avea i̇letişim hizmetleri a.ş. , currently operating under the türk telekom brand , is the sole gsm 1800 mobile operator of turkey , was founded in 2004 , and has reached a nationwide customer base of 17 million as of september 30 , 2015 .

tt&t i̇m i̇letişim hizmetleri a.ş . was officially established on february 19 , 2004 as a consequence of the merger between aycell , türk telekom 's gsm operator and i̇ş-ti̇m which has been established through the partnership of i̇ş bankası group with a share of 51 % and tim _ ( brand ) with a share of 49 % .

following the merger , for a period aria and aycell brands existed under tt&t i̇m .

a totally new brand " avea " , reflecting the synergy from the merger was introduced into the market on june 23 , 2004 .

the business name " tt&t i̇m i̇letişim hizmetleri a.ş " was replaced with " avea i̇letişim hizmetleri a.ş . "

as of october 15 , 2004 .

the privatization of 55 % of türk telekom 's shares was completed in november 2005 , by oger telecom 's acquisition 55 % of türk telekom 's shares .

in september 2006 , türk telekom acquired telecom italia 's shares of 40.6 % in avea .

turk telekom 's share is 81.37 % in avea .

the remaining 18.63 % of the shares belongs to i̇ş bankası .

in 27 january 2016 , türk telekom decided to use single brand " türk telekom " , for its mobile networking , landlines and internet service provider .

avea

search popularirity score of the name avea . the country name score of avea . daily searches of the name avea ? keyword competition of the name avea google search trends of avea , google search history of the name avea , search graph of avea , keyword cost of avea
tags : meaning of the name avea . the name avea means . found the meaning of the name avea ? please , add the meaning of the name avea if you did not find one from a search of avea .
do you want to improve avea signal for good ? that is possible with a mobile phone signal booster avea ! a simple device that will make all your bad connection issues go away .
an avea signal problem surely does not depend on the avea frequency that you are using . the majority of customers admits that avea bad signal can become an issue from time to time . and that surely is frustrating , because in the 21st century we want to enjoy quality connection .
confidential competition congress growth and competitiveness trends cahit paksoy avea ceo and board member november 8 , 2005 .
avea transforms your home with beautiful dynamic light moods . control your ambience from your android phone and unwind in one of these carefully crafted settings with subtly changing light : • magic hour • northern glow • cherry blossom • mountain breeze • cozy flames • sunny field • fairy woods • caribbean sea • candy land • calm provence after a relaxing evening , simply set your alarm using the built - in wake - up light scene . with avea , rise and shine along a natural sunrise , right in your bedroom . how does it work ? this app requires elgato avea . turn any luminaire into the perfect mood lamp with avea bulb , start transforming your home within seconds with avea sphere , and bring dynamic light moods anywhere with avea flare . avea connects directly to your android phone using bluetooth smart technology , without requiring additional gateways or bridges . learn more about elgato avea at urltoken what do you need ? • elgato avea • samsung galaxy s4 , s4 mini , note ii or later ; bluetooth smart ready with android 5 or later
note : information on avea frequencies is taken from public sources . urltoken thoroughly monitors its relevance and guarantees 97 % accuracy . however , if you have any doubts concerning the compatibility of a specific booster model with avea frequencies in your region , please , contact our managers .
avea is a gsm 900 / 1800 mobile operator in turkey . it was founded in 2004 and by the year 2015 has reached a nationwide client base of 17 million subscribers . where does the name
avea
come from ? it derived from the names of two operators :
aycell
and
aria
. “ve” in turkish means “and” . so , the name ‘avea’ is literally the two first letters of each company with an ‘and’ between them .
an avea network signal booster is , basically , two antennas and an avea signal repeater . place one antenna outside so that it can catch the signal . put the other antenna inside your apartment – its job is to strengthen and boost avea signal . lastly , place the booster box right next to the second antenna . that’s it ! your good signal home factory is ready ! by the way , the whole installation process is so easy that anyone can manage it .
do you need your 3g / 4g / lte improved ? all of those at once ? we have the right avea signal booster box for any occasion . by the way , you don’t have to choose your avea signal booster for home . it will do just fine in your country house , in your office , apartment… wherever you need to improve the weak signal .
our contract with huawei , will include investments in 3g technical systems , 3g management and audit systems , 3g spare part management , 3g training and professional support , in central anatolia and the mediterranean regions
, said cüneyt göktan , ceo , avea .
along with the launch of 3g service in turkey in 2009 , avea will significantly impact the industry with both its well established infrastructure and innovative services and solutions .
carefusion has identified a potential risk associated with avea¿ ventilators when used at higher altitudes . a proactive complaint review identified an error in the barometric pressure compensation . carefusion is voluntarily initiating a field correction of the affected devices to correct the error .
the network load was huge . and still is , by the way . but the company tries to do its best to solve the existing problems . avea mobile coverage is pretty impressive at the moment – the absolute majority of turkey ' s land is covered with over 7000 stations . 97 . 4 % of the country’s population lives on that territory . moreover , the company has roaming agreements with more than six hundred operators in over two hundred countries ! and avea is still continuing to expand .
v : meaning of v in the name avea means : v sits on a single bottom end with to arms projecting upwards in a slanted way . it displays remarkable accessibility and its extensions show a desire to grasp . it is also authoritative and painstaking . it ' s shrewdness is seen in the fact that it converges it ' s energies at the bottom . it is therefore skilled or masterly in planning .
huawei technologies , a specialist in next generation telecommunications network solutions for operators globally , today announced that it has been selected by avea , one of the largest gsm operators in turkey , as the solution partner in its efforts to upgrade its current 3g network and to deliver 3g based services in central anatolia and the mediterranean regions . it is expected that the third generation gsm technology will be available to turkish customers this year .
product name : avea¿ ventilator . all models . the affected devices are cleared under k073069 pm 1 / 25 / 2008 and k103211 on 05 / 06 / 2011 . this device is a class ii medical device . a continuous ventilator ( respirator ) is a device intended to mechanically control or assist patient breathing by delivering a predetermined percentage of oxygen in the breathing gas . adult , pediatric , and neonatal ventilators are included in this generic type of device .
e : meaning of e in the name avea means : the letter e has three branches of equal lenghts . these all extend from it ' s left side . the equal lenghts show a degree of fairness to the outside world . they extend outwards indicating a willingness to learn , think broadly and be more vigorous in understanding . b also implies endowed with good writing abilities , eloquence , resourcefulness . it displays a unique artistic nature and strong enthusaism to get out and know more .
there are plenty of reasons for an avea poor reception ( or of any other turkish operator - turkcell , vodafone ) . the signal really does depend on the lie of the land . for example , a lot of trees can worsen the signal . as well as mountains and hills . but you might experience signal problems not only in the countryside , but also inside the city . the material from which the walls of the buildings are made does not affect the signal in a good way .
huawei is one of the leading global 3g service and solution providers
said tang qi bing , director , huawei turkey .
we create groundbreaking 3g products and solutions in our r & d labs all over the world to boost our customers ' competitiveness . our engineers implement 3g infrastructures which gain advantage over the competition and take a considerable share of the market . our main goal is to offer solutions and technologies to our customers that will help and inspire them to fulfill their greatest potential . we are delighted and honoured to be chosen by avea , a mobile communication service provider with a proven track record .
the horoscope and astrology meaning of the name avea . avea means : with a life path 2 , your numbers are ( 11 / 2 , 20 / 2 ) . two is the symbol of duality and love . it represents equality , balance and is considered as the most feminine among all numbers and is second in command after masculine 1 . it portrays partnership , the coming together of like minds and ideal . although it is flexible and patient , it is unnoticed and operates from the shadows . number two coveys the meaning of union , division , dependence , conflict or verification of facts . number two also covey comparism and contrast . two is the smallest and first prime numbers and the only even prime number because it has many divisions . negative attributes of number two . it is believed that two had the power to bring firth evil – by pythagoreans . it is weak will , indecisive , stagnant . 11 represents equality , it is the light of all numbers , filled with love of peace , gentleness , possesses qualities f intuition , honesty , sensitivity . in numerology eleven , is considered as the master number , extremely creative , energized and inspirational . it further explains number eleven as a number of trials , test and treachery . from the biblical point of view , number eleven symbolize disorder and judgment – irresponsibility of breaking the law . in england eleven appears in the decoration of easter cakes using almond paste decorations representing the twelve disciples excluding judas iscariot . twenty is twice ten and means a complete waiting period . for the mayas , it represents god’s order . according to r . allendy and j boelime , it places the world into two antagonistic poles , material world opposed by the spiritual world .
a : meaning of a in the name avea means : the letter a has two bars connected at a pointed edge and a cross bar holding them together . from an open end to a pointed edge signifies that all energies are trained to a point to achieve the most singularly important goal . the cross bar shows caution . failure is avoided by stringing all required resources together . a also looks like a pyramid with the peak as the apex of the pyramid . pyramids are iconic . a therefore symbolizes prominence and a desire to be recognized for ones achievements . the cross bar also represents a rung in ladder . to get to the top , one has to first step on the rung . it also means originality , a strong will power and an enterprising ability . the upper - case version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle , crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar . it shows aspiration , the dominance to be successful , positive attitude , an optimistic world view and egotism .
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imagine a home in which your devices and appliances work in concert to make life easier , without you having to lift a finger . a home that manages itself while you’re away , and welcomes you upon your return . a home you can engage from anywhere . that’s eve .
automate your home to work for you . and rest assured that it’s protected .
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conceiving seems like it should be a natural , easy process . but there are key things to know before you start trying .
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is baby almost here ? be sure to pick up these 10 things before you head to the hospital .
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we ' ve compiled a list of some of our favorite classic children ' s books that we recommend you read to your baby .
powerful and complete . you are good intellectually and require several outlets for your energies . you are not a builder but a planner , and you want others to carry out your plans . you are bold , independent , inquisitive and interested in research . you know what you want and why you want it .
you are always looking for an opportunity to achieve financial and emotional security . you are basically peacemaker . you understand the law of harmony and desire to balance your life with those around you . you may feel incomplete without someone to share your love , ideals , wealth or work . you can be very sensitive and could appear a bit shy and perceptive . you have developed intuition , patience and the ability to nurture others . you can achieve the state of happiness if you is willing to accept your needs in a complimentary relationship and go to create them .
the number 7 is the most mystical of all numbers . seven is the number of a soul and symbolizes
spiritual victory ,
quest for higher truth . in silence , peace and self - examination we go toward perfection . in a criticism of others , suspicion , judgment , and sharp practice , we create our obstacles and difficulties .
sevens are highly intuitive . they have a reservoir of inspired wisdom combined with inherited analytical ability , which could reward them through expressions of spiritual leadership , business analysis , marketing , artistic visions , and scientific research . operating on the spiritual side of their individuality can bring sevens to the great heights , and drop them off if they neglect their true spiritual identity .
the number 2 represents union - the father - mother principle , and so cooperation and association . two ( 2 ) are always in the eternal search for their other half - their complement . two is the number of peacemakers . they understand the law of harmony and desire to balance their life and those around them . they may feel incomplete without someone to share their love , ideals , wealth or work . symbolically , the prime challenge of twos is fear , fear of being alone , but on a higher place , they just feel unhappy where there is a lack of harmony or evidence of disapproval .
twos are very sensitive and could appear a bit shy and perceptive . it also gives them developed intuition , patience and the ability to nurture others . the happy twos are those , who accept their needs in a complimentary relationship and go to create them . that gives them the freedom to be the way they are , instead of being compelled into addictive behavior patterns .
four represents enclosure , completion , foundation . it is a symbol of earth , the 4th element . fours are here to build a firm foundation , to labor with concentration and secure the right to work out their patterns of freedom from any obstacles - poverty , heartache and failure . fours are very down - to - earth , good grounded people . four is associated with home , stability , security , contentment , a good supply of things needed in life .
protection is four ' s birthright . all dreams will be fulfilled if the four is willing to work for things in his or her life . security is another keyword for number four . building a perfect secure environment , at work or home is the natural desire of all fours . four ' s perseverance applied to the job to be done , or gaining their objectives ; organizational skills and productivity make fours most of the beneficial people in the community . fours are very detailed and organized , and might appear too stubborn and overly critical to someone with a perceiving personality . the qualities of number 4 can be best described as a
judgmental
personality type in psychology .
the hidden passion number represents your hidden talent . it shapes your personality , and guides your life .
the number 1 suggests a strong sense of independence , desire to excel and to lead . it is the most ambitious number and can bring those who identified with it to the greatest heights .
dream the impossible dream
is the deepest motivation of these people , and the hidden motive is self - acceptance . number 1 promotes masculine energy expressed as action and accomplishment .
number 1 represent desire . it can be a desire to love , knowledge , wealth or wisdom . number 1 isn ' t usually known for their patience , because they have so much to accomplish in this lifetime and so little time to do it , and there ' s no time to stay and look inside themselves , or waiting for others . they may appear selfish at times , but it comes from a compelling urge for freedom and action , and preoccupation to establish their identity .
there are also the karmic lessons numbers , associated with your full name ( first name , middle name and last name ) as it spelled in your birth certificate . to see these numbers , please , enter your full name .
saturn seems to have impressed the seal of melancholy on me from the beginning .
this describes me very well , im always bored and wanting to go places .
i googled this to confirm what is - and it is what it is . . .
it says the exact thing for the name “brandon” , the point i think is to make us realize that we read too much into these predictive things .
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so many people have been wondering how the rich get their wealth and keep it growing . so many wish to retire soon but do not know how to secure their . . .
domestic violence is one of the most challenging issues both as the basis for criminal charges and as an aggravating element in family law cases when . . .
information technology stands out as the soul of every business no matter its size . having information technology in business guarantees the stay of the . . .
tt mobil , founded in 2004 , is the most dynamic and innovative gsm company in turkey today . by the third quarter of 2015 , the vision of tt mobil which has 17 million subscribers is defined within the scope of the primary needs of the subscribers and proper and innovative solutions offered for these needs . the company which reaches to 98 % of turkey’s population with its next generation network is growing rapidly with the services it provides in both corporate and individual areas with
tt mobil
trademark .
tt mobil has made many important investments and its primary areas of investment include technology , management and infrastructure . tt mobil has international roaming agreements with 693 operators in 205 countries and continues to increase the number of its international roaming partners . tt mobil , with the vision of
being
the most favourite and preferred
mobile communication company in turkey
offers its customers innovative and quality service as well as high technology .
tt & ti̇m i̇letişim hizmetleri a . ş . was officially founded on february 19 , 2004 after türk telekom ' s gsm operator aycell had joined with i̇ş - ti̇m , which had been founded with the partnership of i̇ş bankası grubu , 51 % , and ti̇m , 49 % .
after the joining , there was a short period of time when aria and aycell trademarks continued to exist under tt & ti̇m . by june 23 , 2004 , the brand - new trademark
tt mobil
reflecting the synergy created by the joining of the companies , was introduced into the market on behalf of the two trademarks .
tt & ti̇m i̇letişim hizmetleri a . ş
business name was changed to
tt mobil i̇letişim hizmetleri a . ş .
on october 15 , 2004 .
tt mobil , which is the youngest , most dynamic and alternative operator in the gsm sector , has brought a serious competition environment to turkish gsm market . the - privatization process of türk telekom ' s 55 % share was completed in november 2005 , and oger telecom gained the 55 % share of türk telekom after the privatization . . türk telekom owns 100 % share of tt mobil .
do you love this name , but want a different spelling ? . . . maybe you just want to put a unique spin on a common name ? you can use the alternate name speller to get unique spellings for common names .
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carefusion sent customer notification letters on september 05 , 2013 via usps mail return receipt carrier . the customer notification letter dated september 3 , 2013 was titled
urgent product recall
, and was addressed to biomedical engineering , respiratory care , and risk management . the customer notification letter informed customers of the product under recall with product name , description , and serial numbers enclosed as list unique to each customer . the customer notification letter also states the problem and affected devices : issue , potential risk , actions to be taken by carefusion , action to be taken by the customer , and contact information . care fusion has initiated a project to develop a new version of software that will resolve this issue . once this software is available to download you will receive a notification letter . the customers were instructed to promptly return the enclosed response card to expedite the correction process and acknowledge receipt of this notification and follow the listed instructions noted in the letter . for recall related and support contact carefusion recall support center at 888 . 562 . 6018 or email : supportcenter @ carefusion . com questions . for product technical support adverse event reporting contact support / customer advocacy at 800 . 231 . 2466 , 714 . 283 . 2228 or email to urltoken carefusion . com . from ( 6 : 30am - 5 : 00pm post ) . updated : firm issued press release of the recall on 09 / 30 / 2013 .
worldwide distribution : us ( nationwide ) including puerto rico and countries of : albania , american samoa , argentina , australia , austria , bahrain , barbados , bangladesh , belgium , bermuda , belize , bolivia , bosnia and herzegovina , brazil , canada , chile , china , colombia , costa rica , croatia , cyprus , czech rep , dominican republic , ecuador , egypt , estonia , el salvador , finland , france , germany , georgia , greece , guatemala , hong kong , honduras , hungary , india , indonesia , ireland , israel , italy , japan , jordan , korea , kuwait , latvia , lebanon , lithuania , lybia jamahiriya , malaysia , mexico , moldova , morocco , netherlands , nepal , nicaragua , norway , oman , pakistan , palastine , panama , paraguay , peru , philippines , poland , portugal , qatar , romania , russian federation , rwanda , saudi arabia , singapore , slovenia , slovakia , spain , switzerland , taiwan , thailand , tunisia , turkey , united arab emirates , and united kingdom .
1 a record in this database is created when a firm initiates a correction or removal action . the record is updated if the fda identifies a violation and classifies the action as a recall , and it is updated for a final time when the recall is terminated . learn more about medical device recalls . 2 per fda policy , recall cause determinations are subject to modification up to the point of termination of the recall . 3 for details about termination of a recall see code of federal regulations ( cfr ) title 21 §7 . 55 .
510 ( k ) s with product code = cbk and original applicant = bird products corp . 510 ( k ) s with product code = cbk and original applicant = carefusion 510 ( k ) s with product code = cbk and original applicant = viasys respiratory care inc
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1 . if you need to boost all signal types - gsm , 3g and 4g at the same time , choose the tab ' calls + 3g + 4g ' . 2 . choosing the tab ' calls ' you ` ll find boosters recommended for phone calls mainly . 3 . for improving calls and mobile internet at the same time select ' calls + 4g ' or ' calls + 3g ' . 4 . in order to display devices that we recommend for boosting mobile internet click on ' 3g ' or ' 4g / lte ' .
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to give that mobile and internet connection a little boost , you can charge your phone . it is a well - known fact that a low battery worsens the quality of the signal even more and you might end up missing an important call .
but is that everything that you can do ? simply keep your phone charged ? well , that’s not a complicated thing to do , but such a solution will surely not fight the root cause of the problem .
myamplifiers team is the perfect option for you , if you are looking for great quality at a reasonable price . all of our signal boosters are absolutely safe for your health and come with a 30 - day guarantee . just to make sure that you are completely happy with your purchase . we are there for you 24 hours a day and ship worldwide .
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iliad enters content game in france , finally launches italian mobile business iliad has acquired football rights in france and launched its opco in italy as it looks to reboot after a disappointing set of financial results . more detail
three uk appoints new cco , cfo the departure of three uk ' s chief commercial officer after just 18 months in the job has triggered a shake - up of the mobile operator ' s top team . more detail
talktalk to sell enterprise customer base to daisy as it registers full - year loss talktalk has agreed to sell 80 , 000 business customers to rival daisy group in a £175 million deal . more detail
a1 telekom austria group rebrand reaches bulgaria bulgaria is the third a1 telekom austria group opco to get rebranded as the telco looks to market itself as a provider of
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orange business services puts iot to use on saving ships’ fuel costs orange business services has expanded its work with dobroflot by developing a customised iot solution for the russian fishing company . more detail
from june 2018 , european communications magazine has merged with its sister title mobile europe , into mobile europe and european communications . no more new content is being published on this site -
sjp business media . registered in england . 02889805 . vat no . 645119738 .
republica moldova a înregistrat progrese în ceea ce privește înființarea întreprinderilor , potrivit studiului anual din 2017 privind „ costul reglementării de stat a activității de întreprinzător ” , realizat de grupul băncii mondiale . potrivit datelor , republica moldova ocupă locul 44 din 190 de țări în ceea ce privește o serie de indicatori comerciali , aceeași poziție ca și în anul 2016 , însă . . .
agenția statelor unite pentru dezvoltare internațională ( usaid ) a lansat un nou program de reforme structurale în republica moldova menit să contribuie la realizarea reformelor structurale de reglementare și stimulare a afacerilor și a comerțului în țară . promotorii programului și - au propus ca , în următorii patru ani , să promoveze exporturile din republica moldova pe piața uniunii europene și să . . .
în anul 2017 au fost înregistrate în republica moldova 6 406 de întreprinderi , cu 13 % mai mult decât în anul anterior . potrivit datelor camerei înregistrării de stat , circa 64 % din acestea sunt înregistrate la chișinău . la 1 ianuarie 2018 , registrul de stat al persoanelor juridice conținea informații despre 169 400 de societăți , dintre care 57 , 8 % ( 97 900 ) sunt societăți cu răspundere limitată . . .
în 17 ianuarie 2018 , organizația pentru dezvoltarea sectorului întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii ( odimm ) din republica moldova a desfășurat o ședință cu băncile partenere pentru evaluarea performanțelor înregistrate în ultimul an de fondul de garantare a creditelor . fondul de garantare a creditelor este un program pentru imm - uri finanțat de stat , implementat de odimm în cadrul politicii naționale . . .
gls bank a realizat cea de a doua investiție în fondul european pentru europa de sud - est ( fese ) . prin achiziția de bilete la ordin în valoare de 27 , 9 milioane eur , banca continuă să își unească forțele cu fese pentru a asigura accesul microîntreprinderilor și al întreprinderilor mici la finanțare și a sprijini gospodăriile private cu venituri scăzute din europa de sud - est și din regiunea . . .
ana statova , o mamă singură cu doi copii , a devenit recent o celebritate locală în regiunea găgăuzia din republica moldova . vestea despre complexul turistic tradițional „ gagauz sofrasi ” , construit în satul congaz , s - a răspândit rapid . denumit în mod ambițios „cel mai mare sat din europa” , congazul se mândrește cu un complex ce redă atmosfera și farmecul caselor tradiționale țărănești : sobe cu . . .
ue urmărește să susțină imm - urile din republica moldova să își extindă piața de desfacere prin intermediul unei sesiuni de pregătire recente care vizează creșterea capacității organizației pentru dezvoltarea sectorului întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii ( odimm ) în vederea asistării societăților naționale care intenționează să vândă în străinătate . sesiunea de pregătire cu privire la practicile . . .
programul pare 1 + 1 , finanțat de ue , a aprobat 32 de cereri de finanțare nerambursabilă înaintate de întreprinderi create de către migranți din republica moldova sau de către rudele acestora , în sumă totală de 7 , 89 milioane mdl . potrivit estimărilor , vor fi create aproximativ 90 de noi locuri de muncă , iar investițiile cumulative în economia națională se vor ridica la 19 , 43 milioane mdl . analizând . . .
agricultorii de pe malul nistrului din republica moldova pot beneficia acum de consultanță profesionistă în cadrul centrului de consultanță în agricultură ecologică , înființat cu sprijinul ue . centrul a fost creat la inițiativa a patru asociații specializate situate de o parte și de cealaltă a nistrului , în cadrul programului „ susținerea măsurilor de promovare a încrederii ” , finanțat de ue și . . .
ca parte a inițiativei eu4business , banca europeană pentru reconstrucție și dezvoltare ( berd ) oferă un împrumut suplimentar de 20 de milioane eur către mobiasbancă - groupe société générale din republica moldova , pentru a veni în întâmpinarea cererii de finanțare din ce în ce mai mari din partea întreprinderilor locale care investesc în creșterea calității propriilor produse și servicii . companiile . . .
eu4business este o inițiativă care ajută imm - urile din cele șase țări din regiunea parteneriatului estic să își atingă întregul potențial și să își impulsioneze creșterea economică .
this information is available in the dfmonitor - pro spreadsheet . get it > >


fermentum is a practice of the early christian church whereby bishops affirmed their communion with one another .

the custom of the fermentum was first practiced as early as 120 ad .

a particle of the eucharistic bread was carried by a minister of the church from the bishop of one diocese to the bishop of another diocese .

the receiving bishop would then consume the species at his next celebration of the eucharist as a sign of the communion between the churches .

the term fermentum was probably a reference to the eucharist as the leaven of the christian life , and as the instrument by which christians spread throughout the world were united in the one body of christ as a leaven to the world .

in the 2nd century , popes sent the eucharist to other bishops as a pledge of unity of faith , this being the origin of the expression to be in communion with each other , and such communion already considered essential to christianity in the 2nd-century writings of st. ignatius of antioch and st. irenaeus .

on occasion , bishops also sent out fermenti to their priests . john .

d. zizioulas ( the metropolitan of pergamon ) in his doctoral thesis ( university of athens , 1964 ) takes the position that by the mid-3rd century the bishops were exercising fermentum with the ( local to the metropolitan ) parishes that did have a presiding bishop in order to communicate/retain the unity of the church under the bishop .

while this was due to the growth of the christian church it is also due to extensive persecution of the church , especially aimed at the bishops .

at papal masses around 700 ad klausen states : " saying the salutation ' pax domini sit semper vobiscum ' – [ the peace of the lord be always with you ] – the pope immersed the particle which came from the previous day 's mass in the chalice and at the same time broke off a piece of bread which he had consecrated , and which was to serve as a fermentum at the next service "

fermentum

l . fermentum ameliorates ethanol - induced gastric injury in mice ( r ) .
l . fermentum can reduce inflammation of the upper small intestine in mice ( r ) .
green tea extract and l . fermentum protect liver cells against ethanol exposure ( r ) .
l . fermentum decreases rac , p38 , and nf - kappab activation ( r ) .
l . fermentum reduces gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum increases lactobacillus , bifidobacterium and eubacterium levels in mice ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum significantly alleviates liver damage in alcoholic liver disease mice ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum increase in the proportion of natural killer ( nk ) cells ( r ) .
l . fermentum both increases ( r ) and decreases il - 4 ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum reduces the duration and severity of respiratory illness in highly trained distance runners ( r ) .
l . fermentum increases iga ( r , r , r ) , and decreases ige ( r ) .
l . fermentum increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase , catalase , and glutathione peroxidase ( r ) .
l . fermentum stimulates mucosal immunity , by stimulating tracheal lymphocyte proliferation and increasing lung macrophage population ( r ) .
l . fermentum reduced the severity of gastrointestinal and respiratory illness symptoms in male but not female cyclists ( r ) .
l . fermentum inhibits the growth of gardnerella vaginalis ( r ) and e . coli ( r ) in mice .
l . fermentum attenuates colitis and accelerates colitis recovery in mice and rats ( r , r , r , r ) .
l . fermentum increases the igg2a response over igg1 , indicating a th1 - biased humoral response ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum both increases ( r , r , r ) and decreases il - 10 ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum decreases il - 1 β , tnf - α , and inos ( r , r , r ) .
l . fermentum was shown to increase the bioavailability of calcium , phosphorus , and zinc in fermented goat milk ( r ) .
l . fermentum alleviates pain and reduces the load of staphylococcus in the breastmilk of women suffering from painful breastfeeding ( r ) .
l . fermentum normalizes the composition of gut microbiota and alleviates ampicillin - induced inflammation in the colon in mice ( r ) .
l . fermentum reduces anxiety - like behavior and alleviates the ampicillin - induced impairment in memory retention in mice ( r ) .
l . fermentum elevates mineralocorticoid and n - methyl - d - aspartate receptors in the hippocampus after ampicillin treatment ( r ) .
a strain of l . fermentum agr1487 causes a pro - inflammatory response in the host and should be avoided ( r ) .
i hope if someone else knows of another product that has the lactobacillus fermentum me - 3 , that they will let us know .
l . fermentum alleviates immunosenescence by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities , and was shown to reduce e . coli infection in aging mice ( r ) .
l . fermentum improves resistance against lethal influenza infection in both mice and chicken , by activating the th1 response and augmenting iga production ( r ) .
both live and dead l . fermentum have been demonstrated to attenuate the inflammatory process and diminish inflammatory mediators in laboratory experiments ( r , r ) .
l . fermentum enhances the protective effect of ssanghwa - tang ( sht ) , a traditional herbal medicine formula , on rat liver ( r ) .
l . fermentum increases il - 2 ( r , r ) and decreases il - 6 ( r ) and il - 8 ( r ) .
l . fermentum inhibits both c . albicans and c . glabrata , the two most common pathogenic yeasts of humans , in the laboratory ( r ) .
l . fermentum increases ifn - γ ( r , r , r , r ) ( a study where it was decreased : ( r ) ) .
the results demonstrated that l . fermentum uco - 979c is a very good candidate as a probiotic for the protection of humans against h . pylori infections .
l . fermentum degrades αs1 - casein and lowers the recognition and the binding of this casein to ige from the blood of patients with cow’s milk allergy ( r ) .
l . fermentum is one of the less studied probiotic strains that shows many promising health benefits , such as boosting the immune response , improving liver health and lowering cholesterol levels .
lactobacillus fermentum is a gram - positive lactic acid bacterium , commonly found in fermenting animal and plant material . it is also commonly found as a component of the human microbiota .
l . fermentum combats streptococcus pneumoniae ( r ) , pseudomonas aeruginosa ( r ) , s . typhimurium infection in mice ( r , r ) and salmonella infection in mice ( r ) .
the third pillar is composed of the offer to enterprises / companies which in their daily hard work and achieved successes can rely on humulus et fermentum to provide them with a well deserved treat .
l . fermentum reduces total blood cholesterol , total triglyceride levels and low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) cholesterol in mice . it also decreased body weight and liver weight / body weight ratio ( r ) .
l . fermentum increases occludin , egf , egfr , vegf , fit - 1 , iκb - α , nnos , enos , mn - sod , cu / zn - sod , cat ( r ) .
l . fermentum suppresses the growth of staphylococci , enterotoxigenic enterobacteria and candida albicans ( r ) . it was shown to combat s . aureus and p . aeruginosa , common pathogens in hospital - acquired infections ( r ) .
l . fermentum is commonly found in fermented food products and is considered a “generally recognized as safe” ( gras ) organism by the us fda ( r ) . it was found to be safe in infants and children ( r , r ) .
the food & beer revolution is gaining more and more momentum world wide ! craft beer is the adequat alternative to other luxurious drinks . humulus et fermentum sàrl is your local reference for craft beer , providing objective information about the products and its quality .
fermentum was located 30 minutes from our hotel in northern rome ( not its fault ) . definitely a better choice for those coming from colosseum or south . located next to a huge nature area bisected by a roman aqueduct that runs for miles . definitely worth a look . . . .
helicobacter pylori is considered as the main risk factor in the development of gastric cancer . in the present study , we performed a detailed characterization of the probiotic properties and the anti - h . pylori activity of a previously isolated lactobacillus strain — lactobacillus fermentum uco - 979c — obtained from human gut .
oral administration of l . fermentum potentates the immunologic response of an anti - influenza vaccine and may provide enhanced systemic protection by increasing the th1 response and virus - neutralizing antibodies . the incidence of an influenza - like illness during 5 months after vaccination was decreased in the group that consumed this probiotic ( r , r ) .
following an application from biosearch life , submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to article 14 of regulation ( ec ) no 1924 / 2006 via the competent authority of france , the efsa panel on dietetic products , nutrition and allergies ( nda ) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to lactobacillus fermentum cect 5716 and decreases the staphylococcus load in breast milk . high staphylococcus load in breast milk is a risk factor for infectious mastitis . the scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim referring to disease risk reduction . the panel considers that lactobacillus fermentum cect 5716 is sufficiently characterised . in the context of this application , the staphylococcus load in breast milk can be considered a risk factor for the development of infectious mastitis , as long as evidence is provided that the consumption of lactobacillus fermentum cect 5716 reduces the staphylococcus load in breast milk as well as the incidence of infectious mastitis . three human intervention studies investigated the effect of lactobacillus fermentum cect 5716 on the staphylococcus load of breast milk in lactating women . one of these studies was conducted in lactating women free of infectious mastitis at baseline . the panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from this study for the scientific substantiation of the claim owing to important methodological limitations . the other two studies were conducted in lactating women with infectious mastitis and , therefore , the effect of the intervention on the incidence of infectious mastitis cannot be assessed . the panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of lactobacillus fermentum cect 5716 and a reduction of the staphylococcus load in breast milk which reduces the risk of infectious mastitis .
small pieces of the consecrated bread from the episcopal mass , called fermentum ( leaven ) , were sent to parish churches and placed in the consecrated wine at the eucharist to signify the unity of the christian assembly with their bishop . this practice dates from the fifth century in rome . it continues today in some dioceses of the episcopal church on maundy thursday . a fragment of bread from a eucharist celebrated by the bishop during holy week is placed in the cup after the eucharistic prayer at the evening parish liturgy . a related custom is called commixture , in which the presider places a fragment of consecrated bread in the cup at every eucharist . it is infrequently practiced in the episcopal church today . see commixture .
the strain tolerated ph 3 . 0 ; grew in the presence of 2 % bile salts ; produced lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide ; aggregated in saline solution ; showed high hydrophobicity ; showed high adherence to glass ; caco - 2 and gastric adenocarcinoma human cells ( ags ) cells ; showed an efficient colonization in mongolian gerbils ; and potently inhibited the growth and urease activity of h . pylori strains . l . fermentum uco - 979c significantly inhibited h . pylori - induced il - 8 production in ags cells and reduced the viability of h . pylori . with regard to innocuousness , the strain uco - 979c was susceptible to several antibiotics and did not produce histamine or beta - haemolysis in blood agar containing red blood cells from various origins .
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1 . soter , bishop of the church of rome , died after an episcopate of eight years , and was succeeded by eleutherus , the twelfth from the apostles . in the seventeenth year of the emperor antoninus verus , the persecution of our people was rekindled more fiercely in certain districts on account of an insurrection of the masses in the cities ; and judging by the number in a single nation , myriads suffered martyrdom throughout the world . a record of this was written for posterity , and in truth it is worthy of perpetual remembrance .
2 . a full account , containing the most reliable information on the subject , is given in our collection of martyrdoms , which constitutes a narrative instructive as well as historical . i will repeat here such portions of this account as may be needful for the present purpose .
3 . other writers of history record the victories of war and trophies won from enemies , the skill of generals , and the manly bravery of soldiers , defiled with blood and with innumerable slaughters for the sake of children and country and other possessions .
4 . but our narrative of the government of god will record in ineffaceable letters the most peaceful wars waged in behalf of the peace of the soul , and will tell of men doing brave deeds for truth rather than country , and for piety rather than dearest friends . it will hand down to imperishable remembrance the discipline and the much - tried fortitude of the athletes of religion , the trophies won from demons , the victories over invisible enemies , and the crowns placed upon all their heads .
chapter 1 . the number of those who fought for religion in gaul under verus and the nature of their conflicts .
1 . the country in which the arena was prepared for them was gaul , of which lyons and vienne are the principal and most celebrated cities . the rhone passes through both of them , flowing in a broad stream through the entire region .
2 . the most celebrated churches in that country sent an account of the witnesses to the churches in asia and phrygia , relating in the following manner what was done among them .
3 . the servants of christ residing at vienne and lyons , in gaul , to the brethren through out asia and phrygia , who hold the same faith and hope of redemption , peace and grace and glory from god the father and christ jesus our lord .
4 . then , having related some other matters , they begin their account in this manner : the greatness of the tribulation in this region , and the fury of the heathen against the saints , and the sufferings of the blessed witnesses , we cannot recount accurately , nor indeed could they possibly be recorded .
5 . for with all his might the adversary fell upon us , giving us a foretaste of his unbridled activity at his future coming . he endeavored in every manner to practice and exercise his servants against the servants of god , not only shutting us out from houses and baths and markets , but forbidding any of us to be seen in any place whatever .
7 . first of all , they endured nobly the injuries heaped upon them by the populace ; clamors and blows and draggings and robberies and stonings and imprisonments , and all things which an infuriated mob delight in inflicting on enemies and adversaries .
8 . then , being taken to the forum by the chiliarch and the authorities of the city , they were examined in the presence of the whole multitude , and having confessed , they were imprisoned until the arrival of the governor .
and his neighbor , interfered . his life was so consistent that , although young , he had attained a
and fervent in spirit . such being his character , he could not endure the unreasonable judgment against us , but was filled with indignation , and asked to be permitted to testify in behalf of his brethren , that there is among us nothing ungodly or impious .
, being well pleased even to lay down his life in defense of the brethren . for he was and is a
and the proto - witnesses were manifestly ready , and finished their confession with all eagerness . but some appeared unprepared and untrained , weak as yet , and unable to endure so great a conflict . about ten of these proved
, which has perhaps a little stronger manuscript support . but valesius points out that the former word is more unusual , and therefore more likely to have been changed into the latter by a copyist than the latter into the former . ]
12 . then all of us feared greatly on account of uncertainty as to their confession ; not because we dreaded the sufferings to be endured , but because we looked to the end , and were afraid that some of them might fall away .
13 . but those who were worthy were seized day by day , filling up their number , so that all the zealous persons , and those through whom especially our affairs had been established , were collected together out of the two churches .
14 . and some of our heathen servants also were seized , as the governor had commanded that all of us should be examined publicly . these , being ensnared by satan , and fearing for themselves the tortures which they beheld the saints endure , and being also urged on by the soldiers , accused us falsely of thyestean banquets and œdipodean intercourse , and of deeds which are not only unlawful for us to speak of or to think , but which we cannot believe were ever done by men .
15 . when these accusations were reported , all the people raged like wild beasts against us , so that even if any had before been moderate on account of friendship , they were now exceedingly furious and gnashed their teeth against us . and that which was spoken by
16 . then finally the holy witnesses endured sufferings beyond description , satan striving earnestly that some of the slanders might be uttered by them also .
18 . for while we all trembled , and her earthly mistress , who was herself also one of the witnesses , feared that on account of the weakness of her body , she would be unable to make bold confession , blandina was filled with such power as to be delivered and raised above those who were torturing her by turns from morning till evening in every manner , so that they acknowledged that they were conquered , and could do nothing more to her . and they were astonished at her endurance , as her entire body was mangled and broken ; and they testified that one of these forms of torture was sufficient to destroy life , not to speak of so many and so great sufferings .
19 . but the blessed woman , like a noble athlete , renewed her strength in her confession ; and her comfort and recreation and relief from the pain of her sufferings was in exclaiming , ' i am a christian , and there is nothing vile done by us . '
20 . but sanctus also endured marvelously and superhumanly all the outrages which he suffered . while the wicked men hoped , by the continuance and severity of his tortures to wring something from him which he ought not to say , he girded himself against them with such firmness that he would not even tell his name , or the nation or city to which he belonged , or whether he was bond or free , but answered in the roman tongue to all their questions , ' i am a christian . ' he confessed this instead of name and city and race and everything besides , and the people heard from him no other word .
21 . there arose therefore on the part of the governor and his tormentors a great desire to conquer him ; but having nothing more that they could do to him , they finally fastened red - hot brazen plates to the most tender parts of his body .
22 . and these indeed were burned , but he continued unbending and unyielding , firm in his confession , and refreshed and strengthened by the heavenly fountain of the water of life , flowing from the bowels of christ .
23 . and his body was a witness of his sufferings , being one complete wound and bruise , drawn out of shape , and altogether unlike a human form . christ , suffering in him , manifested his glory , delivering him from his adversary , and making him an ensample for the others , showing that nothing is fearful where the love of the father is , and nothing painful where there is the glory of christ .
24 . for when the wicked men tortured him a second time after some days , supposing that with his body swollen and inflamed to such a degree that he could not bear the touch of a hand , if they should again apply the same instruments , they would overcome him , or at least by his death under his sufferings others would be made afraid , not only did not this occur , but , contrary to all human expectation , his body arose and stood erect in the midst of the subsequent torments , and resumed its original appearance and the use of its limbs , so that , through the grace of christ , these second sufferings became to him , not torture , but healing .
25 . but the devil , thinking that he had already consumed biblias , who was one of those who had denied christ , desiring to increase her condemnation through the utterance of blasphemy , brought her again to the torture , to compel her , as already feeble and weak , to report impious things concerning us .
26 . but she recovered herself under the suffering , and as if awaking from a deep sleep , and reminded by the present anguish of the eternal punishment in hell , she contradicted the blasphemers . ' how , ' she said , ' could those eat children who do not think it lawful to taste the blood even of irrational animals ? ' and thenceforward she confessed herself a christian , and was given a place in the order of the witnesses .
27 . but as the tyrannical tortures were made by christ of none effect through the patience of the blessed , the devil invented other contrivances — confinement in the dark and most loathsome parts of the prison , stretching of the feet to the fifth hole in the stocks , and the other outrages which his servants are accustomed to inflict upon the prisoners when furious and filled with the devil . a great many were suffocated in prison , being chosen by the lord for this manner of death , that he might manifest in them his glory .
28 . for some , though they had been tortured so cruelly that it seemed impossible that they could live , even with the most careful nursing , yet , destitute of human attention , remained in the prison , being strengthened by the lord , and invigorated both in body and soul ; and they exhorted and encouraged the rest . but such as were young , and arrested recently , so that their bodies had not become accustomed to torture , were unable to endure the severity of their confinement , and died in prison .
29 . the blessed pothinus , who had been entrusted with the bishopric of lyons , was dragged to the judgment seat . he was more than ninety years of age , and very infirm , scarcely indeed able to breathe because of physical weakness ; but he was strengthened by spiritual zeal through his earnest desire for martyrdom . though his body was worn out by old age and disease , his life was preserved that christ might triumph in it .
30 . when he was brought by the soldiers to the tribunal , accompanied by the civil magistrates and a multitude who shouted against him in every manner as if he were christ himself , he bore noble witness .
31 . being asked by the governor , who was the god of the christians , he replied , ' if you are worthy , you shall know . ' then he was dragged away harshly , and received blows of every kind . those near him struck him with their hands and feet , regardless of his age ; and those at a distance hurled at him whatever they could seize ; all of them thinking that they would be guilty of great wickedness and impiety if any possible abuse were omitted . for thus they thought to avenge their own deities . scarcely able to breathe , he was cast into prison and died after two days .
32 . then a certain great dispensation of god occurred , and the compassion of jesus appeared beyond measure , in a manner rarely seen among the brotherhood , but not beyond the power of christ .
33 . for those who had recanted at their first arrest were imprisoned with the others , and endured terrible sufferings , so that their denial was of no profit to them even for the present . but those who confessed what they were were imprisoned as christians , no other accusation being brought against them . but the first were treated afterwards as murderers and defiled , and were punished twice as severely as the others .
34 . for the joy of martyrdom , and the hope of the promises , and love for christ , and the spirit of the father supported the latter ; but their consciences so greatly distressed the former that they were easily distinguishable from all the rest by their very countenances when they were led forth .
35 . for the first went out rejoicing , glory and grace being blended in their faces , so that even their bonds seemed like beautiful ornaments , as those of a bride adorned with variegated golden fringes ; and they were perfumed with the sweet savor of christ , so that some supposed they had been anointed with earthly ointment . but the others were downcast and humble and dejected and filled with every kind of disgrace , and they were reproached by the heathen as ignoble and weak , bearing the accusation of murderers , and having lost the one honorable and glorious and life - giving name . the rest , beholding this , were strengthened , and when apprehended , they confessed without hesitation , paying no attention to the persuasions of the devil .
after these things , finally , their martyrdoms were divided into every form . for plaiting a crown of various colors and of all kinds of flowers , they presented it to the father . it was proper therefore that the noble athletes , having endured a manifold strife , and conquered grandly , should receive the crown , great and incorruptible .
37 . maturus , therefore , and sanctus and blandina and attalus were led to the amphitheater to be exposed to the wild beasts , and to give to the heathen public a spectacle of cruelty , a day for fighting with wild beasts being specially appointed on account of our people .
38 . both maturus and sanctus passed again through every torment in the amphitheater , as if they had suffered nothing before , or rather , as if , having already conquered their antagonist in many contests , they were now striving for the crown itself . they endured again the customary running of the gauntlet and the violence of the wild beasts , and everything which the furious people called for or desired , and at last , the iron chair in which their bodies being roasted , tormented them with the fumes .
39 . and not with this did the persecutors cease , but were yet more mad against them , determined to overcome their patience . but even thus they did not hear a word from sanctus except the confession which he had uttered from the beginning .
40 . these , then , after their life had continued for a long time through the great conflict , were at last sacrificed , having been made throughout that day a spectacle to the world , in place of the usual variety of combats .
41 . but blandina was suspended on a stake , and exposed to be devoured by the wild beasts who should attack her . and because she appeared as if hanging on a cross , and because of her earnest prayers , she inspired the combatants with great zeal . for they looked on her in her conflict , and beheld with their outward eyes , in the form of their sister , him who was crucified for them , that he might persuade those who believe in him , that every one who suffers for the glory of christ has fellowship always with the living god .
42 . as none of the wild beasts at that time touched her , she was taken down from the stake , and cast again into prison . she was preserved thus for another contest , that , being victorious in more conflicts , she might make the punishment of the crooked serpent irrevocable ; and , though small and weak and despised , yet clothed with christ the mighty and conquering athlete , she might arouse the zeal of the brethren , and , having overcome the adversary many times might receive , through her conflict , the crown incorruptible .
43 . but attalus was called for loudly by the people , because he was a person of distinction . he entered the contest readily on account of a good conscience and his genuine practice in christian discipline , and as he had always been a witness for the truth among us .
44 . he was led around the amphitheater , a tablet being carried before him on which was written in the roman language ' this is attalus the christian , ' and the people were filled with indignation against him . but when the governor learned that he was a roman , he commanded him to be taken back with the rest of those who were in prison concerning whom he had written to cæsar , and whose answer he was awaiting .
45 . but the intervening time was not wasted nor fruitless to them ; for by their patience the measureless compassion of christ was manifested . for through their continued life the dead were made alive , and the witnesses showed favor to those who had failed to witness . and the virgin mother had much joy in receiving alive those whom she had brought forth as dead .
were restored , and re - begotten , and rekindled with life , and learned to confess . and being made alive and strengthened , they went to the judgment seat to be again interrogated by the governor ;
47 . for cæsar commanded that they should be put to death , but that any who might deny should be set free . therefore , at the beginning of the public festival which took place there , and which was attended by crowds of men from all nations , the governor brought the blessed ones to the judgment seat , to make of them a show and spectacle for the multitude . wherefore also he examined them again , and beheaded those who appeared to possess roman citizenship , but he sent the others to the wild beasts .
49 . but all the others were added to the church . while these were being examined , a certain alexander , a phrygian by birth , and physician by profession , who had resided in gaul for many years , and was well known to all on account of his love to god and boldness of speech ( for he was not without a share of apostolic grace ) , standing before the judgment seat , and by signs encouraging them to confess , appeared to those standing by as if in travail .
50 . but the people being enraged because those who formerly denied now confessed , cried out against alexander as if he were the cause of this . then the governor summoned him and inquired who he was . and when he answered that he was a christian , being very angry he condemned him to the wild beasts . and on the next day he entered along with attalus . for to please the people , the governor had ordered attalus again to the wild beasts .
51 . and they were tortured in the amphitheater with all the instruments contrived for that purpose , and having endured a very great conflict , were at last sacrificed . alexander neither groaned nor murmured in any manner , but communed in his heart with god .
52 . but when attalus was placed in the iron seat , and the fumes arose from his burning body , he said to the people in the roman language : ' lo ! this which you do is devouring men ; but we do not devour men ; nor do any other wicked thing . ' and being asked , what name god has , he replied , ' god has not a name as man has . '
53 . after all these , on the last day of the contests , blandina was again brought in , with ponticus , a boy about fifteen years old . they had been brought every day to witness the sufferings of the others , and had been pressed to swear by the idols . but because they remained steadfast and despised them , the multitude became furious , so that they had no compassion for the youth of the boy nor respect for the sex of the woman .
54 . therefore they exposed them to all the terrible sufferings and took them through the entire round of torture , repeatedly urging them to swear , but being unable to effect this ; for ponticus , encouraged by his sister so that even the heathen could see that she was confirming and strengthening him , having nobly endured every torture , gave up the ghost .
55 . but the blessed blandina , last of all , having , as a noble mother , encouraged her children and sent them before her victorious to the king , endured herself all their conflicts and hastened after them , glad and rejoicing in her departure as if called to a marriage supper , rather than cast to wild beasts .
56 . and , after the scourging , after the wild beasts , after the roasting seat , she was finally enclosed in a net , and thrown before a bull . and having been tossed about by the animal , but feeling none of the things which were happening to her , on account of her hope and firm hold upon what had been entrusted to her , and her communion with christ , she also was sacrificed . and the heathen themselves confessed that never among them had a woman endured so many and such terrible tortures .
57 . but not even thus was their madness and cruelty toward the saints satisfied . for , incited by the wild beast , wild and barbarous tribes were not easily appeased , and their violence found another peculiar opportunity in the dead bodies .
58 . for , through their lack of manly reason , the fact that they had been conquered did not put them to shame , but rather the more enkindled their wrath as that of a wild beast , and aroused alike the hatred of governor and people to treat us unjustly ; that the scripture might be fulfilled : ' he that is lawless , let him be lawless still , and he that is righteous , let him be righteous still . '
59 . for they cast to the dogs those who had died of suffocation in the prison , carefully guarding them by night and day , lest any one should be buried by us . and they exposed the remains left by the wild beasts and by fire , mangled and charred , and placed the heads of the others by their bodies , and guarded them in like manner from burial by a watch of soldiers for many days .
60 . and some raged and gnashed their teeth against them , desiring to execute more severe vengeance upon them ; but others laughed and mocked at them , magnifying their own idols , and imputed to them the punishment of the christians . even the more reasonable , and those who had seemed to sympathize somewhat , reproached them often , saying , ' where is their god , and what has their religion , which they have chosen rather than life , profited them ? '
61 . so various was their conduct toward us ; but we were in deep affliction because we could not bury the bodies . for neither did night avail us for this purpose , nor did money persuade , nor entreaty move to compassion ; but they kept watch in every way , as if the prevention of the burial would be of some great advantage to them .
62 . the bodies of the martyrs , having thus in every manner been exhibited and exposed for six days , were afterward burned and reduced to ashes , and swept into the rhone by the wicked men , so that no trace of them might appear on the earth .
63 . and this they did , as if able to conquer god , and prevent their new birth ; ' that , ' as they said , ' they may have no hope of a resurrection , through trust in which they bring to us this foreign and new religion , and despise terrible things , and are ready even to go to death with joy . now let us see if they will rise again , and if their god is able to help them , and to deliver them out of our hands . '
chapter 2 . the martyrs , beloved of god , kindly ministered unto those who fell in the persecution .
1 . such things happened to the churches of christ under the above - mentioned emperor , from which we may reasonably conjecture the occurrences in the other provinces . it is proper to add other selections from the same letter , in which the moderation and compassion of these witnesses is recorded in the following words :
from the wild beasts , covered with burns and scars and wounds — yet they did not proclaim themselves witnesses , nor did they suffer us to address them by this name . if any one of us , in letter or conversation , spoke of them as witnesses , they rebuked him sharply .
4 . they showed in their deeds the power of ' testimony , ' manifesting great boldness toward all the brethren , and they made plain their nobility through patience and fearlessness and courage , but they refused the title of witnesses as distinguishing them from their brethren , being filled with the fear of god .
they humbled themselves under the mighty hand , by which they are now greatly exalted . they defended all , but accused none . they absolved all , but bound none . and they
for , through the genuineness of their love , their greatest contest with him was that the beast , being choked , might cast out alive those whom he supposed he had swallowed . for they did not boast over the fallen , but helped them in their need with those things in which they themselves abounded , having the compassion of a mother , and shedding many tears on their account before the father .
7 . they asked for life , and he gave it to them , and they shared it with their neighbors . victorious over everything , they departed to god . having always loved peace , and having commended peace to us they went in peace to god , leaving no sorrow to their mother , nor division or strife to the brethren , but joy and peace and concord and love .
8 . this record of the affection of those blessed ones toward the brethren that had fallen may be profitably added on account of the inhuman and unmerciful disposition of those who , after these events , acted unsparingly toward the members of christ .
chapter 3 . the vision which appeared in a dream to the witness attalus .
1 . the same letter of the above - mentioned witnesses contains another account worthy of remembrance . no one will object to our bringing it to the knowledge of our readers .
2 . it runs as follows : for a certain alcibiades , who was one of them , led a very austere life , partaking of nothing whatever but bread and water . when he endeavored to continue this same sort of life in prison , it was revealed to attalus after his first conflict in the amphitheater that alcibiades was not doing well in refusing the creatures of god and placing a stumbling - block before others .
3 . and alcibiades obeyed , and partook of all things without restraint , giving thanks to god . for they were not deprived of the grace of god , but the holy ghost was their counselor . let this suffice for these matters .
4 . the followers of montanus , alcibiades and theodotus in phrygia were now first giving wide circulation to their assumption in regard to prophecy — for the many other miracles that , through the gift of god , were still wrought in the different churches caused their prophesying to be readily credited by many — and as dissension arose concerning them , the brethren in gaul set forth their own prudent and most orthodox judgment in the matter , and published also several epistles from the witnesses that had been put to death among them . these they sent , while they were still in prison , to the brethren throughout asia and phrygia , and also to eleutherus , who was then bishop of rome , negotiating for the peace of the churches .
2 . we pray , father eleutherus , that you may rejoice in god in all things and always . we have requested our brother and comrade irenæus to carry this letter to you , and we ask you to hold him in esteem , as zealous for the covenant of christ . for if we thought that office could confer righteousness upon any one , we should commend him among the first as a presbyter of the church , which is his position .
3 . why should we transcribe the catalogue of the witnesses given in the letter already mentioned , of whom some were beheaded , others cast to the wild beasts , and others fell asleep in prison , or give the number of confessors still surviving at that time ? for whoever desires can readily find the full account by consulting the letter itself , which , as i have said , is recorded in our collection of martyrdoms . such were the events which happened under antoninus .
chapter 5 . god sent rain from heaven for marcus aurelius cæsar in answer to the prayers of our people .
1 . it is reported that marcus aurelius cæsar , brother of antoninus , being about to engage in battle with the germans and sarmatians , was in great trouble on account of his army suffering from thirst . but the soldiers of the so - called melitene legion , through the faith which has given strength from that time to the present , when they were drawn up before the enemy , kneeled on the ground , as is our custom in prayer , and engaged in supplications to god .
2 . this was indeed a strange sight to the enemy , but it is reported that a stranger thing immediately followed . the lightning drove the enemy to flight and destruction , but a shower refreshed the army of those who had called on god , all of whom had been on the point of perishing with thirst .
3 . this story is related by non - christian writers who have been pleased to treat the times referred to , and it has also been recorded by our own people . by those historians who were strangers to the faith , the marvel is mentioned , but it is not acknowledged as an answer to our prayers . but by our own people , as friends of the truth , the occurrence is related in a simple and artless manner .
4 . among these is apolinarius , who says that from that time the legion through whose prayers the wonder took place received from the emperor a title appropriate to the event , being called in the language of the romans the thundering legion .
5 . tertullian is a trustworthy witness of these things . in the apology for the faith , which he addressed to the roman senate , and which work we have already mentioned , he confirms the history with greater and stronger proofs .
6 . he writes that there are still extant letters of the most intelligent emperor marcus in which he testifies that his army , being on the point of perishing with thirst in germany , was saved by the prayers of the christians . and he says also that this emperor threatened death to those who brought accusation against us .
what kind of laws are those which impious , unjust , and cruel persons use against us alone ? which vespasian , though he had conquered the jews , did not regard ; which trajan partially annulled , forbidding christians to be sought after ; which neither adrian , though inquisitive in all matters , nor he who was called pius sanctioned . but let any one treat these things as he chooses ; we must pass on to what followed .
8 . pothinus having died with the other martyrs in gaul at ninety years of age , irenæus succeeded him in the episcopate of the church at lyons . we have learned that , in his youth , he was a hearer of polycarp .
9 . in the third book of his work against heresies he has inserted a list of the bishops of rome , bringing it down as far as eleutherus ( whose times we are now considering ) , under whom he composed his work . he writes as follows :
2 . anencletus succeeded him , and after anencletus , in the third place from the apostles , clement received the episcopate . he had seen and conversed with the blessed apostles , and their preaching was still sounding in his ears , and their tradition was still before his eyes . nor was he alone in this , for many who had been taught by the apostles yet survived .
3 . in the times of clement , a serious dissension having arisen among the brethren in corinth , the church of rome sent a most suitable letter to the corinthians , reconciling them in peace , renewing their faith , and proclaiming the doctrine lately received from the apostles .
evarestus succeeded clement , and alexander , evarestus . then xystus , the sixth from the apostles , was appointed . after him telesphorus , who suffered martyrdom gloriously ; then hyginus ; then pius ; and after him anicetus ; soter succeeded anicetus ; and now , in the twelfth place from the apostles , eleutherus holds the office of bishop .
5 . in the same order and succession the tradition in the church and the preaching of the truth has descended from the apostles unto us .
chapter 7 . even down to those times miracles were performed by the faithful .
1 . these things irenæus , in agreement with the accounts already given by us , records in the work which comprises five books , and to which he gave the title refutation and overthrow of the knowledge falsely so - called . in the second book of the same treatise he shows that manifestations of divine and miraculous power continued to his time in some of the churches .