a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data .

blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached , based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents .

on retrieval , the calculation is repeated and , in the event the check values do not match , corrective action can be taken against data corruption .

crcs can be used for error correction , see bitfilters .

crcs are so called because the check ( data verification ) value is a redundancy ( it expands the message without adding information ) and the algorithm is based on cyclic codes .

crcs are popular because they are simple to implement in binary hardware , easy to analyze mathematically , and particularly good at detecting common errors caused by noise in transmission channels .

because the check value has a fixed length , the function that generates it is occasionally used as a hash function .

the crc was invented by w. wesley peterson in 1961 ; the 32-bit crc function of ethernet and many other standards is the work of several researchers and was published in 1975 .

cyclic redundancy check

helness , k . 1974 .
implementation of a parallel cyclic redundancy check generator .
one widely used parity bit based error detection scheme is the cyclic redundancy check or crc .
the first method for fixing the cyclic redundancy check error involves using the check disk utility , also known as chkdsk utility .
cyclic redundancy check ( incl . examples and step - by - step guide ) - computer networks
step 2 . recover data from ' cyclic redundancy check ' external hard drive , sd card , etc .
error detection only , e . g . using cyclic redundancy check [ crc ] codes or single parity bit
weisstein , eric w .
cyclic redundancy check .
from mathworld - - a wolfram web resource . urltoken
1 ) select the storage location that sends data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) and click
scan
button .
i ' m looking to understand the use of a cyclic redundancy check , in combination with the mathematics behind it .
download easeus data recovery wizard and learn how to fix ' drive not accessible , data error cyclic redundancy check ' or ' cannot initialize disk , data error cyclic redundancy check ' without destroying data . try the two steps all by yourselves to fix cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) on an external hard drive , sd card , raw , cd , dvd , etc .
this page describes crc or cyclic redundancy check . it covers crc32 , crc16 mainly used in wlan , wimax ieee standards .
my hdd scan produced an error report . which button do i press to repair the video file with a cyclic redundancy check ?
an _ 42534 at13214 : using cyclic redundancy check calculation unit ( crccu ) on sam4s | application notes | microchip technology inc .
data error ( cyclic redundancy check )
is reported in the backup exec job log during a failed backup / verify operation on tape .
how can you fix an external hdd that fails to initialize ? it gives data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) each time i try to fix it .
] t baicheva , s dodunekov and p kazakov ,
undetected error probability performance of cyclic redundancy - check codes of 16 - bit redundancy
, ieee proceedings on communications , 147 : 253 - 256 , october 2000 . [
storage device
% device %
reported an error on a request to write data to media . error reported : data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) .
download link - urltoken further information and manual repair - urltoken cyclic redundancy check is basically an error checking technique used for data verification . it is used by computers to specifically check the data stored in the hard drive or optical disks ( dvd’s and cd’s ) . the error code occurs due to the following reasons : cluttered hard disk registry corruption misconfigured files unsuccessful program installation if this error is not resolved , it can lead to serious consequences such as : - data loss - fatal crash - and system failure . solution : there are two easy ways to fix this error . method 1 run the chkdsk application . this is a built - in feature in your windows system . it checks for hard disk damage and attempts to resolve it . if not this method do not fix the error , try method 2 . method 2 install and run total system care . possibly the best and efficient way to resolve cyclic redundancy check error , is by using a repair tool like total system care . related errors : cyclic redundancy check error cyclic redundancy check fix data error cyclic redudancy check cyclic redudancy check example cyclic redudancy check dvd
1 . error control coding techniques cyclic redundancy check done by : eng . saleh alrkiyan | https : / / www . linkedin . com / in / salrkiyan information theory & coding
cyclic redundancy check is an error - detecting code used for data verification . when you get this error message , it means there is something wrong with the files or the hard drive .
welcome to our tutorial on how to fix the data error : cyclic redundancy check . in this tutorial article , you will find everything you will need to know about this data error .
in short , there is no standard cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) specification . worse , when unix cksum generates a crc value , it won ' t match any others besides its own .
in europe , crc - 4 is a multiframe system of cyclic redundancy checking that is required for switches on e - 1 lines .
what is cyclic redundancy check error that prevents us from copying files , accessing hard drive data or initializing a hard disk ? the cyclic redundancy check , or call it crc , is an error - detecting technology commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data . when there ' s a bad spot on the media of your hard disk , crc errors occur .
a cyclic redundancy check error can be triggered by many incidents that seem to be inevitable . for example , registry corruption , a cluttered hard disk , an unsuccessful program installation , or misconfigured files .
a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) is a data verification method your computer uses to check the data on your disks ( hard disks like your hard drive and optical disks like cds and dvds ) . a cyclic redundancy check error can be caused by several different issues : registry corruption , a cluttered hard disk , an unsuccessful program installation , or misconfigured files . regardless of the specific cause , the cyclic redundancy check error is a serious one and must be addressed to avoid potential data loss or even a total system failure system . luckily , there are a few simple ways to address this problem using ( free ) disk utility software . [ 1 ]
the name of this error comes from the method windows computers use to verify the data on your those disks . this method is known as cyclic redundancy check , often referred to by the acronym crc .
open the utility and run the scan . follow the instructions to run a scan on the drive that gave you the cyclic redundancy check error . the software should list all issues it finds in a short report .
the technology described in this patent document relates generally to generation of error codes suitable for use in computer processing systems . more particularly , systems and methods are disclosed for cyclic redundancy check implementations in data transmission systems .
a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) is based on division instead of addition . the error detection capabilities of a crc make it a much stronger checksum and , therefore , often worth the price of additional computational complexity .
these are really the best two ways of fixing the data error : cyclic redundancy check . if you would like to share your tips or leaving us any feedback , please write us a message in the comments section below .
check boxes to indicate if you’d like to do a basic check and repair or an advanced one - the default is the basic scan .
include enough redundancy to enable the receiver to correct any errors produced during transmission .
] guy castagnoli , stefan braeuer and martin herrman
optimization of cyclic redundancy - check codes with 24 and 32 parity bits
, ieee transact . on communications , vol . 41 , no . 6 , june 1993 . [
if there is valuable data you can ' t lose after performing chkdsk for ' cyclic redundancy check ' error fix , download easeus free data recovery software to recover data from an inaccessible hard drive and transfer data to a safe spot .
when you copy files to the hard drive , if you receive error message “data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) ” , don’t worry that you may lose the data . follow steps in this post , you’ll fix the error instantly .
chkdsk ( or
check disk
) is a built - in windows utility that will scan and repair your drive ' s errors . it has the ability to find and repair a number of small errors or file corruptions that may be causing the cyclic redundancy error . right click the drive you want to check , then click properties - > tools . under “error checking” click “check now” .
in digital communications a cyclic redunduncy check crc is an error detecting code that are used to protect a number of given bits similar to concept of parity bit .
you can learn how to run chkdsk utility in windows 10 , 8 or 7 to scan , find and repair the drive ' s errors or file corruptions that cause the cyclic redundancy check data error on sd card , external hard drive , etc .
this video shows that basic concept of cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) which it explains with the help of an example thank you guys for watching . if you liked it please leave a comment below it really helps to keep m going ! : )
2 . cyclic redundancy codes  cyclic redundancy codes ( crcs ) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks . unfortunately , many commonly used crc polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might . an exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published crc polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths .
the general crc generator block generates cyclic redundancy code ( crc ) bits for each input data frame and appends them to the frame . this block accepts a binary column vector input signal .
error detection or correction by redundancy in data representation , e . g . by using checking codes
find the drive that you would like to check and right click on in it .
i full definition ( except check ) ( section 13 . 1 , pp . 230–1 )
the cyclic redundancy check ( or crc ) , is a way to detect errors in data storage or transmission . with more and more data being transmitted over phone lines , the need for protocols that protect data from damage in transit as increased , but the theory behind crc generation is not well known .
from among all the different options available find check now under error checking and click on it .
be careful enough when such an error happen to you , especially when windows asks you to format the disk drive with crc error for a continuing use . there are 2 things you must do to remove the cyclic redundancy check data error from hdd , usb flash drive , sd card or other disk storage drive .
crc stands for cyclic redundancy check . it is an error - detecting code used to determine if a block of data has been corrupted . crcs are ubiquitous . they are present in many of the link layers that tcp / ip is used over . for instance , ethernet and wi - fi packets both contain crcs .
] glaise , r . j . ,
a two - step computation of cyclic redundancy code crc - 32 for atm networks
, ibm journal of research and development , volume 41 , number 6 , 1997 . [
i full definition ( except check ) ( section 3 . 1 . 1 , pp . 13–14 )
if the check disk utility does not work then you should try a third party free disk utility .
check with the tape drive manufacturer for diagnostic software to test the condition of the tape drive hardware .
when you select this check box , the object uses the direct algorithm for crc checksum calculations . when you clear this check box , the object uses the non - direct algorithm for crc checksum calculations .
3 . cyclic redundancy codes  the cyclic redundancy check , or crc , is a technique for detecting errors in digital data , but not for making corrections when errors are detected .  it is used primarily in data transmission . in the crc method , a certain number of check bits , often called a checksum , are appended to the message being transmitted .  the receiver can determine whether or not the check bits agree with the data , to ascertain with a certain degree of probability whether or not an error occurred in transmission . if an error occurred , the receiver sends a “negative acknowledgement” ( nak ) back to the sender , requesting that the message be retransmitted .  the technique is also sometimes applied to data storage devices , such as a disk drive .
peterson , w . w . and d . t . brown . 1961 . cyclic codes for error detection .
on the asymptotic badness of cyclic codes with block - lengths composed from a fixed set of prime fact . . .
a crc is a form of integrity checksum . it is a powerful method for detecting errors in the received data is by grouping the bytes of data into a block and calculating a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) . this is usually done by the data link protocol and calculated crc is appended to the end of the data link layer frame .
i believe your doubt is not really related to crc but with cyclic codes ( on which crc are based ) , more specifically with the construction of systematic cyclic codes . this is explained in any textboox . here ' s a summary .
i full definition ( except check ) ; pseudocode ( section 3 . 2 . 1 , pp . 13–4 )
so if there is a driver error the check disk utility will not only find it but also fix it .
when you select this check box , the block flips the crc checksums around their centers after the input data are completely through the shift register . when you clear this check box , the block does not flip the crc checksums .
. . . error detection and correction enable identification and correction of the corrupted data in unpredictable communication channels . zigbee , z - wave , uwb , wifi , and bluetooth use cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) [ 15 , 16 ] to validate the packets . here a certain number of bits are ( checksum ) are appended to the message being transmitted . . . .
error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation , i . e . code words containing more digits than the source words
error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation , i . e . code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes , i . e . a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
. . . this will probably introduce errors to the transmitted bits . most solutions ( zigbee , z - wave , uwb , wifi , and bluetooth ) use cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) [ 20 , 21 ] to validate that the packet was not contaminated in transmission . here a certain number of bits are ( checksum ) appended to the message being transmitted . . . .
this error affects computers trying to access disks . these disks could either be dvds , blu - ray disks , cds ( what we normally refer to as optical disks ) ; or your hard drive ( what is normally known as a hard disk ) . the cyclic redundancy check error happens when there is a problem whereby your computer is not able to verify the data on your disks .
i full definition ( except check ) ( section 6 . b . 3 . 1 . 1 , p . 2600–1 )
karnaugh map of the most common 16 - bit crcs , with check values and algorithm citations . all values are hexadecimal .
my 1tb seagate free agent goflex has some error in opening the disk . first it asks me to format the drive before being able to use it . of course , i won ' t format it because it ' s full of data . after that canceling that dialog , an error message will appear saying :
drive is not accessible : data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) .
cyclic redundancy checking is a method of checking for errors in data that has been transmitted on a communications link . a sending device applies a 16 - or 32 - bit polynomial to a block of data that is to be transmitted and appends the resulting cyclic redundancy code ( crc ) to the block . the receiving end applies the same polynomial to the data and compares its result with the result appended by the sender . if they agree , the data has been received successfully . if not , the sender can be notified to resend the block of data .
optimal binary cyclic redundancy - check codes with 16 parity bits ( crc - 16 codes ) are presented and compared to those in existing standards for minimum - distance , undetected - error probability on binary symmetric channels ( bscs ) and properness . the codes in several cases are seen to be superior at block lengths of practical interest when they are used on low - noise bscs . the optimum minimum . . . [ show full abstract ]
4 . data storing  data are stored in bytes , which consist of 8 bits each . thus any set of data can be considered as sequence of bytes or bits . in computer communication usually the bits are considered to be independent and a bit sequence is limited by the size of data blocks ( or frames , packets , datagrams etc . ) . thus we consider the problem to check whether a finite sequence of bits is changed unintentionally , e . g . by transmission errors or faulty memories .  cyclic redundancy check performs a special operation that can be interpreted as polynomial division . the residual of this division is used as redundancy information and we will explore in this paper which types of errors can be detected by this method .
adding special bits or symbols to the coded information , e . g . parity check , casting out 9 ' s or 11 ' s
the cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) error is generic in nature and can be caused by numerous factors . typically this means that a tape read / write error has occurred . this is usually caused by dirty read / write heads in the tape drive . clean the tape drive and try the job again . if the problem persists , consider trying a different tape . finally , the problem could be with cabling , termination or other hardware issue .
the mathematics behind crcs initially appears daunting , but it doesn’t have to be . the idea is given a block of n bits , let’s compute a checksum of a sort to see if the n bits were damaged in some way , for instance by transit over a network . the extra data we transmit with this checksum is the “redundancy” part of crc , and the second c just means this is a “check” to see if the data are corrupted ( as opposed to an ecc code , which both detects and corrects errors ) . the cyclic part means it uses cyclic codes , which is where people tend to get lost in the math . if you look at the wikipedia page for cyclic codes , it starts by discussing galois field arithmetic and goes uphill from there .
. . . to be specific , pdcch carries the resource scheduling information to decode the data channel ( e . g . , resource assignment , modulation order , code rate ) . on top of these , cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) is added to test the decoding error [ 12 ] . since the crc bit stream is scrambled with a user index ( called radio network temporary identifier ) , only scheduled user can pass the crc test . . . .
i full definition ( except check ) ( section 2 . 1 . 1 . 5 . 1 . 2 , pp . 2 - 44–5 )
cyclic redundancy codes ( crcs ) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks . unfortunately , many commonly used crc polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might . an exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published crc polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths .
the itu - ts ( ccitt ) has a standard for a 16 - bit polynomial to be used to obtain the cyclic redundancy code ( crc ) that is appended . ibm ' s synchronous data link control and other protocols use crc - 16 , another 16 - bit polynomial . a 16 - bit cyclic redundancy code detects all single and double - bit errors and ensures detection of 99 . 998 % of all possible errors . this level of detection assurance is considered sufficient for data transmission blocks of 4 kilobytes or less . for larger transmissions , a 32 - bit crc is used . the ethernet and token ring local area network protocols both used a 32 - bit crc .
cyclic redundancy checks fall into the same category as parity bits , check digits , and checksums : their use is to detect transmission errors . depending on the error model assumed ( i . e . , what types of transmission errors are to be expected , which typically depends on the transmission media ) , different forms of checking are appropriate . before starting to look at crcs per se , we thus look at the other mechanisms first , which also help introducing a few concepts with illustrative examples .
cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) is a widely used technique for detecting errors in digital data , and is suitably used in data transmission , data storage and algorithms for the selection of processing cores in multi - core processor devices , for example . a crc code typically is computed through binary polynomial division using a computational device that performs a calculation on a first part of the message and then provides the result from the initial calculation as feedback to itself for a subsequent calculation on a second part of the message .
. . . one may find method developed by t . fujiwara et al . ( 1985 ) for efficiently computing the minimum distance of shortened hamming codes using the weight distribution of their dual codes is extended to treat arbitrary shortened cyclic codes . using this method implemented on a high - speed special - purpose processor , several classes of cyclic redundancy - check ( crc ) codes with 24 and 32 parity bits are investigated [ 6 ] . also philip koopman et al has identified a set of 35 new polynomials in addition to 13 previously published polynomials that provides good performance for 3 - to 16 - bit crcs for data word lengths up to 2048 bits [ 3 ] . . . .
to repair the drive , you can run a windows utility : chkdsk . chkdsk can check the integrity of your hard disk and can fix various system errors .
if you are familiar with the parity bit sometimes used in uart communication , you know something about error detection . but the parity bit is a rather pathetic error - detection mechanism ; actually , as far as i can tell , most of the error - detection methods are more or less pathetic compared to the cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) , which has clearly emerged as the dominant approach—some big names in digital communication ( including can , usb , and ethernet ) use a crc as part of their data - transfer protocol .
cyclic redundancy check is a method of searching for errors in a communications system . i ' m mr . woo and my channel is all about learning - i love doing it , and i love helping others to do it too . i guess that ' s why i became a teacher ! i hope you get something out of these videos - i upload almost every weekday , so subscribe to find out when there ' s something new ! for categorised playlists : urltoken main channel : urltoken discussion : urltoken worksheets and other resources : urltoken
. . . if all of the detected errors can be corrected by retransmission , even with a high 10 −8 raw physical channel ber , better than 10 −25 residual ber can be achieved when it is used for error detection only . cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) codes , on the other hand , can create larger hamming distances 21 2223 , and therefore are more powerful in error detection . the undetected error probabilities at various packet sizes and crc code sizes are shown in figs . 5 , 6 , and 7 . . . .
use the manufacturer ' s scsi setup program to lower the scsi transfer rate . check with the controller and backup device manufacturer for the proper configuration for scsi transfer rate .
the cyclic redundancy check is a way to detecting small changes in blocks of data . error detection is especially important when computer programs are transmitted or stored , because an error of even one bit ( perhaps out of hundreds of thousands ) is often sufficient to make a program faulty . although a few errors in a text file might be acceptable ( since the text can be reedited when received or recovered ) , an error - free file is preferable . an error - correcting protocol triggered by crc error - detection can provide this accuracy at low cost .
press , w . h . ; flannery , b . p . ; teukolsky , s . a . ; and vetterling , w . t .
cyclic redundancy and other checksums .
ch . 20 . 3 in numerical recipes in fortran : the art of scientific computing , 2nd ed . cambridge , england : cambridge university press , pp . 888 - 895 , 1992 .
] are shortened cyclic codes used for error detection . a number of crc codes have been adopted in standards : atm , iec , ieee , ccitt , ibm - sdlc , and more [
] j . k . wolf and dexter chun ,
the single burst error detection performance of binary cyclic codes
, ieee transactions on communications com - 42 : 11 - 13 , january 1994 .
as another example , a method is provided for calculating a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) code for a message in a data stream . a message including a first data block and a second data block is received . the first data block of the message is received at a first crc calculator . a first crc value is calculated based at least in part on the first data block , and provided to a second crc calculator for calculating a second crc value based on the second data block of the message and the first crc value , the second crc calculator being different from the first crc calculator .
use the manufacturer ' s scsi setup program to disable synchronous negotiation on the scsi controller card . check with the controller and backup device manufacturer for the proper configuration for scsi synchronous negotiation .
an important suggestion is to make sure that you backup everything on your computer before using the check disk utility , particular if you think that your hard drive is old and possibly almost done .
to further check this , i created some more test files with very different contents . the hypothesis still seemed to hold up - - the xorout values required for a particular length was always the same .
the bit operations change slightly : moving the input byte into the msb of crc requires now a shift by 24 . also the check for the most significant bit uses a different mask of 0x8000000 instead of 0x8000 .
high - speed digital data can be transmitted on voice telephone systems such as autovon . autovon will pass digital data at 4800 b / s and 9600 b / s using the state - of - the - art codex modem at bit error rates of the order of 0 . 0001 to 0 . 00001 . errors on the autovon channel can be modeled by markov chains , and these models can be used for the design of cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) polynomial codes . the performance of three crc codes is calculated , and , within the limits of the data sample size , their performance is demonstrated to be consistent with results obtained from the raw - error - pattern data by simulation .
when you select this check box , the block flips the input data on a bytewise basis prior to entering the data into the shift register . for this application , the input frame length ( and any current input frame length for variable - size signals ) divided by the value for the checksums per frame parameter must be a multiple of eight . when you clear this check box , the block does not flip the input data .
a crc error indicates that some data in your zip file ( . zip or . zipx ) is damaged . crc stands for cyclic redundancy check . it is a calculation made from all the data in a file to insure accuracy . when you add a file to a zip file , winzip calculates a crc value for the file and saves the value in the zip file . when you later extract the file from the zip file , winzip calculates the crc of the extracted file and compares it to the value stored when the file was zipped . if these two crc values do not match , the file that was extracted does not match the original file , and winzip will display a crc error message .
can data frames and remote frames contain a safeguard based on a crc polynomial : the transmitter calculates a check sum from the transmitted bits and provides the result within the frame in the crc field . the receivers use the same polynomial to calculate the check sum from the bits as seen on the bus - lines . the self - calculated check sum is compared with the received on . if it matches , the frame is regarded as correctly received and the receiving node transmits a dominant state in the ack slot bit , overwriting the recessive state of the transmitter . in case of a mismatch , the receiving node sends an error frame after the ack delimiter .
a backup storage read / write error has occurred . if the storage is tape based , this is usually caused by dirty read / write heads in the tape drive . clean the tape drive , and then try the job again . if the problem persists , try a different tape . you may also need to check for problems with cables , termination , or other hardware issues . if the storage is disk based , check that the storage subsystem is functioning properly . review any system logs or vendor specific logs associated with the storage to help determine the source of the problem . you may also want to check any vendor specific documentation for troubleshooting recommendations .
adding special bits or symbols to the coded information , e . g . parity check , casting out 9 ' s or 11 ' s to protect a block of data words , e . g . crc or checksum
0xe00084c7 - a backup storage read / write error has occurred . if the storage is tape based , this is usually caused by dirty read / write heads in the tape drive . clean the tape drive , and then try the job again . if the problem persists , try a different tape . you may also need to check for problems with cables , termination , or other hardware issues . if the storage is disk based , check that the storage subsystem is functioning properly . review any system logs or vendor specific logs associated with the storage to help determine the source of the problem . you may also want to check any vendor specific documentation for troubleshooting recommendations .
$ g ( x ) $ is should be called the generator . all the polynomials $ q ( x ) g ( x ) $ are codewords , i . e . words of the cyclic code generated by $ g ( x ) $ .
in accordance with the teachings described herein , systems and methods are provided for calculating a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) code for a message . a system includes a first crc calculator and a second crc calculator . the first crc calculator is configured to receive a first data block of the message , and to calculate a first crc value based at least in part on the first data block , the message including the first data block and a second data block . the second crc calculator is configured to receive the first crc value and the second data block of the message , and to calculate a second crc value based on the first crc value and the second data block , the second crc calculator being different from the first crc calculator .
in accordance with the teachings described herein , systems and methods are provided for calculating a cyclic redundancy check ( crc ) code for a message in a data stream . an example system includes a first crc calculator and a second crc calculator . the first crc calculator is configured to receive a first data block of the message and to calculate a first crc value based at least in part on the first data block , the message including the first data block and a second data block . the second crc calculator is configured to receive the first crc value and the second data block of the message and to calculate a second crc value based on the first crc value and the second data block , the second crc calculator being different from the first crc calculator .
i tried the very first step mentioned , but after unmounting that particular disk drive for the disk check - up it is not readable anymore . there ' s lot of important data in it , so a help would be good ?
crc ( cyclic redundancy check ) is a checksum algorithm to detect inconsistency of data , e . g . bit errors during data transmission . a checksum , calculated by crc , is attached to the data to help the receiver to detect such errors . refer also to [ 1 ] for a short or to [ 4 ] for a very detailed crc introduction . crc is based on division . the actual input data is interpreted as one long binary bit stream ( divident ) which is divided by another fixed binary number ( divisor ) . the remainder of this division is the checksum value . however , reality is a bit more complicated . the binary numbers ( divident and divisor ) are not treated as normal integer values , but as binary polyonimals where the actual bits are used as coefficients .
so an extra 4 bytes from somewhere were being included in the crc . to check this , i added another 4 zero bytes to the end of my difference file and ran pycrc over it . this time , i got the correct checksum .
the cksum program processes a representation of the input stream length following the input . it returns 930766865 ( 0x377a6011 ) on the check string , processed internally as 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 09 . see the definition for details .
it isn’t perfect—it only detects certain errors that it was designed to check . ( specifically , the parity bit successfully detects all one - bit errors in each 7 - bit block of data , but potentially can fail if worse data corruption occurs . )
please check attribution section for author of this document ! this article was written by filipg @ urltoken [ mailto ] . the most recent version is available on the www server http : / / www . urltoken / filipg / [ copyright ] [ disclaimer ]
the method developed by t . fujiwara et al . ( 1985 ) for efficiently computing the minimum distance of shortened hamming codes using the weight distribution of their dual codes is extended to treat arbitrary shortened cyclic codes . using this method implemented on a high - speed special - purpose processor , several classes of cyclic redundancy - check ( crc ) codes with 24 and 32 parity bits are investigated . the crc codes of each class are known to have the same minimum distance d < sub > min . l < / sub > in a certain range l of block lengths n , and within each class that crc code has been determined the minimum distance of which exceeds d < sub > min . l < / sub > up to the largest block length . the d < sub > min < / sub > profiles of the resulting codes are presented and compared with the d < sub > min < / sub > profiles of recent suggestions of p . merkey and e . c . posner ( 1984 ) , as well as with the d < sub > min < / sub > profile of the widely used 32 parity - bit standard code recommended in ieee - 802
q - ary cyclic codes of rate r≥r and with blocklength \ ( n = p _ 1 ^ { \ alpha _ 1 } \ ldots p _ s ^ { \ alpha _ s } \ ) composed from a fixed finite set of primes s = { p1 , . . . , ps } are shown to have a minimum distance dmin which is upper bounded by a function d ( s , r ) . hence , cyclic codes with blocklengths such that all prime factors are in s and which have rate r≥r are asymptotically bad in the sense that for . . . [ show full abstract ]
there are two most common error detection techniques one is parity check and the other is cyclic redundancy check or crc . by this method we can identify that the received packet is correctly received without any error or received incorrectly with error . suppose we need to transmit k bytes , in this case , few of the bytes are appended to k bytes which say make up n bytes , these n bytes are transmitted instead of k bytes and at the receiver crc is calculated and compared with the transmitted crc and hence error detection decision is made at the receiver . there are many ways one can implement this , such as modulo 2 arithmetic operations , polynomial method and digital logic method . in modulo 2 method , modulo 2 sum of k bytes is calculated and appended at last as checksum and at the receiver the same last byte is compared with calculated checksum of received bytes . the most popular crc method used in today ' s wireless technologies are based on polynomial method . there are various crc polynomials as mentioned below such as crc32 , crc16 . they are used in wireless communication systems such as mobile wimax ( ofdma ) and fixed wimax ( ofdm ) implementations and in networking protocol implementations .
status of this memo this memo provides information for the internet community . it does not specify an internet standard of any kind . distribution of this memo is unlimited . copyright notice copyright ( c ) the internet society ( 2002 ) . all rights reserved . abstract in this memo , we attempt to give some estimates for the probability of undetected errors to facilitate the selection of an error detection code for the internet protocol small computer system interface ( iscsi ) . we will also attempt to compare cyclic redundancy checks ( crcs ) with other checksum forms ( e . g . , fletcher , adler , weighted checksums ) , as permitted by available data .
check value [ optional ] : this value is not required but often specified to help to validate the implementation . this is the crc value of input string
123456789
or as byte array : [ 0x31 , 0x32 , 0x33 , 0x34 , 0x35 , 0x36 , 0x37 , 0x38 , 0x39 ] .
verdict : to check files in a zip archive against files on box using the crc in zip , we ' ll need to use a utility that can calculate the
crc32b ” variant for a file ( php ' s hash _ file ( ) would work , but it will load the whole file into memory ) .
advanced design techniques ensure reliable operation under extreme conditions while stripping away complexity and advancing ease - of - use , the gigepack provides three key elements : certified products , free drivers and copy - ready evaluation boards , and microchip’s free lancheck ® design check service . together , they ensure interoperability , rapid development and robust board design .
in some protocols the packet header changes frequently . if the crc includes the changing part , the crc will have to be recomputed . this raises two issues : - the complete computation is expensive - the packet is not protected against unwanted changes between the last check and the recomputation fortunately , changes in the header do not imply a need for completed crc computation . the reason is the linearity of the crc function . namely , with i1 and i2 denoting two equal - length blocks of information bits , crc ( i ) denoting the crc check bits calculated for i , and + denoting bitwise modulo - 2 addition , we have crc ( i1 + i2 ) = crc ( i1 ) + crc ( i2 ) .
you do not need to download or install anything because the check disk utility is included in windows computer . this utility exists for scanning and repairing any errors affecting the drive . there is an alternative for mac computers , known as the disk utility but this error is a lot less common on mac computers , so we are just going to focus on windows machines .
a binary $ ( n , k ) $ cyclic code has $ 2 ^ k $ codewords , they correspond to a binary polynomial $ c ( x ) $ of degree less than $ n $ . a particular code is specified by a generator polynomial $ g ( x ) $ , which must be of degree $ n - k $ and must be a factor of $ x ^ n + 1 $ .
error correction goes way back in computing . one of the first things i ran into while understanding the ascii character set was parity . the seven - bit ascii character set in some computers used the 8th bit as a check bit to see if the character had been transmitted correctly . if the character had an odd number of ones in the lower 7 bits , the 8th bit was set to a 1 , otherwise 0 .
crcs are essentially systematic cyclic codes , in which the parity length $ n - k $ is relatively small ( typically 16 or 32 ) and $ n $ is large ( say $ n = 2 ^ { 15 } - 1 = 32767 $ ) ; however , one does not usually code the full length block , but a smaller message of arbitrary length , to which the computed parity bits will be appended . as explained here , this is mathematically equivalent to assuming that the unused bits of the total block are zero .
if you decide to go ahead with the scan and repair you may find out that it does not work . if this is the case , you should try to access the check disk utility by looking for it under your programs and clicking on it ; or access it via the command prompt . in order to do this , you will need to find the command prompt program , usually under accessories . for this to work , however , you will need to have administrator privileges .
because the left side is a multiple of $ g ( x ) $ , that must be one of the codewords of our cyclic code ( equivalent to the previous one ; but , mind you , it ' s not the same : it has the same codewords , but mapped to different input messsages ) . this code has the nice property of being the concatenation of the original raw message $ m ( x ) $ shifted $ n - k $ positions , and the
parity polynomial
$ p ( x ) $ ( degree less than $ n - k $ ) .
] , which seems pretty good . but for a single additional byte , the crc technique is about 460 times less likely to let an error pass undetected . in practice , the difference is much greater because the crc will detect all cases of just a few errors , and these cases are most common . the cost is a 2 - byte crc value in every block . for example , the xmodem protocol sends data in 128 - byte blocks ; these blocks can be crc error - checked with an additional two bytes - - an error - check overhead of about 1 . 5 percent [
if the problem is caused by an optical disk , such as a dvd or a cd , you should remove the disk and check it for scratches . if the disk does not seem to be scratched , then it is probably dirty , in which case you will need to dust it off . if you have never done this , grab a soft cloth and clean the disk gently but thoroughly ( make sure that the cloth is dry ) . if the disk is scratched , however , it is probably beyond repair , in which case you could just try buying a new one and disposing of the damaged one .
. . . thereby , the hamming - code implementation can correct multi - bit errors , in particular , all burst errors up to the length of a machine word ( 32 bit in our case ) . besides burst errors , the crc variants ( seetable 2 ) cover all possible 2 - bit and 3 - bit errors in objects smaller than 256 mib by the crc - 32 / 4 code [ 29 ] . all implementations use the wait - free synchronization algorithm from section 4 . additionally , we integrated a check of virtual - function table pointers into the gop , similar to [ 30 ] . . . .
] extended fujiwara ' s technique for efficiently calculating the minimum distance through the weight distribution of the dual code and explored a large number of crc codes with 24 and 32 redundancy bit . they explored several codes built as a multiplication of several lower degree irreducible polynomials . in the popular class of ( x + 1 ) * deg31 - irreducible - polynomial they explored 47000 polynomials ( not all the possible ones ) . the best they found has d = 6 up to block lengths of 5275 and d = 4 up to 2 ^ 31 - 1 ( bits ) . the investigation was done in 1993 with a special purpose processor . by comparison , the ieee - 802 code has d = 4 up to at least 64 , 000 bits ( fujikura stopped looking at 12 , 144 ) and d = 3 up to 2 ^ 32 - 1 bits .
we thought that we might be able to take advantage of these two pre - computed checksums , since we would be able to quickly tell if a file uploaded via zip - uploading was likely identical to an existing file in the same location ( note : it’s not a good idea to rely on crc checks entirely , due to the possibility of collisions ) . we were going to check the crcs of files in the target location against crcs stored in the zip header as the files were extracted . we expected that unix cksum would generate the same kind of crc32 that zip does . however , this was not true - cksum says it generates crcs the way ethernet does in its man page , which is different than zip . the crazy part of this puzzle is that cksum actually generates crc32 checksums that match no crc specification at all , including ethernet’s .
] measured the weights of all words of all shortened versions of the ieee 802 . 3 code of 32 check bits . this code is generated by a primitive polynomial of degree 32 : g ( x ) = x ^ 32 + x ^ 26 + x ^ 23 + x ^ 22 + x ^ 16 + x ^ 12 + x ^ 11 + x ^ 10 + x ^ 8 + x ^ 7 + x ^ 5 + x ^ 4 + x ^ 2 + x + 1 and hence the designed distance of it is only 3 . this distance holds for codes as long as 2 ^ 32 - 1 . however , the frame format of the mac ( media access control ) of the data link layer in ieee 802 . 3 , as well as that of the data link layer for the ethernet ( 1980 ) forbid lengths exceeding 12 , 144 bits . thus , only such bounded lengths are investigated in [
that the sequence of powers of alpha , the root of p ( x ) , which are roots of g ( x ) , includes three consecutive powers - - alpha ^ 0 , alpha ^ 1 , alpha ^ 2 ) . hence , every 3 single bit errors are detectable . wolf found that different shortened versions of a given code , of the same codeword length , perform the same ( independent of which specific indexes are omitted from the original code ) . he also found that for the unshortened codes , all primitive polynomials yield codes of the same performance . but for the shortened versions , the choice of the primitive polynomial does make a difference . wolf [ wolf94j ] found a primitive polynomial which ( when multiplied by x + 1 ) yields a generating polynomial that outperforms the ccitt one by an order of magnitude . for 32 - bit redundancy bits , he found an example of two polynomials that differ in their probability of undetected burst of length 33 by 4 orders of magnitude . it so happens , that for some shortened codes , the minimum distance , or the distribution of the weights , is better than for others derived from different unshortened codes . baicheva , et . al . [
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 / / en
urltoken
. this chapter defines the signature and the basic properties of chunks . individual chunk types are discussed in the next chapter .


men without women is an american 1930 pre-code drama film directed and written by john ford , from the script by james kevin mcguinness .

the film also starred kenneth mackenna , frank albertson , and j. farrell macdonald .

the sound version is now lost .

only a print of the " international sound version " , held by the museum of modern art , survives .

men without women ( film )

women without men has compelling stretches , but the film ' s formal concerns overwhelm the storytelling .
men without women ( 1930 ) , black & white , 73 minutes , not rated .
men without women ( 1930 ) , black & white , 72 minutes , not rated .
this manufactured - on - demand dvd - r is our recommended home video edition of men without women .
the actress shabnam tolouei in “women without men , ” directed by shirin neshat from the novel by shahrnush parsipur .
shabnam tolouei plays one of four women from different social strata who seek out a healing zone in “women without men . ’’ ( indiepix films )
women without men : a novel of modern iran and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more
women without men is showing with a new short film entitled sunday , by roger hyams and narrated by bill nighy , a piece composed of still images depicting a journey through an unfamiliar london .
this poorly - produced dvd - r edition is , thankfully , no longer the only known dvd home video edition of men without women . we recommend the fox edition above .
the best moments still have rough power and an adamant belief that sisterhood is a critical element of women’s freedom and that women’s freedom is a critical element of human freedom . the film is dedicated to those who have died in a century of struggle for democracy in iran ; “women without men’’ looks forward with both anger and hope .
a modern literary masterpiece , women without men creates an evocative and powerfully drawn allegory of life in contemporary iran . internationally acclaimed writer shahrnush parsipur follows the interwoven destinies of five women including a prostitute , a wealthy middle - aged housewife and a schoolteacher as they arrive by different paths to live together in a garden in tehran . shortly after the 1989 publication of women without men in her native iran , parsipur was arrested and jailed for her frank and defiant portrayal of women ' s sexuality .
women without men
is a modern - day golden girls , shot in the style of curb your enthusiasm . the show is about a group of female friends who were once married and had decent careers ; but who now find themselves without any significant men in their lives , and their careers are no longer what they used to be .
“women without men” conveys the slightly detached formality of a pageant , whose four main characters , iranian women from different classes and backgrounds , have more symbolic weight than flesh - and - blood reality . it was filmed in morocco , with casablanca doubling for 1950s tehran .
ab 10 . 9 . 2010 im kino . ein film von shirin neshat , shoja azari . women without men ist der erste spielfilm der international renommierten video - künstlerin shirin neshat . im september vergangenen jahres erhielt sie hierfür beim 66 . internationalen filmfestival von venedig den silbernen löwen für die beste regie und den preis der unicef . weitere infos zum film auf urltoken ( c ) polyfilm verleih
women without men ,
chronicles the intertwining lives of four iranian women during the summer of 1953 ; a cataclysmic moment in iranian history when an american led , british backed coup d ' état brought down the democratically elected prime minister , mohammad mossadegh , and reinstalled the shah to power .
loosely adapted from a magical realist novel by shahrnush parsipur , who appears briefly as the brothel’s stridently bossy madam , “women without men” is set in august 1953 , when an anglo - american - backed coup d’état toppled mohammed mossadegh’s democratically elected government and installed the shah as dictator . the number of women has been reduced from five in the novel to four in the film .
shirin neshat ' s women without men is an adaptation of shahrnush parsipur ' s magic realist novel of the same name . shirin neshat is an iranian artist who ' s first feature length film women without men was nominated for golden lion award . women without men chronicles the intertwining lives of four iranian women during the summer of the 1953 coup d tat . the 1953 iranian islamic revolution a cataclysmic moment in history when an american led , british backed mission led to the over throw of prime minister , mohammad mossadegh , and reinstalled the shah to power . over the course of several days four disparate women in the middle east from the iranian culture are brought together against the backdrop of political and social chaos . as the political turmoil swells in the streets of tehran , each woman seeks to be liberated from her predicament . it is only a matter of time before the world outside the walls of unrest seep into the lives of these four women as their country ' s history takes a tragic turn .
women without men
is a modern - day golden girls , shot in the style of curb your enthusiasm . the show is about a group of female friends who were once married and had decent careers ; but . . . see full summary »
women
recalls the adventurous foreign films of an earlier era . audiences will continue to discuss and debate the film long after it reaches its poignant conclusion .
every frame of “women without men” and every image within those frames attest to the background of its first - time director , shirin neshat , as a photographer celebrated for her explorations of islamic gender issues . this visually transfixing film , which originated as a video installation , has the feel of an exhibition of ms . neshat’s work whose figures have stirred to life to play out a tragic feminist allegory .
a must - see film ! this film is enthralling for its visual beauty as well as its seventh seal - like imagery . the cast delivers powerful , nuanced performances , and the score is equally strong .
a poetic , impressionistic portrait of four women tangentially caught up in the political turmoil .
ms . neshat , who lives and works in new york , continued to visit iran until she was banned from the country in 1996 for the political content of her work . since 1998 , she has collaborated with her husband , shoja azari , a video artist and filmmaker , with whom she wrote the screenplay for “women without men . ”
the film is not designed as social realism . the novel by shahrnush parsipur ( who plays the madam in the brothel ) is a work of magical realism , and the film incorporates intriguing flights of fantasy when dealing with the women ' s commune in the forest . even the visual palette reflects these leaps into fantasy .
‘women without men’’ takes place in 1953 , during the civic unrest surrounding the cia - backed overthrow of iran’s prime minister , mohammad mossadegh . really , though , that’s a dodge . shirin neshat’s film , a magical - realist cry from the heart , is as up - to - date as last year’s pro - democracy protests . “all we wanted was to find a new form , a new way , ’’ muses one of the characters on the soundtrack . “everything repeats itself over time . ’’
the tomatometer score — based on the opinions of hundreds of film and television critics — is a trusted measurement of critical recommendation for millions of fans . it represents the percentage of professional critic reviews that are positive for a given film or television show .
director shirin neshat was born in iran , but her controversial photographs and experimental videos have made it impossible for her to return ; she now lives in new york . neshat ' s first feature ,
women without men ,
looks back at the crucial moment in 1953 when democratically elected president mohammed mossadegh was overthrown in a coup engineered by england and the u . s . this beautifully made film ( which won the best director award at last year ' s venice film festival ) is the very definition of an art house movie with limited appeal , but its political import gives it added talking points that will draw attention .
a surreal visual feast , women without men was widely praised for its cinematography upon its release and shirin neshat won the silver lion at the 2009 venice film festival for best directing . neshat was born in iran but left for the united states in 1979 just before the islamic revolution and has been banned from even visiting her home country since 1996 . a visual artist and photographer as well as a filmmaker , neshat’s work explores notions of femininity in relation to the social , cultural and religious codes of islamic societies .
between these heroines high and low is munis ( shabnam tolouei ) , a fiercely intelligent woman aching to take part in the street protests but forbidden to leave the house by her brother ( essa zahir ) . she haunts “women without men’’ like a guilty conscience , willing herself into political actions available to few iranian women in 1953 . her meek friend faezeh ( pegah ferydoni ) fears munis’s boldness until her own crisis propels her toward the orchard and a growing awareness of the forces arrayed against her .
born in iran in 1946 , shahrnush parsipur began her career as a fiction writer and producer at iranian national television and radio . she was imprisoned for nearly five years by the islamist government without being formally charged . shortly after her release , she published women without men and was arrested and jailed again , this time for her frank and defiant portrayal of women ' s sexuality . while still banned in iran , the novel became an underground bestseller there , and has been translated into many languages around the world . she is also the author of touba and the meaning of night , among many other books , and now lives in exile in northern california .
the director is a celebrated iranian photographer making her debut feature , and “women without men’’ features crystalline shot compositions that seem to rise out of an alternately troubled and serene dreamscape . at times the beauty of the visuals work against the defiant unprettiness of the message , though , and you may sense that neshat prefers art - film looseness because her skills with narrative have yet to catch up . the movie entwines historical reenactment and resonant emotional symbolism but ultimately fails to come together with the devastating punch the filmmaker and her cast are building toward .
our modern opinions of this film must be tempered with some perspective . the only known surviving version of the film is held by the museum of modern art , an english language workprint of the international export version of the film . not a final release version of the film , the workprint is a mish - mash of sound and silent sequences , sometimes with seemingly insignificant background dialogue in the soundtrack but no main dialogue . music cues are choppily edited and repeated . sometimes music and dialogue disappears altogether as an intertitle interrupts a synchronized sound sequence .
that the woman saying this is either dead or on her way there — it depends on how you read neshat’s oblique imagery — is a mark of the profound frustration and sorrow that moves this story forward . “women without men’’ is adapted from a novel by the feminist writer shahrnush parsipur ; the book has been banned in iran since the 1990s , and you can readily understand why . it’s a celebration of women’s resilience in the face of absolute patriarchy , an oppression that’s felt on personal , cultural , and political levels .
this movie really demonstrated what german women were up against with the onslaught and occupation of the russian army . .
the azan that we hear through the film is moazzenzade ardabili ' s version which was recorded in 1955 while this movie takes place in 1953 .
reviews of silent film releases on home video . copyright © 1999 - 2018 by carl bennett and the silent era company . all rights reserved .
magical surrealism is a wonderful drug , and once you ' re done reading this , you ' ll have thought you have taken drugs , because that ' s just how trippy this story is . although the main dialogue , as shown in the title , is about how women can live without men governing their lives , the oddity of the world takes front and center , completely distracting and entrancing you unless you give it a clear literary read .
set in the time of the shah , this series of inter - related stories describes the life of five woen in iran . gives a moving description of day to day life of women form differenet backgrounds whose lives cross at a time of stress and change for them lots of metaphor and symbolism . necessary reading beore seeing the film of the same name as explains much that is just hinted at in film . very moving .
this subjective , interior work revolves around the lives of four women during this turbulent moment in iran ' s history . munis ( shabnam tolouei ) is a budding feminist who refuses to hew to the circumscribed roles for women prescribed by her tyrannical brother .
the film’s synchronized music , sound effects and dialogue soundtrack is reproduced in the right stereo speaker only . a metallic ringing from overcompression of the audio is present throughout .
everything is imagined by neshat with clear - eyed compassion and narrative drive , and she shows a bold candour about sexuality and women ' s bodies . the film is shot by cinematographer martin gschlacht , who recently worked with joanna hausner on lourdes . he creates tremendous images using painterly , washed - out colour tones , framing dream - like tableaux , but also creating plausible action sequences . neshat has directed a quietly tremendous film which ensnares both the heart and the mind .
the film moves in overlapping circles around four women of radically different social strata and available freedoms . fakhri ( arita shahrzad ) is an elegant upper - class matron whose husband ( tahmoures tehrani ) , a general backing the shah , reviles her for being no longer sexually desirable ; she leaves him and buys an orchard out in the country that becomes the story’s mystical center , a surreal healing zone for women whose spirits have been crushed .
set in tehran , iran , during the 1953 cia - backed coup d’état that returned the shah of iran to power , women without men follows the lives of four women . munes does not want a husband but her tyrannical brother amir khan fiercely disagrees . faezah , munes’ friend , secretly loves amir from afar , despite the fact that he is getting married to someone else . zarrin is a prostitute whose work is slowly destroying her . and fakhri is the wealthy middle - aged wife of a general , unhappy in her marriage and longing for an old flame , an officer who has returned to tehran after some time away . it is in the beautiful orchard garden of fakhri’s villa that the four women’s fates intertwine and they find a peaceful haven away from the miseries of their everyday lives .
early women filmmakers : an international anthology ( 1902 - 1943 ) . films by blaché , weber , dulac and more ! available from amazon
the director ' s use of blatantly artificial devices - characters gliding along the ground , fast - breaking dawns - detaches her film from its strongest sources of turbulence and despair .
the much - anticipated pic has striking moments comparable to the best of neshat s potent imagery . . . - - variety . . . you have a feature film that s a must - see in the international festival and art - house circuit - - la times this beautifully shot film , set in tehran during the period leading up to the 1953 coup which toppled the democratically elected government , is a quiet and understated look at the lives of four very different women s struggle for freedom . - - london times
magic realism works surprisingly well alongside
everyday life
in this drama which focuses on the interweaving of four iranian women in 1953 - the year of the us / british coup d ' etat . complex but approachable , the film deftly tackles feminist , religious and political themes in an assured evocation of period . excellent performances from the four lead actors .
because this subversive film could not be made in iran , production designer katharina woppermann did an expert job of re - creating iranian settings in morocco . the haunting musical score enhances the movie ' s mournful power .
it ' s a celebration of women ' s resilience in the face of absolute patriarchy , an oppression that ' s felt on personal , cultural , and political levels .
parsipur weaves a lively tale about many separate women , eventually bringing them all together in a mystical ending . i could not put it down and read it in one day .
already taking refuge there when fakhri arrives is zarin ( orsolya tóth ) , a skeletal prostitute who has fled tehran after a mental breakdown . zarin is the most extreme victim in the movie and its most naked metaphor ; a sequence in a public bath where she rubs her skin bloody trying to cleanse the taint of men is shocking for both its violence and casual nudity . ( the film is a european coproduction that was , for obvious reasons , shot in morocco rather than iran . )
the most memorable of the four is zarin ( orsi toth ) , an emaciated prostitute who impulsively flees the brothel in which she works and finds temporary refuge at a women’s public bath . here she furiously scrubs her body raw in an anguished attempt to erase the imprint of the men who have used her . at once monumental and pastel - hued , the bath scenes suggest ms . neshat’s response to the famous ingres canvas “the turkish bath . ”
with its intense chiaroscuro and meticulous manipulation of color that ranges from stark black and white to richer , shifting hues in scenes set in a metaphorical orchard , the film surpasses even michael haneke’s “white ribbon” in the fierce beauty and precision of its cinematography ( by martin gschlacht ) . two of the film’s recurrent images are of a long dirt road extending to the horizon on which the characters walk , and a brook that suggests a deep current of feminine resilience below an impassive exterior .
world without men is based on a 1989 novel by shahrnush parsipur , and weaves together the women ' s lives in complex and enigmatic ways . munis ( shabnam touloueh ) is serious , cerebral , obsessed with listening to the radio for the news of the mossadeq situation , and bullied by her brother for neglecting her demure womanly duties . munis ' s friend faeseh ( pegah ferydoni ) is in love with this same brother who makes munis ' s life a misery . fakhri ( arita shahrzad ) is a stylish , elegant married woman in her 40s , in love with an old flame . finally there is zarin , a prostitute , played with characteristic intensity by orsi tóth , the hungarian actor who has appeared in kornél mundruczó ' s films delta and johanna .
against the tumultuous backdrop of iran ' s 1953 cia - backed coup d ' état , the destinies of four women converge in a beautiful orchard garden , where they find independence , solace and companionship .
this was another class requirement and i am so glad i got it . while it is done in a third world country and in a different language other than english , the english language is at the bottom . i recommend this for any female who thinks the world is made for them , because this movie shows it is not - - from family to unknown men who abuse these women , they find a way to serenity only to be taken from them again by a male .
the governor appoints lawyer jeff darrow to open an investigation on the reported cruelties inflicted on the inmates of the bayou reformatory for women . the investigation is opposed by mrs . . . . see full summary »
this submarine service drama from director john ford and the fox film corporation premiered in january 1930 and features kenneth mackenna , frank albertson , j . farrell macdonald , walter mcgrail and granite - jawed warner richmond . john wayne appears as the radioman on the surface .
ms . neshat , who was born four years after the coup , left iran in 1979 , just before the islamic revolution that drove the shah into exile . her film , very critical of the coup , implies that it made the eventual revolution and subsequent turmoil inevitable .
the director shirin neshat has in
zanan - e bedun - e mardan
, made a visually stunning and important film , with a lot of good acting performances . especially by pegah ferydoni ( as faezeh ) , and arita shahrzad ( as farrokhlagha ) . when you walk out of the cinema after having watched this movie , the real world will for a time seem a bit more colorless and unreal . with the military coup of the shah of iran in 1953 as a background , four women find out the price for freedom . and through them , the audience find out the price and value of freedom for themselves . the film also draws the historical lines between the democratic iran of the early 1950s , and the
green movement
of today .
nonsense ! i expected much more from a book which has been translated to many languages and is claiming to put the situation of iranian women in a frame . as an iranian woman , i did not enjoy one single page of it !
i love the movie . i saw it at an iranian film festival at the walker art center . i liked it so much that i bought my own copy . the tagboard case ' s plastic insert that holds the dvd arrived broken from corner to corner . i am disappointed that one of my favorite movies has a broken case .
seeking the whereabouts of international gangster nick randall , the u . s . state department seeks the help of scotland yard . nick ' s girl , angela , is currently in a british prison , but has refused to give nick away . so the authorities contact gran ' ramsey , a stoolie currently at the same prison as angela , to have her arrange an escape for angela , so the police can follow her to nick . gran ' stages a getaway , the two women taking with them a third , marguerite , whose prison - born baby is about to be turned over to the welfare department . it is up to gran ' to keep the police informed of angela ' s whereabouts without being detected by the escapees , while waiting for angela to contact nick . . .
with this debut feature , the photographer - turned - director shirin neshat has made a picture with vision , poetry , sexual frankness and historical sinew . it brings together , on screen , the personal and the political in the story of four women and the way their lives are affected by the turbulence of the anti - mossadeq coup , and revives the memory of a lost generation of iranian politics and culture : the westernised liberal intelligentsia , a white - collar class exiled and effaced by the shah ' s regime , but also fiercely repudiated by the theocracy installed by the islamic revolution of 1979 . in some ways , neshat ' s film addresses the same issues as marjane satrapi ' s persepolis , and further underlines the fact that it is iran which , in the 21st century , has repeatedly offered the world a vivid , unapologetically feminist cinema .
to iran to provoke riots against the elected president mossadegh to back british petroleum ' s agreement to sell iranian oil on the world market and installed the hated shah to replace the popular mossadegh . very few americans know this story and as a result , they don ' t understand why the iranian people hate us . this film covers that period of turmoil in iran . see the enclosed booklet for comments by the director shirin neshat and further information about this period of iranian history .
the first of ford ' s submarine pictures , this film is most notable for being part talkie , part silent . this creates an almost surreal experience as we are occasionally jolted out of the silent picture ethos and its fluid camera for the talking scenes shot on tripods . i ' m not sure i ' ve seen a better example of the visual step back that talkies were initially as we see here with the contrast between the two kinds of scenes . also , i loved the shot that starts above water and descends - - innovative .
her friend faezeh ( pegah ferydoni ) is a more timid woman inspired by munis ' acts of rebellion . zarin ( orsi toth ) is a prostitute who flees the brothel where she works . finally , an older woman , fakhri ( arita shahrzad ) , the unhappy wife of a powerful iranian general , leaves her husband to live in a beautiful country orchard where the other women also seek refuge . but the military coup eventually intrudes on their peaceful idyll .
directed by shirin neshat ; written by ms . neshat and shoja azari , based on the novel by shahrnush parsipur ; director of photography , martin gschlacht ; edited by george cragg , jay rabinowitz , julia wiedwald , patrick lambertz , christof schertenleib and sam neave ; music by ryuichi sakamoto , persian music by abbas bakhtiari ; production designer , katharina wöppermann ; costumes by thomas olah ; produced by susanne marian , mr . gschlacht and philippe bober ; released by indiepix films . in persian , with english subtitles . running time : 1 hour 39 minutes . this film is not rated .
a sailors - trapped - in - a - sinking - submarine drama : will they drown ? will the oxygen run out ? will they suffocate from chlorine gas ? will divers get to them in time ? and what about that religious fanatic on board ? john ford skillfully ratchets up the tension , but some shaky special effects , unlikely characterizations and broad acting give an uneven effect , compared to later and slicker entertainments like run silent , run deep . however , this production has genuine historical value because it shows the difficulties in changing over from silent to sound , : sometimes it ' s a silent film with sound effects and [ tinny ] music . other scenes have dialogue with one character actually speaking while another answers in silent intertitles . most oddly , sometimes a character starts speaking , then an intertitle shows noticeably different lines , then the character finishes speaking . not many movies have such a variety of expression .
i ' ve just managed to acquire a copy of the uk version of this film which i caught on television some years ago . i was very impressed with leading lady beverly michaels ( not the cheap blonde one might have expected from her hugo haas exploitation movies ) but a tall classy lady with a cultured voice who even gets to sing a number at the prison concert ! thora hird is a standout as ' gran ' an old lag who helps beverly escape and joan rice is amusing as a bigamist juggling her two husbands at visiting time . good support also from april olrich as a prisoner with a baby and the striking sheila burrell as an inmate who goes ' stir crazy ' . the almost military routine of 50 ' s prison life is well caught and it ' s a rare but effective directorial credit for former oscar winning editor elmo williams . the american version blonde bait was completely re - edited with a new plot and added footage featuring paul cavanaugh , jim davis and richard travis . in this version thora hird ' s character is a stool pigeon who deliberately lets michaels escape so she can lead police to her gangster boyfriend !
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a family saga in which three of a bavarian widow ' s sons go to war for germany and the fourth goes to america , germany ' s eventual opponent .
a husband clashes with his wife over his membership to the irish citizen army .
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arrowsmith
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aboard the u . s . submarine s13 in the china seas , chief torpedoman burke goes about his duties . in actuality , he is quartermaine , the infamous former commander of the british ship royal scot , which was sunk by germans with a field marshal aboard . quartermaine had told his sweetheart that the field marshal would be aboard , not knowing that she was an informant for the enemy . when the s13 sinks , burke takes charge when the commander , ensign price , is unable to command . burke must keep his mates alive long enough on the bottom of the sea for rescuers to arrive .
the only extant sound version is actually from a work print for the international version . it ' s held by the museum of modern art .
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iran in turmoil is the backdrop to this enigmatic and impressive debut . by peter bradshaw
he anglo - iranian comic shappi khorsandi recently revealed that jon snow had told her about a conversation he had once had some years ago with the then prime minister , tony blair . the premier had asked snow , plaintively , why iran hated the british so much . snow replied hesitantly :
well , you know , because of mossadeq …
– that is , the left - leaning iranian leader , toppled in 1953 by a coup instigated by the british and american governments because of his determination to nationalise oil . blair replied blankly :
who ?
perhaps watching this excellent movie would be a way for blair , and the rest of us , to brush up on british and iranian history .
neshat ' s movie - making style owes something to mohsen makhmalbaf , but has absorbed other influences , too – her camera movements are distinctly tarkovskian . and for the magic - realist tropes of the literary original , neshat has found a visual manner with something of buñuel : this surfaces in the disquieting vision of zarin ' s client having an eyeless , mouthless face and also , i think , in the grand dinner - party - cum - soirée that fahkhri throws in her new orchard estate . the army turn up , intending to search the property for seditious materials , but the troops end up staying for dinner , and their commanding officer exchanges flirtatious badinage with the guests .
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im himmel trägt man hohe schuhe - deutscher kinotrailer - kinostart 31 . 03 . 2016
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after a period of drinking and flirting in shanghai dives , some american sailors are called back to their submarine , which is under the command of bridewell . their craft is hit by a freighter and sinks to the bottom of the china sea , provoking various emotional reactions from the crew . burke , a british naval officer , brings a ship to their aid , is recognized as a disgraced officer by one of the crew , weymouth , but remains behind to rescue the last / merican through a torpedo tube , thus protecting the woman he loves and establishing his bravery .
the movie is not fast paced , but it does have lots of suspense . the copy of the movie i have is part sound and part silent . it does get a bit annoying . but . . .
leonard maltin classic movie guide , copyright 2005 , 2010 . used by arrangement with penguin group ( usa ) inc .
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besides zarin , the characters include the 30 - year - old munis ( shabnam tolouei ) , a virtual prisoner in the house she shares with her tyrannical fundamentalist brother . to his chagrin , munis is not only unmarried but also spends her days glued to the radio , hearing about events leading up to the coup . after he furiously unplugs her only connection to the outside world , munis commits suicide by jumping off the roof of the house . on discovering her body , her brother curses her for disgracing him . ( in the novel he kills her . )
the third woman , the religiously observant faezeh ( pegah ferydoni ) , is a friend of munis who secretly longs to marry munis’s brother . after munis’s death , faezeh hears the voice of her friend speaking to her from underground and digs up munis , who , in a magical realist trope , begins a second , independent life working with an underground communist group publishing and distributing leaflets .
fakhri ( arita shahrzad ) , the fourth woman , is a wealthy 50 - year - old , unhappily married to a general who reviles her for being menopausal and sexually unresponsive . when an old flame returns to tehran with his american wife , fakhri leaves her husband and buys an orchard that becomes a mystical retreat to which zarin and faezeh gravitate and form a mutually protective , healing sisterhood . if their self - imposed exile in this mysterious woodland hideaway is idyllic , compared with their former lives , zarin hovers between life and death .
eventually soldiers arrive during a party at which fakhri entertains the guests by singing . although the soldiers and the guests mingle warily , there is no mistaking the celebration for what it is : a last hurrah for a kind of social mobility and political freedom that may never return .
with : pegah ferydoni ( faezeh ) , arita shahrzad ( fakhri ) , shabnam tolouei ( munis ) and orsi toth ( zarin ) .
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very historic and informative . i like the story and directorship , very strong players and filming locations . i hope i will see more movies similar to this in the future . thank you
shirin neshat can clearly do as an exile in america what she would never be allowed to do in her native iran . and a good thing too .
i usually like the style of the movies like this , which is not glamoured or contaminated by majority of shallow mainstream hollywood lines . . . .
the movie start with a suicide of the movie star . . . . . . . . ! ! ! very depressing , no massage , not educated at all not healthy to watch .
great movie . actors and actresses were true to their parts and the story revealed that life is still the constant working out of the negative .
it was boring and long , i had to watch it for class . i didn ' t care that much . but on the bright side : you do get to learn history and culture of iran .
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the script jettisons most of the book ' s more powerful sections , upping the political angle and inexplicably eliminating motivations that made the strongly feminist story , rich in symbolism , so intriguing .
heavy with symbolism and beautifully composed , it ' s in a traditional art house mode far removed from the quizzical , innovative , subtly subversive films that iranian directors have been making under extraordinary pressures this past quarter of a century .
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publisher : the feminist press cuny ; revised edition edition ( 16 feb . 2012 )
parsipur is a courageous , talented woman , and above all , a great writer .
marjane satrapi , author of
persepolis
using the techniques of both the fabulist and the polemicist , parsipur continues her protest against traditional persian gender relations in this charming , powerful novella .
publishers weekly

parsipur is a courageous , talented woman , and above all , a great writer .
- - marjane satrapi , author of persepolis
using the techniques of both the fabulist and the polemicist , parsipur continues her protest against traditional persian gender relations in this charming , powerful novella .
- -
a captivating story about the discovery of individual strength and perseverance . in a culture dominated by a male mentality of superiority and the suppression of the female spirit , these determined characters unearth their independence .
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lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .
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: say a prayer ' cos i haven ' t driven for 20 years . ok lindbergh , swing your propellers !
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aboard the u . s . submarine s13 in the china seas , chief torpedoman burke goes about his duties . in actuality , he is quartermaine , the infamous former commander of the british ship royal scot , which was sunk by germans with a field marshal aboard . quartermaine had told his sweetheart that the field marshal would be aboard , not knowing that she was an informant for the enemy . when the s13 sinks , burke takes charge when the commander , ensign price , is unable to command . burke must keep his mates alive long enough on the bottom of the sea for rescuers to arrive . written by jim beaver
a story of the submarine service . ( original posters - all caps ) see more »
the only extant sound version is actually from a work print for the international version . it ' s held by the museum of modern art . see more »
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solid submarine movie for its time . if only the sound version was still around , it would ' ve been even better .
this list is an attempt to collect as many pre - code movies as possible . sources include imdb , wikipedia , urltoken and the…
as iran ' s regime continues to stir world concerns , films about iranian history take on added interest .
the scenes in tehran are filmed in a muted , almost monochromatic style approximating newsreels , whereas lush colors explode in the scenes in the orchard . from the opening scene of munis contemplating suicide on the rooftop of her home , with the white building framed against a pale blue sky , the images are mesmerizing . the cinematography by martin gschlacht is a major asset .
all of the performances achieve the right emotional intensity : tolouei conveys pride along with a deep - seated sense of melancholy , and shahrzad ' s portrayal of the dissatisfied military wife is especially forceful .
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the moma print is definitely a work in progress . our best guess is that the intent of the workprint was to prepare a silent version for export release , with the existing intertitles for english language distribution and perhaps a reference for translated intertitles in prints distributed to other countries . — carl bennett
twentieth century fox home entertainment , no catalog number , upc 0 - 24543 - 96982 - 2 . one single - sided , single - layered , region 0 ntsc dvd - r disc , 1 . 33 : 1 aspect ratio image in full - frame 4 : 3 ( 720 x 480 pixels ) interlaced scan mpeg - 2 format , ? mbps average video bit rate , ? kbps audio bit rate , dolby digital 2 . 0 mono sound , english language intertitles , no foreign language subtitles , 7 chapter stops ; standard dvd keepcase , $ 19 . 98 . release date : 1 october 2015 . country of origin : usa
ratings ( 1 - 10 ) : video : 7 / audio : 5 / additional content : 0 / overall : 6 .
this dvd - r edition of john ford’s submarine drama has been mastered from the very - good 35mm print materials held by the museum of modern art . the picture results are very - good .
usa : click the logomark to purchase this region 0 ntsc dvd - r edition from amazon . com . your purchase supports the silent era website .
submarine memorabilia , no catalog number , no upc number . one single - sided , single - layered , region 0 ntsc dvd - r disc , 1 . 33 : 1 aspect ratio image in full - frame 4 : 3 ( 720 x 480 pixels ) interlaced scan mpeg - 2 format , ? mbps average video bit rate , ? kbps audio bit rate , dolby digital 2 . 0 mono sound , english language intertitles , no foreign language subtitles , chapter stops ; clamshell cd case , $ 9 . 99 . release date : 2010 . country of origin : usa