durable water repellent , or dwr , is a coating added to fabrics at the factory to make them water-resistant ( or hydrophobic ) .

most factory-applied treatments are fluoropolymer based .

durable water repellents are commonly used in conjunction with waterproof breathable fabrics such as gore-tex to prevent the outer layer of fabric from becoming saturated with water .

this saturation , called ' wetting out , ' can reduce the garment 's breathability ( moisture transport through the breathable membrane ) and let water through .

as the dwr wears off over time , re-treatment is recommended when necessary .

many spray-on and wash-in products for treatment of non-waterproof garments and re-treatment of proofed garments losing their water-repellency are available from sources of sporting apparel .

older methods for factory application of dwr treatments involve applying a solution of a chemical onto the surface of the fabric by spraying or dipping .

more recently the chemistry is applied in the vapor phase using chemical vapor deposition ( cvd ) machinery .

the advantages of cvd include eliminating the use of hazardous and environmentally harmful solvents in the application process ; requiring less chemical ; and an extremely thin waterproof layer that has less effect on the natural look and feel of the fabric .

later advances have eliminated perfluorinated acids , considered to be potentially hazardous to human health by the us environmental protection agency and numerous research studies , from the application process .

an overview of the current situation on use of per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances ( pfass ) within repellent clothing has been written by three industry experts

durable water repellent

make raingear shed water like new again with revivex durable water repellent spray . our best - performing waterproofing spray , revivex durable water repellent is a breathable dwr that repels water , oil , and stains .
waterproof jackets are only able to repel water whilst their dwr ( or ' durable water repellent ' ) coating is working .
nearly every piece of technical outerwear today is treated with a durable water repellent ( dwr ) finish before leaving the factory .
if the water sinks in and absorbs into the material , your jacket is
wetting out
and needs to have the durable water repellent finish reapplied .
normal detergents can adversely affect the durable water repellent ( dwr ) finish and leave a hydrophilic residue , so they should never be used .
add durable water repellency treatment to the wash , following the instructions on the bottle .
if the water beads up , staying on the outside of the garment like dew drops , your jacket does not need to have the durable water repellent finish reapplied .
followed directions and it worked . nylon rain jacket is now water repellent again !
following spray application , tumble dry your garment for 20 minutes to reactivate the durable water - repellent ( dwr ) treatment on the outer fabric .
once it is dry , tumble dry your garment for 20 minutes to reactivate the durable water - repellent ( dwr ) treatment on the outer fabric .
virtually all rainwear have their exteriors treated with a durable water repellent ( dwr ) finish . it is rainwear ' s first line of defense against precipitation .
10 . 5 oz 10 . 5 oz durable + 10 fl oz pro cleaner 10 . 5 oz durable + 10 fl oz down cleaner
urltoken covers dwr ( durable water repellent ) and explains what it is , how it works , why it is important , and demonstrates how easy it is to compromize the effectiveness of dwr .
many articles of clothing are treated with water repellent substances , but these substances break down over time . there is more
dwr is durable water repellency , another way of coating the fabric after a laminate or membrane has been applied to form a protective wall from water droplets on the outer layer .
dwr is a water repellent coating added at the manufacturing stage to a product . usually dwr is used not only used to help repel water , but to increase breathability .
to retreat a dwr coated product , simply wash it and then apply a special reproofer , which can be a wash in or spray in water repellent .
this is a test in which a tube of water 1
in diameter is filled with water .
three - ply gore - tex is more durable as there is no friction on the actual membrane and it is completely protected .
the first step to revive durable water repellent finishes on clothing is to clean the garment . often , removing surface oils and dirt will help restore the fiber’s hydrophobic qualities . next , expose the article of clothing to heat . place the clothing in a dry and tumble dry on low to medium heat . always follow the garment’s care directions on the label .
when the factory applied treatment can no longer be reactivated , apply a new water - repellent treatment available as a pump - spray or a wash - in product to the garment ' s outer fabric .
when a glass capillary is is placed in liquid water , water rises up into the capillary . the height to which the water rises depends on the diameter of the tube and the temperature of the water but not on the angle at which the tube enters the water . the smaller the diameter , the higher the liquid rises .
depending on how old your jacket is — and how often you use it — you may need to restore the water repellent treatment on the outside of the fabric . luckily , there ' s an easy fix .
fluoropolymers break down over time when exposed to water and chemicals . laundry soap will eventually decrease the treated garment’s ability to repel water by leaving a residue that attracts water and dirt , so re - treatment becomes necessary .
water repellent garments are usually treated with a substance called fluoropolymers . a fluoropolymer is characterized by many strong fluoride - carbon bonds . it is resistant to liquids , solvents and various chemicals . this substance is most well known as teflon .
the material is comparatively heavy . it is questionable whether it is sufficiently durable to be recommended for serious mountaineering use . it has no hydrostatic head . when it needs reproofing water can be pushed through the fabric , e . g . by the weight of a rucksack ; however the water will disappear soon after the pressure is released .
many manufacturers of high performance outdoor clothing use outer fabrics that are treated with durable water repellent . the vast majority , despite differences in marketing names and claims , are based on flouropolymers . these are ptfe molecules that are applied to the surface and cured at high heat to make them adhere better and increase performance . these compounds have a fluorine atom at one end which is highly hydrophobic . heat causes them to align themselves with their flourines exposed . water tries to move away from the flourines resulting in beading . this allows the water to roll off without wetting the fabric .
water droplets should roll right off of the jacket when you pick it up .
a two - ply gore - tex is more durable than a one layer creation , yet the fabric is more susceptible to abrasion on the inner surface than a three ply or xcr gore layer .
dwr is not permanent , though . regular wear and tear , plus exposure to dirt , detergents , insect repellent , and other impurities can shorten its lifespan . the good news is that restoring the water repellency of your gore - tex shell is extremely easy .
to prevent wet out , all gore - tex shell fabrics are treated with an ultra - thin treatment called dwr , adurable water repellent polymer that is applied to the outermost fabric layer . dwr penetrates the fibers and lowers the surface tension of the fabric , causing water to bead up and roll off this outer layer of fabric , instead of being absorbed .
ideally you should look at dwr treatments as a way to improve or enhance existing water resistance .
paramo works like the fur of an animal whereas conventional waterproofs work more like a sheet of plastic . there are three constituent components : two layers of fabric and a waterproofing agent . the fabric is impregnated with nikwax tx direct treatment t hat leaves a water - repellent finish on each individual fibre so that the outer layer , as well as being fully windproof , will deflect at least 90 % of water that hits it .
after the treatment has been applied , apply your garment to a heat source , such as an iron , tumble dryer or a radiator , which will encourage the activation of the water repellent properties . ( this should be on a low setting so as to not harm the fibres and cause further abrasion to the garment . )
all waterproof jackets , including gore - tex jackets , rely on a durable water repellent finish in order to keep you dry . these treatments also keep the surface fabric of your garment dry , maintaining the breathability of the fabric . over time , however , these dwr treatments will wear off and become less effective . when this happens , they need reapplying . once you start to notice that you don ' t get the same level of beading on the jacket as you did previously , it ' s time to give your garment a thorough clean , and a fresh dwr treatment .
if , however , the water sits on the fabric and that section begins to darken slightly , water is making its way to the fibers and wetting the fabric . it ' s time to revive your dwr .
your jacket has got your back . it follows you on adventures , keeping you warm and dry even through the stormiest weather . so return the favor—keep your jacket healthy and strong by reapplying the dwr ( durable water repellent ) finish to your jacket . this guide will show you how to test whether your jacket needs to be treated and how to treat it . you ' ll want to start with a clean jacket . dirt , oil and use can wear the dwr finish off your jacket , allowing water to penetrate into the fabric . fortunately , reapplying a dwr finish is easy . a trip through the wash is all it takes to give your jacket new life—making it ready for rain or shine .
in addition , the waterproofing treatment causes the garment to treat water directionally , so that any water that hits it is deflected . it also means that any moisture that is created on the inside will be drawn away .
adding soaps and detergents that disrupt the intermolecular attractions between adjacent water molecules can reduce the surface tension of water . because they affect the surface properties of a liquid , soaps and detergents are called surface - active agents , or
this is then tested over 24 hours to see how many millimeters of water the fabric can withstand before leaking .
a close - weave synthetic fibre that is inherently windproof , and dwr - treated to improve water resistance . any water that does get through will not make the wearer cold since it is warmed up upon meeting the body heat of the wearer within the fibres of the inner . the water transmission system is driven by the wearer’s body heat .
this beading process aids breathable membranes such as gore - tex as it keeps water from clogging the pore based construction .
the same phenomenon holds molecules together at the surface of a bulk sample of water , almost as if they formed a skin . when filling a glass with water , the glass can be overfilled so that the level of the liquid actually extends
dwrs work by increasing the
contact angle
or
surface tension
created when water contacts a textile . basically , a high contact angle creates a microscopically
spiky
surface that suspends water droplets on the outer fringe of the fabric .
dwr is a chemical spray which is created using fluoropolymers or silicone . working like a teflon which is typically used on items that need a non stick surface such as frying pans , these polymers allow water to bead straight off as a water droplet .
tested in lab conditions to keep out a certain amount of water , waterproofing has set standards by which it can be meaured .
some dwr coatings can enable the jacket to be waterproof , some can only offer water repellency . always check before you buy .
if washing and drying the clothing does not work , there are some at home products that may be used to reinforce and refresh the fluoropolymers . one method is a spray on treatment . the directions are simple . spray the durable water repellent product directly on the clothing . make sure to spray the garment as evenly as possible . next , place the article of clothing on an ironic board . use an iron with a synthetic clothing setting to iron the treated garment . re - treating with a spray on solution is much like starching a shirt . even coverage , and careful , thorough ironing will lead to the greatest amount of success . before choosing this method , make sure the clothing to be treated can be ironed .
washer and dryer safe articles that have no dwr can also be treated with permanent water - guard . in order to maximize performance , there are two formulas of permanent water - guard . the 17oz trigger bottle item # 1356 is optimized for 100 % cotton or cotton blends . the 10 ½ oz aerosol item # 1357 is optimized for 100 % synthetics like nylon , polyester , acrylic , etc . these can be used to create your own highly breathable yet water repellent “soft shell” system . # 1356 can also be used as a wash - in and will exceed the performance of competing brands , but why not just do it right and enjoy our 25 wash guarantee .
if you don ' t have a dryer , use an iron on a low setting to heat - set the water repellency treatment .
by reproofing little and often and applying heat as instructed , your dwr treated garment should retain it’s water repelling properties season after season .
wash - in on the other hand is very inefficient . most of the chemical goes down the drain . worse yet , it eliminates wicking and other moisture management throughout the entire garment . after a few washes in their recommended detergent the wash - in repellency is gone . this is a great benefit to the retailers of water repellent clothing because it suggests to users that it is time to reproof or replace / recycle the item .
this is a membrane where the outer layer sheds most of the water . when water penetrates the outer it comes into contact with the “pump liner” or drop liner , which forces any moisture back out of the jacket . the “pump liner” effectively dries faster than it can get wet as the waterproof element is within the lining .
figure \ ( \ pageindex { 2 } \ ) : the effects of the high surface tension of liquid water . the full video can be found at urltoken .
the phenomenon of capillary action . capillary action of water compared to mercury , in each case with respect to a polar surface such as glass . differences in the relative strengths of cohesive and adhesive forces result in different meniscus shapes for mercury ( left ) and water ( right ) in glass tubes . ( credit : mark ott )
this is the point wear many wearers of a membrane such as gore - tex or e - vent feel that their waterproof is just not working , when in actual fact the pores cannot breathe . this causes the garment that was once water repelling to hold onto water , like a sponge . condensation may form from vapours being stuck in the garment , which then gives the illusion of leaking water . many people presume this is a leaking jacket , when in fact the breathability has been hindered .
if the garment cannot be ironed , or the spray on method seems too difficult there are several wash in products available . some popular products are even biodegradable and safe to use in a home washing machine . the process for re - treating with a wash in durable water repellent is much like washing normal laundry . pretreat the most worn areas of the garment with some of the wash in product . use a soft bristled brush or a sponge to work the solution into the fibers . next , place the clothing into the washing machine . limit the number of items washed in one load to increase the product’s effectiveness . add the wash in product according to the directions . wash the garment as recommended on the care label . follow up the wash in product treatment with a heat treatment . use either a clothes dryer or iron depending on the care instructions . sometimes , as second treatment is necessary to fully restore the garment’s hydrophobic qualities .
, which are the attractive forces between a liquid and the substance that composes the capillary . water has both strong adhesion to glass , which contains polar sioh groups , and strong intermolecular cohesion . when a glass capillary is put into water , the surface tension due to cohesive forces constricts the surface area of water within the tube , while adhesion between the water and the glass creates an upward force that maximizes the amount of glass surface in contact with the water . if the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces , as is the case for water , then the liquid in the capillary rises to the level where the downward force of gravity exactly balances this upward force . if , however , the cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces , as is the case for mercury and glass , the liquid pulls itself down into the capillary below the surface of the bulk liquid to minimize contact with the glass ( figure \ ( \ pageindex { 4 } \ ) ) . the upper surface of a liquid in a tube is called the
in a nutshell , to stay dry ! dwr can diminish in performance due to a number of factors — like dirt , sweat , abrasion and constant use . usually the dwr treatment will encourage water to bead up and roll off the surface of your garments . but as the treatment begins to fade , the fabric will start to absorb water instead .
hydrophilic coatings rely on the behavior of water molecules so heat generated by the body inside the garment drives body moisture down the polymer chains in the coating to the external face .
the same phenomenon holds molecules together at the surface of a bulk sample of water , almost as if they formed a skin . when filling a glass with water , the glass can be overfilled so that the level of the liquid actually extends above the rim . similarly , a sewing needle or a paper clip can be placed on the surface of a glass of water where it “floats , ” even though steel is much denser than water . many insects take advantage of this property to walk on the surface of puddles or ponds without sinking . this is even better describe in the zero gravity conditions of space as figure \ ( \ pageindex { 2 } \ ) indicates ( and more so in the video link ) .
first step : cleaning . follow the cleaning instructions for the type of rainwear you own . washing away dirt and oils does much to restore a dwr ' s water - shedding abilities .
manufacturers generally measure dwr effectiveness by a spray test . water is sprayed onto a textile , and the amount that sticks is visually assessed . a score of 90 points indicated that roughly 90 % of the fabric has no water sticking to it . the higher the number , the better the performance . the test is then repeated after a number of washings to determine durability .
it contains a flouro - chemical and is water - based . it’s recommended by gore - tex products . the garment is washed and then treated with the products in the washing machine .
adjustable cuffs are common on jackets and waterproof clothing as they close off the sleeves , one of the main access points for water to enter . full storm flap protection on all openings .
fluids and nutrients are transported up the stems of plants or the trunks of trees by capillary action . plants contain tiny rigid tubes composed of cellulose , to which water has strong adhesion . because of the strong adhesive forces , nutrients can be transported from the roots to the tops of trees that are more than 50 m tall . cotton towels are also made of cellulose ; they absorb water because the tiny tubes act like capillaries and “wick” the water away from your skin . the moisture is absorbed by the entire fabric , not just the layer in contact with your body .
the alternative is permanent water - guard . when properly applied , it is guaranteed to still bead water after 25 washings in sport - wash residue free detergent . sport - wash will also restore good factory dwr at least 25 times . sport - wash completely restores all the features and benefits of your high performance clothes , eliminating the need to replace / recycle or even reproof your treasures .
this unique system of water transfer control , insulation and waterproofing is derived from observations of how an animal’s fur works . the inner layer is a very short - haired fleece which is reversed , so that as water enters the fleece and moves down towards the base of the fibres , it comes under increasing pressure ; eventually it cannot get any further and is pushed back up the fibres .
figure \ ( \ pageindex { 1 } \ ) presents a microscopic view of a liquid droplet . a typical molecule in the interior of the droplet is surrounded by other molecules that exert attractive forces from all directions . consequently , there is no net force on the molecule that would cause it to move in a particular direction . in contrast , a molecule on the surface experiences a net attraction toward the drop because there are no molecules on the outside to balance the forces exerted by adjacent molecules in the interior . because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area for a given volume , intermolecular attractive interactions between water molecules cause the droplet to adopt a spherical shape . this maximizes the number of attractive interactions and minimizes the number of water molecules at the surface . hence raindrops are almost spherical , and drops of water on a waxed ( nonpolar ) surface , which does not interact strongly with water , form round beads ( see the chapter opener photo ) . a dirty car is covered with a mixture of substances , some of which are polar . attractive interactions between the polar substances and water cause the water to spread out into a thin film instead of forming beads .
you should retreat your waterproof garments every 4 - 6 months , depending on usage . washing and applying heat ( either via a tumble dryer or iron ) revitalises the water repellency of the treatment .
the phenomenon of capillary action . capillary action seen as water climbs to different levels in glass tubes of different diameters . credit : dr . clay robinson , phd , west texas a & m university .
in the graphic above , the pegs created by the dwr coating are represented in red above the face fabric . as your can see the water droplets , represented in blue , bead up and roll off the coating .
a representation of surface tension in a liquid . molecules at the surface of water experience a net attraction to other molecules in the liquid , which holds the surface of the bulk sample together . in contrast , those in the interior experience uniform attractive forces .
the dwr treatment is the first line of defense against wet weather conditions and prevents the face fabric from becoming saturated . when you see water beading up and rolling off your gore - tex jacket or down puffy , that’s actually the dwr technology at work .
the psi relates to the amount of water pressure that a garment can withstand both from the pressure within the garment ( the wearer ) and the external conditions ( the weather ) . psi can also be converted into mm of pressure for a simple reading .
breathable membranes consist of an extremely thin film containing microscopic pores that are large enough for body moisture to pass through , but small enough to keep water droplets out . most microporous membranes are laminated to a face fabric and are available in two - and three - layer versions .
don’t replace / recycle your high performance favorites . restore them with sport - wash andpermanent water - guard . with the time , money , and resources you save you can enjoy the outdoors more . request a free sample of sport - wash and learn more at atsko . com .
dwr fabrics can be washed with nikwax polarproof which provides a dwr finish for soft garments such as fleeces , or with granger’s extreme wash - in which is a water based product containing flouro - chemicals . this is the go outdoors recommended product for applying to most dwr coated products .
dwr is applied at the manufacturing stage , laying directly onto the individual fibres of a thread , which is crucial in helping the garment to allow water to bead off , without hidering breathability . the factory applications are more thorough than a home coating , and seams are typically sealed as well to allow 100 % waterproofing .
, and the shape of the meniscus depends on the relative strengths of the cohesive and adhesive forces . in liquids such as water , the meniscus is concave ; in liquids such as mercury , however , which have very strong cohesive forces and weak adhesion to glass , the meniscus is convex ( figure \ ( \ pageindex { 4 } \ ) ) .
the problem with dwr’s is that they must be very clean to work well . anything that contaminates the surface can mask the effects of the flourines , giving the water a place to contact and attack . over a period of a few months , sulfides and other pollutants in the air can settle on the fabric and reduce repellency even if the garment is not worn .
dwr is a polymer applied to the face fabric that creates microscopic pegs , or hairs , that protrude from the fabric . ( you didn’t know that you were bristling like a hedgehog in your new ski jacket , did you ? ) these pegs encourage the water droplets to band together and roll off , instead of spreading out along the face of the fabric and soaking through .
if liquids tend to adopt the shapes of their containers , then , do small amounts of water on a freshly waxed car form raised droplets instead of a thin , continuous film ? the answer lies in a property called surface tension , which depends on intermolecular forces . surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount and varies greatly from liquid to liquid based on the nature of the intermolecular forces , e . g . , water with hydrogen bonds has a surface tension of 7 . 29 x 10 - 2 j / m 2 ( at 20°c ) , while mercury with metallic ( electrostatic ) bonds has as surface tension that is 15 - times higher : 4 . 86 x 10 - 1 j / m 2 ( at 20°c ) .
. in the 1960s , us navy researchers developed a method of fighting fires aboard aircraft carriers using “foams , ” which are aqueous solutions of fluorinated surfactants . the surfactants reduce the surface tension of water below that of fuel , so the fluorinated solution is able to spread across the burning surface and extinguish the fire . such foams are now used universally to fight large - scale fires of organic liquids .
true , a waterproof / breathable membrane ( e . g . , gore - tex ® , event ® , rei elements ® ) will stop water from penetrating a rain jacket ' s interior . but a dwr prevents precipitation from saturating the jacket ' s exterior . without a dwr , a rain jacket ' s exterior becomes waterlogged and heavy ; the damp fabric tends to sag and cling to your skin .
gore - tex is the most established brand of microporous membrane . it consists of a wafer - thin expanded ptfe - poly - tetra - fluoro - ethylene ( teflon ) , in which each pore is 20 , 000 times smaller than a water droplet , yet some 700 times larger than a body moisture molecule . the fabric thus has excellent levels of waterproofing and breathability . it is laminated to either one or two surfaces , the different processes then being described as two - and three - ply .
n . the values of the surface tension of some representative liquids are listed in table \ ( \ pageindex { 1 } \ ) . note the correlation between the surface tension of a liquid and the strength of the intermolecular forces : the stronger the intermolecular forces , the higher the surface tension . for example , water , with its strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding , has one of the highest surface tension values of any liquid , whereas low - boiling - point organic molecules , which have relatively weak intermolecular forces , have much lower surface tensions . mercury is an apparent anomaly , but its very high surface tension is due to the presence of strong metallic bonding .
however , the effectiveness of a dwr treatment becomes compromised over time by exposure to dirt , grease , sunscreen , smoke , bug spray , hair , etc . the little pegs lose their perkiness , and start getting clogged , flattening out , and losing their ability to ward off water . if you notice that rain or snow is saturating your jacket instead of rolling off it , the dwr treatment needs some maintenance . it’s a common misconception that technical outerwear , like gore - tex rain pants , for example , should be washed as little as possible ; that couldn’t be further from the truth . regular washing , if done correctly , actually reactivates the dwr treatment so it works the way it’s supposed to .
to clean a garment , place it in a front - loading washing machine ( the agitator in older top - loading machines could damage the garment , especially if it’s a down puffy ) and set it on a warm cycle with a low spin . it’s important to use the right detergent : ideally , a liquid detergent designed specifically to clean technical garments , such as nikwax tech wash . commercial liquid detergents will work in a pinch , too , but keep in mind that they may contain perfumes , conditioners , bleaches , softeners , or other waxes or oils that will adhere to the surface of the garment . these residues will attract water and thus limit the effectiveness of the dwr , so be sure to rinse the garment twice to get as much out as possible .
surface tension , capillary action , and viscosity are unique properties of liquids that depend on the nature of intermolecular interactions . surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount . the stronger the intermolecular interactions , the greater the surface tension . surfactants are molecules , such as soaps and detergents , that reduce the surface tension of polar liquids like water . capillary action is the phenomenon in which liquids rise up into a narrow tube called a capillary . it results when cohesive forces , the intermolecular forces in the liquid , are weaker than adhesive forces , the attraction between a liquid and the surface of the capillary . the shape of the meniscus , the upper surface of a liquid in a tube , also reflects the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces . the viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow . liquids that have strong intermolecular forces tend to have high viscosities .
help and advice help and advice . . . can i use fabsil on my car’s soft - top roof ? are any granger’s products suitable for removing mould and mildew from tents and awnings ? how long will fabsil and fabsil gold take to dry ? are fabsil and fabsil gold suitable for re - proofing my car’s soft - top ? what can i use to clean my paint brushes after using fabsil of fabsil gold ? can i apply fabsil and fabsil gold using a spray gun , or another spray mechanism ? what is the best way to apply fabsil and fabsil gold ? how should i apply granger’s footwear repel ? what temperature should i use when washing my garment ? can i use granger’s performance wash and granger’s clothing repel in the same wash cycle ? i don’t have access to a tumble dryer - is there another way to dry my garment ? what effect will washing my garment with standard detergent have on its level of water - repellency ? my garment isn’t suitable for tumble drying . can i still wash it with granger’s clothing wash + repel ?
viscosity ( η ) is the resistance of a liquid to flow . some liquids , such as gasoline , ethanol , and water , flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity . others , such as motor oil , molasses , and maple syrup , flow very slowly and have a high viscosity . the two most common methods for evaluating the viscosity of a liquid are ( 1 ) to measure the time it takes for a quantity of liquid to flow through a narrow vertical tube and ( 2 ) to measure the time it takes steel balls to fall through a given volume of the liquid . the higher the viscosity , the slower the liquid flows through the tube and the steel balls fall . viscosity is expressed in units of the poise ( mpa•s ) ; the higher the number , the higher the viscosity . the viscosities of some representative liquids are listed in table 11 . 3 . 1 and show a correlation between viscosity and intermolecular forces . because a liquid can flow only if the molecules can move past one another with minimal resistance , strong intermolecular attractive forces make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another . the addition of a second hydroxyl group to ethanol , for example , which produces ethylene glycol ( hoch 2 ch 2 oh ) , increases the viscosity 15 - fold . this effect is due to the increased number of hydrogen bonds that can form between hydroxyl groups in adjacent molecules , resulting in dramatically stronger intermolecular attractive forces .
we ' ve made some changes to urltoken . if the information you are looking for is not here , you may be able to find it on the epa web archive or the january 19 , 2017 web snapshot .
the documents refine the scope of the initial 10 risk evaluations under amended tsca .
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the proposed rule would provide a sustainable source of funding to defray costs of implementing new responsibilities under amended tsca .
on june 22 , 2018 epa issued guidance to increase transparency around confidential business information ( cbi ) . learn more about :
read the press release announcing several actions on the second anniversary of the lautenberg act .
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most home treatments suggest re - treating clothing every six to eight uses . garments can last a very long time with proper care and treatments .
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( textbook _ maps / general _ chemistry / map : _ chemistry _ ( zumdahl _ and _ decoste ) / 16 : _ liquids _ and _ solids / 16 . 02 : _ the _ liquid _ state ) , / content / body / pre , line 2 , column 9
although you have been introduced to some of the interactions that hold molecules together in a liquid , we have not yet discussed the consequences of those interactions for the bulk properties of liquids . we now turn our attention to three unique properties of liquids that intimately depend on the nature of intermolecular interactions :
, which is defined as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a specific amount . surface tension is therefore measured as energy per unit area , such as joules per square meter ( j / m
) , as shown in figure \ ( \ pageindex { 3 } \ ) .
polar substances are drawn up a glass capillary and generally have a concave meniscus .
there is also a correlation between viscosity and molecular shape . liquids consisting of long , flexible molecules tend to have higher viscosities than those composed of more spherical or shorter - chain molecules . the longer the molecules , the easier it is for them to become “tangled” with one another , making it more difficult for them to move past one another . london dispersion forces also increase with chain length . due to a combination of these two effects , long - chain hydrocarbons ( such as motor oils ) are highly viscous .
motor oils and other lubricants demonstrate the practical importance of controlling viscosity . the oil in an automobile engine must effectively lubricate under a wide range of conditions , from subzero starting temperatures to the 200°c that oil can reach in an engine in the heat of the mojave desert in august . viscosity decreases rapidly with increasing temperatures because the kinetic energy of the molecules increases , and higher kinetic energy enables the molecules to overcome the attractive forces that prevent the liquid from flowing . as a result , an oil that is thin enough to be a good lubricant in a cold engine will become too “thin” ( have too low a viscosity ) to be effective at high temperatures .
the viscosity of motor oils is described by an sae ( society of automotive engineers ) rating ranging from sae 5 to sae 50 for engine oils : the lower the number , the lower the viscosity ( figure \ ( \ pageindex { 5 } \ ) ) . so - called single - grade oils can cause major problems . if they are viscous enough to work at high operating temperatures ( sae 50 , for example ) , then at low temperatures , they can be so viscous that a car is difficult to start or an engine is not properly lubricated . consequently , most modern oils are multigrade , with designations such as sae 20w / 50 ( a grade used in high - performance sports cars ) , in which case the oil has the viscosity of an sae 20 oil at subzero temperatures ( hence the w for winter ) and the viscosity of an sae 50 oil at high temperatures . these properties are achieved by a careful blend of additives that modulate the intermolecular interactions in the oil , thereby controlling the temperature dependence of the viscosity . many of the commercially available oil additives “for improved engine performance” are highly viscous materials that increase the viscosity and effective sae rating of the oil , but overusing these additives can cause the same problems experienced with highly viscous single - grade oils .
based on the nature and strength of the intermolecular cohesive forces and the probable nature of the liquid–glass adhesive forces , predict what will happen when a glass capillary is put into a beaker of sae 20 motor oil . will the oil be pulled up into the tube by capillary action or pushed down below the surface of the liquid in the beaker ? what will be the shape of the meniscus ( convex or concave ) ? ( hint : the surface of glass is lined with si–oh groups . )
determine whether the forces interact with the surface of glass . from the strength of this interaction , predict the behavior of the oil and the shape of the meniscus .
a motor oil is a nonpolar liquid consisting largely of hydrocarbon chains . the cohesive forces responsible for its high boiling point are almost solely london dispersion forces between the hydrocarbon chains .
b such a liquid cannot form strong interactions with the polar si–oh groups of glass , so the surface of the oil inside the capillary will be lower than the level of the liquid in the beaker . the oil will have a convex meniscus similar to that of mercury .
predict what will happen when a glass capillary is put into a beaker of ethylene glycol . will the ethylene glycol be pulled up into the tube by capillary action or pushed down below the surface of the liquid in the beaker ? what will be the shape of the meniscus ( convex or concave ) ?
capillary action will pull the ethylene glycol up into the capillary . the meniscus will be concave .
the libretexts libraries are powered by mindtouch® and are based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant numbers : 1246120 , 1525057 , and 1413739 . the california state university affordable learning solutions and merlot are the project ' s primary partners . unless otherwise noted , the contents of the libretexts library is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike 3 . 0 united states license . permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at delmarlarsen @ urltoken .
want to stay d - r - y when it rains ? you need outerwear with a high - performing dwr .
dwrs diminish in performance due to a number of factors—dirt , body oils , abrasion and repeated launderings .
often they can be revived by a washing and a few minutes of tumbling in a clothes dryer set on low or medium heat .
with heavily used garments , dwrs eventually need to be reapplied by a spray - on or wash - in product .
test your rainwear by sprinkling or spraying some drops on its exterior . does it bead up and roll off ? your dwr is in good shape . if you give the fabric a single strong shake , does most of the moisture fly off ? ditto .
good news : dwr coating does not impair your jacket ' s breathability . rather than coating a textile ' s entire surface , dwr coats individual fibers , leaving the space between the fibers open for breathability .
next step : apply heat . after washing , exposure to heat does the most to bring a dwr back to life . generally speaking , you should place the garment in a dryer set for low or medium heat for up to 15 minutes .
gore - tex : w . l . gore recommends touching up gore - tex items with a steam iron ( at a warm setting ) . first - time users are advised to place a towel between the iron and garment during the touch - up .
event : the maker of event does not encourage the use of dryers , advocating hang drying . it commonly promotes touch - ups with a steam iron ( at a warm setting ) . as with gore - tex , it ' s safest to place a towel between the iron and the fabric .
note : if not badly soiled , a garment may only need a short spin in a clothes dryer at medium heat .
if the steps above—cleaning and heating—aren ' t enough to revive your dwr ( i . e . , rain still soaks into the exterior fabric of your jacket ) , it ' s time to reapply a new dwr coating .
this step eventually becomes necessary due to excessive abrasion from rocks , repeated contact with hipbelts and shoulder straps or simply years of multiple launderings .
the fix : a dwr can be reapplied ( perpetually , in fact ) via a spray - on or wash - in dwr revival product from companies such as granger ' s , nikwax , mcnett or penguin .
selective use : here ' s a tip often used by mountain guides to revive a jacket ' s high - abrasion areas : 1 . spray worn abraded areas with a dwr aftercare product . 2 . use the synthetic setting on an iron ( one with a trusted thermostat ) to apply low to medium heat . it ' s a process similar to starching the collar of a dress shirt . important : the garment must be able to accept ironing . check the garment ' s care instructions before trying this .
an optimized dwr keeps droplets in a rounder shape—like a dome - shaped bead . the rounder the droplet , the easier it rolls off the fabric . a low contact angle permits droplets to assume a flatter shape , one that can spread out like a splotch , cling to the fabric ' s surface and eventually seep into it .
test scores and the number of washings are combined to create a rating . for example , a 90 / 10 rating means the spray test achieved a total of 90 points after 10 washes .
80 points after 20 washes . marmot , for example , uses this as its minimum rating for outerwear .
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patagonia and ifixit are celebrating the stories we wear by collaborating to provide guides for patagonia ' s most popular apparel repairs .
be sure your dryer is on a tumble setting if your normal cycle does not tumble the clothes .
choose a size and copy the code below to embed this guide as a small widget on your site / forum .
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urltoken
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we have a chance to guarantee our right to repair electronic equipment—like smartphones , computers , and even farm equipment . this is a once - in - a - generation chance to protect local repair jobs—the corner mom - and - pop repair shops that keep getting squeezed out by manufacturers .
join the cause and tell your state representative to support right to repair . tell them you believe repair should be fair , affordable , and accessible . stand up for your right to repair !
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fortunately , if properly applied , the dwr can be washed , dried , and heated at least 25 times before the flouropolymer must be replaced . but only a residue - free detergent ( rfd ) like sport - wash or sensi - clean can leave the fabric completely residue - free . all other soaps and detergents leave residue of surfactants , fragrances , and uv brighteners which all reduce repellency . the residue also destroys all other features like wicking , breathability , insulation , and rapid drying .
most reproofing products can be spray applied or washed - in in the rinse cycle . spraying , brushing , wiping , etc . is a very efficient use of product . it is applied just where it is needed .
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backcountry gearheads are your partners in adventure . they ' re outdoors experts with the knowledge and experience to guide you to the right gear and apparel .
once the dirt and contaminants have been washed out , heat is required to reactivate the dwr . you can either dry it in the dryer or hang - dry it and then tumble it in a warm dryer for 20 minutes . if the garment’s cleaning instructions prohibit the use of a dryer , you can apply heat by passing a warm iron over the surface of the fabric ; just be sure to place a towel between the garment and the iron to avoid damage .
regular cleaning will help your garment perform better , but there will come a point when you might need to restore the dwr . wash - in and spray - on products are available that will quickly and effectively get your garment performing the way it was meant to . simply wash in or spray on , apply the heat treatment , and get outside .


selena etc. ( january 27 , 1994 – july 1 , 2009 ) was a south texas-based boutique , salon , and clothing store , which was built by the late latin superstar , selena .

selena etc. was built and finished on january 27 , 1994 in corpus christi , texas which was the headquarters building .

selena opened another boutique in san antonio , texas around the same time the headquarters building was complete , both were equipped with in-house beauty salons .

selena began manufacturing clothing along with designer martin gomez with designs and styles of latin american texture and exotic clothing styles which became her trademark on stage .

hispanic business magazine reported that the singer earned over $ 5 million from these boutiques .

another boutique was due to open in monterrey , mexico in 1995 but due to selena 's murder it was not opened .

the san antonio boutique was closed sometime after 1999 .

after selena 's death , chris pérez , selena 's widower , began taking over the business .

after the 16th anniversary of the opening of the corpus christi boutique , the store was officially closed as of july 2009 .

a week after the store closed , chris pérez held a " for sale sign " and asking for usd$ 91,454 for the boutique , according to the nueces county appraisal district , and uprising of $ 165,000 was the final total sale price .

the selena etc. store had a full-service salon , as well as selena memorabilia , which was scooped up by admirers of the singer .

soon after the foreclosure , due to the low economy , all merchandise and accessories began selling at the selena museum , located several miles from where the selena etc. building once was .

selena etc .

rare selena quintanilla perez
selena etc .
boutique & salon shopping bag | ebay
corpus christi — selena etc . boutique and salon , named after the late tejano singer selena , has shut its doors .
later that year she opened two selena etc . boutiques , one in corpus christi where the family had moved in 1981 , and the second in san antonio . the san antonio boutique closed after selena’s death .
later that year she opened two selena etc . boutiques , one in corpus christi where the family had moved in 1981 , and the second in san antonio . the san antonio boutique closed after selena ' s death .
selena was killed in march 1995 and at the time of her death was known as the queen of tejano music . she won a grammy in 1993 and later that year opened two selena etc . boutiques , one in corpus christi and the second in san antonio .
reliant stadium hosted
selena vive !
in 2005 , held to commemorate the 10th anniversary of selena ' s death .
quintanilla reported selena’s fans can find some of the boutique’s merchandise at the gift shop inside selena’s museum at q productions in corpus christi .
previously known as denver harbor park , the city of houston operates the selena quintanilla perez park - denver harbor , named after selena quintanilla .
the corpus christi caller - times online edition reported that a “for sale” sign for the selena etc . boutique and salon , owned by selena’s widower , chris perez , went up about a week ago . merchandise has been removed , the shop’s phone number is no longer in service and the asking price for the property appraised at $ 91 , 454 is $ 165 , 000 , george clower , vice president of the clower co . , a real estate service company told the paper .
updated days inn room 150 ( room 158 ) selena got shot inside of .
quintanilla reported selena ' s fans can find some the boutique ' s merchandise at the gift shop inside selena ' s museum at q productions in corpus christi .
the corpus christi caller - times online edition reported that a
for sale
sign for the selena etc . boutique and salon , owned by selena ' s widower , chris perez , went up about a week ago . merchandise has been removed , the shop ' s phone number is no longer in service and the asking price for the property appraised at $ 91 , 454 is $ 165 , 000 , george clower , vice president of the clower co . , a real estate service company told the paper .
washing machine
scenes from
selena - the movie
were filmed here .
plaza de la raza is home of our annual selena tribute ; the # selenafangathering .
the movie
selena
, premiered here for the west - coast in 1997 .
calls and e - mails in the past week to selena’s family were not returned .
bidi bidi bom bom
scenes from
selena
the movie were filmed here .
includes an exhibit honoring selena , who has been called
the queen of tejano music .
we want to dance , queremos bailar
scenes from
selena
the movie were filmed here .
selena y los dinos performed two consecutive times before at the astrodome , breaking previous attendance records each time .
fans still may enjoy her designs and mementos at the selena museum inside q productions at 5410 leopard st .
the mural was painted by a group of high school students a few weeks after the selena ' s death .
purple lock with an
s
was placed somewhere in the bridge in honor of selena by her sister suzette .
no me queda mas video was filmed here . also here ; at the plaza , texas musicians mural which includes selena .
on the side of a convenience store , a few blocks down from where selena lived , you will find this memorial mural .
in the early 1990s selena branched out musically as well as clothing designer with her own line and married perez , a guitarist .
at madame tussauds , our figures represent icons who have made a significant impact on our culture . that perfectly describes # selena urltoken
selena forever lives in our hearts , she forever lives in our memory and is forever part of our lives . # selenaforever urltoken
this is the former building of the selena boutique that was shut down in 2009 . it was a state farm but according to the present condition of the building , its up for lease . you can still see the old emblem of the selena sign that once covered the building .
the city also operates the selena quintanilla perez community center , which has a weight room , indoor gymnasium and meeting rooms , at the same address .
in 1992 musical star selena began designing her own clothing line and two years later she opened boutique - salons in both corpus christi and san antonio .
this is so very sad . . the boutique was selena ' s dream come true , and when it closed , it was like losing her all over again . i hope that some , if not all of the boutique ' s merchandise will be available for purchase at the selena museum , also in corpus christi .
the stores featured a full - service salon as well as selena memorabilia and fashions , some of them designed by the artist . they also sold jewelry , hats and other accessories .
selena ' s father , abe quintanilla , told kris - tv in corpus christi that he decided to close the boutique because coupled with a weak economy the boutique was outside of the main focus of
q productions
which has always been on the music . he said the family kept the boutique open out of respect for selena as the shop was her special project .
the boutique and salon named after selena , the slain tejana singer who was killed 14 years ago , has closed its doors , the victim of a slow economy , according to her father , abe quintanilla .
the boutique and salon named after selena , the slain tejana singer who was killed 14 years ago , has closed its doors , the victim of a slow economy , according to her father , abe quintanilla .
more than 66 , 746 fans , came out on sunday , february 26 , 1995 , to see tejano superstar selena and her band los dinos perform for a sell - out crowd during the houston livestock show and rodeo .
her boutiques featured a full - service salon as well as selena memorabilia and fashions , some designed by the singer who was known for creating many of her own stage looks , including her famous purple — her favorite color — sequined jumpsuit .
the one interview i had with selena , nine months before her death , all she wanted to talk about was her new boutiques in san antonio and corpus christi and her fashion line . music was almost beside the point . the boutiques were one of the few things that was not a family enterprise , but rather hers and hers alone . she was clearly proud of being an independent businesswoman . the san antonio boutique shut down shortly after she was killed . the corpus boutique however has remained open , largely as a touchstone for selena fans . until now . it ' s another reminder of what once was , and what could have been . there has been no one like selena , before or since , which makes her passing nearly 15 years ago all the sadder .
selena was murdered by yolanda saldivar , her friend and president of her fan club on march 31 , 1995 , the day she was due in a studio to work on her first english album . saldivar was found guilty of first degree murder and sentenced to life in prison .
it is greatly disappointing that selena ' s boutique has closed . she has been one of the major influences on the way i view music . she wasn ' t some mediocre hot - to - trot pop singer . she had it all . may she rest in peace .
george clower , vice president of the clower co . , said the for sale sign went up about a week ago , just after the merchandise was removed . the building is owned by chris perez , selena’s widower , and appraised at $ 91 , 454 , according to the nueces county appraisal district .
abe quintanilla , told kris - tv in corpus christi that he decided to close the boutique because , coupled with a weak economy , the boutique was outside of the main focus of “q productions” which has always been on the music . he said the family kept the boutique open out of respect for selena .
the popular singer , who was born in lake jackson , a houston suburb , was killed in march 1995 , a month shy of her 24th birthday . at the time of her death she was known as the queen of tejano music , having won a grammy in 1993 for best mexican - american album ,
selena live !
the songstress was part of a band called los dinos that included her brother ab on bass and her sister suzette on drums . they played in the family ' s restaurant and later at weddings and parties . the band ' s big break came in 1987 when , at 15 , selena won the tejano music award for female entertainer of the year . that led to a contract with capitol records and six successful albums .
wow ! her story , music , her charisma and unforgettable smile had reached many around the world inlcuding australia , nz and the cook islands . she is absolutely beautiful . a true beauty which is rare and you do not find that in famous artists ever . to selena stardom made her no different to anyone else because she wasn ' t selfish or self centred and trusted too easily and that trust was broken for eternity . watching clips of her and fans approaching to greet or kiss her whilst she performed just shows how much her fans meant to her and she never asked they be removed . she will always be known as the tejano queen and no one can replace her . to find out none of her boutiques are open is sad ! hope her museum will always remain open so her history and legacy is shared with many generations to come . rip selena
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500 n . shoreline blvd . ( at peoples st . t - head ) , corpus christi , tx . 78401
* inscription :
her stage is now silent . yet , her persona enriched the lives of those she touched and her music lives on . . .
the walk begins in front of water street oyster bar and circles the fountain in front of the executive surf club .
the omni la mansion del rio and watermark hotels between n . saint marys st . and navarro st .
7550 s . zarzamora st . and i35 , san antonio , tx . 78224
incorporated
siempre dreaming of you
- a take on the queen of tejano ' s hit song .
the park has a . 87 mile hiking and bicycle trail , a volleyball court , a swimming pool , a playground , and a lighted sports field .
the concert was held on april 7 , 2005 with over 70 , 000 attendees .
the special was produced and filmed by the spanish language network , univision , and is the
most watched spanish - language special
in u . s . history .
carol burnett , cher , ricky nelson , bruce lee , rudolph valentino , judy garland and john ritter .
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the store’s phone number has been disconnected , there no longer is merchandise inside and there’s a for sale sign in the window of the building in the 4900 block of everhart road .
clower said the asking price is $ 165 , 000 and he has received several inquiries .
“some of it could be due to the history of the place , but it’s in a good central location and has plenty of traffic , ” clower said .
y ' all come in and take a look around . have your enjoys . if you have any specific questions , or want to know more about why it ' s so dang hot in texas , where the best spring water swimming is , hidden hidey holes of mexico , the origins of alt country , why radio is the way it is , or other semi - arcane subjects , send an e - mail . i ' ll write back . - - joe nick
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the popular singer , who was born in lake jackson , was killed in march 1995 , a month shy of her 24th birthday . at the time of her death she was known as the queen of tejano music , having won a grammy in 1993 for best mexican - american album ,
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the wait is over ! @ selenalaleyenda will be honored on the hollywood walk of fame ! fri . nov . 3rd at 6 : 30pm # selenaqstar # hollywoodwalkoffame urltoken
late at night when all the world . . . is sleeping . i stay up and think of you .
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although the san antonio boutique has closed , the corpus christi boutique remains open ( its adjoining salon is no longer open ) .