dynamit nobel ag is a german chemical and weapons company whose headquarters is in troisdorf .

it was founded in 1865 by alfred nobel .

dynamit nobel

hle nobel ag , dynamit nobel , and buderus , and the deutsche bank ag . the group
mainly automobile manufacturing . dynamit nobel has ten production plants in germany . the principal foreign subsidiaries are in
since 1959 , after becoming a part of the flick group , the company has been called dynamit nobel ag . dynamit nobel operates in selected markets of chemistry and technology . explosive chemistry continues to be one of the firm
hle , ernst grosch of dynamit nobel , and dr . wolfgang laaf of buderus . all three subsidiaries are legally independent
in 1968 that the nobel family would not allow it to be named a nobel prize .
chemetall is integrated into dynamit nobel , which becomes part of metallgesellschaft ( later renamed into “mg technologies” ) in the same year .
the profile of alfred nobel appears on the side of the nobel peace center in oslo , norway .
s main fields of activity . in the field of special chemistry , dynamit nobel has applied its experience in treating hazardous chemical reactions to the development and production of added - value organic intermediates . with its years of tradition and quality , dynamit nobel is one of the world
inconclusive negotiations between the claims conference and the flick concern regarding compensation of former forced laborers who worked for dynamit nobel , a flick subsidiary .
s chemical interests were focused on dynamit nobel . kyocera europa elektronische bauelemente gmbh at plochingen was founded as a joint venture with the kyocera corporation of
in 1885 , nobel succeeded in uniting three of his largest competitors in the explosives market with dynamit ag to form the deutsche union . dr . gustav aufschl
alfred nobel is born in stockholm , sweden . in the same year , his father  immanuel nobel  goes bankrupt .
nobel - dynamite trust co ( london , uk ) is formed by merging dag and the nobel ' s explosives company .
page one of alfred bernhard nobel ' s four - page will . the document contains the source of the nobel prizes .
mg technologies divest their specialty chemicals business . as part of the mg chemical group dynamit nobel , chemetall is acquired by rockwood specialties , inc , effective august , 1st .
alfred nobel improves the blasting cap design and moves to germany to set up the alfred nobel & co factory in krümmel near hamburg .
marta helena nobel - oleinikoff ( russian : марта людвиговна нобель - олейникова ) , née marta helena nobel ( 9 october 1881 , saint petersburg – 1973 , stockholm ) , was a swedish - russian physician and philanthropist and member of the nobel family . she was the daughter of industrialist and humanitarian ludvig nobel and the niece of alfred nobel .
in 1886 , the nobel dynamite trust company was formed by the british and german nobel companies and a number of independent german dynamite producers .
this factory complex ( alfred nobel dynamit aktion gesellschaft ) was built in 1939 and was also used as subcamp for the gross rosen concentration camp . it was blown up in 1945 .
mla style :
alfred nobel timeline
. nobelprize . org . nobel media ab 2014 . web . 9 jul 2018 . < urltoken >
dyno nobel is a leading supplier of industrial explosives and blasting services to the mining , quarrying , seismic and construction industries . visit dyno nobel .
since 2004 dynamit nobel defence is an independent corporation which emerged from the dynamit nobel ag . from the beginning of the last century our location in burbach - würgendorf belonged to the alfred nobel group , where also the classical dynamite - invented by nobel - was manufactured . the defence activities of the enterprise were concentrated here at the beginning of the years 2000 and from this site we supply today our products to ministries and governments worldwide . of course , all our business is subject to the strict export regulations of our federal government .
orica will form three international explosives joint ventures . it will take 49 % in a venture with dynamit nobel ( troisdorf , germany ) to develop and manufacture electronic detonators worldwide . . . .
nobel establishes the british dynamite company ( ardeer , scotland , uk ) . in 1877 the company name is changed to nobel ' s explosives company .
mla style :
alfred nobel in krümmel
. nobelprize . org . nobel media ab 2014 . web . 9 jul 2018 . < urltoken >
an entirely new industry grew up , based on nobel ' s patents and with nobel as the initiator . within ten years , 16 explosives producing factories had been founded in 14 countries with nobel as shareholder or co - owner .
in 1863 , nobel invented the nobel patent detonator or blasting cap for detonating nitroglycerin . the detonator used a strong shock rather than heat combustion to ignite the explosives . the nobel company built the first factory to manufacture nitroglycerin and dynamite .
…the swedish inventor and industrialist alfred nobel . the nobel prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world . to browse nobel prize winners alphabetically , chronologically , and by prize , see below . …
these four companies were founded before nobel had invented dynamite . the companies were based on nobel ' s patent for the method of industrially manufacturing
blasting oil
and for its safe detonation by nobel ' s invention of the detonating cap .
* ragnhild lundström is professor emeritus at the institute of economic history , uppsala university , sweden . she has written a thesis about alfred nobel ' s companies entitled alfred nobel som internationell företagare ( alfred nobel as international industrialist ) , 1974 .
mla style :
alfred nobel ' s dynamite companies
. nobelprize . org . nobel media ab 2014 . web . 9 jul 2018 . < urltoken >
for the nobel prizes . that year alfred’s brother ludvig had died while staying in
ger became chairman of the management board in 1889 . as a result of nobel
detailing the development and operational history of the dynamit - nobel panzerfaust 3 single - shot disposable anti - tank rocket launcher . entry last updated on 10 / 24 / 2017 ; authored by staff writer ; content urltoken
in the nobel dynamite trust , nobel held 6 percent of the shares , in the latin trust , 2 percent . he was made an honorary president of the nobel dynamite trust co . which implied that he would not take active part in the company ' s affairs . nobel was happy , he could now retreat to his research .
but the origins of the nobel prizes , and the life of alfred nobel , tell a very different story , one tainted by the deaths of untold thousands of people .
a discussion of alfred nobel , fritz haber , and the social responsibility of chemists .
* birgitta lemmel was head of information of the nobel foundation in 1986 - 1996 .
the crimean war rages . the nobel company flourishes at first , but goes bankrupt as the war ends and the russian military cancels orders . alfred nobel searches desperately for new products . nikolai n . zinin , nobel ' s chemistry teacher , reminds him of nitroglycerin .
on the occasion of the planned sale of the shares in dynamit nobel by the flick concern to deutsche bank , the claims conference renews its demand for compensation , which leads to payment of 5 million dm to the former forced laborers .
alfred nobel hires ragnar sohlman , who he later names executor of his will and testament .
alfred nobel dies at his home in san remo , italy , on 10 december 1896 .
the nobel prizes were established by none other than inventor alfred nobel . but besides being the namesake behind one of the most prestigious awards given annually for academic , cultural and scientific achievements , nobel is also well - known for making it possible for people to blow things up .
emil , alfred nobel ' s brother , is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerin at heleneborg , stockholm . nobel continues his experiments and forms the company nitroglycerin ab in stockholm , sweden .
barbe became a shareholder in the germany company , now renamed dynamit ag or dag . nobel ' s german partners , who already owned a considerable part of the shares in the italian company , also became shareholders in the french and swiss companies .
chentechnik gmbh ; buderus sell gmbh ; edelstahlwerke buderus aktiengesellschaft ; buderus handel gmbh ; logana - speditionsgesellschaft mbh ; tbg mittelhessische lieferbeton gmbh & co kg ; senkingwerk gmbh ; wetzlarer bauverein gmbh ; buderus corporation ( u . s . a . ) ; buderus austria ag heiateduik gmbh ; edelstahlwerke buderus nederland b . v . ( netherlands ) ; dynamit nobel aktiengesellschaft ; sprengstoff - handels - gesellschaft mbh ; sprengstoff - verwartungs - gesellschaft mbh ; vereinigte jute spinnereien und weboreien gmbh ; eurodyn sprengmittel - gesellschaft mbh ; sprengmittelvertrieb in beyern gmbh ; menzolit gmbh ; dynamit nobel rws inc . ( u . s . a . ) ; leslie hewett ltd , ( u . k . ) ; bedec chasse s . a . ( france ) ; dynamit nobel ib
the third and final will of alfred nobel is signed at the swedish - norwegian club in paris .
hle nobel ag . heribert blaschke was named as chairman of the board . his three colleagues on feno
we can only speculate about the reasons for nobel’s establishment of the prizes that bear his name . he was
statue in memory of alfred nobel at the dynamite factory in krümmel - victory of technology over natural forces .
s shareholding in dynamit nobel was taken over by the parent organization , the flick group . at the end of the 1970s an extensive rationalization and expansion program was carried out . it was planned that each product should be assigned to the most cost - efficient production source . by 1984 feldm
. after numerous fatal accidents had taken place , greater precautionary measures were taken in handling the dangerous product . nobel
feldmühle nobel ag .
international directory of company histories . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
nobel was reportedly stunned by what he read , and as a result became determined to do something to improve his legacy . one year before he died in 1896 , nobel signed his last will and testament , which set aside the majority of his vast estate to establish the five nobel prizes , including one awarded for the pursuit of peace .
partly as a result , israel gets nuclear - capable submarines from the germans , as well as any other weapons it wants . this time the israelis wanted more modern launchers for rocket - propelled grenades and anti - armor weapons , made by dynamit nobel defence near the western german town of siegen .
alfred nobel leaves paris and settles in san remo , italy , after a dispute with the french government over ballistite .
. upon his return to st . petersburg , nobel worked in his father’s factory , which made military equipment during the
as early as 1878 , barbe had suggested a meerger of all the nobel companies . however , the time was not yet ripe . nobel had been but mildly interested , and the then manager of the british company had been directly adverse to the idea . for several years nobel continued to believe that his new invention , blasting gelatine , would eliminate competition .
. later , when the union called for a work stoppage in the key sectors , other workers spontaneously joined the strike . at dynamit nobel in troisdorf , the action began with a spontaneous walkout on the part of skilled workers in the explosives factories . at clouth - gummiwerken in cologne , where the strike lasted
alfred nobel buys a small machine works ( bofors - gullspång ) and a manor ( björkborn ) at karlskoga , sweden .
the prospects seemed most promising in scotland where nobel had managed to interest some industrialists and merchants . the negotiations lasted for three years which was due mostly to the fact that nobel ' s and the scottish financiers ' terms were difficult to reconcile . nobel wanted a larger share in the company than the scots were willing to cede . this was solved by a compromise .
the last page of alfred bernhard nobel ' s will , which he signed in paris on nov . 27 , 1895 .
sseldorf produces paper and technical ceramics , dynamit nobel ag in troisdorf manufactures explosives and plastics , and buderus ag in wetzlar , which manufactures specialty steel and foundry products , is one of the leading manufacturers in the heating - technology and machine - tool engineering sectors . each of the three feno subsidiaries has a long tradition of independent industrial production .
nobel developed dynamite in the 1860s by combining liquid nitroglycerin with an inert porous material such as charcoal or diatomaceous earth . nitroglycerin plasticizes collodion ( a form of nitrocellulose ) to form blasting gelatin , a very powerful explosive . nobel’s discovery of this action led to the development…
feldmühle nobel ag .
international directory of company histories . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
in 1885 , nobel did not own above 6 percent in any company except the british one , where he held 25 percent . nobel , as well as the british nobel company , was forced to rely on negotiations to get the trust company formed . the negotiations lasted for more than two years . first after sizeable concessions on the part of the british company were the german companies willing to enter into agreements .
nobel ' s german partner would have preferred to expand the german firm into a large exporting company . nobel , however , had other visions . he obtained patents on dynamite in several countries and set out to find capitalists willing to back the start of production in these countries .
on october 21 , 1833 , alfred bernhard nobel was born in stockholm , sweden . his family moved to st . petersburg in russia when he was nine years old . nobel prided himself on the many countries he lived in during his lifetime and considered himself a world citizen .
hle nobel ( feno ) has existed only since 1986 . feno is the legal successor to friedrich flick industriever waltung kgaa , which became an
for more than 100 years , the nobel prizes have recognized the finest in human achievements , from literature and science to the nobel peace prize , which is given
to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ,
according to the last will and testament of founder alfred nobel .
alfred bernhard nobel was born in 1833 in stockholm , sweden . his father , immanuel nobel , was an inventor and engineer who struggled financially for much of his life . forced to declare bankruptcy , immanuel left sweden and began working in st . petersburg , russia , where he impressed the czar ith one of his inventions — submerged explosive mines that could thwart a naval invasion . [ quiz : test your nobel knowledge ]
in the years before the outbreak of world war i , dynamit ag made several significant discoveries and improvements , such as nobelit , involving the addition of effervescent materials to the explosive for which a patent was applied in 1903 .
nobel registered a private firm in his own name and later was joined by his solicitor as partner . both partners put up capital in the firm . nobel borrowed most of his capital by using his shares in the swedish company as collateral and , in addition , he invested the cash he had received from the norwegian company . he needed the capital for his german firm . alfred nobel owned 57 percent in the german firm .
nobel ' s and barbe ' s share in the french and swiss companies diminished , but nobel ' s german partners lost the majority they had held in the old german firm , at the time by far the largest continental dynamite company , with profits exceeding all the other companies combined .
…1867 by the swedish physicist alfred nobel . dynamite is based on nitroglycerin but is much safer to handle than nitroglycerin alone . by mixing the nitroglycerin with kieselguhr , a porous siliceous earth , in proportions that left an essentially dry and granular material , nobel produced a solid that was resistant to shock…
immanuel nobel travels to finland and then to st petersburg , russia , where he starts a mechanical workshop ; he leaves his family behind in sweden .
alfred nobel invents blasting gelatine in paris and patents it in 1876 . he establishes société générale pour la fabrication de la dynamite in paris , france .
, near varmland , that became the nucleus of the well - known bofors arms factory . besides explosives , nobel made many other inventions , such as
which was developed by dynamit nobel , and an highly advanced optical sight for targeting . but it was the weapon’s firing mechanism which really set it apart from other assault rifles , as well as being a fine example of german engineering . as each bullet would be rotated 90 degress before it was fired off , a complex process which worked very well and gave the gun a high rate of fire
england is a jewel worth the rest of the world . a dynamite company there would have the entire empire as its market ,
wrote nobel .
, a swede who later became sponsor of the nobel prize , founded this company in 1865 . as a result of his technochemical studies of nitroglycerine he invented
before all that , however , the swedish industrialist , engineer , and inventor built bridges and buildings in his nation ' s capital stockholm . it was his construction work that inspired nobel to research new methods of blasting rock . so in 1860 , the nobel first started experimenting with an explosive chemical substance called nitroglycerin .
dupont canada’s roots go back to 1876 and an investment in ontario’s hamilton powder company that thrived supplying nitroglycerine to canada’s railway builders . in 1911 the nobel interests , who also had invested heavily in hamilton , persuaded dupont to form canadian explosives ( cxl ) , owned 45 percent by dupont and 55 percent by nobel .
nitroglycerin itself , however , remained difficult to transport and extremely dangerous to handle . so dangerous , in fact , that nobel’s nitroglycerin factory blew up in 1864 , killing his younger brother emil and several other people . undaunted by this tragic accident , nobel built several factories to manufacture nitroglycerin for use in concert with his blasting caps . these factories were as safe as the knowledge of the time allowed , but accidental explosions still occasionally occurred . nobel’s second important invention was that of
previous humanitarian disarmament treaties show that getting the treaty ( and even winning a nobel peace prize ) is actually the easy part and the hard work comes now .
dynamitaktiengesellschaft ( dag ) , formerly alfred nobel & co ( hamburg , germany ) , is formed . alfred nobel advertises for a housekeeper / personal secretary , meets with bertha kinsky von chinic und tettau ( later von suttner ) and hires her . she leaves his employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist .
because the elder nobel disapproved of alfred ' s interest in poetry , he sent his son abroad to further his training in chemistry and engineering . while studying in paris , nobel met italian chemist ascanio sobrero , who in 1847 invented nitroglycerin , the oily , liquid explosive made by combining glycerin with nitric acid and sulfuric acid .
in the late 19th century , new explosives began to challenge the dominance of black powder . alfred nobel’s invention of dynamite introduced a blasting explosive three times more powerful .
the gelatinized nitroglycerine explosive that nobel had invented in 1875 - and patented all over the world - was certainly an improvement above dynamite , so that in that respect nobel ' s opinion proved correct in the long run . however , both the managements of several dynamite companies , not least that of the british one , as well as customers , were in the beginning hesitant . thus , instead of producing a monopoly product , many of the nobel companies had to face strong competition from other dynamite manufacturers .
when he died in 1896 , nobel stipulated the year before in his last will and testament that 94 percent of his total assets go toward the creation of an endowment fund to honor achievements in physical science , chemistry , medical science or physiology , literary work and service toward peace . hence , the nobel prize is awarded yearly to people whose work helps humanity . in total , alfred nobel held three hundred and fifty - five patents in the fields of electrochemistry , optics , biology , and physiology .
at the age of 40 alfred nobel is a wealthy man . he moves to paris and settles at avenue malakoff . the manufacture of nitroglycerin and dynamite starts at ardeer .
, a porous siliceous earth , and the resulting mixture was much safer to use and easier to handle than nitroglycerin alone . nobel named the new product dynamite ( from greek
towards the middle of the 1880s , conditions for several of the nobel companies were reversed . the italian and swiss companies , which on barbe ' s initiative merged into dynamite nobel in 1880 , had grown quickly . their combined profits were larger than those of the british company , which on the other hand had to face increasing competition , particularly from german manufacturers . around 1883 , the british , german , italian - swiss , and spanish nobel companies were about the same size with regard to both sales and profits .
finally , in 1867 , alfred nobel found that by mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth ( known as kieselguhr in german ) , the resulting compound was a stable paste that could be shaped into short sticks that mining companies might use to blast through rock . nobel patented this invention as
dynamite ,
from the greek word dunamis , or
power .
alfred nobel goes to paris and works for one year in the laboratory of t . jules pelouze . he also travels to italy , germany and the united states ( us ) .
in 1864 , albert nobel founded nitroglycerin ab in stockholm , sweden . in 1865 , he built the alfred nobel & co . factory in krümmel near hamburg , germany . in 1866 , he established the united states blasting oil company in the u . s . in 1870 , he established the société général pour la fabrication de la dynamite in paris , france .
nobel establishes the united states blasting oil company in the us . a violent explosion destroys the krümmel plant . experimenting on a raft anchored on the river elbe , alfred nobel tries to make nitroglycerin safer to handle . he finds that nitroglycerin is stabilized by the addition of kieselguhr ( a siliceous deposit ; also known as diatomaceous earth ) , and calls this mixture dynamite .
in 1864 nobel founded nitroglycerin aktiebolaget ab in sweden . it was a joint - stock company with a fairly small amount of capital , paid in mostly by a stockholm merchant . for his patents nobel received 49 . 6 percent of the shares in the company , besides a cash payment . a factory was built in vinterviken , 10 kilometers from the center of stockholm .
from 1883 , several forms of mergers were discussed . barbe wanted a merger of all the nobel companies . the german manufacturers , including a group on the board of the german nobel company , wanted a cartel consisting only of german companies for the german market . they were quite content with a price agreement with the non - german companies - and such an agreement was concluded in 1884 - since they expected to gain further ground in the british colonies . nobel was willing to approve any form of merger , as long as the british company and its competitors were included .
in 1866 nobel went to the united states , the main purpose being to defend his patent rights there . after having done so successfully , he devoted himself to the formation of a nitroglycerine company .
14 g of wittebsole w35 ( trademark , a product of dynamit novel ) was molten at 60°c . after cooling to 40°c , 1 g of pranoprofen was dissolved . the mixture was stirred to homogenize and filled in containers to obtain 20 suppositories , each weighing 0 . 75 g and containing 50 mg of pranoprofen .
though nitroglycerine was considered too unsafe to have any practical use , the nobel family — which now had several profitable enterprises in russia and sweden — continued to investigate its potential for commercial and industrial uses .
11 , 250 mg of wittebsole h15 ( trademark , a product of dynamit novel ) was molten at 60°c to dissolve 750 mg of pranoprofen therein . after cooling to 40°c , the mixture was stirred to homogenize and filled in containers to obtain 10 suppositories , each weighing 1 . 2 g and containing 75 mg of pranoprofen .
nobel consistently acted as a spokesman for the british company . ironically enough , when nobel finally wanted to see the companies merged , he had lost the power to enforce such a project . in the beginning of the 1880s he had sold out the larger portion of his shares in the dynamite companies and placed the money in his brother ' s petroleum company in russia which at the time had great financial difficulties .
although highly integrated with regard to ownership , the nobel companies did not act as a group ; they did not form a multinational . despite the fact that nobel and barbe held a near majority of shares in all the companies , except the french one , they did not have the decisive influence . only in the italian and swiss companies , the two smallest and so far least successful , was this the case .
, with a share capital of 3 . 5 million marks . alfred nobel managed the company until 1879 , when he became chairman of the supervisory board , a position he held until his death in 1896 .
international coatings ( london ) , part of akzo nobel ' s marine and protective coatings business , has acquired chartek , the hydrocarbon fire - protection coatings business of textron ( boston ) . terms . . .
fully aware of the great potential markets for his new explosive , nobel was eager to start production in other countries . in the later part of 1865 , he left sweden , never to return except for visits .
in 1894 , alfred nobel acquired bofors . his reasons were probably partly nostalgic and practical . although he had lived most of his life outside sweden , he wanted to return to settle there during his final years .
starting with a joint - stock company in stockholm , nobel would years after establish the first international holding company in the world , the nobel dynamite trust company . this was a new phenomenon in the business world : a company whose purpose was to own shares in other companies in several countries and control and manage their joint business . its head office coordinated production , sales , investments and purchase of raw materials in a way similar to that of multinational enterprises of today .
. nobel subsidiaries operating dynamite factories were founded in many countries , and production rose from 11 tons in 1867 to 5 , 000 tons in 1876 . in 1876 , in the wake of this industrialization , the company was converted into an
nobel obtains the first patent on nitroglycerin ( blasting oil ) as an industrial explosive . he develops and patents a detonator ( blasting cap ) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerin . he also moves to stockholm , where he continues his experiments .
“power” ) and was granted patents for it in great britain ( 1867 ) and the united states ( 1868 ) . dynamite established nobel’s fame worldwide and was soon put to use in blasting tunnels , cutting canals , and building railways and roads .
in december 1953 the company was released from allied control . dynamit ag focused on its former explosives and plastics divisions and also became active in the chemicals sector . in subsequent years , the losses sustained during the war were made good by new acquisitions . faced with acute shortages of natural fatty acids , an essential raw material , the company increased its involvement in the production of chemical base products .
in early 1865 nobel founded his second nitroglycerine company but later divested his shares and received cash for his patents . this was the only time he did so . otherwise , he also obtained shares when turning his patents over to a new nitroglycerine company .
does this mean armour is catching up with weapons technology ? hardly . armour is getting better , but weapons are getting deadlier . consider the panzerfaust 3 ( literally , “tankfist” ) , a shoulder - fired anti - tank guided missile that flies at more than 720kph ( 450mph ) . after striking its target , the exploding warhead shoots out a spike of copper at more than 7km a second ( 25 , 200kph ) with enough energy to blast through a metre of steel , or any armoured vehicle used today , according to its manufacturer , dynamit nobel defence . ( like many defence suppliers , it makes both weapons and anti - weapon systems . )
, was a much more powerful explosive , but it was so unstable that it could not be handled with any degree of safety . nevertheless , nobel in 1862 built a small factory to manufacture nitroglycerin , and at the same time he undertook research in the hope of finding a safe way to control the explosive’s detonation . in 1863 he invented a practical detonator consisting of a wooden plug inserted into a larger charge of nitroglycerin held in a metal container ; the explosion of the plug’s small charge of black powder serves to detonate the much more powerful charge of liquid nitroglycerin . this detonator marked the beginning of nobel’s reputation as an inventor as well as the fortune he was to acquire as a maker of explosives . in 1865 nobel invented an improved detonator called a
nobel himself , however , remains a figure of paradoxes and contradictions : a brilliant , lonely man , part pessimist and part idealist , who invented the powerful explosives used in modern warfare but also established the world’s most prestigious prizes for intellectual services rendered to humanity .
when barbe entered the scene , matters accelerated considerably . barbe was a born entrepreneur , sometimes too pushy according to nobel , who was himself a very cautious person when it came to economic matters , perhaps affected by the experience of his father ' s two bankruptcies .
nobel’s original fuse - type blasting cap remained virtually unchanged for many years , except for the substitution of 90–10 and 80–20 mixtures of mercury fulminate and potassium chlorate for the pure fulminate . this did not affect the performance materially and provided a substantial economy . mercury fulminate is…
in relation to its potential market in the mining industry , by far the largest in europe , the british nobel company was a rather small company . in 1877 , it was reorganized into nobel ' s explosives co . and its share capital increased tenfold . in britain and only there was dynamite completely protected by patents during the latter half of the 1870s . the company ' s profits were quite satisfactory during the duration of the dynamite patent , as was the rate of return on capital , although in no sense exceptional for the time .
in 1887 , barbe managed to merge the remaining nobel companies , the french , the spanish and the italian - swiss , into la société centrale , also called the latin trust . this was more of a financial matter , since there was no competition between these companies .
the shah also contributed a statement to the daily press celebrating the chancellor as a nobel peace prize laureate , because the shah also has no ideological biases ; concerning cheap labor in iran , concerning stable political conditions in iran , not to mention raw materials and certain nearby markets .
, which he patented the following year . again by chance , he had discovered that mixing a solution of nitroglycerin with a fluffy substance known as nitrocellulose results in a tough , plastic material that has a high water resistance and greater blasting power than ordinary dynamites . in 1887 nobel introduced
in the 1870s and ’80s nobel built a network of factories throughout europe to manufacture dynamite , and he formed a web of corporations to produce and market his explosives . he also continued to experiment in search of better ones , and in 1875 he invented a more powerful form of dynamite ,
…immanuel nobel and his son alfred made extensive studies of its commercial potential in the years 1859–61 . in 1862 they built a crude plant at heleneborg , sweden ; alfred , a chemist , was basically responsible for the design of this factory that was efficient and relatively safe considering the state of knowledge…
the international campaign to abolish nuclear weapons ( ican ) , winner of the 2017 nobel peace prize for efforts to promote denuclearization through a treaty - based solution , presented the “korean peninsula denuclearization roadmap” at a press conference in singapore ahead of the historic meeting between kim jong - un and donald trump .
in the british dynamite company ltd . that was founded in 1871 with a share capital of £24 , 000 - even for its time a fairly small company - nobel received three - eights of the shares for his patents and himself bought additional shares , so that he held half of the total number .
the invention of dynamite revolutionized the mining , construction and demolition industries . railroad companies could now safety blast through mountains , opening up vast stretches of the earth ' s surface to exploration and commerce . as a result , nobel — who eventually garnered 355 patents on his many inventions — grew fantastically wealthy .
and caroline nobel . immanuel was an inventor and engineer who had married caroline andrietta ahlsell in 1827 . the couple had eight children , of whom only alfred and three brothers reached adulthood . alfred was prone to illness as a child , but he enjoyed a close relationship with his mother and displayed a lively
it was the leading men in the british dynamite company , including nobel , who were most active in trying to get a trust company formed . it was the british company that had most to gain from a merger whereby exports would be regulated ; its export market was twice the size of its home market .
competition was hard in germany and great britain . besides dag there were now eight other dynamite producing companies in germany . in britain , german manufacturers and the british nobel company fought over the market and dynamite prices fell . competition was also spreading to the british colonies , especially to the very lucrative australian market .
by 1927 the firm had expanded into chemical production and dupont and ici , the british chemical giant that succeeded nobel , renamed the firm canadian industries limited ( cil ) . during the great depression . dupont assumed a more dominant role in the partnership due to the success of products such as duco paints and cellophane .
dynamite , of course , had other uses , and it wasn ' t long before military authorities began using it in warfare , including dynamite cannons used during the spanish - american war . though he ' s widely credited with being a pacifist , it ' s not known whether nobel approved of dynamite ' s military use or not .
for hundreds of years , black powder was the only explosive available for civilian as well as military purposes . alfred nobel ' s invention of the detonator ensured a controlled explosion of nitroglycerine and made it possible to introduce this much stronger explosive on the civilian explosives market . his second important invention , dynamite , facilitated the transport and handling of nitroglycerine .
dyno nobel announces today the results from the differential energy™ blasting trial conducted at a gold mine in the western united states . the trial showed the differential energy system increased overall shovel productivity by 8 % , reduced powder factor by 18 % , eliminated the need to dewater wet drill holes and reduced all visible nox after - blast fumes over traditional blasting methods . read more
mines and machine tools . the nobel family left stockholm in 1842 to join the father in st . petersburg . alfred’s newly prosperous parents were now able to send him to private tutors , and he proved to be an eager pupil . he was a competent chemist by age 16 and was fluent in english , french , german , and russian as well as swedish .
1958 - the duslo plant ( dusikáreň šaľa ) was established 1960 - the start of the industrial fertilizers production 1966 - the beginning of duslo - the national enterprise of šaľa 1981 - starting production of rubber chemicals 1989 - the legal format of duslo was changed to a state enterprise 1990 - obtaining authorization for the foreign trading market 1994 - the establishment of the joint stock company duslo , a . s . 2005 - duslo became part of the agrofert holding group , a . s . 2006 - merger with istrochem , a . s . ( istrochem : 1873 - establishment of the dynamit nobel factory , 2002 - istrochem , a . s . - part of the group agrofert holding , a . s . ) 2007 - purchase of a part of production facilities in chemko strážske , establishment of hnojivá duslo s . r . o . 2016 - merger with hnojivá duslo s . r . o . 2016 - start of the building of the new ammonia production unit
the sons , who had taken over their father ' s company winkler & co . in hamburg , had earlier been impressed by alfred nobel ' s demonstrations of the explosive power of nitroglycerine . times were bad and trade with sweden was becoming less profitable so the brothers were searching for a new product . they found what they were seeking in alfred ' s blasting oil .
in june of that year , the united states blasting oil company was incorporated . the company was given a share capital of $ 1 , 000 , 000 , of which nobel received 25 percent for transferring his patent rights . he also received $ 10 , 000 in cash and was to receive another $ 10 , 000 when production had reached 1 , 000 pounds a day .
nitroglycerin was first invented by italian chemist ascanio sobrero in 1846 . in its natural liquid state , nitroglycerin is very volatile . nobel understood this and in 1866 discovered that mixing nitroglycerine with silica would turn the liquid into a malleable paste called dynamite . one advantage that dynamite had over nitroglycerin was that it could be cylinder - shaped for insertion into the drilling holes used for mining .
charles j . pedersen , dupont’s only nobel laureate , received a master’s degree in organic chemistry from the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) in 1927 and began his career with dupont at the chambers works’ jackson laboratory in deepwater , n . j . one of pedersen’s early accomplishments was to improve the process for making the
anti - knock
gasoline additive , tetraethyl lead .
the ottawa treaty provides an excellent example of the results of increasing meaningful participation of women , women’s organizations and networks in peace and security work . the 1997 nobel peace prize laureate international campaign to ban landmines ( icbl ) , a driving force behind the negotiation and the ongoing implementation of the ottawa treaty , has always been a women - led movement . in the icbl women lead at the national and international levels .
the nobel companies varied considerably in their development and success . throughout the 1870s , the german company , with its five factories , was the largest with regard to both production and exports , and until the middle of the decade , with regard to profits as well . after 1876 , however , the company ' s business stagnated , due both to a decreasing demand and to keen competition within germany from other dynamite manufacturers .
on july 7 2017 , we collectively held our breath as the votes to adopt the text came up one by one on the screen and collectively we applauded , cried and hugged when the votes showed an overwhelming majority of states in favour . later in the year , we collectively celebrated the treaty being opened for signature and then the nobel peace prize . with courage , conviction and collective action , this group of ordinary people had changed the world .
. the french newspapers reported ludvig’s death but confused him with alfred , and one paper sported the headline “le marchand de la mort est mort” ( “the merchant of death is dead . ” ) perhaps alfred nobel established the prizes to avoid precisely the sort of posthumous reputation suggested by this premature obituary . it is certain that the actual awards he instituted reflect his lifelong interest in the fields of physics , chemistry , physiology , and literature . there is also abundant evidence that his friendship with the prominent austrian pacifist
francis gurney du pont ( 1850 - 1904 ) was the youngest son of alexis i . du pont and the grandson of e . i . du pont .
frank
served as superintendent of the upper and lower hagley yards before becoming general manager of carney ' s point , n . j . , in 1891 . there he conducted research into alfred nobel ' s formula for smokeless powder . in 1893 , with the assistance of his cousin pierre du pont , frank developed a successful smokeless powder for shotguns .
nonetheless , he found out what others thought of his invention when , in 1888 , his brother ludvig died . though some journalistic error , alfred ' s obituary was widely printed instead , and he was scorned for being the man who made millions through the deaths of others . once french newspaper wrote
le marchand de la mort est mort ,
or
the merchant of death is dead .
the obituary went on to describe nobel as a man
who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before .
some months before the trust was formed , he wrote to the manager of nobel ' s explosives :
i care not a straw whether a trust company is formed or not , but i care a great deal about my technical labor , and i find it high time to disengage myself from the slavery to which for years i have submitted against my will , and for no good , either to myself or others . there is not the slightest reason why i , who have not been trained to commerce , and cordially hate it , should be plagued with all these commercial matters , about which i know little more than the man in the moon .
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as donald trump and kim jong - un meet in singapore , humanitarian disarmament organizations are highlighting the importance of disarmament more broadly to a lasting peace on the korean peninsula . both nuclear weapons and anti - personnel landmines will need to be addressed by the states involved .
the denuclearization of the korean peninsula has been a topic of much discussion . working behind the scenes for the last month , a group of the world’s foremost nuclear disarmament experts have mapped out the best pathway for total denuclearization of the korean peninsula , determining that the existing international treaty framework is the most appropriate solution .
the plan begins by recognizing the horrific loss of life and suffering that would be caused by any use of nuclear weapons . experts agree that even a limited nuclear engagement on the korean peninsula would see upwards of 30 warheads detonated causing massive loss of life and cataclysmic environmental damage in north and south korea , as well as the entire northeast asia region . any solution to the crisis requires all parties to reject nuclear weapons outright on humanitarian grounds , through the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons ( tpnw ) .
the roadmap outlines a solution to the question of how the korean peninsula will be denuclearized where states recognize the unacceptable humanitarian risk of nuclear weapons ; reject weapons by joining the tpnw ; remove existing weapons with verifiable and time - bound plans ; ratify the comprehensive test ban treaty ( ctbt ) ; and rejoin the world community through the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) .
“the existing treaty frameworks are the only way to make korean denuclearization permanent , ” said beatrice fihn , executive director of ican . “there has been little talk as to what an agreement could look like . this roadmap answers the question at the heart of negotiations : how do north and south korea denuclearize in a way that is verifiable , irreversible and won ' t unravel ? ”
the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons is the central point of the plan and joining the treaty would oblige north korea to immediately cease any development , production , and manufacture of nuclear weapons . north korea would also be obliged to eliminate its nuclear - weapon programme , to resume implementation of its international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) comprehensive safeguards agreement , and to conclude and implement an additional protocol with the iaea .
1 recognize the risk of nuclear use and unacceptable humanitarian consequences of such use .
beyond denuclearization , the issue of anti - personnel landmines should be on the agenda not just at the kim - trump summit but at other talks aimed at building peace on the korean peninsula . the korean peninsula is one of the most heavily landmine contaminated places on the planet . the landmine monitor has received reports of between 500 and 3 , 000 landmine casualties in south korea but has no estimate of the number of casualties in north korea . despite the threat to civilians living near the demilitarized zone , landmines have not received much attention during this process .
should this summit start a serious peace process , the united states , north korea and south korea will all need to deal with the landmines in the demilitarized zone . similar to the calls from ican for north and south korea to join the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons , both north and south korea should join the ottawa treaty banning landmines together . acceding to the treaty together will be a confidence and peace building measure . there is a proven track record of the ottawa treaty banning landmines being used to build confidence between states - greece and turkey joined the treaty simultaneously to further political trust between the two states . after joining the ottawa treaty , north and south korea will have to demine the demilitarized zone . working together to clear the landmines can further build trust and peace between the former adversaries as seen by the close cooperation between ecuador and peru to clear their formerly contested border of landmines . by joining and implementing the ottawa treaty together , north and south korea can begin to work towards a lasting peace on the korean peninsula .
mines action canada hopes that the trump - kim summit in singapore will bring renewed attention to the disarmament of the korean peninsula . we call on both parties to join the ottawa treaty and the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons as an immediate peace dividend . it is time to take the first in a number of steps towards a nuclear weapons and landmine free peaceful korean peninsula .
it has been ten years since the convention on cluster munitions was adopted in dublin . in those ten years , the treaty has been signed by 120 states , ratified by 103 states , entered into force , had 7 meetings of states parties and a review conference and destroyed millions of cluster munitions around the world .


abraham zapruder ( may 15 , 1905 – august 30 , 1970 ) was a russian-born american clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of president john f. kennedy in dallas , texas , on november 22 , 1963 .

zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a home movie while filming the presidential limousine and motorcade as it traveled through dealey plaza .

abraham zapruder

abraham zapruder alexandra zapruder dallas john f . kennedy latest news life magazine neal augenstein twenty - six seconds
this still from abraham zapruder’s home movie was captured seconds before the president was shot .
the movie remained in excellent shape five decades after abraham zapruder hit the record button .
in years to come , abraham zapruder remained traumatized about what he had seen through his viewfinder .
dallas garment manufacturer abraham zapruder filmed the assassination of president john f . kennedy on a home movie camera .
author alexandra zapruder , who has written about the book about the famous movie of the kennedy assassination filmed by her grandfather , abraham zapruder .
a national archives photo from the 1960s of the movie camera used by abraham zapruder when he filmed the kennedy assassination .
lillian and abraham zapruder pose in 1962 with his brand new bell and howell 8mm movie camera . in 1963 , abraham zapruder was filming president john f . kennedy ' s motorcade through dallas and inadvertently filmed the president ' s assassination .
abraham zapruder famously filmed the assassination from the top of a concrete pedestal on elm street close to the grassy knoll .
abraham zapruder probably wished he hadn’t returned home to get his camera that morning of friday , nov . 22 , 1963 .
in 1953 and 1954 a woman named , jeanne legon worked side by side with abraham zapruder at a high end clothing design firm called , nardis of dallas . jeanne legon designed the clothing and abraham zapruder cut the patterns and the material for her .
the amateur cameraman who became famous : abraham zapruder and his famous bell and howell camera that recorded the murder of the president .
has anyone could access to abraham zapruder ' s unedited testimony before the warren commission ? i am interested in his employment history .
( 3 ) abraham zapruder was interviewed by wesley j . liebeler , assistant counsel of the warren commission on 22nd july , 1964 .
( 4 ) abraham zapruder , interviewed by wesley j . liebeler , assistant counsel of the warren commission ( 22nd july , 1964 ) .
abraham zapruder , a home movie camera in his hand , found his unlikely niche in american history as the other shooter in dealey plaza .
russian born abraham zapruder immigrated in 1920 and worked in a new york dress factory . marrried in the 1930s , he and his wife lillian had two children , myrna and henry . he founded jennifer juniors of dallas in 1949 with abraham schwartz .
stage for an american horror story : abraham zapruder positioned himself on the “grassy knoll , ” not far from the texas school book depository building .
on november 22 , 1963 john f . kennedy was assassinated in dallas texas . the only film record of this event was made by abraham zapruder .
abraham zapruder recorded a tragic moment in history when he captured president john f . kennedy ‘s assassination in full color on nov . 22 , 1963 .
this fascinating account examines how abraham zapruder ' s accidental footage of the kennedy assassination has been transformed from documentary evidence to an aesthetic and cultural lodestone .
abraham zapruder sold an original copy and the rights to life magazine for $ 150 , 000 to help tell the story of that fateful day in dallas .
dil mein hulchul full video song | elaan | john abraham , lara dutta | k . k & sunidhi chauhan
on a home movie , abraham zapruder captured the assassination of president john f . kennedy on nov . 22 , 1963 . david greene talks to alexandra zapruder about her book : twenty - six seconds .
alexandra zapruder ( pictured ) is the granddaughter of abraham zapruder . she says if it were up to her grandfather , he ' would have been happy to have never seen [ the film ] again '
an immigrant russian jew who became a successful clothing manufacturer in dallas , abraham zapruder went to dealey plaza to film kennedy ' s motorcade , his granddaughter said .
according to mr . zapruder , the position of the assassin was behind mr . zapruder .
abraham woodhull was a member of the culper spy ring , which provided information to george washington during the american revolution .
“these images are the legacy of one man , ” the voice - over concludes as a full - screen photo appears of a dignified balding figure in a dark suit : abraham zapruder . “a man who never met john kennedy but whose name , zapruder , is inextricably linked to kennedy’s and to kennedy’s death . abraham zapruder , an unassuming man with an ordinary camera . ”
( 5 ) cyril h . wecht was interviewed by donald a . purdy for the select committee on assassinations about the abraham zapruder film ( 8th september , 1978 )
so when the presidential limousine with the flapping flags and d . c . license plates roared away toward parkland memorial hospital , abraham zapruder was sure the president was dead .
henry zapruder , left , was the son of abraham zapruder . on the right is henry ' s daughter and abraham ' s granddaughter , alexandra zapruder , who has written a new book her family ' s experience surrounding her grandfather ' s famous home movie depicting the assassination of president john f . kennedy . this photo was taken in 1987 at alexandra ' s alma mater , smith college .
zapruder ' s book examines her grandfather ' s filming of jfk assassination on a home movie , abraham zapruder captured the assassination of president john f . kennedy on nov . 22 , 1963 . david greene talks to alexandra zapruder about her book : twenty - six seconds .
the granddaughter of abraham zapruder reveals the back - story and long - lasting effects of the 26 - second home movie that documented the assassination of president john f . kennedy .
this fall , tom hanks will produce another cinematic version of the assassination , a movie called parkland ( after the dallas hospital ) , with paul giamatti playing our man abraham zapruder .
abraham zapruder was filming jfk ' s motorcade on november 22 , 1963 when the president was shot and killed by lee harvey oswald . above , a different picture taken from that moment
arbitrators declared tuesday the government must pay the heirs of abraham zapruder $ 16 million for film he took of the assassination of president john f . kennedy , the justice department said .
abraham zapruder testified before the u . s government ' s warren commission investigating the assassination . the commission concluded that a lone gunman , lee harvey oswald , killed the president and wounded texas governor john connally . zapruder died in 1970 .
with his home film camera , dallas businessman abraham zapruder recorded the assassination of president john f . kennedy in 1963 . this footage is one of the few films of this historic event .
abraham zapruder , 58 years old at the time , was a dress manufacturer who owned jennifer juniors , inc . , which was located across the street from the texas school book depository .
frame 313 . the frame that gave abraham zapruder nightmares , the frame he insisted be withheld from the public—a single frame of film that can be said to have changed american history and culture .
abraham zapruder began filming from the grassy knoll along elm street as the limousine carrying president and jacqueline kennedy , and texas governor john connally and his wife , nellie , approached his vantage point .
abraham zapruder sold the rights to the film to life magazine the day after the assassination , for $ 25 , 000 a year for six years — a total of $ 150 , 000 .
u . s . psychologist abraham maslow was a practitioner of humanistic psychology . he is known for his theory of “self - actualization . ”
, granddaughter alexandra zapruder offers , as the subtitle says ,
a personal history of the zapruder film .
abraham zapruder was a 58 - year - old dressmaker when the president ' s motorcade began but he has since gone down in history as being the man who played a pivotal role in the ensuing investigation .
according to gregory burnham zapruder worked with jeanne legon at the company :
in 1953 and 1954 a woman named , jeanne legon worked side by side with abraham zapruder at a high end clothing design firm called , nardis of dallas . jeanne legon designed the clothing and abraham zapruder cut the patterns and the material for her .
in 1954 , zapruder co - founded jennifer juniors , a company that produced two clothing brands , chalet and jennifer juniors . his offices were located in the dal - tex building , just off dealey plaza in dallas .
november 22 , 1963 - dallas businessman abraham zapruder left work to get his eight millimeter movie camera . abe , papa abe , mr . z - that ' s how family and friends knew him - loved making home movies . the film in his camera that day already had footage of grandkids , also scenes from inside his dress manufacturing company . but what abraham zapruder captured next forever changed him and his family and also changed america .
on november 22 , 1963 , abraham zapruder , a devoted supporter of kennedy and his vision for america , shot a home movie on 8 mm film that became the best - known moving image of the kennedy assassination .
andy warhol loved it – so do conspiracy theorists the world over . but how exactly did abraham zapruder ' s fuzzy home movie of the kennedy assassination 50 years ago became one of the great cultural icons of our time ?
abraham zapruder’s amateur footage of the john f . kennedy assassination is one of the world’s most instantly recognizable clips . zapruder himself doesn’t get quite as much press , so let’s take a look at five things you might not know about the cameraman and the odd journey his film has taken .
abraham lincoln was the 16th president of the united states . he preserved the union during the u . s . civil war and brought about the emancipation of slaves .
washington ( cnn ) - - nearly 36 years after dallas dressmaker abraham zapruder captured the assassination of president john f . kennedy on a home movie camera , zapruder ' s heirs learned tuesday how much money the historic film is worth : $ 16 million , about half what the family wanted .
before the dreadful news clattered over the teletypes that day , before it hit tv , even before the president reached the dallas hospital , a 58 - year - old russian immigrant named abraham zapruder knew john f . kennedy was dead .
abraham zapruder ' s whole film of the john f . kennedy assassination from start to end , digitized for stability & clarity . jfk ' s skull is seen opening up like an eggshell . pretty horrific , very , very sad .
a divided federal arbitration panel announced today that the government must pay the heirs of abraham zapruder $ 16 million for his film of president john f . kennedy ' s assassination , the highest price ever paid for a historical american artifact .
abraham zapruder , next to his wife , lillian zapruder , poses for a photograph holding his brand - new bell & howell 8mm camera soon after he had purchased it in 1962 . in 1963 , he created a landmark film by using it to film president kennedy ' s motorcade parade in downtown dallas .
on nov . 22 , 1963 , abraham zapruder stood on a concrete abutment on what is now known as the grassy knoll and , with his bell & howell camera , filmed what may be the 26 most momentous seconds in cinematic history .
a dallas dress manufacturer and kennedy admirer was filming president john f . kennedy’s motorcade as it passed the texas school book depository building when shots rang out . abraham zapruder’s 8mm bell and howell camera captured the entire 26 . 6 seconds of horror .
the 26 - second silent , color film , shot by dallas dress manufacturer abraham zapruder , consists of 486 frames of standard 8mm kodachrome ii safety film . known as the zapruder film , the movie captures the assassination of president john f . kennedy , in dallas , texas , on nov . 22 , 1963 .
excerpted from “the zapruder legacy , ” the day kennedy died , published by life books . copyright 2013 by alexandra zapruder . all rights reserved .
on april 24 , 1997 , the board declared the zapruder film public property , and the government began negotiations to compensate zapruder’s children and widow .
abraham zapruder was born into a russian - jewish family in the city of kovel in ukraine on 15th may , 1905 . during the turmoil of the russian civil war , the family emigrated to the united states and in 1920 settled in brooklyn , new york .
teen heartthrob zac efron stars as one of the doctors who treated kennedy , and jacki weaver plays lee harvey oswald’s mother . paul giamatti plays dallas businessman abraham zapruder , who was filming the presidential motorcade with his home movie camera when the fateful shots were fired .
abraham zapruder ' s 8 mm camera captured iconic images of kennedy ' s assassination .
the film was a burden on my grandfather ,
says alexandra zapruder
i am certain that he wished he had never taken it , and that no one would have to see it . ” ( brendan smialowski / afp / getty images )
the american public got its first look at the full film when abc’s good night america ( with geraldo rivera ) ran it as part of a march 1975 broadcast . the next month time inc . sold the copyright and the original film back to the zapruder family for $ 1 . ( abraham zapruder had died of stomach cancer in 1970 . )
mccormack “wanted to know what he had on his camera , ” said abraham zapruder’s granddaughter . “he said right in that moment , and continued to say for the whole day , that he wanted to get it in the hands of the federal authorities first and foremost . ”
according to the book , the zapruders had great love for the kennedy family . zapruder’s son henry ( the author’s father ) had just been assigned a position in the justice department under the kennedy administration . so when abraham zapruder unintentionally filmed kennedy’s death as the commander in chief rode with first lady jacqueline in the presidential limo in dallas , zapruder’s granddaughter writes that he could remember nothing afterwards “except for his own anguished screams . ”
born in russia in 1905 , abraham zapruder immigrated to the united states as a teenager . he first arrived in brooklyn , new york , where he worked in the garment business . in the early 1940s , zapruder moved to dallas , texas . he eventually started up his own dress company called jennifer juniors , inc . on november 22 , 1963 , zapruder filmed the assassination of president john f . kennedy . he sold the rights to the film to life magazine . zapruder died in texas in 1970 .
tourist stands where zapruder filmed . © barbara davidson / dallas morning news / corbis
update : alexandra zapruder , granddaughter of abraham zapruder , will be discussing her memoir twenty - six seconds : a personal history of the zapruder film on thursday , oct . 26 at southern methodist university ' s dallas hall . a 5 : 30 p . m . reception will be followed by a 6 p . m . lecture and book signing . register at 214 - 768 - 3210 or cphinfo @ smu . edu . details are here .
f . murray abraham is an oscar - winning actor known for films like ' amadeus , ' ' finding forrester , ' ' mighty aphrodite , ' ' inside llewyn davis ' and ' the grand budapest hotel . '
the zapruder legacy : a vital witness to president john f . kennedy ' s assassination
zapruder ( right ) during a televised interview about the assassination that appeared on abc .
alexandra zapruder is writing a history of the film to be published by twelve books .
the famous film might not even exist if not for the persistence of zapruder’s secretary .
mr . liebeler - are you in business here in dallas , mr . zapruder ?
one frame of the zapruder film has long been considered too graphic for public view .
the reporter saw zapruder’s camera and asked if he caught the shooting . zapruder thought about jackie kennedy and how her pink suit splattered with blood was streaked along the back of the speeding car just minutes before . zapruder didn’t want to add to her misery .
as the fiftieth anniversary of the kennedy assassination approaches , the traumatic aspects of the tragedy continue to haunt our perceptions of the 1960s . one reason for this lies in the home movie of the incident filmed by abraham zapruder , a bystander who became one of the twentieth century ' s most important accidental documentarians .
she plucked the book “the death of a president” from a shelf , flipped to the index and there he was – “zapruder , abraham . ” the dallas businessman had been a reluctant witness when in 1963 he was filming his hero , john f . kennedy , as the president’s motorcade passed the man’s dress shop .
zapruder later testified before the warren commission , and the cbs : the warren report . the zapruder film was also an important part of the evidence used by the warren commission .
just seconds after kennedy came into zapruder’s view , a rifle shot cracked the air , screams tore through the plaza and zapruder froze , his home camera capturing the gory assassination of america’s leader . those 26 seconds would bring zapruder years of consternation , fear and pain .
zapruder watched kennedy’s elbows fly up as he clutched at the wound in an awkward dance .
eddie barker : abraham zapruder , whose film of the assassination was studied at length on last night ' s program , was standing up on this little wall right at the edge of the grassy knoll . now , shots from behind that picket fence over there would have almost had to whistle by his ear . mr . zapruder , when we interviewed him here , tended to agree that the knoll was not involved .
the reproduction rights for the film , basically a home movie taken by mr . zapruder , were sold to time inc . shortly after the assassination , but in 1975 time returned the rights to the zapruder family for a dollar . mr . zapruder died of cancer in 1970 .
in her new book , “twenty - six seconds , ” zapruder’s granddaughter alexandra zapruder details the film’s effect on her grandfather , their family , the government , the media and artistic communities .
after zapruder died in 1970 , the public and media often weighed in on the zapruder family’s attempt to maintain control of the original film , while sharing the images for research and investigation .
abraham zapruder , a dress manufacturer , was standing by the route taken by the presidential motorcade through dallas on november 22 , 1963 , and was filming the event when the fatal shots rang out . the colour film shows the president grab his chest after the first shot , before his head disintegrates under the force of the second bullet .
the testimony of abraham zapruder was taken at 1 p . m . , on july 22 , 1964 , in the office of the u . s . attorney , 301 post office building , bryan and ervay streets , dallas , tex . , by mr . wesley j . liebeler , assistant counsel of the president ' s commission .
abraham zapruder took the most famous 26 - second home movie in history on november 22 , 1963 , when he filmed the assassination of president john f . kennedy in dallas , texas . at 2 : 31 pm , central standard time , on 11 / 22 / 63 ( which was two hours and one minute after jfk was shot ) , zapruder was interviewed on live television at the studios of wfaa - tv in dallas . this video contains jay watson ' s complete interview with mr . zapruder . also included here is a stabilized version of the zapruder film ( in slow motion ) . related link : urltoken
one little known piece of evidence can be found at the end of the famous film footage by abraham zapruder , as the presidential limo is about to go under the triple overpass , says wnd senior writer jerome corsi , author of the newly released “who really killed kennedy ? 50 years later : stunning new revelations about the jfk assassination . ”
greene : alexandra zapruder has no memory of her grandfather . she was just a baby when he died . but she has spent time studying his memories of that day 53 years ago . president kennedy and his wife , jackie , were in the back of that limo , and abraham zapruder wound up making a home movie of a presidential assassination . and we should say this story does include a graphic description that listeners might find disturbing .
stolley described sitting in the room when zapruder first showed the film to him and two secret service agents . ( one of zapruder’s first instincts was to get the film to government authorities . )
zapruder , after initially blanching , finally agreed — a choice that came to define his life .
simply stated , the zapruder film is one of a kind ,
the panel ruled .
abraham zapruder died in 1970 . were he alive today , the uses to which his home movie has been put over the years would undoubtedly bemuse him . zapruder would also be surprised to learn that he is considered an early example of the “citizen - journalist” that digital media has made possible today . youtube , facebook and twitter are children of the zapruder film . while it is true that zapruder needed the assistance of established media to publish his images , he was nonetheless able to use his bell & howell zoomatic as a 1960s - era version of a cell phone camera . it enabled him to “tell” his version of the events in dealey plaza on november 22 , 1963 to the american people . zapruder thus struck one . . .
born in 1905 in kovel , russia ( now part of ukraine ) , abraham zapruder proved to be an important witness to the assassination of president john f . kennedy in 1963 . he captured the event on film , making one of the few visual records of this american tragedy . zapruder immigrated to the united states as a teenager . at first he lived in brooklyn , new york , where he found work as a pattern maker in the garment industry .
abraham zapruder died of cancer in 1970 at 65 , leaving the family to determine the film ' s destiny . oliver stone obtained permission to use the film in his 1991 pro - conspiracy movie , jfk . as the book reveals , the family agreed to a routine licensing fee paid by camelot productions , which never mentioned being an agent of stone ' s .
it’s been called the most important 26 seconds of film in history : the 486 frames of 8 - millimeter bell + howell home movie footage shot in the midday sun of dallas on november 22 , 1963 , by a dressmaker named abraham zapruder . twenty - six seconds that included a historic , horrific , all - too - clear vision of a presidential assassination .
in 1999 , a special arbitration panel of the justice department awarded $ 16 million plus interest to the zapruder family as compensation for the government ' s forced acquisition of the film . in 2000 , the zapruder family donated its collection of zapruder films and photographs , along with all copyrights of the film , to the sixth floor museum at dealey plaza , where alexandra zapruder will speak on nov . 22 .
zapruder’s view of kennedy was briefly interrupted , as the limousine passed behind a stemmons freeway exit sign .
yet , the public didn’t see the zapruder film , in its original form , for many years .
by lunchtime , zapruder had stationed himself on a 4 - foot - high wall in dealey plaza .
the distraught zapruder , as if in a trance , kept his camera trained on the presidential limo .
zapruder film goes on sale the 26 seconds of film footage of president kennedy ' s assassination , filmed on an 8mm bell and howell by dallas dress manufacturer abraham zapruder , will be released on video to the general public tomorrow . the video will include a documentary on the digital restoration of the footage and an interview with the late abraham zapruder , who died in 1970 . while the family owns almost all rights to the footage ( except print rights , which are owned by time , inc . ) , a 1992 law apparently requires the family to hand the film over to the government and has set a deadline next month for the family and the government to come to terms . but the family wants $ 18 million and the government only wants to pay $ 3 million . some say the marketing of the video is an attempt by the family to make some extra cash . the family lawyer says it won ' t pay back what the restoration cost . some say it ' s tasteless . but why shouldn ' t the family make some money ? after all , abraham zapruder shot the film and dealt with the aftermath of owning this artifact . npr ' s dean olsher reports on the controversy .
when stolley arrived at zapruder’s office the morning after the assassination , two secret service agents were already there .
zapruder ' s roughly 26 - second film would be the only known recording to capture the entire assassination .
greene : the new book is called
twenty - six seconds .
the author is alexandra zapruder .
zapruder recruited people who could translate from the various languages , including polish , yiddish , romanian and hebrew .
within minutes , reporters were on the plaza , and one walked up to a dazed and weeping zapruder .
zapruder ' s 8mm bell & howell camera . click for larger versions . ( courtesy marcel dehaeseleer . )
although there was no sound , the zapruder film allowed investigators and researchers to establish the interval between gunshots .
the odyssey of that small rectangle of sprocket - pocked celluloid is fascinating . knowing that his home movie would have both historic and forensic value , abraham zapruder had three copies of his original film made for government investigators . he sold the rights to the original to life magazine for a reported $ 150 , 000 . zapruder made clear frame 313 gave him nightmares and he didn’t want to be the one to inflict them on the rest of america . ultimately life decided to withhold frame 313 .
abraham zapruder : i ' m not a ballistics expert , but i believe that if there were shots that come from my right ear , i would hear a different sound . i heard shots coming from - i wouldn ' t know which direction to say - but they was driven from the texas book depository and they all sounded alike . there was no difference in sound at all .
the 26 seconds of film footage of president kennedy ' s assassination , filmed on an 8mm bell and howell by dallas dress manufacturer abraham zapruder , will be released on video to the general public tomorrow . the video will include a documentary on the digital restoration of the footage and an interview with the late abraham zapruder , who died in 1970 . while the family owns almost all rights to the footage ( except print rights , which are owned by time , inc . ) , a 1992 law apparently requires the family to hand the film over to the government and has set a deadline next month for the family and the government to come to terms . but the family wants $ 18 million and the government only wants to pay $ 3 million . some say the marketing of the video is an attempt by the family to make some extra cash . the family lawyer says it won ' t pay back what the restoration cost . some say it ' s tasteless . but why shouldn ' t the family make some money ? after all , abraham zapruder shot the film and dealt with the aftermath of owning this artifact . npr ' s dean olsher reports on the controversy .
later that day , zapruder would recount the next few moments to abc news ' dallas affiliate wfaa - tv .
zapruder , and then his son ,
did the best they could to balance the public ' s interest in it with a genuine desire to keep the president ' s death from being sensationalized ,
said alexandra zapruder .
zapruder broke down in a new orleans courtroom as the footage of the president ' s murder was shown repeatedly .
the real abe zapruder never shot another second of home movies ; he died of stomach cancer in august 1970 .
incidentally , abraham zapruder ' s obituary mis - states the date / year that he departed nardis of dallas , incorrectly citing 1949 . the correct year was 1959 , [ the same year that his
partner in design
jeanne legon became known as , jean legon demohrenschildt . . . she had married lee oswald ' s best friend ( to be ) , cia contract agent , george demohrenschildt ! ] .
archivists at the sixth floor museum examine the zapruder film in 2000 . ( mona reeder / the dallas morning news )
it is the ultimate version of the zapruder film , or at least of frame 313 , and it is agonizing .
within seconds of watching kennedy being shot , a distraught zapruder was immediately approached by dallas morning news reporter harry mccormack .
“there’s really no way to show the zapruder film tastefully — that’s a contradiction in terms , ” said his granddaughter .
a historical film — and narration : the zapruder film was essential to the warren commission’s findings in the kennedy assassination . marvin scott’s interview with zapruder three years later has added to our understanding of the events , an expert told pix11 .
the first time i saw a screening of the zapruder film , i realized that a portion of my interview could be synced to it to make it sound like zapruder was actually narrating it . it took many decades to achieve that .
alexandra zapruder said it became almost impossible for family members to escape her grandfather ' s movie in the digital age .
zapruder had the film developed and three copies made - two of which he gave to the secret service and fbi .
abraham zapruder was a dressmaker who owned jennifer juniors , a shop on the edge of dealey plaza . he was 58 on the day the president came to dallas . as filmmakers go , he was , in every sense of the word , an amateur . so , what allowed him to keep filming after shots rang out ? how could he hold the camera so still , even with abject horror exploding in front of him ?
zapruder’s daughter said her father’s childhood in russia had been one of misery and starvation . zapruder’s father , israel , had emigrated to the united states about 1915 , during the chaos of world war i . zapruder followed in 1920 . he was 15 . he learned english and went to work as a pattern maker on seventh avenue in new york’s garment district .
was given to bell & howell in exchange for a sound projector which zapruder donated to the golden age group seniors home .
zapruder said his camera was home , according to author william manchester’s book about the assassination , “death of a president . ”
by midday the weather had brightened up , and zapruder’s secretary convinced him that it was worth the trouble to go home and retrieve the camera . zapruder eventually relented . he then headed out to dealey plaza to find a good place to film .
but what no one really knew — until now — is the impact zapruder ' s film had on his own family .
zapruder , a kennedy fan , left his bell & howell film camera at home since the morning was overcast . at lunchtime , zapruder ' s assistant urged him to go home and get the camera before the president ' s motorcade came by .
he lost sight of kennedy and his wife briefly as the limousine rode in front of a street sign . zapruder then noticed the president clasping both hands to his throat . then the explosion . kennedy’s “head practically opened up , ” zapruder would say later that day during an interview . he knew the president was dead – the man couldn’t have survived what zapruder saw .
' he said he would have been happy to have never seen it again , ' alexandra zapruder said of her grandfather .
for many of us , especially those who weren’t alive when it happened , we’re all watching that event through zapruder’s lens .
zapruder heard an initial bang but never lost his focus . there was a second shot , followed instantly by the image that stayed with zapruder until his own death : jfk ' s head exploding at the moment of the bullet ' s impact .
in 1975 , the rights to the film were sold back to the zapruder family by time - life for $ 1 .
garment manufacturer abraham zapruder was a spectator at dealey plaza who captured the entire shooting sequence with his cheap movie camera . life magazine immediately snapped up the film for an untold sum . although life ran several frames in its cover story on the warren commission report , the motion picture itself had never been shown in public . ( not even members of the commission had seen it . ) now it had surfaced , courtesy of la bell france .
still , the price for the film is the most ever paid for a historical american artifact . an original print of the declaration of independence sold for more than $ 2 million , and a manuscript of president abraham lincoln ' s ' ' house divided ' ' speech opposing slavery sold for $ 1 . 5 million .
the warren commission , which investigated kennedy & apos ; s assassination , relied heavily on zapruder & apos ; s film . the film was used by fbi to establish the sequence and timing of events in the assassination . its final report , issued in 1964 , included still images from zapruder & apos ; s film . zapruder himself also testified in front of the commission .
because the president ' s limousine passed almost exactly in front of dallas clothing manufacturer abraham zapruder on nov . 22 , 1963 , just as he was playing with his new film camera , and precisely at the moment that lee harvey oswald fired his rifle from a nearby books depository , his silent , 26 . 6 - second home movie has become the focal point of america ' s collective memory on that weird day . for many of us , especially those who weren ' t alive when it happened , we ' re all watching that event through zapruder ' s lens .
the events of november 22 , 1963 , have been pored over endlessly , and abraham zapruder’s infamous footage of the shooting remains one of the most studied pieces of film in the world . shot innocuously at a time when it was still novel to own a camera , it emphasized questions about individuals’ documentation of historic events , and about the role that these materials play in cultural narratives , especially those as significant j . f . k . ’s death .
after being escorted to wfaa studios by policemen , abraham zapruder ( right ) , a dallas amateur photographer , describes to wfaa - tv program director jay watson ( left ) and to the nation , via the abc - tv network , the assassination of president john f . kennedy as he viewed and filmed it . zapruder later contributed the $ 25 , 000 he received for publication rights for the historic film to the family of police officer j . d . tippit who was slain as he attempted to capture the president ' s accused killer . ( the dallas morning news archives )
the zapruder lawyers argued it was a unique artefact like a vincent van gogh painting or an andy warhol print , and should be valued accordingly . the panel ruled by 2 votes to 1 that :
the zapruder film is one of a kind
.
zapruder sold it with the promise that the magazine wouldn’t print the most violent scenes , particularly frame 313 . the magazine agreed .
delillo wants to take a scientific approach to the assassination . but zapruder ' s ghostly footage doesn ' t make things easier .
the importance of the few frames at the end of the zapruder film is the fleeting view of the back of jfk’s head .
a us arbitration panel put a price on the world ' s most famous home movie yesterday when it agreed to award $ 16m in compensation to the family of abraham zapruder , whose 26 - second film of the assassination of president kennedy has become a national relic . lawyers for the zapruder family had been asking for $ 30m in return for surrendering the film to the national archives , but they called yesterday ' s ruling
thorough and thoughtful
. however , a dissenting member of the three - member arbitration board argued the award was too large for a damaged strip of 8mm celluloid .
after learning the sixth floor museum at dealey plaza had been given the licensing rights by the zapruder family , i made a deal with the museum . i would donate my original recording of the zapruder interview in exchange for permission to use the film on wpix .
on 22nd november , 1963 , abraham zapruder filmed the motorcade of president john f . kennedy . he later explained to wesley j . liebeler about the background to the filming .
i didn ' t have my camera but my secretary ( lillian rogers ) asked me why i don ' t have it and i told her i wouldn ' t have a chance even to see the president and somehow she urged me and i went home and got my camera .
mr . zapruder - i ' m sorry - i ' m ashamed of myself really , but i couldn ' t help it .
zapruder endures , too : actor paul giamatti — born in 1967 — portrayed the family patriarch in the new movie
parkland .
zapruder got the film developed that afternoon . the press began offering money for the film . a wire service offered $ 100 , 000 . someone else offered $ 200 a frame . three photographers offered schwartz $ 10 , 000 if he would introduce them to zapruder immediately .
the reporter found a secret service official and brought him to zapruder . it took hours to find a shop that could process the film and make duplicates . when zapruder finally saw what he recorded , he was horrified . copies were flown to washington , d . c . , and he took a copy and the original home . reporters were already calling and offering thousands of dollars while zapruder was still numb .
a life reporter arranged a meeting with zapruder the next morning , and zapruder felt good about the man . he decided to sell the film to the magazine for $ 150 , 000 . zapruder donated the first $ 25 , 000 to the widow of j . d . tippit . he was the police officer who’d been shot and killed by lee harvey oswald , the man being hunted for assassinating the president .
dallas historian darwin payne , 79 , then a reporter for the dallas times herald , found zapruder moments after the shooting . for about an hour , he interviewed zapruder in his office , on an upper floor of the building on the northeast corner of elm and houston streets .
each item looks brand - spanking new , as if a half - century had not passed since abe zapruder ' s movie was shot .
and finally we have parkland , a new big - budget dramatisation of events , produced by tom hanks . centred on the hospital that treated both kennedy and oswald after they were shot , it includes all the now - familiar suspects : agent sorrels ( played by billy bob thornton ) , the dallas police , oswald and his family , and here ' s our man zapruder , played by the eminently sympathetic paul giamatti . parkland almost functions as a zapruder
making of
. rather than restaging the assassination yet again , it homes in on zapruder ' s face during those moments , registering his shock as he films . similarly , the only time we see zapruder ' s film , it ' s reflected in the spectacles of zapruder himself . giamatti found the experience overwhelming , says parkland ' s writer and director , peter landesman .
he had a little nervous breakdown before he started . he ' s playing zapruder , in zapruder ' s clothes , where zapruder was in dealey plaza . it was a very weird out - of - body experience . he enjoyed it but it was a very freaky thing .
“i certainly have a much better sense of the life of the zapruder film and what it has meant to american history and culture , ” zapruder said . “and i have a better understanding of why it was so painful inside our family , first my grandfather and my father . ”
zapruder had moved to dallas from brooklyn in 1941 with his wife , lillian , and their children myrna , 6 , and henry , 2 .
zapruder had set up a projector on a table in small room with no windows . the projector was aimed at a blank , whitewashed wall .
zapruder went to night school to learn english . he found work in the garment district of manhatten as a clothing pattern maker . he and his wife lillian married in 1933 , and had two children . in 1941 zapruder moved to dallas to work for nardis , a local sportswear company .
i have now seen the full transcript of zapruder’s testimony , unlike most of the other witnesses he did not provide details of his employment history .
abc news reports that mr zapruder , who died in 1970 , was urged to go home and get his camera during lunch by his secretary .
not only was zapruder reeling from what he’d filmed , the book describes a man plagued by reporters who wanted the film for their news organizations . as a result , the offer stolley made on behalf of life magazine was a “safe harbor in a sea of sharks , ” alexandra zapruder writes .
richard stolley , then pacific bureau editor for life magazine , had flown in from los angeles and reached zapruder by phone around 11 p . m . the next morning , he was in zapruder ' s office at jennifer juniors , inc . , watching the film with two secret service agents .
the president casually raises his right hand to wave , and then around frame 201 he starts to disappear behind the highway sign that blocks zapruder’s view .
growing up in washington , d . c . , where her father , henry zapruder , worked as a government attorney , alexandra zapruder , an author and member of the founding staff of the u . s . holocaust memorial museum in washington , knew little of the film ' s back story .
the zapruder film is a home movie that runs about eighteen seconds and could probably fuel college courses in a dozen subjects from history to physics . and every new generation of technical experts gets to take a crack at the zapruder film . the film represents all the hopefulness we invest in technology . a new enhancement technique or a new computer analysis—not only of zapruder but of other key footage and still photographs—will finally tell us precisely what happened .
zapruder was one of three people to film the scene , but the images captured by his bell and howell silent camera are considered the most complete .
the black camera bag owned by zapruder , along with his camera , are also property of the archive — both still bearing their fbi evidence tags .
through the lens of his bell & howell movie camera , zapruder said he heard a shot and saw kennedy lean over and grab his left chest .
before nov . 22 , 1963 , abraham zapruder was an ordinary citizen of dallas : a 58 - year - old prosperous manufacturer of women’s clothing who had arrived in the city from russia by way of brooklyn . if that day had unfolded differently , that is most likely what he would have remained . but like a small but growing number of americans at the time , he was also a home - movie hobbyist . with his receptionist , marilyn sitzman , as location scout and technical support , zapruder took his 414pd director series bell and howell 8 - millimeter camera to a spot on elm street , not far from his office , hoping to film the presidential motorcade as it drove past .
fifty years ago friday , with his bell & howell zoomatic , zapruder watched the sparkling motorcade round the corner at dealey plaza and turn onto elm street .
zapruder had been making home movies for decades . the 8mm film in the camera that day contained footage of two of his grandbabies toddling around a patio .
but even without the film itself and only rather ' s flawed description , zapruder ' s footage had already begun to affix itself to the national brain .
zapruder took the famous footage on november 22 , 1963 , when he joined a crowd to watch kennedy ' s motorcade sweep through dealy plaza in dallas .
though zapruder need only walk outside the door of his elm st . business to see the motorcade , his trip to texas took a more circuitous route .
a three - member arbitration board was established when lawyers on both sides failed to agree on the level of compensation for the film , which was owned by the zapruder family but held in storage by the national archives . the zapruder family had asked for $ 30 million ; the government offered $ 1 million .
zapruder didn’t hoard the money , though . his lawyer worried that the story of a jewish man cashing in on the assassination might incite anti - semitic sentiment around dallas , so zapruder gave the first $ 25 , 000 payment to the widow of policeman j . d . tippit , one of oswald’s other victims .
in 1975 , life magazine sold zapruder & apos ; s original film and all the rights to zapruder & apos ; s family for $ 1 . they soon established the lmh company to handle business related to the film . three years later , the family gave the original film to the national archives for safekeeping .
fifty - three years later , granddaughter alexandra zapruder adds a fresh narrative to an old tragedy with the release of twenty - six seconds : a personal history of the zapruder film . the book , out last month , delves into the story of her grandfather , who was traumatized after making a home movie that serves as the only complete record of kennedy’s death . twenty - six seconds also fleshes out the complex situation in which the zapruder family found itself after the assassination .
an anguished zapruder was certain of this before almost anyone else because he had watched the assassination through the viewfinder of his wind - up home - movie camera .
zapruder had not brought his snazzy movie camera to work the morning of nov . 22 , 1963 , and his secretary , lillian rogers , noticed right away .
a jfk devotee , zapruder loved the idea of a presidential parade passing by his office , having no clue of the surreal , spectacular fallout fate would inflict .
as they spoke , the two men watched walter cronkite deliver the news of the shooting on television . it was then that zapruder gave payne an incredible quote .
zapruder — who screened the original film on his home movie projector hours after the shooting — tried to avoid watching the footage for the rest of his life .
the government has to compensate the zapruder family because the assassination records review board in 1997 declared the film the permanent possession of the people of the united states .