calcium looping ( cal ) , or the regenerative calcium cycle ( rcc ) , is a second-generation carbon capture technology .

it is the most developed form of carbonate looping , where a metal ( m ) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form ( mco ₃ ) and its oxide form ( mo ) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant .

in the calcium looping process , the two species are calcium carbonate ( caco ₃ ) and calcium oxide ( cao ) .

the captured carbon dioxide can then be transported to a storage site , used in enhanced oil recovery or used as a chemical feedstock .

calcium oxide is often referred to as the sorbent .

calcium looping is being developed as it is a more efficient , less toxic alternative to current post-combustion capture processes such as amine scrubbing .

it also has interesting potential for integration with the cement industry .

calcium looping

the uk demonstration of enhanced calcium looping and first global demonstration of advanced doping techniques is improving the performance of calcium looping by testing doped - materials at pilot scale .
a novel calcium looping absorbent incorporated with polymorphic spacers for hydrogen production and . . .
the core of our process is known as ccms - calcium looping in molten salts .
abatement using the calcium looping cycle . energy environ sci . 2011 ; 4 : 2050–3 .
design and experimental investigation of calcium looping process for 3 - kwth and 1 . 9 - mwth facilities
calcium - looping for post - combustion co2 capture . on the adverse effect of sorbent regeneration under co2
2 . outline of presentation • flowsheeting – integration of power generation , calcium looping , biomass utilisation and ocean liming . • experimental work – integration of power production , calcium looping , biomass utilisation and cement manufacture .
calcium - looping for post - combustion co2 capture . on the adverse effect of sorbent regeneration under co2 | request pdf
uptake of modified calcium - based sorbens in a pressurized carbonation–calcination looping . fuel process technol . 2011 ; 92 : 1144–51 .
calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture reviews the fundamental principles , systems , oxygen carriers , and carbon dioxide carriers relevant to chemical looping and combustion .
in book : calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture , pp . 107 - 138
in book : calcium and chemical looping technology for power generation and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) capture , pp . 39 - 48
capture behavior of limestone modified with pyroligneous acid ( pa ) during calcium looping cycles . ind eng chem res . 2011 ; 50 : 10222–8 .
the centre for combustion , carbon capture and storage has extensive experience with calcium looping , with the two largest plants of its kind in the uk ; the 25 kwth and the 50 kwth interconnected fluidised - bed systems . moreover , the group has vast experience with the production , characterisation and testing of natural , enhanced and synthetic materials for calcium looping and chemical looping combustion technologies .
calcium looping the principle of calcium looping is well known . calcium oxide , ( cao ) absorbs co 2 below a certain temperature to form calcium carbonate ( caco 3 ) . at higher temperatures , the calcium carbonate releases the co 2 and returns to calcium oxide . the process works both ways : cao ( s ) + co 2 ( g ) ↔ caco 3 ( s ) the equilibrium has a turning point temperature of about 900°c . there is abundant information available on the web on calcium looping for carbon capture . we use this well - known concept in a new way by using the molten salts as a medium , thereby keeping all the advantages but removing all disadvantages . this means more effective , more compact and more economical carbon cleaning .
here , we report the preliminary results of an investigation into the effects on cement chemistry of using as a feed calcium oxide ( cao ) which is the spent sorbent from a promising co 2 capture process , the calcium looping cycle .
high purity hydrogen production from sorption enhanced chemical looping glycerol reforming : applicat . . .
the liquid state of the salt enhances the properties of the calcium looping , and removes all known issues found in other calcium looping processes . the ccms process shows no physical degradation over time ; the process retains its effectiveness cycle after cycle . also , using the liquid salt dramatically reduces the problems of sintering and wear from particles .
emissions from coal combustion by calcium magnesium acetate . fuel , 2004 , 83 : 149–155
han d h , sohn h y . calcined calcium magnesium acetate as a superior so
exergy analysis of the biogas sorption - enhanced chemical looping reforming process integrated with a . . .
the salcape process uses this principle , but applies molten salt as the chemical solvent . hence the name ccms - calcium looping in molten salts . salt has some extremely favourable properties when applied in molten form . the salts applied in the ccms process have melting points well below the equilibrium temperature of 900 °c and are well suited as a medium for the calcium looping .
this chapter describes why calcium looping and chemical looping combustion technologies are more efficient than their rivals , particularly when the aim is to produce a stream of co2 for storage or utilization . the focus is on causes of inefficiency , and the development of solid looping cycle energy and exergy analyses as key tools to achieving designs with low efficiency penalties . the chapter . . . [ show full abstract ]
/ cao composite at ca - looping conditions . environ sci technol . 2012 ; 46 : 6401–8 .
effect of heat pretreatment / recarbonation in the ca - looping process at realistic calcination conditi . . .
relevant influence of limestone crystallinity on co2 capture in the ca - looping technology at realist . . .
calcium looping , carbonation - calcination , high temperature sorbents , lime , cyclic sorbent degradation , energy integration , interconnected cfb , postcombustion , power plant , solid circulation , purge flow , pilot plants .
cao - modified iron oxide oxygen carriers containing mono and di - calcium ferrite have been synthesised .
and hcl by carboxylic salts of calcium . ind eng chem res , 2005 , 44 : 4484–4494
ca - looping for postcombustion co2 capture : a comparative analysis on the performances of dolomite an . . .
post - combustion calcium looping is an emerging capture technology that uses cao particles as co2 sorbent . this work analyses the average maximum co2 carrying capacity of the sorbent ( xave ) in a continuous large - scale calcium looping ( cal ) pilot plant , which is believed to adequately represent the lifetime of cao particles in larger cal systems based on the regeneration of cao by oxyfuel . . . [ show full abstract ]
co 2 capture in existing power plants using second generation ca - looping systems firing biomass in t . . .
the cao - modified oxygen carriers gave more stable performance over chemical looping cycles than unmodified fe 2 o 3 .
presentation given by paul fennell of imperial college london on
the integration of power generation , cement manufacture , biomass utilisation and calcium looping .
at the alternative ccs pathways workshop , oxford martin school , 27 june 2014
capture using calcium - based sorbents is rapidly developing into a viable technology . however , the decrease in co
the new canadian laws on co2 emissions aim to lower the emissions of coal - fired power plants down to those of natural gas combined cycle units : 420 kg co2 / mweh . in order to meet these requirements , calcium looping and two process variants are investigated through process simulations using aspen plus v8 . 2 . the combination of calcium looping and chemical looping combustion , replacing the required air separation unit , is a way to reduce the energy penalty of the capture process . the addition of copper as an oxygen carrier in two different process configurations is compared to calcium looping and shown to reduce the efficiency penalty from 7 . 8 % to 4 . 5 % points but at the price of circulations rates up to about 3800 kg / s . the other improvement path studied is the implementation of calcium looping to a pressurized fluidized bed combustion unit . the pressurized carbonator acts as a reheater for the gas turbine and operating the carbonator at temperatures up to 798°c results in a reduction of the energy penalty from 5 . 1 % to 3 . 1 % points .
the fe in the calcium ferrites fully participated in the redox cycles , but the proportions of the ferrites changed .
cations that cause water hardness are calcium ( ca2 + ) and magnesium ( mg2 + ) . calcium hard water forms scale , usually calcium carbonate , which causes a variety of problems . boilers , water heaters , and hot - water lines , and increases water heating costs . the municipal supply and the intended plant or process use .
plant growing structures / containers in green house production cost estimation for green / polyhouse construction . . level by using amendments like lime ( calcium carbonate ) and dolomite ( ca - mg carbonate ) and basic , fertilizers like calcium
patsias a a , nimmo w , gibbs b m , et al . calcium - based sorbents for simultaneous no
li y j , zhao c s , chen h c , et al . modified cao - based sorbent looping cycle for co
the fe in the di - calcium ferrite is unavailable for clc but can be fully utilised for h 2 production .
calcium carbonate production cost analyses , including plant construction cost , operating expenses , raw materials consumption rates , flow diagrams .
refrigeration plants , ice and dust control on roads , and in cement production . starting material for production of calcium carbonate , calcium sulphate and barium . accordingly , in order to estimate the land lease cost of the project profiles it is
description : liquidation of machinery previously used at a complete milling operation for calcium carbonate products including limestone . the major equipment
itri wins the 2014 r & d ; 100 awards with the high - efficiency calcium looping technology ( heclot ) . carbon capture , storage and re - use technology is currently recognized by the iea as the most important carbon reduction technology now available . itri developed its high - efficiency calcium looping technology ( heclot ) and collaborated with taiwan cement corp . , to create the world ' s largest pilot plant for carbon dioxide capture using a calcium loop . heclot could reduce energy penalty less than 20 % , capture efficiency is over 90 % and one ton of carbon dioxide is at a cost of less than us $ 30 .
90 per cent using carbonate looping – and at acceptable costs . co . 2 can be in order to reduce the emissions from coal - fired power plants , researchers and in - dustry are the co2 is separated from the calcium carbonate by adding heat .
1 . the testing facility . technische universität darmstadt’s jochen hilz , jochen ströhle , and bernd epple ( from left to right ) in the carbon dioxide testing facility , which houses the 1 - mw calcium carbonate looping experimental pilot plant . courtesy : katrin binner
the technology is part of project scarlet ( “scale up of calcium carbonate looping technology for efficient co 2 capture from power and industrial plants” ) , a three - year research project funded by the european union to obtain reliable information for the scale - up of ccl .
why choose chemical looping or calcium looping ? pure and simple economics . should the emission of co2 be regulated , existing power stations will need to be retrofitted with co2 capture ( ca - looping is a candidate here ) , and new power stations will need to be built ( chemical looping could be a candidate ) . as regulation of co2 emissions comes closer , the cost to operate plants has become more of an issue for operators , with renewed interest in second - and third - generation technologies . here , the cost of co2 avoided is used as the primary metric by which to judge these technologies . a number of literature sources have been consulted , and costs have been rebased to 2011 prices to allow comparison on a fair basis . the price for calcium looping has been roughly estimated to be $ 2011 26 ± 10 , whereas that for chemical looping has been estimated to be $ 2011 20–30 ( based on application to a power station ) . a key message is that it is extremely important to consider how the financing has been accounted for in any analysis , prior to quoting a figure .
this chapter examines the energy penalties of the ca - looping co 2 capture system , different types of sorbents and their performance subjected to repeated cycles of carbonation and calcination , the co 2 capture efficiency and the possibility of integration of ca - looping and power plants to reduce energetic penalties .
li l , king dl , nie z , howard c . magnesia - stabilized calcium oxide absorbents with improved durability for high temperature co
this has led to the deposition of calcium carbonate scale on plant . . the estimate of probable construction costs was developed based on .
/ day mf / r . o . plant , the district took a novel approach to reducing the cost of the feed ph was used to calculate an acid dosage rate and the annual cost of sulfuric acid use for the most common scalants are calcium carbonate , calcium .
water will cut overall costs and improve plant operating efficiency . . . 12 . 4 calcium carbonate ( caco3 ) equivalent of common substances .
nimmo w , patsias a a , hampartsoumian e , et al . calcium magnesium acetate and urea advanced reburning for no control with simultaneous so
. . . in order to mitigate climate change , various technologies have been proposed to capture co 2 [ 3 , 4 ] e . g . , solvent based post - combustion capture [ 5 ] , chemical looping [ 6 ] , oxy - fuel combustion [ 7 ] , li 4 sio 4 based high temperature co 2 capture [ 8 ] and calcium looping [ 9 ] . calcium looping is one of the most promising co 2 capture technologies to acquire concentrated co 2 from flue gas from coal - fired plants [ 10 ] or sorbent enhanced hydrogen production processes [ 11 , 12 ] . co 2 in the flue gas is captured by cao , generating caco 3 , in a carbonation reactor at about 650 °c . . . .
no degradation of efficiency by each cycle . traditional calcium looping systems typically need regular replacement of new solvent to maintain efficiency . the ccms method , however , shows no degradation of efficiency over time . there is no need for regular change of solvent ( purging ) to keep the same high efficiency .
. . . oxy - combustion capture is similar to post - combustion capture with the difference being that fuel is burnt with pure oxygen instead of air , thereby forming only co 2 and water , which is separated thereafter . recently , a promising concept called chemical looping ( or calcium looping ) combustion has received significant attention [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] . chemical looping is based on the transfer of oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel by means of a solid oxygen carrier ( such as a metal oxide ) , avoiding direct 40 contact between fuel and air [ 13 ] . . . .
liu wq , low nwl , feng b , wang gx , da costa jcd . calcium precursors for the production of cao sorhents for multicycle co
one is solid calcium carbonate containing the captured atmospheric carbon . corless estimates the fuels will cost $ 4 to $ 6 per gallon , but he
a novel demonstration underway at technische universität darmstadt ( tu darmstadt ) , a research university in darmstadt , germany , has shown a calcium carbonate looping ( ccl ) technology retrofitted at existing power plants to curb emissions of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) released during the combustion of fossil fuels is nearly ready for the market .
. . . in the typical calcium looping process , co 2 is captured via exothermic carbonation of cao taking place in a carbonator at approximately 650 °c , and it is subsequently released in a calciner through decomposition of the formed caco 3 at a temperature above 900 °c . in this way , co 2 is separated from flue gas and a concentrated co 2 stream is produced , ready for subsequent compression , transportation , and use or sequestration 9 1011121314 . due to the favourable potential for co 2 capture , extensive research has been carried out on the development of calcium looping , and good progress has been made toward its commercialisation . . . .
the investigations showed that : 1 ) an improvement in co 2 capture capacity in the calcium looping process was achieved by applying both water / steam hydration and 2 - stage regeneration after 10 calcination / carbonation cycles ) , 2 ) the size of cao crystallites increased during looping cycles and decreased as a result of the 2 - stage regeneration , 3 ) the sorbent ' s pore and particle structure showed significant changes after the reactivation , which may explain the increase in its co 2 capture capacity .
carbonate in traditional aglime ( calcium or mag - calculate product cost per ton of 100 - score explains how to use soil and plant tissue testing to diagnose .
o’connell c a , dollimore d . a study of the decomposition of calcium propionate , using simultaneous tg - dta . thermochim acta , 2000 , 357 : 79–87
1 . the integration of power generation , cement manufacture , biomass utilisation and calcium looping . charles dean , paul fennell , denis dugwell , d . pignatelli , c . sorensen , n . shah department of chemical engineering and chemical technology , imperial college london . imperial college london , february 2013 . funded by epsrc and cemex uk ltd .
li yj , zhao cs , duan lb , liang c , li qz , zhou w , chen hc . cyclic calcination / carbonation looping of dolomite modified with acetic acid for co
wu zh , kou p , yu zw . the modulation of desulphurization properties of calcium oxide by alkali carbonates . j therm anal calorim . 2002 ; 67 : 745–50 .
the salcape patented ccms process involves two chambers with different temperatures . the calcium looping takes place in a continuous flow of molten salts . there are no additives needed , and no waste from this process . only heat is required to reach the required temperature in the desorption chamber . most of the required added heat can be exchanged thereby making the process extremely energy efficient .
ni based oxygen transfer materials ( otms ) and li2zro3 based sorbent have been synthesized for their potential use in a sorption enhanced chemical looping steam reforming ( se - clsr ) process . ni based otms were firstly tested under chemical looping steam reforming ( clsr ) process and the gaseous products with temperature variety during this process were measured and analyzed . experimental results . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the re - carbonation has been proposed to maintain co 2 capture performance of ca - based sorbent by introducing a carbonation process under high temperature and high concentration of co 2 . arias et al . [ 30 ] found that the carbonation conversion of limestone was significantly improved when the re - carbonation was employed during the calcium looping process . valverde et al . [ 36 , 37 ] investigated the effect of preliminary heat treatment of the limestone on its co 2 capture performance in the calcium looping with and without re - carbonation . they found that when the recarbonation was employed , the consistent condition should be used in the first calcination and the following calcination , otherwise the subsequent co 2 capture performance of the limestone was greatly affected . . . .
• simulated calcium looping cycles were carried out in a fluidized bed . • the influence of so 2 on co 2 capture capacity and particle attrition was studied . • the presence of so 2 had a detrimental effect on co 2 capture capacity . • the so 2 concentration level affected the capacity less than anticipated . • attrition was only slightly affected by the presence of so 2 .
calcium looping ( cal ) is an emerging co2 capture technology that uses high temperature circulating fluidized beds , cfb , using cao particles as functional material and can be retrofitted to existing power plants and . its similarity to existing cfb combustion technology has made it possible to demonstrate its feasibility at mw scale and to obtain an accurate estimation of its energy efficiency . . . [ show full abstract ]
coal - based power generation sector is facing important changes to implement energy efficient carbon capture technologies to comply with emission reduction targets for transition to low carbon economy . this paper assesses cal ( calcium looping ) as one of the innovative carbon capture options able to deliver low energy and cost penalties . the work evaluates how the integration of post - combustion . . . [ show full abstract ]
han k h , lu c m , cheng s q , et al . effect of characteristics of calcium - based sorbents on the sulfuration kinetics . fuel , 2005 , 84 : 1933–1939
large scale pilot plants are currently demonstrating the feasibility of the calcium - looping ( cal ) technology built on the multicyclic calcination / carbonation of natural limestone for post - combustion and pre - combustion capture . yet , limestone derived cao exhibits a drop of conversion when subjected to multiple carbonation / calcination cycles , which lessens the efficiency of the technology . in . . . [ show full abstract ]
the observed craniofacial and cardiac phenotypes suggest several candidate target genes whose expression level might be perturbed by oil exposure . based both on the known potassium and calcium channel ion blocking activity of crude oil
calcium - looping is a promising co2 - capture technology . the economics and environmental impact of the process are affected by the rapid decay in reactivity of the limestone sorbent , which necessitates a high purge rate from the system to maintain sorbent reactivity . this work investigates techniques to improve long - term reactivity in such a system by doping the limestone with a variety of . . . [ show full abstract ]
containing high concentrations of dissolved calcium carbonate and rare conducive to invasive and woody species that choke out the habitat for fen plants . starting point for estimating the actual cost of a particular monitoring program .
. . . c 2 s is a polymorphic spacer that has been shown to provide an effective support for cao - based sorbents which acts to reopen the pore structure during calcium looping cycling [ 54 , 55 ] . the method for producing c 2 s supported combined catalyst / sorbent particles was adapted from a previously reported method used for producing c 2 s supported cao [ 54 , 55 ] . . . .
this work deals with the modeling and design of a novel bubbling fluidized bed reactor that aims to improve the co2 carrying capacity of cao particles in co2 capture systems by calcium looping ( cal ) . inside the new reactor ( the recarbonator ) the particles that arrive from the carbonator of the cal system react with a concentrated stream of co2 , thereby increasing their carbonate content up to . . . [ show full abstract ]
high - temperature sorption of co2 via calcium looping is a promising technology for implementation of carbon capture and storage ( ccs ) . however , the rapid deactivation of cao sorbents due to sintering , is currently the major drawback of this technology . we , for the first time , report an economical and environmentally benign strategy to reduce sintering by adding fly ash , a waste stream of . . . [ show full abstract ]
this study explores the effect of calcium bromide ( cabr2 ) doping of lime - based sorbents in the presence of steam during calcination / carbonation cycles . two sorbents were tested : natural limestone ( cadomin , canada ) and a synthetic sorbent ( pellets ) prepared from cadomin limestone with addition of calcium aluminate cement . the mixture of calcined limestone and cement was pelletized in a . . . [ show full abstract ]
mahuli sk , agnihotri r , chauk s , ghosh - dastidar a , wei sh , fan ls . pore - structure optimization of calcium carbonate for enhanced sulfation . aiche j . 1997 ; 43 : 2323–35 .
the current precipitated calcium carbonate ( pcc ) production uses mined , crushed . . these so called pcc satellite plants use co2 emissions from the lime kiln various processes and an estimate of the cost for supplying this energy .
the calcium looping cycle is being developed as a method for capturing co2 from both flue and fuel gases . it works by using cao as a co2 carrier and through repeated cycles of carbonation and calcination can extract co2 from a gas with a lower partial pressure of co2 ( e . g . , exhaust stream from a power station ) and provide a pure stream of co2 suitable for sequestration . a key problem in the . . . [ show full abstract ]
plant . • reduced plant ' s operating cost . corrosion monitoring is standard energy costs wasted by calcium carbonate deposits of varying thickness in a estimates indicate that 90 % of the bacteria in cooling systems is on system surfaces .
the ca looping process offers many advantages over the other co 2 capture technologies , such as a relatively small decrease in power plant efficiency and a potential for is further reduction . however , calcium sorbents in the consecutive cycles of adsorption and regeneration by calcination undergo deactivation , which is a considerable drawback of this technology . the depletion of sorbent reactivity is due to sintering , which causes changes in the sorbent ' s porous and crystal structure , whereby its reacting surface area decreases .
) . these measures allowed an assessment of the size and three - dimensional orientation ( looping ) . animals with hb and dv phenotypes had the most severely impacted cardiac morphology , resulting in a dose - dependent decrease in ventricular length , area and circularity (
lime kilns , and the high capital cost of the plants and facilities . as an example . . production , precipitated calcium carbonate production , sugar refining , and . . annual estimates for india , based on steel production and other .
. . . where : the production capacity of each equipment ( q ) used as scaling parameter represents the mass or energy flow processed by that specific equipment . reference cost data ( c b , q b and m ) are presented in literature [ 26 ] . for calcium looping unit , the estimation of capital cost correlation was proposed by romano et al . [ 7 ] and it uses as scaling parameters the carbonator and calciner volumes and the heat input to the calciner : . . .
. . . for instance , the sorbent / solvent make - up rate is a technical parameter having major influence on plant economics . the sorbent used in calcium looping unit has to be continuously renew due to solid attrition caused by high operating temperature whichdecreases the sorbent co 2 capture capacity [ 30 ] . similarly , the solvent used in reactive gas e liquid absorption cycle has to be renew due to chemical and thermal degradation , stable salts formation , vaporisation etc . [ 31 ] . . . .
capture capacity of calcium sorbents when used over many cycles , presents a significant challenge . among the various techniques that have been used to overcome this challenge , intermediate hydration seems most promising . intermediate hydration results in the formation of ca ( oh )
coal power plant emits about six million metric tons of co2 per year , a dac the solid calcium carbonate is decomposed in a natural - gas - fueled , oxygen - fired kiln , with the cost estimates in this report are capture costs .
your project cost estimates have proven to be very accurate . chemicals – sulfur , calcium carbonate , microcapsule plants ; utilities – power , gas , water new ge jenbacher 624 engines in a new 18 , 000 sf natural gas fire peaking plant .
. . . this paper evaluates calcium looping ( cal ) technology as a potential and promising solution for carbon capture to be applied in cement plants ( dean et al . , 2011from mass and energy integration point of view , the cal technology has significant advantages compared to gas–liquid absorption e . g . inherent co 2 capture , high temperature heat recovery potential which ensures lower energy penalty for carbon capture ( cormos , 2014 ) , easy integration in cement plants—the calcium - based spent sorbent from cal unit can be used in clinker production process with positive economic benefits ( atsonios et al . , 2015 ) . the conceptual layouts of both gas–liquid and gas–solid systems used for co 2 capture are presented in relevant literature sources ( metz et al . , 2005 ) . . . .
. . . a set of particles supported with dicalcium silicate ( c 2 s - notation from cement chemistry ) were also produced . c 2 s is a polymorphic spacer that has been shown to provide an effective support for cao - based sorbents which acts to reopen the pore structure during calcium looping cycling [ 54 , 55 ] . the method for producing c 2 s supported combined catalyst / sorbent particles was adapted from a previously reported method used for producing c 2 s supported cao [ 54 , 55 ] . . . .
how to cite this article : sørhus , e . et al . crude oil exposures reveal roles for intracellular calcium cycling in haddock craniofacial and cardiac development . sci . rep . 6 , 31058 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep31058 ( 2016 ) .
1 . c . c . cormos , a . imre - lucaci , a . m . cormos , l . petrescu , evaluation of chemical looping - based carbon capture options for coal gasification plants , 9th european congress of chemical engineering - ecce9 , the hague , netherlands , 2013 ;
chemical looping combustion ( clc ) is a cyclic process in which an oxygen carrier ( oc ) , is firstly reduced by a fuel , e . g . syngas , and then oxidised in air to produce heat . if the oc is fe 2 o 3 , the oxidation can take place in steam to produce hydrogen , i . e . chemical looping hydrogen production ( clh ) . this paper presents an investigation of cao modified fe 2 o 3 ocs for clc and clh . the performance of the mechanically mixed ocs were examined in a thermogravimetric analyser and a fluidised bed . it was found that the addition of cao gives cyclic stability and additional capacity to produce hydrogen via clh , at the expense of reduced oxygen carrying capacity for clc , owing to the formation of calcium ferrites , such as ca 2 fe 2 o 5 .
the feasibility of the calcium looping technology is greatly influenced by the reactivity of the material used to remove the co 2 from the flue gas . this reactivity decreases significantly in natural materials with calcination / carbonation cycles ; therefore , it is necessary to add fresh material to the system to account for this loss in reactivity . synthetic and enhanced materials have been proposed as an alternative for natural materials due to their higher co 2 uptake during carbonation / calcination cycles . nonetheless , further experimental work needs to be performed in order to assess their suitability for large scale plants .
high temperature looping cycles can be used to produce hydrogen or capture co2 from power stations , though sintering of absorbents is frequently a problem , reducing reactivity . in this work we develop materials , in which the crystal structure and volume of polymorphic materials change with temperature , as active spacers to reduce sintering .
the co 2 capture capacity and the extent of particle attrition during simulated calcium looping cycles in a fluidized bed were studied , with a focus on the influence of so 2 in the flue gas . five calcination / carbonation cycles ( calcination at 850 °c and 20 % co 2 , carbonation at 700 °c and 16 % co 2 ) were carried out with a reference limestone using different so 2 concentrations during carbonation ( 110 and 1800 ppm ) . attrition phenomena were characterized by following the modifications of bed sorbent particle size distribution and the elutriation rates of fines throughout conversion over repeated cycles .
high temperature looping cycles can be used to produce hydrogen or capture co 2 from power stations , though sintering of absorbents is frequently a problem , reducing reactivity . in this work we develop materials , in which the crystal structure and volume of polymorphic materials change with temperature , as active spacers to reduce sintering .
carbonate slurry for pumping underground or , with additional processing , calera ' s own cost estimates , indicate that calera capture represents the cheapest option for retrofitting an existing coal fired power plant for carbon capture . . . solutions heavy in calcium and / or magnesium , such as certain minable
16 . integrating ca - looping with cement • over1 tonne limestone calcined to produce cao in cement manufacture • co2 emissions come from both burning of fuel and calcination = ~ ¾ total • power plants operating with ca - looping co2 capture could provide cao from waste sorbent , mitigating emissions from both processes . • however - chemical and physical changes in the sorbent may affect quality of the cement produced . hence the need to manufacture sorbent / clinker in the lab and analyse for trace element content and phase composition / quality . • here , we have looked at the effects of rdf ( mainly biomass ) and coal on subsequent clinker properties .
this study compares the three methods of regeneration in terms of the co 2 capture efficiency of the regenerated sorbent . the sorbents collected after the looping tests and after each regeneration step were analysed by mercury porosimetry , x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to determine the interdependences between the sorbents’ physicochemical properties and their co 2 capture capacity .
13 . post - combustion capture with ca - looping advantages : limestone cheap and non - toxic mature cfb technology low energy penalty ; 6 – 8 % points , inc . compression synergy with cement , decarbonising both processes simultaneous so2 removal cao purge + fresh limestone cao + co2 ⇋ caco3 ∆rh298k = –178 kj mol - 1 fuel fuel , air
postcombustion calcium looping ( cal ) systems for co2 capture require at least two interconnected reactors to operate : a carbonator reactor where cao particles react with co2 ( and other impurities like so2 ) , and a calciner intended to regenerate the caco3 formed in the carbonator and produce cao in an atmosphere rich in co2 . in the most developed process configuration , the calciner is an oxy - fired combustor where coal is burned in o2 / co2 to drive the endothermic calcination reaction . this chapter reviews the basic design methods of these two reactors intended to achieve high gas and solid conversions with meaningful reactor dimensions . basic models are reviewed together with some emerging cal systems that integrate further reactors .
calcium looping cycle for post - combustion coâ capture has gained increasing attention worldwide . however , cao - based sorbents derived from natural sources for calcium looping cycle experience rapid loss of capacity during high - temperature cyclic carbonation / calcination reactions . synthesizing sintering - resistant cao - based sorbents by adding a support material has been extensively studied as an effective method of combating the problem . the support material in the synthetic sorbents plays an important role in retaining the capacity , and various support materials have been tested in the literature . in practical reactors , sulfur is present and it has been reported that sulfation of sorbents will also reduce the coâ capture capacity . however , thus far , it is not clear whether / how support material would affect sulfation of sorbents and , thus , coâ capture . in this paper , four different support materials , such as caâmnoâ , laâoâ , caââalââoââ , and mgo , were studied . the cyclic coâ capture performance of the synthetic sorbents made from cao and the support materials were investigated in detail , in the presence of soâ and steam . the results showed that a mass ratio of 20â25 % support material would be optimum for synthesizing sorbents with high cyclic coâ capture capacity , and caââalââoââ and mgo seem to be more effective than caâmnoâ and laâoâ . the 80 : 20 wt % cao / mgo synthetic sorbent achieved the highest coâ cap
this paper studies three methods of regenerating deactivated sorbents . the sorbents underwent deactivation after working in the calcium looping of 10 calcination / carbonation cycles at respectively 900 °c and 650 °c . the first regeneration method consisted in hydration with water in controlled time and temperature conditions . the second regeneration method consisted in hydration with steam in controlled time and temperature conditions . the third method – 2 - stage regeneration – besides water or steam hydration , included a second stage consisting in the controlled exposition of the sorbent to a co 2 enriched atmosphere . in all the methods the regeneration of the spent sorbent was conducted after the final calcination process . after regeneration the sorbent was subjected to 24 calcination / carbonation cycles in similar conditions as before regeneration .
even though an increasing number of pilot - scale plants are demonstrating the potential efficiency of the ca - looping technology to capture co2 at a commercial level , a still standing matter of concern is the loss of carbonation reactivity of the regenerated cao by calcination , which is expected to be particularly marked at realistic conditions necessarily implying a high co2 partial pressure in . . . [ show full abstract ]
calcium looping technology employs abundant , cheap , and environmentally benign limestone - based sorbents that can be used in a cyclic process for co 2 capture . moreover , cal processes can be applied for both post - combustion co 2 capture from flue gas and in pre - combustion ( gasification ) co 2 capture processes . in the latter case , cao is used for in - situ co 2 adsorption from syngas . at the same time , saturated sorbent in the form of caco 3 can be regenerated at high temperature producing a concentrated co 2 stream ready for further processing and sequestration . challenges to improving the performance of the process include developing improved sorbents , reducing loss of reversibility , process optimizing , circulation of particles , and to test fuel / sorbent interactions .
a biogas sorption - enhanced chemical looping reforming process integrated with a high - temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell is analyzed . modeling of such an integrated process is performed by using a flowsheet simulator ( aspen plus ) . the exergy analysis is performed to evaluate the energy utilization efficiency of each unit and that of the integrated process . the effect of steam and . . . [ show full abstract ]
materials development : the decay in the co 2 capacity of natural sorbents underlines the need for the development of synthetic materials that maintain their co 2 capture capability . synthetic sorbent instead of limestone and dolomite are economically feasible and exhibiting a longer lifetime in carbonation / calcination cycles due to their lower sintering susceptibility . in 2013 dr . mahinpey secured an nserc - strategic grant . the main objective of this work is to engineer better solid materials in an integrated gasification and calcium looping technology . this work integrates the expertise and state - of - the - art of three universities and four industries , and canmetenergy . the outcome so far , resulted in a fabrication of a highly stabilized mesoporous core / shell structured cao based spheriform co 2 sorbents , for the first time .
the reduced contractility of both chambers in the embryonic exposure is consistent with defects in intracellular calcium cycling 24 , 36 , 43 . disruption of intracellular calcium levels also reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation , leading to smaller hearts 36 , 43 . alternatively , reduced ventricular size could also result from effects on either cardiac neural crest cells or the second heart field . indeed there is some overlap of cardiac phenotypes between oil exposure and ablation of either the second heart field or neural crest cells , including bradycardia and small ventricle 53 . while we do not have direct cellular evidence for effects on either the second heart field or cardiac neural crest cells , the remarkable craniofacial phenotypes potentially implicates direct effects of crude oil on neural crest cells in haddock embryos .
we analyze the role of limestone crystallinity on its co _ 2 capture performance when subjected to carbonation / calcination cycles at conditions mimicking the ca - looping ( cal ) technology for post - combustion co _ 2 capture . the behavior of raw and pretreated limestones ( milled and thermally annealed ) is investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) tests under realistic sorbent . . . [ show full abstract ]
the low cost and wide availability of natural limestone ( caco3 ) is at the basis of the industrial competitiveness of the ca - looping ( cal ) technology for postcombustion co2 capture as already demonstrated by ∼∼1 mwt scale pilot projects . a major focus of studies oriented towards further improving the efficiency of the cal technology is how to prevent the gradual loss of capture capacity of . . . [ show full abstract ]
the scarlet project acquired reliable information and tools for the scale - up of the calcium carbonate looping ( ccl ) process and engineering of a 20 mw th ccl plant by continuous self - sustaining pilot plant operation . the workshop will present experimental results from ccl pilot testing in a 1 mw th pilot plant with more than 1 , 200 hours stable operation as well as the scale - up and engineering of a 20 mw th pilot plant including cfd simulations of the up - scaled pilot plant reactors . integration scenarios of ccl retrofits at various full - scale reference power ( hard coal , lignite ) and industrial ( cement , steel ) plants will be assessed evaluating thermodynamics , economics and environmental impact . participants of the workshop will have the possibility to visit the 1 mw th pilot plant !
a key aspect of the calcium looping process is the implementation of the oxy - fuel combustion for the endothermic sorbent regeneration , which imposes high partial pressure of co 2 ( 75vol . - % dry ) . these conditions enhance lime sintering and thus , the decrease of the sorbent ' s maximum co 2 carbonation conversion ( xmax ) , which is an important parameter that influences the co 2 capture . this paper presents results from tests performed in presence of high co 2 volumetric concentration in a 10 kw th dual fluidized bed system . high regeneration extents and co 2 capture efficiencies of more than 80 % is attained with sorbent residual activity of 8 , 5 % . a carbonator model is validated and active space time is proposed to be the main parameter to be used for up scaling design purposes .
this project allowed us to explore the use of enhanced ca looping using hbr . these materials were tested for the first time in a large - scale plant - cranfield’s 25 kw th interconnected fluidised - bed unit - which is a major advancement for the development of enhanced sorbents . moreover , it was demonstrated that it has no deleterious effect when used in conjunction with either cement manufacture or co 2 removal from a blast furnace .
. . . rabbani and dincer ( 2015 ) applied exergy 121 analysis for assessing a steam glycerol reformer coupled with a combined power plantm a n u s c r i p t a c c e p t e d accepted manuscript 7 producing power and hydrogen . tippawan et al . ( 2016 ) exergetically investigated the 123 effects of operating parameters on a sorption enhanced - chemical looping reforming 124 process of glycerol . 125 . . .
the co₂ capture capacity and the extent of particle attrition during simulated calcium looping cycles in a fluidized bed were studied , with a focus on the influence of so₂ in the flue gas . five calcination / carbonation cycles ( calcination at 850°c and 20 % co₂ , carbonation at 700°c and 16 % co₂ ) were carried out with a reference limestone using different so₂ concentrations during carbonation ( 110 and 1800ppm ) . attrition phenomena were characterized by following the modifications of bed sorbent particle size distribution and the elutriation rates of fines throughout conversion over repeated cycles . results showed that the co₂ capture capacity decreased with the cycles , as expected . the presence of so₂ had a detrimental effect , but the so₂ concentration affected the capacity less than anticipated . in - bed particle fragmentation was always limited , while the attrition rate decreased with the number of cycles , and was only moderately affected by the presence of so₂ .
the formed calcium carbonate is circulated to a different reactor where sorbent regeneration takes place . caco 3 is calcined and produces a concentrated stream of co 2 suitable for capture and compression . calcination step is highly energy demanding and it will likely occur at temperatures above 920 ºc . heat requirements for sorbent calcination are covered by oxyfuel combustion in the second reactor itself . once regenerated , the sorbent is returned to the carbonator to begin a new sorption cycle .
. . . the heat of the exothermic carbonation reaction could be utilized in other parts of the power plant , e . g . for the generation of supercritical steam , the pre - heating of different streams in the plant etc . the above , in combination with the low cost of cao , lead to relatively low co 2 separation costs , from 15 to 30 € / ton of co 2 [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] compared to 50–85 € / ton of co 2 [ 24 , 26 ] for the co 2 capture with amines . these figures highlight the importance of the carbonate looping as a cost - effective technology for co 2 capture . . . .
15 . making portland cement mixing and heating of two main materials to form “clinker” 1 ) a calcium oxide containing material ( e . g . limestone / chalk / marl ) 2 ) an material rich in alumina and silica ( e . g . clay / shale & sand ) caco3 → cao + co2 cao + 2cao . sio2 → 3cao . sio2 ( 50 - 70 % ) – ‘alite’ 2cao + sio2 → 2cao . sio2 ( 15 - 30 % ) – ‘belite’ 3cao + al2o3 → 3cao . al2o3 ( 5 - 10 % ) 4cao + al2o3 + fe2o3 → 4cao . al2o3 . fe2o3 ( 5 - 15 % ) ‘interstitials’
. . . this is due to high temperature sintering promoted by co 2 and h 2 o [ 20 ] , attrition [ 21 ] and sulfation ( [ 22 ] or the presence of impurities [ 23 ] that circulating particles experience . efforts to combat sorbent deactivation or enhance conversion have included : the use of careful precursor selection to provide increased residual conversion in synthetic calcium oxide sources [ 24 ] ; thermal pre - treatment of limestone [ 25 ] ; doping of natural and synthetic sorbents [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ; the use of stabilising supports / binders [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] ; intuitive synthetic approaches to prevent sintering [ 38 , 39 ] and finally polymorphic sorbents [ 40 , 41 ] . alternatively , approaches to reactivate spent sorbent have received a large amount of attention , also in combination with synthetic approaches as above [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] . . . .
. . . this is due to high temperature sintering promoted by co 2 and h 2 o [ 20 ] , attrition [ 21 ] and sulfation ( [ 22 ] or the presence of impurities [ 23 ] that circulating particles experience . efforts to combat sorbent deactivation or enhance conversion have included : the use of careful precursor selection to provide increased residual conversion in synthetic calcium oxide sources [ 24 ] ; thermal pre - treatment of limestone [ 25 ] ; doping of natural and synthetic sorbents [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ; the use of stabilising supports / binders [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] ; intuitive synthetic approaches to prevent sintering [ 38 , 39 ] and finally polymorphic sorbents [ 40 , 41 ] . alternatively , approaches to reactivate spent sorbent have received a large amount of attention , also in combination with synthetic approaches as above [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] . . . .
11 . selected results combustion configuration calcium looping ( y / n ) calciner configuration cquestrate ( y / n ) cquestrate type emission factor ( gco2 / kwh ) process efficiency ( % ) coe ( $ / kwh ) ac ( $ / tco2 ) coal ( 100 % ) n 762 42 . 4 % 0 . 053 coal & biomass ( 50 : 50 ) n 507 40 . 9 % 0 . 057 15 . 1 biomass ( 100 % ) n 0 39 . 4 % 0 . 063 12 . 6 coal ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) n 55 27 . 9 % 0 . 095 59 . 5 coal ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) n - 569 26 . 9 % 0 . 107 40 . 6 biomass ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) n - 719 25 . 7 % 0 . 112 33 . 0 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) n - 1 , 404 24 . 6 % 0 . 124 28 . 4 coal ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) y on - site - 71 27 . 6 % 0 . 095 51 . 1 coal ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y on - site - 696 26 . 6 % 0 . 107 37 . 3 biomass ( 100 % ) y coal ( 100 % ) y on - site - 869 25 . 5 % 0 . 112 30 . 3 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y on - site - 1 , 558 24 . 4 % 0 . 125 26 . 7 biomass ( 100 % ) y biomass ( 100 % ) y remote - 1 , 545 24 . 6 % 0 . 129 28 . 9 cheaper to mitigate co2 using biomass than by ccs ( supply limited ) . the more biomass used , the lower the avoided cost ( limited by technical issues for co - firing ) . ccs efficiency penalty a little high ( 12 % ) – better heat integration required . on - site cquestrate reduces costs further ( ~ $ 2 / tco2 in the biomass / biomass case , ~ $ 8 in the coal / coal case ) .
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the monthly survey form eia - 860m , ‘monthly update to annual electric generator report’ supplements the annual survey form eia - 860 data with monthly information that monitors the current status of existing and proposed generating units at electric power plants with 1 megawatt or greater of combined nameplate capacity . eia estimates the current and near - term unit inventory of electric power generating capacity by integrating the information on these surveys along with ongoing eia research of new units . however , creating this monthly estimate sometimes requires the use of data submitted on the annual eia - 860 before it has been fully verified by eia . for this reason , reported capacities are eia’s preliminary estimates of capacity for that month . estimates will be corrected without specific acknowledgement or explanation in subsequent month’s inventory .
starting with march 2017 data , preliminary monthly electric generator inventory includes a comprehensive list of generators which retired since 2002 . the list can be found on the ‘retired’ tab of the datafile .


all american direct was an american brand-name consumer-electronics retailer and a distant-network satellite television service provider based in indianapolis , indiana .

prior to 2014 , the company had an agreement with satellite tv company dish network to market and sell dish network products , as well as to provide dish network customers in remote locations with access to broadcast network programming from distant markets .

subscribers to the company 's my distant network package had to pay subscription fees separately and in addition to their monthly dish network subscription fees .

all american direct

acquires the all american pipeline and executes ipo of plains all american ( nyse : paa ) .
all american mailing specializes in direct mail marketing projects of all types and sizes . for almost 40 years we’ve
glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at all american direct , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the all american direct company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at all american direct .
no , only the 16 all american regional teams in each age division will participate in the all american games .
please continue to provide the all american direct phone number and website to facilitate our customer ' s ability to contact all american direct for services and information . do not utilize this information to contact all american direct on behalf of the customer ; this information is to be utilized only by the customer . please remember that only all american direct can provide accurate information on their distant network qualifications .
< < please note : all american direct may be referred to by customers as nps ( national programming service ) .
worse written email ever , but the source is all american direct where everytime you call you get the same woman or guy .
plains all american pipeline , l . p . and plains gp holdings announce distributions
or by calling 1 - 800 - 909 - 9677 to find out if they qualify to receive distant networks from all american direct .
all american dish & dish network they ripped my carpet while installing cable tv . internet
all american direct has been purchased by a new company that will continue to offer standard definition distant network channels from new york & san francisco to their qualified customers using existing dish satellite equipment . hd distant locals from los angeles and chicago will no longer be available from all american direct . customers who call in regarding this change should be directed to all american direct & rsquo ; s toll free number : 800 - 909 - 9677 .
showcases are open to all players who want to participate . invites are for the all american region teams which will be selected once all showcases in that region are completed .
all showcases are open to all athletes . each athlete will need to register individually .
all american direct & my distant networks , dish network had 30 day guaranteed satiffication or i would receive refund . i did not receive and was lied to . internet
representative # 2 : doesn ' t know what it is either , i find this hard to believe . no wonder all american direct is pulling their plugs from dish network . its a 2 way street need to help out one another , but one company is doing poor job of making its customer aware that dns is available through all american direct .
please note : all american direct may be referred to by customers as nps ( national programming service ) . nps is one of america ' s premier c - band programming providers .
four direct selections will be named for a region at each showcase per age division . the all american selection shows will announce the remaining members for the region teams in each age division after the last showcase of the season . the regional rosters will be publicly announced during each of the regional all american selection shows . the schedule for the all american selection shows can be found at the following link : urltoken
plains all american pipeline , l . p . and plains gp holdings announce timing of second - quarter 2018 earnings
all american direct ceased operations on february 25 , 2014 at 11 : 59 pm . , resulting in the loss of services , including distant network channels , for millions of dish network subscribers nationwide . [ 10 ]
nps & apos ; distant signal package , called all american direct , would not require subscribers to buy any programming from echostar , and echostar customers would not be automatically converted to the nps service , echostar said .
dish customers , it should say any dish subscribers not currently getting distants from all american should . . . . . . . .
< < please note : all american direct may be referred to by customers as nps ( national programming service ) . nps is one of america ' s premier c - band programming providers . > > ummm , nope
notably , all american direct was not a dish network subsidiary . subscribers to the company ' s my distant network package had to pay subscription fees separately and in addition to their monthly dish network subscription fees . [ 2 ]
all american dish & dish network dish agent said i was signing up for 12 months . installer turned my new flat screen tv green internet
on my athlete’s usssa history page , it says they are in the viera all - american , not the one i signed them up for .
the all american games are scheduled at the end of the season to ensure each player will be able to participate without negatively affecting his team .
never miss a story from foursquare direct , when you sign up for medium . learn more
all american direct will cease operations on february 25th 2014 at 11 : 59 pm . at that time our services will no longer be available . all customers with time remaining on their service will receive a prorated refund by check or credit card . for further information please refer to the faq tab on this page .
i am calling dish to see what is the plan for people who want distant networks . the representative ask me
what is distant networks
i tell her its channels i currently subscribe to from
all american direct
and
my distant networks .
she tells me what is all american direct or my distant networks , i never heard of that before . that is further i got so far , waiting to speak with supervisor now lol . they hung up on me now : )
if you do not have a bank account , you can sign up for the direct express® card program . with direct express® , deposits from federal payments are made directly to the card account .
slate is published by the slate group , a graham holdings company . all contents © 2018 the slate group llc . all rights reserved .
all american direct will cease operations on february 25th 2014 at 11 : 59 pm . at that time our services will no longer be available . all customers with time remaining on their service will receive a prorated refund by check or credit card . for further information please refer to the faq tab on this page .
american fork occupancy license agreement . during 2013 , we subleased certain space at 796 east utah valley drive , american fork , utah to echostar for a period ending on july 31 , 2017 .
with direct deposit , your money is safe in your bank , savings and loan , or credit union account no matter what happens to interrupt mail service . for more information or to sign up visit our direct deposit site .
the all american games have been designed to allow the top players in each of the 8 regions to compete against each other on a national stage . there will be two teams ( i . e . ; american & national ) per age division that will compete to be named champions . this culminating event has a 4 game guarantee in which teams play three cross pool games with all teams advancing into a single elimination bracket . the 2018 all american games will take place at the usssa space coast complex august 4 – august 11 , 2018 .
a committee comprised of the all american chief administrator , lead scout and usssa vice presidents will make the roster selections based off of player data collected during the showcases of each region .
direct selections will be notified within a week of the showcase they attend . these players will have a set deadline ( 72 hours after notification ) to accept their regional team selections . the remaining team selections are announced during the regional all american selection shows . it is imperative you supply complete and accurate information when registering your child . we will also contact each selected player’s parents as well as post the rosters online at urltoken after the all american selection show has aired for a region .
we will notify you . each player will be supplied with an all american hat , and two all american jerseys . selected players will need to provide : solid white uniform pants of any length ( no pinstripes , leg stripes , piping , braiding , or colored trim of any type ) , solid baseball socks & belt ( in the color listed below ) , and all personal baseball equipment ( i . e . ; gloves , bats , helmets , etc . ) . once selected , usssa will also have all american team apparel for sale for a limited time only . this information will be sent to selected team members via email .
© corus entertainment inc . , 2018 . all rights reserved . history television sites .
acquires link energy ' s north american crude oil and pipeline operations , effectively doubling plains ' asset base .
am wondering if i could buy newer compatible equipment direct online , etc . , to avoid a contract . . . ?
all american direct was founded in 1983 as nationwide c - band satellite service provider and retailer national programming service , llc . according to a company web site , nps continues to provide c - band products and services and claims to be the largest c - band programming provider in the u . s . [ 1 ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the midwest region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . * due to an administrative oversight the 14u has 5 [ … ]
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we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the southeast region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored in [ … ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the far west region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored [ … ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the great lakes region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored [ … ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the midwest region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored in [ … ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the central region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored in [ … ]
we have identified the top 4 participants in each age division to be named as direct selections to the atlantic region usssa all american teams . players listed below will be contacted via email within a week of this announcement with further information on securing your roster position . ( * players not listed below have their data stored in [ … ]
at the time of the launch of american history tv , c - span co - president susan swain said :
we’re hoping american history tv does for history enthusiasts what book tv has done for non - fiction book lovers .
since plains all american pipeline ' s initial public offering in 1998 , we have built and acquired a diverse portfolio of strategically located assets and today are one of the largest independent midstream energy companies in north america .
so having just read the notice about all american direct , looks like i ' ll have to succumb to receiving utica channels if i want to see all networks . called dish , and asked would i be required now to sign a contract to add local channels ? yes and no . no just to include the local channels , but alas , i have old equipment , would have to buy new , and sign up for two years . : down :
©2018 at & t ; intellectual property . all rights reserved . at & t ; , globe logo , directv , and all other directv marks contained herein are trademarks of at & t ; intellectual property and / or at & t ; affiliated companies . all other marks are the property of their respective owners .
correct , seems to be the same company now as my last billing , best as i can tell ? i don ' t think current subscribers to all american have to get re qualified . i think that confusion is the poor choice of
i ' ve been a customer of all american direct and because of these allegations i ' m without my long distant channels ! i ' ve had only a minor issue and that is no high definition for my long distant channels . other than that i pay a year in advance with not problems and interruptions . now thanks to some whiners i no longer have my channels ! thanks alot ! !
the american windmill museum tells visitors about the role the windmill played in the settlement of the western u . s . the museum and the…
for suspending our own legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever .
in january , 2011 , c - span expanded its programming offerings with a new history - based service airing weekends on c - span3 . american history tv ( ahtv ) features programming geared toward history lovers with 48 hours every weekend of people and events that document the american story .
the process gained currency mainly in western states , which , to this day , have a more robust culture of direct democracy . more than 60 percent of all initiative activity has taken place in just six states : arizona , california , colorado , north dakota , oregon and washington . eastern and southern states initially rejected initiatives and referendums , largely out of fear that direct democracy would empower immigrants and african - americans . that anxiety eventually dissipated .
nps first began offering c - band programming in 1987 and first switched from selling large 7–12 foot - diameter c - band dish antennae to providing small - dish services and equipment as dish network affiliate all american dish in 2003 . [ 3 ] in 2006 , all american dish launched allamericandirect . com , which
offer [ s ] a wide variety of consumer electronic products , such as high definition televisions , sirius satellite radio , verizon wireless , high - speed internet , and other related products .
[ 1 ]
josh altic is the ballot measures project director , and geoff pallay is the editor in chief , at ballotpedia , an online encyclopedia of american politics .
finally i found the topic . this really sucks . because first off . i went with dish for superstations . they took that away on the 19th of september . i then paid up til april of this year for all american direct now its going away . i had all of the distant networks on directv . la & ny . and changed for this . & even had the hd versions also on directv . and now if i went back to directv . i could get distant networks but would only be east coast lost my chance with los angeles .
here you ' ll find information on social security office closures , safety preparedness in case of emergencies , signing up for direct deposit of your benefit payments , and more .
all business will get complaints . how those businesses take care of those complaints is what separates good businesses from the rest .
on january 31 , 2017 , echostar corporation ( “echostar” ) and certain subsidiaries of echostar entered into a share exchange agreement ( the “share exchange agreement” ) among dish network corporation ( “dish” ) , dish network l . l . c . , an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of dish ( “dnllc” ) , dish operating l . l . c . , a direct wholly owned subsidiary of dnllc ( “dollc” and , collectively with dish and dnllc , the “dish parties” ) , echostar , echostar broadcasting holding parent l . l . c . , a direct wholly owned subsidiary of echostar’s subsidiary hughes satellite systems corporation ( “eb llc” ) , echostar broadcasting holding corporation , a direct wholly owned subsidiary of eb llc ( “eb corp” ) , echostar technologies holding corporation , a direct wholly owned subsidiary of echostar ( “et corp” ) , and echostar technologies l . l . c . , a direct wholly owned subsidiary of echostar .
but the broadcasters , angered by the direct - broadcast satellite service’s actions , have gone to court accusing echostar of crafting a business deal designed to circumvent the court - ordered shutoff .
service response phones in all parking garages . security guards on duty 24 hours daily to assist with battery jumps and lock - outs .
there is a $ 225 non - refundable incidental fee for the 2018 all american games . it is each individual player’s responsibility for transportation , lodging , etc . during the culminating event . usssa space coast complex is a stay to play venue and committed attendees will need to secure housing through anthony travel .
© 2018 future publishing limited quay house , the ambury , bath ba1 1ua . all rights reserved . england and wales company registration number 2008885 .
next , we looked at market share of big - box and department store categories overall . ( in all cases within this report , market share is defined as a portion of visits for a specific retailer versus all visits to top competitive national big - box or department store locations . )
park curbside at the arrivals terminal to pick up arriving passengers . vehicles must be attended at all times ; no minimum or maximum wait time .
without the ny fox would not of had any of the american league play off games or the world series . we also often don ' t get the the second nfl game on sundays .
if you have the bandwidth and speed , look into roku and some of the news options there . many local stations are carried from all over the country .
we run our events rain or shine . any possible updates will be displayed on the event page and all pre - registered participants will be notified via email .
opens the 2 . 8 - million - barrel patoka terminal in illinois , providing direct access to canadian crude . patoka grows through a series of five expansion projects to become a 6 . 1 - million - barrel storage hub .
· meridian lease agreement . the lease for all of 9601 s . meridian blvd . in englewood , colorado is for a period ending on december 31 , 2016 .
covering american history c - span style : with event coverage , eyewitness accounts , and discussions with authors , historians and teachers . every weekend from 8am et saturday to 8am et monday on c - span3 .
this year , macy’s is closing 68 locations and sears holdings corporation is closing 108 kmarts — while the limited , american apparel and wet seal are closing all brick - and - mortar shops . with so much more upheaval in the retail industry expected to come , foursquare dug into what happened around mass retail closures in the past to reveal what competitors and the industry can expect .
all data is normalized against u . s . census data , ensuring that our cohort analysis accurately matches the u . s . population , and removes any age , gender or geographical bias .
plains all american pipeline , l . p . ( nyse : paa ) is a publicly traded master limited partnership that owns and operates midstream energy infrastructure and provides logistics services for crude oil , natural gas liquids and natural gas . paa owns an extensive network of pipeline transportation , terminalling , storage and gathering assets in key crude oil and ngl producing basins and transportation corridors and at major market hubs in the united states and canada .
allegiant , american , delta , frontier ( eff 8 / 12 / 18 ) , southwest and united offer convenient access to hundreds of cities worldwide . a variety of retail , dining and service amenities are provided to meet travelers ' needs .
first , focusing on the 13 colonies in the runup to the american revolution , it is true that the crown reined things in for the most part , making most ( but not all ) of the colonies crown colonies , ruled by governors appointed from london . but british policy was inconsistent both toward america generally and toward individual colonies . the system of salutary neglect ended with the end of the french and indian war ( or seven years ' war ) as britain took a greater interest in the direct rule of the colonies , passing laws like the proclamation of 1763 , the stamp act of 1765 , and the quebec act in 1774 . these represented drastic policy shifts in imperial governance over time within the same territories .
have always had dish at this house , initially getting the nyc / la network channels via all american direct . never signed up for local channels once they became available on dish . my home is located between utica and albany , and my location is just on the utica side of the fcc
line
. so i would be required to receive the local broadcasts from utica . i do more business / have more involvement in albany , and can pick up at least their nbc & fox channels with a small roof antenna that is connected to the bedroom tv only . but at least it allows me to grab local news / weather , see nbc / fox shows . when i first moved here , there was a large antenna mounted on my roof that picked up all channels from both utica and albany . eventually the large antenna blew over , and i only replaced it with a smaller one as the big one was really aesthetically unappealing .
just joined the forum because of this issue . . . . . . so having just read the notice about all american direct , looks like i ' ll have to succumb to receiving utica channels if i want to see all networks . called dish , and asked would i be required now to sign a contract to add local channels ? yes and no . no just to include the local channels , but alas , i have old equipment , would have to buy new , and sign up for two years . : down : so this stinks , let alone that i ' ve loved getting nyc , and even la local network channels . it ' s also been great having two different times i can catch the live broadcast when my dvr is filled up and i don ' t wish to record . have no desire to sign a contract , or set up a huge antenna . apologize for the long explanation . but if anyone knows any alternative to my situation , would love to hear one . am wondering if i could buy newer compatible equipment direct online , etc . , to avoid a contract . . . ? i otherwise really have no dish complaints . well , except for their still failing to broadcast yankee games .
bibliography : barnouw , erik , tube of plenty : the evolution of american television , 2d ed . ( 1990 ) ; fisher , david e . and marshall j . , tube : the invention of television ( 1997 ) ; stephens , mitchell , broadcast news , 3d ed . ( 1993 ) , a history of news ( 1996 ) and the rise of the image , the fall of the word ( 1998 ) ; watson , mary a . , defining visions : television and the american experience since 1945 ( 1997 ) .
the origins of direct democracy in the united states date from the 1600s , when new england colonists debated and voted on ordinances and other issues during town hall meetings . this set the stage for legislative referrals , which , as their name implies , are measures referred to the ballot by a state legislature .
he has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless indian savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions .
· santa fe lease agreement . the lease for all of 5701 s . santa fe dr . in littleton , colorado is for a period ending on december 31 , 2016 , with a renewal option for one additional year .
established in the mid 1980s as part of a government operation before becoming a commercial organization , satmex owns and operates three satellites and two satellite uplink facilities , and has approximately 200 employees which are all included as part of the transaction .
athletes are permitted to attend any showcase anywhere in the country . however , players will only be selected for the region team in which they reside and cannot be named as a “direct selection” to a showcase outside of their home region . in this instance , their evaluation data will be transferred to their home region’s database for team selection purposes .
on average , plains handles 5 million barrels per day of crude oil and natural gas liquids through our extensive network of assets located in key north american producing basins , major market hubs , and transportation gateways . this plays a vital role in the movement of u . s . and canadian energy supplies .
[ via satellite 04 - 23 - 2014 ] eutelsat received a shot in the arm for its latin american business through the closing of a major deal with its brazilian division . eutelsat do brasil has signed a contract with hughes network systems do brasil for all of the ka - band capacity allocated to the brazilian service area on the upcoming high throughput satellite ( hts ) eutelsat 65 west a . the agreement cements the entirety of the satellites ka - band capacity for hughes do brasil for 15 years and closely follows the renaming of satmex to eutelsat america .
the all american showcase is so much more than just a tryout . your player will be evaluated by professional scouts on the 5 tools of baseball in a combine setting and atmosphere . our scouts will calculate the participant’s skills set as compared to other same age players from across the country . participants will also have their evaluations posted to their player profile page on usssa . com . this page will display their event headshot photo and evaluation grades in each skill set on the standardized 20 / 80 scale , which are listed as scale scores of 2 - 8 .
cashier and credit card self - service lanes are open 24 hours / day and accept all major credit cards . we accept visa and master card debit cards that can be processed as credit cards . debit cards cannot be used if a pin number is required .
the practice of statewide initiative and referendum gained traction among the populist movements of the progressive era , around the turn of the 20th century . frustrated with the ineptitude of government and elected officials , these movements demanded a comprehensive program of reform that included women’s suffrage , the direct election of united states senators , the recall mechanism , primary elections and the initiative and referendum process .
for the other territories , there are several answers for the lack of rebellion . first is that broadly speaking there was no real reason to do so . canada after the american revolution was half french and half loyalists who had fled from the 13 colonies . they , like their caribbean cousins , had their chance to join the americans and didn’t . moreover , until the oregon treaty in 1846 , canadians feared their southern neighbors , who had invaded during the war of independence and would invade again during the war of 1812 . they relied on the british to defend them against the ever - expanding american nation . ( in fact tensions remained until the oregon treaty . )
a not - for - profit organization , ieee is the world ' s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity . © copyright 2018 ieee - all rights reserved . use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions .
in addition to the problem of politicos gaming the system , critics of initiatives and referendums have also questioned whether voters are informed enough to make decisions on complicated policy issues . that concern is amplified by the massive amounts of money sometimes thrown at campaigns either supporting or opposing a given measure . some have concluded that even direct democracy has been corrupted and turned into a pay - to - play gambit .
i am beyond confused . i had to look and look again to be sure this wasn ' t an old thread . there has not been hd distants for a long time , why is that even mentioned ? and claude ' s reply is old news also , dish has had the ability for sometime now , and we all know they only offer it for rv / trucker and can ' t offer it to almost 100 % of subscribers . other than the company is sold and will continue to provide the service , what ' s all the rest of it ? ?
few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary american society as television . before 1947 the number of u . s . homes with television sets could be measured in the thousands . by the late 1990s , 98 percent of u . s . homes had at least one television set , and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day . the typical american spends ( depending on the survey and the time of year ) from two - and - a - half to almost five hours a day watching television . it is significant not only that this time is being spent with television but that it is not being spent engaging in other activities , such as reading or going out or socializing .
following the closing of the share exchange , the tracking stock will be retired and all agreements , arrangements and policy statements with respect to the tracking stock will terminate and be of no further effect . the share exchange is expected to be consummated three business days after the satisfaction or waiver of all of the closing conditions to the transaction ( other than conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the closing , but subject to the satisfaction of those conditions at such time ) , but no earlier than february 28 , 2017 . the share exchange agreement provides for customary termination rights of echostar and dish , including the right of either party to terminate the share exchange agreement if the share exchange has not closed by march 31 , 2017 . no assurance can be given that the share exchange will be consummated on the terms or within the time frame disclosed , or at all .
australia and new zealand , meanwhile , were relatively young—captain cook reached australasia in 1770 , just as the american colonies were starting to rebel . more importantly , the british learned their lessons from the american revolution and gave white colonists domestic powers that would probably have satisfied the demands of american colonists at the beginning of their crisis . canada started down the path to home rule as early as 1840 . australia had responsible government in certain provinces in the 1850s . in canada , dominion status followed in 1867 . dominion status allowed for enough self - government ( with fealty to the empire and british supervision ) to serve as a kind of pressure - release valve on any discontent . the british used the canadian model for australia ( 1901 ) , new zealand ( 1907 ) , newfoundland ( 1907 ) , south africa ( 1910 ) , and ireland ( 1922 ) , as well as india , pakistan , and ceylon . the dominions also allowed for a sort of
soft
independence that made the formal break much easier and helped britain remain a privileged ally rather than france , whose decolonization efforts were much more traumatic .
not all states , though , allow voters to weigh in on changes to state statutes and laws . legislators in 23 states can refer changes to a state’s statutes to the ballot . as with constitutional amendments , voters can approve or reject only the laws that their legislature decides to place before them .
middleton , wis . — throughout our nation’s history , citizens and legislators alike have used ballot measures to shape public policy and public opinion in the states . this process of direct democracy has often proved more effective than the customary actions of a party , politician , interest group or deep - pocketed donor at addressing some of the most divisive topics in our history : including suffrage , prohibition , gay rights , the death penalty and marijuana .
nimiq 5 agreement . during 2009 , echostar entered into a fifteen - year satellite service agreement with telesat canada ( “telesat” ) to receive service on all 32 dbs transponders on the nimiq 5 satellite at the 72 . 7 degree orbital location ( the “telesat transponder agreement” ) . during 2009 , echostar also entered into a satellite service agreement ( the “dish nimiq 5 agreement” ) with us , pursuant to which we currently receive service from echostar on all 32 of the dbs transponders covered by the telesat transponder agreement . we have also guaranteed certain obligations of echostar under the telesat transponder agreement . see discussion under “guarantees” in note 16 .
it ' s not a big loss anyways since almost all of network programming is online via hulu , hulu + and network websites . i ' ve actually been looking to get rid of the channels ( save $ 12 / month ) but my cousin has been holding me back because he wants to keep them .
he has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the legislative powers , incapable of annihilation , have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within .
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how can we receive distant network channels ? - we know of no options at this time
apparently no one has told aad about directv .
what about using my dish network service while traveling in my rv ? - please contact dish network regarding this option at 1 - 800 - 333 - dish
hopefully this is a sign that dish will resume offering distants to rv customers ( the dish feeds are still uplinked ) . . . . . . . 1 . direct tv does not help many who had aad . direct tv can not give distants to those in a white area in most every case . alot of us who used aad are in white areas where satellite can not give us distants . it would take a waiver , these days very hard to get . 2 . no solid evidence but i am betting dish will go back to distants for rv and truckers .
we , therefore , the representatives of the united states of america , in general congress , assembled , appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the name , and by authority of the good people of these colonies , solemnly publish and declare , that these united colonies are , and of right ought to be free and independent states , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the british crown , and that all political connection between them and the state of great britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as free and independent states , they have full power to levy war , conclude peace , contract alliances , establish commerce , and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do . — and for the support of this declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence , we mutually pledge to each other our lives , our fortunes , and our sacred honor .
all participants must tryout in their appropriate age division and will only be considered for their current season roster age . an 8 year old is permitted to try out with the 9u group , however , they will not be considered for the regional team . we reserve those roster spots for of age participants for the current season of play .
englewood , colo . , u . s . a . , and mexico city , mexico  feb . 26 , 2010  echostar satellite services l . l . c . , a subsidiary of echostar corporation ( nasdaq : sats ) , and satélites mexicanos s . a . de c . v . ( satmex ) announced today an agreement pursuant to which echostar will acquire an ownership interest in satmex . satmex is mexicos leading satellite operator and delivers video , audio and data services to the americas . mvs comunicaciones , one of the largest media and telecommunications companies in mexico and echostars partner in the fast growing mexican direct - to - home tv service dish mexico , will also participate in the ownership of satmex through a joint venture with echostar . together , echostar and mvs comunicaciones will acquire all of the outstanding stock of satmex .
tivo . on april 29 , 2011 , we and echostar entered into a settlement agreement with tivo inc . ( “tivo” ) . the settlement resolved all pending litigation between us and echostar , on the one hand , and tivo , on the other hand , including litigation relating to alleged patent infringement involving certain dish digital video recorders , or dvrs .
i was about to get a winegard 1000sk ( wa only ) dish installed on my rv on the assumption i could fall back to aad in the increasing number of areas with ea only locals . bad assumption . i really don ' t want to spend all that $ on the roof top dish and still have to carry a portable around too .
tax sharing agreement . in connection with the spin - off , we entered into a tax sharing agreement with echostar which governs our respective rights , responsibilities and obligations after the spin - off with respect to taxes for the periods ending on or before the spin - off . generally , all pre - spin - off taxes , including any taxes that are incurred as a result of restructuring activities undertaken to implement the spin - off , are borne by us , and we will indemnify echostar for such taxes . however , we are not liable for and will not indemnify echostar for any taxes that are incurred as a result of the spin - off or certain related transactions failing to qualify as tax - free distributions pursuant to any provision of section 355 or section 361 of the internal revenue code of 1986 , as amended ( the “code” ) because of : ( i ) a direct or indirect acquisition of any of echostar’s stock , stock options or assets ; ( ii ) any action that echostar takes or fails to take ; or ( iii ) any action that echostar takes that is inconsistent with the information and representations furnished to the internal revenue service ( “irs” ) in connection with the request for the private letter ruling , or to counsel in connection with any opinion being delivered by counsel with respect to the spin - off or certain related transactions . in such case , echostar is solely liable for , and will indemnify us for , any resulting taxes , as well as any losses , claims and expenses . the tax sharing agreement will only terminate after the later of the full period of all applicable statutes of limitations , including extensions , or once all rights and obligations are fully effectuated or performed .
satélites mexicanos , s . a . de c . v . is the leading satellite service provider in latin america . the satmex fleet offers hemispheric and regional coverage throughout the americas . satmex owns and operates three satellites for full - time and occasional services in both c - and ku - bands : solidaridad 2 , satmex 5 and satmex 6 . thousands of users on the american continent , regardless of region or culture , benefit from satmex services in applications such as broadband , voice and data transmission , and video broadcasting , among others . with over 30 years of experience and landing rights in 46 countries and territories , satmex offers creative business technology solutions to improve the profitability of its customers . satmexs priority is empowering its customers businesses by providing a service of excellence for every need , all the time , anywhere in the americas . visit www . satmex . com .
as we all know , small shifts mean big business for larger retailers , and two competitors were able to successfully lure away large groups of kmart’s typical shoppers . t . j . maxx saw a 47 % gain in its market share following the closures and walmart had an 8 % gain . these two brands walked away from the kmart closures in the strongest position to further conquest kmart shoppers .
i guess there are dma ' s that directv does not supply locals too so there are some exceptions to that . also there would be very few who get dns for all 4 . mostly just the one or ones you are not able to get in your local package that directv offers . if i knew a zip code to check , i could give much more specific information on dns availablility for directv .
terrestar agreement . on march 9 , 2012 , we completed the terrestar transaction . prior to our acquisition of substantially all the assets of terrestar and echostar’s acquisition of hughes , terrestar and hns entered into various agreements pursuant to which hns provides , among other things , hosting , operations and maintenance services for terrestar’s satellite gateway and associated ground infrastructure . these agreements generally may be terminated by us at any time for convenience .
broadcast agreement for certain sports related programming . during may 2010 , we and echostar entered into a broadcast agreement pursuant to which echostar provides certain broadcast services to us in connection with our carriage of certain sports related programming . the term of this agreement is for ten years . if we terminate this agreement for a reason other than echostar’s breach , we are generally obligated to reimburse echostar for any direct costs echostar incurs related to any such termination that it cannot reasonably mitigate . the fees for the broadcast services provided under this agreement depend , among other things , upon the cost to develop and provide such services .
under the settlement agreement , all pending litigation was dismissed with prejudice and all injunctions that permanently restrain , enjoin or compel any action by us or echostar were dissolved . we and echostar are jointly responsible for making payments to tivo in the aggregate amount of $ 500 million , including an initial payment of $ 300 million and the remaining $ 200 million in six equal annual installments between 2012 and 2017 . pursuant to the terms and conditions of the agreements entered into in connection with the spin - off of echostar from us , we made the initial payment to tivo in may 2011 , except for the contribution from echostar totaling approximately $ 10 million , representing an allocation of liability relating to echostar’s sales of dvr - enabled receivers to an international customer . future payments will be allocated between us and echostar based on historical sales of certain licensed products , with us being responsible for 95 % of each annual payment .
echostar satellite services l . l . c . is a wholly owned subsidiary of echostar corporation ( nasdaq : sats ) and provides a reliable network for aggregation and distribution of video , audio and data domestically and internationally , including a joint venture to deliver dish mexico direct - to - home satellite tv services . echostar also offers iptv solutions through its vip - tv platform . echostar represents a significant source of ku - band and ka - band satellite capacity and spacecraft operation services with nine satellites , ground - based teleport facilities , and an expansive terrestrial backhaul network along with 24 - hour satellite access centers . visit www . echostar . com .
but the perseverance of initiative and referendum supporters paid off . in 1898 , south dakota became the first state to adopt the process for statewide ballots , although nebraska allowed local ballot measures the year before . utah and oregon implemented it in 1900 and 1902 , respectively , and many others soon followed . all told , 26 states as well as the district of columbia currently have some form of initiative or referendum , allowing citizens to directly engage in policy making .
despite their significant and lasting impact , ballot measures and the varied laws governing how they work can be daunting and complex . which states allow the ballot initiative process ? not all do . why are initiatives so popular in california , yet unavailable in new york ? how do voters get measures placed on the ballot ? none of this is simple or straightforward ; in fact , many people now find the language used in these measures so confusing that they abstain from voting on them entirely .
this agreement also reinforces hughes’ ambitions in latin america . echostar , owner of hughes , was previously in talks with gvt subsidiary vivendi to create a joint venture ( jv ) direct - to - home ( dth ) pay - tv service in brazil . the joint venture fizzled out in december 2013 , but echostar stated that the company “remains committed to use its expertise in satellite and video technology to deliver a unique pay - tv service to brazil via a high - powered bss satellite . ” eutelsat 65 west a also supports c - and ku - bands for video broadcasting . andrew spinola , senior analyst at wells fargo , believes this new agreement may open the door for echostar to accomplish this goal .
for the territories under indirect rule , there were rebellions in india and in africa . but why didn ' t the other white colonies rebel like the americans did ? first of all , ireland did , though because its bloody history is so unlike those of the other colonies , i’ll leave it there . there was also conflict in south africa , but that was between two established european populations , the british and the dutch - speaking afrikaners . the english - speaking population did not rebel against british rule .
in late 2006 nps entered into a multi - year contract with dish network parent company echostar corporation that saw echostar provide nps with domestic satellite capacity on echostar vii at 119° west longitude [ 4 ] and on echostar x at 110° west longitude . [ 2 ] the partnership came after a florida court ordered echostar to cease providing distant - network programming in october 2006 after a 10 - year legal battle over whether the satellite tv provider had violated the copyright act ; in december 2006 dish network ceased all transmission of distant - network programming . [ 5 ]
in 1778 , citizens in massachusetts were the first to attempt ratification of their state constitution by a legislative referendum . several other states followed suit in subsequent decades , and in 1857 , congress mandated that all changes to state constitutions for states entering the union after that year had to be approved by voters . today , voters in 49 states , excluding delaware , must vote on and approve legislatively referred constitutional amendments . these have become the most prominent type of measure seen on ballots in recent years , and they enable legislators to keep a finger on the pulse of the electorate .