offered a 20 per cent discount on the design and manufacture of products from any shortlisted applicant .
now the product designer , still just 19 , has just closed a £250 000 seed funding round to value the company at more than £1m , just six months after he launched . the teenager is the boss of rpd international , which allows firms to pay a fixed retainer to access a flexible supply chain , comprising designers , engineers and distributors . “we can help to make any product . a six - person firm can deliver as much as a 2 000 - person company now , ” he says .
my name is josh valman , ceo of rpd international and we help companies develop and produce new products . we work directly with senior management and r & d or innovation teams , to solve problems , develop sustainable solutions and bring them to market .
attorney stephen jones , who represented brothers international in the case , said the dispute was resolved without filing , so there is no record of it on file .
but since then valman has been very selective in the investors he’s chosen . it’s not about the money , but more about what they can offer in terms of skills and connections . “some people i would take £5 , 000 off but it’s not because it’s £5 , 000 , it’s because this guy is the director of this company who can connect me to that company who can in turn connect me to this other company . ”
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rpd ™ ‘s competitive advantage is delivering greater capacity at faster rates with much less material waste .
i can’t say i ever intended to start a business . my first company , miproto , came about as a scaling of a successful freelance career .
we’re powering six to 10 - person companies and manufacturing and delivering products at the same level a 200 - strong person company might , but quicker .
betters credits his employees with the growth of his business and hopes to inspire other company owners to give back to the people who helped them grow .
rpd currently employs 46 staff around the globe , and will turn over seven figures this financial year .
rpd ™ is pioneering the next industrial revolution ; be a part of the future of additive manufacturing .
with his entrepreneur head on he got thinking and realised that companies , both large and small , rather than individuals were using this service . so , using the same global supply chain , in january 2014 he launched rpd international – a corporate platform that powers design and manufacturing for companies .
rpd ™ is fast , efficient , oem - qualified , faa - certified , and now in production .
bosch , cisco , hive by british gas , rpd international and fab lab london have joined the likes of ee , john lewis and unilever to pledge their support for a £1m launchpad competition , which will provide support for start - ups working in the internet of things ( iot ) space .
rapid competed in heat 3 of series 10 , where despite being relatively inexperienced competitors themselves , team rpd proved to be the veteran competitors against newcomers track - tion and bucky the robot in their first battle . the team introduced themselves by revealing to dara ó briain that rpd international pledged to hire roboteers capable of defeating the newly improved rapid , and that the competition was the best place to scout talent .
with a company rumoured to be worth £5m , this 22 year - old founder proves that , when it comes to business , age is just a number . . .
r - cast has realized a set of functions corresponding to the main steps of the rpd model : situation analysis , recognition , evaluation , coa implementation , and expectancy monitoring . fig . 2 shows the implemented rpd process .
he launched his company rpd international six months ago , with a plan to provide small companies with access to teams of designers , engineers and distributors . on his website josh says his mission is
to make product design and manufacturing accessible to everybody .
everybody has ideas ,
he writes .
so why should resources be the limiting factor to what this world can achieve ?
rpd currently employs 46 people and will turn over seven figures this financial year . clients include a jewellery company that creates pieces for high street retailers including topshop . josh may already have proven himself as an accomplished businessman , but he has not lost his love of engineering , and alongside his role as md he has taken up a sunday job as a junior engineer at his own firm .
i’m having fun . we’re building a company to continue having fun . it’s incredible how rpd has helped so many small companies compete with big firms . to have access to a global supply chain , without a seven to eight - figure investment , has completely changed what a small firm is capable of .
for larger companies and oem , the platform offers the ability to expand their capabilities , rather than replace exiting facilities . “the end - game for the rpd platform is that any company could customise the experience with their branding , releasing it to their internal teams or even to end customers . ” explained josh .
16 . the decision - making process of claim 1 , including agents operative to adjust the progress of the rpd model .
17 . the decision - making process of claim 1 , including agents operative to adjust the progress of the rpd model .
if there is no decision space applicable to t , i . e . , the rpd - agent cannot handle the task due to lack of expertise , this agent has to find one competent rpd - agent and transfer the task to that agent .
rpd ' s distributed creativity model brings together talent and experience from all over the world , to look at problems very differently .
realizing that the success of his company is based on his employees , travis betters decided to give the entire settlement to his 50 staffers , with those who have more seniority getting the biggest chunks .
valman’s cv , with its four job roles – md of rpd international , md of miproto , owner of urltoken and freelance product design engineer – reads like that of someone at least ten years older . however , what gives it away is his schooling : vyners school in ickenham , west london , 2006 – 2013 . he only completed his a levels last year !
betters cannot disclose the details due to the confidentiality agreement of the settlement , saying only that the amount was significant . he notified employees that they would be receiving the extra money via company e - mail .
snook , who has been with the company 10 years , plans to put the money toward her family ' s expenses . she declined to say how much she received , indicating only that it was a large sum .
but what exactly does his company do ? valman explains it simply as “rpd powers design and manufacturing departments for companies . ” basically he has built a global supply chain that consists of specialist factories and contractors to handle everything in a product development project from conception , to prototyping , to mass production to delivery . it can handle all or just a small part .
today , rpd is rumoured to be worth as much as £5m and boasts a current growth rate of 450 % year - on - year .
[ 12 ] f . robichaud . implementing a naturalistic command agent design . in presented at the workshop on computerized representation of rpd , 2002 .
the competition is open to all european entrepreneurs , as long as their company is registered in the uk and has a working connection with either the london or cambridge tech clusters . closing date for submissions is 3 september 2014 .
founded in 2001 , brothers international produces freeze - dried fruit snacks and value - priced wines under lost vineyards and sangrias as well as fruit ingredients . the retail products are sold at supermarkets nationwide , including walmart . betters , who now lives with his family in victor , ontario county , is a graduate of oakfield high school in genesee county and worked in the wholesale food business before launching brothers international with his brother matt , initially in batavia and now at 1143 lexington ave . in an industrial part of rochester .
the drum speaks to people across the global media and marketing sector who are bringing something a little different to the industry and talks to them about what little insights they can offer the rest of us . this week ' s 10 questions with . . . features josh valman , founder of the ground breaking product development and manufacturing company rpd talks connectivity , spielberg and business lunch attire .
“rpd powers design and manufacturing departments for companies around the world . it’s a platform for any company to integrate into their firm — for example tct could run urltoken — anyone at tct could log in and start working on a product they wanted to develop , have it priced , have it made into 3d drawings , rapid prototyped , or manufactured all the way up to a million units .
that ' s what happened to employees at brothers international food corp . the ceo of the rochester - based firm that makes fruit products and beverages received a financial windfall from a competitor in a legal settlement and gave it all back to the people who work there .
rpd operates new product development , manufacturing and supply chain elements of your business , to deliver new products to market and lead the pace of global innovation .
the r - cast architecture implements the collaborative - rpd model described above . fig . 1 shows an abstract view of the r - cast agent architecture .
with rpd , companies from 1 - 10 , 000 people are able to design , prototype , manufacture and deliver with enormous efficiency , without the large investment .
back in his office , valman has employed people to work with the british standards institution ( bsi ) to certify rpd’s processes and facilities – the boring side of business , according to him , whilst he gets very little sleep jetting off all over the place hunting out suppliers and spreading the word of what rpd does .
titanium wire , argon gas , plasma arc , and process controls are at the heart of rpd ™ , resulting in forged strength at the speed of innovation .
there have been several attempts in computerizing the rpd model . for example , there are rpd - related studies that used long - term memory structure [ 17 ] , fuzzy techniques [ 12 ] , and neural networks [ 7 ] to represent experiences . the navy dss system [ 9 ] implements a functional model that allows a decision maker to explore alternative hypothesis . there are also attempts in integrating rpd with agent technologies [ 10 ] [ 14 ] [ 17 ] [ 20 ] . for example , norling et al . [ 10 ] explored the ways of using rpd to enhance bdi agents so that the simulations of human societies would be more realistic . warwick , et al . [ 17 ] [ 20 ] investigated a computational approach to rpd to represent human decision - making for concept exploration , analysis , or evaluation . however , all of these attempts have ignored the support of team collaboration in the rpd decision - making process . this actually leaves the most exciting part of the rpd model as an open research issue : how a team of agents , with a shared computational rpd process , are supposed to work together in collaboratively developing situation awareness , in effectively anticipating others ' information needs relevant to cues and expectancies , and in proactively sharing information to make better decisions under time pressure .
the miproto and rpd platforms empower non - technical users to realise their products with the knowledge that the engineers and manufacturers they are tapping into are qualified and vetted .
j . yen , j . yin , t . ioerger , m . miller , d . xu , r . volz ;
cast : collaborative agents for simulating teamwork ,
proceedings of the seventh international joint conference on artificial intelligence , pp . 1135 - 1142 , aug . 2001 .
18 months ago josh valman founded miproto — a way to make product design and development accessible to everyone — a website where you could upload all of your product ideas and have them developed and manufactured ready for market . the platform proved a success not only for the general public to which it was aimed , but also with small and large companies alike . this realisation lead to further research and the development of a new , commercially biased platform — rpd international .
what is also important is that an agent can be involved in multiple decision tasks , which may or may not have relations . it is thus necessary for an rpd - agent to be able to effectively manage multiple attentions ( rpd processes ) . for flexibility , we leave the issue of attention management open to the designers of agent architectures .
one company - one brand : waeco´s highly appreciated and valued solutions have been rebranded and will be offered by dometic from now on . our motivation is to build one strong , consistent and distinctive corporate brand out of these various valuable sub brands dometic consisted of before .
in an effort to use rpd for collaborative decision - making in teamwork settings , an objective of this invention is to establish a computational collaborative rpd model , and empower intelligent agents with such a model so that they can help a decision - making team to better collaborate with each other for effective team decision - making . collaborative rpd is quite different from an individual rpd model . collaborative rpd is more complex because the process involves interactions between the decision - making agent and its teammates ( both human and intelligent agents ) . however , collaborative rpd is also much more powerful because the decision - making agent can leverage information processing capabilities of others ( such as information gathering , filtering and fusing ) . thus , according to this invention , decisions can be made with better quality ( e . g . , in terms of timeliness or correctness ) . the following description focuses on ( 1 ) types of decision - making tasks , ( 2 ) collaborative situation awareness , ( 3 ) collaborative story building , and ( 4 ) collaborative expectancy monitoring .
rpd supports businesses in finding the latest trends and opportunities . we focus on market fit and manufacturing viability , bringing detailed practical knowledge on manufacturing , differentiating from traditional agency models .
rpd works with you from concept , through to finished product . we work across design , engineering and electronics - integrating all of these services to reduce cost and time in handover .
founding miproto , an accessible way for anybody to have an idea produced , was a way to scale my freelance work . now rpd powers design and manufacturing for companies around the world .
case - based reasoning ( cbr ) is another psychological theory of human cognition [ 27 ] , focusing on the process of reminding ( experience - guided reasoning ) and learning . while there is no clear line between rpd and cbr as far as their process models are concerned ( e . g . , both cover experience retrieval , solution adaptation and evaluation ) , they differ in several important aspects . first , rpd originates from studies about how human experts make decisions under time pressure [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . experiences in rpd are prior decision - making cases , while experiences in cbr can be of any kind . from such a perspective , rpd can be taken as a subfield of cbr . second , while storage and retrieval are central aspects of cbr , research on rpd is more concerned with the iterative process of recognition refinement ( i . e . , developing better situation awareness through information gathering ) . third , rpd systems ought to be aware of time stress and make as better decisions as time permitted , but this is not a requirement on cbr systems . in addition , the collaborative - rpd model implemented in r - cast takes a more extensive view , focusing not only on human - centered teamwork in making decisions , but also seriously addressing related issues such as collaborative situation awareness and expectancy monitoring .
sarah is a non - executive director of the police ict company , a member of the audit , risk and compliance committee of kings college london and an advisory board member at imperial college and oxford university . she has also worked as an advisor to a number of technology start - ups .
many companies have in - house facilities and systems for product development already , but they’re complex and wrestling with legacy issues . plus not everyone in that company can use them , as josh explained : “one of the companies that is using the rpd platform has over 10 , 000 employees but only the ‘top’ 1000 employees has access to the manufacturing facilities . if one of the other 9 , 000 employees has an idea , it’s very difficult for them to interrupt the system and experiment .
rpd currently employs 46 staff around the globe , and will turn over seven figures this financial year . “we’re growing 50 percent month - on - month at the moment , ” he said .
in our model , no restriction is placed on the sources of decision tasks . it could be a pre - specified step in a plan , could be a request from a human partner or other teammates , or could be dynamically identified by an agent itself . responding to a decision task t , an rpd - agent will first follow the procedure below to initialize the rpd process :
[ 10 ] e . norling , l . sonenberg , and r . ronnquist . enhancing multi - agent based simulation with human - like decision making strategies . in proceedings of the second international workshop on multi - agent based simulation ( moss , s . and davidsson , p . eds ) , page 214 - 228 , 2000 .
in terms of actually getting products made , josh explained : “we have nine factories - five in the uk , four in china — that are specialised in different aspects of production , different materials , different production run lengths etc . , we are expanding that network at the moment and looking for more international facilities for a global client base .
assuming that satisfying reflects human behavior better than optimizing [ 13 ] , the rpd model argues for finding the first workable solution through recognizing the similarity between the current decision situation and previous decision experiences . the rpd model divides a decision - making process into two phases [ 5 ] : recognizing which course of action makes sense for the current situation ; then evaluating the course of action by imagining it .
looking around you wouldn’t guess that this company has grown 50 per cent month on month since its launch in january 2014 , employs 46 people and is on track to achieving a seven figure turnover this financial year . you certainly wouldn’t guess that the man at the helm is 19 - year old josh valman .
norsk titanium rapid plasma deposition ™ ( rpd ™ ) is an faa - certified , oem - qualified additive manufacturing process that delivers structural titanium parts with reduced lead time and cost . the future is now .
this invention is directed to providing collaborative agents for simulating teamwork with a recognition - primed decision ( rpd ) model , thereby enhancing analysis through linking and sharing information using knowledge and experience distributed among team members .
“no one knew how old i was . the work kept coming in and at one point i was earning £10 , 000 a week . ” now the product designer , still just 19 , has just closed a £250 , 000 seed funding round to value the company at more than £1m , just six months after he launched .
summary josh valman discusses how rpd combined people , expertise , and experience from around the world to re - design the concept of flying for a multi - billion $ airline , whilst teaching how to solve big ideas .
rpd allows you enter the market quickly with a small ( 1 - 100k ) production run , and then scale . we help you validate a product’s success , and begin returning investment , whilst you setup your traditional processes .
team rpd had a memorable ' hero shot ' when they entered the arena in series 9 , as josh valman opened an umbrella in the face of the steam jets . this umbrella actually belonged to tara ware [ 3 ] .
providing a recognition - primed decision ( rpd ) model enabling one or more of the agents to anticipate information needs , seek , fuse , and share information so as to enhance the quality or timeliness of decisions regarding the situation .
rpd is a specialist in scaling manufacturing and works with you on cost - down , certification , testing and optimisation for the product and supply chain . our facilities are designed to help you begin returning on investment , whilst developing internal production capabilities .
second , rpd - agents can use expectancies to refine a decision , leveraging some structures within the active ekb . the invalidation of some expectancies may indicate that the once workable recognition is no longer applicable to the changing situation . the already executed part of the selected course of actions may still make sense , but the rest part has to be adjusted . in such cases , the rpd - agent can start another round of recognition , using the experience refinement relation described earlier to develop a better solution .
so far rpd has worked with a range of clients including creative agencies such as london - based taxi studio , which as part of a national campaign for its client – plasterboard producer siniat – asked for 550 small foam bulls to be made and delivered .
this invention relates generally to decision - making and , in particular , to providing collaborative agents for simulating teamwork with a recognition - primed decision ( rpd ) model , thereby enhancing analysis through linking and sharing information using knowledge and experience distributed among team members .
explore the decision space hierarchy to pick one that is applicable to the decision task . a decision space ekb j is chosen and fixed in the rest of the rpd process if ft can be covered by c ekbj . however , the determination of ft itself is a high - demanding cognitive task , and the selected decision space might not be the desired one . thus , an internal mechanism of decision - space adaptation is highly needed so that the rpd - agent can recover from wrong selections of the decision space .
[ 5 ] g . a . klein . the recognition - primed decision ( rpd ) model : looking back , looking forward . naturalistic decision making ( eds : c . e . zsambok and g . klein ) , pages 285 - 292 , 1997 .
yoshikuni takashige joined fujitsu in 1984 . he was engaged in international business , taking a strong leadership in developing fujitsu’s important strategic partnerships and joint ventures with global companies . since 2012 , he has been responsible for portfolio strategy for fujitsu’s broad range of products and services . he leads the creation of fujitsu technology and service vision , which sets out fujitsu’s vision and its thinking on how organisations can innovate by leveraging digital technologies . he speaks about innovations internationally .
rapid , styled by the team as rapid , was a heavyweight robot which competed in series 9 and 10 of robot wars . a one - time grand finalist entered by design and manufacturing firm rpd international , rapid reached the second round of series 9 , but after being drawn against aftershock at the beginning of the head - to - heads , it sustained terminal damage and forfeited from the competition . rapid was much more successful in series 10 , reaching the grand final by throwing a robot out of the arena in all three battles leading up to it , setting the record for the quickest victory in the history of the show along the way , before succumbing to an explosive defeat at the hands of carbide in the robot redemption round .
supporting over 100 research and development ( r & d ) departments across europe and asia , valman operates rpd across two offices in the uk and china , with manufacturing facilities across 40 countries . valman counts the likes of unilever , vodafone and air new zealand as clients .
in the heat final , rapid faced robot wars veteran terrorhurtz for the second time in its career , for a place in the grand final . in preparation for its opponent ' s powerful axe , team rpd applied a layer of hdpe to the top of their robot .
“we found that a lot of companies were using miproto — which was intended to be a consumer platform — just to have access to these facilities . we spoke to them and realised that something like rpd would make their life a lot easier . big name brands really value their designers but a lot of them work in 2d and outsource the work of turning those designs in to viable 3d cad and prototypes . this outsourcing is done with multiple companies , taking excessive time and money . rpd doesn’t replace any designer ; it is simply a more efficient way to execute on ideas . ”
when the company went to raise further funding , the use by commercial users became more apparent . josh realised that the same problems miproto encountered when dealing with the general public were still going on in a professional environment — even big companies were dealing with terrible supply chains . “it would be taking them months and months to get things on the table . so by using the engineers and factories we had brought together for miproto we created a platform for companies . ”
collaborative agents for simulating teamwork ( cast ) are provided with a recognition - primed decision ( rpd ) model , thereby enhancing analysis through linking and sharing information using knowledge and experience distributed among team members . the rpd model is integrated within a cast architecture to the extent that agents can proactively seek and fuse information to enhance the quality and timeliness of the decision - making process . the approach , which is applicable to both human assistants and virtual teammates , can approximately track human ' s decision - making process and effectively interact with human users . a disclosed example relates to teams of agents analyzing terrorist activities .
the computational rpd model implemented in r - cast is also a collaborative model . as shown in fig . 3 , each r - cast agent ( e . g . , s3 agent ) may have a human partner , who can override the decisions suggested by the r - cast agent . an r - cast agent can also team up with other r - cast agents and interact with them . as far as a specific decision task is concerned , if one rpd - agent who has the required expertise is designated as the final decision maker , all the other r - cast agents will be supporters ( of course , the supporters may be the final decision makers for other tasks ) . in the current implementation , a decision maker agent can collaborate with its human partner and the other supporting agents along the rpd process . here we mainly focus on exchanging information relevant to establishing situation awareness for decision - makings .
“in that situation , they’re using rpd to power lower level teams . by validating ideas externally , before dedicating expensive internal resources , companies can greatly expand the number of minds contributing to corporate innovation . an idea doesn’t always come from experience . that’s 9 , 000 new contributors , with 0 new hires . ”
another was a british supercar manufacturer who tasked rpd with designing its key fob asking : ‘how can our customers feel the beauty of our engine , without opening the bonnet every day ? ’ . with a reasonable budget , valman combined three minds : an american artist , italian fashion designer and a scandinavian industrial designer .
i’m proud of the team we’ve built and the environment they create . it’s an incredible place where every single person room , in every office , is doing what they love . we’re proud of the fact we don’t retain ip created , if not linked to projects . so a lot of our teams are working on their own products , with access to the facilities . as much as developing a high value company is important – the most important feeling is that people love where they work .
“technically everything done on the rpd platform is done ‘in - house’ by us . we have teams of engineers all over the world that are specialised in different areas — from a nuclear submarine engineer to graduate and undergraduate designers and engineers that are building a portfolio . we can associate the right designers with the right projects .
charles is chief executive of baker dearing educational trust , which promotes and sustains university technical colleges . he has worked in industrial strategy , corporate finance and property development , mostly for charter plc , where he was an executive director from 1990 - 96 . he was clerk to the mercers’ company from 1997 - 2008 when he became involved with the academies programme as a sponsor and project manager . he was academies adviser to partnerships for schools from 2008 - 10 and finance director of faber music ltd .
i decided to give 100 percent of the money to the employees of the company . i will not be receiving any proceeds ,
the e - mail read .
why ? this was not part of a forecast or goal , not factored in with how we run the business . this was a unique situation where my experience paid off . my experience has also led me to hiring you , which continues to pay off every day . this is my way of saying thank you .
therefore , we have implemented an iterative , computational rpd model in r - cast , which explicitly incorporates the idea of “recognition refinement” , and supports situation reconsideration during action execution phase . the computational model is also much more flexible for us to investigate the time pressure issue . since r - cast agents can make a sequence of decisions ( the length of the sequence is restricted by the external time pressure ) , with one decision refining the preceding ones , it can always return an acceptable decision relative to the timing constraints . this virtually guarantees no critical decision is missed under stress situations . pseudo - code of the iterative algorithm for rpd is as follows :
i never made a formal decision . these things just kind of happen ! i was working on small projects , for really small amounts of money , and it escalated from there . over time people would introduce my work , rather than me – and i was able to get access to some much bigger corporate work . i spent a couple of years working on international supply chain projects – all remotely , for success fees . a lot of the skill in this , was having complete ignorance . supply chain is often a legacy business , and so stupid questions uncover big opportunities .
an agent architecture based on collaborative rpd responds to the challenges for hs decision - making teams in three important ways . first , terrorist detection and investigation rely on the capability of recognizing critical patterns from the current situations . the collaborative rpd model disclosed herein is per se recognition - primed . to achieve an improved situation awareness , r - cast allows agents in a team to anticipate the information needs of the decision - making agent ( dma ) based on their shared mental model , and to proactively seek , fuse and deliver relevant information to the decision - making agent . in addition , teammates can assist the dma in re - assessing situations by monitoring the changes to the relevant expectancies .
at 17 years old , josh valman was working in freelance product design , when he noticed a trend : “many people were coming to me with their product ideas because i was accessible , ” he explained . “it struck me that it was easier for them to come to a ‘kid’ and have him take on the work , than it was to sit down in front of a panel of designers at a firm and have their idea scrutinised to the nth degree . it was that spirit of accessibility that we embodied into the new company .
“at it’s core the rpd platform is an accessible closed - network of expertise in engineering and manufacturing . each engineer is personally interviewed and the output of each factory is assessed to ensure it meets the standards people need and expect . we have around 300 applicants per position and would recruit maybe five people from that pool , so the quality is very high .
the platform is also used extensively by creative branding and marketing industries . creative firms are using rpd to power ‘ideo’ like departments , producing and delivering physical prototypes and products as part of their service . the simplified process takes the expense out of manufacturing for these companies , allowing them to upload simple hand sketches and deliver physical products in a matter of days and weeks .
in accordance with the invention , the rpd model is integrated within the cast architecture to the extent that agents can proactively seek and fuse information to enhance the quality and timeliness of the decision - making process . the approach , which is applicable to both human assistants and virtual teammates , can approximately track human ' s decision - making process and effectively interact with human users .
the potential of the rpd platform is obvious for smes and larger oems alike . specifically , the ability to either follow through an entire development cycle or just pick sketch - to - cad , 2d - to - 3d , cad - to–prototype or prototype - to - production assistance could be invaluable in relieving bottlenecks for established organisations , as well as helping to push startups forward .
broadly , this invention resides in a collaborative rpd model ( section vi . a ) and the r - cast software architecture ( section vi . b ) that is based on a shared decision - making process among team members . an anti - terrorist scenario and an application are also disclosed in section vii and viii , respectively , to show how r - cast agents can help human teams make decisions .
ben thompson is a bbc business reporter and presenter . he hosts bbc world’s flagship business daily bbc business live , and also covers business matters every friday on bbc breakfast . covering everything from the latest stock market and economic news to the breaking business developments around the world , ben also interviews leading figures and entrepreneurs . he looks at new tech start - ups , multi - national company results , and the outlook for individuals , nations and businesses around the world . ben lived and reported from new york and dubai serving as north america business correspondent and middle east business correspondent . prior to working in front of the camera he was a bbc business producer .
first , expectancies can be used to initiate a complete new decision . an expectancy states what will happen , serving as a gate - condition for keeping following the current recognition . some expectancies may be so crucial that whenever they conflict with the new observed facts , it indicates the decision maker has heavily misinterpreted the current situation . in such cases , the rpd - agent has to diagnose the current recognition , re - considering the whole space of the active ekb for another time .
an r - cast agent may trigger the rpd decision process in one of three modes : 1 ) based on human ' s recognition , 2 ) based on agent ' s recognition , or 3 ) based on decision points explicitly specified in a plan . in the first mode , the need for making a decision is first recognized by a human based on his expertise and his assessment of the current situation . he then delegates the identified decision - making task to his assistant agent , who will trigger the rpd process and inform other teammates of the decision - making request so that they can collaborate in making the decision . in the second mode , the need for making a decision is recognized by an agent based on its situation assessment . running in this mode , an r - cast agent needs to continually pay attention to the changes of cues or patterns of cues in order to recognize the emerging decision tasks . in the third mode , the needs for making decisions are explicitly specified in a team plan as fixed decision points , and the rpd process is triggered whenever agents reaches a decision point . generally , an r - cast agent running in the first mode can evolve into a system in the second mode , after the agent gain enough expertise ( e . g . , cues to consider ) for recognizing decision - making tasks through learning from humans . similarly , a system operating in the second mode can further evolve to act in the third mode .
there has been much theory and research presented with respect to team cognition , naturalistic decision - making , and collaborative technology [ 8 ] in relation to real world , complex domains of practice . however , there has been very little work in looking at cognitive agent architectures as a means to assist and support distributed team cognition and decision - making . this is particularly true as applied to naturalistic decision - making theory ( e . g . , klein ' s rpd framework [ 4 ] ) .
after an rpd - agent makes a recognition , it will continuously monitor the associated expectancies until the completion of the selected course of actions . expectancy monitoring is one of the key features to support adaptive decision - makings . a dm agent can subscribe information relevant to the expectancies that need to be continuously monitored . such collaborative expectancy monitoring can take full advantage of the team ' s distributed cognition , so that the dm agent can terminate the actions resulted from a wrong recognition at the earliest opportunity .
third , since rpd is an abstract model of a human ' s decision - making process , r - cast naturally combines the attributes of human cognition with computational intelligence . through human interface , r - cast achieves a certain degree of adjustable autonomy in making decisions . this agent architecture can not only enhance the capabilities of anti - terrorist analysts in identifying terrorist threats , but also pave the way for the next generation digital assistants that are “personalized” not only for individuals , but also for teams .
evaluation is a process for selecting a workable course of action . for human decision makers , evaluation is a mental simulation process : people imagine how the course of action may evolve and judge whether the relevant goals can be achieved . for an r - cast agent , we simplify the process by simulating the effects of the selected plan ( i . e . , the chosen course of action ) in the knowledge base ( kb ) . first , the rpd - agent checks whether the preconditions of the selected plan is satisfiable with respect to its kb . if so , the agent asserts the effects of the plan into its kb and uses the kb engine to check whether the relevant goals become true . if a plan can pass such a two - phase kb evaluation , it is deemed as a workable solution for the current situation and the agent will coordinate with other teammates to execute the plan . otherwise , the agent has to make another round of recognition , going through the rpd process again .
others have been investigating ( a ) the use of software agents for robust battlefield simulation ( e . g . , [ 21 ] ) ; ( b ) the use of agents as aids to information filtering in a decision environment ( e . g . , [ 22 ] [ 23 ] ) ; ( c ) shared situation awareness ( e . g . , [ 24 ] ) , cognitive models of situation awareness ( e . g . , [ 25 ] ) ; and ( d ) teaming with automation ( e . g . , [ 26 ] ) . the collaborative - rpd model implemented in r - cast is linked to but also distinguished from the existing work in important ways . first , r - cast is the first rpd - enabled agent architecture designed for supporting teamwide collaborations ( including human - agent and agent - agent collaborations ) . with collaboration in mind , we take an intensive view of the recognition phase of the rpd process and focus on the investigation of how proactive information exchange among teammates might affect the performance of a decision - making team . second , r - cast agents can proactively reason across decision spaces , seek missing information from external intelligence sources , exchange relevant information among teammates , and monitor an on - going decision against potential expectancy . third , the “cognitively - aware” agents , as teammates or decision aids , each assigned to a specific functional area , can be used to assist human teams ( e . g . , military staff ) in developing shared situation awareness while balancing information requirements against the dynamic and time sensitive decision - making process .
rpd is available with plans starting from a £100 + vat monthly deposit . each project is then priced and billed individually , based on an hourly rate and manufacturing costs . josh explains “the monthly deposit is a way for us to make sure we always have enough project managers . that way , there’s always somebody you can call and say ‘help ! ’” he continues : “effectively , the larger the monthly deposit , the more projects you can do in a month and the cheaper they are . we also have several corporate plans that include things such as dedicated internal project managers for the customer . ”
rapid kept moving around the arena , despite the smoke , staying out of carbide ' s way . rapid eventually moved into a clearer area and was hit by carbide ' s weapon again . rapid stopped moving and the smoke texture changed from large quantities of thin smoke to thick , white smoke . carbide hit rapid a few more times at team rpd ' s own request as ' cease ' was called . some time after ' cease ' , rapid burst into flames completely , enveloping the whole robot in fire to the amusement of both teams . the charred remains of rapid were therefore eliminated from the competition .
it was revealed after this battle that aftershock had significantly bent the flipper arm , which required cutting in half and re - welding straight before its next fight against terrorhurtz . while the team reassembled the robot , they discovered that its gearbox had also seized , with one of its wheels locking up and potentially rendering it unable to drive straight . as the repairs required an extra hour to complete , and were therefore impossible to make within the allotted time , rapid was forced to forfeit its place in the remainder of the second round . jellyfish was reinstated to fight terrorhurtz in rapid ' s place , with team rpd offering jellyfish their spare speed controller .
an agent may have multiple goals to pursue . an r - cast agent uses the am module to manage the attentions under its concern . for instance , based on the agent ' s situation assessment and cooperation requests from other agents , the agent may pay more attention to one goal , or suspend the pursuit of one goal and switch to another . more specifically , a team process may involve various kinds of decisions ( e . g . , working under multiple contexts ) . since each decision task will trigger one rpd process , it is the am ' s responsibility to effectively and carefully adjust the decision - maker agent ' s attentions on decision tasks .
in series 9 , rapid ' s flipper did not run flush to the floor , instead relying on small notches beside the flipper to breach ground clearances . this was altered for series 10 , where although the flipper was still raised from the floor , the flipper now had a blade . the sides surrounding the flipper were also made much wider , leading team rpd to believe they possessed the lowest wedge in robot wars . however , josh valman referred to his robot as ' completely overengineered ' , and ultimately their forfeit from series 9 was because of the inaccessibility of rapid ' s parts during the repair process , and the time it would take to remanufacture essential parts .
smm stores the knowledge and information that are shared by all the member of a team . the smm implemented in r - cast contains four components : team processes ( including the rpd process ) , team structure , shared domain knowledge , and information - needs graphs . the shared domain knowledge may include inter - agent conversation protocols and social norms to follow , domain - specific inference knowledge , etc . an information - needs graph maintains a dynamic , progress - sensitive structure of teammates ' information - needs , ensuring that only relevant information is delivered to the right entity at the right time . the smm management module is responsible for updating and refining the smm and may entail inter - agent communications to maintain cross - agent consistency of certain critical parts of team members ' smms .