point blank is a 1967 american neo-noir crime film directed by john boorman , starring lee marvin , co-starring angie dickinson , keenan wynn and carroll o'connor , and adapted from the 1963 crime noir pulp novel the hunter by donald e. westlake , writing as richard stark .

boorman directed the film at marvin 's request and marvin played a central role in the film 's development .

the film was not a box-office success in 1967 , but has since gone on to become a cult classic , eliciting praise from such critics as film historian david thomson .

in 2016 , point blank was deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " by the united states library of congress , and selected for preservation in its national film registry .

point blank ( 1967 film )

point blank ( john boorman , 1967 ) – rhythmic footsteps and diegetic power .
angie dickinson and lee marvin in point blank ( 1967 ) , directed by john boorman .
adaptation of the week no . 43 : point blank ( 1967 ) | books | the guardian
point blank ( john boorman , 1967 ) – rhythmic footsteps and diegetic power . – celluloid wicker man
looking for movie tickets ? enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing point blank ( 1967 ) near you .
for the movie world , 1967 was the summer of cool thanks to lee marvin and angie dickinson in
point blank .
the film screens at the cleveland museum of art as part of its series ,
1967 : summer of ( movie ) love .
for the movie world , 1967 was the summer of cool thanks to lee marvin and angie dickinson in
point blank .
the film screens at the cleveland museum of art as part of its series ,
1967 : summer of ( movie ) love .
(
point blank is a spin on the concept of a movie within a movie . instead of one movie providing a view into a different film , point blank ' s structure involves two different types of film conventions . a narrative film is found within an experimental one .
a documentary of his state of mind : lee marvin in point blank . photo : kobal
john boorman and steven soderbergh provide a fascinating commentary track included on the dvd of point blank .
the strange approach works . critics and historians are still discussing point blank even after nearly 50 years .
marvel cinematic universe players anthony mackie and frank grillo are teaming with everly filmmaker joe lynch for netflix ’s point blank remake . the film will be an american take on fred cavayé ‘s french crime drama point blank ( a bout portant ) .
point blank is a 1967 crime film directed by john boorman and starring lee marvin and angie dickinson , adapted from the classic pulp novel the hunter by donald e . westlake , writing as richard stark . boorman directed the film at marvin ' s request and marvin played a central role in the film ' s development and staging
ed wood ( 1994 ) : film about the “worst” film direct . . .
on one level , point blank can be viewed as a straightforward story about betrayal , vengeance and greed . on closer viewing , however , point blank possesses a surreal disorientating dreamlike quality . on another level , point blank can be interpreted as the dream of a dying man . a dying dream experienced by walker , from the moment he is shot by reece at the beginning of point blank and left to die in a dank prison cell at alcatraz , until the final frame of the film . point blank utilizes a dizzying of innovative visual , editing and sound techniques , as well as a fractured and disorientating narrative structure , all of which reinforce the notion of a blurring between dream and reality .
a tour de force of filmmaking technique , point blank has often been described as a classic american noir combined with a distinctly european sensibility .
with his next film , point blank ( 1967 ) , boorman employed elements of the french new wave , notably jump cuts and a fractured narrative . the gangster drama starred lee marvin as a small - time criminal out for revenge against his wife ( played by angie dickinson ) and the syndicate that left him for…
point blank was not particularly successful upon its initial release , having been lost in the hype of marvin’s other 1967 blockbuster , the dirty dozen . however , in ensuing years it became a seminal film in the actor’s legacy and helped cement his reputation as one of the screen’s most ruthless tough guys . boorman’s direction shows the influence of the french new wave in its use of jump cuts and a fractured narrative , which gives the film an unreal quality . some critics have interpreted the film as walker’s dying dream . point blank was remade in 1999 as payback .
this is the case with the english director john boorman creating the eclectic point blank in the united states , with the film being his american debut . at age 32 , boorman had his debut feature film with the documentary catch us if you can .
he played casca in cleopatra ( 1963 ) . other notable appearances include lonely are the brave ( 1962 ) , what did you do in the war , daddy ? ( 1966 ) , hawaii ( 1966 ) , point blank ( 1967 ) and kelly ' s heroes ( 1970 ) .
films by martin scorsese , christopher nolan and nicolas roeg all bear the influence of john boorman’s strikingly modern 1967 thriller , says geoff andrew .
the neo - noir crime film about a uber - cool gangster
out for his money
is part of a cleveland museum of art series ,
1967 : summer of ( movie ) love .
it never got much love when it came out in 1967 - - maybe because it was too cool for the summer of love .
a tribute to the star of point blank . lee marvin : a personal portrait by john boorman ( bbc 1998 , dir john boorman , 55 min ) is both a tribute to and an anecdotal reminiscence about the star of point blank and hell in the pacific who was also boorman’s friend . affectionate , funny and illuminating .
…mission ; and in john boorman’s point blank , he played an emotionless man out to exact violent revenge on the men who robbed him and left him for dead . …
university in melbourne , australia . in addition , he has contributed articles for film international , the australian quarterly film journals
point blank is a key film within a pioneering decade of film ; released in the same year as the hugely influential bonnie and clyde and the dirty dozen , it was very clear that the depiction of violence and its effect upon the audience was taking a much more graphic and nihilistic turn .
the film’s notable scattershot editing was something shocking to witness in 1967 , having the same mind - blowing effect on people that bonnie and clyde’s gory violence had or the dirty dozen’s indictment on religion , simple cinematic techniques that are taken for granted today . all crime films that followed point blank owe a debt to it , a film which pushed the boundaries visually and technically , informing us of the importance of artistic production design and the impact of onscreen violence .
in the article below we may give the impression that director john boorman was responsible for the screenplay of point blank . the credited screenwriters are alex jacobs with david and rafe newhouse .
visually arresting , incredibly intelligent and genuinely influential on the craft , john boorman’s point blank deserves its title of being an american cinematic classic , a film which dared to push the boundaries of what could be done with the genre and doing so successfully , though sadly overshadowed by the mainstream success of bonnie and clyde . a violent punch to the face of generic crime cinema , point blank is one film that deserves a new generation of film - watchers to look back on , not only to reflect on its craft but also because it’s just damn entertaining .
much like the great train robbery , point blank has had a subtle but revolutionary impact on cinema , most notably the american crime genre and introducing french new wave tactics into mainstream narratives .
far be it from yours truly to take issue with another writer’s opinion of a film – as if i’d ever do such a thing ! – and in fact i for the most part agree with tom huddleston’s very favourable assessment , in time out , of the bfi rerelease of john boorman ’s classic point blank ( 1967 ) . but i mention his review here because , intriguingly , it raises as its one reservation something which i happen to feel is one of the film’s great strengths .
directed by the crown prince of schlock , william castle , ( 1967 ) was an adaptation of westlake ' s mafia caper of the same name . the film starred sid caesar and robert ryan and gave a young richard pryor his movie debut
the other film is herk harvey’s carnival of souls , another movie which explores a protagonist who has escaped death and now exists in a hazy unreliable reality . point blank’s dream logic is backed up by the film’s plot – a simple revenge story where lee marvin tears through his enemies , surviving death and getting the ladies .
if you’ve watched payback , you might yourself quite surprised about where this story goes . payback was content to finally give its antihero a happy ending , but the ending in point blank is much , much different and if the remake had tried to replicate it , i’m sure the studio would shot them down . point blank ‘s ending left me pretty surprised and bewildered at first and it wouldn’t shock me if many viewers found themselves seriously pissed off about it . however , it was only after thinking over everything and watching the film a second time that i figured out what they were trying to do . if the film’s ending makes you hungry to watch the film again and discover what you may have overlooked the first time , then i’d say it’s done its job . point blank may be a first - rate crime movie first and foremost , but it’s also a very complex and multi - layered film . that may explain why some people didn’t know what to make of it in 1967 and why the film’s reputation and legacy has only increased at a very slow and gradual pace over the years . today , point blank is considered a classic by some , but it took a really long time for it to get there . so , in the end , point blank is one of those rare films you watch just for the purpose of being entertained , but then you find yourself surprised by just how many different interpretations you can make of the whole thing .
as soon as justus d . barnes fired point - blank at the audience in edwin s . porter’s influential the great train robbery , the idea of violence to control an audience was introduced .
inspirations and influences : coming at a turning point in hollywood history as the studio system was breaking down , point blank is generally credited with kicking off the entire american neo - noir movement , taking its cue from the french new wave ' s interest in the genre , notably godard ' s alphaville ( 1965 ) . along with films like bonnie and clyde ( 1967 ) and bullitt ( 1968 ) , point blank also echoed a new mood in us cinema for fetishising blood and violence . its vision of organised crime as a shadowy corporate operation was , however , swiftly eclipsed by the godfather ( 1972 ) and the idea of hoodlum as
family
.
what is the best way for a film to show the power of a character ? is it to retain the power within the narrative world and show it be all encompassing , or is it better to show it to have control over specific qualities of the medium itself ? one of the best examples of this debate to be realised in cinematic aesthetics is in john boorman’s 1967 film point blank . this isn’t just an excellent example because of how effectively brutal the lead character is shown to be , but how the way his power is presented hints at questions about the film’s narrative reality far beyond that of the norm of the film’s genre .
film inquiry is a progressive , independent film magazine that aims to redefine film journalism . we publish in - depth , high quality articles written by a diverse group of people ; without falsely baiting your attention , we offer genuine , passionate insight into the world of film .
there are many questions left unanswered at the conclusion of point blank . however , the surreal atmosphere of point blank , as well as its disorientating narrative structure certainly suggests that the entire film , from the moment walker is shot by reece at alcatraz , until the very last frame , has been the dream of a dying man , lying wounded and convulsing on the floor of a dank prison cell . indeed , the last scene in point blank seems to reinforce the notion of “it was all a dream” . shot from fort point , the camera pans up and across to the shadowy ominous spectre of alcatraz . the camera continues to press closer to alcatraz as the end credits start to roll . is this shot the final indication that walker has now ceased to exist ? has he died in that prison cell at alcatraz ?
what boorman and veteran cinematographer philip h . lathrop do with the story , however , is what makes “point blank” so bewitchingly indelible . they treat the film’s plot like the revenge hallucination of a dying man , where walker’s past slips into and out of his present via sights and sounds .
point blank ( 1967 ) is a early feature by john boorman who would go on to direct deliverance ( 1972 ) , excalibur ( 1981 ) , and the general ( 1998 ) . it is an excellent noir about a man who ' s betrayed and left for dead who goes after the outfit that owes him money . point blank is a tightly constructed thriller with brillient montage and mise - en - scene . the film does a good job at showing the phychodelic colors of late 1960 ' s san fransico . lee marvin in this movie shows why he is one of the best hollywood tough guys of all time . it is much better than the remake payback ( 1999 ) because of lee marvin ' s presence and the masterful editing and camera work of the film .
like most great films that fared poorly upon initial release , point blank has become a definitive cult classic , a film whose reputation has grown incredibly over the years due to its groundbreaking avant - garde techniques that it introduced into mainstream american cinema , and just for how incredibly unique it is .
after point blank , boorman and marvin remained close friends ( until marvin’s death in 1987 ) . the film boorman made after point blank , hell in the pacific , also starred lee marvin . set during the second world war , hell in the pacific is a film that echoes marvin’s own traumatic war experiences . marvin plays an unnamed american pilot who is marooned with a japanese navy captain ( toshiro mifune ) on a small - uninhabited island in the pacific ocean . in addition , boorman also made a television documentary in 1998 about marvin entitled : lee marvin : a personal portrait by john boorman .
point blank , at 46 years old , is still harsh , affecting and peculiarly under - seen . it’s a classic of the crime genre , a streamlined revenge tale that possesses unforeseen power and features one of hollywood’s hardest leading men playing probably his meanest role . john boorman’s film is a masterpiece .
a monumentally important screenplay . dear every screenwriter / filmmaker , read alexander jacobs’ screenplay for point blank [ pdf ] . ( note : for educational and research purposes only ) . the dvd / blu - ray of the film is available at amazon and other online retailers . absolutely our highest recommendation .
era but exhibits several of its classic themes . referred to as the movie about a hit man with a serious case of antonioni - itis , it cleaned up in 1967 alongside warners ' other popular bloodbath ,
bonnie and clyde shocked and thrilled the world when it was released in 1967 . but the legacy of this savage classic is that it opened the floodgates for all forms of screen violence over the next 40 years
point blank ( john boorman , 1967 ) is a crime film that centres on walker ( lee marvin ) , a violent criminal who seeks vengeance when his friend and partner in crime mal reece ( john vernon in his first feature film role ) double - crosses him after a robbery at the old disused prison on alcatraz island in san francisco bay . reece shoots walker at point blank range , leaving him for dead , convulsing in the corner of one of the prison cells . reece then takes walker’s share of the robbery money ( $ 93 , 000 ) . he also takes walker’s wife lynne ( sharon acker ) . yet walker somehow manages to survive the gunshot wounds . seemingly recovered , walker rampages through the remainder of the film seeking revenge for the betrayal of his friend and his wife . he also wants to retrieve the $ 93 , 000 he is owed from the robbery .
the most notable aspect of point blank is its dream - like erratic editing style , which gives the film its fluid european feel and delivers its narrative in an unconventional non - linear fashion . the film is delivered in a linear motion , yet the frequent flashbacks / callbacks to previous scenes gives quite a disorientating feeling that makes it feel like it is being delivered via clashing timelines .
also notable in this scene is the colour of the set design . both the clothes worn by walker and lynne , as well as the colour tones of the furniture and the curtains in the lounge room of the apartment consist of various shades of grey . boorman points out that he decided to begin point blank by using cold colours , with each scene incorporating one particular colour scheme . as the film progresses , these colours gradually warm up . [ 17 ] for example , later in point blank there is a scene that takes place in the office of the organization . the organization’s henchmen all wear suits in various shades of green . the décor in the office is also in a range of green hues . towards the end of the film there are scenes in which walker wears a brown suit and a dark yellow shirt , with the sets also containing variations on the same colour scheme . by the end of point blank , walker’s suit jacket and shirt are a reddish colour . boorman emphasizes that , while these various colour schemes within scenes provide point blank with a sense of unity , they also give the film a kind of stylized look ; the impression that the events taking place are not quite real . [ 18 ] significantly , boorman has cited italian director michelangelo antonioni’s red desert ( 1964 ) as a major influence on his use of colour for the set designs in point blank . [ 19 ]
and there’s very little in his filmography that’s skippable . his 1965 debut film “
which means , of course , that point blank , for all its expertly staged action sequences , is no ordinary crime thriller . indeed , it has at least as much in common with citizen kane ( 1941 ) or last year in marienbad ( 1962 ) as it has to do with crime films like little caesar ( 1931 ) , the maltese falcon ( 1941 ) , kiss me deadly ( 1955 ) or even bonnie and clyde ( 1967 ) .
in a famous scene from the film , marvin walks through a deserted terminal at lax airport , the sound of his footsteps magnified on the film’s soundtrack . in boorman’s words , the “polished brogues beat a knell on the concrete floor , the rhythm of the reaper” . after marvin died in 1987 his widow pam invited boorman to choose a memento from his belongings . boorman selected marvin’s point blank brogues .
the success of catch us if you can took boorman to hollywood . starring lee marvin , point blank tells the story of walker , a criminal who goes on a quest for revenge after being shot and left to die by his partner .
since his first bbc bristol television documentary programmes in the early 1960s , john boorman ’s work has been characterised by its originality , ambition and stylistic invention . his first american feature , point blank ( 1967 ) is a landmark crime movie that reworks the conventions of the genre by fusing hollywood action with a european stylistic sensibility , while deliverance ( 1972 ) , the visceral story of a weekend canoeing expedition that takes a decidedly dark turn , is another modern classic .
cleveland , ohio - - sgt . pepper ' s lonely hearts club band has come to define the summer of love . you see the beatles ' 1967 disc all over the 50 th anniversary look - backs this year .
upon initial release , many critics were outraged by the film’s vigorous violence and escalating bloodshed , one notable mention by film critic richard schickel who condemned its “gratuitous violence” .
as soon as justus d . barnes fired point - blank at the audience in edwin s . porter’s influential the great train robbery , the idea of violence to control an audience was introduced . the ricochet of that powerful shot has rung throughout the history of film , with violence becoming an extremely integral part of narrative storytelling .
as a vehicle for pop group the dave clark five , the film’s critical and commercial success catapulted boorman to hollywood where , after point blank , he made another lee marvin vehicle , hell in the pacific ( 1968 ) , before returning to london for one of his lesser known films , leo the last ( 1969 ) .
the idea is , the organization has taken lee marvin ' s $ 93 , 000 away from him , and he wants it back again .
i want my money back ,
he snarls about 14 times during
point blank .
egads , even stale lsd couldn ' t get me in those get - ups . especially when you compare the fab four to the cool one - that epitome of style who had a very different kind of breakthrough in 1967 .
this would explain the ghostliness of walker’s world , why he succeeds so capably against such odds , why he can second - guess everyone to his own advantage . it could give a reason for why point blank plays out in a high reality , always conscious of its own existence as a movie . a death - dream would also be appropriate for a film so obsessed with memory , one that’s structured so oddly , like a frenzied mind firing off in numerous directions at once . point blank is a tough crime thriller , yes , but it’s also a weird and unsettling one .
sharon acker receives a special
introducing
credit on the film - exactly as she had on the british film
lucky jim
, a full ten years earlier .
the editing in point blank is extremely important , as the dream logic that it creates gives the film its mythical feeling . usually in films , dream sequences are a cheap way for filmmakers to either explore a character’s psyche or backstory , as they allow the director to throw away any logic / basis of reality , allowing them to pull in any setting , character or prop without any organic setups or subtle storytelling . this is not the case here , and to highlight my point we should look at another film which nailed cinematic dream logic .
alex is a 24 year - old west australian who has a slight obsession with film . when he ' s not frowning at australia ' s slack attitude towards film and film - making , he ' s attempting to crack into the prestigious business of show , by making amateur comedies with his friends . with his dvd collection and wealth of film knowledge in tow , alex continues to write about film , something he knows gets the ladies .
this gives point blank a vague sense of existing in alfred hitchcock’s vertigo image of san francisco ( where much of point blank’s action takes place ) , its main character trapped in a weird unreality that constantly reflects his own damaged psyche . johnny mandel’s eerie score , which sounds as though it belongs in a psychological horror rather than a hard - boiled noir , only adds to the disturbing vibe . the colour scheme , too , has a pop arty edge that breaks out at unexpected moments ( one striking shot set in lynne’s all - grey house sees walker staring down into her bathtub , where smashed shampoos and scents are coagulating into a swirling rainbow soup ) . bright contrast colours are seen creeping into lifeless surroundings , matching for visual splendour point blank’s greatest achievement : its editing .
future learning and skills – giving everyone the opportunity to build a lifelong relationship with film .
and when lee marvin kills a mattress , that mattress remains fucking killed . “point blank” arrived during a particularly violent hollywood year , when “bonnie and clyde , ” “in cold blood , ” and another marvin vehicle , “the dirty dozen , ” made onscreen murder return critical and box - office dividends . boorman’s contribution has more in common with other 1967 efforts : the insurgent mythos of “the good , the bad and the ugly , ” the political cynicism of “la chinoise , ” and the modernistic chill of “le samouraï . ” this odd combo of pulpy plot and european experimentation is what makes “point blank” the “last year at marienbad” of renegade hard - ass flicks and a wonder it ever got made in the first place , and why its elliptical , fugitive potency can still intoxicate .
point blank follows a wronged criminal who seeks revenge for a job that he was betrayed over . on his journey to finding the money he is owed , he visits different people from his past and resolves the underlying issues surrounding their double - crossing nature . unlike other films of this ilk , the reality of the film ( a hazy san francisco in the late sixties ) is ambiguous and daringly so . walker , played with robotic precision by lee marvin , is extremely violent but is also knowingly aware of the questions surrounding his very existence . point blank is therefore one of the few crime films that openly questions existentialism .
the national film registry has added 25 more titles to their list of film classics that will ensure they are preserved for generations to come . as usual , it ' s an appropriately eclectic mix of titles spanning from the silent era to recent years and includes some admirably quirky choices . among them : ridley scott ' s
blade runner
and john boorman ' s
point blank
. click here for more ( and the full list . )
when the first cut of point blank was submitted , executives at metro - goldwyn - mayer were obviously befuddled . shocked at the film’s unconventional storytelling , they immediately ordered re - shoots and an entirely new edit , until it was luckily saved by margaret booth , an established editor and executive who starkly told them “you touch one frame of this film over my dead body ! ” coupled with this and marvin’s star power , the film was left untouched once released into mainstream audiences , where it received rave reviews from critics but lackluster box office reception .
a musical picture , catch us if you can focused on the dan clark five , purely made to capitalize on the success of richard lester’s successful beatles film a hard day’s night . whilst not matching the commercial success of that film , the film scored enough critical success ( including influential critic pauline kael ) , that it gave him a smooth transition into the film industry .
as a young director making his first film in hollywood , boorman was extremely fortunate to be working with a major star of lee marvin’s stature . marvin was at the height of his hollywood stardom in 1967 . he had just won an oscar for the dual roles of the ruthless killer tim strawn and the boozy gunslinger kid shelleen in the musical spoof western
on the june 22 , 2018 episode of / film daily , / film senior writer ben pearson is joined by writers hoai - tran bui and chris evangelista to talk about the latest news , including the conners , the terror season 2 , sinemia , point blank , dear white people , the man who killed don quixote , and disneyland’s dynamic pricing . you can subscribe [ … ] the post daily podcast : the conners , dear white people , sinemia , the man who killed don quixote , the terror , disneyland , and more appeared first on / film .
boorman brought a fresh eye to the la locations in a film frequently remade but never equalled .
this hungarian film is a careful , compassionate and beautifully acted character drama with a social conscience .
opinions expressed in our articles are those of the authors and not of the film inquiry magazine .
adapted from donald westlake’s the hunter , the film is not your usual late hollywood film noir but an almost experimental discourse on crime , punishment and revenge brilliantly shot by philip h . lathrop .
so how do you follow a film like that ? what the gang did next . . .
significantly , the emergence of the french new wave in the late 1950s and early 1960s , and directors like jean luc godard and francois truffaut were to have a profound influence on many young directors such as john boorman . point blank , although undoubtedly identifiable as an american gangster film , also has a very european appearance , particularly in its innovative use of a fragmented narrative structure .
one
controversy
over the film is the unanswered question regarding whether or not the events of the film are a dream . john boorman never confirmed nor denied such questions . the surrealist nature of the film does appear very much like a dream . the stylistic changes from a surrealist film to a traditional narrative structure sometimes appears very much like walker is going in an out of consciousness .
can be seen as heralding a turning point in hollywood cinema , which was to lead to the innovative filmmaking of the 1970s and beyond .
this film is not currently playing on mubi but 30 other great films are . see what’s now showing
point blank ,
which features angie dickinson in a breakthrough role , screens at the cleveland museum of art - 11150 east boulevard - at 1 : 30 p . m . sunday and tuesday . for more info on the series , go to urltoken or call 216 - 421 - 7350 .
speaking of the corporation and who they represent , who don’t dress and talk like the typical street thug that have become the go - to stereotype for any crime film , boorman does have a deliberate look for them and their surroundings . one of the most visually attractive aspects of point blank comes from its clever costume design , which highlight what each character means and what they represent in the overall narrative .
here’s another fascinating compilation of photographs taken behind - the - scenes during production of john boorman’s point blank . production still photographer : virgil apger © metro - goldwyn - mayer . courtesy of jordan krug’s the edit room floor . intended for editorial use only . all material for educational and noncommercial purposes only .
even this year , tom tykwer’s a hologram for the king ( our review ) borrows heavily from this film , with its use of frequent brief flashbacks and turbulent editing style . weirdly , point blank tows the line between rightfully celebrated and criminally underrated , yet it is only usually talked about by old school filmmakers such as john landis and steven soderbergh , an outspoken fan of it who made a very similar film with the limey , a great little crime flick that was also criticised at the time of its release .
the sense of place is as pervasive as a character in “moss , ” a film by daniel peddle .
12 spicer , andrew , historical dictionary of film noir , scarecrow press , 2010 , p . 236 .
whilst most pulpy b - movies of the time just take that narrative material and deliver it straight , point blank takes it and in a post - modern fashion points at it and says “hey , this really is an impossible male fantasy” . due to this logic , lee marvin’s walker becomes legend , an urban myth for the crime world , which is highlighted by the film’s ending as walker simply disappears into the shadows .
the same year as le samourai and branded to kill , walker is one of the coolest killer ever . in 1967 france has jeff costello , japan has goro , and america has walker , at least according to me . a wonderful year to have a bunch of ultra - cool killers .
a ferociously sexy fever dream of fragmented memories , point blank is 60s post - modernism dressed up as crime film . possibly an inspiration for the terminator , lee marvin ' s walker is a specter with no feeling or human trace , except the mission to recover exactly $ 93 , 000 . if cinema ' s power lies in the bending of time , boorman like resnais coerces multitudinous interpretations in this mesmerizing , extraordinary work .
in point blank , director john boorman keeps lee marvin’s silent terror walker in the shadows , right up until the unforgettably haunting last shot . you fear for walker’s opponents , a cowardly john vernon among them – he’s the bogeyman in his own film . he’s a stylised mythical spectre of whom his own wife lynne ( sharon acker ) doesn’t know his first name , a potentially comical conceit if it weren’t for one thing : there’s a strong possibility walker dies in the opening minutes of the film , and what follows is his exaggerated revenge fantasy .
in john boorman’s 1967 crime film “point blank” lee marvin ’s walker ( just walker ) gets left for dead in the opening minutes . his partner mal ( john vernon ) shoots him to abscond with the score from a recent heist , and he makes off with walker’s wife lynne ( sharon acker ) too . sometime later , a recuperated walker heads down to los angeles , where mal was bought back into the criminal organization ( just the organization ) . walker’s gonna kill his way up the underworld corporate ladder until he finds the head white guy in charge willing to give him his money—even if it means using his wife’s leggy sister chris ( angie dickinson ) as bait . first stop : lynne’s place , where he expects to find mal .
over the years , john boorman has emphasized that point blank is very much a study of lee marvin . born in 1924 , marvin joined the marines as an impressionable 17 year old and fought in the pacific war . marvin was to be brutalized by his war experiences . the japanese ambushed his platoon during the battle of saipan in 1944 . marvin was shot and wounded in the buttocks by japanese fire . as boorman explains , “his whole platoon was wiped out , except for one other person . and he felt himself to be a coward lying there , and he never lost that . it was survival guilt – and it didn’t help that he had been shot in the arse . not because he was running away , but because he was lying down when he was wounded . ” [ 8 ] boorman maintains that , in one sense , point blank is about lee marvin . a connection can be made between the brutality of marvin’s traumatic war experiences and the way in which he expresses himself through violence on the screen in point blank . boorman points out that marvin was always trying to recapture the humanity he felt he had lost during his war experiences . the story in point blank is all about marvin trying to recapture this humanity . in the film marvin ( walker ) is a dead man . he comes back ( or appears to come back ) from the dead and tries to find his humanity . [ 9 ]
also features several original songs written by the dave clark five , including the film’s title track . location scenes in london also capture the city at a point in the mid - 1960s when it was just starting to swing . although by his own admission a minor work ,
in the years since point blank , john boorman has had a substantial career . he has directed a number of other notable films , both in hollywood and britain including , hell in the pacific ( 1968 ) , deliverance ( 1972 ) , hope and glory ( 1979 ) , excalibur ( 1981 ) and the general ( 1998 ) .
( in two parts ) , which looks at shooting the film on location in alcatraz , and the original trailer .
british director john boorman , deservedly given a full retrospective at the bfi southbank over the next two weeks , never made a better film than this landmark thriller , his debut in america in 1967 . it stars lee marvin as a veteran gangster who leaves alcatraz prison to seek out those who betrayed him after a successful heist , and also to retrieve his share of the loot . but can he still function in a strange new world ?
when breaking down the plot of point blank , it sounds like a quite conventional neo - noir film , essentially a man vs the mob plot with the undercurrent of the worn - out revenge genre , fueled by the 1970’s nihilistic energy of the time . lee marvin stars as walker ( originally named parker in the novel ) , a career criminal who is recruited by old friend mal reese ( john vernon ) to intercept and rob the courier of a major underground gambling operation .
this article was amended on 29 march 2013 , to correct the name of lee marvin ' s character in the film .
sign up : stay on top of the latest breaking film and tv news ! sign up for our email newsletters here .
( robert aldrich , 1967 ) . [ 5 ] as boorman explained , “… . i met the producer , judd bernard ; he showed me a script , which was dreadful , but whose hero fascinated me . he’d also given it to lee marvin . a few months later , i met marvin in london , where he was filming
there ' s something preternaturally destructive about lee marvin , something dangerous . “you’re a very bad man [ . . . ] a very destructive man , ” spits a threatened carroll o’connor , with the sweaty haste of a hypochondriac , in john boorman ’s point blank ( 1967 ) , a split - second after marvin blasts a telephone into oblivion with his hand cannon . o’connor could be describing any of marvin’s roles , from the stoical hitman in don siegel ’s the killers ( 1964 ) to his gun - for - hire in richards brooks’s the professionals ( 1966 ) to his sergeant leading a gaggle of undisciplined men sentenced to die in robert aldrich ’s the dirty dozen ( 1967 ) . he exuded an odd kind of menace , a disciplined minatory authority . the six - foot - two actor possessed a weathered , world - weary malaise and uncalculated brutality that suggested internal turmoil , an indignation that manifested in abrupt bursts of violence . for all the pain he inflicted on screen , he seemed to be carrying his own , an ineffable kind ,
none of which is to say point blank doesn’t get to have its gangster movie cake , too . you get lee marvin in your film , you also get macho posturing and efficient bursts of violence , like the moment walker invades lynne’s home looking for vernon’s mal reese ( the best friend that betrayed him ) , blasting his six - gun in slo - mo before wordlessly settling on the couch . part of point blank’s initial appeal is that walker’s unrelenting prowess means he simply cannot be defeated – he evades sniper bullets and police attention , only to go on and get his man . there’s a brilliant sequence where walker coolly strolls past security into reese’s fortified home , effortlessly taking out hired goons before facing off against the big boss himself . it’s a remarkably assured moment , so assured that it doesn’t quite make sense that this is only boorman’s second feature .
the tomatometer score — based on the opinions of hundreds of film and television critics — is a trusted measurement of critical recommendation for millions of fans . it represents the percentage of professional critic reviews that are positive for a given film or television show .
) , and had praised the film in a review . moreover , such was the influence of kael that her positive remarks about
however , one scene in particular sticks out from the film visually and aurally in presenting its main character as someone so undeniably powerful that he affects the aesthetic logic of the film . it also enhances the idea that walker is someone who is more unusual and unnatural as a living person in the narrative world of the film ; perhaps even a ghost or someone sent back from purgatory .
the common interpretation of the bizarre journey of point blank is that we’re witnessing walker’s death dream , with the idea that he died in alcatraz prison and everything we see is a fantastical revenge fantasy dreamt by the dying protagonist . the film backs up this theory quite frequently with its narrative and stylistic choices , such as the impossibility of walker surviving the gunshots and being able to swim back to shore , his lack of ability to communicate with those around him , and the disjointed narrative that frequently contradicts itself .
rationally speaking , the story makes no sense , as walker is twice shot point - blank in an alcatraz cell . he then hobbles painfully into the currents of san francisco bay that routinely sweep even strong swimmers out to sea . but our walker unaccountably turns up a year later with a variable wardrobe of undefined origin , to make short work of one mob functionary after another .
boorman’s original intention was to make point blank entirely in san francisco . however , after visiting san francisco for the first time boorman realized it wasn’t the kind of locale that he wanted for the film . as he explains , “i’d never been there , but when i saw the city , i realized it wasn’t at all the kind of setting i was looking for . it was all soft , romantic , pastel shades – a very beautiful place – but the complete opposite of what i wanted for the film . i wanted my setting to be hard , cold and , in a sense , futuristic . i wanted an empty , sterile world , for which los angeles was absolutely right . ” [ 10 ] but boorman had to fight against the studio , against the producers , and even against the screenwriter alexander jacobs to get his way . he finally won out because filming in los angles was going to be less expensive . [ 11 ] ultimately , point blank was made for a modest 3 million us dollars . [ 12 ]
8 philip kemp , ‘return to zero’ , sight and sound , london : british film institute , june 1998 , p . 12 .
excalibur is perhaps the john boorman film par excellence and brings together many of the recurring themes , concerns and motifs of his work .
an ordinary filmmaker would set the opening of point blank within an abandoned parking lot and shoot the same scenes , but this level of intelligent filmmaking highlights how advanced boorman’s approach to the bald source material is . as walker crosses the ocean ( water usually being a metaphorical visual for birth / the cleansing of an unclean soul ) and re - enters society , walker finds himself cold to his surroundings .
any film festival dedicated exclusively to the treasures , glories , and the occasional folly of the past is likely to be visited by ghosts .
this script was donated to the bfi by the film’s continuity supervisor ann skinner and features extensive notes and reference polaroids ( see below ) .
if you find cinephilia & beyond useful and inspiring , please consider making a small donation . your generosity preserves film knowledge for future generations :
though it was overshadowed at the time by sexier fare , one of the bigger events of last year’s cannes film festival for cinephiles was the arrival of “ queen & country , ” the first film in eight years from 82 - year - old director john boorman ( it’s a 27 - years - later sequel of his oscar - nominated “ hope & glory ” ) . with that film now in theaters and following a film forum retrospective of his work last month , we’ve looked back at the career of one of the most fascinating filmmakers of the last quarter - century .
in a new series on action film stars at the quad cinema , lee marvin stands out for possessing something greater than badassery : a presence .
appropriately enough , the film itself feels timeless , as fresh today as when it first appeared . and because it’s not simply a genre film but something far more ambitious , complex and ‘different’ , it’s complex and entertaining enough to amply reward repeated viewings . that’s what i call ageing well .
these parallel cycles culminated in 1967 with the simultaneous release of the st valentine ' s day massacre ( roger corman ' s only film for a major studio ) and bonnie and clyde - the former sombre , factual ; the latter lyrical , legendary . these two threads have continued up to this day , with most of the 1970s school of filmmakers working in one stream or the other - robert altman ' s thieves like us ( from a novel inspired by the lives of bonnie and clyde ) , scorsese ' s thirties film boxcar bertha and john milius ' s dillinger on one side , coppola ' s godfather trilogy and de palma ' s the untouchables and scarface , on the other .
in a rare and comprehensive interview conducted one year before his death , the legendary lee marvin reminisces about john ford , john wayne , robert aldrich , fritz lang , michael curtiz , sam fuller , and john boorman , and such classics as the man who shot liberty valance , donovan’s reef , the big red one , the dirty dozen , point blank , his tv series m squad , and winning the oscar for cat ballou .
this feeling of disillusionment and inability to connect to those around you due to a violent traumatic incident are the backbone behind point blank’s thematic content . john boorman has frequently emphasised this interpretation of the film when commenting on marvin’s past ; “his whole platoon was wiped out , except for one other person . and he felt himself to be a coward lying there , and he never lost that . it was survival guilt – and it didn’t help that he had been shot in the arse . not because he was running away , but because he was lying down when he was wounded . ”
point blank’s innovative editing remains bold even now . time and space becomes malleable in boorman and editor henry berman’s hands , flashbacks and fractured memory slipping into the main narrative intermittently . there are some transitions that stick in the memory forever , like the nightclub fight scene , where walker faces off against two thugs in a back room . walker brutally defeats his two opponents ; cut to the nightclub singer , screeching in close - up ; cut to a waitress , screaming in terror at the sight of walker’s two vanquished foes ; cut to walker placidly looking on , hidden , on his face reflected gaudy nightclub graphics . what was probably rather simple on the page becomes a very ‘60s concoction of vibrant cutting and colour , an example of point blank’s genius construction . it adds up to a hazy dream of a movie , one which may all be the result of walker’s dying mind .


maadi veettu ezhai ( english : pauper from the upper portion of the house ) is a 1981 indian tamil film , directed by amirtham and produced by selvam .

the film stars sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya and v. k. ramasamy in lead roles .

the film had musical score by gangai amaran .

maadi veettu ezhai

maadi veettu ezhai | tamil super hit movie | sivaji ganesan , . . | endlessvideo
free wallpapers download of maadi veettu ezhai movie , hero , heroine , etc is available in our gallery section .
maadi veettu ezhai | tamil super hit movie | sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy | full movie hd maadi veettu ezhai starring : sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasa
maadi veettu ezhai | tamil super hit movie | sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy | full movie hd maadi veettu ezhai starring : sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasa . . . show more
we do not sell pirated maadi veettu ezhai dvds & vcds . we recommend you to buy movies of original dvd & vcd .
maadi veettu ezhai ( english : poor person from upper portion house ) is a 1981 indian tamil film , directed by amirtham and produced by selvam .
maadi veettu ezhai | tamil . . .
the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third - party notifications of copyright infringement .
maadi veettu ezhai | tamil super hit movie | sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy | full movie hd maadi veettu ezhai starring : sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy , major sundarrajan , nagesh & other music by : m . s . viswanathan directed by : amirtham written by : karunanidhi screenplay by : karunanidhi edited by : gajendramani release date : 22 august 1981
maadi veettu ezhai | tamil super hit movie | sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy | full movie hd maadi veettu ezhai starring : sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy , major sundarrajan , nagesh & other music by : m . s . viswanathan directed by : amirtham written by : karunanidhi screenplay by : karunanidhi edited by : gajendramani release date : 22 august 1981 show less
the last straw was ‘maadi veettu ezhai , ’ which he began to produce with mgr and savithri in lead roles . his comments to the press about mgr boomeranged and the film had to be dropped leaving chandrababu in debt . as he told his friends , this writer included , he became an ‘ezhai’ and his ‘maadi veedu’ disappeared into thin air . none came to his rescue . the end came in 1974 , when he was hardly 45 .
movie title - - - maadi veettu ezhai unbelievable - - - director amirtham directs actor sivaji ganesan for 2nd time . director amirtham directs actor sivaji ganesan for 2nd time . director amirtham and music director m . s . viswanathan joins for 6th time . cast - - sujatha v . k . ramasamy below actors passed away - - sujatha died on 06 - apr - 2011 nagesh died on 31 - jan - 2009 sundarrajan died on 28 - feb - 2003 sivaji ganesan died on 21 - jul - 2001 movie details - - directed by - amirtham music by - m . s . viswanathan produced by - selvam
madi veetu ezhai is a tamil movie , directed by amirtham , starring shivaji ganeshan , sujatha , sripriya along with others . here , on the movie page , you will find every thing that you need to know . check out what others are saying about the movie on twitter .
i need this film if u anybody have plz upload it . . . plz anybody help
enter missing singer names as comma separated value . you can add as many number of singer name in the given field
to access special sections for urltoken user , request you to signin / signup using this form . if you are an existing user , pls . login with your credentials or if you a new user , pls . register .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
copyright 2010 - 2013 : gomolo . all rights reserved . | terms | privacy
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 frameset / / en
urltoken
manidharil maanikkyam part - 01 | sivaji ganesan , a . v . m . rajan | tamil classic movie | tamil cinema
bathilukku bathil tamil full movie : a . v . m . rajan and jai shankar
this channel is n g r nair for tms , specially dedicated for the one and only tamil playback singer and the classical musician , bharat khalachar , isai chakravarthi , padakar thilakam , sinha kuralon , ezhil isai mannar , isai kadal , kural arasar , gnanakala bharathi , geethavaari , karpagath tharu isai mannar , geetharanjana vaarithi , arutpa isaimani , isai arasar , kala ratnam , gana ratnam , arul isai sidhar , navarasa bhava nalina gana varshini , bharatiya isai megham , bharatiya isai kanal , sadhanai chakravarthi , gana amrithavarshini , mathiyakathin gana thalaivar , gana kuraloan , padmasri , kalaimamani , then isai thendral , dr . t . m . sounderarajan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! ! ! he was the most popular south indian male playback singer and the uncrowned king in tamil film industry from 50 ' s . 60 ' s . 70 ' s and 80 ' s . no one can replace his unique voice from the generation after generations . he passed away on 25 - 05 - 2013 .
en manasukulla - song making | d . imman , surmukhi | maniyaar kudumbam | thambi ramaiah | umapathy | hd
poomudipaal indha - sivaji ganesan , k . r vijaya , muthuraman - nenjirukkum varai - tamil romantic song
மனிதன் நினைப்பதுண்டு | manithan ninaippathundu | sivaji , t . m . soundararajan | superhit tamil song hd
isai gnani ilayaraja about msv in ganesh kirupa best light music orchestra in chennai . mpg
to create your first playlist , click the button , type a playlist name and hit enter . learn more »
here ' s what we found for { { posts . query } } :
demi lovato has always surprised her fans with her candid behaviour and this time too she didn ' t disappoint her fans . after her most recent album in winter last year , her latest single “sober” is no way a small feat for her and for her loyal and supportive fans .
the twenty two - year - old dutch dj martin garrix dropped his latest single “ocean” featuring r & b ; grammy - nominated khalid in the track . the garrix fans are going gaga over it and we know it ' s true . absolutely he has dropped some of the hits like “in the name of love , ” “scared to be lonely” etc , but the dj is becoming more predictable now . you can hear his productions sounding somewhat similar .
the stockholm duo comes back with another single “i wanna know” featuring pop sensation bea miller by island records on 16 march . the duo earlier cemented their status as the force to reckon with the official remixes for the likes of shawn mendes , ed sheeran , stanaj , demi lovato and sia . now the pair is killing it with the electric & infectious latest track with bea miller .
selena gomez latest single “back to you” is no way a simple song and the fans know it . she has produced the song which in turn shows the amazing buffet of talent she has . the post breakup song is spinning the hearts of selena gomez’ fans with so much emotion and simplicity in her lyrics . selena gomez’ “back to you” is the third part of the trilogy with the other two being “wolves” and “it ain’t me . ”
privacy policy cookie policy and settings urltoken is not associated with youtube . google privacy policy
html public
- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
some parts of this page won ' t work property . please reload or try later .
the
most anticipated indian movies and shows
widget tracks the real - time popularity of relevant pages on imdb , and displays those that are currently generating the highest number of pageviews on imdb .
each title is ranked according to its share of pageviews among the items displayed . pageviews for each item are divided by the aggregate number of pageviews generated by the items displayed .
hotel transylvania 3 : summer vacation stars plan their dream summer getaways to some memorable movie settings .
check out the indian movies with the highest ratings from imdb users , as well as the movies that are trending in real time .
explore popular sci - fi movies and tv shows available to stream with prime video .
enter your email or username and we ' ll send you a password reset link .
chandrababu’s singing career was dotted with huge hits , but his attitude and acerbic tongue led to his downfall .
after the gemini studios’ production ‘moondru pillaigal , ’ chandrababu met singing star and producer t . r . mahalingam and did minor roles in two films during 1951 under his umbrella — ‘mohanasundaram’ ( a . t . krishnaswami ) and ‘chinnadurai’ ( mahalingam ) . it was in this film that he sang the song , ‘podaa raja podinadaiyaaga , ’ in which he yodels driving a horse carriage , which became popular . ( during the recording , his yodelling was stopped abruptly because the composer and others thought he had gone off key .
he acted in ‘kusumalatha , ’ a tamil film produced by sri lankans in which he sang the popular song , ‘oh my love…’ after a few films in 1953 , chandrababu attracted attention as a singer in the 1954 hit , ‘kalyanam panniyum brahmachari . ’ he did not appear in the movie but lent his voice for sivaji ganesan and the song , ‘jolly life jolly life , ’ ( t . g . lingappa , lyrics k . d . santhanam ) became a hit .
during 1954 , he sang for s . balachandar ( himself a good singer ) in avm’s ‘penn . ’ the song ‘kalyanam… . . venum’ was another hit .
‘fabulous senorita , ’ a hollywood movie with the latin american actress estelita , ran to packed houses in madras city . the writer watched it with babu at minerva cinema . he was so taken in by the film that he watched it almost every day . on one such occasion he suddenly jumped from his seat and began to sing aloud and dance in the cinema hall ! it was made into a movie in tamil ( ‘manamagan thevai’ ) and telugu ( ‘varudu kavaali’ ) by p . bhanumathi and her husband p . ramakrishna . chandrababu acted in the tamil version .
a song he rendered in the film was ‘bambara kannaaley…’ the same year , he acted in ‘pudhaiyal’ written by mu . karunanidhi and directed by krishnan - panju .
in the movie chandrababu’s performance attracted much attention in spite of padmini and sivaji ganesan doing the lead roles .
music by the fast rising composer duo viswanathan - ramamurthi was a major plus point for him and two songs he sang , ‘hello my dear rani…’ , ‘unakkaaga ellam unakkaaga…’ by pattukottai kalyanasundaram became super hits .
he was cast in a slew of films , including ‘kaathavaraayan , ’ ‘nadodi mannan , ’ and ‘pathibhakthi . ’ his songs , ‘thadukkadhey ennai thadukkaadhey’ ( ‘nadodi mannan’ – music - athmanathan ) and ‘rock rock rock , rock and roll…’ ( ‘pathibhakthi’ , lyrics pattukkottai kalyanasundaram , music - viswanathan - ramamurthi ) proved extremely popular . chandrababu came to be associated with that song as a brand ! in 1958 , he was teamed with sivaji ganesan , as his poor friend , in b . r . panthulu’s comedy ‘sabaash meena . ’ he played a dual role , the hero’s friend and his look - alike , a typical madras rickshaw - karan , who speaks the characteristic lingo .
chandrababu virtually stole the show . sivaji and chandrababu were close friends . in fact it was sivaji who suggested babu’s name for the role . when he was approached , chandrababu demanded one rupee more than the amount paid to sivaji ganesan , and pantulu agreed to it with a smile !
noted karnataka stage and screen idol and icon , gubbi veeranna made a bilingual film the tamil version being ‘sahodari . ’ it was bankrolled by av . meiyappan , who , as an excellent critic of judging a film felt that something was lacking in the movie , after it was shot halfway through . he suggested to bhim singh , the director , that chandrababu should be brought on board and when the comedian demanded an astonishing salary of rs . 1 , 00 , 000 the producers had no option but to accept .
a major role was created for him as a ‘madras - style’ milkman in which he touched rare heights and the song ‘naan oru muttaalunga…’ became a huge hit , contributing to the success of the film .
the same year he played an important role in a thriller , ‘maragadham . ’ with sivaji ganesan and padmini , s . balachandar and sandhya , chandrababu held his own as a butler . ‘kungoomapoovey… konjum puraavey… , ’ a duet he sang along with jamuna rani picturised on him and lakshmirajam , an attractive starlet , turned out to be a mega hit . it is popular even after half a century !
the year 1960 witnessed chandrababu becoming a hero with films such as ‘kavalai illaadha manidhan’ and ‘kumararaja . ’ ‘kavalai illaadha manidhan’ produced by kannadasan gave the lyric writer a lot of ‘kavalai’ ( worry ) because of problems created by chandrababu . the song rendered by him in this film ‘pirakkum podhum azhuginraai’ became the theme of his life and not a mere movie song .
chandrababu’s personal life was indeed a disaster , with his marriage to a pretty young woman belonging to a wealthy indian christian family of coimbatore failing miserably . the actor hit the bottle , and spoke brazenly about leading stars incurring their wrath . opportunities became rare and he was pushed to financial bankruptcy .
in 1966 , he directed a film ‘thattungal thirakkapadum , ’ featuring r . s . manohar , k . r . vijaya and others . a thriller , it was well - made but did not work at the box office because of its offbeat story and the absence of formula ingredients .
in his heyday he lived in style . in his home in mylapore , he had a ramp built inside so that he could drive the car right up to his room !
even after three decades he is popular — audios and videos of his music and movie sequences are still much sought after .
( this is the second and concluding part of an article on j . p . chandrababu . the first part appeared in these columns on september 25 . )
words showing in red are transliteration ( naqal e hurfi - نقل حرفی ) of your search .
cast : sivaji ganesan , sujatha , sripriya , v . k . ramasamy , majorsundarrajan and nagesh .
tamil full movie | ratha paasam [ hd ] | superhit movie | ft . sivaji ganesan , sripriya
tamil full movie | thanga pathakkam | sivaji ganesan & k . r . vijaya | evergreen tamil movie
tamil evergreen movie | thrisoolam [ hd ] | full movie | ft . sivaji ganesan , k . r . vijaya
kumarikattam | m . g . r , jayalalitha tamil super hit | m . s . viswanathan | full hd movie
this product uses the tmdb api but is not endorsed or certified by tmdb .
error . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 31 )