istithmar world ( " istithmar " is arabic for " investment " ) is an investment firm based in dubai , united arab emirates ( uae ) .

this company is a state-run business owned by dubai world , a dubai government-owned company , and was established in 2003 .

originally known as " istithmar , " the company was renamed as " istithmar world " in 2008 .

an analysis of istithmar 's investment portfolio which included the investment of $ 3.8 billion with an associated $ 14 billion of debt , has not performed positively .

since late 2009 , the company has seen numerous departures of high-profile executives .

istithmar world

dubai world added that the restructuring , which will be spearheaded for the company by aidan birkett of deloitte , does not include dp world , british ports company p & o , infinity world holding , istithmar world and ports & free zone world .
istithmar world’s investment portfolio spans consumer , industrial and financial services , hotels and commercial property sectors .
istithmar world ventures was formed in late 2007 as the venture and growth capital investment firm of istithmar world , the investing arm of dubai world . we aim to invest in rapidly growing businesses , primarily operating in dynamic , knowledge - based industries .
dubai world has already said prized assets from istithmar world , profitable port operator dp world and jebel ali free zone would not be sold . on tuesday , it added dubai drydocks world to the list of businesses not for sale .
dp world to buy economic zones world for $ 2 . 6bn and delist from london
istithmar world (
istithmar
is arabic for
investment
) is an investment firm based in dubai , united arab emirates ( uae ) . this company is a state - run business owned by dubai world , a dubai government - owned company , and was established in 2003 . originally known as
istithmar ,
the company was renamed as
istithmar world
in 2008 .
before joining waha capital , ms . al bachir was director of corporate affairs at istithmar world , an investment company part of dubai world . prior to istithmar , she served as advisor and head of the technical support unit at uae national human resources development authority .
( bn ) dubai ' s broken deals at istithmar reveal sove . . .
marka bought retail corp from istithmar world holdings , a subsidiary of dubai world that went into voluntary liquidation on 12 january . peel , who was not heavily involved in the negotiations to purchase retail corp , says he does not believe istithmar’s financial position created a bargain sale .
istithmar world - investment portfolio . . . istithmar world capital states on its website that it has deployed $ 3 . 5 billion of capital in 35 investments across the globe . . . that total assets under management by istithmar had declined due to the global financial crisis and were $ 9 billion by the end of 2008 . . . in the article , jackson indicated that istithmar had delivered returns of approximately 10 % since its foundation . . .
istithmar and dubai world are being advised on their debt restructuring proposals by at least one outside consulting firm , people familiar with the matter said .
the merger is part of an internal restructure within the dubai world group whereby the real estate business of istithmar is being joined with nakheel . the merged entity will remain a wholly owned subsidiary of dubai world .
makkawi replaces andy watson , who has been chief executive of istithmar since 2010 , dubai world said in a statement . watson will remain in his role as the group managing director of dubai world , the company added .
dubai , july 19 ( reuters ) - istithmar world , the investment arm of indebted state - owned conglomerate dubai world , has appointed hamza mustafa , head of its real estate operations , as its new chief executive officer .
istithmar world capital is a private equity and alternative investment house . in the period since its inception , istithmar world capital has invested in over 35 companies with total capital deployed in excess of us $ 3 . 5 billion . istithmar world capital has successfully established itself as a major investment firm with a diverse portfolio of successful companies in three broad industry sectors - consumer , financial services and industrial . the geographic scope of the current portfolio includes north america , europe , the middle east and the far east . istithmar world capital has been recognized for its success with various prestigious awards from leading industry publications such as banker middle east and euromoney .
istithmar world , which was created in 2003 as the investment arm of dubai world specializes in private equity and alternative investment opportunities globally . in the five years since its inception , istithmar world has built a portfolio of investments in markets ranging from north america and europe to asia and the middle east , and across a variety of sectors , including consumer , industrial , financial services and real estate .
empg international ( empgi ) will be 66 . 7 per cent owned by empg and 33 . 3 per cent owned by istithmar world capital , the alternative investment arm of dubai world , which is owned by the government of dubai .
but in a sign that dubai world may struggle to keep its trophy buys , istithmar world sold its w hotel in manhattan in a foreclosure auction on tuesday for $ 2 million . it bought the property for $ 282 million in 2006 .
dubai , sept 2 ( reuters ) - dubai world , the state - owned conglomerate that completed a $ 25 billion debt restructuring in 2011 , named on monday ziad makkawi as the new chief executive for its investment arm , istithmar world .
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nakheel hotels and resorts has merged with istithmar’s hospitality arm to create nakheel hotels after holding company dubai world consolidated its hotel business under one banner to create a fully integrated hotel investment company .
former chief executive officer of istithmar world , with overall responsibility for business initiated by istithmar world across its divisions – private equity , hotels , real estate , finance and administration , and funding . prior to his appointment as ceo , mr . jackson served as the first chief investment officer of istithmar world from 2003 to 2006 . he sat on the board of directors of several dubai world and istithmar world companies and currently sits on the board of advisors for the yale school of management . before joining istithmar world , mr . jackson spent over 10 years on wall street , primarily at lehman brothers and later marco polo partners . in 2007 , private equity international named mr . jackson on its list of “50 global movers ; the most influential people in global private equity . ” mr . jackson was also named among “100 most powerful people in new york real estate” by the new york observer . mr . jackson holds a master’s degree in business administration from yale university and a bachelor’s degree in economics from princeton university .
istithmar is an alternative investment house based in the united arab emirates . it is 100 % owned by dubai world , which is in turn wholly owned by the government of dubai . istithmar was established in 2003 with the key mission of earning exceptional returns for its investors while maintaining due regard for risk .
the deals have forced istithmar to halt investments and threaten to unseat jackson , the ceo , people familiar with the situation said last week . co - chief investment officers john amato and felix herlihy are leaving , according to istithmar .
dubai world closes in on $ 10 . 5bn debt settlement extension - the national
“it , therefore , makes sense for istithmar hotels to join the nakheel organisation , providing the hotels group with additional resources , capabilities , and the backing of one of the world’s foremost real estate developers .
dw is considering using the 80 per cent stake it has in dp world – worth some $ 13bn – as collateral for all or part of its long - term debts , and it still has other assets it can sell , mostly a mix of hotel and real estate interests held by the istithmar world subsidiary .
sept . 14 ( bloomberg ) - - dubai investment firm istithmar world may be the first sovereign wealth fund to liquidate after a $ 27 billion spending spree financed largely with borrowed money , people briefed on the matter said .
there had already been signs in britain , where it owns huge swathes of assets , that dubai was unravelling . last month dubai world ' s investment arm , istithmar world , sold two london properties – marcol house in regent street and an office building in newman street – for a knockdown price of £10m . istithmar had bought the properties for £90m , but was forced to sell when it found itself unable to pay the interest on a loan .
mustafa joined the investment vehicle in 2009 and has previously held senior positions at real estate developer nakheel international , istithmar said on thursday .
besides istithmar and dubai world debt held by deutsche bank , barclays and rbs , much of what remains is held by lenders based in the middle east , the people said . spokespeople for the three banks declined to comment yesterday .
istithmar world ventures follows a disciplined , return - oriented investment approach . we focus on two distinct yet complementary investment styles : investing directly in late - stage venture and growth companies , and investing indirectly by sponsoring specialized equity funds .
the oil - rich united arab emirates has shown an increasing appetite for investments in other parts of the world . in the three years since its inception , istithmar has invested in more than 30 companies in three sectors - - consumer , industrial and financial services - - deploying in excess of $ 1 . 6 billion of capital , according to istithmar ' s web site .
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istithmar ' s deals were part of dubai ruler sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum ' s attempt to raise the arabian peninsula emirate ' s profile as he tried to vault it into the top ranks of the world ' s financial centers .
istithmar also bought stakes in cirque du soleil , the montreal - based company known for staging extravagantly acrobatic circus - like performances around the world , and yacht haven grande , a marina complex in the caribbean catering to so - called mega - yachts .
istithmar world is a premier investment company with a broad international portfolio across north america , europe , the middle east , asia and africa . our activities span a variety of verticals , ranging from consumer , industrial and financial services to hotels and commercial property .
dubai ( reuters ) - fears that dubai’s debt problems are not limited to troubled state conglomerate dubai world battered investor confidence in the world’s top oil - exporting region and sent shares across the gulf tumbling on wednesday .
world agreed to sell the american operations to an american - owned firm to assuage concerns over national security .
istithmar world’s investment portfolio spans consumer , industrial and financial services , hotels and commercial property sectors . among its assets are the atlantis resort in dubai , entertainment group cirque du soleil , and the mandarin oriental hotel in new york . ( reporting by dinesh nair ; editing by david french )
istithmar was not included in dubai world’s $ 25 billion debt restructuring deal , reached in 2011 , which called for full repayment after five and eight years , partly through asset sales . however , the investment vehicle’s assets are likely to be among those sold to repay the parent firm’s creditors .
global holding company dubai world focuses on strategic growth areas of transport and logistics , drydocks and maritime , urban development .
the original eco - lodge in the region , positioned at the foothills of the virunga mountains and the world famous volcanoes national park , home to the world’s last remaining free roaming mountain gorillas . refurbishment plans for the lodge are far advanced .
at least half the $ 10 billion i was involved with at istithmar was poorly invested and completely un - hedged ,
turner said in an interview yesterday . turner , who now lives in europe , says he left istithmar last year and was accused of embezzlement . he denies those claims and said he is prepared to fight the charges in court .
loving… . the world wide web . a little late you say ? maybe . but after watching companies like . . .
analysts said today that the statement from dubai world is likely to ease fears about the scale of the crisis in dubai .
an analysis of istithmar ' s investment portfolio which included the investment of $ 3 . 8 billion with an associated $ 14 billion of debt , has not performed positively . in a number of cases , istithmar has lost control of assets or sold at a loss . as a subsidiary of dubai world , the company has been mentioned in numerous press reports related to the high debt levels of its parent . since late 2009 , the company has seen numerous departures of high profile executives .
the cost of insuring dubai’s debt against restructuring or default rose sharply on wednesday as investors grew increasingly nervous about dubai world’s restructuring .
istithmar , which means investment in arabic , applies global expertise with local insights to coordinate the appraisal and implementation of various opportunities . istithmar’s ‘i’ investment philosophy is based around three core principles - - ideas , inquiry & integrity - - sets the foundation for the firm which has a broad portfolio of highly successful companies in markets from north america to europe to asia to the middle east .
dubai world last week said jackson had its
full support ,
adding that istithmar
will continue to be a key subsidiary into the future .
sheikh mohammed also said last week that he wasn ' t concerned about the emirate ' s ability to repay at least $ 4 . 52 billion of debt this year .
istithmar contributed about $ 2 . 5 billion of its own cash to back $ 27 billion of purchases since 2003 , the people said , speaking anonymously because the strategy was private . it used so - called non - recourse bank loans , backed by specific assets , to finance about 75 percent of its acquisitions , one of the people said . the rest was funded with a mixture of its own cash and money borrowed from banks on a term - loan basis that was backed by istithmar or dubai world , the person said .
in its most detailed statement since the crisis erupted last week , the state investment company dubai world said ' constructive ' talks had started over $ 26bn of debt , including a $ 6bn sukuk bond sold by nakheel , one of the property companies owned by dubai world .
unlike government - controlled funds in kuwait and abu dhabi , flush with cash from oil production , or in china , backed by export earnings , istithmar fueled purchases such as the takeover of barneys new york by borrowing as much as 90 percent of the money , the people said . istithmar ' s parent , dubai world , tapped middle eastern and european banks including barclays plc , royal bank of scotland group plc and deutsche bank ag , leaving those three with combined debt holdings of at least $ 1 . 5 billion , the people said .
george dalton , general counsel at dubai world , referred requests for comment to spokespeople for the group , who didn ' t reply yesterday .
“mr . mustafa has made notable contributions to achieving the company’s core objectives by leading several high profile restructurings and dispositions of key assets , ” sultan ahmed bin sulayem , istithmar’s chairman , said in the statement .
former head of product development and director at istithmar world , ms . jamshed also held positions at shuaa capital , kpmg and merrill lynch . ms . jamshed holds a master’s degree in business administration and a bachelor’s degree in science and business administration from the american university of sharjah . ms . jamshed is also a certified teacher for business professionals by the cbp association .
the investment strategy of the funds was flawed , according to chris turner , the 45 - year - old british risk manager who was hired in 2007 as director of risk management at istithmar ' s real estate unit .
it ' s critical that dubai downplay any restructuring of istithmar as business - as - usual ,
younsi said .
they ' ve put way too much money and resources to let their reputation collapse .
if that degree of the earth ' s curvature could be captured at that height , the world wouldn ' t be much larger than uttar pradesh .
waha capital’s senior management team is comprised of talented professionals with significant regional and international experience and world - class expertise developed at leading global investment firms .
hotel washington ' s estimated 250 employees have been notified of the closing , and two mock w guest rooms are being designed by istithmar and the hotel ' s future operator , according to ron pierson , assistant general manager .
for over two decades , dr chang has provided investment and financial advisory services to businesses , financial institutions , and government and academic bodies around the world .
analysts said the move highlighted dubai holdings’ vulnerable position as most at risk of defaulting on debt after dubai world as capital markets become reluctant to lend dubai .
he added :
empgi will bring world - class education solutions and expertise to its markets , helping to deliver educational reform and enhance the educational experience .
learn why businesses around the world trust our innovative “source - to - pay” solutions to deliver unparalleled visibility and insights that enable our customers to deliver business value .
the firm has unique access to the expertise , global network and proprietary investment opportunities of dubai world , a diversified holding company owned by the government of dubai .
shares of glg partners inc . , a hedge fund with offices in new york and london in which istithmar bought a 3 percent stake , have lost more than 61 percent of their value since the deal was announced in june 2007 .
now , dubai world is in talks with its creditor banks to restructure at least $ 12 billion in debt , a person close to the talks said , speaking anonymously because the negotiations are private . istithmar or its assets will probably be sold to help its parent repay the debt , the person said . nakheel pjsc , the dubai world unit behind a series of palm - shaped , man - made islands on the emirate ' s coast , has a $ 3 . 52 billion islamic bond due in december . islamic bonds adhere to a prohibition against receiving or paying interest .
the refurbished property is expected to reopen by the end of 2008 or early 2009 , said joe sita , chief executive of dubai - based istithmar hotels , which owns hotel washington . he declined to share details about the renovation and its cost .
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dubai world has begun talks with banks to restructure $ 26bn ( £15 . 8bn ) of debt as the gulf emirate begins to tackle problems that rattled global stock markets .
the announcement on wednesday that dubai world , shouldering almost $ 60bn ( £36 . 5bn ) in debt , would seek a six - month moratorium on repayments sent shockwaves through world markets . just hours earlier , the government , run by sheikh mohammed bin rashid al - maktoum , had raised $ 5bn from two banks for its own debts .
this talk looks at the results and effectiveness of the british special operations executive , or seo , and the french resistance in supporting the second world war d - day landings .
dr soon young chang , an established veteran in the uae with a long global tenure in the investment arena , was appointed as board member of dubai world in dec 2010 .
dubai’s predicament stands in stark contrast to the six - year boom when it snapped up assets , lured celebrities and courted the media with projects such as the world’s tallest building .
but vociferous minority holders of nakheel’s bond are demanding repayment , which could tip both dubai world and the builder of the emirate’s palm islands into default and potentially damage larger claims .
but this is just a snapshot of istithmar ' s activity . in the us , it acquired 280 park avenue last june for roughly $ 1 . 2bn . two days earlier , the dubai company said it had paid $ 300m for the knickerbocker hotel at 6 times square , and istithmar spent $ 705m for 230 park avenue , the 34 - storey helmsley building , in november 2005 . pegasus realty - another royal family offshoot - recently revealed plans to invest an estimated $ 150m in real estate projects in india .
a camel walks on jumeirah ' s popular tourist beach in front of tower blocks in dubai in this november 28 , 2009 file photo . fears that dubai ' s debt problems are not limited to troubled state conglomerate dubai world battered investor confidence in the world ' s top oil - exporting region and sent gulf shares tumbling on wednesday . reuters / steve crisp
‘the dam busters’ tells the story of 617 squadron and its daring and extremely difficult mission , which went on to become one of the most famous episodes of the second world war .
dubai world helped to develop much of the emirate’s spectacular skyline ; now it wants a six - month moratorium on its debt repayments . photograph : karim sahib / afp / getty images
with time running out for a deal on nakheel’s bond , bankers said bondholders may have to accept some impairment , leaving dubai world free to negotiate with longer - term debt holders .
in november of 2007 , istithmar sold an office tower at 280 park avenue , home to the headquarters of the national football league , for $ 1 . 28 billion . it had bought the tower for $ 1 . 18 billion 17 months earlier , public records show .
dubai world has been at the forefront of the emirate ' s aggressive efforts over the past decade to transform itself into a hub for finance and tourism in the region . lacking the natural resouces of its richer neighbour abu dhabi , dubai borrowed more than $ 80bn and is now paying the price as local property prices crash and the rest of the world struggles with the downturn .
nakheel chief executive chris o’donnell said : “with the continued growth and rationalisation of the dubai world businesses , and following the merge of istithmar and nakheel’s real estate divisions , it is now timely for the group to join its hotel businesses together . the merger will not only consolidate our resources and existing investments , but will also continue the process of creating a broad based real estate company , focusing on activities from development and asset management through to funds and investment management . ”
there are horrifying reports of prisoners being raped and tortured . show trials , complete with obviously coerced confessions , have only reminded the iranian people , and the world , of the government’s illegitimacy .
the talks will be conducted on an ' expedited ' basis , dubai world said , and will include the possible sale of a slew of trophy assets the company garnered over the last decade . the news of the talks follows a warning on monday from a senior official from the dubai government that it had no obligation to rescue banks from loans to dubai world that have since soured .
the hotels group was formed in april 2006 as the hotel investment and asset management business of istithmar and has , in less than two years , accumulated a global hotel property portfolio whose enterprise value is more than $ 3 billion ( dh11bn ) , the group said in a statement yesterday .
dubai’s emaar properties , the arab world’s biggest developer , said on wednesday it had decided to drop a proposed merger with three entities owned by dubai holding because the marriage would bring no economic benefits .
dubai sovereign wealth funds are leveraged like private equity funds ,
said rachel ziemba , a senior analyst covering sovereign wealth funds at roubini global economics , a new york - based economic research firm .
istithmar belongs to a parent company with a significant amount of debt coming due .
it came three days after parliament approved most of ahmadinejad ' s government ministers in a move that bolstered his position after nearly three months of political turmoil in the world ' s fifth - largest oil exporter .
‘hope and glory’ tells the story of a young boy growing up in london during the second world war . the film explores two themes that greatly affected the home front during the war , the blitz and evacuation .
istithmar bought the historic hotel in october 2006 for $ 150 million from westbrook partners - - the second time that year the hotel changed hands . westbrook had purchased the 341 - room property for $ 120 million in the spring of 2006 from gal - tex , a company owned by the moody family of texas .
istithmar’s investment portfolio comprises over 50 successful companies with premium assets within financial services , consumer , industrial and real estate sectors , in addition to investing in hedge funds , listed equities and alternative investment projects . the company’s equity investment exceeds us $ 2 . 6 billion across markets ranging from north america to the far east .
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the ports division of dubai world has also been reviewing its £1 . 5bn london gateway port project , some 25 miles east of central london , and last week secured a £300m rescue loan from the european investment bank .
behind the global boom in property is a wall of cash from dubai . in the past month , istithmar , the royal family ' s investment vehicle , spent over £1bn on three landmark central london office blocks - the adelphi off the strand , 90 long acre in covent garden and the shell - mex building on the thames .
barneys is in talks with creditors about a restructuring or bankruptcy . loehmann ' s holdings inc . , a discount retailer with more than 60 stores that was acquired by istithmar in 2006 , had its junk - rated debt rating cut three notches last week by standard & poor ' s , based on
poor
operating performance .
a deal with dubai world for celebrity chef jamie oliver to build two restaurants at the jumeirah golf estates and design kitchens for many of the homes in the area , which had no set budget limit , has also been cancelled .
in the wake of the crisis , dubai’s government has said its assets , which include emirates airline , would not be involved in any firesale to plug dubai world’s debt , though assets belonging to the conglomerate itself could be sold .
maziar bahari , the documentary filmmaker and newsweek correspondent imprisoned in iran for the last 11 weeks , is a leading contender for the prince of asturias award for concord , one of the world ' s most prestigious honors . . . .
istithmar world aviation holdings invests in fast - growing sectors of the aviation and aerospace industries including airlines , airports , support services , suppliers , manufacturing , engineering , and financing . the firm has substantial investments in dubai aerospace enterprise ( dae ) which is rapidly becoming a leading force in aircraft maintenance and leasing , iwa executive jets , a commercial executive jet operation , and daallo airlines ( the national airlines of djibouti ) . with its noteworthy investments , the firm is geared to play an important part in securing dubai’s position as the leading global hub for aviation and aviation - centered ventures .
investors have been left in the dark since the gulf business hub announced on nov 25 that it sought to delay payment on dubai world debt while it overhauls the sprawling state firm , which builds and operates everything from ports to luxury flats .
about half of dubai’s $ 143 billion pile of debt has to be repaid by the end of the decade , according to the international monetary fund . that is almost double the uae’s forecast revenue from exporting oil this year . one of seven semi - autonomous sheikhdoms in the u . a . e . , dubai has endured the 53 percent fall in oil prices over the past two years relatively unscathed , but some belt tightening is inevitable . the financial times reported on sept . 12 that istithmar world – a government investment company – has made most of its staff redundant to save money .
according to the wall street journal , final negotiations between dubai ' s istithmar fund and barneys parent , the new york - based apparel and accessories company jones apparel group inc . ( jny ) , are still being worked out . an announcement is expected by monday , the newspaper said , attributing the details to an anonymous source familiar with the matter .
“international banks are not going to see this as a dubai world problem . they will see it as a state problem , a regional problem , ” keith edwards , head of asset management at doha - based firm the first investor , said .
not only does marka have some of the world’s most iconic brands under its belt , its founders are 151 of the most successful businessmen in the uae . they originally kicked in 45 percent of the company’s cash , the maximum allowed under dfm regulations .
dubai world ( dw ) , the indebted conglomerate , is close to a deal that will extend repayment of us $ 10 . 5 billion of borrowings until 2022 , and enhance the emirate’s ability to raise new capital for another round of rapid growth .
the gulf emirate , one of seven that make up the united arab emirates , has been at the centre of the biggest collective shock to markets for a year since abruptly announcing last wednesday that dubai world wanted to delay interest payments on its debt .
one example of risky investing , according to turner , came in 2007 , when dubai world bought about $ 5 . 5 billion of mgm mirage stock at between $ 82 and $ 95 without any hedge . the stock now trades at about $ 12 .
under chief executive officer david jackson , the former lehman brothers holdings inc . executive who has led the fund since 2006 , and his predecessor , muneef tarmoom , istithmar roamed the world to target high - end businesses . the fund bought a stake in perella weinberg partners , the boutique advisory firm run by joseph perella , and two of manhattan ' s most exclusive hotels , the w union square and the mandarin oriental at the time warner center . it acquired the queen elizabeth 2 , the cunard line flagship for more than three decades , with plans to convert it into a hotel to be moored beside the emirate ' s palm island .
sita said : “nakheel is renowned worldwide for its projects such as the palm jumeirah and the world , and is playing a major role in driving dubai’s tourism growth , increasing the number of hotels in the emirate by more than 50 per cent through its developments .
while dubai’s government has tried to ring - fence profitable businesses from the $ 26 billion restructuring at dubai world , its problems have led to credit downgrades on all government - linked firms amid investor fears that state aid would not be forthcoming in times of trouble .
abu dhabi is now and will continue calling the shots in dubai ,
said rochdi younsi , head of middle east research at eurasia group , a new york - based political - risk consulting firm , who expects additional bailouts from abu dhabi .
they ' re making serious demands that dubai keep only its viable arms and consolidate or shut down overleveraged ones like istithmar .
khaled is a founding member of the advanced technology investment company ( atic ) and played a key role in the joint venture transaction with advanced micro devices ( amd ) to establish the second largest chip manufacturing company in the world , global foundries , in january 2009 .
dubai and abu dhabi are both part of the uae , the world’s third - largest oil exporter . banks lent dubai government - linked firms on the implicit understanding that they were backed by the federal government or abu dhabi , home to most of the uae’s oil .
then there is africa : dubai world , part of a consortium that has already committed $ 2bn to the purchase and development of cape town ' s victoria and albert waterfront , is looking at further potential investments in the financial services industry , says chairman sultan ahmed bin sulayem .
queen elizabeth curise expected to attract 500 , 000 tourist per year by zaher bitar , staff reporter published : 00 : 00 july 3 , 2012 dubai : the emirate added another iconic tourist destination to the list by converting the queen elizabeth 2 cruise ship into a floating hotel at rashid port turning the whole area into an entertainment port village in 18 months , sultan ahmad bin sulayem , chairman , istithmar world , said . he said : the vessel will be moored next to the original cruise terminal at port rashid and converted into a 300 room luxury hotel , with top quality lifestyle facilities , while the terminal itself will be developed into a maritime museum . . . . . . . urltoken
on the 70th anniversary of the invasion of poland by germany and the opening of world war ii , perhaps today presents the perfect time to revisit w . h . auden’s famous poem , “september 1 , 1939 , ” written in the immediate aftermath of those events . the piece appeared in
the injustice of bahari ' s incarceration , taken as emblematic of the repression faced by millions of iranians and by those who insist on freedom of expression everywhere in the world , is a factor that may be taken under consideration by the asturias jury . but his work also speaks for itself .
he was speaking after the $ 2 . 6bn sale by dw of its jebel ali free zone ( jafza ) last week to dp world , a deal which virtually seals the conglomerate’s ability to repay the first tranche – around $ 4 . 4bn – of its total debts ahead of schedule .
alone to fall by over $ 1 billion last year , according to america ' s commerce department—at a time when gulf states , flooded with petrodollars , have been on a spending spree . but even if investment in america is picking up again—this week istithmar , the dubai government ' s investment arm , was said to be close to an $ 825m deal to buy barneys new york , a fashion retailer—doubts remain and investment opportunities elsewhere beckon .
dw owns nakheel , the developer behind the palm resort - which earned a high profile when premiership footballers were linked with properties there - and dubai ports world ( dpw ) , which hit the headlines in britain this year because of its acquisition of p & o , the port and ferries operator .
stock markets in new york , london , tokyo and capitals across europe have recovered since tumbling on thursday shortly after the news of the debt delay first broke . shares in dubai and abu dhabi fell again on tuesday on concerns the troubles at dubai world will ulimately deter foreign investment in the region .
after decades of unprecedented growth and expansion dubai ' s overheated economy is reaching its melting point . dubai world , the state - owned real - estate and ports giant that has driven much of the economic growth in the city - state in recent years , has asked for a moratorium on its debt
dubai world unit nakheel , the developer whose debt is at the center of the crisis , has a $ 3 . 5 billion bond maturing monday . the bond’s trustee , deutsche bank , held a conference call on wednesday to coordinate the administrative process , sources said , but it was not clear what would happen next .
the government wanted to put dubai in the same league as london and new york ,
said victoria barbary , a senior analyst in london at monitor group , a consulting firm based in cambridge , mass .
when times were good , the government was happy to have jackson and his team making headlines around the world .
government of dubai media office – 16 february 2017in his capacity as ruler of dubai , vice president and prime minister of the uae his highness sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum has issued decree no ( 3 ) of 2017 on the formation of the board of directors of dubai world under the chairmanship of his highness sheikh ahmed bin saeed al maktoum .
the jafza deal gives dw a total of nearly $ 3 . 5bn of financial firepower in its talks with creditors . on top of the cash payment of $ 2 . 6bn from dp world , the global ports group also assumes responsibility for some $ 856m of debt owned by dw , most of that a $ 650m sukuk repayable in 2019 .
during the night of 24 march 1944 , 76 airmen escaped from the prisoner of war camp stalag luft iii . only three made it home and , of the remainder , 50 were murdered on hitler ' s orders . this talk will explain what actually happened in the so - called great escape , one of the second world war ' s most infamous incidents .
you ' ve suggested afghanistan produces much more opium than the world actually consumes . oh , yes . since 2005 the afghans have cultivated almost twice world demand . the bottom should have fallen out of the opium market . but it hasn ' t . prices are back down to where they were a decade ago , but they should be much lower considering the amount of opium being produced . that suggests that a lot of opium is not reaching the market . we have been wondering where it is . now , in a number of military operations in the southern provinces , nato troops have found huge amounts , which is evidence that the taliban have been sitting on huge stockpiles . i can report—and this is breaking news—that opium cultivation and production fell for the second year in a row in 2009 . but again this year , supply exceeds demand . someone is hoarding 10 , 000 tons of opium—enough to satisfy two years of world heroin addiction , or three years of morphine prescription . where and why ? we don ' t know . but it ' s strange and potentially dangerous . . . . ( more )
but groups such as dubai holding and dubai world ( dw ) , both of which are maktoum vehicles , are dominant . dubai holding has some 100 subsidiaries , including hotels group jumeirah , and dic , the bidder for liverpool , which is also owner of tussaud ' s and travelodge and holder of 10 per cent of daimler chrysler shares , for which it paid $ 1bn .
world controversy , will probably be passed within the next few weeks . the new rules will increase the transparency of reviews and should help to thwart any future backlash in congress . but they include an automatic 45 - day investigation , on top of the normal 30 - day review , for firms wholly or partially owned by foreign governments . this will catch many middle eastern firms .
an authentic bush lodge , taking its name from the legendary novel “jock of the bushveld” , situated where the famous author sir percy fitzpatrick originally had his camp overlooking the confluence of two rivers on what is now a 6000 hectare exclusive - use concession within the world famous kruger national park , offering guests a five star experience in one of africa’s last remaining true wilderness area .
dubai : the 14th dubai international film festival ( diff ) , held under the patronage of his highness sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum , uae vice president and prime minister and ruler of dubai , today unveiled its rich and diverse lineup of films and events . this year the festival will introduce audiences to the most highly anticipated new films from around the world , alongside a diverse events
after an explosive rally since march , many analysts were already warning that world equity markets looked overvalued .
here we are now , four and a bit weeks from year - end , and there would be a desire to lock in profits . what dubai does is accelerate that process ,
says nick parsons of nab capital .
markets are going to be hugely volatile .
dr . shuja ali has over two decades of experience in private equity , operations and strategic management consultancy . as chief investment officer , shuja heads all investments and his specific focus , spanning across the entire portfolio , is to marry the financial / leverage aspects of each investment with its operations and strategic plan . this has been a key task in the recent restructuring . shuja has worked across the gamut of deals from sourcing to acquisitions to asset management , refinancing and restructuring , to exits . shuja started at istithmar world as managing director heading the portfolio operations & strategy group . the team was created in 2006 to enhance the capabilities of the investment teams to deliver value to the assets under management and also actively participate in the pre - acquisition stage – from idea generation , to concept stage , due diligence . the skill - set brought to the assets by shuja and his team was a mix of tangible strategic viewpoint , functional operational depth , and operations risk assessment .
marka’s food and beverage lineage will kick - start with the world’s first harper’s bazaar café and taste of italy by heinz beck casual restaurant , having partnered with the global fashion magazine and the michelin - starred chef . both are due to open in spring — at dubai design district ( d3 ) and the galleria on al wasl road , respectively — and will be the first of a chain .
in 1970 , mr . burns founded regent international hotels in hong kong . in the company’s 22 - year history , regent international opened 17 luxury hotels around the world . in 1992 , he sold his interest in regent to four seasons hotels & resorts . in 2001 , after a five - year restoration , he opened the 21 - room grand hotel a villa feltrinelli in gargano , italy .
“even though it is going to be tough to restructure $ 26b of debt , dubai world’s creditors have an incentive to do so in order to reduce the haircut that they will have to take , ” rachel ziemba , an analyst at roubini global economics , told bloomberg .
time is short but they might still avoid defaulting on nakheel’s $ 3 . 5bn bonds due on december 14 . ”
fadi marouf , is a seasoned real estate & private equity professional with extensive experience in cross border transactions in us , uk , europe , asia and the middle east . he has held senior management positions at large investment groups : • managing director of investments at tharwa capital : dubai based investment holding company that asset manages current and future projects on behalf of its investors and provides advice to companies owned by its investors relating to investment , divestment , funding and joint venture opportunities . projects include real estate and hospitality developments in the middle east region , oil and gas projects and real estate investments in the uk and us . • director and head of investments at meraas capital : set up and was in charge of the investment function at meraas group ( one of dubai government investment arms ) . responsible for investments in the real estate , hospitality , retail , healthcare and infrastructure sectors . investments at meraas capital include the acquisition of a stake in four prime new york office buildings in manhattan including the general motors building and adjacent apple store in a consortium with goldman sachs and boston properties at a total transaction value of usd 4 billion . • director of transactions – real estate at istithmar : worked at istithmar since inception and was involved in numerous investments across the world including prime income producing real estate assets , development joint ventures , launch of third party funds , pre - ipo investments and indirect investments in middle east , asian & us based funds . mr . marouf holds a bachelor in business administration from the american university of beirut and a masters in accounting and finance from the london school of economics .
stephen lewis of monument securities says clearing up the bad debts hidden throughout the world ' s financial system will put the brakes on recovery for a long time .
the latest dubai problem is typical of the obstacles that stand in the way of sustained economic expansion , while the financial situation remains fragile ,
he says .
in simple language , the dubai crisis is symptomatic of an economic depression .
the warning signs have been coming for some time . property prices in the emirate had fallen 50 % from their peak and follies including a set of man - made islands in the shape of the world map have been left half - built . according to the bank for international settlements , banks have claims totalling $ 123bn on debtors in the united arab emirates , $ 88bn of which are held by european banks and $ 50bn by uk banks alone .
mr shaheen believes there will be a knock - on effect as dubai seeks to raise capital for another round of rapid expansion . in addition to expo 2020 , which could cost as much as $ 43bn to develop , other “mega - projects” have also been announced by government - related enterprises ( gres ) in the emirate , like dubai canal , the mall of the world and mohammed bin rashid city , as well as the ongoing construction of al maktoum airport .
ahmed shaheen , dubai - based associate director of investment firm exotix , which deals in “distressed debt” , said : “dw has taken a very proactive stance towards asset realisations – atlantis , palm utilities , gazeley and now ezw [ economic zones world , the owner of jafza ] . this is a demonstration of the company’s willingness and ability to meet the upcoming 2015 maturity , but it more importantly breeds goodwill among its lenders as it attempts to restructure the 2018 maturity . ”
if anywhere is emblematic of the debt - fuelled extravagance of the past decade , it is surely dubai , which strove to have the tallest , the biggest and the best of everything . if it collapsed , it would have profound effects on other emerging nations , the relationship between the west and the middle east , and the ownership of scores of well - known businesses . in the worst case , it could wreck fragile confidence and pitch the world back into recession .
iran has prepared an updated nuclear package and is ready to hold talks with the world powers on its nuclear program , press tv has learned . the package will be offered to the veto - wielding members of the united nations security council - - britain , china , france , russia and the united states plus germany ( p5 + 1 ) . the six world powers will meet in the german city of frankfurt on wednesday to discuss iran ' s nuclear issue . confirming the report , iran ' s top nuclear negotiator saeed jalili told reporters on tuesday that the tehran government has updated its proposed nuclear package in view of last year ' s global developments , including the economic downturn and the georgian crisis . jalili , who also heads iran ' s supreme national security council , added that the islamic republic is ready to cooperate with western countries to ' remove common concerns [ about its nuclear program ] in international arena ' . . . . ( more )


it was an essential and direct way of communicating face-to-face with the public , and was a practice which was adopted by the mughal emperors .

the balcony appearance in the name of jharokha darshan also spelled jharokha-i darshan was adopted by the 16th-century mughal emperor akbar , even though it was contrary to islamic injunctions .

earlier , akbar 's father emperor humayun had also adopted this hindu practice of appearing before his subjects at the jharokha to hear their public grievances .

darshan is a sanskrit word which means " sight " and " beholding " ( also means : " the viewing of an idol or a saint " ) which was adopted by mughals for their daily appearance before their subjects .

this also showed a hindu influence , it was first practiced by humayun before akbar adopted it as a practice at sunrise .

jharokha is an easterly facing " ornate bay-window " , canopied , throne-balcony , the " balcony for viewing " ( an oriel window projecting out of the wall ) provided in every palace or fort where the kings or emperors resided during their reign .

its architecture served not only the basic need for lighting and ventilation but also attained a divine concept during the reign of mughals .

the jharokha appearances by the mughals have been depicted by many paintings .

giving jharokha darshan from this jharokha was a daily feature .

this tradition was also continued by rulers who followed akbar ( r. 1556 – 1605 ce ) .

jahangir ( r. 1605 – 27 ce ) and shah jahan ( r. 1628 – 58 ce ) also appeared before their subjects punctiliously .

however , this ancient practice was discontinued by aurangzeb during his 11th year of reign as he considered it a non-islamic practice , a form of idol worship .

in agra fort and red fort , the jharokha faces the yamuna and the emperor would stand alone on the jharokha to greet his subjects .

mughal emperors during their visits outside their capital used to give jharokha darshan from their portable wooden house known as do-ashiayana manzil .

during the delhi durbar held in delhi on 12 december 1911 , king george v and his consort , queen mary , made a grand appearance at the jharokha of the red fort to give a " darshan " to 500,000 common people .

jharokha darshan

the projecting tower to the east of the khas mahal is called the octagonal tower ( muthamman burj ) . the emperor would address his subjects every morning in a ceremony called jharokha darshan .
jharokha darshan ' of kashi vishwanath temple ( kvt ) is emerging as the only solution to ensure that all the pilgrims queuing up for hours get an opportunity to pay obeisance to lord vishwanath .
jharokha darshan was a daily practice of addressing the public audience ( darshan ) at the balcony ( jharokha ) at the forts and palaces of medieval kings in india . it was an essential and direct way of communicating face - to - face with the public , and was a practice which was adopted by the mughal emperors . { sfn | reddi | 2001 | p = 81 } the balcony appearance w . . .
in the mughal era , jharokhas were used to address the public . the practice — popular as jharokha - i - darshan — was introduced by emperor akbar , who used a jharokha to communicate with his subjects on a day - to - day basis . till date , paintings depicting akbar sitting in a jharokha are extremely popular . palaces and havelis apart , jharokhas soon became a part of the architecture of temples and mosques in the 18th century .
38 . • • • • muhtasibs appointed in all provinces . in 1669 , he forbade singing . he discontinued nauroj . jharokha darshan was also discontinued . • he forbade the ceremony of weighing the emperor against gold and silver .
aurangzeb forbade engraving kalma on coins , celebration of festival of nauroj , practices of jharokha darshan and tula - dan and gave marching order to astrologers , musicians and dancers from the royal court . he banned the cultivation of bhang , drinking alcohol and gambling .
she is the only mughal woman in whose name coins were struck . she would even appear with jahangir for jharokha darshan , a tradition that akbar started in which the emperor would show himself at the window after dawn prayers every day to give the common people an audience .
which of the following statements regarding aurangzeb are correct ? 1 . during his long reign , the mughal empire reached its territorial climax 2 . he issued secular decrees called ‘zawabit’ 3 . he discontinued the festival of ‘navroz’ 4 . he discontinued the practice of jharokha darshan . select the correct answer using the codes given below
more than 50 per cent of the pilgrims , who succeed in entering the sanctum sanctorum , do not get the opportunity to see the shivling or touch it as the cops stop them to allow entry to others .
the inconvenience caused to the pilgrims , who are thronging the city from across the globe , is also hurting us ,
the ssp said . some regular visitors of temple and scholars have advised to replace this system by ' jharokha darshan ' ( allowing darshan of shivlinga from outside the doors of sanctum sanctorum ) .
in fatehpur - sikri , akbar started the practice of ‘ jharokha darshan ‘ . everyday morning he presented himself to his subjects from a window on the southern wall of the larger chamber on the ground floor . it is believed that some of his subjects ate only after having his darshan . the fact that some of his subjects used to eat only after seeing him , makes me wonder , were they followers of “ deen - i - elaahi “ ! as the proposed religion considered the emperor as ‘insaan - i - kaamil’ – the perfect man .
jharokha darshan is already in practice in several other prominent temples like sankat mochan , where no chaos is faced like kvt and the devotees in any number have a glimpse of the deity without inconvenience . mishra said that the authorities of temple trust and administration have been given this proposal and if they would give their consent , the same process can be followed on coming maha shivratri festival .
“ as the morning star appeared in the sky , the royal orchestra began to play music appropriate for the morning hours . from the minarets of mosques muezzins called the faithful to prayer . the citizens assembled on the banks of the river yamuna below the palace walls . as the sun came up , the emperor appeared on the jasmine tower for the jharokha - i - darshan so that his subjects could see for themselves that he was in good health . ”
the hall ' s columns and engrailed arches exhibit fine craftsmanship , and the hall was originally decorated with white chunam stucco . in the back in the raised recess the emperor gave his audience in the marble balcony ( jharokha ) .
the palace consists of a central hall , side room . the space between this palace and the khas mahal consists of a large compound lined by a verandah lined by beautifully decorated arches supported on double pillars . in the riverside portion of this mansion our guide led us to a centrally located arched opening . we were informed that it was through this opening the emperor used to show himself to the common people every morning , a ceremony known as “jharokha darshan . ”
the new power equations were reinforced by imperial durbars held in delhi in 1877 , 1903 and 1911 . the coronation durbar of december 1911 also marked the visit of the british king george v and queen mary . after the event at the coronation park , the royal couple decided to make an appearance from a jharoka ( balcony ) of the red fort on december 13 . the jharokha darshan ( audience from the balcony ) was a symbolic appropriation of a practice which only the emperors of hindustan were entitled to .
the huge courtyard of halvad palace houses a seven - storey tower with jharokhas overlooking all directions . on a clear day , one can see the surrounding villages from these jharokhas giving the palace its other popular names , jhalawad darshan and ek - dandia mahal .
in 1910 , there was a succession in england where king george v ascended the throne . in 1911 he paid a visit to india . darbar was held to commemorate the coronation of king george v and queen mary as emperor and empress of india . the darbar brought back the pomp and show of the mughals once again in delhi . the king and the queen attired in the coronation robes with thousands of diamonds and precious gems appeared in the jharokha of the red fort to give darshan to 5 lakh indian people who gathered to greet the sovereign couple .
in indian collective memory , aurangzeb is one of the cruellest kings ever . he is thought to have either converted or killed millions of hindus while destroying or desecrating thousands of temples . he imposed jizya and tried to curb celebration of holi and diwali . he did away with syncretic royal practices like daily display of the king at balcony ( jharokha darshan ) and yearly weighing of the king in gold and silver to be distributed among the poor . he executed the ninth sikh guru , tegh bahadur . the list of aurangzeb’s atrocities , real or perceived , is long .
moreover , temples were targeted mainly when they became the hub of anti - state activities . for example , vishwanath temple at kashi and keshavdev temple at mathura were destroyed in 1669 and 1670 respectively , more for political than religious reasons . jizya was reinstated only after two decades of aurangzeb’s rule . grand celebration of holi , diwali , or eid , muharram and nowruz were discouraged for reasons of public safety , order or morality . religion , again , played little role in such considerations . the end of jharokha darshan had more to do with imperial strategy and less with puritanical obsession . and guru tegh bahadur was decapitated because he was causing political unrest in punjab .
these days , jharokhas are used to add a touch of vintage charm to living rooms . in earlier times , however , their main purpose was to let the sunlight stream into the house . another reason for installing a jharokha in palaces and forts was that it acted like a natural purdah . royal women used these to view public events without stepping out .
their majesties arrived at 3 . 30pm and moved freely about the garden amongst their guests . they visited the loan exhibition in the museum in the palace building known as the mumtaz mahal . after spending some time there , their imperial majesties retired and donned their imperial crown and robes . then they entered the lovely marble balcony of the musammam burj , and granted the darshan , or appearance , before the people assembled on the zer jharokha below . but the fretted sides of the balcony did not permit of a sufficiently expansive view , and after a few minutes their majesties quitted the burj , and passed to the open platform between the two buildings from which the burj projects , and the rang mahal . from this another balcony projects from the line of the fort walls , over the zer jharokha . on this had been placed the solid silver thrones , covered with gilding , and upholstered in crimson velvet . there their majesties took their seats , the staff retired , and only the princely indian pages remained in attendance . at first the pages stood behind the thrones , but the king emperor feared they would blur the spectacle for those below , and he made the pages stand on either side , afterwards bidding them seat themselves behind him . thus the two crowned and robed figures were left in isolation for the people to feast their eye upon .
the ssp said :
we are trying our best to ensure that each and every pilgrim queuing up for entering kvt gets an opportunity to have darshan of lord vishwanath .
but , the officials know it well that it is not an easy task as the sadhus from all the akhadas will carry out their procession on the same day to enter kvt . four hours had already been reserved for sadhus . the officials are in contact with akhada authorities to complete the rituals early in the interest of other pilgrims .
aryan . hardcover . condition : new . contents : preface . 1 . fatehpur sikri and its surroundings from the stone age till now . 2 . sources of information on fatehpur sikri . 3 . cuttings . 4 . akbar ' s haram - sara discovered . 5 . gate of the haram - sara and yatish khana . 6 . excavation around the badshahi gate . 7 . princes ' nursery . 8 . the royal kitchen . 9 . identification of the place of jharokha darshan . 10 . residential complex of the nobles . 11 . abdur rahim khan - i khanan ' s palace . 12 . miscellaneous excavations . 13 . residential area of artisans and palace servants . 14 . ibadat khana . 15 . khushbu khana and chapel . 16 . stables and animal superintendent ' s house . 17 . roads and shops during akbar ' s reign . 18 . a few salient features of building construction . 19 . antiquity and pottery . 20 . conclusion . appendices : 1 . scientific report on the old road system at fatehpur sikri . 2 . chronology of building construction at fatehpur sikri . 3 . excavation schedule . notes . select bibliography . index .
the muthamman burj , also written musamman burj , is a tower of the red fort located in delhi . the structure adjoins the eastern wall of the khwabgah of the khas mahal . it is a semi - octagonal tower where the mughal emperor would appear every morning before his subjects . this ceremony was known as the jharokha darshan . a balcony , the khwabgah jharoka ( place of dreams balcony ) , projecting from the central side of the tower was constructed in 1808 - 09 ce by akbar ii . this is described in an inscription over its arches . the dome above was perhaps originally covered in gilded copper , similar to the one in agra fort . the river yamuna originally laid much closer to the wall and tower but shifted its position since the original construction . at the lower level of the tower is a small gate , which enabled the emperor to move directly between the imperial enclosure of the fort and the banks of the river , where the royal barges would take him to agra . during the british colonial rule , the tower was used again for the great durbar . it was from this balcony that king george v and queen mary appeared before the public in 1911 during the delhi durbar .
the imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort , overlooking the yamuna . the pavilions are connected by a canal , known as the nahr - i - behisht (
stream of paradise
) , running through the centre of each pavilion . water is drawn from the yamuna via a tower , the shahi burj , at the northeast corner of the fort . the palace is designed to emulate paradise as described in the quran . in the riverbed below the imperial apartments and connected buildings was a space known as zer - jharokha (
beneath the latticework
) .
the devotees are not barred on the special occasions like mondays of shrawan , mahashivratri and rangbhari ekadashi . but , with the commencement of maha kumbh , problems are being faced as lakhs of devotees are being deprived of darshan due to one reason or the other .
keeping the size and condition of sanctum sanctorum of kvt , the entry is allowed through two doors and two other doors are used for exit . in existing system , a maximum 60 - 70 pilgrims can pass through sanctum sanctorum in a minute . with this rate , around one lakh devotees can enter the sanctum sanctorum in a day while more than four lakh pilgrims queue up for entering the kvt ,
said mishra .
most commonly found in the mughal and rajput style of architecture , a jharokha is an over - hanging enclosed balcony or stone window , mostly canopied , adding an artistic dimension to an abode . examples of ornate jharokhas are still found in towns of rajasthan , gujarat , madhya pradesh and a number of other indian states . jharokhas these days only serve the decoration purpose . these make for great wall hangings inside hotels , resorts and even some temples . made in wood or marble , ornately carved jharokhas can add an ethnic touch to the décor of the house . these also come in an array of sizes . these can be huge , with mirrors installed inside , or smaller in size to frame the paintings .
speaking from the artistic or architectural perspective , diwan - i - am could be considered as the symbol of the mughal grandeur and royal glory . the mansion was built in red sandstone on a large rectangular plinth . the entire hall consists of 48 pillars , out of which the outer pillars are aligned in pairs . these beautiful pillars along with the engrailed arches support a rectangular ceiling covering the top of the hall . unlike other halls , the diwan - i - am is opened on all three sides except that in the eastern side , where at the centre lies an elevated jharokha balcony which used to house the royal throne chamber ( known as takht - i - murasa ) of emperor shah jahan . our guide indicated that the emperor used to preside over the public office mostly during the morning hours before lunch .
below the fort walls , by the bela , by the jumna’s banks , was assembled a vaste concourse of the humbler millions of india . since the first dawn of the day the different communities had made processions and offered up prayers for the long life and prosperous reign of the emperor and empress and now they were enjoying the gaiety and amusements of the badshahi mela , the wrestling matches , the circus riders of patiala and rampur , the sham attack upon the fort by the gwalior troops , the fire balloons and wondrous kites and the daylight fireworks that burst in puffs of smoke and silver streaks , whistling shrilly as they fell through the air . but above all things the huge crowd hoped to witness the darshan , the gracious appearance of the badshah at the musammam burj , on the octagonal tower with the fretted balcony of marble , at which , in olden times , the badshah used daily to show himself to the people .
• orthodox muslims did not like the views of akbar and jahangir and there was some resentment among them . • in his early years , a policy of religious persecution and religious discrimination in favour of islam is clearly noticeable . • he stopped sijda , forbade the use of the royal portrait as an adornment to the cap or the turban and restored the use of the hijri era in place of the ilahi era . • in 1633 he ordered wholesale demolition of all newly built temples and in benaras alone 72 temples were destroyed . similarly , destruction took place in allahabad , gujarat and kashmir . • he established a separate department for securing conversions to islam . these incidents show that akbar’s policy of religious liberty and equality was gradually being forsaken and religious discrimination , began under jahangir , was gaining in virulence and scope . • but even under shahjahan , there was no permanent adoption of religious persecution as an integral element of state policy . he too did not revive the jizya . • during the later part of his reign there is no reference to temple destruction or any other form of religious persecution . • he continued jharokha darshan , tula dan and tilak . • nor did he deprive the hindus of high office . 20 % to 25 % of the higher mansabs were still given to the hindus . nor did he deprive the hindu poets , artists and scholars of state patronage . • it thus appears that in his early years he issued certain orders and did certain acts on grounds of political expediency which proved harmful to certain individuals and localities . but he never adopted a general policy of discrimination , persecution and hatred and retained the affections of his hindu subjects till the end of his reign . • but this twin - headed policy of shahjahan led to emergence of two rival groups in the state as the supporters of these two policies , which proved very harmful to the state and facilitated aurangzeb’s accession to the throne . if he had adopted a liberal policy from the very outset , there might have been no dissensions at court .
• aurangazeb was a staunch and orthodox muslim in his personal life . • his ideal was to transform india into an islamic state . • he created a separate department to enforce moral codes under a high - powered officer called muhtasib . • drinking was prohibited . • cultivation and use of bhang and other drugs were banned . • aurangazeb forbade music in the mughal court . • he discontinued the practice of jarokha - darshan . • he also discontinued the celebration of dasarah and royal astronomers and astrologers were also dismissed from service . • initially aurangazeb banned the construction of new hindu temples and repair of old temples . then he began a policy of destroying hindu temples . the celebrated temples at mathura and benares were reduced to ruins . • in 1679 , he reimposed jiziya and pilgrim tax . • he was also not tolerant of other muslim sects . the celebration of muharram was stopped . • he was also against the sikhs and he executed the ninth sikh guru tej bahadur . this had resulted in the transformation of sikhs into a warring community . • his religious policy was responsible for turning the rajputs , the marathas and sikhs into the enemies of mughal empire . • it had also resulted in the rebellions of the jats of mathura and the satnamis of mewar . therefore , aurangazeb was held responsible for the decline of the mughal empire .
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chandigarh : goswami ganesh dutta sd college , sector 32 , continues to be the favourite of most toppers seeking admission to bcom , bba and bca .
mumbai : actor kavi kumar azaad , known for playing the character of dr hansraaj hathi on popular sitcom ‘taarak mehta ka ooltah chashma’ , passed away on monday after suffering a cardiac arrest .
the modern - day decorative jharokhas are inspired by ancient architectural art form of rajasthan and gujarat . even in the present settings , these look as graceful
it is one of the most popular architectural elements of all time . even with a history of centuries to it , jharokhas continue to lure interior designers with their timeless appeal . it is a kind of bay window that besides having a visual appeal also lets the natural light and air usher in your house . interior designers prefer to pick modern and ethnic elements of décor to create perfect settings and jharokhas fit the bill really well . miniature replicas of these are equally popular as wall hangings or photo frames .
the most famous building with jharokhas in india , the hawa mahal , was built in 1799 in jaipur during the reign of maharaja sawai pratap singh . the building has beautifully sculpted windows that look out into the city . built for the royal ladies of rajasthan , who wanted to view city life from behind the purdah , the hawa mahal has 953 beautiful windows or jharokhas made out of pink sandstone . the windows are built in such a way that these resemble a honeycomb . behind every window is a small chamber meant for the royal ladies .
another famous building that is the inspiration behind many decorative jharokhas is the halvad palace in gujarat . the palace is exclusively adorned with carved wooden columns , brackets , friezes and jalis with geometrical patterns , all defining a courtyard . it is the historically famous jharokhas like these that have been replicated to adorn the walls of modern villas and homes . today one can find all kinds of wall - art jharokhas in the market . though mostly made of wood and decorated with clay , these come in a variety of materials ranging from metal to the more expensive silver and gold foil decorations .
most of the decorative jharokhas available in the market these days derive their inspiration from the famous forts , palaces and havelis of rajasthan and gujarat , which had intricately carved bay windows , built of sandstone and marble . some of most famous inspirations are
hawa mahal in jaipur has 953 jharokhas carved out of pink sandstone . it was built to help the royal women in purdah view city life . this famous building was made by maharaja sawai pratap singh in 1799 .
this fort is a historical monument located in the small town of phalodi near jodhpur . the fort was built in 1488 by rao hammir narawat , the grandson of the maharaja of jodhpur . it is a reflection of the fine work of ancient artists of marwar and houses many beautifully sculpted jharokhas .
zenana mahal is a part of the famous mehrangarh fort and was the royal abode of jodhpur queens . the prominent queens’ court is situated inside the zenana mahal and is called the moti mahal chowk . a number of jharokhas with intricately carved jaali can be seen in the three wings of this court .
this five - storey edifice , which was constructed in 1800 ad and is the largest of its kind , is one of the grandest mansions of jaisalmer . the haveli is known for its stunningly carved jharokhas . each of these has two pillars and a cupola .
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' of kashi vishwanath temple ( kvt ) is emerging as the only solution to ensure that all the pilgrims queuing up for hours get an opportunity to pay obeisance to lord vishwanath .
if the kvt trust and administration would give consent to this proposal , it can be introduced on the occasion of mahashivratri falling on march 10 .
we have not finalised this decision as the issue is sensitive and concerns to faith , hence consent of authorities concerned is a must ,
said ssp ak mishra . presently , except the aarti hours , when the doors of sanctum sanctorum of kvt remain closed , the devotees are allowed to enter the sanctum sanctorum for offering prayer and even touch the shivlinga .
admin to finalise mahashivratri action plan soon : the experiences of past one - and - half - month had compelled the district administration and police to finalise the action plan in advance to control and regulate crowd on mahashivratri on march 10 .
with the commencement of maha kumbh at allahabad , the arrival of pilgrims had increased here . after every important ' snans ' like makarsankranti , mauni amawasya , basant panchami and maghi purnima , the queues of devotees seeking entry in kashi vishwanath temple were seven to eight kilometers long .
the crowd of devotees always remains high on mahashivratri . keeping it in view , district magistrate pranjal yadav and the ssp visited the temple on saturday and stayed till late in the evening to discuss plans of security and crowd regulation with subordinates and temple authorities .
the pilgrims often become impatient . to ensure that they do not indulge in making hue and cry , lcd screens would be placed at many points along the queues for viewing live telecast of the activities taking place at sanctum sanctorum . he said that to avoid inconvenience to the pilgrims , who reach the temple with their bags and other banned articles like mobile phones and electronic gadgets , measures for making them aware to leave the belongings at the places of their stay would be initiated . the close circuit television cameras and public address system , which are lying non - functional in and around kvt , would also be repaired by march 6 .
putting a complete check on the entry of vehicles on maidagin - godowlia road during special occasion had remained impossible so far , admitted the ssp .
keeping this in view , the officials have decided to install fixed barriers at all the entry points instead of installing flexible barriers . he said that neither the vehicles of officials nor any vip would be allowed to enter this road on mahashivratri . the barriers installed inside the kvt premises would be replaces by steel barricades .
( ssc ) on march 10 , when lakhs of pilgrims are expected in the city .
keeping it in view , the local authorities have demanded additional police and paramilitary forces to maintain foolproof security .
about a week back , district magistrate pranjal yadav forwarded a letter to ssc , seeking to postpone the examination in varanasi or change some centres . eight of the centres are located near prominent temples of lord shiva . the venue of examination at these centres should be changed to avoid hindrance . the dm has also proposed a new list of eight centres .
he has just 2 weeks left & i need rs . 5 . 5 lakh to save him .
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the author was fascinated by the magnificence of bhopal . its architecture and culture are the living legacy of a series of amazing women rulers .
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at the red fort , on august 15 , 1947 , the past and the present had coalesced to mark a newly independent nation’s step towards the future .
known by different names at different points of time , such as qila - i - mubarak ( the fortunate citadel ) , qila - i - shahjahanabad ( fort of shahjahanabad ) or qila - i - mualla ( the exalted fort ) , the red fort remains one of the most iconic representations of anti - colonial resistance and india’s independence day celebrations . since 1947 , on every independence day , successive prime ministers have hoisted the national flag here and addressed the nation from the rampart adjacent to the lahori gate , which now forms the public entrance to the fort .
constructed by the mughal emperor shah jahan between 1638 - 1649 , the red fort , which derives its name from its massive red sandstone walls , represented the political and cultural grandeur of the mughal empire . it was designed as the fort - palace of the new mughal capital , shahjahanabad , literally ‘the abode of shah jahan’ .
after the reign of aurangzeb , shah jahan’s son and successor , the fortunes of this bastion started dwindling as the later mughals proved to be very vulnerable . nadir shah , the turk ruler of iran , attacked delhi in 1739 . he plundered the fort as well as the city and carried away a massive booty , including shah jahan’s iconic peacock throne and the koh - i - noor ( mountain of light ) diamond . subsequently , raids by the marathas , sikhs , jats , gurjars , rohillas and afghans from mid to later 18th century further weakened the mughal stronghold . in fact , during the time of shah alam ( 1759 - 1806 ) , it is said that mughal rule extended from the red fort to palam in delhi .
the early 19th century saw the british influence growing in the region . after the capture of delhi in 1803 , the british started taking control of the fort and the city . the early half of the 19th century was relatively quiet for the city , dubbed as years of ‘english peace’ .
these were also years of the ‘delhi renaissance’ , marked by the presence of ghalib , momim and zauq , and the delhi college , and soon to be overtaken by the rebellion of 1857 . in the circumstances that unfolded , red fort gained a new identity as the most important symbol of resistance to the might of the british . once again the mughal emperor found himself being referred to as the ‘emperor of hindustan’ .
the year 1857 witnessed an armed rebellion in parts of central india and northern india leading to the loss of british control over these regions for a while ( new research suggests that the uprising was far more widespread than hitherto believed ) . red fort and its occupant , bahadur shah zafar , became the most important symbol of the rebellion .
historian eric stokes writes that the rebel soldiers showed a “centripetal impulse to congregate at delhi” . pressured by the rebels , a reluctant 82 - year - old mughal emperor became the leader of the rebellion while real power was exercised by rebel soldiers , princes and nobles .
the fall of delhi sparked off mutinies and uprisings ; the rebellion acquired a civil and popular character in parts of north india . with the coming of the rebel troops from bareilly to delhi , led by muhammad bakht khan , a government was formed combining civil and military administration .
muhammad bakht khan was nominated sahib - i - alam bahdur ( governor general ) and he functioned with the help of an administrative court . historian k . n . panikkar points out that the court conducted the affairs of the state in the name of the emperor . he was recognised as an emperor by all rebel leaders . coins were struck and orders were issued in his name .
a retreating british army took refuge in the delhi ridge area while waiting for the reinforcements from ambala . historian rudrangshu mukhjee writes that their aim was to regain control of delhi which had become the focal point of rebellion . other centres of revolt were soon suppressed .
after gaining control of delhi around september 1857 , the british resorted to harsh reprisals marked by summary court martial and hangings , blowing rebels from the cannon and indiscriminate shootings . bahadur shah zafar , who had escaped by the yamuna river route to take refuge in humayun’s tomb , was caught along with three princes . the arrested emperor was brought back to the red fort as a prisoner while the three princes were killed by major william hodson near delhi gate . bahadur shah zafar was tried in the diwan - i - khas ( hall of special audience ) and exiled to rangoon ( now yangon ) on october 7 , 1858 .
“capture of the king of delhi by captain hodson” , steel engraving . captain william hodson captured bahadur shah ii on 20 september 1857 during the sepoy mutiny . credit : wikimedia
british officials were not just content with deporting the emperor and killing his descendants , they also unleashed their anger on the fort which been the citadel of power during the ‘great indian rebellion’ . more than two - thirds of red fort’s inner structures were destroyed . the palace was converted into quarters for the british garrison and the famed diwan - i - aam ( hall of public audience ) into a hospital . the buildings south of the diwan - i - khas were allotted to the troops .
precious stones , jewels and artworks adorning the palaces were looted . several existing mughal structures , including the harem courts , the gardens to the west of rang mahal , the royal store rooms and kitchen were demolished . british buildings such as army barracks , hospitals , bungalows , administrative buildings , sheds and godowns came up in the former mughal bastion .
the suppression of the rebellion was accompanied by major administrative changes . the rule of east india company came to an end and queen victoria was made the sovereign head of british india . the office of the secretary of state was created to rule india .
the 1911 durbar also saw a surprise announcement – the transfer of british india’s capital from calcutta to delhi . mukherjee points out that the decision to shift the capital to delhi was also motivated by the symbolic importance of the city and the hold the mughals had over the minds of the people of north india .
while the british appropriated the imperial symbolism related to the red fort , they did everything to prevent any news about bahadur shah zafar coming out in public . historian amar farooqui writes that the exiled emperor and his family lived in complete obscurity till the end of the 19th century , with the colonial state ensuring that no definite account of the mughal family became available to the public .
nevertheless , the rebellion and its heroes continued to remain in public memory and later in the nationalist imagination . as panikkar writes , even in failure , the rebellion of 1857 served as a source of inspiration for the freedom struggle in later decades .
almost a century after 1857 , the red fort emerges on the horizon in the years preceding independence , with the circumstances of the freedom movement in the 1940s rekindling interest in the lives of the seemingly - forgotten mughal emperor and his family .
farooqui , however , argues that the choice of the red fort as the site for india’s principal public event “was not directly the outcome of a desire to set right , symbolically , the historical wrongs of 1857” – rather it was “indirectly that latent memory of the suppression of the uprising ( that ) determined the selection of what was the most prominent non - colonial structure in the capital of the british india empire” .
according to the historian , what triggered this memory in the 1940s was the setting up of the headquarters of the azad hind fauj or the indian national army ( ina ) provisional government at rangoon in burma . subhas chandra bose , the ‘netaji’ of ina reportedly visited the shrine that had come up around the unmarked grave of bahadur shah zafar and his famous call chalo dilli ( march to delhi ) invoked both the emperor and the red fort and was also linked to the idea of the recapture of the fort –” ( o ) ur task will not end until our surviving heroes hold the victory parade on the graveyard of the british empire , at the lal quila , the red fort of ancient delhi” .
netaji’s intervention , writes farooqui , played a decisive role in “overcoming the forced collective amnesia about the history of the brutal reconquest of the city” .
the ina trials ( 1945 - 1946 ) put the spotlight on the red fort once again . after the second world war , the captured officers of the ina were put on public trial at the red fort in december 1945 . three officers , namely colonel shah nawaz khan , colonel prem kumar sahgal and colonel gurbaksh singh dhillon , were housed there for the duration of the trial . the chambers within the baoli , or step - well , believed to pre - date the red fort , were converted into a prison .
jawaharlal nehru addresses the nation from red fort on independence day , august 15 , 1947 . credit : wikimedia
there was a “mass upheaval” of campaigns , protest meetings and all - party demonstrations showing signs of remarkable communal harmony . “never before in indian history , ” nehru admitted , “had such unified sentiments been manifested by various sections of the population . ”
according to historian sekhar bandyopadhyay , there were many factors behind the mass upsurge , including the fact that the trial took place at the red fort , which appeared to be the “most authentic symbol of british imperial domination” – it was the place where the last mughal emperor and the acclaimed leader of the 1857 revolt was tried and exiled .
farooqui writes that the nation - wide campaign for the release of the ina officers further reinforced the public perception of the former mughal fort - palace as the symbol of anti - colonial resistance .
finally , in august 1947 , the first prime minister of india jawaharlal nehru raised the indian national flag above lahori gate . nehru’s speech made a special mention of netaji , regretting his absence on the occasion . farooqui argues that the act of replacing the british flag with india’s national flag , a day after the swearing in of the first cabinet on august 15 , amounted to reclaiming this contested site for the nation .
it is a site where the past and the present coalesced to mark a newly independent nation’s step towards the future . on every independence day , as the prime minister speaks from the rampart of the red fort in what is a formal , choreographed event , the site itself shimmers with the sheen of an inclusive memory , like a talisman .
shashank shekhar sinha has taught history in undergraduate colleges at the university of delhi . he does independent research on tribes , gender , violence , culture and heritage .
here are some important notes and points on mughal empire for your various upcoming competition examinations . mughals were the important kings of delhi sultanate .
. daulat khan lodhi , alam khan and rana sanga invited babur to attack india . he was descended of
in which he give excellent description of india . he died on 1530 and his tomb is at kabul .
he defeated sher shah at the battle of chausa in 1529 . but in the battle of kannauj / bilgram in 1540 , he escaped to iran where he passed 12 years . after that he invaded india in 1555 and defeated his afghans brothers and became ruler of india again .
humayun succeeded in conquering the provinces of gujarat and malwa and remain successful to eliminate the threat of bahadur shah . however he failed to consolidate his power in western india .
. he was ascended the throne in 1556 at the age of 15 . his took the title
. akbar ended the regency and proceeded to conquer various important town like gwalior , ajmer and jaunpur . he defeated
was the first hindu who followed this religion . akbar built fatehpur sikri , agra fort , lahore fort and allahabad fort . he also made humayun’s tomb at delhi . he also abolished
also contemporary to akbar . he was buried at sikandra near agra after his death . he used persian as an official language in india .
. he came to the throne after akbar’s death in 1605 . captain hawkins from east - india company came to his court in 1608 . jahangir give him a title ‘
‘ . after that sir thomas roe from england came to india and got permission to build port in surat . he wrote his memories in ‘
ascended the throne in 1628 and became popular for his good deccan and foreign policies . he had to face revolts in
imprisoned shahjahan and ascended the throne in 1658 . he ruled for almost 50 years . during his reign , the mughal empire reached its territorial climax . his reign can be divided into two 25 years periods . during his first 25 years of rule , he ruled over the north india . at this time maratha power under shivaji emerged and were force of reckon with . aurangzeb executed
, was the 9th guru of sikhs who refused to embrace islam . during his reign , aurangzeb ban on
the last mughal king was bahadur shah - ii who was made premise during 1867 revolts .
humayun : founder of city din panah at delhi , jamali mosque , isa khan mosque at delhi .
shahjahan : taj mahal , moti masjid at agra , jama masjid , red fort at delhi .
aurangzeb : moti masjid at delhi , badshahi mosque at lahore , bibi ka maqbara in aurangabad .
gk > national parks in himachal pradesh ( h . p ) [ pdf ]
the mughal rulers barring akbar the great were not very much liberal towards other religion . they occasionally discriminated the hindus from the muslims and imposed discriminatory taxes which akbar abolished to the relief of the former .
in the present section , we shall examine the mughal religious policy vis - à - vis the hindus .
babur , the founder of the mughal rule in india was a staunch sunni muslim . ishwari prasad writes , “babur was an orthodox sunni in his religious views , but his culture saved him from being a zealot or a fanatic like mahmud of ghazni or a ruthless conqueror like his great ancestor , timur , the lane . ” infact , babur followed a middle course in respect of religion . he paid visits to hindu temple at gwalior . he introduced the policy of matrimonial alliances with the rajputs by celebrating marriage of his two sons - kamran and humayun with the daughters of medini rai of chanderi . however , due to political compulsion babur had to adopt some measures which offended the hindus . he declared the battle against rana sangram singh of mewar as jihad and assumed the title of ghazi or a ruthless conqueror . he also fought a holy war against medini rai of chanderi . against the hindu traders , babur followed a discriminatory policy by abolishing some duties for all muslim traders . at ayodhya , he is believed to have built a mosque at a spot revered by the hindus .
humayun was a devout muslim and observed his prayers and other religious rites regularly . yet , he was not a fanatic and showed respect to persons of other religions . his chief queen and most trusted servant were shias . to appease the hindus , he even prohibited cow slaughter . still in his relation with the hindus , humayun could not rise above the standards of his time . he never attacked a muslim ruler when the latter was busy in a war with a non - muslim enemy .
akbar’s son jahangir was also a liberal muslim king . he never launched a policy of the destruction of hindu places of worship . he also did not reimpose jiziya , nor did he believe in forcible conversion to islam . it is also alleged that he took harsh steps against the sikhs and the jains . but in support of him , it is generally said that the victims of his wrath were only individual’s viz . guru arjun singh , man singh suri and sheikh ahmed sirhindi and not the religious communities as such r . p . tripathi believes that jahangir was more orthodox than his father and less than his son khurram ( shah jahan ) . jahangir visited three times the ashram of jadrup gosain ( a hindu religious leader ) and discussed with him about hindu philosophy . he also imprisoned some sunni religious leaders for expressing some opinion disliked by the king .
by the time shah jahan ascended the throne in 1627 a change in the climate of tolerance and liberalism seemed to have taken place . islamic precepts now began to exercise control over the affairs of the state as was evident from a change in the practice of paying salute to the emperor . akbar had introduced in his court the practice of sijda or prostration , but shah jahan abolished it since this form of veneration was deemed fit for the almighty only . shah jahan substituted chahar taslim for sijda . moreover the author of amal salih informs us that seventy six temples in the region of benaras were demolished at the order of the king . the argument was that “new idol houses” ( taza sanamkhana ) could not be constructed . however , the old ones built before shah jahan’s accession were left untouched .
what is remarkable is the fact that in spite of deviation in some respects from the norms laid down by akbar and followed by jahangir , shah jahan did not impose jiziya on the non - muslims . nor did the number of the hindu mansabdars fell below the number under his predecessors .
let us know akbar , in the interest of political consolidation did not generally resort to religious discrimination .