agriculture or farming is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life .

agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization .

the history of agriculture dates back thousands of years , and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates , cultures , and technologies .

industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology .

modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation , but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects .

selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics , growth hormones , and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production .

genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture , although they are banned in several countries .

agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts .

significant degradation of land and water resources , including the depletion of aquifers , has been observed in recent decades , and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood .

the major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials .

specific foods include cereals ( grains ) , vegetables , fruits , oils , meats and spices .

fibers include cotton , wool , hemp , silk and flax .

raw materials include lumber and bamboo .

other useful materials are also produced by plants , such as resins , dyes , drugs , perfumes , biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants .

over one third of the world 's workers are employed in agriculture , second only to the service sector , although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries .

agriculture

since the development of agriculture , many different types of production have been implemented . currently , agriculture is divided into two different types , including industrialized agriculture and subsistence agriculture . let ' s explore and learn more about these two types of agriculture .
the animal agriculture alliance met recently at its 2017 summit to share trends , tips , and tactics for defending animal agriculture in the face of anti - agriculture activism .
advisory : house agriculture committee to consider h . r . 2 , agriculture and nutrition act of 2018 next wednesday
there is a variety of terms for the concept of an agriculture that employs the services of nature , among them being ecologically sustainable agriculture , alternative agriculture , permaculture , agroforestry , low - input agriculture , holistic management , and organic agriculture . organic agriculture is often dismissed by mainstream agronomists as being impractical for two reasons : productivity of organic agriculture supposedly is low—it would be impossible to feed the united states , let alone the world , with organic agriculture ; organic agriculture is necessarily labor intensive and thus is expensive where labor is scarce ( lampkin 1994 ) .
the national research council’s definition of agriculture is broader than merriam - webster’s dictionary . the national research council defines “agriculture” broadly as to :
meat and animal feed
. global agriculture . agriculture at a crossroads . findings and recommendations for future farming . ( new )
see also agriculture , modern ; agriculture , organic ; agronomist ; green revolution ; seed preservation ; seeds ; vavilov , n . i .
although industrialized agriculture has replaced a large amount of subsistence agriculture , there are still many places in the world where subsistence agriculture is practiced . it is estimated that over one - third of people that live in latin america , asia and africa rely on subsistence agriculture for their food supply . currently , there are several kinds of subsistence agriculture that are still occurring . the most common type is intensive subsistence agriculture , which is often referred to as traditional subsistence agriculture . this type of agriculture is practiced in india , china , vietnam , cambodia , mexico and peru .
interesting fact : about 70 percent of the world ' s # water is used by # agriculture . sustainable agriculture is key to our future urltoken
world agriculture : towards 2030 / 2050 – interim report – prospects for food , nutrition , agriculture and major commodity groups . fao . 2006 .
the risk is that new technologies simply give industrial agriculture a new lease of life and delay the inevitable shift to a fundamentally different model of agriculture .
everyone is affected by agriculture policy because after all , everyone eats . when agriculture policy debates occur , farming interests and other “stakeholder” interests are usually at the table , but consumer and taxpayer interests are not . lawmakers should develop agriculture policy remembering that agriculture exists to meet the needs of consumers and that the government is not spending its own money on agriculture programs but taxpayer money .
agriculture : 85 % industry and services : 15 % ( 2003 est . )
agriculture : 90 % industry and services : 10 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry and services : 20 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry and services : 20 % ( 1996 est . )
agriculture : 68 % industry and services : na % ( 2007 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry and services : 20 % ( 2004 est . )
agriculture : 76 % industry and services : 24 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 82 % industry and services : 18 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 37 % industry and services : 63 % ( 2008 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry and services : 20 % ( 2005 est . )
agriculture : 71 % industry and services : 29 % ( 1975 est . )
agriculture : 50 % industry and services : 50 % ( 2005 est . )
presentation for national conference on agriculture for kharif campaign 25 - 26 april 2018 .
union agriculture minister shri radha mohan singh meets deputy pm of uzbekistan . . .
while the above definition of agriculture is true , contemporary agriculture is also inclusive of other practices and systems that more broadly define what the new agricultural industries represent .
the national research council’s definition of agriculture is broader than merriam - webster’s dictionary in order to include a more accurate representation of contemporary agriculture due to technological and structural changes . the national research council ( 1988 ) defines “agriculture” broadly as to :
2 contemporary issues in american agriculture .
national research council . 2008 .
method of agriculture where trees and shrubs are cleared and burned to create cropland .
production practices for major crops in u . s . agriculture , 1990 - 97
the gene revolution , the future of agriculture : dr . thierry vrain at tedxcomoxvalley
general situation of world fish stocks
. united nations food and agriculture organization
contract farming is one piece of the grander scale of corporate ownership in agriculture .
water and land issues associated with animal agriculture : a u . s . perspective
agriculture is the science of cultivating soil , planting and harvesting crops . it can be argued that the mastery of agriculture was the single most important step towards creating a civilization , as agriculture allowed people to stop hunting and gathering and settle down in one place . villages and cities would be unviable without some form of agriculture .
economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the united states is roughly 2 . 6 times more productive than it was in 1948 .
dramatizes the history of agriculture in the united states . multi - media presentation including lesson plans for teachers , an agricultural timeline , and videos on the history of agriculture .
we promote farm safety education for youth through our support of progressive agriculture safety days® .
the rest of this page delves further into the philosophy and practices underpinning sustainable agriculture . or visit the links to the right to visit practical pages for practicing sustainable agriculture .
agriculture is responsible for 80 - 90 % of us water consumption . [ xv ]
agriculture also contributes to climate change through the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere .
30 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture , economic research service .
. 87 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture economic research service .
predicting rainfall erosion losses : a guide to conservation planning . agriculture handbook no . 537
the agriculture sector sustains the livelihoods of millions of smallholder families and is . . .
in recent history , agriculture has been the main source of the food we consume on a daily basis . in this lesson , we will explore the difference between industrialized and subsistence agriculture . we will also investigate the different kinds of subsistence agriculture that are practiced .
“we are committed to growing agriculture in kansas , and that depends on a reliable and thriving workforce , ” said secretary of agriculture jackie mcclaskey . “we know that means developing and recruiting skilled , talented workers to fill critical roles across the kansas agriculture industry . ”
. water resources , agriculture , and the environment . ithaca ( ny ) : new york state college of agriculture and life sciences , cornell university . report 04 - 1 .
agriculture : 7 % industry : 11 % services : 82 % ( 1983 est . )
agriculture : 1 % industry : 32 % services : 67 % ( 2004 est . )
agriculture : 47 % industry : 13 % services : 40 % ( 2016 est . )
agriculture : 10 % industry : 15 % services : 75 % ( 1996 est . )
agriculture : 2 % industry : 15 % services : 83 % ( 2013 est . )
agriculture : 58 % industry : 20 % services : 22 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 19 % industry : 30 % services : 51 % ( 2017 est . )
agriculture : 70 % industry : 7 % services : 23 % ( 2001 est . )
agriculture : 70 % industry : 13 % services : 17 % ( 2001 est . )
agriculture : 17 % industry : 21 % services : 62 % ( 2011 est . )
agriculture : 29 % industry : 15 % services : 56 % ( 1995 est . )
agriculture : 14 % industry : 22 % services : 64 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 18 % industry : 10 % services : 72 % ( 2013 est . )
agriculture : 40 % industry : 32 % services : 28 % ( 2002 est . )
agriculture : 21 % industry : 20 % services : 58 % ( 2011 est . )
agriculture : 44 % industry : 14 % services : 42 % ( 2011 est . )
agriculture : 13 % industry : 19 % services : 68 % ( 2013 est . )
agriculture : 64 % industry : 12 % services : 24 % ( 2005 est . )
agriculture : 75 % industry : 19 % services : 6 % ( 1996 est . )
agriculture : 11 % industry : 20 % services : 69 % ( 2008 est . )
agriculture : 32 % industry : 21 % services : 47 % ( 2016 est . )
agriculture : 5 % industry : 11 % services : 84 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 17 % industry : 19 % services : 64 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 2 % industry : 20 % services : 78 % ( 2013 est . )
agriculture : 15 % industry : 10 % services : 75 % ( 2010 est . )
agriculture : 70 % industry : 8 % services : 22 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 17 % industry : 23 % services : 59 % ( 2004 est . )
agriculture : 11 % industry : 36 % services : 53 % ( 2012 est . )
agriculture : 15 % industry : 15 % services : 70 % ( 2017 est . )
agriculture : 81 % industry : 6 % services : 13 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 69 % industry : 12 % services : 19 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 7 % industry : 19 % services : 74 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 31 % industry : 18 % services : 50 % ( 2011 est . )
agriculture : 87 % industry : 4 % services : 9 % ( 2016 est . )
agriculture : 70 % industry : 10 % services : 20 % ( 1999 est . )
agriculture : 6 % industry : 14 % services : 80 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 85 % industry : na % services : na % ( 2005 est . )
agriculture : 6 % industry : 48 % services : 46 % ( 1987 est . )
agriculture : 18 % industry : 41 % services : 41 % ( 1996 est . )
agriculture : 26 % industry : 17 % services : 57 % ( 1980 est . )
agriculture : 65 % industry : 6 % services : 29 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 3 % industry : 23 % services : 74 % ( 2006 est . )
agriculture : 75 % industry : 5 % services : 20 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry : 7 % services : 13 % ( 1998 est . )
agriculture : 2 % industry : 12 % services : 86 % ( 2014 est . )
agriculture : 17 % industry : 16 % services : 67 % ( 2008 est . )
agriculture : 64 % industry : 10 % services : 26 % ( 2010 est . )
agriculture : 65 % industry : 5 % services : 30 % ( 1998 est . )
agriculture : 7 % industry : 15 % services : 78 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 13 % industry : 14 % services : 73 % ( 2010 est . )
agriculture : 65 % industry : 5 % services : 30 % ( 2000 est . )
agriculture : 48 % industry : 21 % services : 31 % ( 2012 est . )
agriculture : 1 % industry : 19 % services : 80 % ( 2003 est . )
agriculture : 80 % industry : 4 % services : 16 % ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 85 % industry : 6 % services : 9 % ( 2017 est . )
agriculture : 66 % industry : 10 % services : 24 % ( 2017 est . )
history of agriculture .
biology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
subsistence agriculture varies a great deal from industrialized agriculture in terms of the farming methods used . this type of agriculture is very labor - intensive because all of the work is done by humans and animals and only hand tools and simple machines are used to work the land .
sadgrove , n . ; jones , g . a contemporary introduction to essential oils : chemistry , bioactivity and prospects for australian agriculture . agriculture 2015 , 5 , 48 - 102 .
the safety in agriculture for youth ( say ) project national steering committee developed a belief statements document regarding youth working in agriculture . the belief statements outline consensus - based beliefs and principles that promote safety and health for youth working in agriculture . click here for more information .
factory farms make terrible neighbors . learn how industrial agriculture affects surrounding communities and local economies .
~ providing timely , accurate and useful statistics in service to u . s . agriculture ~
. early trends toward class stratification : chaos , common property , and flood recession agriculture .
animal agriculture : waste management practices
. united states general accounting office . july 1999
water and land issues associated with animal agriculture : a u . s . perspective - cast
information brief on water and agriculture in the green economy . unw - dpac , 2011 .
information brief on water and agriculture in the green economy . unw - dpac . 2011 .
maf ( ministry of agriculture and forestry ) new zealand . motivation for growing organic products .
agriculture is highly exposed to climate change , as farming activities directly depend on climatic conditions .
51 pp . , food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome , italy .
. 136 pp . , economic research service , u . s . department of agriculture .
climate change and agriculture in the united states : effects and adaptation . usda technical bulletin 1935
associates only japonic and koreanic with rice agriculture , historical , linguistic , and archaeological evidence indicates that dry field agriculture extended much further north in the region . among the language families in table
sadgrove n , jones g . a contemporary introduction to essential oils : chemistry , bioactivity and prospects for australian agriculture . agriculture . 2015 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 48 - 102 .
how sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture - this article lays out the main problems with industrial farming today , and gives sustainable solutions to these problems .
provides an overview of the policy research conducted on agriculture issues at the oecd , and gives you links to all our work on agriculture that has been published in the past five years .
agriculture : 47 % industry : 22 % services : 31 % ( fy 2014 est . )
the eu ' s court of auditors also plays a major role in supervising expenditure in agriculture .
) . miyamoto distinguishes three major spreads of agriculture from this region . the first , associated with
agriculture refers to the production of food and fiber and other goods through farming and forestry . agriculture was a key development that led to the rise in civilization raising of domesticated animals . the study of agriculture is known as agricultural science . the related practice of gardening is studied in horticulture .
presentation by joseph glauber , u . s . department of agriculture , september 28 , 2006 .
‘agriculture in the united kingdom’ seminar 2016 was held on 26th june 2016 . presentations are below :
usda ers - production practices for major crops in u . s . agriculture , 1990 - 97
aquaculture , the farming of fish , shrimp , and algae , is closely associated with agriculture .
agriculture in the united states has taken the wrong road , and it isn ' t working .
livestock ' s long shadow
. food and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2006
world review of fisheries and aquaculture : part 1
. united nations food and agriculture organization
global livestock production systems
. food and agriculture organization of the united nations . rome 2011
> > water and agriculture in the green economy [ - 236 kb ] this information brief introduces the main challenges , opportunities and key facts related to water and agriculture in a green economy .
cast paper : water and land issues associated with animal agriculture : a u . s . perspective
. u . s . department of agriculture economic research service , washington , d . c .
developing knowledge products : guidance documents and toolkits to support redd + compatible agriculture and energy activities .
there are alternatives to agriculture beyond the status quo of central planning and subsidies . the same free - market solutions that have allowed this nation to flourish are just as applicable to agriculture as they are to other sectors of the economy . the following are 10 guiding principles for agriculture policy .
6 . the regulatory burden on the agriculture sector should be minimized and sound regulatory approaches used .
industrialized agriculture is the type of agriculture where large quantities of crops and livestock are produced through industrialized techniques for the purpose of sale . the goal of industrialized agriculture is to increase crop yield , which is the amount of food that is produced for each unit of land . crops and livestock made through this type of agriculture are produced to feed the masses and the products are sold worldwide .
. the agriculture workforce program’s strategic plan for the agriculture industry identifies priority action areas to address specific workforce issues in primary production and agri - food processing sectors . agriculture and forestry will collaborate and partner with industry , industry associations and other stakeholder groups to implement the workforce development program . agriculture and forestry staff liaises cross - ministry and with federal partners on related programs . purpose of the program
“successful agriculture sustains civilization , ” he said . “we don’t have to talk about what kind of agriculture it is , as long as it’s successful . that should be our focus right now . ”
going to market : the cost of industrialized agriculture examines industrialized agriculture and its negative effects on our natural resources . this report looks at of the structure of the agriculture industry , the position of the livestock industry within the global food system , and the role of the farmer within the livestock industry .
agriculture : 2 . 1 % industry : 19 % services : 79 % ( 2005 est . )
agriculture : 77 . 5 % industry and services : 22 . 5 % ( 2007 est . )
smith , bruce d . the emergence of agriculture . new york : scientific american library , 1995 .
agriculture , history of .
plant sciences . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
in north america , agriculture had progressed further before the coming of the europeans than is commonly supposed .
the agriculture sector intervention plan sets out the actions hse will take to drive improvements in the industry .
agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in the u . s . affecting a wide demographic .
robert van saun is at the college of agriculture , pennsylvania state university , university park , pennsylvania .
animal agriculture water consumption ranges from 34 - 76 trillion gallons annually . [ ii ] [ xv ]
governments and private industry should control water pollution to protect public health , agriculture , and the environment .
. 96 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture , washington , d . c .
. 62 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture , washington , d . c .
ok , so sustainable agriculture is the wave of the future . but what is it , exactly ?
our policy notes provide concise overviews of oecd research on a range of key contemporary agriculture policy issues .
the department of agriculture , forestry and fisheries will host an award ceremony to highlight excellence and exceptional achievement of young graduates , entrepreneurs and producers in the agriculture , forestry and fisheries sectors . . . read more
sadgrove , nicholas ; jones , graham . 2015 .
a contemporary introduction to essential oils : chemistry , bioactivity and prospects for australian agriculture .
agriculture 5 , no . 1 : 48 - 102 .
terrence thomas and cihat gunden ( may 7th 2014 ) . organic agriculture , sustainability and consumer preferences , organic agriculture towards sustainability vytautas pilipavicius , intechopen , doi : 10 . 5772 / 58428 . available from :
agriculture : na industry : 13 . 1 % services : 86 . 9 % ( 2013 est . )
agriculture : negl industry : 1 . 8 % services : 98 . 2 % ( 2014 est . )
sadhbhawana diwas in department of agriculture , cooperation & farmers welfare on 18 . 08 . 2017 , krishi bhawan
the recent history of agriculture has been closely tied with a range of political issues including water pollution , biofuels , genetically modified organisms , tariffs , and farm subsidies . in recent years , there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of mechanized agriculture , and increasing support for the organic movement and sustainable agriculture .
i found your subtitle ,
how agriculture hijacked civilization ,
to be a bit confusing , given that you seem to be saying that agriculture and civilization are basically synonymous . can you explain what you meant ?
despite the differences in definitions , one thing is certain , there is a vast array of systems , industries , and careers that agriculture touches or impacts on a daily basis and many opportunities are available to us due to the large economic impact of agriculture . while traditional agricultural production is still very much at the core of agriculture , over the last several decades , agriculture has continued to expand it’s influence in our daily lives .
provide more opportunities for farm workers to develop skills and advance their careers within the food and agriculture sector .
with high numbers and rates of fatal injury , agriculture , forestry and fishing is the riskiest industry sector .
no matter what methods are used , agriculture always has some impact on the environment . but industrial agriculture is a special case : it damages the soil , water , and even the climate on an unprecedented scale .
the environmental impact assessment ( agriculture ) ( england ) ( no . 2 ) ( amendment ) regulations 2017
animal agriculture is responsible for 20 % - 33 % of all fresh water consumption in the world today .
indonesia : palm oil expansion unaffected by forest moratorium
. usda : foreign agriculture service . june 2013
executive summary : feed supply
. food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( new )
wheeler , willis . pesticides in agriculture and the environment . new york city : crc press , 2002 .
if you’re interested in agricultural science , you may also be interested in the bachelor of agriculture at melbourne .
although industrialized agriculture produces the majority of food consumed on the earth , subsistence agriculture is still practiced in many regions of the world . industrialized agriculture is important because it makes it possible to produce large amounts of food to feed the growing human population . subsistence agriculture is equally as important because it provides food to people on the smaller scale and also involves a great deal of family participation and history in the production of the food .
agriculture : 86 % industry and services : 14 % note : most of the resident population is engaged in subsistence agriculture ; roughly 35 % of the active male wage earners work in south africa ( 2002 est . )
the perception of agriculture by the general public is largely still visualized as primarily farming and ranching or linked primarily to production agriculture . allowing the public , parents , teachers , and students to continue to have a misconceived notion or negative perception about the true meaning of contemporary agriculture is detrimental to our industry and is inaccurate at best .
agriculture : 95 % ( mostly sheepherding and fishing ) industry and services : 5 % ( 1996 est . )
approximately 2 , 050 , 000 full - time workers were employed in production agriculture in the us in 2017 .
secretary , agriculture released reports for site suitability of horticulture crops in jhum lands of north eastern states at guwahati .
moving small square bale bundles out of the field . # hay # season # balebaron # agriculture # johndeere urltoken
“ agriculture ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
history of agriculture .
biology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
this work is supported by the usda national institute of food and agriculture , new technologies for ag extension project .
it’s party time for bees and other species , because , starting today , the chemical pesticide fipronil can’t be used anymore in agriculture across europe . fipronil is a common pesticide used in agriculture and sparked an international . . .
literature is littered with research about how students perceive agriculture to be limiting and with few career opportunities outside of production agriculture leading a successful life . there is a critical need to better convey the vast array of opportunities in agriculture , food , and life sciences by identifying systems , industries , and careers in or associated with the agricultural industry in order to help the general population better understand the impact of agriculture in our society . one part of the agforlife website is to help people better understand the broad definition of agriculture and the many opportunities related to the industry .
successful agriculture sustains civilization ,
he said .
we don ' t have to talk about what kind of agriculture it is , as long as it ' s successful . that should be our focus right now .
agriculture : 3 % industry : 11 % tourism : 49 % other services : 37 % ( 2011 est . )
farmers and ranchers , this is your voice , your opportunity to be heard and help shape the future of agriculture .
the move from shifting agriculture to domesticated agriculture was preceded and made possible by the millennia of accumulated experience of wild plants and animals , and trial - and - error experimentation . there was probably a gradual shift from collecting to cultivation with continued reliance on hunting and gathering . finally there was almost complete reliance on agriculture as the major source of nutrition .
the discovery of agriculture , you write , led to a shift in the way we interacted with our environment , toward an ethos of
dominance .
it ' s hard not to envision agriculture as something that reflects an inherent drive within man to defeat , or at least tame , nature . but you also argue that the development of agriculture was just
opportunism .
does agriculture come from a desire to dominate , or was it just one big coincidence ?
university of california division of agriculture and natural resources ; 1994 . pests of landscape trees and shrubs . publication 3359 .
welcome to the new agriculture delaware ! we ' re still growing our site . send us your feedback . email us
agriculture has been able to adapt to recent changes in climate ; however , increased innovation will be needed to ensure the rate of adaptation of agriculture and the associated socioeconomic system can keep pace with climate change over the next 25 years .
there is a serious disconnect between grass root # agriculture & modern # agribusiness . agribusiness in nigeria is still largely crude . there is need for increased youth participation in agriculture which can only succeed with government creating an enabling environment to thrive .
although industrialized agriculture is necessary to feed the growing human population , there is another type of agriculture that is regularly practiced today . subsistence agriculture is when a farmer lives on a small amount of land and produces enough food to feed his or her household and have a small cash crop . the goal of subsistence agriculture is to produce enough food to ensure the survival of the individual family . if there is excess food produced , it is sold locally to other families or individuals .
the second type of agriculture is subsistence agriculture , which is when a farmer lives on a small amount of land and produces enough food to feed their household and have a small cash crop . the goal of this type of agriculture is to produce enough food to support the family and potentially have some left over to sell locally . in contrast to industrialized agriculture , subsistence farmers utilize humans and animals instead of machines , manure instead of chemical fertilizers and natural predators instead of pesticides .
the uc programs | sustainable agriculture and food systems directory is a catalog of uc ' s programmatic activities in sustainable agriculture and food systems . the directory can be searched and sorted by activities and topic areas . this tool is useful for :
signing of mou between moa & fw and msde on 20th march 2018 to promote skill development in agriculture & allied sectors .
water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges of our time . how we can address it in # agriculture # water urltoken
agriculture , history of .
plant sciences . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
sustainable agriculture provides healthy food for consumers while protecting the environment and human health , safeguarding animal welfare and supporting local communities .
interim report , global perspective studies unit . rome , italy : food and agriculture organization of the united nations ; 2006 .
global water outlook to 2025 , averting an impending crisis . a 2020 vision for food , agriculture , and the environment initiative
there are many practices commonly used by people working in sustainable agriculture and sustainable food systems . growers may use methods to promote
ageri is aiming for the adoption of most recent technologies available worldwide and applying it to address existing problems in egyptian agriculture .
how important is irrigation to u . s . agriculture ?
usda : economic research service . 12 october , 2016
soy agriculture in the amazon basin
. yale school of forestry and environmental sudies : global forest atlas ( new )
. crops and drops : making the best use of water for agriculture . rome : fao . ( 5 august 2004 ;
who . geneva : world health organization ; 1990 . public health impact of pesticides used in agriculture ; p . 88 .
the types of companies generally involved in industrial agriculture are no longer farm operations and have adopted a term to better reflect their corporate ( rather than agrarian ) nature : agribusinesses . two business arrangements common within conventional , industrial agriculture systems are contract farming g and vertical integration g . these systems are largely responsible for the shift toward consolidation within agriculture and tend to be harmful to farmers , both those who have stayed outside of the industrial agriculture system and those that have become a part of it .
with high numbers and rates of fatal injury , agriculture , forestry and fishing is the riskiest industry sector . just over one in a hundred workers ( employees and the self - employed ) work in agriculture , but it accounts for about one in five fatal injuries to workers . further information on numbers and rates of injury and ill health in agriculture can be found at :
agree’s bipartisan group of co - chairs includes former u . s . agriculture secretary dan glickman , former u . s . agriculture deputy secretaries jim moseley and kathleen merrigan , and former u . s . agency for international development assistant administrator emmy simmons .
a lack of a skilled agricultural workforce is a top inhibitor of growth and expansion for many kansas agriculture businesses . to help support growth in agriculture , the kansas department of agriculture seeks to help the industry better understand the workforce needs among agricultural employers in the state . in an effort to link the supply of human capital to the needs of kansas agribusiness enterprises , kda conducted the first kansas agriculture workforce needs assessment survey in 2016 , assisted by the agricultural land use survey center at kansas state university .
too often , these arguments are dismissed as technophobia . we are told that the opponents of industrial agriculture want to eschew technological advance and keep developing regions mired in non - mechanised , subsistence - style agriculture . however , this is a false dichotomy .
) presents a scenario where agriculture spread from ( possibly distinct ) locations in northeast china to the east and north ( fig .
graeme b . martin is professor of animal science , uwa institute of agriculture , university of western australia , perth , australia .
animal agriculture is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions , more than the combined exhaust from all transportation . [ i ]
livestock ' s long shadow : environmental issues and options
. food and agriculture organization of the united nations . rome 2006
michigan state university extension has released a series of white papers on emerging issues in animal agriculture written by extension educators and specialists .
. improving water use in agriculture : experience in the middle east and north africa . washington ( dc ) : world bank .
accueil › articles hors série › from climate change to changes in agriculture , land and water at village level : . . .
supported by a team of experts , we offer pesticides emulsifiers for agriculture to our clients . moreover , client can get the offered
however , agriculture can also contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and by sequestering carbon while maintaining food production .
. 529 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture , national agricultural statistics service , washington , d . c .
agriculture has historically released almost as much carbon into the atmosphere as deforestation , a new study suggests — and that’s saying something .
in general , one can say that when a large fraction of a country’s population depends on agriculture for its livelihood , average incomes are low . that does not mean that a country is poor because most of its population is engaged in agriculture ; it is closer to the truth to say that because a country is poor , most of its people must rely upon agriculture for a living .
agriculture : 31 % industry : 14 % services : 54 % note : about half of namibia ' s people are unemployed while about two - thirds live in rural areas ; roughly two - thirds of rural dwellers rely on subsistence agriculture ( 2013 est . )
origins of agriculture , the active production of useful plants or animals in ecosystems that have been created by people . agriculture has often been conceptualized narrowly , in terms of specific combinations of activities and organisms—wet - rice production in asia , wheat farming in europe , cattle…
although industrial agriculture currently dominates the us food system , public awareness of the problems caused by this model has grown rapidly , building extensive support for sustainable agriculture , creating a robust market for sustainable foods , and inspiring formidable demand for agricultural policy and regulatory reform .
agriculture : 2 % manufacturing : 13 % construction : 6 % services : 76 % other : 3 % ( 2006 est . )
intensive subsistence agriculture it is in the monsoon lands of asia that this type of agriculture is to be found . some geographers term it ‘oriental agriculture’ . its striking features include an intensive use of land , much manual labour , low use of farm machinery or modern tools and the use of a variety of manures and fertilisers . irrigation is often resorted to in order to compensate for lack of moisture .
biodiversity , which is critical to robust ecosystems and human life , is threatened by the pollution and genetic erosion caused by industrial agriculture .
water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper , and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged .
because agriculture consumes 70 % of the world ' s fresh water , farmers should be the primary target for incentives to conserve water .
dietary guidelines for americans . u . s . department of health and human services u . s . department of agriculture ; 2005 .
. 186 pp . , u . s . department of agriculture and the u . s . global change research program , unpublished .
environmental sustainability in agriculture means good stewardship of the natural systems and resources that farms rely on . among other things , this involves :
greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector in developed countries average about 12 percent , compared to 35 percent in developing countries , which makes agriculture a relatively less important solution in industrialized countries . still , advocates are pushing agricultural interests and regulators in the u . s . to do their part , pointing to research that says reaching the goals of the paris agreement will be impossible without agriculture ' s contribution .
africa has all the ingredients to drive agripreneurship , as the continent has much of the land and resources that are pivotal to meeting the food needs of the world . agriculture accounts for 15 % of the continent’s gdp and employs half of its workforce . # agriculture # agribusiness
agriculture is the raising of domesticated animals and the planting , cultivation , and preservation of crops . agriculture entails selective breeding of organisms with combinations of inherited characteristics that benefit humans ( and not necessarily the organisms themselves ) , and so these practices have over time greatly influenced the course of evolution of these animals . agriculture arose thousands of years ago in different parts of the world . the steps were similar in different places , but the types of organisms that were raised or cultivated differed . underlying all of agriculture is human control of the environment .
a . g . kawamura wants to start a new dialogue about agriculture . the former california secretary of agriculture said it ' s time for everyone to recognize that the clock is ticking and that people need to become more resilient when it comes to water and food security .
according to the un ' s food and agriculture programme , 854 million people do not have sufficient food for an active and healthy life .
if you haven’t grown up around farms , you’ll want to buddy up to someone who knows what they are doing . ” # agriculture urltoken
now , let ' s review the different types of agriculture , which is the term used to describe the act of growing crops and raising livestock for human use and consumption . first , we have industrialized agriculture , which is the type of agriculture where large quantities of crops and livestock are produced through industrial techniques for the purpose of sale . the goal of this type of agriculture is to produce large amounts of food for sale by using machines , chemical fertilizers , pesticides and monocultures , which is when a single crop is planted on a large scale .
there is a vast array of systems , industries , and careers that agriculture touches or impacts on a daily basis . for the purpose of this website , we will use the more inclusive and comprehensive definition used by the national research council which more accurately reflects modern agriculture today .
industrial agriculture pollutes air , water , and soil , reduces biodiversity , and contributes to global climate change . find the unsavory details here .
when most people think of genetics , they think of their own genes , but genetics is also very important in agriculture . in this lesson , we will explore genetic engineering and how it relates to agriculture . we will also investigate the benefits and issues associated with genetic engineering .
agriculture ' s impact on greenhouse gas emissions and vulnerability to extreme weather has been brought into focus recently by increasing attention to changing climates .
sustainable agriculture takes many forms , but at its core is a rejection of the industrial approach to food production developed during the 20th century .
now is the perfect time to begin , or advance , your career in agriculture in tasmania . if you have a picture in your head of shearing sheep , milking cows or growing crops – think again . there is far more to 21st century agriculture than meets the eye !
agriculture policy debates should be conducted in an open and transparent manner . political maneuvers should not be used as a way to push legislation through at the expense of thoughtful discourse on agriculture policy , as is currently employed in the farm bill , which combines farm programs with food stamps .
a free - market vision for agriculture starts with having principles that recognize the flaws of government intervention while embracing freedom and individual rights . these broad - based principles , if applied , can help change agriculture policy from an area of excessive government control to an area of individual freedom .
the united states is obligated to report its spending on domestic agricultural support to the wto each year . these “notifications” allow the wto committee on agriculture to track levels and types of domestic support provided by members to their agriculture sectors and to determine whether that spending remains within agreed limits .
as evidenced by the dwindling acres of farm land in production in the united states , fewer and fewer people are considering careers in contemporary agriculture due to the misconception of limited opportunities in agriculture . today , many people still perceive that agriculture refers only to production agriculture—the raising of livestock and crops or farming and rarely , if ever , know about the many different segments of industry that are linked to contemporary agriculture , such as natural resources and the environment or know the many service industries that help our agriculturists in financial planning , lending , insurance , commodity trading , or agricultural communications to name a few . in addition , people have little knowledge about how equipment systems and chemical and pharmaceutical systems are part of the agricultural industry . while people have a sense of how the animal and plant related system is part of agriculture , the population at large rarely understands the implications of how life sciences , sales and distribution services , research and development , and marketing and manufacturing play a role in agriculture .
instead of using chemical pesticides , subsistence farmers rely on natural predators of pests to control the pest population . another major difference between industrialized and subsistence agriculture is what is being planted . unlike industrialized agriculture that utilizes monocultures , subsistence agriculture relies on polycultures , which is when different types of crops are planted in one area . planting polycultures is a method used to get the most crop yield out of a small area of land .
agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties . cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of agriculture . in the past century a distinction has been made between sustainable agriculture and intensive farming . modern agronomy , plant breeding , pesticides and fertilizers , and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation . selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming ( and similar practices applied to the chicken ) have similarly increased the output of meat . the more exotic varieties of agriculture include aquaculture and tree farming .
that have been created by people . agriculture has often been conceptualized narrowly , in terms of specific combinations of activities and organisms—wet - rice production in
texas catalyst joshua hardcastle shared this video to inspire agvocates involved in the upcoming agriculture awareness event , farmers fight , which [ . . . ]
04 / 24 / 18 news release : u . s . farmers and ranchers : time is running out to complete the 2017 census of agriculture
correction for bouwman et al . , exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900 - 2050 period
a growing movement has emerged during the past two decades to question the role of the agricultural establishment in promoting practices that contribute to these social problems . today this movement for sustainable agriculture is garnering increasing support and acceptance within mainstream agriculture . not only does sustainable agriculture address many environmental and social concerns , but it offers innovative and economically viable opportunities for growers , laborers , consumers , policymakers and many others in the entire food system .
animal agriculture is the leading cause of species extinction , ocean dead zones , water pollution , and habitat destruction . [ xix ] [ iv ]
cast paper : water and land issues associated with animal agriculture : a u . s . perspective - ucce livestock & range topics - anr blogs
management that increases efficiency of resource use , lowers greenhouse gas emissions and improved adaptation to changing climates is known as
climate - smart
agriculture . many large multi - national companies support the idea of climate - smart agriculture and expect their suppliers to demonstrate progress towards meeting these goals .
wsu is a world leader in agricultural research , ranking in the top 10 for research productivity and influence in nearly every agriculture - related discipline .
because nations depend on agriculture not only for food but for national income and raw materials for industry as well , trade in agriculture is a constant international concern . it is regulated by international agreements such as the general agreement on tariffs and trade and by trading areas such as the european community .
the agriculture workforce coalition ( awc ) brings together organizations representing the diverse needs of agricultural employers across the country . awc serves as the unified voice of agriculture in the effort to ensure that america’s farmers , ranchers and growers have access to a stable and secure workforce now and in the future .
2016 has been a very good year for agriculture and climate ,
said martin frick , director of climate , energy and tenure at the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) of the united nations .
it ' s become possible to finally discuss the elephant in the room .
for those reasons , a country seeking to develop its economy may be well advised to give a significant priority to agriculture . experience in the developing countries has shown that agriculture can be made much more productive with the proper investment in irrigation systems , research , fertilizers , insecticides , and herbicides .
the third and least common type of subsistence agriculture is called pastoral nomadism . this type of agriculture is practiced in kenya , saudi arabia , iraq , iran , afghanistan and mongolia . this type of agriculture is very different from the others because these farmers rely less on crops and more heavily on herd animals , such as cattle , sheep , goats and reindeer . the people travel with the herds and are never in one place very long .
doug robertson , education specialist agriculture & natural resources , maine ffa state advisor maine department of education 207 - 624 - 6744 doug . robertson @ urltoken
agriculture : 5 . 2 % industry : 10 % services : 84 . 8 % note : data exclude the west bank ( 2015 est . )
agriculture : 11 . 5 % industry : 34 . 4 % services : 54 . 1 % note : excludes gaza strip ( 2013 est . )
we are working with farmers to make sure our policy , programs and services improve the productivity , competitiveness and sustainability of the food and agriculture industry .
agriculture allows your workers to build farms . they may only be built on resource squares or next to rivers and lakes until civil service is discovered .
before the advent of agriculture , all human beings were hunters , gatherers or fishers . even today some communities are occupied in hunting and gathering , but they are isolated groups comprising a very small number . now agriculture is practised practically all over the world . the major agricultural types are discussed here .
many of those in the industry do not consult their doctor unless seriously ill and so levels of ill health are unclear . however , in agriculture :
veiga , j . b . , et al .
cattle ranching in the amazon rainforest
. un : food and agriculture oragnization ( new )
february 2 , 2016 | erin lizotte | join us march 19 , 2016 , as we address what’s next for michigan agriculture production and land management .
. national management measures to control nonpoint source pollution from agriculture . washington ( dc ) : office of wetlands , oceans , and watersheds , epa .
after years of being off the table in climate talks , agriculture is now being considered widely by countries trying to reach their paris emissions cuts pledges .
the concept of sustainable agriculture embraces a wide range of techniques , including organic , free - range , low - input , holistic , and biodynamic .
lincoln , neb . — a . g . kawamura wants to start a new dialogue about agriculture . california’s former secretary of agriculture feels that it’s time for everyone to come together and recognize that the clock is ticking , and we need to become more resilient when it comes to water and food security .
the publication contains short analytical articles and full - colour maps , photographs , charts and graphs on the land , livestock , crops , technology , environment , people and other aspects of canada ' s agriculture industry . written in plain language for students this online edition uses census of agriculture and other data .
the reap programme is being implemented by a core team of 4 experts based in africa and asia , and runs from january 2013 until december 2015 . thereafter , successful solutions for balancing agriculture , energy and forestry objectives will be upscaled and replicated to include other landscapes and commodities . knowledge and insights gained through the reap programme will be embedded into the climate smart agriculture programme of our agriculture sector , and into the climate and energy programme of our energy sector .
agriculture : 0 . 96 % industry : 15 . 5 % services : 83 . 5 % note : excludes non - residents ( 2016 est . )
to consolidate the role of european agriculture for the future , the cap has evolved over the years to meet changing economic circumstances and citizens’ requirements and needs .


according to legend , a taoist master wu lizhen ( 吴理真 ) first planted seven tea bushes on meng mountain during the ganlu era ( 53-50 bce ) of emperor xuan of han dynasty .

prior to this , tea were picked from wild tea bushes .

after he died , the tea was called " tea of the immortals " ( 仙茶 ) .

buddhist monasteries were later established on the five peaks of the mountain , and from the tang dynasty to the qing dynasty , 360 tea leaves were picked and prepared each spring by the buddhist monks to be presented to the emperor .

the tea was used as ceremonial offering by the emperor .

wu lizhen was conferred the posthumous honorific title of master of ganlu ( meaning " sweet dew " , full title ganlu puhui miaoji dashi 甘露普惠妙济大师 ) by emperor xiaozong of the sung dynasty , from which the tea acquired its name .

before the mid-tang dynasty , tea from the meng mountain was rare and highly prized ; and as demand grew , more tea bushes were planted .

mengding ganlu is one of the teas produced in the meng mountain and it is a green tea , other teas from meng mountain include " mengding huangya " ( 蒙顶黄芽 ) and " mengding shihua " ( 蒙顶石花 ) which are yellow teas .

according to the 16th century scholar li shizhen who compiled compendium of materia medica , tea produced from meng mountain is " warm and able to take charge of disease , " unlike other kinds of tea which are generally cool in nature .

mengding ganlu tea

light , sweet and floral , mengding ganlu tea is the most poetic of chinese green tea .
this tea was none other than the highest grade tea from the meng mountain - ganlu tea - which means sweet dew .
her name concealed the reasons for her special quality . few people know this , but there are three reasons for her name : mengding ganlu .
mengding ganlu tea is a tea from meng mountain ( meng shan ) , sichuan province in the southwest part of china . meng shan is reputed to be the place where tea was first cultivated . it is yellowish - green tea with sweet aftertaste .
lushui is famous among the musical instruments while tea grown in mengding mountain is old friend
. mengding ganlu is the oldest famous tea in china . it is said that wu lizhen of west han dynasty during the period of ganlu , found the medical effects of wild tea on the top of mengding mountain , then he began to cultivate seven tea trees among the five peaks . therefore , it was popular to plant mengding tea and thus people call him
master of ganlu
. the site of wu lizhen planting the seven tea trees nowadays still exists on the top of mengding mountain in sichuan province . water of yangtze river , tea one the top of meng hill mengding ganlu is mainly grown in the peak . it is one of china ' s oldest tea with great reputation，entitled
old friend of tea
,
tea pioneer
. thanks to delicate picking , superb making , beautiful appearance , and excellent quality , literati of every dynasty uttered sighs of admiration increasingly . what ' s more , they left lots of excellent poems about it . for example , bai juyi of tang dynasty said in instrument and tea that , lushui is famous among the musical instruments while tea grown in mengding mountain is as intimate as an old friend” . mengding ganlu had won fame since then till qing dynasty , lasting for almost one thousand years .
according to several historical annals , the origin of mengding tea can be traced back to a monk called ganlu puhui in 50 b . c . , who was said to grow seven tea plants in the mountain .
mengding ganlu : this is a fine first flush produced in a farm specialised in fine quality . notice how it is more yellow than other green teas produced using similar methods .
the word ganlu means sweet dew . who can forget the mesmerizing sweet flavors of hers ?
ganlu tea is a tea from meng mountain ( meng shan ) , sichuan province in the southwest part of china . meng shan is reputed to be the place where tea was first cultivated .
we love the tea ! your mengding ganlu is of very good quality and value for money . we know that because we have high expectations and are spoilt for good tea ! we have tried many different tea ( green tea , oolong tea , and pu ' er tea ) and bought tea from china and singapore ; whenever we get to visit these places . we have ordered more mengding ganlu which we are going to share with our friends here . hopefully , they will like it too . in the future , we hope to try your dragon well tea which has been our favourite . right now , we are just going to enjoy the one we have bought !
amongst all the teas i sell , mengding ganlu performs best in low temperature . it is hard to understand why . the biluochun tea has even finer tea buds ! all i can think of is that she has a very light body and just needed to be treated be more care !
with an altitude of 1 , 450 meters , the west side of meng mountain borders the tibetan plateau . it is here that the mengding ganlu tea grows . local climate is very misty , and the county of yaan is popularly known as the
rain city
.
110 km west of the capital chengdu , the 1400 m summits of mengding ( aka mengding shan , mengshan ) are only dwarfs standing immediately east of the mountains of the himalayas . the county of ya - an , where mengding resides , is like a smaller basin west of the sichuan basin , and at the eastern edge of the world’s tallest and largest mountain range .
in the high elevation tea gardens on mengding mountain in sichuan province , sweet and tender early spring tea buds are covered with soft , fluffy down . the most coveted batches of gan lu are from the pre - qing ming 1st spring harvesting season , which begins on mengding mountain in the middle of march and ends on april 5th .
mengding ganlu 蒙頂甘露 , a rare green tea from mengshan , sichuan 20517 | 8792 jingshan cha 徑山茶 , a rare and less well - known premium green tea from the zhejiang region . 20536 | 8760 biluo chun , aka spring snail 碧螺春 is most well - known green tea from jiangsu 20614 | 8956 biluo chun , 碧螺春 green tea , minbei 閩北 ( i . e . northern fujian ) version . 20534 | 8750
three - stage rolling : most green teas by applying high heat ( to halt the oxidation process ) and rolling . for the ganlu tea , this process is repeated three times .
“ we are the best tea sets , teapots , tea cups , tea accessories and tea leaves online store . high quality , wholesale price with no quality limited , shop now ! ”
tea at downton - afternoon tea recipes from the unofficial guide to downton abbey ( . . .
zhongleng spring has the tastiest spring water in china . meng mountain has so many fine teas , of which the ganlu is the crown jewel .
from a scale of 1 to 5 this year mending ganlu deserves a 6 ! last year this tea was ok but this year is exceptional ! the sweet taste and the lingering aroma last more than ever after each sip . i can get three infusions from this tea and the first two are indeed amazing ! every day was a good calm relaxed and in control day just because i had my tasty mengding tea in the morning . i say was because i have no more mengding tea and julian is out of stock also ! i can ' t wait to buy more , but in the meantime i have also other types of tea from julian that waits for me to enjoy them . thanks julian for providing really good quality tea in my life .
i ' ve been enjoying the tea very much . i asked my co - worker if she wanted to stay for a cup of tea and she did . i made us a pot of the mengding ganlu tea . both of us were simply amazed with it ' s beautiful aroma sweet taste . my co - worker who has never tasted this quality of tea was taken aback with the experience and so was i . it ' s incredible how a great cup of tea can make a difficult day better and a good day even more so . thank you so much for making this wonderful tea available . i will look to you as my primary source for tea from now on .
a good one is always hand - roasted , curly with a high proportion of downy shoots and tiny young leaves . mengding ganlu is a most full body green tea with good sharpness and depth , and yet the overall impression is smooth and delicate . fine , clean , orchid aroma with a sweet fruity accent . mellow liquor with silky texture . fine sweet aftertaste . highly recommended .
i think i perfected mengding ganlu brewing 100 cc of filtered tap water to 400 cc of boiling water , add to a thimbleful of leaves , then another 1 / 4 ratio of 500 cc water . i get a perfect pot everytime , no more fish cooked with rubber tire smell due to too much tea leaves . i am glad , as i cannot afford future expensive tea purchases , mengding ganlu is much more affordable . my cup is the one i use for measuring , it has measuring lines and is tempered - it is a 2 cup capacity pyrex mixing cup . my teapot is a primula 4 cup ( thank amazon for the research material ) , future one will be a bodum assam 4 cup . silver needle is also way more palatable , now that i started with only a small amount of tea . dragon well is still best with a small amount of tea in a small amount of water .
mengding mountain gan lu is cultivated in the vicinity of the original tea gardens at gan lu si temple , where wu lizhen is reported to have planted the first cultivated tea bushes in china around 53 bc . this tea was enjoyed by song dynasty emperor xiaozong ( r . 1162 - 1189 ) , who gave wu lizhen the title master of sweet dew .
mengding mountain is one of the earlier tribunal tea areas , dating back to the tang dynasty ( 618 ~ 907 a . d . ) and continued to be imperially appointed through later dynasties . like many other production areas , it benefited from the policy of employing loose tea as the national tea form to had come up with its own processing style in the 16th century .
how much tea did you use ? how long was it steeped for ? this tea was sent to you for review .
i think i have tried all of your green teas . my two favorites are mending ganlu and biluochun . the 2013 teas are the best i have had . with the mending ganlu , i find that the water temp ( 70 degrees ) and the proper steeping time are crucial . when brewed correctly it is beyond perfect . i will continue to order this tea . personally i prefer only one brew . i have tried more but find the taste quite degraded . t i brew my mending ganlu with filtered water only , and that i do not drink it immediately , but let it cool for about a minute . then i sip it slowly , savoring each mouthful . as far as the mending ganlu is concerned it is at least a 5 since that is the highest your rating system has .
brewing difficulty : easy best season to taste : summer origin : mengding mountain of mingshan county in sichuan province shape : curl shape and obvious fuzzy tips . liquid : yellow green and bright . aroma : fresh , tender and fragrant . taste : sweet and cool . brewed tea leaves : yellow green and soft . weight : 100 g ( 3 . 53 oz ) recognizing : there are various mengding famous teas , such as ganlu , huangya , shihua , yuyechangchun and so on . among them
ganlu
is the best . its quality characteristics are beautiful shape , uniform leaves , tight and curl fuzzy tips , tender and green color , thick aroma , and sweet taste . the liquid is yellow and green , clear and bright . and brewed tea leaves are even , fresh and bright . brewing method : top - putting brewing method is appropriate . water temperature : 75℃ - 85℃ is appropriate . tea sets : porcelain and pottery wares are best , followed by the glass . storage : put mengding ganlu into the food packaging bags which is thick and with high density and high pressure without unusual smell . then put them into the freezer or cold room . temperature should be controlled between 3℃ to 6℃ . metal tins , boxes , cans and sealed bag are also appropriate . place them in a cool dry place at a low temperature .
so much about tea , as the heisses acknowledge , is lost to prehistory . a definitive account of tea is just not realistic .
feeling guilt for inconveniencing the cat aside , it is time to move to day two of the gramercy tea week with mengding ganlu green tea , a delicate , fluffy , green from sichuan and a fairly recent discovery for me ( recent as in the first time i had this type of tea was only about a year ago . ) i’ve developed a real love for teas from sichuan , and this tea has become a favorite . the aroma of this tea is vegetal , blending sauteed bok choy , artichokes , bamboo leaves , cut grass , and a touch of fresh broccoli . alongside the veggie notes is a nutty starch quality blending cooked rice , sesame seeds , and the most distinct aroma of water chestnuts i have ever run into short of smelling a water chestnut !
the quality of tea lasts longer if it is kept in the fridge . however we strongly recommend you not to keep tea in the fridge . when tea is withdrawn from the fridge , there is usually condensation . once tea is exposed to moisture during condensation , the quality will deteriorate within a few days . the higher moisture content in the tea leaves will trigger oxidation and it will completely destroy the quality of tea .
yin na illuminates the traditional culture of tea in china , and gives practical advise on selecting , brewing , and enjoying the perfect cup of tea .
very well researched and clearly explains the complex subject of tea . highly recommended .
the meng ding gan lu is one of the representatives of sichuan tea . some literature said that this tea had 2000 years of history . according to the history , tea was planted since b . c . 50 . during han dynasty , there was green tea processed by the monks . at that time , only the temple had the organization and sufficient work force , and normally they were appointed to produce the tribute tea for emperor . in the past , the excellent quality of the teas from meng ding mountain was ahead of other teas . in year 813 , the record mentioned that about 40 types of tea were regarded as the tribute tea , and tea ranked first was the tea from meng ding mountain in sichuan .
around march , the picking season begins . during the early morning of the buds are picked very early in the morning while it is still very chilly and still dew remaining on the grass . this certified organic tea uses mostly tender tea buds , which are then carefully curled during processing . while the tea buds are very tiny , the unique character of the tea bush creates a bright green tea color , fresh rich flavor and highly nutritious tea , even while using a small quantity of tea . enjoy the sweet chestnut aroma and lingering sweet aftertaste of sweet dew .
whether it ' s a delicate green tea or a bracing assam black , a cup of tea is a complex brew of art and industry , tradition and revolution , east and west . in this sweeping tour through the world of tea , veteran tea traders mary lou heiss and robert j . heiss chronicle tea ' s influence across the globe and provide a complete reference for choosing , drinking , and enjoying this beverage . the story of tea begins with a journey along the tea trail , from the lush forests of china , where tea cultivation first flourished , to the buddhist temples of japan , to the vast tea gardens of india , and beyond . offering an insider ' s view of all aspects of tea trade , the heisses examine camellia sinensis , the tea bush , and show how subtle differences in territory and production contribute to the diversity of color , flavor , and quality in brewed tea . they profile more than thirty essential tea varietals , provide an in depth guide to tasting and brewing , and survey the customs and crafts associated with tea . sharing the latest research , they discuss tea ' s health benefits and developments in organic production and fair trade practices . finally , they present ten sweet and savory recipes , including savory chinese marbled eggs and green tea pot de crâme , and resources for purchasing fine tea . vividly illustrated throughout , the story of tea is an engrossing tribute to the illustrious , invigorating , and elusive leaf that has sustained and inspired people for more than two thousand years .
copyright© 2006 - 2018 amazing - green - tea . com . all rights reserved .
this is a very special tea for lovers of sweet , distinctive , regional and seasonal china green teas . do not wait too long to order this tea , as it sells out every year !
brew her the same way as biluochun tea using hot water of 160 fahrenheit ( 70 degree celsius ) and dropping the tea buds into the water . she comes best with low temparature and long infusions .
i have been buying from tea hong for over 3 years . they are not onl . . .
it is also very nice to brew this tea in the long glass as above photos . in particular , i suggest this method if you want to drink tea at work or when you do not have enough time to all the way prepare tea using teapot . all you have to do is to put one tea spoon equivalent quantity of the leaf and pour hot water that temperature is at around 80 degree c . once you finsh drinking tea , you can refill the glass with hot water over and over again .
these tiny buds yield a refreshing tea that possess a slightly - earthy / nutty taste punctuated with beguiling , delicate sweetness and a lovely floral aroma . despite the small size of the leaves , this tea delivers a satisfying cup . this very appealing quality has earned this tea the name , gan lu , or sweet dew .
this season we have the 250 gram , paper - wrapped option which is the ‘original’ packaging that is how tea customers purchase this famous tea in china . we will have several teas in this traditional packaging in 2018 .
once a bag of tea is opened , please finish it within 3 months if you wish to enjoy its freshness . from the medical point of view , it is safe to consume the tea even if it is kept for a few years . however the freshness disappears if it is kept for too long . tea must be tightly sealed before it is kept . tea should be kept in ambient and dry conditions such as in the living room , but it must be completely away from humidity . tea should not be kept in the kitchen as the environment is very humid . avoid enclosed area such as inside the cupboard or drawer as these places are damp . also avoid opening the bag of tea in humid atmosphere . it is recommended to open the bag during a sunny day or under air - conditioned atmosphere . once tea leaves absorb moisture , deterioration of tea will be triggered within a few days . tea will then give an astringent taste , sometime it tastes sour . the fresh aroma also becomes weaker .
in two lines , it captures the locations of two tea paradises : zhongleng spring ( 中泠泉 ) and meng mountain .
this is the oldest temple situated in meng ding mountain . this is where the history of green tea has began .
1 . measure 1 table spoons of tea leaves for 500ml of water . 2 . pour the water into a glass jar or bottle and leave it for more than 1 hour . . it is also a good idea to put the tea leaves directly into a pet bottle . 3 . gently sway the container in order to get an even concentration . 4 . usually the taste of tea gets thicker when it is brewed for more than a few hours . in this case , pour in additional water . eventually tea can be brewed more than 1 liter per 1 table spoon of tea leaves .
in term of look and taste , she reminded me greatly of biluochun tea with her very fine tea buds . due to the large surface area , the best result is achieved by steeping in medium temperature water for 5 minutes or more .
there is plenty of interesting information in this book . i am an avid tea drinker and gained knowledge from this book .
meng ding mountain in southwestern china is famous not only as the hometown of panda bears but also as where tea was first cultivated at gan lu si ( sweet dew temple ) . this tea was cultivated at this taoist temple over two thousand years ago , hence the name gan lu ( sweet dew ) . it has been a tribute tea since the tang dynasty .
sculpture of wu li zhen in sichuan province . he is the first human being to plant tea here 2200 years ago .
chinese spring green teas are categorized by four seasonal designations indicating which time in the spring the tea was picked and manufactured . the earlier the tea is plucked the smaller the yield of that tea will be and the more expensive the tea will be . the earliest plucked teas are the most desirable for sweetness and delicacy , and the fever for these teas is high in china as well as in the west . chinese spring green teas are only plucked once a year in their designated harvesting seasons .
julian , i am sorry for my previous arrogance . i was silly enough to think that nothing comes close to my tribute dragon well tea . but this tea i have just tasted - it is really good , so amazingly sweet and refreshing .
the tea plants produced only a tiny quantity of leaves each year , but were famous for being able to cure every illness .
despite the extremely spicy hot diets of the local population — children have raw chili peppers by the pod to chow down noodle with for their afternoon snacks — the overall sensation of tea produced here is fine and mellow . however , do not waste the finesse of this tea by coupling it with strong tasting food . this tea goes well with sweets , such as cakes and chocolates , but is very nice as is . this reflects well its tradition as a monk’s tea used in meditation and during intellectual activities .
urltoken the story of tea : a cultural history and drinking guide ebook : mary lou heiss , robert j . heiss : kindle store
the mountainous , misty country of the sichuan province sprinkles the history of china with records of tea for thousands of years , amongst heroes , poets , warlords , politicians , mysteries , adventures and material richness . people debate whether tea , as an agricultural product , originated from this place or the neighbouring province of yunnan . however , it most certainly is the first province with locations officiated for imperial tea reserves .
this is a lesser known , but finest green tea . it is one of the very few green teas that i personally have a liking of .
most of green teas can be brewed in cold water . the higher the grade of tea , the more suitable it is with cold water brewing .
come rain or shine in edwardian england , everything stopped for tea . downton abbey was no different , so what would they have eaten upstairs and down ?
meng ding mountain in southwestern china is famous not only as the hometown of panda bears but also as where tea was first cultivated at gan lu si ( sweet dew temple ) . this tea was cultivated at this taoist temple over two thousand years ago , hence the name gan lu ( sweet dew ) .
1 . measure 4 - 6g of tea leaves for 200ml of water . 2 . pour water into a clay teapot and brew for 3 minutes . 3 . for second brewing , brew for 20 seconds . alternatively you can also switch to hot water from second brewing onwards , if you wish . if using hot water for second brewing , pour boiling water and brew for less than a few seconds . since tea leaves are very cold and wet , the temperature drastically drops to less than 60 degree celsius . the benefit of cold water brewing is tea can last for a whole day and the taste is refreshing with a natural sweetness . thanks to the cold water extraction , the level of caffeine in tea is very low . you would not suffer from sleepless nights . even kids can enjoy this tea .
for your information , these simple sealing methods are not sufficient . when the bag is withdrawn from the fridge , it is cold inside the bag and therefore causes negative pressure . air will be drawn from outside and condensation will occur . in addition , if the bag is taken in and out from the fridge very often , this will cause heat stress to the tea leaves as temperature is increased and decreased very frequently . if tea is kept in the fridge , when it is withdrawn from the fridge , it is necessary to leave it in ambient atmosphere for more than 24 hours in order to warm up the tea leaves . based on our experience , 12 hours is not long enough . we may think tea is warmed up , but inside the bag , the tea leaves are still cold due to insulation effect .
however recently the meng ding mountain is becoming a very famous tourist spot and is always crowded with visitors . most of the tea gardens depend on the direct selling of their teas to the tourists on the spot . if they are mainly dealing with tourists , the quality of tea won ' t be important . most of the tourists somehow does not really know how to judge the quality . they are happily buying tea on the spot believing that they are paying for the very authentic and excellent quality .
one of the best books i ' ve read so far on tea . very easy to read , very informative and obvious heiss knows what she ' s talking about .
no chemical fertilizer , pesticide , or herbicide was used in the production of this tea . click here to read more about our promise to fair trade and the environment .
the geographic location gives this area its microclimate — even mistier , lesser sun than the misty province itself , and yet cooler because of the altitude and taller mountains on the south — perfect for slow - grow tea . the tea bushes here , especially those at higher top , are never nearly half a meter tall , and the leaves tiny .
the main character of this tea is its sweetness that spreads over from the mouth down to the throat . the tender leaf gives a clear liquor , intense floral note with hints of nut undertones , and leaving a very sweet lingering taste that lasts for a long time . this tea is also very nice if you brew it with cold water .
about 1 , 200 years ago , monks would report to the local government , to alert the officers it was time to make tea . five days before the processing would begin , the government officer would live in the temple for five days , eating vegetarian and bathing thoroughly to cleanse his body before touching the treasure from the gods . on the morning of picking , they would set off fire crackers in the field to “wake up” the tea . now , there are about 20 , 000 workers who are involved in processing this tea each year .
while many of china’s teas have been in production for centuries , gan lu is considered to be one of the oldest green teas in continuous production . it is an important early spring tea since it became an imperial favorite during the tang dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) . the harvest of gan lu is small and most of the production is consumed domestically or in east asia . we are thrilled that again in 2018 we have obtained this excellent pre - qing ming tea for our customers . many of you have become loyal fans of this tea over the years .
the name ganlu translates to sweet dew , and you know , it is a pretty apt name , the sweet and green taste is reminiscent of morning dew on plants . the first steep is thick in the mouth , with a slight tickle from all those fuzzy trichomes , it starts with a mildly savory quality of lima beans and cooked brussels sprouts . it them moves to notes of edamame and artichoke , with a sweet finish of snap peas and water chestnut . the aftertaste is also snap peas and lingers for a short time with a sweet vegetal quality .
this marvelous book belongs in every kitchen with essentials such as the joy of cooking . it is impossible to earnestly think of oneself as a tea drinker , much less serving the . . .
it is also advisable not to use fresh tap water . the intensity of after taste becomes stronger if water is kept overnight . keeping water with stones or inside clay jar will increase the content of minerals . however , you need to confirm whether or not the water kept inside particular jar or with stone is suitable with your tea or tea equipment ( such as teapot ) . if water jar carries certain minerals like copper or zinc , it will rather spoil the taste and flavor of tea . for this , you need to confirm with experiment on try and error basis .
of all the books i ' ve read about tea ,
the story of tea
( 2007 ) by heiss & heiss is one of my favorites ! it would make for an excellent textbook in any class or lecture about tea . it contains an abundance of information , with beautiful photographs throughout the book , many of which show cups of brewed tea along side the dry tea from which it was brewed . their information is up - to - date , very precise , and the majority of time , very accurate . for instance ( with the exception of puerh tea ) , they make no bones about other tea dealers who misinformingly speak about
fermentation
instead of correctly mentioning
oxidation
, telling the reader to
run , not walk
from such dealers ! it is some very good advice indeed . with so much information , i only detected a few errors , which were unfortunate , but perhaps unavoidable . for example , huang shan mao feng , a famous green tea from china , is listed on page 163 as a yellow tea . on page 219 , the book states that alishan produces oolongs grown at the highest altitudes of any tea in taiwan , when in fact the highest plantation is located at da yu ling , part of the lishan range in central taiwan , with the highest peak located in the yushan range , adjacent to the alishan mountain range . also , the book states that bai hao
oriental beauty
oolong is oxidized 35 to 40 percent , although it is oxidized closer to 70 percent , a fact that heiss & heiss themselves correct in their subsequent
the tea enthusiast ' s handbook
( 2010 ) . still , these errors are fairly insignificant when compared with everything else that is right about this book . as an engligh tutor , what actually bothered me the most was the overusage of split infinitives (
to be
verbs separated by an adverb ) and the grammatical errors when saying
different than
instead of correctly stating
different from
in sentences using comparisons . yet again , these are only minor and should not detract too much from the overall quality of this predominately very well - written , beautifully illustrated , highly researched , and extremely informative book . it would be a great addition to the library of any tea connoisseur or enthusiast .
this is probably the only tea i would drink in the evening . soothing and refreshing , she would lift my spirit and brighten my eyes after a long hard day ' s in the office .
i love this tea ! good quality , reasonable price , great service ! not only is the taste delightful , but i also feel really good after drinking it . so glad i found it !
the quantity of tea leaf can be calculated by a formula that
divide the volume of water by 5
. for example : the volume of teapot = 200ml ; 200ml / 50 = 4g . you need to measure 4g of tea leaves for 200ml of water . as opposite to the traditional brewing method , the modern style uses more volume of water . a teapot with the size about 150 - 220ml is just nice for one person .
pre - qing ming teas are the first teas plucked each new spring season . depending on the location and altitude in each tea - producing region , leaf plucking can begin as early as the middle week of march and continue until april 5th .
“i…am a monster . i have my three desks set up as a sort of cubicle , giving me access to my computer , xboxone , tea desk , and painting station all at once ( since i am always doing a million things at . . . ”
tea guardian and the urltoken website are founded and operated by leo kwan and his team from their base in hong kong reaching out to the world . in case you need to contact us , please use this email form or any other form in the contact menu .
teaware : 16 oz . glass or porcelain pot amount : 1 tbs ( 4 grams ) of tea leaves water : 185°f filtered water infusion : first infusion at least 2 minutes . the leaves are good for 5 infusions . add a little more time for each subsequent infusion .
as a result , most of the producers in meng ding mountain emphasize the quantity rather than the quality . they over use the fertilizer and trim the tea tree in order to increase the output . nowadays , it is very difficult to find the quality meng ding gan lu .
i…am a monster . i have my three desks set up as a sort of cubicle , giving me access to my computer , xboxone , tea desk , and painting station all at once ( since i am always doing a million things at once . ) well i was sitting at the computer and rolled my chair straight back to get some tea…and heard a noise . i was unaware that espeon was sleeping on the floor behind my chair , so i just smooshed my chair right into her . she is fine…glaring at me…but fine , and i feel like a jerk , sorry espeon .
the production process still used today reflects that history — an intricate cross - stepping of the ancient baking technique with the 16th - century - trendy wok roasted technique . the delicate hand work and micro steps couple with the unique pluck quality to have yielded the delicately incredible taste of this green tea .
in you are using tap water , it is necessary to filter the water using an activated carbon filter . if not , you wouldn’t be able to enjoy the authentic taste of tea . chlorine is added to tap water in order to sanitize bacteria . this chlorinated water will also harm our body cells . concerning about our health condition , it is very important to remove chlorine from drinking water . the most effective method in removing chlorine is to install an activated carbon filter . this type of filter is designed for removing organic substance . it will remove not only chlorine , but also other harmful substance such as contaminated pesticide . the activated carbon filter can be easily obtained from the common hardware shop in most countries . if activated carbon filter is not available , please place a charcoal inside the water and leave it for over night . the material composed of activated carbon filter is made of ground charcoal . the difference is that activated carbon filter contains much finer particles and hence it has extremely large surface area for a better efficiency in filtration . we do not suggest ro water ( reversed osmosis water ) or distilled water . this water carries no mineral , the taste and flavor of tea tends to be very unstable , unless you have very superior quality tea and tea equipment .
this book is absolutely gorgeous . i am an avid tea drinker and originally checked out this book from my local library . i loved it so much , i hated to return it and knew i had to have my own copy . it is beautiful , comprehensive and really well researched . i highly recommend getting the hardback edition .
gan lu is potentially a sensitive leaf depending on the weather conditions at harvest . you may find that you need to use hotter or cooler water than what you normally use for an early spring green tea . being considerably inland , gan lu is often among the earliest of the green teas harvested , some years rivaling yunnan for the earliest production .
meng ding gan lu is produced in the ming shan county . ming shan county can be reached within a few hours ' drive from chengdu city . in ming shan county , there is meng ding mountain and this mountain crosses another county called ya - an . meng ding gan lu is processed from the tea planted at the peak of this mountain . the highest peak of meng ding mountain is up to 1440 m a . s . l .
great book , the clear , concise wording and well thought out phrasing lead to an interested and well informed reader . i enjoyed the book , learned a few new things , and have even purchased some of their recommended teas . they definitely know what they are talking about ! i have told all my tea drinking friends about this book and even given a copy as a gift . i have read all of the books i can find by these two and have enjoyed them all . a worthwhile purchase and read , without a doubt .
the fresher tea character is a result of the complex process — the leaves are roasted in the wok four times with curling and kneading in between before subjecting to a final baking . the curling and kneading give the tealeaves its appearance and break some of the leaf tissue so the subsequent low heating converts the leaked juice into aromatic substances . not only do these artisans highly skilled in manipulating the tiny leaves , but they have to know quite preciously what they are doing in controlling the gradually lowering heat to maintain the fresh and clean taste while having to dry them . all with the bare hand on the big metal wok !
because of the above reason , for us it is very important to visit the local producer and purchase this tea on the spot . although our purchasing quantity is not very high , we are visiting ming shan county in order to maintain the consistent quality . the process of meng ding gan lu is similar to that of bi luo chun : in early spring , the young bud is hand - plucked , pan - fried , hand - rolled and then dried . however , as compared to bi luo chun , you can obtain a higher quality of meng ding gan lu at the same price range , since meng ding gan lu is not as famous as bi luo chun .
in the long run , you may observe a thick layer of scale accumulated inside your kettle . our mother usually taught us to wash and remove it with citric acid . but please do not even try to remove the scale . scale consists of minerals that exist in the water . the mineral composition is reflected from the water you used . if you remove the scale , the mineral ion balance between scale and water is destroyed . this balance is called buffer effect in science . the flavor and taste will seriously run out and you won’t be able to get previous taste and flavor for a long time . it is also important to stick to the same type of water whenever brewing tea . if source of water is changed , it carries different type of minerals . it will affect the mineral ion balance too .
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the book is great but the smell of smoke in the pages make it difficult to read . i bough it from koob ' s books .
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price & size : aaa grade ( 2018 ) - 50g ( 1 . 8 oz ) - $ 19 . 00 aaa grade ( 2017 ) - 50g ( 1 . 8 oz ) - $ 10 . 00
for more than 1 , 000 years from tang to qing dynasty , she achieved an impossible record . every year , she was chosen as one of the tribute teas for the emperor ' s consumption .
they are the culmination of two things : stringent harvesting and highly complex handcrafting process .
one bud with one adjacent leaf covered by downy white hairs : you can see this with our aaa grade .
her special qualities explains why she is the beverage of choice for chinese foreign embassy during important country functions .
an aaaa graded tourist area , the mountain is the winners of many awards .
a reputed oxygen warehouse , the mountain is 90 % forested . a 1999 study determined that she contains the highest concentration of negative oxygen ions of the entire china .
the mountain is also dotted with countless waterfalls , highly enriched spring water , reservoirs and temples .
to your right you can see a picture of this aaa grade , coming from the first harvest of meng mountain .
she is light , sweet and floral , a bit like mountain dew . and when i get it right - a wonderful long aftertaste .
we have a small amount of leftover from the 2017 crop that have been discounted for quick sale . quality of last year ' s crop is still high as we store all our high grade teas in freezer under - 20 degree celcius for maximum freshness . we are confident you will be happy with the quality .
the five most detailed customer reviews are shown below . alternatively , you can read all reviews .
boiling water would not cause bitterness , but can result in greater astringency . you are also less likely to get the floral aroma and long aftertaste .
the first cup kisses away my thirst , and my loneliness is quelled by the second . the third gives insight worthy of ancient scrolls , and the fourth exiles my troubles . my body becomes lighter with the fifth , and the sixth sends word from immortals . but the seventh —oh the seventh cup— if i drink you , a wind will hurry my wings toward the sacred island .
finer batches are made always in early spring , between early to mid - march and processed immediately after plucking , like all other fine teas .
beware : there are selections out there with strong nutty aroma and strong , short taste . they are not a representation of this label .
i had been out of honey orchid supreme for over half year and bough . . .
. wow . . . brought the most beautiful gaiwan and cups . the online stor . . .
choose an option 8 . 8 oz ( 250 gr ) paper parcel 4 oz 8 oz 16 oz 2 oz sample ( 14gr ) clear
pre - qing ming : 1st spring harvesting season from end of march to before april 5th .
pre - qing ming teas command the highest prices because the demand for these teas outpaces the supply each spring . this is especially true for famous teas such as gan lu , long ding , longjing , lu shan , tai ping hou kui , and zhu ye qing .
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thank you for visiting hojo website . if you have any enquiry , please feel free to get in touch with us at
for boiling water , please do not use aluminum or copper kettle . it spoils the taste of water . we suggest using kettle made of iron , stainless steel , tin or glass .
cool down the boiling water to 80 degree celsius . use the same temperature for a series of brewing until you feel the taste no long remains . finally , you can use boiling water to bring out the remaining taste and flavor .
for sencha , the first brewing period is 1 minute . the second brewing must be less than a few seconds . the third brewing is the same . from the forth brewing onwards , increase to additional 10 seconds for the each subsequent brewing .
clay teapot and tetsubin makes the taste of sencha even better . it is mainly because of the iron that is released from the equipment . in particular , the iron enhances the depth of after taste .
only if customer prefer other option of payment , we suggest
bank transfer
.
the shipping fee to oversea by small air parcel happens to be even cheaper than domestic shipping fee in japan .
for your information , some countries , eu in particular imposes custom duty . we need buyer to bare the duty .