baby boom is a 1987 romantic comedy film directed by charles shyer , written by nancy meyers and shyer , and produced by meyers and bruce a. block for united artists .

it stars diane keaton as a yuppie who discovers that a long-lost cousin has died , leaving her a six-month-old baby girl as inheritance .

the film received generally favorable reviews and was a modest box-office success during its original run , eventually grossing $ 26 million .

the film launched a subsequent television show , running from 1988 to 1989 , and was nominated for two golden globe awards .

baby boom ( film )

the baby — actually , babies — of baby boom are all grown up .
clearly , one reason was that baby boom on tv didn’t have diane keaton .
michelle and kristina kennedy , all grown up from their
baby boom
days .
baby boom is available from twilight time now , in a limited release of 3 , 000 units .
if you want to answer the questions ,
who starred in the movie baby boom ?
and
what is the full cast list of baby boom ?
then this page has got you covered .
this cast list of who was in baby boom includes both lead and minor roles . ( 19 items )
also visited with identical twins michelle and kristina kennedy , who played baby elizabeth in the ' 80s movie classic ,
baby boom ,
alongside diane keaton .
baby boom cast list , listed alphabetically with photos when available . this list of baby boom actors includes any baby boom actresses and all other actors from the film . you can view additional information about each baby boom actor on this list , such as when and where they were born . to find out more about a particular actor or actress , click on their name and you ' ll be taken to page with even more details about their acting career . the cast members of baby boom have been in many other movies , so use this list as a starting point to find actors or actresses that you may not be familiar with .
the intern has been panned by film critics . why am i not surprised ? | film | the guardian
the movie in question was baby boom , a film about a successful , career woman named j . c . , charmingly played by diane keaton . j . c . turned her life upside down after she inherited a baby from a distant relative and moved to vermont . baby boom came out in 1987 and earned favorable reviews from critics and audiences everywhere . mine included .
' ' baby boom ' ' is rated pg ( ' ' parental guidance suggested ' ' ) . it includes occasional strong language . a derailed yuppie
twenty - seven years after the film hit theaters , the identical twin actresses who took turns playing baby mary are all grown up .
the flaw in
baby boom
is that the keaton character ends up not having sacrificed a single thing by leaving the business world to become a mom . in fact , she becomes a millionaire as a direct result of keeping the baby . it doesn ' t often happen that way , but of course it should . like a frank capra film ,
baby boom
shows us a little of the darkness and a lot of the dawn .
baby boom
tells the story of a yuppie who receives the ultimate toy , a cute little baby daughter . at first she doesn ' t want to play with it , but eventually the baby grows on her , and even provides the inspiration for her to acquire other toys , such as a farmhouse in vermont , a baby - food company and a handsome veterinarian .
clint eastwood accepts the directing award for
million dollar baby ,
which was also named best picture . the film won four major awards .
bridget jones’s baby has made working title the first british film company to make $ 1 billion ( £770 million ) at the uk box office .
the intern has been panned by film critics . why am i not surprised ?
the post - second world war baby boom had serious implications for the development of public services and infrastructure . the 1957 national film unit production plan for progress highlighted the need for new schools , improved electricity supply and transport infrastructure to cater for the rapidly growing population .
speaking with gq , boom addressed the baby boy director ' s remarks , revisiting the old adage that if you have nothing positive to say , don ' t say anything at all .
ireland’s baby boom saw 63 , 900 live births recorded during 2016 , a rate of 13 . 5 births for every 1 , 000 of the population . photograph : getty images / istockphoto
amber tamblyn and david cross announced the arrival of baby girl marlow in february .
the film was filmed with two possible endings to keep the true one a secret .
jessi cruickshank , former host of “the hills : the aftershow” , tells matte babel about
the hills
' baby boom and if she keeps in touch with any of the former reality stars .
' ' baby boom , ' ' ms . maslin said , ' ' is as funny as it is contrived . ' ' for example , shortly after little elizabeth ( played by the twin baby girls kristina and michelle kennedy ) arrives on her doorstep , busy j . c . tries to check the baby in a restaurant coatroom while she attends a business lunch .
diane has been in demand ever since , netting further oscar nominations for reds , marvin’s room and something’s gotta give and landing big hits with baby boom , two father of the bride movies and the first wives club .
baby boom remains at times smart , at others nostalgic , but overall is a very sweet film , given a solid release by twilight time . many of its themes still resonate , even if the way they’re framed is somewhat unrelatable . mostly , it serves as a great reminder of the talents of diane keaton .
natalie portman and husband benjamin millepied ' s baby daughter amalia arrived on feb . 22 .
baby boom portrays the glorious 80s : a synth - pop opening theme song—complete with keyboards and wailing saxophone , women clad in sneakers and power suits ( with requisite shoulder pads ) , and depictions of the uptight yuppie couple .
baby driver rated r for gun and vehicular violence . running time : 1 hour 53 minutes .
. however , at the end of this film , the credits list
for hallie
instead .
back to one podcast : keith poulson on developing as an actor in the ny indie film scene .
thanks to my friend’s sleuthing talent , we managed to find the addresses of two of the locations in vermont where baby boom was filmed : grange hall in manchester , and the hapgood general store in peru ( not the country ) .
think of it this way : every 30 seconds , two non - hispanics reach retirement age and one latino turns 18 . like the baby boomers before us , the latino baby boom will affect every aspect of american life over the next 50 years . do you want to be the one missing out on this opportunity ? i think not .
that’s right , i liked it . a film whose name is somehow more gimmicky than “the young pope .
bridget jones’s baby is the third film in the series and sees renee zellweger as a 43 - year - old singleton , with colin firth’s mark darcy and patrick dempsey’s jack qwant to come into her life .
chad michael murray and sarah roemer became parents of two when they welcomed a baby girl in march .
title baby boom year 1988 distributor ( s ) u . i . p . ( uk ) classified date ( s ) 08 / 02 / 1988 main language english submitted run time 2m 32s approved footage 227 + 8 bbfc reference btaff061146 registration number ctb00885
an interview with writer / director boots riley about his incendiary new film ,
sorry to bother you .
archives new zealand - te rua mahara o te kāwanatanga reference : plan for progress . national film unit , 1957
veteran character actors sam wanamaker and pat hingle played featured roles in the film . hingle , who had appeared in
with the adorable girls cast for the five - month film shoot , the next step was apparently giving the crew a lesson in baby 101 .
in the beginning , ( the film crew ) thought that they could just have a baby happy on demand , and they found out really quickly that they had to work around ( the babies ' ) schedule and they were very , very good about that ,
said mom diane .
but kamasa , who is chairing a bfi commission looking at the health of the film sector , says that brexit is the latest issue to weigh on the increasingly pressured independent film business . “ [ hollywood ] is driving so much of the production boom , ” he says . “but that doesn’t paint a true picture when looking at the british film industry in its entirety . true british independent film , responsible for films like the king’s speech , is struggling and could continue to struggle . those films are eligible for tax credits but the financing , distribution and marketing of those films is getting harder and harder . ”
indeed , when there’s a new meyers film on the slate , you can just about hear the critics sharpening their knives . it’s a fate that befalls the work of many female film - makers , especially if they dare to make films that are nominally “for women” . ( woe betide the film - maker who makes movies for older women . )
after famed director john singleton backed out of the project in 2015 , giving the reasoning that
the people involved aren ' t really respectful of the legacy ,
the film moved forward with the genius of benny boom , who ultimately brought the story to life . now , for the first time , boom is speaking out about singleton ' s words and he ' s revealing what bothered him most about what was said .
the ‘80s were replete with comedies , the sort of fuzzy fare that blended big names and laughs with a moral or social message . twilight time , one of the top purveyors of classic cinematic fare , has delved back into this era to bring to blu - ray one such example , the diane keaton vehicle baby boom . this 1987 film looked at the conflict between the personal and professional life of a woman who suddenly finds her life changed by having a baby thrust into her care .
they ' re not afraid to be sophisticated and screwballish in the best ' 30s tradition , and they know just how far to exaggerate for laughs without leaving touch with reality entirely or destroying sentiment . the humor in
baby boom
is sharp without being heartless .
bridget jones’s baby was released on september 16 and made the figure after an incredible three weeks at no 1 .
maybe samantha and jasmine can’t have it all — or , maybe they can’t right then — but they want to , and swanberg’s treatment of the material both harkens back to the path laid out by films like “baby boom” while keenly balancing its own ideals along the way .
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now , call me old fashioned , but i don’t believe that undergrad neologisms such as “mansplaining” have any place in film criticism . apparently that’s the age we live in , though , and mansplaining is what meyers ( by virtue of writing and directing this film ) is guilty of . to borrow from poet john betjeman , come friendly bombs and fall on “feminist” film commentary .
hollywood , feb . 27 - -
million dollar baby ,
clint eastwood ' s taut , small film about the determination of a woman boxer and her gruff trainer , won best picture at the 77th annual academy awards . eastwood also won best director , while hilary swank took best actress and morgan freeman took best supporting actor for their roles in the film .
some production veterans give this old teapot of a comedy a certain elegant polish . meticulous cinematographer william fraker had been oscar - nominated for looking for mr . goodbar and heaven can wait ( 1978 ) and also—not to be forgotten—he photographed such diverse films as bullitt and rosemary’s baby . he gives baby boom a stylish look , with vivid contrasts between the skyscrapers of new york and the autumn leaves of vermont .
the tomatometer score — based on the opinions of hundreds of film and television critics — is a trusted measurement of critical recommendation for millions of fans . it represents the percentage of professional critic reviews that are positive for a given film or television show .
continuing to speak on singleton ' s remarks , boom specified that his problem lay in how they were delivered as tupac was not on good terms with everyone he encountered .
unfortunately , the film presents us with both this imagination lens and a boss baby , never combining the two in the most functional , or rational , way . instead of illustrating the boss baby through timothy’s imagination , dreamworks muddles up the stylistic changes . still , that any of this works at all is a testament to the fact that something here is actually working .
produced by black box production , baby boom is a 2009 cyberpunk short film written and directed by thierry lorenzi . official selection : - pifan 2010 - south korea - spam 2010 - canada - doomsday film fest - united - states - les utopiales 2009 - france - mauvais genres 2009 - france - l ' etrange festival lyon - france - fancine 2009 - spain - etc . in a bunker located in the middle of a battlefield , three men : a priest , a sheriff and a mercenery question a android female able to reproduce human existence .
poignant , delightful film , beautiful acting , as always by diane keaton . made me cry at times , but delicious ending .
in the end , “the boss baby” has a genuine conceit , visual style , and strangeness . that’s a formula for a good film , or at least an interesting one . i’m still not sure whether “the boss baby” is the former , but i’m definitely sure it is the latter . i’m not here to tell you that it is a masterpiece , but somehow , against all odds , it is something worth seeing . for better or for worse , “the boss baby” has stayed with me .
basically , the alec baldwin baby in “boss baby” wears a suit and quotes mamet because in life , when a second child comes into a family ( as tobey maguire narrates in the film ) , they become , well , the boss . they get everyone’s attention , everyone works for them , and they “hold meetings” ( “sometimes in the middle of the night” ) . “the boss baby” is the first dreamworks film i’ve ever seen that starts with a legitimate premise , and builds up from there . it isn’t artful or elegant about it , but the idea still feels grounded in something real . it’s a good place to start .
the reading of the intern as somehow “unfeminist” is especially baffling , given it’s essentially a critique of the “having it all” lie , first explored by meyers’ 1987 film baby boom . typically , this criticism centres on the moment de niro’s eponymous intern says , before offering jules some advice , “i hate to be the feminist here …” ; the line is clearly played for laughs , but has been decried as an egregious example of mansplaining .
arrived promptly and well packaged nice family film with a real feel good factor . bought it for my wife and she loved it .
diane keaton ' s 1987 film depicted both the dilemmas and triumphs of the working mother , and it remains relevant 30 years later .
keaton , then , is clearly herself in baby boom , contemporary and practical and larger - than - life . she owns the property , so to speak . and this screen adventure is worthy of her style and persona only because she makes the most of—even surmounts—the somewhat limited range of the material . the movie is an advanced take on the doris day films of the ’60s in which , most of the time , that actress is quite content to be a housewife . sans the virginal schoolgirl grin and the antiseptic touches upon sexuality , day’s that touch of mink comes the closest to baby boom in its imperfect sophistication .
the life of super - yuppie j . c . is thrown into turmoil when she inherits a baby from a distant relative .
“i can’t have a baby because i have a twelve - thirty lunch meeting . ”—— diane keaton as j . c . wiatt
a film whose first trailer might be the dumbest , least appealing ad campaign for a mainstream animated film since “sing ! ” a film in which alec baldwin , voicing a baby who is also a boss , quotes “glengarry glen ross” in a line that contributes nothing , and is barely a joke . all of this is there , and despite this , i liked it . it is legitimately strange , occasionally inspired , and somehow , though all signs pointed to the contrary , people put effort , a great deal of effort , into this .
bevan told deadline : “when we started , a british film doing a couple of million at the box office outside of bond was amazing .
this film bears a resemblance to baby boom , a 1987 film co - written by meyers and her former partner , charles shyer . in that picture , diane keaton was a high - flying executive who ' s forced to re - examine her priorities when she inherits a baby . but the movie was a lot funnier and sharper . one of its strengths was that keaton played a more flawed character than the talented and vibrant jules . in addition , keaton’s character had antagonists in a suspicious boss ( sam wanamaker ) and a sneaky co - worker ( james spader — who else ? ) . in the intern , hathaway’s jules doesn’t really have anyone trying to challenge or undermine her , and that means drama often is shortchanged .
the makers of baby driver received part of the £600m the uk government offered in tax relief to productions last year . photograph : alamy
sources say the government – which paid out almost £600m in tax relief last year to the makers of blockbusters including baby driver , star wars and the trainspotting sequel , as well as tv dramas including the crown – has “no appetite” to make any move against the tax credit system that has fuelled britain’s movie - making boom .
boom went on to explain that though his words are critical , his respect for singleton knows no bounds , and while black directors are being celebrated , they still have some ways to go .
the film is careful never to confront the keaton character with any of the real messiness of the world , such as poverty , illness and catastrophe . after she quits her job , she has enough money in the bank to buy a country spread in vermont for herself and baby elizabeth . and when the money runs low , she starts a gourmet baby - good company that is worth millions within a few months .
the state’s baby boom saw 63 , 900 live births recorded during 2016 , a rate of 13 . 5 births for every 1 , 000 of the population . this birth rate was well ahead of sweden and the uk ( 11 . 8 per 1 , 000 ) and france ( 11 . 7 per 1 , 000 ) .
when timothy asks about the identity of a bespectacled baby ordering people around in baby business land ( it’s not the actual name , but it might as well be ) and the boss baby responds with “that’s my boss , big boss baby , ” i howled in laughter and marveled at the strangeness . there’s a reference to julia child , another to “raiders of the lost ark . ” there’s a scene in which our main characters board a plain filled with elvis impersonators to get to los angeles . there’s a talking gandalf alarm clock named “wizzie . ”
i absolutely love this film - watched this years ago when it was shown on television , and then i just had to buy it when it came out on dvd . it has a great story and i think diane keaton really shines ( as does the baby ! ) , and together it makes this film memorable . i don ' t know exactly which bit appeals to me the most - whether it ' s that diane keaton ' s character - j . c . wiatt , not only manages to take on the challenge of suddenly becoming a mother ( after inheriting a baby ! ) but also when she as good as puts two fingers up to her old employers , when she starts her own extremely successful baby food business in the country , and she shows them that she really can
have it all
( which you ' ll understand better when you watch this film ) . this film comes highly recommended , and is one that you will watch over and over again .
bridget gets pregnant and hilarity ensues as both men have to wait until the baby is born to find out who is the biological father .
my 5 star rating says it all ! the storyline to this film is heartwarming yet emotional it ' s about a hard faced business woman who inherits a child from a cousin who she ' s seen once . the price of business woman / motherhood initially costs her a potential promotion and just when she thinks she ' s got nothing she discovers the new market of fresh baby food and makes her fortune ! this film reminds me so much of me and my daughter . no matter how many times i watch this i always shed a few tears it ' s a beautiful beautiful film
kristina and michelle kennedy rotated in as the unexpected inheritance in the 1987 film , directed by charles shyer and also featuring sam shepard and harold ramis .
in addition to being a historic landmark , the hapgood general store was also situated in a beautiful , idyllic setting . it would be a shame to see all this go to waste . from time to time , people still came to the store out of curiosity or to admire the location where “baby boom” was filmed , mr . johnson shared .
and baby makes four ! armie hammer and elizabeth chambers ' daughter says hello to her new little brother in this adorable family pic from january .
for now , movie executives feel that their core audience is between the ages of 20 and 35 . when studios catered to a 12 - to 20 - year - old core audience , the emphasis was on sexual initiation . now it is on procreation . recent movies about having babies include ' ' three men and a baby , ' ' ' ' parenthood , ' ' ' ' look who ' s talking , ' ' a movie told from the point of view of an infant , ' ' baby boom ' ' and ' ' she ' s having a baby . ' ' the first three hit the box - office jackpot .
special features include the traditional isolated music & effects track , which is a great way to appreciate the work done by composer bill conti . while it doesn’t match the heights of his work for both the rocky and the karate kid series , it’s still worth a listen . in addition to an original theatrical trailer , there’s also an audio commentary with film historians julie kirgo and nick redman . as well as offering details and critique on the film itself , it’s actually a really enjoyable conversations between the pair who actually delve into their own personal lives , relating to the sudden change a baby can bring to their lives . the release also contains a booklet featuring another essay on the film from kirgo , as well as a number of film stills to illustrate .
the ballad of narayama
is a japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice , telling a story of startling cruelty . what a space it opens…
diane is a busy business woman who ' s life is turned upside down when a baby comes along . she retires to the country where she has a bottomless pit of a house . she falls for a vet . she makes baby food which she sells across the country . funny movie .
the place of the woman in the workplace of the 1980s , the theme which baby boom immediately and rather flagrantly establishes , complete with a documentary - style opening narration by journalist linda ellerbee , is subtly perpetuated in the remainder of the film by a quirk of the plot . right off , her character loses it all , but at the end , in a plot about - face , she gets it all back , and more , possesses what the opening scenario set down as unobtainable for a woman—job and family .
kris swanberg ’s new feature “unexpected” ( hey , look at that title ) does the same thing , with a fresh twist . while “baby boom” is continually focused on the impact elizabeth has on j . c . ’s career , from her quitting her beloved ( if very tough ) job to give the pair a better life and then deciding to become an applesauce manufacturer ( mostly due to baby elizabeth’s adoration for j . c . ’s homemade sauce , good enough to inspire the new mom to turn it into a thriving business , run right out of their dilapidated farmhouse ) , swanberg’s film eases into the professional fallout from samantha’s ( cobie smulders ) unexpected pregnancy .
once their films are in cinemas , it’s not unusual for their work to receive unduly harsh criticism ; vulture’s mynette louie spoke to a number of female film - makers this year who reported that “the hollywood psyche” is often shaped by the critical consensus of “a fleet of film critics whose ranks are 80 % male” .
written by nancy meyers and charles shyer and directed by shyer , baby boom ( 1987 ) is a romantic comedy with an edge , starring the superb diane keaton as a driven manhattan career woman who finds her life turned upside down when she “inherits” a baby . a semi - satiric fantasy unfurls as she loses her job and her yuppie boyfriend ( harold ramis ) , moves with baby to a deeply picturesque if falling - down vermont house , and meets a helpful gary cooper - ish vet ( sam shepard ) . gorgeously shot by william a . fraker , and featuring an iconic score by the great bill conti ( broadcast news , the right stuff ) .
' ' baby boom , ' ' which opens today at the 84th street six and other theaters , envisions a predictable but amusing set of adventures for j . c . once her hard - boiled business persona begins falling apart . that happens because she inherits a baby through the sort of plot twist that automatically destroys the film ' s already slight claims to authenticity . the baby ' s parents were killed ; j . c . is the child ' s only living relative ; the little girl is brought all the way from england and delivered to j . c . before she can say no ; the only people who want to adopt her are awful . the screenplay , by charles shyer and nancy meyers ( mr . shyer directed ) , wastes no more energy than that on explaining this outlandish twist of fate .
giving voice to more women in the film industry doesn’t simply mean more female directors and writers , but critics too . and the critical respect offered to female film - makers who work in a macho ( and thus , acceptable ) milieu , like kathryn bigelow , should be extended to those who make “women’s movies” , too .
baby boom
( opening today at selected theaters ) should strike fear in the heart of every avowedly single workaholic , those of us who put in 12 - hour days , with everything else in life second . the worst that could happen to us is for someone to stick us with an infant , right ? who knows from diapers ? who wants to know ?
baby boom [ dvd ] [ 1987 ] : urltoken diane keaton , sam shepard , harold ramis , kristina kennedy , michelle kennedy , sam wanamaker , james spader , pat hingle , britt leach , linda ellerbee , kim sebastian , mary gross , william a . fraker , charles shyer , lynzee klingman , bruce a . block , nancy meyers : dvd & blu - ray
in any case , j . c . is ill prepared for such an inconvenience . she ' s not a woman with time to spare . ( the film shows j . c . and her live - in mate , played by harold ramis , grudgingly allocating four minutes for sex one evening before going right back to their reading . ) so she tries to check the baby in a coatroom when she has a business lunch ; she fastens a diaper with electrical tape ; she cooks the baby a fashionable little pasta dinner and then , when the baby gets pasta all over herself , tries to handle the mess with household cleaner .
j . c . wiatt is a successful new york business woman known around town as the
tiger lady .
she gets news of an inheritance from a relative from another country and off the bat she suspects it ' s money . well it ' s not money , it ' s a baby girl . at first she doesn ' t accept until the lady that gives the baby to her has to catch her flight . j . c . is now stuck with an annoying baby girl . her boyfriend doesn ' t like the idea of a baby living with them and he leaves her . j . c . has enough of it and takes her to meet a family ready to adopt her . she leaves but hears the baby cry while walking away and has to go back . the baby is too attached to her now and won ' t let her go . later , her baby gets into mischief which causes her to get fired . now , she sets her eyes on an old two story cottage in vermont to get out of the new york life . when she arrives , the house needs more help than originally thought . she gets bored one snowy day and decides to make apple sauce . her baby loves it and she decides to sell . . .
j . c . wiatt is a successful new york business woman known around town as the
tiger lady .
she gets news of an inheritance from a relative from another country and off the bat she suspects it ' s money . well it ' s not money , it ' s a baby girl . at first she doesn ' t accept until the lady that gives the baby to her has to catch her flight . j . c . is now stuck with an annoying baby girl . her boyfriend doesn ' t like the idea of a baby living with them and he leaves her . j . c . has enough of it and takes her to meet a family ready to adopt her . she leaves but hears the baby cry while walking away and has to go back . the baby is too attached to her now and won ' t let her go . later , her baby gets into mischief which causes her to get fired . now , she sets her eyes on an old two story cottage in vermont to get out of the new york life . when she arrives , the house needs more help than originally thought . she gets bored one snowy day and decides to make apple sauce . her baby loves it and she decides to sell it . pretty soon everyone wants some of the baby apple sauce . j . c . hits it big and falls in love with a local veterinarian . was this fate or destiny ?
female film - makers are up against it long before their film hits the cinemas , from the initial pitch all the way through to the critics’ screenings . behind the scenes , they are hampered by misguided perceptions of women directors , writers and producers as being part of a “shallow talent pool” , as a sundance institute study revealed this year .
from left , jon hamm , kevin spacey and jamie foxx in a film crammed with cubistic action , glowering and golly - gee types and an encyclopedia of cinematic allusion .
despite its success in the uk , and american actress renee zellweger in the lead , the film failed to win us audience with just $ 21 million taken state side .
baby boom is a polished venture , especially in terms of writing . nancy meyers and charles shyer , who wrote the goldie hawn vehicle private benjamin and the popular father of the bride series , balance sweetness and goofy vibes with a more wry edge . sentimental without being cloying , relatable without being overly dramatic . it’s predictable , sure , but what do you expect from an ‘80s rom - com ?
the 1995 battle seemed to mark one of those hollywood turning points , like the races of 1968 or 2006 or 2011 , when it wasn’t merely two movies clashing , but two competing visions of what movies should be . on one side was forrest gump , a hollywood historical epic that broke some new technical ground in digital manipulation of existing film footage ( the trickery that allowed tom hanks’ forrest to interact with various long - dead historical figures ) . still , it told a fairly traditional story , full of candy - box pieties and accompanied by a baby boom’s greatest hits soundtrack .
right then , the movie changes tone . up until keaton ' s decision to keep the child ,
baby boom
has been a hard - edged satire ( the dialogue between keaton and the hat - check attendant is an example , as keaton thrusts the squawling infant across the counter and promises
a big , big tip
) . but after the film ' s turning point , it goes from a satire into an escapist fantasy , a harmless one , in one of those worlds where everything turns out more or less right , because folks are more or less nice .
all of this is too good to be true , of course , but that ' s why i enjoyed it .
baby boom
makes no effort to show us real life . it is a fantasy about mothers and babies and sweetness and love , with just enough wicked comedy to give it an edge . the screenplay , written by producer nancy meyers and director charles shyer , has some of the same literate charm as their previous film ,
irreconcilable differences ,
and some of the same sly observation of a generation that wages an interior war between selfishness and good nature .
this film proves how political correctness can damage a movie . baby boom made the point that a demanding career can hurt the personal lives of women , as well as men . but in the intern , jules has a stay - at - home husband and an adorable daughter in addition to a stimulating career . it’s all a little too perfect . there is one surprise twist in the third act that suggests her life may not be as ideal as she thinks . but even this stumbling block is resolved much too quickly and neatly . the whole movie is way too tepid to scintillate .
when she inherits the baby , she’s not immediately an amazing parent . it’s hard to imagine any woman being adequately prepared for first - time parenthood , especially if that role were unceremoniously thrust upon her . when wiatt is presented with baby elizabeth , she and yuppie boyfriend stephen ( played by harold ramis ) immediately make her a lovely linguini à la vodka and can’t seem to figure out the whole diaper thing . similar new - parent issues happen to the baffled male title characters in three men and a baby ( which appeared just one month after baby boom ) and kirstie alley’s white - collar single mother two years later in look who’s talking , but more recent relatives tackling questions about how unplanned parenthood may alter a woman’s career path and throw a working girl for a loop can be found in raising helen and knocked up . bottom line : we aren ' t wired for parenthood ! it ' s a process .
when it comes to this sort of detail , ' ' baby boom ' ' is as funny as it is contrived . and miss keaton has a wonderfully maniacal gleam in her eye each time she masters some new baby - related trick . the film also does well when it pokes fun at the high - pressure world of the new york child , a world in which bewildered tots attend strenuous gym classes while their parents wail over private - school rejections . eventually , all of this leaves j . c . ' s glamorous career in ruins ( james spader is effectively unctuous as the bright young thing campaigning for her job ) . and j . c . is seen crumpled on the steps in front of her high - rise office building in tears .
charles shyer’s 1987 dramedy “baby boom” could have easily been titled “ unexpected . ” the diane keaton - starring feature tracks keaton’s career - minded j . c . wiatt ( she’s known in some circles as “the tiger lady , ” she’s just that vicious when it comes to business ) as she , well , unexpectedly finds herself thrust into motherhood . j . c . doesn’t even get to enjoy a pregnancy and all the bonding and preparation that goes with it , as her baby — or , in the beginning at least , the baby in question — all but shows up on her doorstep , a somewhat strange inheritance left to her by a distant relative ( one she had not seen in decades and did not even realize was a mother ) .
this story could have been told as a satire , but the filmmakers aren ' t quite sure . they see a lot of humor in the yuppie ' s lifestyle , but they love the baby so much that the movie finally turns into a sweet romance . i guess that ' s all right . it sure is a cute baby .
, starring diane keaton in the lead role of j . c . wiatt , a . k . a .
the tiger lady .
billed as
an unexpected comedy ,
the film depicts the life of a corporate businesswoman turned upside - down when she unwittingly inherits a baby . charles shyer and nancy meyers , filmmaking partners and husband and wife at the time , shared writing responsibilities with shyer doubling as the film ' s director and meyers moonlighting as the producer . the two had honed their craft on such films as
the executives who make and sell movies agree that the return of older moviegoers is more than a temporary aberration . as the baby boom generation ages , it is doing a remarkable thing . it is continuing to go to the movies instead of staying home and watching television . the usual explanation is that 45 - year - olds have been stimulated by clean and glitzy theaters and by the experience of watching movies on videocassette .
see , wiatt is not really a “mom” in the biological sense—keaton herself has never married—and this interruption in her job focus is the inheritance of a baby from a distant relative . baby elizabeth ( alternately twins kristina and michelle kennedy ) is a cutie , as most babies are , and there is almost an immediate bond . wiatt surrenders to the little one’s charms before she realizes it , lugging home a carload of essential baby things . her live - in boyfriend ( harold ramis ) , a specialist in five - minute copulations , wants no part of playing father , or , for that matter , helping to make a baby himself . this intrusion on his space was not part of their living arrangement .
3 men and a baby
— starring tom selleck , steve guttenberg , and ted danson — has raked in over $ 167 million since it came out in 1987 .
j . c . ’s journey — she eventually abandons plans to adopt out elizabeth , quits her job and moves to vermont to soak up the country life — makes for a very entertaining film , one complete with all sorts of wacky storylines related to j . c . and elizabeth’s acclimation to a laidback small town ( including a house riddled with problems and a welcoming , if still cautious reception from the local folk — “baby boom” makes a fine companion to “funny farm , ” and that’s partially due to the fact that both were filmed in southern vermont , which is rife with teensy hamlets that boast population counts that barely crack triple digits ) . although shyer’s film is funny and sweet , it also takes on some hefty ideas , especially an honest depiction of the struggles women face with work - life balance .
today , the twins — who got the role after their parents brought them to an open audition in new york city — have also shunned the film industry and both work as school teachers .
baby boom tells of j . c . wiatt , aka the “tiger lady , ” a woman already at the top who finds her life thrown into chaos when a distant cousin is killed in a car accident and leaves their baby elizabeth in her care . her job is one that requires her commitment 24 / 7 ; a male partner at the firm states he doesn’t even know how many grandchildren he has . success often comes with sacrifice . when she finds herself being pushed out , she goes all the way and quits , heading to vermont for a more simple way of life , to focus on being a mother .
the
tiger lady
executive played by diane keaton in 1987 ' s
baby boom
never stood a chance when she inherited adorable 1 - year - old elizabeth , played by kristina and michelle kennedy . on tuesday , the now - grown twins , along with parents jim and diane , stopped by today to talk about how they inadvertently
gamed
the audition process , and what it was like to meet keaton years later .
it is the most major awards ( a category encompassing best picture , director and the four acting awards ) for one film since 1992 , when
the silence of the lambs
won four .
“four weddings and a funeral was a light bulb moment for us where a non - american film could really do big commercial business and it’s great that the audience has come along for that . ”
the film frames much of this upheaval against the attitude towards women in the ‘80s , which sadly has not made much progress since , especially in terms of equality in the workplace and paychecks . the other notable cinematic instance of women looking to get ahead and the obstacles in their way from this era was working girl , but baby boom weaves in aspects of being a working single mother . wiatt’s arc is nicely handled in that it’s not just a simple choice between being a businesswoman and being a parent , but more on being a success . how we measure it , how we define it , and how those things change throughout our lives . she loses one career , but her innate talent and persistence leads to something else . it’s a rather sweet , hopeful tale , if a little neat . this is where the film is somewhat undermined , at least in the stark contrast to the reality of many women dealing with being a single parent . she’s frankly in a cozy situation where she has plenty in the bank to be able to begin a different life ; it makes for more palatable entertainment rather then the real drama most would endure in such circumstance . it certainly rids the film of some of its resonance and will rub many the wrong way . other aspects of the film show its age ( a joke about a muslim nanny falls shockingly flat ) , but for the most part , the film has slipped into nostalgic fuzziness .
baby boom , directed by charles shyer ; written by nancy meyers and mr . shyer ; director of photography , william a . fraker ; film editor , lynzee klingman ; music by bill conti ; production designer , jeffrey howard ; produced by miss meyers ; released by united artists pictures . at 84th street six , at broadway ; 34th street showplace , between second and third avenues ; new york twin , second avenue and 66th street ; embassy 1 , broadway at 46th street , and other theaters . running time : 103 minutes . this film is rated pg . j . c . wiatt . . . diane keaton dr . jeff cooper . . . sam shepard steven buchner . . . harold ramis fritz curtis . . . sam wanamaker ken arrenberg . . . james spader hughes larrabee . . . pat hingle elizabeth wiatt . . . kristina and michelle kennedy
kristina and michelle kennedy , the twins who rotated in as elizabeth wiatt in the 1987 film , appeared on today on tuesday morning to chat about starring as diane keaton ' s unexpected bundle of joy .
so far the air of uncertainty that surrounds the potential impact of brexit hasn’t affected the uk’s role in european co - productions or the british film - making sector . the weakening currency and huge financial carrot of tax credits for film companies choosing to shoot here continues to make britain attractive . “for the coming 24 months we are actually looking to increase our activity in the uk , ” says bluemhuber . “the weak pound is good because , along with the tax breaks , we get a lot of production value . we are setting up a new tv and film production company in the uk and investing more . ”
at this point the film makes a ridiculous error , sending j . c . off to a little vermont town to lead a simpler life . it becomes all too clear that neither j . c . nor the makers of the film would know a little vermont town if it bit them - or a simpler life , either . not long after buying a picture - perfect house , sight unseen , though an ad in the new york times magazine ( the film is a lot funnier when it shows a pre - baby j . c . daydreaming about this in new york than actually doing it ) , she uses produce from her own orchard to develop a classy little recipe for baby applesauce . and soon there is talk about marketing this stuff and landing it in every supermarket in america - so much for simplicity . it doesn ' t help that every blossom in the vermont town appears to have come directly from the florist , or that sam shepard turns up as a conveniently lonely small - town bachelor .
click here to read our summer 2018 issue , featuring interviews with madeline ' s madeline director josephine decker , david leitner on the new cameras of 2018 , our overview of film schools and more . . .
the title song by george and ira gershwin , he said , ' ' is sung on the soundtrack by sting , roberta flack and gene ammons , which may be more often than you want to hear it . ' ' baby boom starring diane keaton , sam shepard , harold ramis , sam wanamaker , james spader , pat hingle . directed by charles shyer . 1987 . cbs / fox video . 106 minutes . $ 89 . 98 . rated pg . occasional strong language .
the story line is not very likely , the reviewer said - ' ' neither j . c . nor the makers of the film would know a little vermont town if it bit them ' ' - but ' ' ms . keaton ' s comically exaggerated toughness and absurd self - confidence make the performance a delight . for an hour or so , at least , ' baby boom ' is wicked enough to have a real edge . ' ' harold ramis plays j . c . ' s stuffed shirt of a boyfriend early in the film , and sam shepard is the love interest in vermont . the running man starring arnold schwarzenegger , maria conchita alonso , yaphet kotto , marvin j . mcintyre , richard dawson , jim brown , jesse ventura , dweezil zappa , mick fleetwood . directed by paul michael glaser . 1987 . vestron video . 101 minutes . $ 89 . 98 . rated r .


total exposure is a 1991 direct to video crime thriller starring season hubley and michael nouri , directed by john quinn and written by quinn with lynne dahlgren .

it has notably been described as a far better than average exploitation movie .

among the supporting cast is playboy playmate deborah driggs .

total exposure ( film )

changing to a film of new iso rating also changes the exposure time . a simple equation can be applied to calculate the new film exposure time when changing film speed :
m4 . film processor operation - - facilities performing spot - film must also perform quality control tests on the film processing system .
typically combine standard metallized film with a dyed or pigmented layer ( film or coating ) .
exposure calculation in photomicrography use a known film exposure time measured from brackets under standardized conditions of magnification and numerical aperture to determine exposure for a new objective of different magnification and numerical aperture .
reject up to 80 % of the total solar energy that normally enters the building .
naremore j ( 1995 ) american film noir . the history of an idea . film quart 49 : 12–28 .
a predictable , if well - produced , urban thriller , total exposure rehashes several of the plot elements familiar to this overworked genre .
cleanliness is extremely important for reducing film artifacts . the film transport mechanisms of film processors must be cleaned frequently . abrasive cloths or cleaners should never be used on processors .
exposure bracketing can also be conducted using black & white and color negative films . it is often more cost effective to elucidate exposure information with cheaper black & white film , which can be processed in the laboratory . the results can then be translated into comparative exposure values for color negative film . as an example , if a test bracket using kodak t - max 200 black & white film indicates a correct exposure at 0 . 5 seconds , then the same exposure time should work with fujicolor superia 200 iso film . in this case , a one - second exposure could be used when substituting fujicolor superia 100 iso film , a film emulsion with slower response to exposure .
in spite of these precautions , the total phase ( and only the total phase ) of an eclipse can and should be viewed without filters . it is crucial that you know when to take off and put back on your glasses ; see eye safety during a total solar eclipse
it’s not the duration of the exposure that qualifies it as a long exposure photograph , but the intention of capturing moving objects with longer exposure times than necessary that makes it a long exposure photograph .
exposure calculation ( with iso correction ) in photomicrography use a known film exposure time measured from brackets under standardized conditions of iso , magnification , and numerical aperture to determine exposure for a new objective of different magnification and numerical aperture using a film with a new iso value .
the largest single contributor of man - made radiation exposure to the population is dental and medical radiography . in total , such use of x - rays accounts for more than 90 % of the total man - made radiation dose to the general population .
[ 15 ] for film isos or f - numbers not listed , use the following formula to determine your exposure .
where standard iso is the film speed ( or asa ) of the film having known exposure parameters , and new iso is the film speed ( or asa ) of the new film . as an example , if the correct exposure time for a specimen using fujichrome velvia ( iso = 50 ) is 0 . 2 seconds , the adjusted exposure time when fujichrome provia ( iso = 100 ) is substituted can be calculated :
for film - based imaging , the most sensitive screen - film combination , consistent with diagnostically - acceptable results , should be used .
results : ektaspeed and agfa films required less exposure compared to ultraspeed film . with respect to film , all films had equal diagnostic accuracy upto three weeks . from fourth week ultraspeed and agfa films were considerably better than e speed film . e speed film was inferior in the depleted solution compared to other two solutions . with respect to lesion detection agfa film was inferior to other two films .
then curve was plotted with log relative exposure in the x - axis and the optical density in the y - axis . this graph showed at optical density of 2 , d speed film needed more exposure compared to e speed and agfa film [
kodachrome clearly is the most stable transparency film in dark storage ; the film is especially outstanding in terms of its total freedom from yellowish stain , even after extended aging . in spite of kodachrome ' s unequaled dark storage stability , it has the worst projector - fading stability of any slide film on the market .
if the darkroom is adjacent to a radiographic room , the film storage container must be adequately shielded to ensure that excessive exposure of film by x - rays does not occur . sufficient film shielding must be in place to reduce the radiation level to the film to 0 . 1 mgy and to the loaded cassettes to 0 . 5 µgy .
film density is a measure of the light - stopping ability of film and is related to the opacity and transmittance of the film . transmittance is defined as the ratio of light transmitted by the film divided by the total amount of light incident on the film surface . when 50 percent of the incident light is transmitted through the film , the transmittance for that film is equal to 0 . 5 . opacity is defined as the reciprocal of transmittance , so a film having a transmittance value of 0 . 5 would have a corresponding opacity of 2 . 0 . density is defined as the logarithm of opacity , so that a film having an opacity of 2 . 0 will have a density of 0 . 3 and , as discussed above , will transmit 50 percent of light incident on the film surface . film density is dependent upon the quantity of metallic silver present in the developed image .
bracketing is conducted in a different manner when using sheet film . the entire bracket can be performed on a single section of sheet film using either the dark slide of the film holder or the microscope field diaphragm . if the sheet film is held in place using a film holder having a dark slide , first remove the slide and expose the film for a standard unit of time . for instance , if the correct exposure is believed to lie between 2 and 3 seconds , initially expose the entire film section for a single second . next , push the dark slide into the film holder until it has covered about 1 / 5 to 1 / 6 of the film ( about an inch ) , and expose the film again for one second . push the dark slide in another inch , or 1 / 5 of the film length , and expose for two seconds . repeat by pushing in the slide once again and exposing the film for four seconds and so on until the entire sheet has been incrementally exposed . in this manner , the film will have regions exposed in a geometric progression of exposure times ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , seconds etc . ) , until the entire sheet of film has become an exposure bracket . process the film and place the sheet on a 5500 k light table . examine the exposure bracket carefully with a loupe to determine the correct exposure .
despite the complex array of settings and adjustments found on modern film cameras and photomicrography exposure control units , exposure of film boils down to a simple relationship between two important variables : the amount of time the film is exposed to light and the intensity of that light . films are formulated by the manufacturer to respond according to the following formula , e = l x t , where e is the proper exposure , l is the intensity of illuminating light rays , and t is the film emulsion exposure time in seconds or fractions thereof .
film storage containers must be adequately shielded to ensure that excessive exposure of film by x - rays does not occur . sufficient film shielding must be in place to reduce the radiation level to stored film to less than 0 . 1 mgy over the storage period of the film . the values presented in appendix iv are very conservative but will protect films from radiation exposure for most circumstances . once films are loaded into cassettes , radiation exposure levels should be less than 0 . 5 µgy and the resulting increase in the base - plus - fog should be less than 0 . 05 o . d . refer to appendix iv for storage guides for radiographic film .
this is an example of long exposure photography for architecture . this is an image of the empire state building in new york city . for this image an exposure time of 316 seconds has been used with a total of 16 nd - filter stops .
special manufacturing process – film coatings are sputtered stacked using various metal / oxides .
. this labels each peak with its size , expressed as a percentage of the total size of all of the highlighted peaks .
in this long exposure photography tutorial i will go over the basics of daytime long exposure photography , the camera gear that you need and how to set up a long exposure shot so you can start shooting right away . i will also discuss how differences in exposure time can result in another look and feel when shooting architecture for example . of course i will provide you with some long exposure photography tips and tricks as well . i’m emphasizing the fact that i’m talking about daytime long exposure photography here , as opposed to nighttime long exposure photography . for nighttime long exposure photography the same rules apply as to daytime long exposure photography , except that with nighttime long exposure photography you don’t need the nd filters that you would need for daytime long exposure photography , or at best nd filters with a lower density than with daytime long exposure photography . as a result , nighttime long exposure photography requires a different way of calculating the exposure time you need , to create the effects typical for long exposure photography . in the remainder of this article i will not use the phrase daytime long exposure photography anymore but will refer to it as simply long exposure photography when i’m talking about nd filters and calculating exposure times specifically . the effects in nighttime long exposure photography however are the same as with daytime long exposure photography but there are effects like the movement of the moon and the stars that you don’t have with daytime long exposure photography . in the near future i will extend this article with an additional part on nighttime long exposure photography . the main target group of this tutorial are daytime long exposure photographers since the majority of long exposure photographers seek to create the long exposure effects during daytime . keep in mind that a photographer like michael kenna for example is a typical nighttime long exposure photographer .
window film consists of thin layers of transparent polyester applied to the room side of existing exterior windows and glass doors to upgrade the performance of the glazing . typical flat glass sun control window film thickness ranges from 0 . 001 to 0 . 003 inches including the adhesive layer . most films are applied using water and a slip solution and are either pre - cut or trimmed in place . all films have a protective removable liner and incorporate uv protection in the adhesive layer or the film itself to protect the film from degradation . additionally the higher quality films incorporate an abrasive resistant coating that facilitates the use of standard cleaning solutions . life expectancy of film is between 10 years to more than 20 years depending on the film quality , film type and exposure to the sun . manufacturers’ warranties on window film range from 10 - 15 years and cover either film only or both film & labour for removal and replacement .
characteristic curves are obtained by carefully exposing a section of film through a step tablet similar to the one illustrated in figure 2 . after exposure , the film test section is carefully developed under strictly controlled conditions to yield a film strip having a series of steps with sequentially increasing density . average density of the resulting exposed and processed film is scanned and calculated using an instrument known as a sensitometer . the step tablet produces a series of logarithmic exposure steps on the film , each step differing from the preceding step by a factor of two , or one f - stop . exposure is described in terms of lux - seconds , which is a measure of the amount of exposure a section of film would receive under a controlled set of conditions . one lux - second is the amount of light received by film placed one meter from a standard candle for a single second .
– a great tutorial written by my good friend marc koegel on long exposure photography on his blog urltoken specifically focused on long exposure photography .
we ' re working to enlighten , enrich , educate , and entertain through film .
thus , the new exposure time for the 10x objective is 0 . 06 seconds , a little less than one half the standard exposure time . it is quite convenient to construct a table of exposure times using the various objectives available for each film that is being used . a good alternative to this practice is to use our interactive flash tutorial to calculate exposure times .
tissue located outside the primary beam receives some exposure from the scattered radiation produced within the beam area . the scatter exposure to the surrounding tissue is relatively low in comparison to the exposure levels within the primary beam .
in reflected light systems where the field is illuminated through the objective ( using a vertical illuminator ) , the exposure calculation equations also fail , because exposure varies little with a change of objective at the same magnification . other factors , such as the nature of the specimen , also play a critical role in exposure calculation and should be kept in mind when determining film exposure parameters .
log relative exposure : log relative exposure for 0 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 32 , 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 seconds were calculated by using the formula , exposure = kvp x time .
reflects up to 30 % heat back into the room during the colder months while rejecting up to 75 % of the total solar energy .
gehring wd ( 1988 ) handbook of american film genres . new york : greenwood press .
the film processing solution levels must be checked to ensure agreement with the manufacturers ' recommended baseline levels for the particular processor and film type , for the given number of films processed daily .
one of the special characteristics of digital radiographic receptors is that they , unlike film / screen receptors , can produce images with good contrast over a wide range of receptor exposure . they do not have a
fixed
speed or receptor sensitivity value like film receptors . the significance of this is that exposure used in digital radiography should be monitored and adjusted by the operator , or the correctly calibrated and set automatic exposure control , to produce the necessary image quality with the lowest possible exposure .
the best photomicrographs present an image of the specimen with sharp and crisp details , good exposure in both highlights and shadowed areas , and excellent color saturation . determination of the correct exposure in photomicrography is much easier when transparency films are being judged . these films have a very narrow exposure latitude , usually one - half to one f - stop , and incorrect exposure is very obvious . with transparency film , a good exposure will reveal specimen details in all areas of the photomicrograph , unless this detail is actually missing in the specimen . transparency film that has been overexposed will have a thin appearance with washed - out highlights lacking in detail . when transparency film is underexposed , shadowed areas tend to go black with a total loss of detail . the overall appearance of the film will be very dark . as a general rule of thumb , correctly exposed transparencies will have observable density in the brightest highlight regions .
however , in microscopy , especially when light altering filters , polarizers , and prisms are added to the optical pathway as in many of the contrast enhancement modes ( phase contrast , differential interference contrast , hoffman modulation contrast , etc . ) , the proper exposure often is longer than 1 / 2 second . the film ' s reciprocity relationship no longer holds , and the film requires additional exposure time to yield proper exposure .
exposure and color balance explore how exposure settings and color compensating filters can be adjusted to change the contrast , brightness , and color balance of a photomicrograph .
speciality manufacturing process – film coatings contain different metals and materials than standardized or dual reflective films .
descriptive statistics for suicide risk factors and film preferences of study participants ( n = 943 ) .
shutter speed measures how long your camera ' s shutter is left open during a shot . the longer it ' s open , the more light it lets in , and the greater your total exposure will be . doubling or halving your shutter speed produces an increase or decrease of 1 stop of exposure .
till b , niederkrotenthaler t , herberth a , voracek m , sonneck g , et al . ( 2011 ) coping and film reception : a study on the impact of film dramas and the mediating effects of emotional modes of film reception and coping strategies . j media psychol 23 : 149–160 .
p = maximum permissible weekly exposure expressed in r / week . for controlled areas
many modern microscopes are equipped with exposure control systems that meter light using a photodiode or photomultiplier built into the microscope camera system . often , these control systems have pre - calibrated bracketing capabilities available at the touch of a button . if possible , when using exposure control systems , expose transparency film in 1 / 3 f - stop increments going two or three f - stops above and below the recommended exposure by the film manufacturer . exposure latitude for print film ( both black & white and color ) is much greater than that for transparency films , so bracket intervals of a whole f - stop will be sufficient .
the linear region of a characteristic curve is also termed the film latitude and represents the useful range of exposure times for a particular film . color and black & white negative films display a substantially greater degree of latitude than do color transparency films , primarily because many exposure errors can be corrected during printing . overexposure is tolerated by negative films much better than underexposure and leads to better prints , although the proper exposure will always produce superior results .
a partnership with aspen film provides your organization the ability to affiliate with a brand that has become synonymous with quality and innovation . by aligning with aspen film you demonstrate a commitment to civic leadership and gain access for unique opportunities for logo exposure , client entertainment , and employee engagement .
long exposure photography is a genre in photography that is often associated with fine art photography , due to the surreal and other worldly effects long exposure photography can bring to your photos . of course besides that , notable fine art long exposure photographers like
films with different sensitivity ( speed ) values are available for radiographic procedures . the primary disadvantage in using high sensitivity film is that quantum noise is increased , as described in the section titled ,
image noise .
in fact , it is possible to manufacture film that would require much less exposure than the film generally used . however , the image noise level would be unacceptable .
factor loadings of film genre preferences ( factors i–v ) of study participants ( n = 943 ) .
two plaster models were constructed with 5 teeth in each plaster model . to obtain appropriate exposure time for each film these two plaster models were exposed over wide time range ( 0 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 32 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 5 seconds ) with each film type ( kodak d , e and agfa dentus m2 comfort ) while keeping other exposure parameters same for all types of film . then exposed films were processed using standardized processing conditions .
in any x - ray examination , there is considerable variation in exposure from point to point within the patient ' s body . this must be considered when expressing values for patient exposure . in fact , when exposure values are given , the specific anatomical location of the value should also be stated . some exposure patterns are characteristic of the different x - ray imaging methods . a review of these patterns will give us some background for considering factors that affect exposure and applying methods to determine actual exposure values .
the actual or estimated total workload of the facility , as well as the workload apportioned into various x - ray beam directions and procedures used , etc . ;
careful examination of the characteristic curve for any particular film will reveal critical information about the exposure properties for that film . the central portion of the curve is linear ( or approximately so , as discussed above ) and is the region where the reciprocity law exposure formula is valid . in this region , 100 arbitrary units of intensity for 1 arbitrary unit of time should result in the same proper exposure as 1 arbitrary unit of intensity for 100 arbitrary units of time . in terms of f - stops and exposure times in traditional photography , an exposure of 1 / 250 second at f / 8 equals an exposure of 1 / 125 second at f / 11 . this inverse relationship holds true for most films if the proper exposure duration is between 1 / 500 of a second and 1 / 2 second .
as noted in the definition long exposure techniques can be utilized on any moving object .
p = maximum permissible weekly exposure rate expressed in r / week . for controlled areas
and now a warning . your best exposure was determined on a sunny day . if the eclipse day has thin clouds or is hazy , you will need a longer exposure to compensate . a light haze may require an exposure one or two shutter speeds slower than normal , while thicker clouds could call for three or more shutter speeds slower . try your planned exposure and several longer ones . film is cheap and eclipses don ' t happen often .
solar corona of 1991 total eclipse during the total solar eclipse of 1991 july 11 , the sun ' s corona displayed long streamers that are characteristic of sunspot maximum . this composite image was made by combining a number of images with a computer . for more on the technique , see composite eclipse photography . ( click for more photos )
the inverse - square effect increases the concentration of radiation ( exposure and dose ) in the patient ' s body . however , the total amount of radiation ( surface integral exposure ) is not significantly increased by decreasing the tube - to - patient distance . the same radiation energy , or number of photons , is concentrated in a smaller area .
2001 diamond ring effect the
diamong ring
effect occurs seconds before and after a total eclipse begins and ends . sony tr310 . ( click to see larger image )
a = ratio of scattered to incident exposure ( tabulated in table aiii . 3 ) ;
film and processing chemicals - - for film - based systems , and cr and dr systems using laser printers , a decrease in the number of retakes may result in the reduction in the number of films and processing chemicals used .
loaded cassettes must be stored in an area shielded from exposure to radiation . radiation exposures to stored film must be limited to 0 . 1 mgy and , for loaded cassettes , to 0 . 5 µgy .
review : a predictable , if well - produced , urban thriller , total exposure rehashes several of the plot elements familiar to this overworked genre . trouble begins for ace fashion photographer andi robinson ( season hubley ) soon after she finds and flushes a kilo of… ( more )
even if your slr ' s exposure is completely automatic , or if you simply don ' t want to hassle with exposure settings , you can still get good pictures of the diamond ring and totality with your camera set on automatic exposure . load your camera with iso 400 color negative film and grab some shots on auto - exposure . you will probably overexpose the inner corona and prominences , but you will still have some fine souvenirs of the event . best of all , you can devote most of your time to watching the eclipse rather than fiddling with camera settings . simplicity is especially recommended if you are a novice photographer or have never seen a total solar eclipse .
other factors can also affect the quality of the processed film . these include cleanliness of the processing system , film immersion time , and the efficiency of the rinsing . to ensure proper processing of films certain basic procedures must be followed :
we now consider each factor that affects patient exposure and show how it relates to image quality .
use of automatic exposure control devices designed to keep all irradiations and repeat irradiations to a minimum .
bracket your exposures on both sides of the ideal exposure and take several photographs at the same settings to help assure success . if you use a film with an iso too high , you may discover that your camera does not have a fast enough shutter speed to allow the proper exposure . determine all of your camera settings before the eclipse so that you know in advance what film you will need with your equipment . [ 16 ]
when film processing volume is at least 50 films per day , a volume replenishment system is generally used which replenishes processing solutions each time a film is fed into the processor . manufacturers ' specifications for replenishment of processor solutions should be followed .
patients undergoing either x - ray or radionuclide examinations are subject to a wide range of exposure levels . one of our objectives is to explore the factors that affect patient exposure . this is followed by an explanation of methods that can be used to determine patient exposure values in the clinical setting .
) mode , in which the camera choosing a reasonable combination of f - number and shutter speed , and with a single dial you can simultaneously change both of them in opposition , such that the total exposure stays constant . finally , for the brave there is
m
(
d6 . film processor function - - film processor function must be evaluated every morning before performing clinical examinations , after the processor has been turned on and has reached the required development temperature ; and at other times as required , such as after a replenishment rate change . facilities operating spotfilm equipment must also perform the following quality control tests on the film processing system .
offhand , if the film plays like pacific rim ( $ 37 million weekend / $ 101m domestic total ) , then it gets to $ 111m domestic . if it plays like teenage mutant ninja turtles ( $ 65m / $ 191m ) , then we ' re looking at a $ 119m domestic total . the arguable worst - case - scenario is a run like last year ' s out of the shadows ( $ 35m / $ 82m ) , which gives it a $ 93m domestic cume .
after establishing exposure brackets ( or stepped exposures ) with and without the filter ( s ) , the brackets can be compared to determine which steps match in density . for example , if a one - second exposure in white light produces a photomicrograph of a particular density and a 4 - second exposure with the selected filter produces the same density , then the exposure ( filter ) factor for that filter is 4 . when using a different specimen with the same filter , multiply the exposure of the specimen in white light by a factor of 4 to obtain the correct exposure . table 3 presents a listing of filter factors suggested for kodak technical pan black & white film , which is typical for films of this type .
kaffe i , et al . e speed dental films processed with rapid chemistry : a comparison with d - speed film .
changing the x - ray beam area ( or field of view , fov ) has relatively little effect on the entrance surface exposure but has a significant effect on the total amount of radiation delivered to the patient . the surface integral exposure is directly proportional to the beam area . a large beam will deliver more radiation to the body than a small beam if all other factors are equal .
in procedures in which the body section is separated from the receptor surface to achieve magnification , exposure can significantly increase because of the inverse - square effect . an air gap is also introduced , which reduces the amount of scattered radiation reaching the receptor . to compensate for this and to achieve the same film exposure , it is generally necessary to increase the x - ray machine output , which also increases exposure to the patient .
the selection of intensifying screens for a specific procedure involves a compromise between exposure and image blur or detail . the screens that require the least exposure generally produce more image blurring and less visibility of detail .
and is a work in progress . the exposure time is around 6 minutes and is taken with the
a reset control that must be activated manually before another irradiation under automatic exposure control can be made .
the tomatometer score — based on the opinions of hundreds of film and television critics — is a trusted measurement of critical recommendation for millions of fans . it represents the percentage of professional critic reviews that are positive for a given film or television show .
fixer must be adequately removed from the processed films . manufacturers ' instructions for film wash must be followed . fixer retention tests must be done on a regular basis . the fixer is responsible for stopping the development process by removing silver halide crystals remaining on the film . insufficient washing of films for the removal of fixer will result in staining of films and compromise film storage time .
john quinn directs total exposure with occasional verve , but lynn dahlgren and quinn ' s convoluted screenplay is tiresomely familiar . the acting is fine , including veteran leads hubley ( hardcore , vice squad ) and nouri ( flashdance , the hidden ) , and there are some spunky bit parts , especially by
the location where image processing is performed , i . e . , location of darkrooms , film storage area , computer workstations .
to reduce the radiation level to the film to 1 . 75 μgy ( 0 . 2 mr ) for weekly workloads of :
correlations matrix : pearson correlations between risk factors for suicide , film preferences , and socio - demographics ( n = 943 ) .
notice that the average radiation energy per transition ( 216 kev ) is less than the total transition energy ( 290 kev ) because we exclude the energy carried away from the body by the neutrinos .
to prevent saturation on film , you must empirically determine your linear range . to do this you need to serially dilute a known amount of your protein lysate , preform your western , and plot the quantitated density of these western blot bands against the amount you know you loaded . you should then find a linear line indicating where data is captured quantitatively . this is where you want to work . to fix any saturation problems , you can try loading less total protein , less primary antibody dilution , try a new antibody , or reduce the film exposure length .
the optical density of all processed films of three types was measured using spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450nm . the density of each film was measured at five different points ( a , b , c , d , e ) and mean optical density was calculated . for the standardization , the exposure time that resulted in optical density of two as recommended by iso 5799 - 1991 was selected for each film [ 6 ] . for all models of teeth , the resulting time for the evaluated radiographs were 0 . 32 sec for both kodak e speed and agfa dentus comfort m2 film and 0 . 5 sec for kodak ultraspeed film .
the good news is that you can photograph some aspect of the corona with almost any exposure you make . there is no one
correct
exposure . nevertheless , here are some guidelines for where to start .
new exposure time = standard time x ( standard n . a . / new n . a . )
new exposure time = 0 . 15 x 2 . 56 x 0 . 16 = 0 . 06 seconds
new exposure time = std time x ( std n . a . / new n . a . )
k = exposure per unit workload at unit distance , in r / ma - min at 1 metre .
name and release year of all movies included in the list to assess cumulative exposure to suicide in movies .
b . ralph chou , msc , od associate professor , school of optometry , university of waterloo adapted from nasa rp 1383 total solar eclipse of 1999 august 11 , april 1997 , p . 19 .
in practice , optimum exposure times for any particular film used in microscopy should be determined through experimentation , by conducting a test commonly known as exposure bracketing . bracketing , the exposure of a series of film frames at varying lengths of time with constant illumination , is typically done using color transparency or negative film , but may be applied to other types of film as well . start by selecting a specimen having a wide latitude of features including deep shadows and rich highlights , good color saturation , and a significant amount of contrast . adjust the microscope lamp voltage to the ideal level for photomicrography ( usually 8 . 5 to 9 volts for tungsten - halogen bulbs ) , ensure the microscope has been aligned for proper köhler illumination , and place any necessary neutral density , heat shielding , color balancing , and / or color compensating filters into the light path .
y1 . safelight test - - an evaluation must be made of the effects of the safelight on film optical density . a film strip exposed to an optical density of 1 . 2 units must not show an increase in optical density greater than 0 . 05 units in two minutes exposure to the darkroom light environment . facilities performing spotfilm must also perform this quality control test .
after exposure parameters have been determined under a set of controlled conditions using white light from the microscope lamp ( no filters present ) , a new set of parameters must be introduced to compensate exposure times when a filter is added . the amount of change in exposure time is commonly termed a filter factor , and almost always represents an increase in exposure time . filter factors are often published in literature accompanying the film , or they can be determined experimentally ( the best choice ) . the exposure time measured or calculated without a filter can be multiplied by the filter factor to determine the amount of exposure adjustment necessary when the filter is in place . when using an exposure meter to measure illumination intensity , remove all filters to avoid a non - uniform response by the photocell , which may not be equally sensitive to all wavelengths of the visible light spectrum . in practice , the best approach is to measure exposure times in white light , then apply either measured or calculated filter factors to determine exposures .
this phenomenon is called reciprocity failure , and it occurs in all color and black & white photographic emulsions regardless of film speed , dye composition , or silver halide concentration . the term
failure
only indicates that the linear relationship between exposure time and light intensity no longer holds and does not indicate a failure of the film emulsion in terms of performance . with classical film characteristic curves , the point of reciprocity failure can be determined by the position and shape of curved regions ( the toe and shoulder ) occurring to the left and right of the linear portion of the graphs illustrated in figures 1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . changes in film response to microscope illumination levels are sometimes referred to as long - exposure effects and short - exposure effects . under low - light conditions ( typical of fluorescence microscopy and polarized light microscopy at high magnifications ) , exposure times must often be extended to the point of significant film speed loss . extremely short exposures produce the same effect . most films also display an increase in scattering of exposed silver halide grains , the formation of smaller latent - image centers , and a lower rate of development at the latent - image centers with exceedingly short exposure times .
the displayed processor temperature must be checked to ensure agreement with the manufacturers ' recommended baseline level for the particular processor and film used .
the room must be light - tight . particular attention must be paid to the door seal and the mounting of the film processor if the film insertion to the processor is done through a wall . the darkroom should incorporate a lockable door or double doors to ensure light - tightness when undeveloped films are being handled . a film strip exposed to an optical density of 1 . 2 units must not show an increase in optical density greater than 0 . 05 units in two minutes exposure to the darkroom light environment .
ultraspeed required more exposure compared to e speed and agfa film . this finding in the study was correlating with the study where characteristic curves of the dental x - ray films , ultra speed , ekta - speed , deflux dentus and phil - x30 , all of which were used in finland and the absorption of radiation in the films with their protective wrappers were determined at the x - ray laboratory of the institute of radiation protection . the ekta - speed was about twice as sensitive as ultraspeed film at a net optical density of 1 . 0 . deflux was about 30 % sensitive than ultraspeed while phil x30 was about 20 % more sensitive than ultraspeed film . this study showed that ekta speed was twice as fast as ultraspeed with slightly lower contrast [ 12 ] . in our study kodak e speed film was most sensitive film whereas ultraspeed and agfa films were relatively less sensitive for the changes in the developing solution . the findings of this study with respect to ultraspeed film was correlating with other study where the diagnostic performance of ultraspeed , ektaspeed plus and agfa dentus m2 comfort film was compared in fresh as well as aged processing solution , in which it was found that ultraspeed was least sensitive film .
axial scan localization lights - - axial scan localization light accuracy is tested either by imaging a thin wire ( approximately 1 mm diameter ) or by using a needle to puncture holes in film at the positions of the laser lights and exposing the film using the smallest available scan width . the difference between the exposed areas on the film and the locations of the pin pricks must be less than ± 2 mm .
this study was conducted in the department of oral medicine and radiology , college of dental sciences , davangere from january to december 2009 . a total of 100 extracted unrestored permanent premolars ( 50 maxillary and 50 mandibular premolars ) were collected and preserved in formalin . the teeth were mounted in plaster of paris as close as possible to each other . three teeth in middle of each block were used in the study , the teeth at either end served to create natural contact points , i . e . only 60 ( 30 maxillary and 30 mandibular ) teeth were utilized . in total , 20 plaster blocks ( 10 sets ) for 100 teeth were constructed . for each radiograph two blocks were used simulating bitewing radiograph . radiographs were taken using kodak ultraspeed , kodak ektaspeed and agfa dentus m2 comfort film . the exposure was made by gendex at 65kvp and 7 . 5 ma . standardized exposure time was determined for each film .
in another section of this book called 5mf8 i will go in more detail on the ideal long exposure settings .
the determination of the integral dose , or total energy deposited , is rather straightforward . as illustrated in the following figure , the two factors that determine integral dose are ( 1 ) the total number of radioactive transitions that occur within the body and ( 2 ) the average energy emitted by each transition . the product of these two quantities is the total energy emitted by the radionuclide , excluding the energy carried away by the neutrino . if the radionuclide is located within the body , it can generally be assumed that most of the emitted energy will be absorbed by the body . this , however , depends on the penetrating characteristic of the radiation . if the emitted radiation is in the form of high - energy photons , some of the energy will escape from the body , but this will usually be a relatively small fraction of the total amount .
total solar eclipses , so beautiful to the eye and long captured on photographic film , are now being recorded on video . our collective experiences from videotaping the partial phases , diamond rings , and corona at the 1990 and earlier eclipses suggests a number of ideas and observations that others may find useful when planning for the 1991 eclipse in hawaii and mexico .
all images captured , whether on film or on digital imaging systems , must remain with the patient study unless they are rejected by the operator for valid predefined quality issues . all rejected images must be collected for use during routine rejection analysis . the facility must have a program established to prevent the total loss of any images without review for reject analysis .
both of the equations described above are very useful in calculating exposure time for photomicrography under a set of standardized conditions . in fact , these two equations can be combined to form one universal equation for a majority of exposure calculations :
sensitometer ( 21 steps optical attenuator with densities ranging from approximately 0 . 00 to 4 . 80 in steps of 0 . 15 ) accuracy : ± 0 . 02 log exposure units reproducibility : ± 0 . 02 log exposure units
following the lead of the international electrotechnical commission , the air kerma ( in gray , gy ) replaces the exposure ( in roentgen , r ) as the measure of exposure . the relationship between the two units is as follows :
[ 14 ] some photographers like to expose one extra stop during the thin crescent phases because the sun ' s limb is a little darker than disk center . this step is important only if you shoot slide film because it has a smaller exposure latitude .
the shape of a characteristic curve yields a significant amount of information about a particular film and the conditions used to process or develop the film . several features of a typical characteristic curve ( for black & white and color negative films ) are illustrated in figure 3 . the curve is generally divided into three distinct regions , a toe region to the left , a linear region in the center , and a shoulder region on the right . shapes and slopes of characteristic curves vary , depending upon exposure and processing conditions and the film emulsion characteristics .
contrast values corresponding to exposure time of 0 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 32 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 5 seconds were calculated using the formula c = d1 - d2 , where d1 - density of extreme black area and d2 - density of extreme light area . total of 5 contrast values were obtained .
if your camera does not have a spot meter ( and most don ' t ) , you will need to run a simple exposure test . set your equipment up on a sunny day . load your camera with the same kind of film you will use for the eclipse . use your solar filter to center the sun carefully in your lens or telescope focus . for telephoto lenses , open the aperture to its widest setting . shoot one exposure with every shutter speed you have from 1 / 15 through 1 / 1000 or 1 / 2000 . take notes so that you can identify the best exposure after your film is developed . write down the best exposure and tape it to your tripod or the side of your solar filter . it should include the film speed , f - number , and shutter speed - - for example ,
sun : iso 400 , f / 8 , 1 / 125 .
in this way the best exposure will be handy when you photograph the eclipse . the exposure doesn ' t change during the partial phases because the sun ' s surface brightness remains the same throughout the eclipse . [ 14 ]
ideal long exposure settings : the five minutes @ f / 8 . 0 long exposure rule – 5mf8™ le rule ( full version of this section only in the book from basics to fine art and in the upcoming video exploring vision )
on pairwise comparison of three films significant difference in densities were present when ektaspeed and ultraspeed films were compared . this difference was because of higher density of ultraspeed film . comparison between e - speed and agfa as well as between d - speed and agfa films were not significant . findings of this study suggest that ultraspeed had better density compared to ektaspeed and agfa film . these observations were correlating with other study where a comparative study was conducted for sensitometric evaluation of f speed film with ektaspeed plus and ultraspeed which showed that density reduces with increasing speed of the film [ 11 ] .
the ability to produce a radiograph of satisfactory diagnostic quality at an acceptable dose to the patient depends on the technique used when performing the examination , the appropriate selection of loading factors , the film - screen employed , the handling and processing of the film , and on the conditions of viewing the image . good image quality requires proper darkroom techniques , routine processor quality control monitoring , and careful adherence to film and processor manufacturers ' instructions .
fred espenak videotaped the total solar eclipse of 1995 october 24 from dundlod , india . the eclipse was captured on a sony hi - 8 handicam , and was digitized ( using adobe premiere ) and saved in two forms :
conclusion : all three films had equal diagnostic accuracy in fresh solution . considering the significant reduction in patient radiation with ektaspeed film , this should be the film of choice whenever possible . as far as the diagnosis of approximal caries is concerned processing solutions should not be used longer than 3 weeks .
safelights , fitted with bulbs of intensity not greater than 15 watts , must be provided above the work areas inside the darkroom . the safelight must have filters appropriate to the specifications of the film used and must be positioned at distances greater than 1 metre from work areas to minimize film fogging .
improper or careless processing of exposed radiographic films can result in films of poor diagnostic image quality and consequently increase the possibility of wrong diagnosis or requests for repeat x - ray examinations . to achieve full development , the film must be processed in chemically fresh developer , at the correct temperature and for sufficient time to ensure that the silver in exposed silver halide crystals in the film emulsion is completely reduced . if this is not done , the blackening of the film will not be optimum and the tendency will be to increase radiation exposure to achieve proper image density .