it was formed as a result of a 1929 merger of four companies : the american seeding machine company of richmond , indiana ; oliver chilled plow works of south bend , indiana ; hart-parr tractor company of charles city , iowa ; and nichols and shepard company of battle creek , michigan on november 1 , 1960 , the white motor corporation of cleveland , ohio , purchased the oliver farm equipment company .

oliver farm equipment company

the oliver farm equipment company also merged with other farm equipment companies after the 1929 merger of the above mentioned companies .
1960 —white motor company buys oliver farm equipment , making it a wholly owned subsidiary .
the oliver farm equipment corporation was formed when 4 companies merged in 1929 . these were the oliver chilled plough company , hart parr company , nichols and shepard company and the american seeding machine company .
the owatonna manufacturing company of owatonna , minnesota , specialized in farm equipment specifically seeders and portable farm elevators .
on november 1 , 1960 , the white motor corporation of cleveland , ohio purchased the oliver farm equipment company .
the oliver farm equipment corporation was formed in 1929 after the merger of the oliver chilled plow company , the hart - parr company , nichols & shepard company and the american seeding machine company . it was later known as the oliver corporation .
1929 —oliver merges with hart - parr tractor works , nichols & shepard company , and american seeding company . since oliver brought in the most assets to the deal , the merger was named the oliver farm equipment company .
1962 —white buys cockshutt farm equipment company and the cockshutt ame is still used until 1972 .
in 1960 , the white motor company entered the agriculture market with the purchase of the oliver farm equipment company . in 1962 , white acquired the cockshutt farm equipment company of canada . white increased its agricultural interests in 1963 with the acquisition of minneapolis - moline .
in 1960 , the white motor company entered the agriculture market with the purchase of the oliver farm equipment company . in 1962 , white acquired the cockshutt farm equipment company of canada . white increased its agricultural interests in 1963 with the acquisition of minneapolis - moline .
the oliver farm equipment company was an american farm equipment manufacturer from the 20th century . it was formed as a result of a 1929 merger of four companies : the american seeding machine company of richmond , indiana ; oliver chilled plow works of south bend , indiana ;
1969 —oliver , minneapolis - moline and cockshutt merge to form white farm equipment , oak brook , illinois .
the white outdoor equipment portion that built lawn & garden equipment was sold to mtd .
the merger in 1929 a merger of four major companies formed the new oliver farm equipment company . the four companies were hart - parr , oliver chilled plow , nichols & shepard , and american seeding . with this merger , the new oliver company became one of the largest manufacturers of farm equipment in the us .
dairyman78 - 10 / 24 / 2015 19 : 55 i also was told that john deere got an advantage in the farm equipment business as they were the only company that produced farm equipment during ww2 . the rest made war equipment .
from 1929 until october 31 , 1960 , old oliver was engaged primarily in the farm equipment business . beginning in 1944 old oliver also manufactured and sold crawler tractors for both agricultural and industrial purposes . it marketed its farm equipment throughout the world and in 1959 its sales volume ranked seventh among all farm equipment manufacturers .
the white motor company purchased oliver about 1960 . the same whites that had owned the cletrac company .
• urltoken — kettle river iron works website . beautiful signs featuring oliver and your other favorite brands of farm equipment .
after purchasing the famous ohio cultivator company , the national farm machinery company did not waste any time in advertising their newly acquired farm machinery products .
the oliver farm equipment corporation was formed in 1929 after the merger of the oliver chilled plow company , the hart - parr company , nichols & shepard company and the american seeding machine company . it was later known as the oliver corporation . oliver entered the 4wd market in 1971 with the 2455 and 2655 4wds . the oliver 4wds were identical to the minneapolis a4t - 1400 and a4t - 1600 4wds . like the minneapolis - moline and white plainsman the oliver 4wd became one under the new white farm equipment brand in 1974 .
these returns were actually filed by white ' s farm equipment subsidiary , which eventually became white farm . see note 9 , supra
reproductions of 16mm films produced between 1957 and 1981 by summit film productions , ltd . which were released as promotional films for cockshutt farm equipment company , white farm machinery canada , white usa and oliver corporation
they did all below , plus they kept making farm equipment that was in short supply .
in 1889 , a ( rthur ) . b . farquhar began building threshing machines and other farm machinery . 1920s farquhar threshing machine later , the company started the production of cultivators for farm use ( especially potato harvesting equipment ) . farquhar produced some steam engines early then moved onto the production of traction engines . in 1952 the a . b . farquhar company was sold to the oliver farm equipment company . when white farm equipment took over the oliver corporation , the farquhar company was not included in the merger and ceased to exist .
in the early sixties white bought oliver , then cockshutt , then minneapolis moline and then merged them together to white farm equipment .
on november 1 , 1960 , white motor transferred the oliver farm equipment business which it had received under the agreement to new oliver in exchange for new oliver ' s common stock . new oliver ' s tax basis in the farm equipment business on november 1 , 1960 , was the same as white motor ' s tax basis .
oliver and minneapolis moline merged and became white . this group covers all the brands associated with the oliver company .
business and personal correspondence , newsletters , union contracts , ledgers , manuals , motion pictures , photos , and other printed materials , relating to the manufacture of farm equipment , especially in charles city , iowa ; the history of tractors ; acquisition of the oliver corporation ( earlier name : oliver farm equipment company ) in 1960 ; oliver corporation charles city plant ; hart - parr tractor co . ( earlier name : hart - parr gasoline engine co . ; part of merging companies which became oliver farm equipment company in 1929 ) ; white farm equipment co . ; uaw labor unions ; and labor negotiations
the white motor corporation purchased oliver corporation in 1962 followed by cockshutt farm equipment company of canada . minneapolis moline joined white in 1963 . working on brand loyalty white continued to produce oliver and minneapolis moline tractors .
together the brothers have collected sheds full of equipment that can trace their lineage back to the oliver farm equipment company through one branch of the tangled equipment family tree or another . they’ve also collected signage , collectibles , equipment manuals and anything else related to oliver equipment and its later incarnations as white and then agco . for them , it’s challenging to find these rare bits of american farm history , and to piece together how one little company had such a role to play in building the american farm at the turn of the 20th century .
on april 2 , 1929 , the oliver farm equipment company was formed by merging the hart - parr company ( tractors ) , the oliver chilled plow works ( tillage tools ) , and the nichols & shepard company ( harvesting equipment ) . the american seeding machine company ( planting equipment ) was added in may . this new full - line farm equipment company introduced three new tractors in 1930 , two standard - tread models and one row - crop model . all three models were manufactured at the former hart - parr tractor factory in charles city , iowa .
the manufacture and marketing of farm equipment was oliver ' s primary business at the time . see n . t . 194 - 95
james oliver died in 1908 at the age of eighty - five , and joseph d . oliver became head of the company . joseph had tremendous organization and marketing skills , and the company continued to thrive and expand , and it was joseph who led the company into the amalgamation with hart - parr and others in 1929 , to form the oliver farm equipment company .
( f ) all good will connected with the farm equipment business of the oliver corporation , including , but not limited to , all rights possessed by the oliver corporation in and to the name
oliver .
during world war ii , the company developed a high - speed tractor and scout car for u . s . army use . however , by 1944 , low profits and high research costs forced the sale of cleveland tractor company to oliver farm equipment company . what was essentially the same cletrac equipment continued to be manufactured under the name oliver - cletrac .
farm collector is a monthly magazine focusing on antique tractors and all kinds of antique farm equipment . if it ' s old and from the farm , we ' re interested in it !
reduced farm income could cut purchases of farm equipment again . this was the bugaboo that led to the problems preceding the knudsen era . hedging against this ; white has reduced its inventory of farm equipment by 20 per cent from the year‐ago level .
1943 —an arbor machine company extends long - term business lease to oliver . it is finally absorbed by oliver in 1970 .
white farm equipment co . | 61 t . c . 189 ( 1973 ) | 1wtc1891228 | urltoken
several other drill manufacturers made up the 1903 merger under american seeding machine company . superior drill company , empire drill company , and bickford & huffman were also merged ( with the previously mentioned companies ) into the american seeding machine and lost their individual identities in the 1929 merger into the oliver farm equipment company .
( c ) all branch real estate * * * which is held or used by the oliver corporation in connection with its farm equipment business , and all machinery , equipment , jigs , dies , production fixtures , other tools , patterns , drawings , vehicles , and furniture located at the oliver corporation ' s branches , which are held or used by the oliver corporation in connection with its farm equipment business , and all furniture and equipment at the home office of the oliver corporation .
in 1929 , the oliver tractor company was formed by the merger of the oliver chilled plow company , the nichols and shepard company , the american seeding machine company , and the hart - parr tractor company . oliver chilled steel went from making plows in indiana to eventually making a complete line of farm equipment : tractors , plows , discs , harrows , combines and so on . they also had a partnership with cleveland tractor and made the oliver - cletrac crawler tractors . and oliver was long associated with cockshut in canada .
that thought crossed my mind too , but do you call them a farm equipment company or an auto maker ? i wonder what order farm equipment companies would be in if you were to list them in order of their contribution to the war effort ? if you called ford a farm equipment company , would it be ford , allis chalmers , oliver . . . . . . ? then what ? or is that list even correct ?
they produced a full range of crawlers with worldwide distribution . they patented a controlled differential steering , which is still in use by crawler and heavy machinery manufacturers today . the oliver company continued to build cletracs until 1962 when white motor corporation purchased the oliver farm equipment company .
1944 —oliver buys cleveland tractor company’s plant , patenting the name of the tractor , the cletrac . oliver built cletracs until 1962 .
in 1922 the kewaunee machinery company inherited a portable farm elevator made of wood and steel when the company purchased a line of portable elevator line from the hart grain weigher company .
lano equipment is and alway has been a family owned and run business for new and used agricultural equipment and lawn & garden equipment needs . lano equipment is now an authorized dealer for agco , new holland , bobcat , h & s ; , wil - rich , wishek , and other short line farm equipment . they are also a dealer for simplicity , ferris and grasshopper lawn & garden equipment .
the nichols & shepard company of battle creek company was established in 1848 by john nichols and charles h . shepard as a manufacturer of threshing machinery . in 1929 , the company sold out to the oliver tractor company .
the hard‐driving mr . bauman liked the idea that farm equipment showed a profit margin three times that of trucks , so he set off on a whirlwind acquisition program for white . between 1960 and 1963 he picked up the oliver corporation , cockshutt farm equipment , ltd . , of canada , and minneapolismoline , inc . all were makers of tractors and other farm equipment .
on october 31 , 1944 , the cleveland tractor company and its line of cletrac crawlers were purchased by the oliver farm equipment company . oliver then changed its corporate name to the oliver corporation as it now represented more than farm equipment . the smallest crawler in the cletrac line was the model hg which was advertised as having 22 belt horsepower and 18 drawbar horsepower . in 1945 , oliver introduced the model hgr crawler which was unique as it was the hg equipped with rubber tracks .
plevna implement company is a family - owned , full - line massey ferguson farm equipment dealership providing superior farm machinery service and sales support to its customers . headquartered outside of kokomo , indiana in the town of plevna , plevna implement was established by emerson p . shrock and james f . shrock when they began selling oliver tractors and farm equipment in 1945 .
see note 9 , supra . the deficiency was actually assessed against oliver corporation , but the case caption was amended when oliver became white farm
a year later the lano brothers bought out the allis chalmers dealership in norwood . brother dick lano managed the norwood store . in 1961 the norwood store added the oliver franchise to their line - up . over the years the oliver company and minneapolis moline merged and formed the white farm equipment company . through those same years , allis chalmers became the deutz - allis company and then later on became agco . agco then bought out white farm equipment .
oliver farming in mower county minnesota : oliver row crop model 77 bearing serial no . 4501
hart parr went through a number of reorganizations , mergers , and buy - outs over the years . notable are the 1929 purchase by james oliver to become the oliver farm equipment company , oliver ' s purchase of cletrac ( makers of farm crawlers ) , 1960 purchase by white farm equipment , merger with cockshutt and minneapolis moline , and the white bankruptcy which lead to a series of inept owners including allied and new idea . oliver is now part of agco . the last tractor bearing the oliver logo rolled off of the production line in 1976 .
by 1929 the hart - parr tractor company , the american seeding machine company , and the nichols and shepard company were producing machinery that was becoming obsolete , and they lacked the capital and expertise to continue further progress . so , on april 1 , 1929 , these three companies merged with the oliver chilled plow company to form the oliver farm equipment corporation . this full line manufacturer shortened its name a few years later to oliver corporation .
• urltoken — the website of farmersville equipment . a great place to look for new and used oliver parts .
white corporation bought oliver in 1960 . in 1974 , they changed the name to white farm equipment . in 1985 , white went bankrupt and agco bought the remains .
the oliver corporation began in 1848 as john nichols ' blacksmith shop and foundry in battle creek , michigan . nichols later entered into partnership with david shepard to establish nichols , shepard & co . , inc . which manufactured threshing equipment . the company became a part of the oliver farm equipment co . in 1929 , and in 1944 , after a series of mergers , became the oliver corp . , manufacturers of a wide range of agricultural equipment . the company celebrated its centennial in 1948 .
in 1969 white motor corporation formed white farm equipment company , and gradually began transitioning to the white name . the oliver 2255 , also known as the white 2255 , was the last purely
oliver
tractor . with the introduction of the white 4 - 150 field boss in 1974 , the white name was used exclusively ; the oliver name was no more . in 1985 the white farm equipment company was placed in involuntary bankruptcy . today the patents are the property of agco - allis .
according to a full page ad in farm machinery and hardware magazine , “on july 25 , 1929 , the new flag of oliver flew for the first time about the home of the famous mckenzie line of potato machinery . ” from that time on , mckenzie manufacturing company would be a division of the oliver farm equipment corporation .
by 1929 , each of these companies had essentially outgrown its usefulness to the industry . by uniting their various and somewhat diverse product lines into a single company , oliver farm equipment instantly became a virtual full - line manufacturer .
• larry morphew ' s homepage — full of oliver information , pictures and other great oliver links .
oliver farm tractors is currently out of print , contact producciones de la hamaca for information about future reprinting .
as the company was straightening out lines of communication and striving for greater efficiencies , white was bringing out new trucks and farm implement models and launching a line of home gardening equipment .
an advertisement of the famous ohio cultivator company advertisement which highlights the “black hawk” name at the top of the advertisement and other new items of farm machinery which were being added to the ohio cultivator company line of farm machinery .
on october 31 , 1960 , white motor purchased the farm equipment business of old oliver ( including the oliver trade name ) in exchange for 655 , 000 shares of white motor common stock ( white stock ) , $ 1 , 508 , 550 in cash , and the assumption of $ 281 , 396 in liabilities . old oliver immediately changed its corporate name to cletrac corp . , and on november 1 , 1960 , white motor transferred the oliver farm equipment business to its wholly owned subsidiary , new oliver , in a nontaxable exchange . petitioner white farm equipment co . ( white ) is the successor - in - interest to white motor and new oliver , and petitioner amerada hess corp . ( hess ) is the successor - in - interest to old oliver .
the national farm machinery cooperative or nfmc , set a goal of providing a “full line” of farm machinery for cooperative farm members all across the united states . nfmc envisioned selling a full line of farm machinery under the coop name in the united states through a large number of local farm cooperatives .
• copshaholm — the oliver mansion in south bend , in . home of j . d . oliver .
in addition to the long line of farm related equipment sales , lano also has a rental business . with their location fairly close to the twin cities business has been good for compact tractors , skid steers and lawn and garden equipment . lano equipment offers a huge inventory of new and used skid steer loaders , mini - excavators , tractors , farm equipment , trailers , utility vehicles , attachments and much more .
here ' s an old smith farm equipment dealer in oliver and massey harris in westerville ohio small advertising coal bucket ashtray . this is an overall great shape please review pictures thanks for looking
j . d . was named as the chairman of the board and his son , james ii , became vice - president . the assets of the oliver chilled plow works exceeded the combined assets of the other companies and j . d . was quoted as saying , “my name goes on the company , or the deal’s off . ” thus the oliver farm equipment company was the chosen name . 13 even though j . d . died in 1933 , his legacy continued . soon the oliver farm equipment company began adding to their line of machinery by acquiring additional plants . there were four plants established and each produced their own products . these plants were located in : south bend , indiana ; charles city , iowa ; battle creek , michigan ; and springfield , ohio . the following companies made up the oliver farm equipment company :
genoa — for some , last weekend ' s heritage tractor show in genoa was an opportunity to see antique farm equipment in action .
i was told by an old oliver dealer that they had some bean counters who were running the company in the middle 50 ' s to the early 60 ' s who were only worried about short term profits and cut way back on research and development . by then john deere came out with their new generation of tractors . i also was told that john deere got an advantage in the farm equipment business as they were the only company that produced farm equipment during ww2 . the rest made war equipment .
allis chalmers , black hawk tillage equipment , dairy cattle raising , farmall tractors , ford cars , ford motor company , holstein dairy herd , international harvester , international harvester company , j . i . case company , john deere , soybean raising
after the acquisition of its assets and name by white , oliver corporation ( referred to by the tax court as
new oliver
) was a wholly - owned subsidiary of white motor . in 1969 , new oliver merged with minneapolis moline , inc . ; the surviving corporation was renamed white farm equipment company . white farm , the wholly - owned subsidiary of white , is appellee in no . 74 - 1635
four companies joined forces on april 1 , 1929 . the oliver chilled plow company dated from 1855 . hart - parr tractor company began operations in 1897 , and the american seeding machine company , dated back to 1848 . nichols and shepard company , likewise began operations in 1848 .
( b ) all land and appurtenances thereto , buildings , building fixtures and tangible personal property other than inventories , owned or used by the oliver corporation in connection with its farm equipment business * * * and all machinery , equipment , jigs , dies , production fixtures , other tools , patterns , drawings , vehicles , and furniture located at said plants or used in connection with its farm equipment business .
charles hart left the company in 1917 and pursued business ventures on his own . he left charles city and only returned upon the event of his death in 1937 . the 1929 merger of hart - parr into the oliver farm equipment company brought about the oliver hart - parr “row crop” tractor , an entirely new model with a unit frame design and vertical engine .
almost everything written about the hart - parr co . and the oliver farm equipment co . says that charles hart left hart - parr in may 1917 . however , accounts of his departure from the company he co - founded with charles parr differ .
lano equipment draws customers from a 50 mile radius and through the internet even farther away . they can provide any farmer all the equipment he might need .
there are tons of interesting stories from the old days of farm equipment manufacturing . one , from the 1930s , involves the oliver farm equipment company and the russian communist government and is told by elmer baker , jr . in his reflections column in the oct . 21 , 1963 issue of implement & tractor magazine . baker ( 1889 to 1964 ) had been associated with farm equipment all his life and was for many years editor of implement & tractor . i’ve edited the column somewhat since baker did have a tendency to get wordy at times .
( in actual fact the ohio cultivator company had , indeed , been a full line seller of farm equipment for a short while in its earlier history . in 1929 , ohio cultivator had signed a supply contract with the general tractor company of cleveland , ohio , to purchase a number of farm tractors to be sold together with ohio cultivator implements and through the ohio cultivator sales and distribution network . while this relationship lasted , ohio cultivator was a “full line” provider of farm equipment including a farm tractor . alas , however , general tractor went out of business and disappeared from the farm machinery market and ohio cultivator lost its supplier of farm tractors and once again became a “shortline seller of farm machinery . nonetheless , because of the newly expanded line of farm machinery , ohio cultivator was one of the a leading shortline manufacturer and sellers of farm machinery .
arthur briggs farquhar starting working as a apprentice for farm manufacturer w . w . dingee and company of york , pennsylvania in 1856 . in 18 months , he bought a stake in the company using an advance from his father and became a partner . the company was renamed the pennsylvania agricultural works . eventually farquhar led the company , and it was renamed the a . b . farquhar company in 1889 . by that time stationary and portable steam engines , like the one shown , and traction engines were the company ' s main products , though it later expanded into gas engines and tractors . the tractor line was sold to the oliver farm equipment corporation in 1925 , and rest of the company was sold to oliver in 1952 .
1979 —white motors spins off the agricultural division to tic , a texas firm and the white line is branded wfe ( white farm equipment ) .
cockshutt was a large tractor and machinery manufacturer , known as cockshutt farm equipment limited ( 1957–1962 ) , based in brantford , ontario , canada .
white produced tractors , combines , outdoor equipment such as lawn tractors , corn planters , tillage equipment such as plows , disks and field cultivators 4 wheel drive .
the provisions of the proposed contract between the oliver corporation and the white company were determined by arms [ sic ] length bargaining between the officers and representatives of the two corporations . factors which were considered in the negotiations and which resulted in the determination of the purchase price of the property and assets of the oliver corporation to be purchased by the white company were the earnings records of the white company and of the oliver corporation ' s farm equipment business , the values of the properties and assets to be purchased by the white company , the value of the common stock of the white company , the respective prices at which the common stocks of the two corporations have been selling over a period of five years last past , and the prospects and potentialities of the farm equipment business and of the other businesses of the oliver corporation , and of the businesses of the white company .
production of the white line of tractors and implements continued for several years . oliver ( or white ) then began to buy up other companies and close plants to cut overhead expenses ( and create more profits ) . this resulted in the closing of many of the oldest oliver factories . oliver tractors were manufactured until 1976 when the last oliver 2255 rolled down the assembly line . the silver - colored white tractors had replaced the oliver tractor . throughout the many mergers and corporation maneuvering , nothing remains of the original oliver company , which began its legacy in south bend , indiana . as of 2002 , there isn’t even a white tractor company anymore . white farm equipment is owned by agco and the oliver’s legacy must be left to be preserved by the many men and women who restore and show oliver tractors and equipment .
in 1958 , the company ownership was taken over by english transcontinental , a british mercantile bank buying on behalf of an american investment group that became the forerunner of white . the company name was changed to cockshutt farm equipment limited and was acquired by white motor company in january 1962 . white had previously acquired oliver corporation in late 1960 and subsequently bought minneapolis - moline in early 1963 .
travel north to charles city to the floyd county historical society museum , one of the midwest’s largest rural county museums . here you can view hart - parr and oliver tractors and white farm equipment , artifacts from the factory , company advertising literature , photos and memorabilia .
on november 1 , 1960 white motor corporation of cleveland , ohio , a truck manufacturer , acquired oliver corporation as a wholly - owned subsidiary . white also acquired cockshutt farm equipment of canada in february , 1962 , and it was made a subsidiary of oliver corporation .
the famous ohio cultivator company used the profits from the record sales of the freemont cultivator to add a manure spreader , a hay mower , a soil pulverizer and other farm implements to expand the number farm implements that the famous ohio cultivator company offered to the farming public . however , even with this expansion of the line of implements , the ohio cultivator company was still a “full line” manufacturer of farm equipment . at this time of tractor power farming , ohio cultivator needed to have a farm tractor to offer to the farming public in order to be a “full line” seller of farm machinery .
dairyman78 - 10 / 24 / 2015 17 : 55 i was told by an old oliver dealer that they had some bean counters who were running the company in the middle 50 ' s to the early 60 ' s who were only worried about short term profits and cut way back on research and development . by then john deere came out with their new generation of tractors . i also was told that john deere got an advantage in the farm equipment business as they were the only company that produced farm equipment during ww2 . the rest made war equipment .
( g ) all of the right , title and interest of the oliver corporation in and to contracts made or orders given by the oliver corporation in the usual and normal course of business for the purchase by the oliver corporation of materials , parts and factory supplies for use in the manufacture , sale or servicing of farm equipment .
see note 12 , supra . white also acquired oliver ' s two foreign subsidiaries , oliver international , s . a . , and the oliver corporation , argentina , s . a
the ann arbor machine company had its foundation in 1882 . they were known for , mainly , their production of hay presses ( hay balers ) . the company began in ann arbor , michigan and then moved in the 1920s to shelbyville , illinois . in 1943 a long - term business lease was extended to the company from the oliver farm equipment company . the shelbyville plant was closed in 1970 and was absorbed into the oliver factories at south bend , charles city , iowa , and brantford , ontario , canada .
new ownership and another merger were next for oliver . white motor company based out of cleveland , ohio acquired the oliver corporation on november 1 , 1960 . within the next few month white motor’s also acquired another line of tractors in february of 1962 , cockshutt farm equipment . in 1963 a third tractor company was purchased and added to the production line up , minneapolis – moline . this line was blended with oliver so that there was basically no difference between them .
on june 16 , 1960 , white motor ' s executive committee voted to submit to its board of directors a proposal to purchase the assets comprising the farm equipment business of old oliver . an outline of the terms of this proposal was stated in a letter from dragin to mailman dated june 17 , 1960 . the letter contained the following tentative description of how white motor proposed to pay for old oliver ' s farm equipment business :
subsequent acquisitions by the new idea company included the horn company of fort dodge , iowa . in 1963 , the new idea company bought the uni - tractor line from minneapolis - moline . in 1984 , the allied company bought the new idea company . in 1985 , the allied company purchased the white tractor company . in 1988 , the white - new idea company closed the old tractor works located in charles city , iowa and moved all white tractor production to the new idea factory in coldwater , ohio .
in additional steps to ease the financial squeeze , the new management liquidated some operations and sold the diamond reo truck division , reduced its inventories , consolidated portions of the white farm equipment company and held peak borrowing under $ 230‐million , even though the company had a line for more .
white farm equipment company , a delaware corporation ( successor to oliver corporation , a delaware corporation ) , petitioner v . commissioner of internal revenue , respondent . amerada hess corporation , successor by merger of hess oil and chemical corporation , petitioner v . commissioner of internal revenue , respondent .
both white motor and old oliver were publicly held companies with their stock listed on the new york stock exchange . white motor was a leading manufacturer of trucks and old oliver was a leading manufacturer of farm equipment . in the negotiation both corporations were represented by sophisticated and experienced negotiators .
after the initial couple of years , the brand name dropped the hart - parr and become solely oliver . with an extensive line of equipment already in existence , the oliver corporation had a bigger picture in mind . the corporation acquired cleveland tractor company , and crawler tractor production .
nichols , shepard & co . became nichols & shepard co . ca , 1895 - 1898 . in 1929 , it became part of the oliver farm equipment company . at one point the oliver corp . became part of the white motor company of cleveland , ohio . it appears that the white motor co . became defunct in 1980 . the assets were bought by allied products , which sold the white tractor business to agco
the oliver farm equipment company came to be when four companies who were struggling in their respective fields joined forces in 1929 . this enabled the new company to offer a full range of farming products under the one brand , and soon oliver was growing by acquiring other businesses . before being bought out by the white motor corporation in 1960 , they were manufacturing crawlers , tractors and other non - agricultural products , most notably for the defence industry . white subsequently dropped the oliver name in 1973 .
in 1974 white motor company the parent company of oliver , minneapolis - moline and cockshutt merged the brands under the name white and the color silver . the white 4 - 150 introduced the field boss tractor line and was sold along with oliver and minneapolis - moline 2wd tractors in 1974 . in 1975 white introduced its new white farm equipment brand across the tractor and implement lines . white 4wds were offered by wfe through 1987 .
vintage oliver farm equipment sales company of chicago illinois parts price list manual titled : oliver superior superior and black hawk manure spreaders parts price list no . s - 440 circa 1932 . measures 8 x 10 3 / 4 inches in size ( 20 x 28cm ) and is 102 pages in length . publication is an authentic original in condition as shown in photos .
the last oliver green tractor rolled off the assembly line in 1976 , when it was replaced fully by the white farm equipment’s silver paint scheme . eventually , white would be bought by agco , which continues the white brand name today . but for the garretts , the challenge of finding , restoring , and most importantly , using the old oliver and white equipment on the farm is what appealed to the brothers . their oliver collection and fascination has always been one that was usable first . and these two combines are living proof .
the company was influenced by the u . s . entrance into world war ii , as the “limitation orders” that restricted civilian production of farm equipment , repair parts and exports had an impact on what john deere was allowed to manufacturer .
this gave the ohio cultivator company an advantage over competitors in the farm machinery market . harlow stahl exploited this advantage by expanding his line of farm machinery beyond the horse - drawn cultivator . in 1896 he purcased a factory of a company in dayton that had been making discs . in 1899 , he purchased the struggling bellevue plow company . the ohio cultivator company also absorbed the ohio hay press company in 1900 and the bissell plow company in 1905 . another agricultural business recession struck the united states economy in 1907 - 1908 . nonetheless , through this recession the work force of the ohio cultivator company remained steady at 300 employees .
oliver did not buy out hart parr . the new oliver company was formed about 1929 with a merger of hart parr - tractors , oliver - tillage tools , american seeding - plantaing stuff , and [ misspelled ] nickles and sheperd - harvest stuff . maybe some others .
the oliver corporation also built an industrial line of equipment that included industrial road graders , forklifts , road rollers , crawlers , and power units to be used by companies . by 1947 , the oliver corporation employed 9 , 000 and business was continuing to grow . there were still members of james and j . d . oliver’s family on the board of the oliver corporation . however , during the 1950s the company started to change . 20
all - crop harvester . right from the start of production , the clipper combine was available only on rubber tires . like many farm equipment companies before world war ii ,
from cockshutt’s point of view , the deal concluded with the nfmc meant that cockshutt would be able to break into the united states market with a corporate entity that already had an extensive retail dealership network . this was the major benefit to the cockshutt farm equipment company would recieve from the deal . cockshutt’s entire line of farm machinery would be available for sale in the huge united states farm market .
this series contains various booklets , catalogs , and brochures relating to the sales of the oliver corporation ' s machinery and machine accessories . also included are several manuals relating to the service and maintenance of oliver corporation equipment and product improvement .
even though our sterling township farmer had been impressed by the hydraulically controlled transportable disc produced by the kewanee manufacturing company , he was not so impressed by the portable farm elevator that was also produced by the kewaunee company .
24 . the oliver corporation agrees to consent , on the closing date , to the use of the name
the oliver corporation ,
or any name including the word
oliver ,
by the white company or any subsidiary thereof , and promptly to change its own name to a name not containing the word
oliver .
* * *
white motors , the parent company of the oliver corporation , acquired cockshutt in 1962 . the cockshutt name continued to be used until 1972 , when they were slowly phased out by white . cockshutt tractors were never built again . instead , oliver supplied them with tractors . at the same time oliver - built combines were discontinued and cockshutt became the combine builder for both companies . white motors was the name of the company until 1969 . by then it had acquired both cockshutt and minneapolis - moline and reorganized as white farm equipment .
the kay - gee company continued to be involved in the retail business , serving as local franchisee for the allis - chalmers manufacturing company of milwaukee , wisconsin . in addition to selling allis chalmers farm equipment , kay - gee sold balers manufactured by the ann arbor agricultural company of ann arbor , michigan . the keck motor company was able to benefit from the fact that the ann arbor company had developed the first pickup device for balers ( portable hay presses ) such that the baler could be brought to the hay rather than the hay being brought to the stationary hay press . in 1941 , its first successful automated self - tying hay baler was introduced by the ann arbor company . however , in 1943 , ann arbor leased its factory and business operations to the oliver farm equipment company of charles city , iowa and later the ann arbor company was officially merged with oliver . with ann arbor balers no longer available the kay - gee retail division became the local franchise holder for the new holland machine company of lancaster , pennsylvania . this franchise enabled kay - gee to market the famous new holland “automaton” self - tying twine baler .
by 1877 the company had established branch houses ( dealerships of oliver equipment ) in mansfield , ohio ; dallas , texas ; rochester , new york ; harrisburg , pennsylvania ; and san francisco , california . in 1879 the company began to export the oliver plow to scotland . also , the plant expanded and railroad tracks were extended into the plant . by 1881 james oliver had purchased the remaining stock , which made the company a completely family owned business . the plant was producing 600 plows per day and employed 900 people .
the hoosier drill company was started by joseph ingels in 1857 and operated at milton , indiana . the company was acquired by american seeding machine company in 1868 when the company was reorganized as the hoosier drill company . they manufactured , at first , corn planting drills ( hollow spikes that ‘drilled’ into the ground and deposited a seed ) and then broadcast seeders .
in 1901 the south bend iron works was incorporated and the name was changed to the oliver chilled plow works with all 5 , 000 company shares held by members of the oliver family . 9 by 1905 , james oliver had been in the plow business for 50 years . this was also the most productive and successful year for the oliver chilled plow works .
the corn drying hanger proved to be a great sales success . based the success of this product , the company was able to expand into the manufacture of other products for the small diversified farm of the midwestern united states . however , the company expanded into the manufacture of other products for the small farm . by 1916 , the company was making chicken waterers and hog oilers
in 1923 , increased competition from other full - line farm implement companies forced the oliver chilled plow works to choose between an enormous expansion with a program to include more implements , such as , tractors or joining together with manufacturers of different types of farm tools and establishing its own full - line company .
in the mid 1980 ' s the ford motor company bought out the new holland company . through this buy out it added the ford tractor line to the lano equipment line of machinery . the ford new holland name later became just new holland .
the kewaunee company had been making portable farm elevators since 1922 when the company purchased a line of portable farm elevators from the hart grain weigher company of peoria , illinois . at this time , the portable elevator made by kewaunee was a composit of wood and steel construction . in 1926 , kewaunee introduced their “all - steel” elevator . in anticipation of the production the new farm kewaunee elevator the kewaunee company had moved out of its old facilities to a new concrete block building locate on the corner of park and commercial streets in kewaunee in 1922 . however , sales of the new portable kewaunee farm elevator grew so rapidly that the company was forced to move to still larger facilities in 1927 .
resolved that the directors of the company deem the sale of assets to the white motor company , in accordance with the agreement dated october 3 , 1960 , between the company and the white motor company , upon the terms and conditions and for the consideration stated in said agreement , to be expedient and for the best interests of the company . [ emphasis supplied . ]
in 1887 the oliver company began exporting plows to south america , which resulted in thousands and thousands of oliver plows sold that year . the plow market then expanded to include africa , australia , and france . the phrase “plowmakers for the world” was adopted as a trademark of the oliver plow .
the great - grandson of john deere , charles deere wiman , was president of the company during world war ii , but he accepted a commission as an army colonel . a replacement was hired and before returning to work at the company in late 1944 , wiman directed the farm machinery and equipment division of the war production board .
• urltoken — a forum for lovers of all brands of tractors and equipment , plus much more .
the pro forma balance sheet in the draft of the proxy statement also reflected the financing arrangements which had been made to provide white motor the working capital it would need to conduct the oliver farm equipment business . a footnote to the cash and notes payable accounts also predicted that the cash payment to old oliver would decrease as follows :
11 . the oliver corporation agrees to sell and transfer to the white company on the closing date all of the outstanding capital stock of oliver international , s . a . , and the white company agrees to pay therefor as provided in this paragraph 11 . the white company will pay to the oliver corporation a sum equal to eighty per cent ( 80 % ) of the book value ( after depreciation ) at the close of business on the closing date of the machinery , equipment , jigs , dies , production fixtures , other tools , patterns and furniture , owned by oliver international , s . a . * * *
oliver stock was being bought by people outside the company , which led to a corporate takeover . the majority of stockholders wanted to sell parts of the company off in order to make bigger profits ( and to ‘line their pockets’ ) . and that’s what a majority of stockholders agreed upon and the most successful parts of the oliver company was bought by white motor company , making it a wholly owned subsidiary . at this time , all of the remaining oliver family left the board of the oliver corporation . white motors , now unimpeded , proceeded to keep what they wanted and sell off the rest .
( h ) all of the right , title and interest of the oliver corporation in and to contracts made or orders received by the oliver corporation in the usual and normal course of business for servicing , not completed at the close of business on the closing date , of farm equipment , and for the sale by the oliver corporation and delivery after the close of business on the closing date of farm equipment * * * and in and to deposits of money or other property made by customers on the contracts or orders hereinabove in this subparagraph ( h ) described , or any of them .
white established white farm equipment in 1969 to merge and further consolidate the three acquisitions and by 1975 had discontinued all three of the previous brand names and began offering white equipment , distinguished by its primarily silver paint job . the cockshutt name was no longer used beyond the mid - 70s .
on october 3 , 1960 , the officers of old oliver and white motor formally executed a written agreement ( agreement ) defining the terms of the proposed sale of the oliver farm equipment business to white motor , subject to the approval of the shareholders of both corporations . the requirement of shareholder approval was expressed in the agreement as follows :


canadian regional airlines was an airline headquartered in calgary international airport in calgary , alberta , canada .

it is now part of air canada jazz .

canadian regional airlines

american airlines , cathay pacific , delta , japan airlines and air france - klm .
a number of canadian carriers entered and exited the market between 2007–2011 , with the most notable entry being sky regional airlines and exits including leisure carriers harmony airways in 2007 , zoom airlines in 2008 and skyservice airlines 12 in 2010 .
porter airlines , a regional airline headquartered in toronto operating regularly scheduled flights between toronto and 19 19 canadian and american locations . porter flies 26 canadian - built bombardier dash - 8 q400 turboprop aircraft .
the merged company was renamed canadian airlines international ( cail ) . the new company ( cail ) would soon include wardair , eastern provincial airlines ( epa ) , nordair , transair , and regional carriers air inter ( renamed inter - canadian ) and timeair .
fly low - cost airlines you can search flights from most of low cost airlines . [ 6 ]
many other canadian airlines also offer passenger and / or cargo services . these include , among others , sunwing , canjet , first air , canadian north , air north , air creebec , air inuit , bearskin airlines , perimeter airlines , air express ontario , air labrador , provincial airlines , air saguenay , flair airlines , kenn borek air and propair .
beth had worked all the difficult years with canadian airlines in passenger service and had made every sacrifice .
at phoenix sky harbor international airport american airlines regional jets sit on the tarmac as american airlines says seven regional flights have been delayed and 43 have been canceled because of a heat wave as temperatures climb to near - record highs tuesday , june 20 , 2017 , in phoenix .
james richardson was able to tap into that funding and his bush pilot companies he brought together became known as canadian airways limited . in 1941 - 42 , the cpr bought his company and ten other small bush airlines to form canadian pacific airlines .
local lodge 764 grew in jurisdiction as a result of the corporate merger or takeovers by canadian pacific airlines ( cpa ) . cpa was bought by pacific western airlines ( pwa ) in 1987 .
grow the business by leveraging our regional aviation expertise and strong relationships with customers and employees .
according to american airlines , whose regional affiliates skywest and mesa fly the crj , the commuter plane is only certified to fly at temperatures below 48 degrees celsius .
for 31 years , the union and the company ( first canadian airways , and later canadian pacific airlines ( cpair ) , had been able to negotiate collective agreements without resorting to industrial action .
the study includes all low cost carriers operating in september 2002 and a close to full sample of regional carriers operating scheduled services at atsc listed airports in september 2002 . the sample includes regional carriers serving at least two atsc listed airports based on a preliminary list of routes served by regional carriers . the routes examined were restricted to canadian domestic routes operated by these air carriers .
air transport is an important component of canada ' s overall transportation mix , with local , regional , national and international airlines flying passengers and cargo to destinations across the country and around the world .
the two major airlines in canada – canadian pacific and trans - canada airlines – often chose different aircraft to compete . canadian pacific used the douglas dc6 - b to compete against tca’s north star ( canada’s version of the dc4 ) and the lockheed super constellation . the turbine era saw canadian pacific adopt the bristol brittania ( called by many the whispering giant ) in competition to tca’s vickers viscounts and vanguards .
finally , the canadian air transport security authority ( catsa ) is responsible for security screening at designated canadian airports and operates under provisions in the aeronautics act . catsa is a canadian crown corporation created in 2002 under the canadian air transport security authority act and reports to the government of canada through the minister of transport .
selection of carriers – low cost and regional air carriers providing scheduled services to at least two atsc listed airports were identified .
canadian air carriers are also subject to regulations governing foreign ownership . to operate air passenger services in canada a company must belong to a canadian citizen or canadian resident or be subject to de facto canadian control , whereby at least 75 % of the voting shares must belong to canadians . this restriction ensures that foreign interests cannot gain voting control of a canadian carrier . similar regulations exist in other countries .
statistics canada . catalogue 51 - 206 . canadian civil aviation , various years .
the load factors achieved by regional carriers vary considerably and are typically lower than for mainline and low cost carriers . seven regional carriers provided information on average load factors , several by route . average load factors varied from 25 % to 63 % and averaged 50 . 4 % . a load factor of 50 % was used for regional carriers that did not provide this type of information .
free enterprise capital for air transport was provided by the canadian pacific corporation , who funded their airline acquisition efforts through an arm of the canadian pacific ( cpr ) railroad .
in the same manner , the government of canada created trans - canada airlines as an arm of the canadian national ( cnr ) railroad . with the canadian pacific board of directors british - dominated , the government wanted tca to be free of british influence and domination . the canadian government would not allow direct competition on the same route by cpa and tca .
aegean airlines [ 59 ] operates from athens to the greek islands and the biggest cities of europe .
transport canada is also working with the federal aviation administration ( faa ) to streamline faa validations of canadian design approvals in support of the business needs of the canadian aviation industry .
europe has a number of low cost airlines , some of the largest and most established being easyjet , ryanair norwegian and wizz air . these airlines have stirred up air travel within europe by dramatically cutting fares .
and it’s all due to one particularly heat - sensitive canadian aircraft : the bombardier crj .
the low - cost airlines guide has useful pages on low cost carriers sorted by country . [ 7 ]
selection of carriers – a list of air carriers certified to provide scheduled services was obtained from transport canada , civil aviation . regional carriers operating commuter sized ( 10 to 19 seat ) aircraft or larger on scheduled services and new entrant low cost airlines which are currently providing scheduled service were identified . from this , a list of low cost and regional airlines to be included in the study was produced . the list of carriers surveyed and summary information on the fleet and points served are presented in appendix a .
a review of trends in air traffic was conducted for low cost carriers , for selected short haul city pair markets , and for other regional markets .
brussels airlines [ 46 ] , the successor of sn brussels airlines and virgin express , operates from brussels to destinations in italy , spain , greece , germany , switzerland , the uk and other countries . with b . light , fares start at €99 all inclusive , return . brussels airlines also has an extensive network of destinations in africa .
there are a large number of diverse air carriers providing regional and local services in canada . exhibit iii - 3 provides a summary of the larger regional carriers considered in this study . the largest carrier , air canada jazz , provides almost 60 % of the seat kilometers for the group . carriers operating in the north account for about 25 % and numerous small carriers in southern canada account for about 14 % of the total seat kilometers of the surveyed regional carriers .
it should be noted that the regional carriers surveyed do not represent a complete sample of this type of carrier . regional carriers were selected if they operate at two or more atsc listed airports based on preliminary information and should cover almost all regional carriers serving routes where the atsc applies . however , there are a number of carriers which provide services where the atsc does not apply . a number of the larger carriers excluded from the survey and the asks they provide are given below :
the union said in its application to the board that its members no longer perform maintenance work on 15 embraer aircraft that air canada has transferred to sky regional .
on december 17 , 1985 cpair changes its name to canadian pacific airlines and its aircraft colours from orange to pacific blue on the lower portions , sky white on the upper sections , and a separation stripe of corporate red around the middle . in december 1986 , canadian pacific ltd . , tired of continuous loses with its airline division , sells cp air to pacific western airlines ( pwa ) of alberta . the sale is completed in early 1987 .
in 2011 the canadian general standards board ( cgsb ) amended canadian aviation fuel standards for jet a and jet a - 1 to allow up to a 50 % blend of synthetic source material in jet fuel .
as the comparison between canadian and american air carriers suggests , network size is indeed an important efficiency consideration . canadian air carriers are competitive with the major american air carriers only because of the foreign ownership restriction , in the absence of which an independent air canada and canadian would not be possible in a deregulated international market environment .
these notices were published in major canadian newspapers and were part of the union’s efforts to present their side of the dispute to the traveling canadian public . source : vancouver province , production proof dated aug . 15 , 1973
the excluded carriers in each region account for 4 . 4 % and 5 . 7 % of the ask of regional carriers in the southern and northern regions , respectively .
yusufali , sasha . 2006 . air canada . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .
opt for return tickets , but keep in mind , in most cases airlines will charge extra fees for changes of date or time .
easyjet , ryanair , kibris turkish airlines , norwegian . no , germanwings , atlantic airways , blue1 , atlasjet , transavia , fly niki
during the same period , the lethbridge airport also played an important role in the development of canada ' s regional air carrier industry . serving as a home base to time air , a small regional carrier set up by stubb ross , a local pilot and businessman , the airport eventually became southern alberta ' s regional air service hub . time air initially provided service within southern alberta with beach 18 , short 330 and 340 aircraft and eventually expanded its network to cover most of western canada with f - 27 and dash - 8 aircraft .
cityjet , an ireland - based regional carrier that recently signed an order for six new crjs , told the national post that they would never encounter anything as extreme as 48 c .
the return airfare was estimated to be less than $ 200 for 6 % of passengers on regional air carriers , and between $ 200 and $ 400 for 37 % of passengers .
rev : sasha yusufali . 2006 . air canada . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .
airbaltic , blue wings , brussels airlines , easyjet , flybe , germanwings , hamburg international , intersky , norwegian . no , pegasus , tuifly ,
the machinist union , already present in both railroads , moved quickly to unionize the mechanics and ground workers employed by the two airlines in canada .
the canadian airline industry is unique in that its market environment and cost structures have led to the development of a duopoly in scheduled services , with regional competitors in charter services . these factors have also contributed to the emergence of both a vertically integrated structure , which includes computer reservation and tourist agent services , and a horizontally integrated structure through mergers with regional and specialized local air carriers and strategic alliances with foreign air carriers . finally , fares are a lot more complex , strategic and efficient than they were under regulation .
following the purchase of cpair by pwa in 1987 , the ceo of pwa , rhys t . eaton , became the ceo of the renamed company canadian airlines international ( cail ) . rhys and the renaming were but one of many unwanted changes to come in the 1990’s .
under air canada ' s control and direction , aircraft and routes are being transferred to air canada rouge and sky regional airlines ,
the union ' s district lodge 140 chairman fred hospes said in a statement .
we have filed these applications to allow us to protect work done by our members and their jobs at air canada .
kevin smith , vp of regional aircraft for bombardier commercial aircraft , remarked that the q400 has played an extremely important role for the airport and the business model of porter airlines . with 70 seats on board in a 2 x 2 configuration , porter passengers can expect roomy , comfortable leather seats and a high - frequency schedule from toronto to beyond .
aircraft boneyard at pinal air park , marana arizona . site is currently managed by evergreen international airlines . aircraft are either stored or dismantled on site .
the objective of this study is to enhance the government ' s understanding of low cost and regional carriers and to assist in the consideration of the implications of the atsc to those segments of the industry .
in addition to the national services provided by nav canada , approximately 200 other organizations provide air navigation services on a local or regional basis . transport canada regulates and oversees this industry to verify its safety .
those of air canada . in terms of passengers and rtks per destination , canadian trails air canada by 7 . 3 % and 0 . 5 % , respectively ; but , in terms of rpks per destination , canadian has surpassed air canada by 6 % .
yusufali , s . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . air canada . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken
yusufali , s . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . air canada . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken
yusufali , sasha .
air canada .
in the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985— . article published february 7 , 2006
bain , donald m . canadian pacific air lines : its history and aircraft . kishornpublications , calgary 1987 . paperback , pp . 126
canadian airways based in winnipeg , was unionized in 1941 , and a charter granted to local lodge 764 to represent these members . the governmental effort trans - canada airlines was also quickly unionized , and represented in the east by local lodge 1751 , and in the west by local lodge 714 .
airtransat [ 69 ] is a canadian airline which operates from several canadian cities ( calgary , edmonton , halifax , montreal , ottawa , toronto , vancouver and québec city ) to the uk and europe ( fares are from $ 99 all inclusive , one - way . )
do check out deals from the traditional carriers as well , especially on return trips they may have offers rivalling those of the discount carriers . following competition from discount airlines , traditional carriers such as ba have also cut their fares on competing routes , and are often only about 20 % more expensive than discount airlines , a price worth paying if the journey to the airport is cheaper and faster . sometimes they can even be cheaper than discount airlines , especially during public holidays .
but of all the airlines that fly the crj , those operating out of phoenix might be the only ones in which the crj’s heat sensitivity poses a problem .
yusufali , sasha .
air canada
. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 7 feb 2006 .
yusufali , sasha .
air canada
. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 7 feb 2006 .
rev : sasha yusufali , r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . air canada . retrieved july 9 , 2018 , from urltoken
airline transportation remains one of the safest means of travel for canadians . during the last five years , canadian - registered airlines operating under the canadian aviation regulations ( car s ) have averaged 3 . 6 accidents a year for an accident rate of 0 . 11 per 100 , 000 airline movements . despite these trends , another trend , the rise in airline traffic , continues to spur numerous efforts to make this mode of transport even safer .
discount airlines are often much more strict about their fares . for example , you have to pay an extra fee for your baggage , e . g . 25 € one - way at ryanair . while in traditional airlines they usually allow some baggage over the weight limit , wizzair will charge you €6 for each kg over the limit . also , some airlines have lower limits than the usual 20 kg . a few kilograms of weight can double your ticket price . check your terms carefully and weigh your luggage before a journey . you should weigh and measure your hand luggage too ; some discount airlines have lattice boxes at the gate to measure your hand luggage .
the original four were sold to worldways canada of toronto in 1983 . the eastern airlines dc8 - 63 was sold to cammacorp in 1982 and converted to a freighter .
the six air canada l1011 - 500 series aircraft ( ac551 - 556 ) sold to delta were operated until consigned to desert storage after 1990 . ac551 was scrapped . two saw later use . one was sold ( ac554 ) to congo airlines , which later became hewa bora airlines , and was operated until replaced in 2007 with a b767 . the other ( ac552 ) was sold to yes charter airlines of portugal and was operated until january 2007 . the aircraft is currently being dismantled at lisbon .
regional air carriers account for approximately 16 % of asks on domestic flights in canada . they provide air service between about 850 city pairs ( excluding connections ) , carrying roughly 70 , 000 passenger per week in september 2002 .
when discussing aerodromes and the safety of canadian airports , runway safety has been a prominent talking point . on march 16 , 2010 , the transportation safety board of canada ( tsb ) indicated that further measures were needed to reduce the risk of landing accidents and runway overruns at canadian airports .
rev : sasha yusufali .
air canada
in the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985– . article published february 6 , 2006 . urltoken
remote communities , those where there is no reliable year round surface transportation , account for 15 % of passengers on the regional carriers surveyed . the atsc applies on only a small portion ( about 14 % ) of these trips .
pegasus airlines [ 63 ] operates from istanbul to germany , netherlands , switzerland , france , denmark , great britain , austria , greece , ukraine and a domestic network .
local lodge 764 had jurisdiction for line stations in the canadian pacific airlines operation in canada from whitehorse through to halifax . with the explosive growth of the airline in the 1980’s , separate local lodges were created in alberta ( ll1681 ) , manitoba ( ll2223 ) , ontario ( ll2734 ) and the maritimes ( ll1763 ) .
the second policy is
cabotage ,
whereby a canadian airline could carry canadians from one point to another in the united states and vice versa .
mitchell , d . canadian air transportation services : a quantitative evaluation . report prepared for the ministerial task force on international air policy . july 1991 .
in the mid 1980’s cpair completed the purchase of nordair and eastern provincial airlines ( epa ) . most of the b737’s from these two airlines were integrated into the cpair fleet , and some were sold . nordair and epa employees became members of local lodge 764 . cpair also entered into marketing arrangements with airbc , then owned by businessman jim pattison .
fare analysis – analyses were conducted to provide an assessment of how often the atsc is applicable , in terms of numbers of routes , seats and passengers , and the effect of the charge on airfares of low cost and regional carriers .
the airline industry makes a significant contribution to the canadian economy . in 1991 , for example , the industry generated $ 7 . 6 billion in operating revenues and employed 53 , 000 people . moreover , the airlines carried 32 million passengers on domestic and international flights , and almost 640 million kilograms of cargo . ( 1 )
air canada ' s largest union wants the canada industrial relations board to declare that the airline itself is the employer of workers at its rouge and sky regional units , a move that the union hopes will prevent outsourcing of its members jobs .
rev : sasha yusufali
air canada
the canadian encyclopedia . eds . . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 9 jul . 2018 .
by 1935 , bush pilot companies were opening up the canadian north james richardson , a wealthy grain dealer in winnipeg , began buying up small bush companies .
canadian airways lodge 764 7980 river road , richmond b . c . v6x 1x7 phone : 604 - 273 - 9668 fax : 604 - 273 - 9670
since deregulation , the pricing strategies pursued by an airline have become crucial to success . in this respect , it appears that air canada has outperformed canadian by about 5 % over the past five years when evaluated in terms of yield per rpk . operating costs per ask at air canada have , however , been about 25 % higher than at canadian . consequently , canadian has significantly outperformed air canada in terms of operating margins over this period ( see table 4 ) .
hamilton kingston kitchener / waterloo regional london north bay ottawa ( macdonald - cartier int ' l ) sarnia ( chris hadfield ) sault ste . marie sudbury thunder bay timmins toronto / buttonville munic . toronto ( city centre ) toronto ( lbpia ) windsor
in the coming years , high fuel costs will continue to challenge the air industry , as will intense competition , while margins will continue to be thin in many markets . some airlines—notably air canada—also face the challenge of negotiating new labour agreements . environmental considerations—for example , emissions trading and noise—will increasingly factor into airlines ' operational decisions as they seek ways to mitigate their environmental footprint .
in june 2005 , canadian air carriers and transport canada signed the world ' s first voluntary agreement to address ghg emissions from both domestic and international aviation operations . this agreement established canada ( a tac ) and the national airlines council of canada ( nacc ) report annually on the amount of fuel burned and activity measures such as available - seat kilometres . 25
these programs included parking a dc8 - 43 for a year , selling various aircraft , deferring aircraft purchases and leasing aircraft to other airlines , and employee lay - offs , which effected the members of local lodge 764 . four b747 - 217 aircraft were traded to pakistani airlines in exchange for four dc10 - 30’s . maintenance members of local lodge 764 dubbed these four dc10’s the roach coaches .
in contrast , canadian offered scheduled services to 42 destinations in 1991 : 17 domestic and 25 foreign . in 1989 , when pwa acquired wardair inc . , the number of destinations served by canadian was 78 . this rationalization , particularly domestic destinations , has permitted the airline to realize significant economies of traffic density . the numbers of passengers , rpks and rtks per destination have grown by 58 % , 60 % and 50 % , respectively , in just two years . consequently , canadian has realized economies comparable to
in 1984 economic regulatory reform ( err ) introduced a deregulation program that generated significant changes in the airline industry . air canada and canadian airlines international limited ( cai ) emerged as the country ' s trunk carriers competing on most major domestic routes . the regional airline industry disappeared and commuter airline
families
owned by the major carriers emerged . these airline families were incorporated into a mega - carrier structure , with air canada joining the united / lufthansa - led star alliance and cai joining the american / british airways - led
oneworld
structure . the mega - carrier alliances competed with each other and with other international conglomerations .
both cpa and tca experienced tremendous growth in the 1960’s , and also had to deal with huge technological change . the piston driven and turbine aircraft gave way to the jet turbine , and both airlines invested heavily in mcdonnell - douglas and boeing products . both airlines had dc8’s in various models for long haul flights . for short haul work , cpa chose the b737 while tca chose the dc9 .
as if the faltering canadian economy was not enough to challenge the embattled cail , the mulroney federal government made the situation worse by initiating the open skies policy in 1996 .
the term low cost carrier refers to airlines that have specialized in providing low priced travel , as distinct from mainline carriers who cater to a wide range of travellers and markets . not only do low cost carriers focus on specific markets , their businesses are organized to provide the low operating cost structure that allows them to remain profitable in a highly competitive regime . some of the characteristics of these airlines include :
very few low - cost carriers offer connecting tickets with different airlines . one such low - cost carrier is air berlin which has code - shares and is part of the one world global airline alliance .
transport canada repatriated full responsibility for certification and oversight of business aviation operating under a private operator passenger transportation certificate . 11 this was previously delegated to the canadian business aviation association .
canada has adopted these icao standards for aircraft and engine emissions and references them in its airworthiness manual chapter 516 , made pursuant to the canadian aviation regulations and under the aeronautics act .
render , shirley . the inside story of double cross : james a . richardson and canadian airways . douglas & mcintyre ltd . , vancouver , 1999 . hardcover , pp . 334
in response to new terrorist tactics , transport canada introduced millimetre - wave full - body screening technology at major canadian airports in 2010 . by the end of 2011 , 53 such scanners had been deployed at 23 airports . transport canada is also exploring the benefits of advanced auto - detection software for this equipment , and will consider deployment of the software at canadian airports .
recently a number of industry analysts have asked whether the limit on foreign ownership should be raised . it is thought that this would give canadian carriers greater flexibility in reaching agreements with foreign carriers and provide for more efficient global air networks . most experts feel , however , that , for security reasons , effective control of canadian carriers must continue to be exercised by canadians .
in terms of carrier - specific performance , air canada and its regional affiliates transported almost 34 million passengers and posted a load factor 5 of 81 . 6 % , while westjet carried more than 16 million passengers and posted a load factor of 79 . 7 % . porter airlines carried 2 . 1 million passengers and posted a load factor of 61 . 7 % . major scheduled carriers and charters reported an overall load factor of about 73 % in 2011 compared to 74 . 1 % in 2010 .
more specifically , canadian ' s workers are more than 30 % more productive than air canada ' s workers when measured in terms of physical output variables such as rtks and asks per employee . in terms of operating revenue per employee , however , canadian ' s workers are only about 4 % more productive than air canada ' s workers ( this discrepancy is attributable to air canada ' s better yield per rpk ) . furthermore , canadian employees receive less pay than air canada employees , by about 6 % on average . as labour costs account for about 30 % of an airline ' s overall operating expenses , canadian ' s tighter control of labour costs largely explains its lower operating cost per ask and greater operating margin relative to air canada .
the comparison reveals that network size is an important determinant of firm efficiency . those ranked the highest in terms of rtks performed , by and large , were those ranked the highest in terms of return on capital . in fact , three of the four smaller major american airlines ( america west , twa and continental ) filed for bankruptcy protection in the subsequent year . canadian , the smaller of canada ' s two national airlines , required a merger and government assistance to remain solvent in 1992 . the recession ' s next victim might be usair , unless drastic corrective actions are taken , for example a merger with british airways .
as part of the government ' s commitment to review the atsc , the department of finance engaged the firm of sypher : mueller international to collect data from low cost and regional air carriers to enhance the government ' s understanding of these carriers and to assist the government in considering the application of the atsc to these segments of the air transportation industry . the primary focus was on the collection of data on the routes and fares offered by low cost and regional air carriers and determining the proportion of routes where the charge applies and the effect of the charge on representative airfares for those routes .
the name of the airline was changed by an act of parliament from trans - canada airlines to air canada in 1964 . under the air canada act of 1977 , the airline ' s charter was brought up to date .
air canada , on the other hand , appears to have outperformed canadian in terms of its capital and fuel costs . air canada is somewhere between 5 % and 12 % more efficient in terms of its capital costs when measured by passenger load factors and fixed asset turnover rates , respectively . air canada has also managed to buy its jet fuel at a 3 % lower price than canadian ; and its fuel consumption per rtm is about 3 % less , thereby making air canada ' s fleet about 6 % more fuel efficient than canadian ' s fleet ( see table 5 ) .
competition for aer lingus regional services currently operated by stobart air routes is set to increase once the current contract expires in the next few years . according to the irish independent , both cityjet ( wx , dublin int ' l ) and air nostrum ' s nascent hibernian airlines ( dublin int ' l ) unit are looking to submit bids . according to the ch - aviation capacity module , stobart air currently operates services out of dublin int ' l , cork , and shannon mostly to the united kingdom under the aer . . .
the canada - european union bilateral aviation safety agreement came into force in 2011 . under this agreement , the european aviation safety agency ( e asa ) will recognize certification of canadian aviation products and services and vice versa , allowing the canadian aviation industry to be more competitive in the european market . e asa and transport canada will also work together to enhance civil aviation safety by resolving safety issues .
the various 737s , 747s and 777s made by boeing can stay in operation until temperatures hit 52 c , an american airlines spokesman told the national post . french - made airbus products , meanwhile , can operate until 53 c .
economies of traffic density and passenger load factors , although they appear to be correlated , also shed light on the relative performances of the airlines . northwest surpasses american , even though it has a smaller network , because it outperforms american in terms of passenger load factors . air canada and canadian outperform their larger counterparts because they are ranked number one and two , respectively , in terms of rtks per point served and passenger load factors .
blue1 [ 66 ] , a scandinavian airlines subsidiary and a star alliance member , operate routes within europe ( mainly from helsinki ) and eight different cities in finland . not really low - cost , but often offers very competitive prices .
the aeronautics act , administered by transport canada , provides broad regulation - making authority over airlines , airports , airspace and aircraft through certification and regulation . the certification process is regulated by the canadian aviation regulations made pursuant to the aeronautics act , and is applicable to aircraft both manufactured and registered in canada . under the 1944 chicago convention , the same rules—including those related to environmental protection—must be applicable to both the domestic and international aspects of aviation .
while economies of scale in the industry are negligible , the main advantages stemming from size come from the demand side . consumers , for previously stated reasons , prefer large airlines and are willing to pay a premium for their services . therefore the size of the airline is an important competitiveness consideration . from table 3 , depending on the indicator , canadian is somewhere between 80 % and 95 % of the size of air canada . canadian is : 81 % of the size of air canada in terms of passengers carried ; 93 % of the size of air canada in terms of rpks ; and 87 % of the size of air canada in terms of rtks .
the first was a douglas dc8 - 51 , leased from trans - international airlines of atlanta , georgia in 1966 and returned a year later . a dc8 - 53 was bought in 1966 and sold to aerovias columbianas in 1982 . a dc8 - 55f was bought from braniff airlines in 1967 and used in passenger service until 1977 , then leased to flying tigers inc . as a freighter for six months . it was sold in 1978 to an aircraft broker in the u . k .
the operations of some of the larger air carriers in the north ( first air , canadian north and air north ) include the use of b727 and b737 jet aircraft over very long stage lengths , much longer than the stage lengths of regional carriers operating in the south . due to the heavy movement of air cargo in the north , these aircraft are typically configured as combination aircraft , carrying both passengers and freight on the main deck . the long distances in the north result in the large seat kilometers presented in exhibit iii - 3 .
the year 2011 witnessed a few changes on the aviation landscape ( see addendum table a11 ) . most importantly , in may , sky regional , a division of skyservice business aviation , launched its operations under the air canada express banner , offering 93 flights per week ( up to 15 flights per day ) between montreal and toronto island ( billy bishop airport ) with a fleet of five canadian - built bombardier q - 400 . this marked a return of the air canada brand to the toronto island airport after a five - year hiatus .
but do not overlook other european airlines ; for example , depending on the destination , dates and time , the usually expensive swiss airline can be cheaper than a so - called discount airline when all costs and times are included from source to destination .
this building later became the main base for pacific western airlines ( pwa ) , and the hangar doors were modified to accept larger aircraft in the hangar , but with the tail sections protruding outside . note the middle section hangar doors with the modification .
canadian aviation fuel standards for jet a and jet a - 1 fuels 9 were amended in 2011 to allow up to a 50 % blend of synthetic source material in jet fuel , which could reduce net ghg emissions .
what air canada obtains from sky regional is neither seat capacity , nor routes , nor aircraft , nor access to a pre - existing infrastructure , but rather , the opportunity to have operations carried out outside the scope of its own bargaining certifications by lower - cost , non - union labour ,
the union ' s application said .
toronto — on october 24 , 2016 , porter airlines celebrated its 10 th birthday with media presentations and cake cutting in the stunning atrium at billy bishop toronto city airport ( bbtca ) , porter’s primary base located on the west end of the toronto islands .
the cpair dc10 program included a four year exchange with united airlines . cpair operated three united dc10 - 10 aircraft domestically and on short - haul atlantic and hawaii routes , while united operated three cpair dc10 - 30er’s on its seattle - hong kong route .
in 2011 , canada recorded the lowest total number of accidents ( 211 ) for canadian registered aircraft excluding ultralights since 1976 when the transportation safety board of canada began recording such data ( see addendum tables s18 to s21 ) .
canadian carriers provide almost 50 % of scheduled services and 94 % of charter services between canada and the rest of the world . ( 3 ) the united states is the largest single market for canadian carriers both in scheduled and in charter services , followed by europe , the caribbean and the pacific rim . air transportation to / from and within canada , however , accounts for only slightly more than 2 % of global air markets . ( 4 )
finally , as concerns other regional markets , a comparison of the trend in passengers and asks ( 2002 compared to 2001 , over the four month period april through july ) was conducted for city pairs in the north , and for city pairs in the south served by jazz , other than those included in the selected short haul routes , and smaller carriers .
by 1990 , rhys eaton had bought out his competitor wardair and bought up two regional carriers , nordair and air inter , ( later to become inter - canadi > n ) . the intent was to establish a feeder network in canada and preserve cail market share . all of this buying activity took place in a global economic environment that was deteriorating rapidly .
transport canada has also taken added measures to increase the safety of runways during canada ' s unique winters and issued several advisory circulars to reduce the risk of aircraft colliding with vehicles or other aircraft on the ground at canadian airports .
bob has been called the most successful entrepreneur in canadian aviation industry . extremely friendly and approachable , bob took the podium thanking the many partners and friends who came on - site to bbtca to celebrate ten year of porter’s service .
airbaltic [ 14 ] have a wide variety of cheap fares from riga , which can be used as a transit point . e . g . it is cheaper to travel odessa - riga - kiev with airbaltic than odessa - kiev directly with regular - fare airlines .
in 2011 , passenger traffic at canadian airports increased by 2 . 5 % compared to 2010 , to a total of 78 . 4 million travellers . year over year , domestic , canada - u . s . and other international traffic increased by 2 . 4 , 1 . 6 and 0 . 4 % , respectively . overall , canadian airports weathered the economic downturn of 2008–09 successfully and are now positioned for growth . ( see addendum tables a19a and a19b )
furthermore , with its soon - to - be 29th q400 built at bombardier’s plant in downsview , ontario , a view kilometers north from bbtca , porter is the only commercial airline in the world that is 100 % canadian - manufactured .
in march 2010 , transport canada and aviation stakeholders from the aerospace industry—air carriers , airports , the air navigation service provider , and the business aviation sector—formed a working group on aviation emissions . the working group provides a collaborative forum for information sharing and discussion , and is developing an action plan to reduce ghg emissions from the canadian aviation sector between now and 2020 . the action plan will form the basis of the canadian government ' s response to the icao resolution of 2010 .
air canada ' s bid to acquire continental airlines appears to be the first step in recognition of this fact . while continental has a sufficiently large air network that includes badly - needed pacific rim markets , however , air canada would have the onerous task of reorganizing the airline .
flair airlines ( f8 , kelowna ) has announced it will focus on operations to and from edmonton int ' l in the future , establishing the city as its main transfer hub and operational headquarters .
flair will continue to expand its network to / from edmonton by growing its frequency and network - both domestic and trans - border ; announcing new low - fare routes in the coming weeks . flair will also progressively relocate its operations and executive base in edmonton ,
the canadian lcc has said . . . .
working in partnership with the canadian airports council ( cac ) , transport canada developed a methodology and tool for conducting ghg emissions inventories at canadian airports . inventories have been completed for 26 nas airports and the airports owned and operated by transport canada . the airports have established baseline inventories that indicate operational opportunities to reduce airport related emissions . this tool is currently being updated for use globally in cooperation with airport council international ( aci ) , and will be available in the spring of 2012 .
the first is an
open skies
policy , whereby a canadian or american carrier could offer services on any transborder route at any time . canadian and american companies would compete freely for flights between the two countries . an open skies policy would also intensify the activities of the north american hub - and - spoke networks . it is generally acknowledged that the principal carriers of the major hub airports would enjoy substantial advantages in cost savings , improved flight frequencies , and thus greater market share .
mr . smith noted that porter’s birthday celebration , in context of the deluce family’s contribution to canadian aviation , felt , “a little older than just ten years , ” given that stan deluce , bob’s father , provided passenger air transport dating back to the early 1950’s when he launched white river air services to fly summer tourists to lake superior . over the years , the deluces have added numerous airlines to family interests , including austin airways , air ontario , air quebec , superior airways , air manitoba and canada 3000 , among others .
the ats c applies to flights between the 89 canadian airports 36 where catsa provides air travel security services . the charge does not apply to flights that arrive at or depart from other canadian airports . the ats c also applies to transborder flights to the u . s . and other international locations that depart from canadian airports . upon ticket payment , the air carrier collects the fee , which is paid by those purchasing a passenger ticket . current ats c rates 37 are $ 7 . 48 for domestic ( one - way ) , $ 14 . 96 for domestic ( round - trip ) , $ 12 . 71 for trans - border , and $ 25 . 91 for other international flights ( see addendum table a30 for more details ) .
a large proportion of aircraft in canada is used for general aviation ( ga ) , often the only service provided in many canadian airports , particularly in northern canada as well as the first rung in the career ascension of aspiring pilots and aircraft mechanics .
nav canada , a privately run , not - for - profit corporation that owns and operates canada ' s civil air navigation system , oversees the safe and orderly flow of air traffic in canadian airspace , in compliance with provisions in the aeronautics act .
it’s amazing that porter’s made it to 10 , considering the difficulties of the canadian aviation market . they would have joined canada 3000 with many others in the discard pile if they didn’t play their cards right , but play their cards right they did .
cargolux subsequently sold the aircraft to andes airlines of ecuador in 1988 , and fin 812 was operated by this carrier , and another from south america ( zuliana ) , before ending up in miami in 1992 for dismantling . the aircraft was destroyed by hurricane andrew in that year while being scrapped .
this inquiry first provides a broad outline of the current structure of the airline industry in canada , including the most recent trends for merging with regional affiliates , forging alliances with international carriers , and vertically integrating into computer reservation services . fare determination , airline cost structures , and air networks are also reviewed . secondly , this inquiry reviews the performance of the major canadian airline companies since 1987 , and comments on their priorities and corporate strategies . thirdly , a detailed comparison of competitiveness is made : first between both of canada ' s national air carriers , and then between them and their american counterparts . finally , conclusions with respect to their prospects are drawn .
porter’s success stories have benefitted bbtca and its aircraft manufacturer , bombardier , inc . it has helped portstoronto ( the owner and operator of billy bishop airport ) receive several accolades from various organizations . from an aircraft perspective , porter has helped montreal - based bombardier achieve success with its dash - 8 q400 fleet program , of which porter operates 26 regional turboprop jets ( with 3 more on delivery ) .
local lodge 2324 ( iamaw air canada b . c . and alberta ) is disbanded by the iamaw canadian office . the b . c . membership joins ll764 in march 2002 . the alberta membership of ll2324 is merged into ll1681 ( iamaw cail alberta ) .
zip airlines is another new operating subsidiary of air canada , based in calgary and designed to compete with westjet in western canada . jetsgo and canjet are new , independent entrants offering services over a wide range of short , medium and long haul markets , based largely on point - to - point operations .
in canada , nav canada—a not - for - profit private company—provides national civil air navigation services , such as air traffic control , flight information and weather briefings , and oversees more than 12 million air traffic movements a year , including global air carriers entering canadian airspace .
gillen , d . w . , w . t . stanbury and m . w . tretheway .
duopoly in canada ' s airline industry : consequences and policy issues .
canadian public policy , vol . xiv , 1988 , p . 15 - 31 .
“when bob approached us at bombardier to discuss the q400 aircraft , we knew we were dealing with a very experienced and very savvy airline man , ” said smith . “we had a mutual interest : porter wanted to establish a regional airline based at toronto billy bishop airport , the island , and we wanted to showcase the low - noise , low - emissions q400 model at the city centre airport . voila ! ”
the european open - skies treaty of 1992 blew the lid off the system in place before , where national government would restrict access to their airspace to expensive ' flag - carriers ' , such as british airways or lufthansa . this enabled airlines to fly anywhere they wished in the european union without government approval .
tthe rapid growth in air travel prompts the two airlines to order wide - bodied aircrtaft for delivery in the 1970’s . cpa orders the b747 and the dc10 . tca orders the b747 and the lockheed l1011 . local lodge 764 membership ranks mushroom as these larger aircraft require more ground personnel , equipment and maintenance .
the government privatized the company in 1989 but its financial losses continued . in summer 1992 air canada and canadian airlines began negotiating a merger that was ultimately unsuccessful . air canada entered into an agreement with continental in december 1992 . in 1995 the open skies agreement signed by jean chrétien and bill clinton gave carriers on both sides of the canada - us border access to trans - border markets . in 1997 air canada operated a fleet of 219 aircraft , with more than 1200 scheduled daily flights to 120 destinations in canada , the us , the caribbean , the middle east and asia .
earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation , amortization and rent . it is the airline equivalent of earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization ( ebitda ) , but rent is added to adjust for the fact that some airlines rely more on leasing aircraft than owning them , which would create distortions with ebitda .
later that year , bbtca constructed a 6 - minute pedestrian tunnel , built 100 feet beneath the surface of lake ontario , linking the island to toronto’s downtown waterfront . gradual improvements to the airport’s infrastructure , including an ongoing , 3 - year airfield rehabilitation initiative , continues to draw more passengers to billy bishop and porter airlines .