nerve agents are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals ( organophosphates ) that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs .

the disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase , an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine , a neurotransmitter .

poisoning by a nerve agent leads to contraction of pupils , profuse salivation , convulsions , involuntary urination and defecation , and death by asphyxiation due to a loss of control of the respiratory muscles .

some nerve agents are readily vaporized or aerosolized , and the primary portal of entry into the body is the respiratory system .

nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin , requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a respirator .

nerve agent

goals of decontamination are to prevent further absorption of nerve agent by victims and to prevent the introduction of nerve agent into the clean ed environment .
even a tiny drop of nerve agent on the skin can cause sweating and muscle twitching where the agent touched the skin .
single - source , one - time nerve agent releases and exposure routes involving agent vapor inhalation or direct ocular vapor exposures .
there are few case reports regarding fetal toxicity from nerve agent / organophosphate exposure .
development of next generation medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning . - pubmed - ncbi
long - term ( chronic or subchronic ) exposure from residual nerve agent contamination .
development , aided by the seizure of german nerve agent production facilities and personnel .
b . the effects of drugs used in nerve agent poisoning are described below .
the history of nerve agents began prior to world war ii in germany . the first known nerve agent – tabun (
testing showed the mof - encapsulated enzyme was even more effective at breaking down the nerve agent simulant diisopropyl fluorophosphate and the nerve agent soman than the antidote by itself .
the history of nerve agents began prior to world war ii in germany . the first - known nerve agent , tabun (
simultaneous shutdown of the nervous and respiratory systems . the initial stages of symptoms of an individual exposed to a nerve agent may vary depending on the particular nerve agent and amount of agent the individual was exposed to (
nerve agent specific antidotes and supportive treatment may have to be initiated prior to decontamination .
are reported to produce more permanent injury , even following appropriate nerve agent antidote treatment .
respiratory complications of organophosphorus nerve agent and insecticide poisoning . implications for respiratory and critical care
vx ( nerve agent ) . urltoken . accessed january 28 , 2012 . author unknown
organophosphates / nerve agent poisoning : mechanism of action , diagnosis , prophylaxis , and treatment .
dilate iris and relax ciliary muscle , reversing ocular pain and miosis of nerve agent toxicity .
effects of 4 - pyridine aldoxime on nerve agent - inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea pigs .
nerve agent : vx . urltoken . published january , 12 , 2002 . author unknown .
g - series nerve agents share a number of common physical and chemical properties . at room temperature , the g - series nerve agents are volatile liquids , making them a serious risk for exposure from dermal contact with liquid nerve agent or inhalation of nerve agent vapor .
read more at acs nano : nanosizing a metal–organic framework enzyme carrier for accelerating nerve agent hydrolysis .
antidotes for nerve agent toxicity are atropine and pralidoxime . seizures may require benzodiazepines . see medication .
no instances of binary nerve agent use or intentional release have been reported in the united states .
we will begin our discussion appropriately with tabun , the first nerve agent that the germans synthesized .
video : what is xv nerve agent ? learn the sinister history behind the lethal chemical agent that killed the half - brother of an infamous dictator .
nerve agent is a highly toxic systemic poison that is absorbed well by inhalation and through the skin . victims exposed only to nerve agent vapor do not pose secondary contamination risks to rescuers , but do not attempt resuscitation without a barrier . victims whose clothing or skin is contaminated with liquid nerve agent can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor . avoid dermal contact with nerve agent contaminated victims or with gastric contents of victims who may have ingested nerve agent - containing materials .
nerve agent vapor is readily absorbed by inhalation and ocular contact and produces rapid local and systemic effects .
use of nerve agent treatment autoinjectors by prehospital personnel should be guided by local policy . [ 13 ]
( 1 ) if liquid nerve agent is absorbed through the eyes , the effects are felt immediately .
b . steal a truck that sprays for mosquitos and aerosolize the nerve agent into a crowded subdivision .
scientists have made a significant breakthrough in the search for new antidotes to combat deadly nerve agent sarin .
nerve agents interfere with the nerves ' ability to carry information and control the body ' s functions . this results in respiratory difficulties , vision problems , headaches , loss of bladder and bowel control , convulsions , and mental confusion . severe nerve agent poisoning leads to unconsciousness and death . the sign and symptoms present and the severity of nerve agent poisoning depend upon the amount of nerve agent absorbed by the body and the route by which the nerve agent entered the body .
because nerve act rapidly , treatment must begin immediately after exposure or death may occur . a general antidote to nerve agents is a combination of atropine and a reactivator . atropine protects against the excess of acetylcoline formed during nerve agent poisoning . the reactivator ' s job is to restore acetylcholinesterase to its normal functions . the degree of difficulty in combating the nerve agent depends greatly on the quantity and type of nerve agent .
the victim of such a nerve agent usually dies from asphyxiation due to not being able to breathe out .
a detector kit being used to identify an airborne nerve agent during training at fort leonard wood in 2003 .
with higher respiratory rates and minute volumes than adults a child will inhale a greater dose of nerve agent .
certain general usage principles should be followed in the administration of nerve agent antidotes . complete instructions for the administration of nerve agent antidotes are found on the auto injectors and also in the navy navmed p - 5041 .
enzymes , the catalysts of biology , can engulf and break down hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second .
decontamination of liquid nerve agent exposure consists of removing all clothing , copiously irrigating with water to physically remove the nerve agent , and then washing the skin with an alkaline solution of soap and water or 0 . 5 % hypochlorite solution ( made by diluting household bleach 1 : 10 ) to chemically neutralize the nerve agent . avoid hot water , strong detergents , and vigorous scrubbing , since they tend to enhance nerve agent absorption .
reversal of nerve agent toxicity depends on the prompt parenteral administration of the two antidotes , atropine and pralidoxime .
antidotes to nerve agent poisoning must be given immediately ( see below ) . it should be noted that some
egypt uses mustard gas and a nerve agent in yemen to support a coup d’état against the yemeni monarchy .
the lethal effects of nerve agent poisoning may be combated by a combination of pretreatment and post exposure therapy .
( 3 ) if the nerve agent is absorbed through the skin in liquid form , there may be a delay of from 3 minutes to as long as 2 hours before the effects of nerve agent poisoning are felt .
according to francona , the us , british , russians and iraqis were all in possession of the nerve agent .
a child ' s smaller mass alone reduces the dose of nerve agent required for toxic / lethal effects . animal studies have shown that the lethal dose of nerve agent in an immature vs . adult animal is 10 % .
organophosphates / nerve agent poisoning : mechanism of action , diagnosis , prophylaxis , and treatment . - pubmed - ncbi
there are five fielded products for medical chemical warfare ( cw ) defense—four nerve agent therapeutics and one skin decontaminant .
the vx nerve agent that killed north korea’s kim jong - nam is 100 times more deadly than the nerve gas sarin . photograph : ojo images / rex / shutterstock
malaysian police have now revealed that kim jong - nam was killed with a poison called vx nerve agent . but what exactly is this agent , and how does it kill ?
if the patient is symptomatic , immediately institute emergency life support measures , including the use of nerve agent specific antidotes .
sheridan rd , smith ap , turner sr , tattersall je . nicotinic antagonists in the treatment of nerve agent intoxication .
new world encyclopedia contributors . vx ( nerve agent ) . new world encyclopedia . published february , 16 , 2009 .
( 1 ) while atropine blocks the muscarinic effects of nerve agent poisoning it has little effect upon the nicotinic actions of the agent at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and at the autonomic ganglia .
in the 1960s , testing of a nerve agent that may have been vx led to the accidental deaths of thousands of sheep in utah . syrian government forces are accused of using a related nerve agent , possibly sarin , against civilians in 2013 .
nerve agent ' s primary means of inducing toxicity is through inhalation and skin / eye contact . occasionally ingestion can occur .
) . it could be a nerve agent having high toxicity , and its effects are difficult to treat using common antidotes .
nobel prize in chemistry winner richard kuhn figured out the biological target of nerve agents and invented a new agent , soman .
the amount and route of exposure to the nerve agent or op pesticide , the type of nerve agent or pesticide , and the premorbid condition of the person exposed person will contribute to the time of onset and the severity of illness . for example , inhalation of a nerve agent or an op pesticide leads to a quicker onset of poisoning with more severe symptoms when compared to with dermal exposure s , given the same amount of agent .
chemical terrorism presents a threat to the civilian population , including children . nerve agent antidotes are available in prepackaged autoinjectors that can be delivered rapidly following an exposure . the published evidence on the use of nerve agent antidotes consists of case reports , extrapolation from pediatric organophosphate poisonings , and expert opinion . this review examines the evidence supporting the use of nerve agent antidotes in children .
victims whose skin or clothing is contaminated with liquid nerve agent can contaminate rescuers by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor .
liquid nerve agent is readily absorbed through the skin ; however , effects may be delayed for several minutes to up to18 hours .
the
nerve agent
does not directly kill . rather , within seconds , it turns our own nervous systems against us .
atropine sulfate and 2 pam cl remain essential drugs in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning . when exposed , each member of the navy and marine corps is issued three 2 mg auto injectors of atropine and three 600 mg auto injectors of 2 pam cl ( fig . 13 - 30 ) . do not give nerve agent antidotes for preventive purposes before contemplated exposure to a nerve agent .
plasma or rbc cholinesterase may be disproportionately inhibited depending on the particular nerve agent , amount of exposure and time interval since exposure .
the best way for a terrorist to weaponize and disseminate a chemical nerve agent exposing a large number of people would be to : a . put it in a paper bag in a crowded mall and puncture the bag with a stick . b . steal a truck that sprays for mosquitos and aerosolize the nerve agent into a crowded subdivision . c . throw a paper bag loaded with nerve agent onto a busy subway train . d . throw a molotov cocktail loaded with nerve agent into a windshield of a passenger bus .
liquid nerve agent is readily absorbed through the skin ; however , effects may be delayed for several minutes to up to 18 hours .
for the victim esposed to nerve agent who presents with severe multisystem symptoms , antidotes and supportive care can be lifesaving if initiated immediately .
( 2 ) if the nerve agent is inhaled , the effects may take from less than a minute to several minutes to appear .
mod scientists killed 29 guinea pigs with the nerve agent in 2015 conducting a series of experiments into a possible antidote to the poison .
f . pyridostigmine pretreatment should be stopped upon developing symptoms of nerve agent poisoning following a chemical warfare attack and post exposure therapy started .
persons whose skin is exposed only to nerve agent vapor pose no risk of secondary contamination ; however , clothing and hair can trap vapor .
look carefully for miosis ( if present will be helpful ) . miosis may not be present initially following a low volatility nerve agent exposure .
indicated for treatment of seizures associated with nerve agent toxicity . depresses all levels of cns function by increasing activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gaba .
may consist of two separate ‘non - toxic’ components that , when mixed , become the active nerve agent . no further information is available .
novichok is reported to be 5–8 times more lethal than vx nerve agent and effects are rapid , usually within 30 seconds to 2 minutes .
novichok agent (
newcomer
) : a series of nerve agents developed by the soviet union in the 1980s and 1990s , all in the
third generation nerve agent
category . some of these agents ( novichok - 5 , novichok - 7 ) are binary agents .
sidell fr . clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxications . chemical warfare agents . san diego , ca : academic press , inc ; 1992 .
nerve agent in vapor form is primarily absorbed through the respiratory tract . small droplets ( spray or aerosol ) can be absorbed through the skin or eyes or be inhaled . liquid nerve agent can penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly , but significant absorption through the skin usually requires a few minutes .
the lungs and the eyes absorb nerve agents rapidly . in high vapor concentrations , the nerve agent is carried from the lungs throughout the circulatory system ; widespread systemic effects may appear in less than 1 minute .
20 . the vesicant agent , mustard , either alone or mixed with lewisite , is an important agent in the soviet arsenal . manufacture of mustard in the
malaysian police have revealed that the nerve agent vx was used to kill kim jong - nam when he was attacked at kuala lumpur’s international airport .
secretary of health and human services ( hhs ) tom price last week issued a “determination and declaration regarding emergency use of injectable treatments for nerve agent or certain insecticide ( organophosphorus and / or carbamate ) poisoning , ” authorizing emergency use of injectable treatments for nerve agent or certain weaponized insecticides .
exposure to high concentrations of nerve agent vapor causes immediate loss of consciousness , followed shortly by convulsions , flaccid paralysis , and respiratory failure . these generalized effects are caused by the rapid absorption of nerve agent vapor across the respiratory tract , producing maximal inhibition of ache within seconds to minutes of exposure . nerve agent vapor is expected to have had its full effect by the time victims present to the emergency care system . [ 4 ]
patients with signs and symptoms of moderate nerve agent toxicity require supplemental oxygen , pulse oximetry , cardiac monitoring , and intravenous ( iv ) access .
while seizures complicating nerve agent exposure often respond to iv atropine and pralidoxime , they also may require iv benzodiazepines titrated to effect . the convulsant antidote for nerve agent ( cana ) autoinjector consists of diazepam and is recommended after three mark 1 kits have been administered . midazolam has been considered as a replacement to diazepam . midazolam is twice as potent and acts more rapidly than diazepam in nonhuman primates with nerve agent–induced seizures . [ 15 ]
the most widely used nerve agent , soman ( gd ) , exerts a defining effect on cardiovascular function . myocardial degeneration and necrosis were noted by
the most widely used nerve agent , soman ( gd ) , exerts a defining effect on cardiovascular function . myocardial degeneration and necrosis was noted by
the cult also provided their members with the antidote to nerve agent poisoning during the attack on the tokyo subway . this shows that it is possible for perpetrators to use a nerve agent as a weapon in close proximity , without needing to use bulky protective equipment , or risk lethal exposure themselves .
in the tokyo nerve agent attack , severely poisoned patients exposed by inhalation quickly became unconscious and developed marked respiratory compromise , some with cardiopulmonary arrest ( 14 ) . likewise , loss of consciousness and respiratory distress occurred within minutes of accidental inhalation and topical exposure of the nerve agents sarin and soman ( 16 ) . toxicity is delayed after topical nerve agent exposure but can occur within minutes with the most potent nerve agents ( 6 ) .
tabun , o - ethyl dimethylamidophosphorylcyanide , with the american denomination ga . this nerve agent is the easiest to manufacture . consequently , it is more likely that developing countries start their cw arsenal with this nerve agent whereas industrialized countries consider tabun to be out - of - date and of limited use .
but low doses of nerve agent have been linked with long - term effects in people who did not exhibit clinical symptoms at the time of exposure .
persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with nerve agent - containing solutions can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off - gassing vapor .
figure 1 . locations for administration source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
mcdonough jh . midazolam : an improved anticonvulsant treatment for nerve agent induced seizures . defense technical information center . jan 2002 . [ full text ] .
newmark j . therapy for nerve agent poisoning . arch neurol . 2004 may . 61 ( 5 ) : 649 - 52 . [ medline ] .
sidell fr . clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication . somani sm , ed . chemical warfare agents . san diego : harcourt brace jovanovich ; 1992 .
liquid nerve agent exposure requires formal decontamination , as outlined in prehospital care , before victims enter the ed . no decontamination is necessary in vapor exposure .
be worn by members of emergency services who may be treating nerve agent casualties . inadequate decontamination may result in secondary cases from exposure to primary cases .
when a person is exposed to a nerve agent , the nerve agent , upon entering the body , inhibits the normal actions of acetylcholinesterase ; a chemical within the body whose normal function it is to break down the chemical acetylcholine . acetylcholine causes muscular contraction . what nerve agents do to acetylcholinesterase is inhibit it from breaking down acetylcholine which in turn causes violent muscle spasms .
liquid nerve agents range from colorless to light brown . most nerve agents are odorless and tasteless . they range from nonpersistent to very persistent .
vx is a human - made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents . they are similar to pesticides ( insect killing chemicals ) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kinds of harmful effects they cause . however , nerve agents are much more potent than organophosphate pesticides .
the use of a nerve agent would suggest syria did not get rid of its military stockpiles as it agreed to do after a 2013 nerve agent attack killed more than 1 , 000 syrians . a u . n . report after the attack determined that the regime used sarin in the assault near damascus .
the effect of dermal exposure to liquid nerve agent depends on the anatomic site exposed , ambient temperature , and dose of nerve agent . percutaneous absorption of nerve agent typically results in localized sweating caused by direct nicotinic effect on the skin , followed by muscular fasciculations and weakness as the agent penetrates deeper and a nicotinic effect is exerted on underlying muscle . in moderate dermal exposures , vomiting and / or diarrhea occur . vomiting and / or diarrhea soon after exposure are ominous signs . with further absorption , full - blown systemic or remote effects occur .
if you have been exposed to a nerve agent , remove all clothing immediately and wash with copious amounts of soap and water . seek emergency medical attention .
dunn ma , hackley be , sidell fr . pretreatment for nerve agent exposure . medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare . 1987 . 181 - 196 .
note : the actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable than the syndrome described in this document .
malaysian authorities said north koreans put the deadly nerve agent vx on the hands of aisyah and huong , who then placed the toxin on mr kim’s face .
vx is the most potent of all nerve agents . compared with the nerve agent sarin ( also known as gb ) , vx is considered to be much more toxic by entry through the skin and somewhat more toxic by inhalation .
a characteristic of nerve agents is that they are extremely toxic and that they have very rapid effect . the nerve agent , either as a gas , aerosol or liquid , enters the body through inhalation or through the skin . poisoning may also occur through consumption of liquids or foods contaminated with nerve agents .
warhead probably contains about 400 pounds of agent , and the scud warhead about 800 .
in 1969 , 23 soldiers and one civilian were sent to hospital after the vx nerve agent stored in a us military base in okinawa , japan , leaked .
figure 2 . removing atropine autoinjector from clip source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
figure 3 . self - aid thigh injection source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
cma public affairs . last vx nerve agent eliminated from army stockpile . www . army . mil . available at urltoken . accessed : february 5 , 2015 .
rotenberg js . diagnosis and management of nerve agent exposure . pediatr ann . 2003 apr . 32 ( 4 ) : 242 - 50 . [ medline ] .
vx nerve agent was first used during the iran - iraq war in the 1980s . it ' s part of the same family of toxic substances as sarin , which was used in the 1995 nerve gas attack on the tokyo subway .
nerve agents are a class of chemicals grouped together based on their common mechanism of action , which is interruption of vital nerve transmissions to various organs .
by 1943 a team of german military scientists developing tabun had also designed another nerve agent called sarin that was six times more potent than tabun . the german nobel laureate richard kuhn was called on to help discern why the new poisons were so deadly . he soon discovered that these nerve agents interfere with a critical enzyme , cholinesterase . in the process kuhn also discovered a third nerve agent : soman .
are submicroscopic organisms that require living cells to reproduce and multiply . variola major , the causative agent of smallpox , is a virus that could be used as a biological agent .
- nerve agents are readily absorbed from the respiratory tract . runny nose and tightness in the throat or chest begin within seconds to minutes after exposure . nerve agent vapors are heavier than air . odor does not provide adequate warning of detection .
nerve agents may be detected by a variety of means . single and three colour detector papers are available for individual issue to detect liquid nerve agent . area detectors are also available as are monitoring devices for local contamination and water testing kits .
neuromuscular - pinpoint pupils ( highly indicative of nerve agent exposure in a mass casualty situation ) , muscle twitching , confusion , seizures , flaccid paralysis , and coma .
respiratory protection : positive - pressure , self - contained breathing apparatus ( scba ) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to potentially unsafe levels of nerve agent .
- dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate ) – was synthesized in laboratories of ig farben by dr schrader in 1936 ( germany ) . although pesticides were the original aim of schrader ' s studies , german authorities identified the deadly potential of organophosphates ( ops ) , and many other nerve agents such as sarin , cyclosarin , and soman were developed . a few decades later , new nerve agent vx was developed . other new nerve agents are the intermediate volatile agent ( iva ; also named agent gp ) and novichok (
victims of a chemical attack in khan sheikhoun , in idlib province , syria , on april 4 . the gas was later identified as the lethal nerve agent sarin .
syria may have used military - grade nerve agent in alleged attack the chemical attack killed dozens in northern idlib province , syria . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
capabilities . it appears to be a persistent nerve agent or nerve agent mixture that is at least two or three times more toxic than the western agent vx , and 25 times as toxic as sarin . according to soviet sources , vr–55 reaches the ground in vapor , aerosol , and droplet form and is persistent for one to three days . to obtain this effect the soviets may use a thickener to retard evaporation during the fall . it has also been suggested that vr–55 might be a mixture of a highly toxic v - agent with an unknown , extremely toxic , semi - persistent g - agent . the highly persistent v - agent might retard the evaporation of the more volatile g - agents to permit sufficient g - agent to reach the ground and supply the vapor hazard .
nerve agents sarin , tabun , and vx are highly toxic military agents that disrupt a victim ' s nervous system by blocking the transmission of nerve signals .
another recent , high - profile death was also due to a nerve agent — vx nerve agent was used to kill kim jong - nam , the half brother of north korean leader kim jong - un , in february . but what exactly are these deadly chemicals , and what sort of treatments can save those who have been exposed ?
the vx nerve agent stored at the newport chemical depot in indiana in 1997 , the year the chemical weapons convention took effect , leading many nations to cut their stockpiles .
skin protection : chemical - protective clothing is recommended because both nerve agent vapor ( high exposure doses ) and liquid can be absorbed through the skin to produce systemic toxicity .
with an extremely high toxicity ; this became the nerve agent known as tabun ( ga ) . as much as 12 , 000 tons was produced for the german army in
c . local gastrointestinal effects . following the ingestion of substances containing a nerve agent , which is essentially tasteless , the initial symptoms include abdominal cramps , vomiting and diarrhoea .
the most toxic nerve agent available in the west is vx . it is an inhibitor of ache , which acts by increasing the ach at the nerve synapses . toxicity sets in when more than 50 % of the ache enzyme is inhibited . the ache
: you got a lot of nerve showing your face around here , hauser .
unlike the nerve agent sarin , which was used to attack the tokyo subway and ghouta , a suburb of damascus in syria , the v - series are termed “persistent” agents .
its only use is as a chemical weapon . the nerve agent can be disseminated in a spray or vapour , or used to contaminate water , food , and agricultural products .
vx is a clear , amber - colored , odorless , oily liquid . it is miscible with water and soluble in all solvents . it is the least volatile nerve agent .
figure 4 . removing 2 - pam cl autoinjector from clip source : procedures for administering the nerve agent antidotes ( pdf - 138 kb ) ( u . s . army )
the final product of the weapon is of the same chemical structure as the original nerve agent . the term binary refers only to the storage and deployment method used , not to the chemical structure of the substance . this article discusses management of chemical nerve agents in general ; the reader can also refer to cbrne - nerve agents , g - series - tabun , sarin , soman and cbrne - nerve agents , v - series - ve , vg , vm , vx for more detailed information on each particular agent .
because of recent terrorist events many workers have expressed concern about the possibility of a terrorist attack involving nerve agents . in 1995 , twelve people were killed when the nerve agent sarin was released in the tokyo subway system . the following frequently asked questions will help workers understand what nerve agents are and how they may affect their health and safety .
smallpox is a potentially deadly infectious disease and is considered a high - priority biological threat agent .
18 . the agent used as a chemical fill in tactical rockets , ballistic missiles , and cruise missiles is described in soviet sources as an “agent of the vr–55 type . ” the lack of evidence as to the exact nature of this agent is a major gap in our knowledge of soviet
researchers have taken these naturally occurring enzymes as raw material . then , using computer modeling and controlled evolution in the lab , we’ve bolstered the efficiency of the originally found anti - nerve agent enzymes . enzymes that initially showed only modest activity have been turned into potential therapeutics against vx – a chemical cousin of sarin and the most toxic nerve agent of all .
personnel should wear personal protective equipment including protective suits , heavy butyl rubber gloves , and air - supplied respirators ( eg , self - contained breathing apparatus ) when entering a scene posing a nerve agent vapor risk or when treating victims exposed to liquid nerve agents .
exposure to v - series nerve agents should be considered if there is a clinical history concerning for exposure to nerve agents or symptoms of nerve agent exposure . decontamination and treatment should begin as soon as possible . laboratory tests for the presence of v - series agents in the body are not readily available and are not used to guide management . patients may demonstrate lab abnormalities consistent with metabolic acidosis and the breakdown of striated muscle . decreased erythrocyte cholinesterase levels may be observed after exposure to nerve agents . v - series nerve agents can also be detected in patients or in the environment by m8 paper , m9 tape , the m256a1 chemical agent detector kit , or the joint chemical agent detector ( jcad ) .
organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents both bind to an enzyme that turns off the nerve - signaling molecule acetylcholine . without the enzyme to turn it off , acetylcholine will continue to
aggressively
stimulate certain receptors on nerve cells , nelson told live science .
respiratory : inhalation of nerve agent vapor causes respiratory tract effects within seconds to minutes . symptoms include increased , rhinorrhea , and bronchial secretions , chest tightness secondary to bronchial muscle contraction .
enzymes , the catalysts of biology , can engulf and break down hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second . credit : pymol . pdb 4e3t rcsb . org , cc by - nd
nerve agents are highly toxic and rapidly affect exposed individuals . nerve agents enter the body primarily through the respiratory tract , although they may be absorbed through the eyes or skin . in the liquid state , nerve agents are hazardous via skin or eye contact and through ingestion . generally , all nerve agents are highly toxic and fast acting .
researchers have taken these naturally occurring enzymes as raw material . then , using computer modeling and controlled evolution in the lab , we ' ve bolstered the efficiency of the originally found anti - nerve agent enzymes . enzymes that initially showed only modest activity have been turned into potential therapeutics against vx – a chemical cousin of sarin and the most toxic nerve agent of all .
the amount of time ( listed as aging half - life ) required for aging by various nerve agents is listed in table 2 in mortality / morbidity . the nerve agent vx has a very long aging half - life of more than 2 days . this means that certain antidotes will be effective much longer for this agent than for the others ( see treatment ) .
vx is a lethal chemical weapon in the v - series of nerve agents . although commonly referred to as nerve gases , the chemicals are usually liquids at room temperature .
this constant nerve stimulation causes the characteristic symptoms of vx gas poisoning . these include :
for a medical intervention to work after nerve gas exposure , it has to work fast . if a first responder administers a sarin - destroying molecule , each therapeutic molecule must be capable of breaking down through hydrolysis hundreds of nerve agent molecules per second , one after another .
vx is a clear , amber - colored , odorless , oily liquid . it is soluble in water as well as in all other solvents . it is the least volatile nerve agent .
atropine and pralidoxime chloride are the 2 drugs used to treat nerve agent exposure . 2 diazepam ( valium ) or similar benzodiazepines can be used to mitigate the convulsions associated with exposure . 2
newmark j . the birth of nerve agent warfare : lessons from syed abbas foroutan . neurology . 2004 may 11 . 62 ( 9 ) : 1590 - 6 . [ medline ] .
wright bs , rezk pe , graham jr , steele ke , gordon rk , sciuto am , nambiar mp . acute lung injury following inhalation exposure to nerve agent vx in guinea pigs .
the nerve agent used to poison sergei skripal is a ' novichok ' . given how incredibly deadly these are ( 5x more than vx ) , how did it happen that . . .
summary of chemical agent air exposure values table 1 . osha , ( 2004 , august 3 ) .
nerve agent poisoning may be identified from the characteristic signs and symptoms . if exposure to vapor has occurred , the pupils will be very small , usually pin - pointed . if exposure has been cutaneous or has followed ingestion of a nerve agent in contaminated food or water , the pupils may be normal or , in the presence of severe systemic symptoms , slightly to moderately reduced in size . in this event , the other manifestations of nerve agent poisoning must be relied on to establish the diagnosis . no other known chemical agent produces muscular twitching and fasciculations , rapidly developing pin - point pupils , or the characteristic train of muscarinic , nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations .
. nerve agents are divided into two major groups : the g - agents and the v - agents . examples of the g - agents are ga ( tabun ) , gb ( sarin ) , and gd ( soman ) . o - ethyl s - ( 2 diisopropyl amiono ethyl ) methylphosphonothiolate [ nerve agent ] ( vx ) is an example of a v - agent .
sarin is a human - made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents . sarin is a clear , colorless , and tasteless liquid that has no odor in its pure form . however , sarin can evaporate into a vapor and spread into the environment . sarin is also known as gb .
15 . the first nerve agent developed and adopted by the soviets was tabun , a g - agent , the quantity production of which probably [ page 306 ] began about 1946 or shortly thereafter . manufacture of the agent probably continued through the 1950’s , but stopped when emphasis shifted to other agents . existing stocks of tabun , whether in bulk or in filled munitions , have gradually diminished as the result of agent deterioration . nevertheless we believe that about half the soviet tabun stock is still available .
organophosphate pesticides — such as malathion and parathion . chemically related to nerve agents but are not nearly as toxic . these compounds disrupt the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme just like nerve agents .
if a nerve agent containing solution has been ingested , prepare the ambulance in case the victim vomits toxic material . have ready several towels and open plastic bags to quickly clean up and isolate .
holstege cp , kirk m , sidell fr . chemical warfare . nerve agent poisoning . crit care clin . 1997 oct . 13 ( 4 ) : 923 - 42 . [ medline ] .
koblentz said the symptoms , as seen from social media and news reports , appeared to be consistent with a nerve agent . video showed victims foaming at the mouth and writhing on the ground .
by preventing ache from metabolising acetylcholine , the nerve agent causes the synapse to become flooded with the neurotransmitter . this saturation leads to the nerve being constantly switched “on” . in the case of nerves that control muscles , this means that the muscle is constantly receiving a signal to contract .
36 . the single most critical weakness in soviet chemical defense is the problem of nerve agent detection . the soviets have some manual and automatic devices for the detection of local concentrations of nerve agents , but we do not believe they are capable of giving timely warning of chemical attack .
a . symptoms . nerve agent poisoning may be identified from the characteristic signs and symptoms . if exposure to vapour has occurred , the pupils will be very small , usually pin - pointed . if exposure has been cutaneous or has followed ingestion of a nerve agent in contaminated food or water , the pupils may be normal or , in the presence of severe systemic symptoms , slightly to moderately reduced in size . in this event , the other manifestations of nerve agent poisoning must be relied on to establish the diagnosis . no other known chemical agent produces muscular twitching and fasciculations , rapidly developing pin - point pupils , or the characteristic train of muscarinic , nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations .
ache is responsible for metabolising the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which in turn is responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse across the gap ( called a synapse ) between two nerve cells .
kassa j . review of oximes in the antidotal treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents .
, and a number of other states also produced these and other nerve agents as weapons .
at room temperature , nerve agents are primarily liquid . 2 the g - series agents are clear , colorless , and tasteless . 11 sarin is the most volatile nerve agent . 11 vx , is the least volatile , is odorless , and can be clear or amber - colored . 11
the treatment for nerve agent poisoning recommended by the u . s . military involves the use of three therapeutic drugs : atropine , pralidoxime , and diazepam . atropine counteracts many of the effects caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase . pralidoxime chloride ( 2 - pam ) , one in a family of drugs that reactivates the nerve agent - inhibited cholinesterase , is administered with atropine . diazepam , an anticonvulsant , is administered in severe cases of nerve agent intoxication to control seizures and thereby minimize brain injury . atropine , 2 - pam , and diazepam are packaged in autoinjectors issued to u . s . military personnel for self - or buddy - aid . atropine and 2 - pam by themselves have limited efficacy against the nerve agent soman ( gd ) ; thus , naval personnel are supposed to be provided supplies of the nerve agent pretreatment pyridostigmine bromide ( nappb ) . pb is administered on the orders of the commanding officer when a creditable future threat of exposure to gd exists . as is the case with other nerve agents , atropine and 2 - pam are administered post - exposure .
malaysia has said the substance used to kill kim jong - nam , the half - brother of north korea ' s leader , was vx , a hugely potent nerve agent which is banned internationally .
baker md . antidotes for nerve agent poisoning : should we differentiate children from adults ? . curr opin pediatr . 2007 apr . 19 ( 2 ) : 211 - 5 . [ medline ] .
pantazides bg , watson cm , carter md , crow bs , perez jw , blake ta , thomas jd , johnson rc . an enhanced butyrylcholinesterase method to measure organophosphorus nerve agent exposure in humans .
marrs tc . the role of diazepam in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in a civilian population . toxicol rev . 2004 . 23 ( 3 ) : 145 - 57 . [ medline ] .
young d . cdc rolls out nerve - agent antidote program . am j health syst pharm . 2004 sep 15 . 61 ( 18 ) : 1866 - 8 , 1875 . [ medline ] .
the main principles of therapy for nerve agent poisoning are early treatment , assisted ventilation , bronchial suction , muscarinic cholinergic blockade ( atropine ) , enzyme reactivation ( oximes ) and anticonvulsants ( benzodiazepines ) .
chemical agent detector paper ; 25 sheets / book and 50 booklets / box ; potential for false positives .
your patient has been exposed to a vesicant ( blistering ) agent . his injuries will be caused by :
organophosphorus nerve agents were discovered in germany in the 1930s ; tabun , sarin , and soman were produced during and after world war ii . great britain developed a potent nerve agent called vx in the early 1950s . the most famous use of a nerve agent was by the japanese cult aum shinrikyo . a 1994 release of sarin in motsumoto resulted in seven deaths . a 1995 release of sarin in the tokyo subway system resulted in twelve deaths and more than five thousand victims seeking medical attention .
most chemical ammunition can be described as unitary , which implies that it contains one active ready - to - use cw agent . binary technology implies that the final stage in the synthesis of the nerve agent is moved from the factory into the warhead , which thus functions as a chemical reactor . two initial substances which are stored in separate containers are mixed and allowed to react and form the nerve agent when the ammunition ( bomb , projectile , grenade , etc . ) is on its way towards the target .
but for whatever reason , hitler chose not to take that step—even as nazi factories secretly stockpiled munitions packed with the deadly nerve agent , and even as the tide of the war turned increasingly against germany .
the use of a nerve agent suggests the regime held back some precursor chemicals or weapons from inspectors monitoring the dismantling of the syrian chemical weapons stockpiles or were able to produce new stocks , koblentz said .
it was a nerve agent that was used earlier this year to kill the half brother of north korean leader kim jong un in malaysia . authorities believe kim jong nam was killed by north korean assassins .
a drop of nerve agent can kill within a minute . when released in the ocean , it lasts up to six weeks , killing every organism it touches before breaking down into its nonlethal chemical components .
muscular paralysis caused by nerve agents also affects the respiratory muscles . nerve agents also affect the respiratory centre of the central nervous system . the combination of these two effects is the direct cause of death . consequently , death caused by nerve agents is a kind of death by suffocation .
nerve agents act by first binding and then irreversibly inactivating acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) , producing a toxic accumulation of acetylcholine ( ach ) at muscarinic , nicotinic , and cns synapses . [ 3 ] excessive ach at these cholinergic receptors may account for the spectrum of clinical effects observed in nerve agent exposure .
thiermann h , worek f , kehe k . limitations and challenges in treatment of acute chemical warfare agent poisoning .
the united states uses napalm and the herbicide agent orange during the vietnam war , sparking national and international protest .
e . when overwhelming doses of the agent are absorbed quickly , death occurs rapidly without orderly progression of symptoms .
agent vx is infamous nowadays . i am interested to make it at home . how do i do it ?
it is thought possible to treat a vx attack with an injection of multiple antidotes , but the nerve agent works so quickly that a victim would have to be treated immediately to stand any chance of survival .
gb is odorless and is the most volatile nerve agent ; however , it evaporates at about the same rate as water . ga has a slightly fruity odor and gd has a slight camphor - like odor .
the eyes must be decontaminated within minutes of exposure to liquid nerve agent to limit injury . flush the eyes immediately with water for about 5 to 10 minutes by tilting the head to the side , pulling eyelids apart with fingers , and pouring water slowly into eyes . there is no need to flush the eyes following exposure to nerve agent vapor . remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye .
in mild exposures , the systemic manifestations of nerve agent poisoning usually include tension , anxiety , jitteriness , restlessness , emotional lability , and giddiness . there may be insomnia or excessive dreaming , occasionally with nightmares .
duysen eg , li b , xie w , schopfer lm , anderson rs , broomfield ca , lockridge o . evidence for nonacetylcholinesterase targets of organophosphorus nerve agent : supersensitivity of acetylcholinesterase knockout mouse to vx lethality .
a factory for production of the new cw agent was built and a total of 12 000 tonnes of tabun were produced during the years 1942 - 1945 . at the end of the war the allies seized large quantities of this nerve agent . up to the end of the war , schrader and his co - workers synthesized about 2 000 new organo - phosphorus compounds , including sarin ( 1938 ) . the third of the
classic
nerve agents , soman , was first produced in 1944 . these three nerve agents are known as g agents in the american nomenclature . the manufacture of sarin never started properly and up to 1945 only about 0 . 5 tonne of this nerve agent was produced in a pilot plant .
a diazepam tablet is also generally given as a pretreatment , primarily affecting the central nervous system . diazepam strengthens the effect of other nerve agent antidotes . there will be better prospects of survival and less injury . diazepam also provides protection against permanent brain damage which may result from heavy exposure to nerve agents .
two chemical properties of nerve agents also provide the rationale for effective measures against them . first , nerve agents are hydrolyzed readily by alkaline solutions , which explains why soap and water or hypochlorite solutions are effective skin decontaminants . second , the bond between the nerve agent and ache takes time to chemically mature and become a stable covalent bond . during the period immediately after nerve agent binding to enzyme , the bond is vulnerable to disruption by agents called oximes . this aging phenomenon forms the pharmacologic basis for the effective use of the antidote , pralidoxime , during this early window of opportunity before the bond becomes permanent .
nerve agents . generally considered the most deadly of the different categories of chemical weapons , nerve agents – in liquid or gas form - can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin . nerve agents inhibit the body’s respiratory and cardiovascular capability by causing severe damage to the central nervous system , and can result in death . the most common nerve agents include sarin , soman , and vx .
atropine 1 works by counteracting the effects of the excessive amount of acetyl choline while the body works to clear the nerve agent . 1 , 2 pralidoxime chloride works by reversing the agent ' s mechanism of action , and reactivating ache . 1 , 2 early treatment with pralidoxime can prevent the otherwise irreversible nerve damage associated with exposure . 1 pralidoxime should continue to be administered for a period of time after symptoms resolve . 1
the route for entering the body is of importance for the period required for the nerve agent to start having effect . it also influences the symptoms developed and , to some extent , the sequence of the different symptoms . generally , the poisoning works faster when the agent is absorbed through the respiratory system than via other routes . this is because the lungs contain numerous blood vessels and the inhaled nerve agent can therefore rapidly diffuse into the blood circulation and thus reach the target organs . among these organs , the respiratory system is one of the most important . if a person is exposed to a high concentration of nerve agent , e . g . , 200 mg sarin / m3 ( see table ) death may occur within a couple of minutes .


founded in 1954 by ben g. stone , scafco corporation ( now the stone group of companies ) is a privately held company headquartered in spokane , washington .

initially producing steel culvert for the construction industry as spokane culvert and fabrication company , scafco expanded in 1961 to manufacture grain storage systems and again in 1994 to produce steel framing products .

the original culvert product division was sold in 1986 , and the name was changed to simply scafco .

both divisions currently operate out of two 75,000-square-foot ( 7,000 m ² ) manufacturing facilities in spokane , washington .

scafco manufactures many types of steel products including grain storage bins and silos , water tanks , steel studs , steel framing equipment , curved and slotted track , and resilient sound channel .

scafco 's grain storage systems have been installed in over 80 countries worldwide .

scafco

jim mcdonald has joined scafco corporation as ceo of the scafco grain systems division .
scafco corporation has hired jim mcdonald as the new ceo of the scafco grain systems division .
cwalla , a preferred distributor of scafco steel framing , offers a special connection between scafco and our customers .
scafco grain systems , another subsidiary of scafco corp . , is located at 5400 e . broadway , in spokane valley .
spokane , washington , u . s . — jim mcdonald has joined scafco corp . as chief executive officer of the scafco grain systems division .
while it would be scafco’s desire to have a relationship with each customer , time , volume and distances around the world preclude this . however , scafco dealers do a fantastic job of representing scafco grain systems through providing support , education and services to the end - users . scafco grain systems dealers play a pivotal role in delivering scafco grain systems products along with their services to customers .
scafco’s press brake provides quick turnaround times on all parts up to 24’ long .
even so , stone said the playfair deal pencils out using scafco’s 2005 production numbers .
scafco corporation is still a privately owned company , directed by the son of the founder .
scafco steel stud company is a manufacturer of steel framing products and accessories for the drywall industry .
stone said scafco needs more space , and he prefers moving closer to the heart of the city .
the original culvert product division was sold in 1986 , and the company name was changed to scafco . scafco expanded again in 1994 to include the production of steel framing products , spokane steel stud company .
scafco grain systems is a market leader in the design and manufacturing of corrugated galvanized grain storage solutions . scafco engineers custom design to meet individual requirements and has supplied grain storage projects to over 80 countries worldwide . scafco products are engineered for quick on - site assembly , simple operation , and lasting quality .
playfair commerce park llc bought several large parcels in about 2014 where stone’s scafco steel stud systems plant is located .
our cwalla branch stores carry an extensive inventory of scafco steel framing and accessories , along with full access to scafco’s engineering team . they offer value engineering for innovative new solutions , efficient design opportunities and labor - saving product options .
on april 28 th , scafco corporation will celebrate its 60 th year of operation . scafco was established in spokane , washington in 1954 as a small business called spokane culvert and fabricating company , whose main product was corrugated steel culverts . in 1961 , the company expanded to include manufacturing of grain storage systems and which became scafco grain systems company .
scafco expanded again in 1994 to include the production of steel framing products and created the division known as spokane steel stud company . the original culvert product division was sold in 1986 and the company name was changed to scafco . scafco corporation is still a privately owned company , directed by the son of the original spokane culvert and fabricating company founder .
scafco is dedicated to meet the rising demands in product innovation and cost saving installation methods for the building and construction industry . implementing scafco’s suggested language can add value to your future projects , improve performance , and help meet completion targets .
in late june , scafco grain systems employees moved back to the improved offices at 5400 e broadway avenue . during the expansion , office employees worked off - site from the former scafco steel stud office while shop employees worked around construction crews .
scafco steel stud manufacturing provides a three - part specification guide that is current with the 2012 ibc’s including the product data references .
on april 28 th , scafco corporation will celebrate its 60 th year of operation . scafco was established in spokane , washington in 1954 . it began as a small business known as spokane culvert and fabricating company whose main product was corrugated steel culverts . in 1961 , the company expanded to include manufacturing of grain storage systems and started the division now known as scafco grain systems company .
lawrence b . stone ppty construction llc was the contractor on the scafco headquarters and stud plant projects that were completed in 2013 .
overall , scafco recognized dealers with bronze , silver , gold , and platinum awards for going above and beyond expectations . scafco grain systems has exceptional standards for products and service , and believes that customers should receive comprehensive product application information when they make a purchase . scafco dealers , in fulfilling this role , are selected and recognized for their superior standards , focus on education , and outstanding customer service .
if you find yourself in need of a design professional , scafco can also assist you in choosing a qualified firm to suit your needs .
scafco will move its steel stud plant from its factory near interstate 90 and sprague avenue . stone said the company will maintain its grain bin factory in spokane valley for the foreseeable future . scafco will sell or lease the rest of the property as the playfair business & industrial park .
scafco’s comprehensive team of engineers , administrative and office staff , craftsmen , and student interns focuses on providing customer - driven products at competitive prices . scafco currently has manufacturing facilities in washington and california , with distribution branches located in eight states , along with sales representatives around the world .
in the 53 years that scafco grain systems company has been operating , the product line has been developed to offer complete systems for grain storage and handling . this includes flat bottom and hopper bottom bins , aeration systems , material handling equipment , catwalks and towers . beyond grain storage , scafco also offers water storage and aggregate storage systems . with products installed in 83 countries , scafco corporation is proud of the growth that has been experienced in the past 60 years , and scafco looks forward to continued relationships with current customers and the opportunity to work with new customers all over the world .
scafco isn’t immune from the downturn . the company employs about 200 people – down from about 300 during the company’s boom years in 2007 and 2008 .
with almost 60 years of engineering and manufacturing experience , scafco has gained a worldwide reputation for high - quality products , great customer service , and strong corporate ethics . taking an active role in the local community , scafco contributes to several charities and foundations and is involved with many local educational institutions .
being a preferred distributor of scafco gives cwalla ultra - fast turnaround on all their custom brake shapes . we offer short lead times on all parts up to 24’ long , manufactured at scafco’s spokane , wa and stockton , ca plants . your custom shapes will be made according to your exact specifications .
when choosing a supplier , quality materials are a top priority . that’s why scafco steel framing products are manufactured from 100 % prime mill certified steel . scafco’s products exceed industry standards as they are manufactured from 57 ksi steel in place of 50 ksi and g90 in place of g60 for 68 mil and heavier .
scafco steel stud company is a manufacturer of a complete line of steel framing products and accessories . providing direct access to our engineering department , scafco allows contractors to leverage our team to save on labor costs and improve installation efficiency . we produce customers’ framing products to exact specifications , saving time and in - field modifications . scafco’ s distributors have large inventories of standard products , which limits lead time and eliminates work time lost while waiting for materials on the jobsite .
mr . mcdonald brings a wealth of both domestic and international management experience to scafco grain systems . prior to joining scafco , jim led an international organization with several sales and manufacturing operations in the usa and europe . while there , mcdonald implemented programs that led to increased sales , and greatly improved operational effectiveness .
copyright © 2018 , scafco grain systems co . • phone : + 1 509 - 535 - 1571 • contact us • all rights reserved . privacy policy
mcdonald brings a wealth of both domestic and international management experience to scafco grain systems . prior to joining scafco , mcdonald led an international organization with several sales and manufacturing operations in the u . s . and europe . while there , mcdonald implemented programs that led to increased sales and greatly improved operational effectiveness .
scafco and the ssfsa have teamed up with strucsoft solutions to expand our role in providing tools and resources for bim . the supreme framing system as well as many scafco products are available in revit through the strucsoft mwf pro wall add - in . these products can be easily used to quickly populate the building model with all the cold - formed metal framing members you will need . designers and drafters now have the ease of specifying scafco products throughout the drafting process .
we are happy to announce that construction is complete on the division headquarters , after several months of work on the scafco grain systems manufacturing plant and office building .
to request a more information please fill out the form below . a feed and grain team member will help connect you with the right representative at scafco grain systems co .
even in architecturally impressive san francisco , the wavy white façade of cwalla customer giampolini’s recent job stands out . the transbay terminal , built using scafco steel with the oversight of …
scafco grain systems recently recognized the company’s top performing dealers for the year 2013 . the recognition went to the dealerships that demonstrated exceptional customer service and exceeded sales projections for the year .
the approved permit is a $ 4 . 3 million , 63 , 750 - square - foot warehouse shell that would be built west of the intersection of ferry avenue and haven street . the new structure will be located just north of the two - year - old scafco corp . headquarters and scafco steel stud manufacturing co . buildings at 2800 e . main .
the country is in the midst of a significant recession , but that’s not stopping larry stone from making a significant investment in his grain storage and steel stud manufacturing company , scafco corp .
scafco offers a complete line of studs , track , and furring products . these are complemented by our specialty products of custom shapes , curved track and angle , serenity - rc resilient sound channel , shaft wall studs , pony wall supports , and slide - clips . scafco materials are available at over 20 distribution locations in the western united states , hawaii , and alaska .
as a customer of scafco steel stud company , you’ll have access to our team of dedicated engineers . call on their skills to help you save on labor costs and improve installation efficiency .
manufacturer of a complete line of steel framing products and accessories . scafco provides contractors direct access to our engineering department . leverage our team to save on labor costs and improve installation efficiency .
cwalla supplied the scafco studs for this building at wailea village center on maui . the maui news reports that the 43 , 000 - square - foot retail center is about halfway to completion . …
since then , seven companies , including scafco steel stud manufacturing co . , have established operations in three completed warehouses there with more than 400 workers earning family wages , says spokane mayor david condon .
scafco was established in spokane , washington in 1954 . it began as a small business known as spokane culvert and fabrication company , and it specialized mainly in the production of corrugated steel culverts . in 1961 , the company expanded to include manufacturing of grain storage systems and then steel framing products in 1994 . the original culvert product division was sold in 1986 and the company name was changed to scafco .
when the city first tried to sell the land last year , scafco met a $ 5 . 3 million minimum bid but demanded that the city pay for road and other improvements to the site . that deal faltered as the economy declined , and the city offered the land without setting a minimum price . in the new deal , scafco will pay for the infrastructure . no other party bid for the full acreage .
one of businessman larry stone’s companies is now overseeing the redevelopment of the land as playfair commerce park . stone also owns scafco , a manufacturer of steel building studs and other construction materials with headquarters at the playfair site .
public works director dave mandyke said considering infrastructure costs , scafco’s current deal is a few hundred thousand dollars less than the offer last year . most council members said the sooner the land gets on the tax rolls , the better .
the next warehouse building was constructed in 2014 at 301 n . haven , east of scafco’s headquarters . it has a total of 71 , 000 square feet of space , according to playfair commerce park’s most recent site plan map .
through our partnership with aec daily , scafco now offers one - hour courses to help you move forward with your studies . with topics from acoustic solutions and fire wall design innovations to improved construction methods for cold formed steel framing , these courses are…
from scafco steel stud manufacturing is a resilient channel that provides premium sound isolation for acoustic walls and ceilings . third party testing confirms its top - tier stc rating . serenity rc : premium results . radically affordable . the # 1 choice for resilient sound assemblies .
the newly expanded manufacturing plant and office building has nearly doubled the area that scafco grain systems has to operate , which will help us to perform more efficiently and meet our customers’ needs better . furthermore , the expanded office will accommodate the additional space required for our growing staff .
playfair commerce park : an infill development in east spokane , located on the site of a former horse racing track and grandstands , playfair is one of the region’s newer complexes and has two sites built out , scafco and ami metals , with several more sites ready for development .
lawrence stone , scafco’s president and ceo , also heads playfair commerce park . stone bought 48 acres of the 63 - acre former playfair property for $ 2 . 1 million from the city of spokane in 2010 , while the city retained 15 acres on the west end of the property .
those projects included constructing a $ 3 . 6 million , 24 , 000 - square - foot , two - story office building and a connected $ 5 . 7 million , 113 , 600 - square - foot manufacturing building . cwalla building materials co . occupies warehouse space along with scafco steel manufacturing .
playfair commerce park owns the property and is the developer of the project . divcon inc . , of spokane , is the contractor for the latest project . divcon project manager dustin smith referred inquiries about the project to wes southwick , a project manager at scafco , but southwick couldn’t be reached immediately for comment .
lawrence stone , president and ceo of scafco corp . and head of playfair commerce park llc , bought 48 acres of the 63 - acre former playfair horse racing track property from the city in 2010 for $ 2 . 1 million . stone bought another 10 acres from the city at the beginning of 2016 .
playfair commerce park was created in 2009 at the original playfair race track and is a development started by larry stone , the owner and ceo of our chamber partner scafco . larry has been a long time supporter of inba , and he is the original publisher of now defunct stonewall news , spokane’s first lgbt newspaper .
the university of california , davis , recently built what is known as a self - sufficient model of a winery for their college of agricultural and environmental sciences department . scafco water tanks were provided at two of the robert mondavi institute buildings . these are the teaching and research winery and the jess . s . jackson sustainable winery building .
the teaching and research winery consists of a 12 , 500 - square - foot winery along with a large experimental fermentation area which is used for research and courses for professors . scafco supplied this winery with four model 2105 water tanks with an approximate total storage capacity of 180 , 000 gallons ( 681 , 375 liters ) of water .
lawrence b . stone ppty construction llc was the contractor on the scafco headquarters and stud plant projects that were completed in 2013 . those projects included a $ 5 . 7 million , 113 , 600 - square - foot manufacturing building and a connected $ 3 . 6 million , 24 , 000 - square - foot , two - story office building .
scafco water tanks were also supplied at the jess s . jackson sustainable winery building . according to the uc davis website , this building “contains the technology needed to maximize the environmental capabilities of the adjacent winery , brewery , and food - processing complex . ” with the use of solar panels for energy , windows and skylights for natural lighting inside the building , rain water collection and water cleaning to reuse 90 percent of the water , this building is incredibly efficient and self - sustaining in water and energy requirements . “this makes the winery self - sustaining in energy and water and fully solar at peak load with a zero carbon footprint . ”
the spokane city council on monday voted 4 - 1 to accept stone’s $ 2 . 1 million bid to purchase 48 acres of the former playfair horse track in east central spokane .
“everyone’s just terribly frightened of doing any construction , ” stone said in an interview last week . “the good news is that it’s a great time to build in terms of cost . . ”
the city bought playfair in 2004 to build a sewage plant with spokane county . but negotiations with the county soured , and the county decided to build its own plant elsewhere .
in the deal approved monday , the city will sell the land at about half the price it paid per acre . the city is keeping 15 acres of the original site for a storm water system .
councilman bob apple , who cast the dissenting vote , said the city should wait for the economy to improve .
“i’m prohibited by state law from gifting public money , ” apple said . “it just to me looks like a situation that one could accuse ( the city ) of gifting public money . ”
“it’s a great company to have , ” said councilwoman nancy mclaughlin . “nobody else is coming up to the plate , and i’m tired of seeing that land just sit there with nothing . ”
“i love the fact that i’m going to have a shorter commute , ” stone said .
spokane buddhist temple started 1945 with a rented apartment and a group of six dedicated buddhists .
we would love to hear from you . email your questions or comments to us any time by filling out this form .
the grain systems division designs and manufactures complete grain storage and handling systems . our grain storage and hopper bins / silos range in size , so we can provide solutions for small farms or large commercial projects . we provide aeration equipment , bucket elevators , conveyors , augers , and a full line of accessories to meet all project requirements .
our grain storage and handling systems are in use in over 80 countries worldwide . this has provided us with vast experience designing solutions for various load capacities , as well as atmospheric and seismic conditions .
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with direct access to over 500 , 000 pounds of steel framing inventory at each location , cwalla can stock a wide variety of heavy gauge and light gauge steel studs and track , shaftwall , clips and backing products , and perfect curve products . cwalla can also help you order custom pieces for unique projects . we have equipped a select number of branches with an onsite press brake and shear that provides finished materials on the same day .
no matter the size of your steel - framing requirements , count on cwalla to have the quantity and selection you need to complete your project .
products available from the press brake include custom angles , deep leg track , custom studs , pitch track , and custom shapes and headers .
we recognize the benefit of coupling superior products with outstanding people . our unparalleled in - field service and support team is passionate about understanding your goals . the cwalla staff has the technical skills to meet your expectations and resolve your toughest problems quickly and efficiently . we manage our inventories based on commonly specified materials and years of will - call history to meet your project needs . rely on us for fast pick - up and delivery , accurate and timely stocking with expert crews that know the value of a safe job site .
cwalla is guided by a firm pledge to put our customers first – every time . our … read more »
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a book you should have : managing quality in architecture - integrating bim , risk and design process by charles nelson , 2017 .
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jim earned his bachelor of science in electrical engineering as well as his master of business administration from gonzaga university in spokane , washington , usa .
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mcdonald earned his bachelor ' s of science degree in electrical engineering as well as his master ' s of business administration from gonzaga university in spokane , washington , u . s .
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hours were good over time if you need it . the pay sucks for all the labor you put in , office staff couldnt get there orders correct . if you work here be ready to go home tired and sore .
bolted - together , all - galvanized steel catwalks are available in standard widths of 48 - , 58 - , and 68 - inches ( 1 . 22 - , 1 . 47 - , and 1 . 72 - meters ) , with clear spans up to 50 - feet ( 15 . 25 - meters )
available on all bins through 48 - foot ( 14 . 63 m ) diameter and 32 - foot ( 9 . 7 m ) eave height
specifications can quickly become out - of - date and can cause issues in the submittal process and in choosing a qualified manufacturer . our specification specialists also offer a complementary spec review in which they will provide you with recommended language to bring your template spec up to date with currents standards .
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i am a native oregonian with a business degree from portland state university . i ' ve worked in a number of different fields including credit , finance , global logistics , and sustainability . i earned the cba designation in march 2014 , achieved the cbf designation in july 2014 , and the cce designation in march 2015 . i have served on the nacm oregon board since 2014 .
mark balstad , chair - elect area credit manager , crop production services , inc .
i’ve worked in the credit field for over 30 years , currently at crop production services , covering the pacific northwest territory . i attended olaf college in northfield , minnesota , where i earned a bachelor of arts in political science & religion . i have served on the board of directors for credit professionals international , credit women in construction , and idaho collectors association . i have served on the nacm inland northwest board of directors for numerous years .
i am a native oregonian born and raised in eugene . i moved to the portland area in 2007 with my husband and daughter . i started my credit career 24 years ago while working for a small ( at that time ) home improvement store in eugene . i started getting involved with nacm and cfdd while in that position which is where i received most of my credit education . i obtained my cba certification in 1999 and completed the gscfm course and cce certification in 2016 . i currently work for columbia river knife and tool as their credit & customer service manager . i served on the cfdd board from 2008 to 2015 and continue to stay involved with that organization . my husband and i have two beautiful daughters that keep us rather busy . we love camping , trips to the beach and just enjoying watching our “littles” grow up , though sometimes they grow to fast .
i am a washington native , raised in spokane , washington . for the last 20 years i have worked in credit , collections , and accounts receivable . prior to credit , i worked as a planner / buyer and in inventory management . i am proud to serve on the nacm northwest board of directors . i love taking part in nacm education and certification programs ; earning my cbf in 2015 . i have been married for 28 years with two wonderful children and a yellow lab named holly . i enjoy camping and snowmobiling with my family and friends .
i was born and raised in spokane , washington . after high school , i attended arizona state university to obtain a degree in finance . i have been in credit and collections for over 25 years . my last job as national credit manager of a staffing company brought me back to spokane . i have been with cpm development , my current employers , for six years . i earned my cba designation in 2013 . i’ve served on the nacm inland northwest board for five years . my wife works for the spokane regional health district and we have four children . i am a die - hard seahawk and sun devil fan . i enjoy hunting and the outdoors .
i started my financial career with a small s & l in spokane , washington where i first fell in love with credit . after attending the local community college in spokane , i went on to attend eastern washington university while continuing to grow my knowledge of finance . i took my knowledge of finance and used it to open several lending centers for banks and credit unions in spokane , boise , colorado springs , and denver . never losing my love for the pacific northwest , i returned in 2001 , and in 2003 i met my beautiful bride . it was 2004 i moved from banking to start a commercial services department for a spokane based credit union . at the credit union is where i became familiar with nacm , attending classes and finally becoming a board member from 2006 to 2013 . today i live and work in tri - cities , wa . my wife and i are blessed with two 27 - year - old daughters and a 12 - year - old son . between my wife’s passion for horses , my love of dogs ( particularly gundogs ) , our son’s schedule , and golf ( who doesn’t love golfing ? ) we stay pretty active . i am honored to have been asked to serve again on the nacm board of directors .
i was born and raised in north idaho and have lived in the spokane area for the past 17 years . i have been working in the banking industry for over 25 years and am currently employed with inb as a vice president / commercial banker . i received my bachelor ' s degree in business management from george fox university . i have two children ages 16 and 13 who i love to spend time with . in my free time , i enjoy traveling , snow skiing , and going to the lake .
i was born and raised in spokane , washington . i obtained my ba in business administration from washington state university . go cougs ! upon graduation , i went to work for a local collection agency , which started my career in credit & collections . after 8 years with that company , i was hired to be the credit manager at zak designs , inc . i am now in my 15th year at zak and enjoy my job very much . i’m currently serving on the nacm midwest consumer products group board and now the nacm northwest board of directors . my husband tim and i have two teenagers that keep us very busy . when we can get away , you can usually find us snow skiing !
i ' m a california native and have lived in oregon since 1989 . i have more than 25 years of experience in credit and collection . in the 25 years , nacm has been my source for information and education . it ' s an honor to be on the nacm oregon board to help with its continued success . i have been with food services of america for more than 19 years . i started as a district credit manager and now currently the branch credit manager . i attended san jose state ( go spartan ) , and finished with an accounting degree . i have four kids , one just graduated from college , one going into his third year in college and two in high school . i ' m an avid runner , and my hobbies include snowmobiling and snowboarding , wake boarding , and water sports in the summer . my greatest enjoyment is spending time with my family and running with my dogs .
i am proud to call myself an oregonian since 2005 . i manage the amazing credit team for orepac building products , one of oregon’s largest family owned companies . prior to joining the orepac family , highlights in my work experience ranged from sox compliance , sales force training and institutional trade support . i earned my b . s . degree in business management from metropolitan state university in denver and was awarded certifications in both the credit business fellow ( cbf ) in 2014 and the certified credit executive ( cce ) in 2016 . as an alum of nacm’s graduate school of credit and financial management ( gscfm ) program , i am passionate about promoting continuing education and the power of professional networking . in my spare time i enjoy fishing and crabbing with my husband and traveling to new places with family and friends .
i ' m a washington native and have lived in the portland area since 1980 . for me , credit and nacm are part of a diverse background in international business . i spent a few years in international banking operations , then for twenty - five years was with nike inc . in a variety of leadership roles related to foreign sales , international credit , regional and corporate operations , transition management , trade finance , and supply chain . i had the opportunity to do a lot of travel and to live overseas for a while . in may 2012 , i joined u . s . bank as vp , global trade consultant working with large companies across the western united states . early in my career , what was then nacm oregon played an important educational role for me and i ' ve enjoyed being a long time international trade group member and former chair . i strongly believe the organization that has grown and evolved to become nacm northwest provides a vital contribution to the business community , and i am honored to help with its continued success .
i am a native of portland , oregon who attended the university of oregon and portland state university studying journalism , business , and obtaining a bachelor’s degree in advertising . i began my 23 - year credit career in the outdoor apparel industry and 6 years ago redirected into the metals and mining industry with esco corporation in portland . i am an advocate of nacm’s educational and commercial offerings and hold the cce and cicp designations . i enjoy cycling , camping , gardening , off - roading , kayaking , and adventure travels with my wife , two adult children , and grandson .
i am a native washingtonian , growing up in central washington and eventually attending eastern washington university . i ' ve spent over 20 years in business credit management , beginning in commercial lending at a regional bank and transitioning over to the coo position of nacm inland northwest in 2007 . my husband of 25 years is a commercial marketing rep for costco wholesale . we have three beautiful and active children , keeping our household on the move every day . we spend a great amount of time at sporting events and enjoying most anything outdoors in the pacific northwest .
a native of colorado springs , colorado , i came to portland thirty - seven years ago and never left . i ' m a graduate of eastern washington university in cheney and york university in toronto . i ' ve spent a few decades working in and around finance and credit . for the last twenty - one years , i ' ve been an executive for nacm northwest , a trade association for business - to - business creditors . my wife is a sales representative for the bark , a dog - focused periodical , and we enjoy spending time with our three grown children .
playfair commerce park llc , of spokane , is taking the next step in the development of an industrial park at the site of the former horse racing track on the east side of spokane , securing a building permit for another structure there , city documents show .
though referred to in documents filed with the city and on the playfair commerce park’s website as the playfair 4 building , the planned structure would be built ahead of an envisioned playfair 3 building on land just to the east . the permit application shows it as a single - story building with an interior height of 40 feet .
one other structure , referred to as playfair 2 , also currently is located on the commerce park site , and five nearby lots , ranging in size from 1 . 98 to 5 . 12 acres , are available for future development , the development’s website shows .
architectural ven - tures , of spokane valley , is the project architect , while eclipse engineering inc . , also of spokane , is the project engineer .
early concepts of the overall playfair commerce park development included a number of buildings totaling up to 800 , 000 square feet .
a new road , shown going under the union pacific rail line at the west end of the playfair commerce park , is expected to provide better access to the east spokane development and potentially attract more tenants .
the owner and operators of the playfair commerce park predict within a year as many as 5 , 000 vehicles will traverse through the park as a result of a newly opened street connecting altamont street with ferry avenue at the west end of the complex in east spokane .
previously the only way to enter the park was at the intersection of ferry avenue and haven street on the park’s east side .
now , on altamont—just north of sprague avenue—the street runs underneath a union pacific corp . rail line and connects to ferry .
with clearance space of slightly over 11 feet , an overheight warning system has been installed to warn drivers if their vehicle exceeds 11 - feet - 2 - inches , a playfair commerce park official says .
playfair privately built the road and then donated it to the city of spokane . last week , park and city officials held a ribbon - cutting ceremony to mark the opening of the new street connector .
park representatives seeking to attract more tenants expect strong interest from businesses due to better access . the commerce park is bordered by the union pacific rail line to the south and west , and a burlington northern santa fe railway line to the north and west . haven street serves as the playfair property’s eastern border .
when fully developed , the playfair commerce park is expected to include 12 buildings with a total of 800 , 000 square feet of space .
“it’s turned out to be a good site for distribution and manufacturing companies , ” says mark lucas , kiemle & hagood co . ’s industrial specialist broker . “bn and up have rail lines there so it makes it convenient for those businesses . ”
ami metals inc . , a full - service cut - to - size metal service company for the aerospace industry , occupies the majority of the warehouse space , site plans show .
ami , with corporate offices based in brentwood , tenn . , has offices and warehouse space throughout the u . s . and europe . the other tenant is thomasville , ga . - based flowers foods inc . , say site plans .
the third warehouse building , constructed in 2015 at 2500 e . ferry , has a total of 64 , 000 square feet and is occupied by adi global distribution , airefco inc . , and idi distributors inc . , according to site plans .
adi , with more than 200 locations around the world , is a global wholesale distributor of security and low voltage products . airefco , a supplier of heating , ventilation , and air conditioning ( hvac ) parts and supplies , is based in tualatin , ore . idi , an insulation distribution company , has more than 40 locations around the u . s .
construction on a fourth warehouse building at the park—it’s scheduled to be a 52 , 000 - square - foot structure—started last october and hasn’t been completed yet .
the first horse racing track in the united states was built in 1665 in new york , and more than 300 were constructed over the next 200 - plus years . in the 1890s , a wave of anti - gambling sentiment shook the horse racing establishment .
bookmaking was banned and pari - mutuel betting was adopted . that meant all bets were placed in a pool , and after the track took its commission , the remaining pool of money was shared among winners .
spokane’s playfair race course , started in 1901 when the land was also the county fairgrounds , was a modest operation compared to glamorous venues in california , kentucky and new york .
although the fairgrounds moved to a site bounded by havana street and broadway avenue around 1935 , playfair continued to provide many hours of enjoyment to spokane racing fans who accessed the land – bounded on three sides by railroad tracks – using an underpass off main street and altamont .
the track struggled through the 1990s , partly because of the proliferation of other gambling options , such as card rooms , bingo halls , casinos and the lottery . the last race at the track was in december 2000 .
the city of spokane purchased playfair in 2004 , possibly for a new sewage plant . but the plant went elsewhere and the undeveloped land passed into private hands in 2014 .
the underpass at altamont was closed when playfair ended its run , complicating access to the site . the developers went to court and got it reopened . but at just over 11 feet , it’s too low to allow large trucks through .
recently , stone’s company privately funded the rebuilding of ferry street as an arterial through the development . commercial trucks can now get into and out of the commerce park without going through the altamont underpass . at the ribbon cutting for the street project july 11 , stone told the spokesman - review , “i am proud of what we are doing . ”
a new arterial route on altamont street and ferry avenue opened tuesday , serving the growing industrial area in east spokane .
the roadway swings under a union pacific railroad underpass on altamont and turns east to eventually connect with freya street and at a traffic light at alki avenue .
the roadway includes two warning systems for loads too tall to fit under the 11 - foot - 2 - inch underpass . they are the first warning systems of their kind in spokane county , officials said .
the warning system uses laser beams and led flashing lights to warn drivers of tall trucks that they are going to crash if they go through the underpass .
the roadway with curbs and sidewalks winds through the site of the former playfair horse race track , which is being redeveloped as the 40 - acre playfair commerce park .
lawrence b . stone , president of the stone group of companies , said the road was constructed with all private money from his company holdings .
stone threw a big party to cut the ribbon for the new street , supplying box lunches and shaved ice treats , with a backdrop of rock music . several hundred people attended .
“i am proud of what we are doing , ” he said in an interview .
stone said he had to convince the state department of transportation to preserve the altamont interchange on interstate 90 and then get city officials to let him use the underpass just north of sprague avenue .
he said the altamont underpass will preserve access in east spokane from north to south when trains might be blocking grade crossings from napa to park road , including freya .
jim hanley , an owner of acme tv home and office at the tin roof , said the street marks “a significant improvement in east central” spokane .
the city , under then - mayor jim west , bought the defunct race track property in 2004 for $ 6 . 3 million as a possible location for a new sewer plant , but that was before county officials chose an old stockyard site along freya to the east for the new plant .
the taxable property value of the park is $ 40 million , he said .
the extension of altamont provides a new route for emergency vehicles , condon said .
stone , who supports land stewardship , used ponderosa pines in the landscape strips along the new street .
mike peterson , executive director of the lands council , said playfair commerce park is a good example of urban infill that makes use of existing infrastructure .
dozens of industrial and office parks throughout the spokane area have an inventory mix of available space ready for move - in , as well as bare land ready for development .
optics are just a few of the available amenities . major tenants include inland empire distribution systems , spokane industries , fastenal inc . , and spokane packaging .
cheney industrial and commerce park : the city of cheney worked with cb richard ellis ( cbre ) to conduct an independent evaluation of the cheney industrial and commerce park . following that evaluation , cbre certified the complex as ready for development . located on 38 acres inside cheney , the park has in place high - speed fiber optics , as well as all other utilities . all environmental testing has been completed , and approvals are in place for conforming buildings . allpack container east llc is located in cheney ' s park .
central business park : with more than 500 , 000 square feet of floor space , this spokane valley park has a mix of available floor space , build - to suit opportunities , and open yard space . major tenants include pepsi and empire cold storage .
deer park business and industrial center : infrastructure improvements are underway and the first two tenants have committed to build on this 14 - parcel , 140 - acre project , located 15 miles north of spokane .
located in spokane valley with office , retail and flex space available . major occupants include purcell systems , american tire distributors , and southern wine & spirits .
located in spokane valley , natural language software company next it corp . is developing a 44 , 000 - square - foot headquarters building and plans to move its operations there later this year . the park has a total of 350 , 000 square feet of office space and a number of build - to - suit sites .
located five blocks north of the central busines district , five minutes from i - 90 , and ten minutes from spokane airport . four buildings host tenants such as pitney - bowes and ecova .
spokane international airport business park : distribution , offices and light manufacturing are the industries represented at commercial property surrounding spokane international airport .
in addition to existing buildings available for lease , nine real estate areas are designated for future development through third party development or build - to - suit .
iron bridge office campus : twenty - three acres close to downtown , located on the spokane river and centenial trail in the university district . space for lease and nine acres of land with completed utilities and infrastructure for buildings iv and v . tenants include paml , state farm , and delta dental of washington .