chatham area transit is the provider of public transportation in the savannah , georgia metropolitan area .

the authority was founded in 1987 after the collapse of previous transit providers .

services operate 7 days a week and 90 % of county residents are within reasonable walking distance of a bus route .

chatham area transit

chatham area transit authority : proudly connecting our community with the people and places they love .
chatham area transit’s continuing mission is to provide quality public transportation services in a professional and responsive manner .
the chatham area transit is extending the hours of its free downtown shuttle service on monday , july 9 .
don ' t forget , effective today , chatham area transit will be implementing service changes on route 6 cross town .
the city’s public transit network has two main components : the fare - free downtown transportation ( dot ) system and the ordinary chatham area transit ( cat ) bus services .
the city is joining forces with chatham area transit to offer a simplified downtown shuttle service as part of a parking and mobility plan .
when chatham area transit officials dedicate the downtown transit center on oglethorpe avenue , they will be celebrating not only the completion of renovations but also a rebranding of an embattled agency .
in ongoing efforts to match our service levels with the needs of the community , chatham area transit will be implementing these service changes effective july 9 , 2018 .
chatham area transit authority is governed by a board of directors consisting of nine ( 9 ) members . these members represent chatham county , the city of savannah , and all the communities therein , including special groups such as the elderly or disabled .
effective july 9 , 2018 , in ongoing efforts to match our service levels with the needs of the community , chatham area transit will be implementing service changes on route 6 cross town .
chatham area transit ( cat ) provides numerous paid services around savannah and its suburbs . of these , probably the most useful to tourists is the 100x airport express service to the airport .
it has been successful in a number of ways ,
liakakis said .
it ' s really a positive thing for our chatham area transit board , being able to have that particular service .
all of them are making their way through chatham area transit ' s main terminal on west oglethorpe avenue on the edge of the downtown historic district . known as the joe murray rivers jr . intermodal transit center , the terminal opened in late 2013 after a $ 15 million renovation .
chatham area transit ( cat ) is savannah ' s municipal transportation system . in the historic district , they operate a free shuttle service , the route is found on this site : urltoken and on this site chatham area transit they offer a free shuttle down river street , a free boat across the river to hutcheson island , and a free bus which loops around the downtown of savannah , including forsyth park and river street , all for free !
click on the following links to learn more about chatham county and public transportation .
read below for more details on how cat serves and supports chatham county’s youth .
the chatham county board of commissioners has tentatively adopted a millage rate which will require an increase in property taxes by 1 . 75 percent in general maintenance and operations taxes , an increase in property taxes by 0 . 99 percent in special service district taxes and 1 . 86 percent in chatham area transit authority taxes .
pets in carriers will be allowed on vehicles to be taken to the evacuation staging area .
the skidaway road area is served by the 11 candler and 31 - georgia regional bus .
savannah’s chatham area transit ( cat ) will officially begin its new public bicycle sharing program on friday , making it one of a growing number of major metropolitan areas in the united states to do so in recent years , and the first in georgia .
approximately 23 percent of cat ' s revenues are generated from a transit tax district , which incorporates the city of savannah , unincorporated area and part of garden city .
the waters road area is served by the 27 waters road or 28 - waters road bus .
savannah alderman bill durrence , who sits on the chatham area transit board , said the new trolleys are part of an effort to improve the look and feel of free services downtown . if the downtown area continues to expand , he said , parking and congestion problems could increase , so there needs to be better accommodations and incentives to use public transportation .
cat is the public transit authority for savannah , ga , chatham county , and the surrounding area . our mission is to be the premier mobility manager for the region . we do this by providing quality public transportation services in a professional and responsive manner .
a strategic plan on how to grow service there will be forthcoming , robinson said , and the new west chatham county route could be leverage for cat in establishing a presence in the area .
lastly , chatham county endorses the “team” concept within our organization and encourages you as citizens and businesses to participate with “team chatham” to produce a beautiful , self - sustaining community today and in the future ! please use this website to familiarize yourself with chatham county and its government .
in 1996 , cat played a major role , in conjunction with the chatham emergency management agency ( cema ) , in the mandatory evacuation of chatham county citizens in preparation for hurricane fran .
in 1986 , with steadily worsening operating and financial conditions , and recognizing the continuing community need for a reliable and affordable public transportation system , the chatham urban transportation study policy committee created a community - wide transit task force charged with studying the local transit system and making recommendations as to the future of public transportation in savannah and chatham county .
( mall parent company ) ggp is excited to partner with chatham area transit to bring a best - in - class transit experience to oglethorpe mall ,
baker said in an email .
from improved amenities including an expanded bus stop , new seating and ' leaning posts , ' to upgraded ticketing and real - time video route information , transit riders can expect the very best cat has to offer when visiting oglethorpe mall .
note : some counties may also be served by transit agencies in adjoining counties .
as the mobility manager for all of chatham county , we have some exciting opportunities for qualified professionals .
cat is continually seeking talented employees to help us fulfill our commitment to the people of chatham county .
mercer , 201 rommel ave . , garden city , 31408 ( outside transit district )
the dot service is provided by savannah mobility management inc . , a nonprofit that works with chatham area transit and includes representatives from local government and the hospitality and tourism industries . in addition to the express shuttle , dot services also include a free ferry and the currently grounded street car on river street .
further down the line , the transit system might have alternative fuel vehicles , a new satellite location and a partnership with the savannah - chatham school system to provide transportation for high school students .
in 1995 , discussions were initiated on the construction of a downtown transit center . federal funding was allocated for the building of this center to provide the citizens of chatham county with a consolidated , centrally located transit center while enhancing cat’s existing and expanding transit services .
the bill that allows for the expansion is unnecessary , vaquer said , because transit officials are already moving ahead with engaging the center for urban transit research at the university of south florida in tampa to study the community ' s transit options and provide a recommendation .
cat provides a door - to - door mobility service available to eligible persons with disabilities in chatham county .
buses are operated by the chatham area transit system which has a number of bus lines that will get you in and around the city and neighboring towns . despite the number of bus lines , residents prefer to walk or bike when possible . in fact , savannah is one of the most walkable cities in the country !
according to the transit mobility vision plan produced by the coastal region metropolitan planning commission in 2013 , the majority of passengers on cat ' s buses today are
transit dependent .
call the functional and medical needs coordinator at the chatham county health department , ( 912 ) 356 - 2441 .
everyone has a right to travel options and freedom . become a voice for public transit today !
still , he said , cat intends to follow whichever route transit might take in the future .
routes that do not travel downtown will connect with routes that do so people can reach the staging area at the civic center .
port wentworth , 507 s . coastal hwy . , port wentworth , 31407 ( outside transit district )
liakakis estimated about 24 , 000 people in chatham county don ' t have their own means of transportation . for them , cat is a lifeline , the sole form of transit to medical appointments , shopping , school or work .
wilmington island residents can catch the 10 - east savannah and the 24 - savannah state / wilmington island from the island towne centre area .
southside residents may catch the 14 - abercorn bus from the savannah mall area or from the bus stop at the rear of savannah mall .
westside residents will find the 2 - west chatham or 3a and 3b - augusta avenue buses a convenient way to get downtown .
cape cod ' s public transportation system with bus and trolley service to all towns from woods hole to provincetown and to 24 boston area hospitals .
click here to view all of the transit options on cape cod , including ccrta bus routes and bike routes .
renovations to the transit center were extensive , involving interior design improvements and new features such as a ticket counter .
the mbta and 15 regional transit authorities ( rtas ) provide fixed route and paratransit service in communities across the state . use this page to learn which municipalities are members of each transit authority . then visit your transit authority ' s webpage - or contact them directly - to learn what specific services they may offer to your city or town .
these riders make up
a significant amount
of the approximately 105 , 000 trips made each day in chatham county , reese said .
over the past four years , chatham county has developed the chatham community blueprint . we involved thousands of citizens and businesses to develop and prioritize the needs , goals , strategies and actions steps needed to implement change for the good of all of chatham county . bottom line , we believe in excellence and planning for the future . our definition of excellence is delivering full value to the taxpayer and citizen for every dollar spent .
in 1890 , the first electric streetcar ran across the rails of the savannah street railway . these streetcars were the marvel of the dawning electric age , and this form of transportation enabled savannah to truly begin the extension of the city limits . as early as the turn of the last century , the streetcar barn was located on gwinnett street at harmon where the current headquarters of the chatham area transit authority are now situated .
since then , it ' s been a hub of activity as buses come and go , carrying passengers from one area of the city and county to another .
vaquer said tuesday there are still several issues to work out with the legislation . cat has developed a counter proposal to one suggested by the metro atlanta rapid transit authority that could provide for more revenues for the state ' s smaller transit systems .
features for this blog can now be found on the new in transit webpage and on the travel home page . read more…
thank you for your interest in joining our team ! cat is continually seeking talented employees to help us fulfill our commitment to the people of chatham county .
in transit is a blog on travel news , deals and tips , written by the editors and reporters of the travel section .
to help you figure out when school is in session or when special events may be going on , we have linked to some of the area’s college / university calendars .
one of the hottest urban communities in the area . perks include counter - height bar seating , granite countertops in bathroom and kitchen , stainless steel appliances , and more .
cat’s stellar history continued to make strides in improving public transit services for chatham county . from july 1 , 2005 to june 30 , 2006 , cat fixed route ridership was 3 , 520 , 337 , an increase of 6 . 25 percent compared to the same time the year prior .
these riders have sustained the transit system so far , but to be successful in the future , many of those in the community who don ' t currently use cat , who opt to drive their own vehicles , will have to be persuaded to use transit .
savannah - chatham county public school system ( sccpss ) families can click on the sccpss logo for a list of each school and the routes that serve them .
from the savannah festival factory outlet / hwy . 17 - hwy . 204 super wal - mart area , passengers may catch route 17 - silk hope / savannah festival outlet .
cat officials have made no secret of their desire to extend service - and increase revenues - county - wide , specifically into west chatham county and rapidly growing pooler .
the transit agency plans to take up full responsibility for the cat mobility program — formerly known as paratransit — including regular and overflow transportation .
cat lobbyist mike vaquer told the transit system ' s board of directors tuesday that cat , too , is opposing jackson ' s legislation .
on tap for the coming year , cat will launch a new smart phone app for transit riders and build more shelters along bus routes .
ramond robinson , cat ' s chief development officer , said the goal is to increase ridership in the high employment area that includes the airport , gulfstream , jcb and georgia tech savannah .
proud provider of mobility options for savannah - chatham county . we connect you with the people and places you love by bus , bike , ferry , & more . # catchacat
transit officials in the meantime have been lobbying for money from the state and federal governments to keep the bus system running . the need has become all the more pressing in recent months since the cat board of directors signed off on a restructure of the transit system ' s line of credit .
at the suggestion of our customers , we have implemented regularly occurring public meetings . these meetings are scheduled for the 2nd wednesday of every other month at the transit center at 5 : 30 pm . come speak with cat staff ! we want to hear your feedback about fixed route , ferry , paratransit and any other general transit questions . join us at the transit center ( 610 w . oglethorpe ave . ) at 5 : 30 pm .
in 2013 , the cat board ended its contract with veolia , believing the general manager and staff capable of continuing their progress without the management contract price tag . that fall , the new joe murray rivers , jr . intermodal transit center opened with great success and a heartfelt dedication to one of savannah’s strongest transit advocates . soon after , in january 2014 , cat partnered with the city of savannah to introduce the first transit - owned bikeshare in the state of georgia , cat bike . starting small with two downtown stations—one conveniently located at the transit center—plans to expand the popular system are ongoing .
plan , design and implement transit facilities ( benches , shelters , superstops , stations , etc . ) in coordination with service development activities .
starting july 9 , the free dot shuttle hours will be extended ! the goal of the extended night and weekend hours is to help residents , employees and visitors access the downtown area . learn more :
currently cat is progressively seeking to claim its true identity as the savannah / chatham county area’s regional mobility manager and will continue to focus on providing quality public transportation services in a professional and responsive manner . transit innovations and new technologies will play a major role in this destiny , and the resources must be in place to embrace them . the continued support of our customers , stakeholders and community will be even more important . as our community grows and changes , so does cat , because transportation is not an end but a means to success .
or try out the new cat interactive transit system map to see our entire fixed route network , plus helpful & popular destinations and the routes that serve them . if you are trying to plan your trip , we also recommend you use our google transit trip planner tool at near the top of each page .
the cat bike program , operated by b - cycle , a company that develops and maintains bike sharing systems , opened with two solar - powered stations in downtown savannah offering a total of 16 bicycles . and chatham is definitely looking to aggressively expand the program in the near future , jessie fernandez - gatti , a transit planner at cat , said .
# signsyouareamillennial according to @ apta _ transit get around , millennials are increasingly becoming multi - modal and moving to communities that provide robust public transportation options . urltoken
the georgia house transportation committee last month unveiled a $ 1 billion transportation plan that would include $ 100 million for operating the state ' s 128 transit systems .
original content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . savannah morning news ~ 1375 chatham parkway , savannah , ga 31405 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service
in fact , the day after the cat board ' s meeting , the house transportation committee revealed some changes to the legislation . one such change stripped the section of the bill that directed proceeds from an electric vehicle taxes to transit systems . funding for transit would have to be included in the state budget under the latest version .
shalonda rountree , cat ' s marketing and business development manager , said new pass partnerships with local businesses have also built awareness of the transit system ' s offerings .
cat gets people moving around savannah . our transit services bring hard - working commuters to their jobs , students to their schools , and fun - seekers to entertainment , shopping areas , and restaurants . we provide mobility to residents of chatham county as well as to large numbers of tourists , taking them to and from the airport , their hotels , and countless attractions .
chatham county government and the services it provides to its residents is a reflection of the county itself – large , diversified , sophisticated and efficient . with a $ 227 million budget and over 1 , 700 employees , chatham county provides a wide range of services to include serving social needs , business development , employee training , recreational opportunities , public safety , court services and roads and bridges construction and maintenance .
we will continue to oppose that ,
vaquer said , adding that in addition to chatham county ' s western cities , it appears the legislation also has opposition in the state senate and house .
more importantly , the center will serve as the passenger loading area for all downtown buses instead of broughton street near the courthouse . greyhound , which leases space at the center , has been reduced to occupying four bus bays .
great location , close to schools , parks and restaurants . luxury units include range , refrigerator , bathtub , carpet , and patio or balcony . community features pool , playground , game room , bbq grill area and gym .
in 2010 , the cat board voted to enter into a delegated management contract with veolia transportation as a way of bringing private business efficiency to this critical public service . under the public - private partnership , cat rolled out a rebranding campaign designed to not only change the look of the buses but the entire perception of chatham area transit and local public transportation . a new website was designed , new uniforms were chosen for bus operators , and the mentality that cat was operating as a bus company was beginning to change . cat transported more than 3 . 4 million people and began positioning itself as a regional mobility manager .
in 2004 , crossroads business center employers asked for bus service to reach employees for unfilled jobs . as a result , cat added service to the # 2 west chatham route which carries people to the crossroads business center as well as to the old airport and the savannah / hilton head international airport . ridership on the # 2 west chatham has exceeded projections . additionally in 2004 , cat installed one hundred bus shelters throughout the transit district under cat’s passenger amenities program which also included the installation of benches and trash receptacles . installation of 25 more new shelters with benches and trash receptacles was planned for 2006 .
chatham county has been issued an evacuation order . beginning at noon today ( thursday ) fixed route buses will continue to run regular service and pick up anyone at a cat bus stop who is trying to evacuate .
in 2001 , cat purchased and placed into operation two trolley replicas on the cat shuttle route . the wheelchair - lift - equipped trolleys connect with most cat routes in the downtown area and sport a distinctive savannah green and gold design .
welcome to the new chatham county website – your gateway to both a responsive , transparent and reform - minded government , and to one of the most diverse , historic , beautiful and economically - vibrant counties in america .
a charming community that ' s recently been renovated . just minutes from area malls and universities . on - site amenities include a large pool and wading pool , fitness center , and tennis courts . apartments feature modern interiors and designer finishes .
as result , cat officials plan to apply for a federal transit administration grant for federal funding of the streetcar extension . about 43 percent of cat ' s revenues come from grants .
right by the river and highway 17 . a game room , cardio - wellness center and a cyber cafe . gate - accessed community with a salt - water pool , grilling area and gym . updated appliances and extra storage in the apartments .
the city of savannah and unincorporated chatham county , thunderbolt and part of garden city currently receive cat bus service . the towns of bloomingdale , pooler , port wentworth , tybee island , vernonburg and most of garden city do not .
in 1998 , cat developed its website , www . catchacat . org , which contains details about the transit system as well as route maps and schedules to assist site visitors with trip information .
as one of those industry best practices , cat follows board - approved transit service guidelines for making decisions about where , when , and how often we serve the various areas of our county .
the map ( and list below ) show which cities and towns are within the service areas of each regional transit authority , as well as which cities and towns are served by the mbta .
functional and medical needs clients the chatham county health department maintains a functional and medical needs registry which consists of residents who may require medical assistance during emergency situations . those on the registry may need specially trained health care providers , special facilities equipped to meet their needs , and specialized vehicles and equipment for transport . if a hurricane is threatening our area , it is important cema and health department officials know where the most vulnerable residents are located so that evacuation assistance can be provided to them .
– a one - way ticket on savannah’s ordinary public transit system costs $ 1 . 50 . transfers ( valid for 90 minutes ) are free , but should be requested before depositing your fare .
though seemingly piecemeal , all these activities - construction of new facilities , development of programs and funding initiatives - are part of a road map for the transit system completed by cat officials in 2013 .
but a new route 3 will replace the former route 2 , which used to service the airport , and extend it beyond jimmy deloach parkway in west chatham county to highlands and benton boulevards . service will also be operating during later hours .
high - quality features include gourmet kitchens , fireplaces , air conditioning , garden tubs , and walk - in wardrobes . enjoy the fire pit , pool , and outdoor grill area . close to historic downtown savannah with links to i - 95 and i - 16 .
as filed , the legislation would allow for cat to conduct a study to determine which areas might benefit from an expansion . if a need was found , the legislation would allow chatham county to levy taxes to support an expansion to those areas .
uber - modern apartments in historic downtown savannah , within shouting distance of chatham square and forsyth park . granite countertops , tall ceilings and private balconies . on - site fitness center , dog wash room , private parking lot , and controlled access .
in october 2014 , construction was completed on the first phase of an intermodal facility on hutchinson island . designed to serve anticipated growth across the river , phase 1 of this project prepares the area for a second ferry dock with customer seating , cover , and information tools .
beyond the next few years , it ' s difficult to say where cat might go , reese said . technology is changing the face of public transit faster than anything the industry has experienced in the past .
cat is proud to partner with cema , the chatham emergency management agency , for the safety of our community . to learn more about cema or to sign up for their newsletter or alerts , visit their website or call ( 912 ) 201 - 4500 .
with the newly transformed center , cat sees an opportunity to transform its image from a troubled transit agency , saddled with a public reputation for inefficiency and fiscal problems , into a leading transportation alternative in the region .
our 100x airport express provides service between the airport and the jmr transit center , as well as , including stops at select downtown hotels . monday through sunday , 8 a . m . - 6 p . m .
reese said the transit organization in the future might provide even more specialized services for events such as the savannah music festival . such a change could reduce traffic and open up parking downtown during these activities , he said .
the sangamon mass transit district ( smtd ) provides public transportation on 16 daytime fixed routes throughout the springfield , illinois area . five night routes operate monday through saturday with the first bus leaving the transfer center at 6 : 45 pm and the last bus leaving the transfer center at 9 : 45 pm . the fixed - route buses provide service to medical facilities , major employment centers , tourist attractions , major retail shopping centers , schools , colleges , professional buildings , the central business district and all major points of interest .
chatham county is the fifth largest county in georgia , and proud to be the home of the georgia ports authority better known as the port of savannah . the port is one of the top three busiest ports in the united states . with just under 300 , 000 people living in chatham’s 632 square miles , the county is home to scores of major employers in manufacturing , paper products , chemicals , transportation and other heavy equipment , logistics , healthcare , food products and education with companies such as gulfstream , weyerhaeuser , international paper , and dane trailers .
in 1989 , the american public transportation association ( apta ) presented cat with the “outstanding public transportation achievement award” for small transit systems . this award acknowledged cat as the best transit system in its size category in north america . also during 1989 , cat installed 31 new bus shelters and over 90 new passenger benches . as a result of the bench and shelter program , cat received an award from the historic savannah foundation for “enhancing the quality of the historic district . ”
the joe murray rivers jr . intermodal transit center at the greyhound bus station underwent a $ 15 million makeover . now , it ' s cat ' s headquarters and , starting monday , its central bus portal in addition to continued greyhound operations .
in addition , she said , cat ' s shuttles to the city of savannah ' s fourth of july show and the st . patrick ' s day festival provide opportunities for people who don ' t normally use transit to experience it firsthand .
work will begin this year at oglethorpe mall on the first of five super stops . these stops will operate much like a smaller - scale version of a transit center , complete with seating , lighting and information kiosks , in addition to ticket vending .
what to do for evacuation should evacuation be required , cat will continue to run regular routes for as long as possible while also stopping at the staging area ( civic center ) on each trip to accommodate those without their own form of transportation for evacuation . click here to open the cema brochure about taking public transportation , bringing pets , and more .
in 2015 , cat continued efforts to generate interest in full county - wide service , meeting with communities in west chatham county . the first super stop was also completed , bringing new seating , bike racks , an information screen , and a ticket vending machine ( tvm ) to the oglethorpe mall . a major marketing effort took place most of that year preparing customers for the discontinuation of change cards on the bus , lowering pass rates , and offering a brand new half - fare for youths . another tvm was installed at the transit center to give customers 24 - hour access to ticket sales .
in january of 2017 , cat celebrated 30 years of service . later that year , cat again provided free services to chatham county during hurricane irma , transporting over 1 , 900 residents to and from out of town shelters . in may of 2018 cat unveiled the first of 18 new 35 - ft buses being added into its fleet .
passes are available for purchase via cash , check , debit and credit card at the joe murray rivers , jr . intermodal transit center , 610 w . oglethorpe avenue , monday - friday from 7 : 00 am - 8 : 00 pm . check payments accepted with valid id .
whether on foot or by bike , on land or on water , cat is proud to offer the most affordable and sustainable options for getting around chatham county . the information below explains our fixed route bus fares . please see the paratransit page for paratransit fares and information and visit the bike & ride page for details on our bike sharing program .
historic homes divided into apartments of varying sizes , as well as a few new condo and apartment developments , await you downtown . besides being close to the economic center of savannah , there are also a number of shops , restaurants and bars in the historic district to keep you entertained . prices for two bedrooms in this area range greatly , with smaller places going for $ 700 - 900 and larger homes and newer rentals going for $ 1200 - 1500 .
by summer 2014 , cat welcomed the community to an open house of its newly renovated operations and maintenance facility . boasting a state - of - the - art control center for managing transit operations , a key - less badge entry system , and on - site training facilities , cat central brought much - needed upgrades to the community’s only public transportation agency .
several large cities in the united states , including chicago , new york , los angeles and san francisco , have all implemented bike share programs in the last few years . atlanta , georgia’s busiest metropolitan area , is in the process of developing its own , expected to start in 2016 with close to 600 bicycles at more than 50 stations , according to a report from business insider . the city has already invested $ 2 million in expanding and improving existing bike lanes in anticipation of its opening .
while cat officials in the past have relied on bank loans and lines of credit to pay the bills as they waited for congress to approve their federal funding , the transit organization at the end of last year voted to restructure a $ 7 . 7 million line of credit with wells fargo to a $ 1 . 5 million line of credit with a $ 5 million loan .
i don ' t think most people have an appreciation of the impact either in terms of the size or the scope ,
reese said .
if they ' re riding the transit system . . . they ' re working , they ' re learning or they ' re spending money . when you see our bus , you actually see our economy in motion .
the coming of the twentieth century saw the consolidation of the major local railway properties under the newly created savannah electric company which handled all lighting , power , and transit operations . the savannah electric company constructed amusement parks and casinos at thunderbolt and isle of hope so crowds would have some place to go . the casino at thunderbolt housed comic opera , vaudeville and even moving picture shows .
in addition , vaquer said the legislation intended to change the makeup of the board of directors isn ' t needed . as written , the bill wouldn ' t provide a seat on the board for new cities that might join the transit system . the board operates well as is , he said , and there is no need to expand the membership as jackson ' s bill proposes .
cat operates its transit services without regard to race , color , religion , sex , sexual orientation , national origin , marital status , age or disability in accordance with title vi of the civil rights act of 1964 and its amendments . any person who believes he or she has been subjected to discrimination may have rights and protections under title vi . visit our title vi page to learn more .
the cat board meets once a month at the joe murray rivers , jr . intermodal transit center at 610 w . oglethorpe avenue . these meetings are open to the public . those who would like to speak at a board meeting should contact ceo curtis koleber to make arrangements prior to the meeting . watch recorded board meetings on the cat youtube channel and subscribe to be notified when new videos are posted .
in 2016 , cat celebrated some major funding victories , receiving awards totaling more than $ 15 million from the georgia state road and tollway authority’s go ! transit capital program and the u . s . department of transportation’s bus and bus facilities grant program . both grants will be used for replacing aging buses and paratransit vehicles . with the board’s approval in november , a portion of the funds will also be used to purchase new electric buses .
passes , and also books of 10 tickets , are sold at savannah’s transportation hub , the joe murray rivers , jr . intermodal transit center , at 610 west oglethorpe avenue ( three blocks north of the visitor center on martin luther king , jr boulevard , then left onto west oglethorpe . the bus station , which is also used for greyhound coach services , will be on your right ) . hours for ticket sales are monday - friday , 7am - 8pm .
in 2009 , cat received a federal grant to purchase its first eleven hybrid buses . these buses improved fuel consumption , reduced exhaust emissions , and provided a quieter and smoother ride for the transit passengers . each bus was equipped with six on - board cameras and performed on battery power when traveling under 30 miles per hour . the addition of the hybrid buses to the fleet demonstrated cat’s commitment to be a responsible environmental partner in this community . 2009 also ushered the beginning of cat’s new brand and progressive movement into the future .
the electric streetcars continued to flourish through the 1920’s and 1930’s but were eventually overtaken by buses going into the 1940’s . in january 1946 , the savannah electric and power company sold its holdings to the savannah transit company ( stc ) . on august 26 , 1946 , the last streetcar operated in savannah . the streetcar on this last trip was driven by motorman luther m . page who had been driving since 1912 . with the dawning of the gasoline - powered city bus , mr . page chose to retire rather than to learn how to drive a bus .
cat has a major impact on the local economy by carrying people to work , to school , to medical appointments , and other activities . as part of the transportation development plan ( tdp ) completed in 2000 , an on - board rider survey was conducted which indicated that 83 % of riders use cat to travel to work or to school ( kindergarten through the university level ) . the collective income of employed riders who used cat to commute was estimated to be $ 122 , 000 , 000 . a second tdp completed in late 2006 yielded route improvement , technology and marketing recommendations as well as results of rider and telephone surveys . cat’s future growth and direction was mapped out for the next five years , and as a result of the community’s input , the future called for different approaches to how we view public transit .
enter your trip details below to determine the best route for your trip . it ' s easy !
the early streetcars were staffed by a motorman who stood on an open platform . he wore a heavy wool blue coat and trousers year round . there was no heat on board and the motorman stood in a cardboard box with rags wrapped around his feet to stay warm during the colder months . passengers fared no better than the motorman as there was no heat in the streetcars .
in 1951 , the stc had a contest for the design of a new bus token . an azalea design was chosen and 100 , 000 tokens were produced . passengers did not care for these tokens because they could not use a safety pin to secure the tokens on their shirt or jacket . a short time later , the stc ordered the azalea token with a hole punched in the center and passengers were once again happy .
with increased hours of operation , quality customer service , and an outstanding safety record , ridership increased over 32 percent from 1987 to 1990 . revenue increased and cat’s preventive maintenance and other cost - saving programs reduced its operating costs .
cat’s annual ridership rose from 3 . 5 million trips in 1990 to 3 . 6 million in 1993 . new buses replaced those older buses still in the pre - 1987 fleet . four new teleride vans were purchased , increasing the fleet to fourteen .
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july 2012 brought the defeat of the t - splost vote , a transportation sales tax initiative designed to fund infrastructure and transportation projects across georgia as a countermeasure to declining federal and state funding . however , cat staff continue to seek alternative funding sources through grants and state legislation efforts .
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photosynthesis systems are electronic scientific instruments designed for non-destructive measurement of photosynthetic rates in the field .

photosynthesis systems are commonly used in agronomic and environmental research , as well as studies of the global carbon cycle .

photosynthesis system

for the latest innovations in photosynthesis instruments , check out the li - 6800 portable photosynthesis system .
the definition of photosynthesis and the general equation can be found under overview of photosynthesis .
some literatures refer the isolated system as closed system , while the other systems are lumped together as open system .
photosynthesis experiment and system testing and operation ( pesto ) - 11 . 22 . 16
the most automated and accurate combined photosynthesis and fluorescence system for advanced , plant physiology research .
* system can be upgraded for measurement of soil respiration and plant canopy photosynthesis with optional attachment .
lci t compact photosynthesis system with colour , touch screen display , gps and led light units .
* system can be used for both open as well as closed system measurement technique .
the ci - 340 handheld photosynthesis system features a new design concept and compact solid - state structure .
new , lightweight , cool , white led light unit for the lci - sd portable photosynthesis system .
also called an isolated system . a quantity or multiple quantities cannot enter or leave the system
lcpro t advanced portable photosynthesis system with li - ion batteries , colour touch screen display and integral gps .
define and use the term open system . use examples of real systems to characterize an open system
define and use the term isolated system . use examples of real systems to characterize an isolated system
define and use the term closed system . use examples of real systems to characterize an closed system .
measuring physiological changes in red oak , maple , and western red cedar trees with our ci - 340 handheld photosynthesis system .
adc bioscientific ltd . , is proud to launch their most sophisticated photosynthesis system yet . . . . read more > >
handheld photosynthesis analyzer—display , keypad , computer , data memory , co2 and h2o gas analyzers , flow control system , and battery .
outputs from systems can feedback into the system and influence how the system responds to information , energy , or matter .
the 6400 - 88 expanded temperature control kit is an accessory for the li - 6400xt portable photosynthesis system that is used to increase the range of temperature control of the system sensor head block .
if you take another look at the photosynthesis equation you will notice that six molecules of carbon dioxide ( 6co2 ) are needed for the process of photosynthesis .
the portable gas - exchange and fluorescence system gfs - 3000 enables wide range climate control . all environmental parameters relevant for plant photosynthesis ( co
carbon dioxide is a waste product from respiration . it is used in photosynthesis .
1 . 2 . u7 an open system exchanges both energy and matter across its boundary while a closed system exchanges only energy across its boundary .
our goal is to educate people about photosynthesis , a chemical process that fuels life on earth . various topics on the subject highlight the history , importance , process and future of photosynthesis .
sugarcane is a champion at photosynthesis under the right conditions and is a prime example of a c4 plant , one which uses c4 photosynthesis . sugarcane has been recorded at 7 % photosynthetic efficiency .
the earth system ( figure 2 ) as a whole is a closed system . the boundary of the earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere . virtually no mass is exchanged between the earth system and the rest of the universe ( except for an occasional meteorite ) . however , solar radiation passes from the sun , through the atmosphere to the surface . the earth in turn emits radiation back out to space across the system boundary . hence , energy passes across the earth ' s system boundary but not mass making it a closed system .
the world’s leading photosynthesis systems for learning , teaching , and performing high - level plant physiology research .
mccree , k . j . test of current definitions of photosynthetically active radiation against leaf photosynthesis data .
the gfs - 3000 perfectly complements with other walz systems giving access to numerous aspects of photosynthesis research .
the light - dependent reactions and the calvin cycle are the two main stages of photosynthesis in plants .
shows a schematic representation of the relationship among net photosynthesis and the heat responsive module to temperature . expression of this module is negatively correlated with net photosynthesis until a critical temperature where cellular function is disrupted .
* system can be upgraded for measurement of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence with optional attachment .
systems can be either open or closed . a closed system is one where a quantity or series of quantities cannot enter or leave the system . for example , a system might be closed to energy , meaning energy might not be able to enter or leave the system . a vacuum thermos flask does a really good job of stopping energy from leaving the system to keep your drink warm . so it might make sense to treat it as a closed system - but no system in the real world is ever perfectly closed , so it will only be an approximation .
a physical system is a set of parts that are connected together or otherwise in contact with one another . when we analyze a situation in science , it ' s important to define the system you ' re looking at . depending on which object or objects you call your system , your study can turn out to be simple or complex . a closed system is one where a quantity or multiple quantities cannot enter or leave the system , which can also be described as an isolated system ( one that is disconnected from everything else ) . an open system , on the other hand , is one where a quantity or multiple quantities can enter or leave the system .
pesto studied the effects of microgravity on wheat ( renewable source of food and oxygen ) photosynthesis and metabolism .
assessing the rate of photosynthesis helps us understand why and how plants respond to changes in their environment . use our light - weight analyzer to easily measure photosynthesis , respiration , transpiration , stomatal conductance , par , and internal
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , ruffe lm . evapotranspiration and photosynthesis characteristics of two wheat cultivars measured in the biomass production system . sae technical paper . 2001 ; 2001 - 012180 .
energy transfer is possible . other than the universe itself , an isolated system does not exist in practice . however , a very well insulated and bounded system with negligible loss of heat is roughly an isolated system , especially when considered within a very short amount of time .
in a perfect closed loop system no materials enter or leave the system . waste products from one organism or process are used by another organism or process . it can be said , therefore , that the output from one part of the system becomes the input to another part .
– world’s lightest and most portable complete photosynthesis system . – measures photosynthesis , transpiration , stomatal conductance , and internal co 2 concentration in open or closed environments . – control heat , light , water and gas exchange for precise data . – 9 custom chambers suiting any application , including conifer needles . – soil respiration chamber available .
* the only system available for 9 - erchangeable leaf chamber heads for different types of leaves .
psp32 multi - sample , monitoring fluorometer system for the long - term measurement of plant stress .
the ci - 340 portable photosynthesis system was fully useful in greenhouse conditions and the results helped us to answer for some of our questions . the measurements were easy and relatively fast in comparison to other analytical methods .
welles j . ( 1986 ) a portable photosynthesis system . in : gensler w . g . ( eds ) advanced agricultural instrumentation . nato asi series ( series e : applied sciences ) , vol 111 . springer , dordrecht
there are numerous species of plants all over the world . some have adapted to desert conditions while other have adapted to cold climates . there are also plants that could only survive in cool , moist areas with adequate sunlight . these differences in climatic conditions and ecosystems have resulted in different types of photosynthesis in plants . the three types of photosynthesis are c3 , c4 and cam photosynthesis .
optional fluorescence modules further expand the system’s capability . experimental protocols for automatic light - curves or automatic co
1 . 2 . s1 construct a system diagram or a model from a given set of information .
think of order as consisting of how units of information or quantities of energy are arranged inside a closed system : as the energy in a system dissipates , information is lost to the system as disorder sets in . but the ability of a closed system to increase its information or energy content by accessing its environment is tantamount to a restoration of order . schrödinger called the process of reordering the energy in a system “negative entropy . ” he wrote that the struggle of life “consists in continually sucking orderliness from the environment . ”
large quantities of oxygen are produced through photosynthesis of plants , and most of it is right away consumed through respiration of living organisms .
seeing the body as a system of five interconnected feedback loops adequately represents the reality of human temperature regulation .
if the system is a closed system , we could say that the heat gained by the cold object is equal to the heat lost by the hot one , which is also sometimes called an isolated system because it ' s a system disconnected from everything else . but in the real world , this isn ' t ever really the case . in an open system , heat will also be lost to the surroundings . this also tells us that no engine can be perfectly efficient ; they all waste some energy and lose heat to their surroundings .
von caemmerer , s . and rarquhar , g . d . some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves .
the ci - 340 is easily operable as either an open and closed system . in open system measurement , the incoming gas is drawn from the ambient , or control - module altered , air and the exhaust returns to the external atmosphere . during closed system measurements , the air is recirculated from the exhaust back into the chamber .
has helped researchers reveal the secrets of photosynthesis for over 20 years . we continue to provide chambers , light sources , service , and support for
carmmerer s von , and farquhar gd ( 1981 ) some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves . planta 153 : 376–387
vries fwtp de , akkersdijk jwj , oorschot jlp van ( 1984 ) . an error in measuring respiration and photosynthesis due to transpiration . photosynthetica 18 : 146–149
_ _ whaley : _ _ machine or plant , it is hard to keep a closed quantum system isolated from its bath — or so we thought until the experimenters began catching real - time coherence events in photosynthesis . they saw coherent superpositions of electronic excitations in the bacteria .
williams , b . a . , gurner , p . j . and austin , r . b . a new infrared gas analyzer and portable photosynthesis meter .
respiration by organisms , by burning of forests and fossil fuels , added to the atmosphere through volcanoes , and used by plants as a carbon source in photosynthesis .
the opposite of a closed system is an open system . an open system is one where a quantity or series of quantities can enter or leave the system to a significant degree . if you pour your hot drink into a mug instead of a vacuum thermos flask , the heat will escape relatively quickly into its surroundings . so a mug is most certainly an open system ! open systems are a lot more complicated to understand than closed systems , and so scientists prefer to work with closed systems when possible . it makes things much simpler to explain and can be a good starting point before trying to explain open systems , too .
: an assemblage of parts and their relationship forming a functioning entirety or whole . there are two major components to a system :
1 . 2 . u8 an isolated system is a hypothetical concept in which neither energy nor matter is exchanged across the boundary .
still increase according to the second of thermo - dynamics . the ocean would be an example of an open system . another good example would be the photosynthesis in plants as shown in figure 05 . infusion of energy and exchange of matter are taking place inside the chloroplast resulting in the production of glucose , which is in a higher energy level . the system becomes nonequilibrium and will decay to the more stable form in the long run .
carbon exists in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide . this can be taken out of the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis - the carbon then becoming part of glucose molecules .
systems can be classified as open , closed , or isolated . open systems allow energy and mass to pass across the system boundary or interface . a closed system allows energy but not mass across its system boundary . an isolated system allows neither mass or energy to pass across the system boundary . the interface between systems is not always easy to identify . some interfaces are easy to recognize . the interface between the hydrosphere and lithosphere at a shoreline is easy to recognize as a definite planar boundary between solid and fluid . the interface between the atmosphere and hydrosphere is less easy to discern as the hydrosphere comprises both liquid water of the surface and water held in the air .
the modified system package gfs‐3000fl contains the ledarray / pam‐fluorometer 3056‐fl instead of the led light source 3041‐l . all other components remain the same as in the basic system package gfs‐3000 . in terms of price , gfs‐3000fl offers an interesting option to combine gas exchange and fluorescence measurements .
in this video paul andersen explains how matter and energy are conserved within the earth ' s system . matter is a closed system and energy is open to the surroundings . in natural systems steady state is maintained through feedback loops but can be be affected by human society .
the plant stress kit , a new , quality , compact , system for the measurement of y ( ii ) and fv / fm .
exchanges energy ( heat and work ) and matter with the environment . a boundary allowing matter exchange is called permeable . it ' s possible for an open system to import order and export disorder , locally increasing order . what the second law says is that in such a transaction more disorder than order will be created . it does not , however , forbid the creation of pockets of order . what happens is that disorder in the entire system will increase even though individual open systems within it might become more ordered . as shown in figure 04 , in a thermodynamically open system , energy ( in the form of radiation or matter ) can enter the system from the outside environment , thereby increasing the system ' s total energy , e , over the course of time , t . such energy flow can lead to an increase , a decrease , or no net change at all in the entropy , s , of the system . even so , the net entropy of system and its environment would
a chemical process used by plants and algae to make glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water , using light energy . oxygen is produced as a by - product of photosynthesis .
long sp ( 1982 ) measurement of photosynthetic gas exchange . in coombs j and hall do ( eds ) techniques in bioproductivity of photosynthesis pp . 25–36 . oxford : pergamon press .
* system can be upgraded for control attachments of co2 / h2o , light control , temperature control & chlorophyll fluorescence for controlled microclimate environmental studies .
an environmental system can be defined as a system where life interacts with abiotic factors . all environmental systems involve the capture , movement , storage , and use of energy . this fact also makes them energy systems . energy is captured in the living components of environmental systems by processes like photosynthesis , biomass consumption , and biotic decomposition . energy is also used in environmental processes that are strictly abiotic . for example , solar energy is responsible for wind , weathering , and precipitation .
does not exchange heat , matter or work with the environment . an example of an isolated system would be an insulated container , such as an insulated gas cylinder . in reality , a system can never be absolutely isolated from its environment , because there is always at least some slight coupling , even if only via minimal gravitational attraction . figure 02 shows the essence of classical thermodynamics : in a system isolated from the outside world , heat
a tree can be considered an open system ( figure 1 ) . the system boundary is the solid outer portion of the tree of course , the bark and epidermis of the leaves . trees take in water ( mass ) through their roots and transfer it up the trunk , limbs , and finally to the leaves . trees expel water vapor ( mass ) through the pores or leaves called the stomata . inputs and outputs energy also occur across the system boundary of a tree . sunlight is absorbed by the leaves of trees and is used in the process of photosynthesis . trees also give off heat as a result of burning stored chemical energy during respiration .
a systems approach is a way of visualizing a complex set of interactions which may be ecological or societal . these interactions produce the emergent properties of the system
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combs , w . s . , jr . the measurement and prediction of irradiances available for photosynthesis by phytoplankton in lakes . ph . d . thesis , university of minnesota , limnology , 1977 .
equilibrium can be defined as the average state of a system as measured through one of its attributes or elements . scientists have defined six different types of equilibrium . most systems maintain a steady state equilibrium through the operation of positive and negative feedback mechanisms . negative - feedback mechanisms control the state of the system by dampening or reducing the size of the system ' s elements or attributes . positive - feedback mechanisms feed or increase the size of one or more of the system ' s elements or attributes over time . this section concludes by showing how negative and positive feedbacks work to cause fluctuations in the population size of aphids .
thermodynamics , or the study of the movement of heat , is an example of a part of physics where systems are used a lot . a closed system in thermodynamics is one where heat is trapped inside the system , as we saw in the vacuum thermos flask example . closed systems are much simpler to understand than open systems , but no system in the real world is perfectly closed . it ' s just a way of keeping things simple and making them easier to understand and analyze .
the second stage of photosynthesis is the calvin cycle . these reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast . energy from atp and electrons from nadph are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and other products .
exchanges energy ( heat and work ) but not matter with the environment . a greenhouse is an example of a closed system exchanging heat but not work with its environment . another example is the heat engine shown in figure 03 . it is defined as a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy or more exactly a system which
the electrons lost from psii are replaced by splitting water with light in a process called photolysis . water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis and is split into electrons ( e - ) , hydrogen ions ( h + , protons ) and oxygen ( o2 ) . the hydrogen ions and oxygen are released into the thylakoid lumen . oxygen is later released into the atmosphere as a by - product of photosynthesis .
leaves are essential for the well - being of plants . most of the reactions involved in the process of photosynthesis take place in the leaves . the diagram below shows the cross section of a typical plant leaf .
) . although a single representative module is useful in predicting our response variable ( net photosynthesis ) from our independent variable ( temperature ) , we still need to consider the complicating factors associated with biological complexity and environment . for example , how do we account for c partitioning into different processes , such as defense and stress pathways or root growth ? these processes can modify sink strength and carbon skeleton supply , thereby influencing photosynthesis .
a thermodynamic system is that part of the universe that is under consideration . a real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe , which is referred to as the environment . a useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the flows of matter , energy and entropy through it .
operates with only heat and work passing across its boundaries . as work is done on the gas inside the chamber , the temperature and pressure increase and some heat will be transferred out of the system . when heat is transferred to the system , the gas expands , it does work on the surroundings and the temperature and pressure decrease .
an open system is a system that regularly exchanges feedback with its external environment . open systems are systems , of course , so inputs , processes , outputs , goals , assessment and evaluation , and learning are all important . aspects that are critically important to open systems include the boundaries , external environment and equifinality . healthy open systems continuously exchange feedback with their environments , analyze that feedback , adjust internal systems as needed to achieve the system’s goals , and then transmit necessary information back out to the environment .
the closed earth system is comprised of four open systems , the atmosphere , biosphere , hydrosphere and lithosphere . the arrows indicate flows between the systems . for instance , the atmosphere and biosphere continually exchange energy ( e . g . heat ) and mass ( e . g . water vapor , carbon dioxide , oxygen ) across their system boundaries .
energy flows from one compartment to another in the form of carbon–carbon bonds . when one organism eats another organism the energy that moves between them is in the form of stored chemical energy . inputs and outputs from systems are called flows and represented by arrows in system diagrams . the stock held within a system is called the storage and is represented through boxes
1 . 3 . u9 a model is a simplified version of reality and can be used to understand how a system works and to predict how it will respond to change .
* measures photosynthesis transpiration , stomatal conductance / resistance , co2 internal concentration , co2 in , co2 out , h2o in , h2o out , rh in , rh out , leaf temperature , air temperature , par , etc .
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , tripathy bc . microgravity effects on thylakoid , single leaf , and whole canopy photosynthesis on dwarf wheat . planta . 2005 september ; 223 ( 1 ) : 46 - 56 .
the first stage of photosynthesis is the light dependent reactions . these reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast . during this stage light energy is converted to atp ( chemical energy ) and nadph ( reducing power ) .
effects of starter nitrogen fertilizer on soybean root activity , leaf photosynthesis and grain yield view more differential early stage water relations , gaseous exchange and photosynthetic responses of tomato ( solanum lycopersicum l . ) to water and salt stress view more
plants perform photosynthesis because it generates the food and energy they need for growth and cellular respiration . it is important to note that not all plants photosynthesize . some are parasites and simply attach themselves to other plants and feed from them .
this co 2 then enters the calvin cycle in a chloroplast of the bundle sheath cell and produces g3p and subsequently sucrose , starch and other carbohydrates that enter the cells energy transport system .
a physical system , in general , is a set of connected parts that together form a cohesive whole . they ' re the parts that work together to do a job or the parts that are simply connected together because they happen to be in contact with one another . a physical system is the part of the world you ' re focusing on and trying to explain .
plants were sent to iss in the biomass production system ( bps ) and grown for several generations . plants grown on iss were compared to plants that remained on earth in a bps .
_ _ whaley : _ _ i got hooked six years ago after the spectacular experiment by graham fleming showed the existence of quantum coherence during photosynthesis in super - chilled green sulphur bacteria . subsequent experiments have tracked quantum interactions at ambient temperatures .
those of us struggling to design scalable quantum computers are fascinated by how nature so efficiently controls energy flow — information transfer , really — through an open quantum system like the green sulphur bacteria .
for plants to perform photosynthesis they require light energy from the sun , water and carbon dioxide . water is absorbed from the soil into the cells of roots . the water passes from the root system to the xylem vessels in the stem until it reaches the leaves . carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere through pores in the leaves called stomata . the leaves also contain chloroplasts which hold chlorophyll . the sun’s energy is captured by the chlorophyll .
adc is pleased to announce the introduction of their latest upgrade to the extremely popular lci series photosynthesis systems . [ caption id =
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microorganisms and some animals feed on dead organic matter . the carbon then becomes part of these microorganisms . this process is known as decomposition , the carbon has become part of new organisms in the system
. the amount of ammonia produced ( 1000 megatons per year or more ) substantially counterbalances the other acid components ( nitric acid , sulfuric acid , carbonic acid ) in the ocean - atmosphere system .
the main problem with quantum information processors is that their microscopic operating system must be kept “closed” — immune to degenerative environmental influence — while they are calculating with superposed “qubits , ” or atom - sized processors . so far , engineers can only dream of fashioning an open quantum system that can compute with its qubits kept in a coherent state long enough to not lose data to the bath via decoherence .
in this lesson , you ' ll learn the difference between closed and open physical systems . explore examples of when each kind of system occurs , and learn why scientists sometimes choose one over the other .
stutte gw , monje o , goins gd , chapman dk . measurement of gas exchnage characteristics of developing wheat in the biomass production system . sae technical paper . 2000 ; 2000 - 01 - 2292 .
vascular bundle – these are tissues that form part of the transport system of the plant . vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem vessels which transport water , dissolved minerals and food to and from the leaves .
you are expected to be able to apply a systems approach to all of the topics in this course . you should be able to interpret system diagrams and use data to produce your own for a variety of examples .
during the 1970’s , british chemist james lovelock and american biologist lynn margulis came up with the gaia hypothesis : that the world acts like a single biological being made up of many individual and interconnected units ( a system ) .
an emergent property is a property which a collection or complex system has , but which the individual members do not have . a failure to realize that a property is emergent , or supervenient , leads to the fallacy of division .
the drawback to c4 photosynthesis is the extra energy in the form of atp that is used to pump the 4 - carbon acids to the bundle sheath cell and the pumping of the 3 - carbon compound back to the mesophyll cell for conversion to pep . this loss to the system is why c3 plants will outperform c4 plants if there is a lot of water and sun . the c4 plants make some of that energy back in the fact that the rubisco is optimally used and the plant has to spend less energy synthesizing rubisco .
moore , et al . point to flaveria ( asteraceae ) , panicum ( poaceae ) and alternanthera ( amarantheceae ) as genera that contain species that are intermediates between c3 and c4 photosynthesis . these plants have intermediate leaf anatomies that contain bundle sheath cells that are less distinct and developed than the c4 plants .
these intermediates are characterized by their resistance to photorespiration so that they can operate in higher temperatures and dryer environments than c3 plants . at right , the ranges of co 2 compensation points for the three types of plants are shown . these compensation points are the values at which the plants cease to provide net photosynthesis .
scientists have classified a number of different system types . these types include : isolated systems , closed systems , open systems , morphological systems , cascading systems , process - response systems , control systems , and ecosystems . the nature of each of these types of systems is defined .
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to measure photosynthetic activity , simply secure a leaf within the ci - 340 chamber to measure leaf gas exchange under ambient conditions or in a closed system . data is available in moments as the ci - 340 sensors work together to record and calculate gas exchange according to customizable research parameters .
for example , let ' s say that you ' re studying the movement of the pendulum in a grandfather clock . are you looking at the motion of the pendulum bob itself ? are you interested in the string as well ? what about the place where the string connects to the clock ? exactly what part are you studying ? deciding that might make a big difference as to how complicated the results will be . the bigger the system , the more complex it tends to be . when you make the decision on what to focus on , we say that you are defining the system .
1 . 2 . u6 in system diagrams , storages are usually represented as rectangular boxes and flows as arrows , with the direction of each arrow indicating the direction of each flow . the size of the boxes and the arrows may be representative of the size / magnitude of the storage or flow .
the flows are processes that may be either transfers ( a change in location ) or transformation ( a change in the chemical nature , a change in state or a change in energy ) transfers normally flow through a system and involve a change in location . transformations lead to an interaction within a system in the formation of a new end product , or involve a change of state . using water as an example , run - off is a transfer process and evaporation is a transformation process . dead organic matter entering a lake is an example of a transfer process ; decomposition of this material is a transformation process .
systems are extremely important in science—especially physical systems . they ' re a way to focus in on the exact thing you ' re really interested in and to help simplify the situation . but before we get into the details of how that works , we should first ask the question…what exactly is a physical system ?
_ _ whaley : _ _ we avoid “jellyfishification” because large superpositions are washed out incredibly fast by decoherence . in photosynthesis , the chemical reaction quickly introduces irreversibility into the quantum process of energy transfer . there is always some thermodynamic or entropic force that is driving the overall biological dynamic . bacteria and plants and humans do not turn into jellyfish because there is a structure , an organization in the biological dynamics .
it can be argued that photosynthesis is the most important reaction occurring on this planet , since nearly all life on earth depends on solar energy captured by plants . scientists want to study how plants grow , which drives the question of how ecosystems work . global climate change research examines how rising levels of co 2 , temperature and other alterations in climate or atmosphere could affect the ecology as well as agriculture .
the 6400 - 22 is constructed of an opaque material that has excellent resistance to water sorption . 7 . 5 cm long shoots with needles up to 3 . 5 cm long can be accommodated in the chamber , which mounts directly to the sample cell of the system ' s co 2 and h 2 o irgas .
the conifer chamber is constructed of acrylic for durability and lined to minimize water absorption . long shoots ( 5 cm ) with needles up to 3 . 5 cm long can be accommodated in the chamber . the 6400 - 05 mounts directly to the sample cell of the system ' s co 2 and h 2 o irgas .
_ _ whaley : _ _ in photosynthesis , bacteria and plants convert sunlight into electrons and then into chemical energy . here is the model : photons are first absorbed by chlorophyll molecules embedded in protein scaffolds . these light - harvesting “antennae” transmit this photonic energy as excitations of electrons through a series of quantum mechanically linked chlorophyll molecules to a reaction site where the trapped energy catalyzes the manufacture of energy - storing sugars .
by probing the chemistry of plants with lasers , we can observe the interplay between the quantum components in living organisms and their local surroundings , the environmental “bath . ” but an “open” quantum system and its bath in a living organism are not really separate ; they continuously influence each other by trading quantities of energy and information back and forth .
add “farmer” to job functions of future space travelers , who will likely produce oxygen and purify water using plants . with that in mind , the pesto investigation finds that microgravity alters leaf development , plant cells , and chloroplasts ( cell structures that conduct photosynthesis ) , but is not harmful to the plants . dwarf wheat plants on the iss grew 10 percent taller than those on earth , although leaf growth rate was very similar in both .
( it would have formed iron oxides during the weathering of mafic minerals ) . this , however , is an issue we will explore further when we come to talk about the evolution of the atmosphere . at the moment we will first see what the gases that are currently present are doing with regard to the thermal behavior of the earth system .
this means that the system is able to maintain its essential variables within limits acceptable to its own structure in the face of unexpected disturbances ( w . b . cannon , 1929 - 32 ) . basically , we are looking at a process of interaction or mechanism which balances various influences and effects so that a stable state or a stable behavior is maintained .
_ _ whaley : _ _ labs all over the world are working on building chemical solar cell prototypes that are modeled upon natural photosynthesis . it turns out that organic systems with tailor - made molecules are highly tunable . the trick is to not lose the input data : each photon that is captured by the green sulphur bacteria is utilized . imitating this biological feat could set the stage for making a robust , controllable , quantum mechanically enhanced photon harvesting device .
respiration refers to the metabolism of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide . in cellular respiration it is a positive term , a process vital to life . but photorespiration is an entirely negative term because it represents a severe loss to the process of using light energy in photosynthetic organisms to fix carbon for subsequent carbohydrate synthesis . by leading to the loss of up to half of the carbon that has been fixed at the expense of light energy , photorespiration undoes the work of photosynthesis .
the amount of food necessary to sustain a crew during a long - duration mission to mars would prohibitively increase the mass of spacecraft and the overall cost of the mission . a possibility to alleviate this problem could be the use of plant systems as food sources or for regenerative life support systems . the biomass production systems may also be used as a filtration system for water and atmospheric gases .
the advantage that comes from this two - stage process is that the active pumping of carbon into the bundle sheath cell and the blocking of oxygen produce an environment with 10 - 120x as much co 2 available to the calvin cycle and the rubisco tends to be optimally utilized . the high co 2 concentration and the absence of oxygen implies that the system never experiences the detractive effects of photorespiration .
this is the 2nd segment of a 12 minute overview of the shocking truth about global warming and climate change . this segment deals with the main positive feedback loops in action in gaia ' s complex ecosystems : melting of the ice caps , deforestation , melting of permafrost regions of the planet and the destruction of ehux : a vital marine algae that is a key component of the earth ' s climate regulation system .
data and near realtime video from inside the growth chambers were transmitted from bps to the investigators via the telescience resource kit ( trek ) system . student and teacher participants in the iss challenge : farming in space program were able to view the realtime video from bps . the participants conducted their own in - class plant - growth experiments and were encouraged to share questions and data with other participants and members of the iss challenge support team .
. life could go on without oxygen in the atmosphere ( it did so for a long time ) , but at substantially reduced efficiency . some oxygen is produced in the upper atmosphere by ( light induced , photolysis ) splitting off of hydrogen atoms from water vapor . hydrogen escapes from the earth ' s gravitational field and leaves oxygen behind . the process , however , constitutes a negligible source of oxygen in the modern atmosphere - biosphere system .
systems tend to have similarities in the way they work . within their defined boundaries systems contain three types of properties : elements , attributes , and relationships . elements are the things that make up the system of interest . attributes are the perceived characteristics of the elements . relationships are descriptions of how the various elements ( and their attributes ) work together to carry out some kind of process . systems also have the same common characteristics . seven characteristics are described .
figure 2 . hypothetical representation of a whole - plant network interrelationship model . the plant system can be modeled as suggested by lucas and colleagues , 8 whereby a series of nodes are connected to neighboring nodes and the surrounding environment . functions association with edge nodes could include water and nutrients fluxes . hierarchical functions could be assigned to hub nodes ( large purple nodes ) allowing the determination of which signals to pass to corresponding networks at higher - levels of biological organization .
within a gas of temperature , t 2 , will flow in time , t , toward a gas of temperature , t 1 , where t 2 > t 1 and t = t 2 - t 1 , thus the system ' s total energy e is constant ( via the first law of thermodynamics ) , while its free energy f decreases , and its entropy s rises ( via the second law of thermodynamics ) , until finally t 0 at equilibrium .
when air cools , it looses its ability to hold moisture , i . e . relative humidity goes up . if it cools enough to reach 100 % humidity , condensation will occur and water changes from the vapor to the liquid state . the latent heat of condensation starts to heat up the surrounding air and works against ( negates ) the initial downward trend of the system temperature . thus , initial cooling leads to subsequent temperature increase and we have a negative feedback loop .
a model is a simplified description designed to show the structure or workings of an object , system or concept . in practice , some models require approximation techniques to be used . for example , predictive models of climate change may give very different results . in contrast , an aquarium may be a relatively simple ecosystem but demonstrates many ecological concepts . models summarize complex systems . therefore they can lead to loss of information and oversimplification . a model involves some approximation and therefore losses accuracy .
measuring photosynthesis is a short - term , fast response tool . the effect ( s ) of light , co 2 , humidity , temperature , chemical , or biological factors on leaf gas exchange can be measured within seconds or just a few minutes . measuring changes in plant growth responses is simple and very useful , but researchers may also want to investigate short - term physiological responses . for example , some plants are more drought tolerant because they can reduce water loss by closing down stomates , while others deal with water stress by having deeper roots to exploit a larger volume of the soil reserve . leaf - level gas exchange measurement will quickly distinguish between these two strategies .
the connection to hot and dry conditions comes from the fact that all the plants will close their stomata in hot and dry weather to conserve moisture , and the continuing fixation of carbon from the air drops the co 2 dramatically from the atmospheric concentration of nominally 380 ppm ( 2004 value ) . if the co 2 compensation point is lower on the above scale , the plant can operate in hotter and dryer conditions . the limits are placed by the fact that rubisco begins to fix oxygen rather than co 2 , undoing the work of photosynthesis . c4 plants shield their rubisco from the oxygen , so can operate all the way down to essentially zero co 2 without the onset of photorespiration .
scientists use systems theory to understand how things work . systems theory suggests that you model natural and human - made phenomena as a set of interrelated components that work together to accomplish some kind of process . systems are used by humans in every day life to describe the operation of a number of diverse phenomena . systems or models are also generalizations of reality . one common way to present how things work is with a graphical model . in this lecture , a graphical model of how scientific understanding operates is presented as an example of a system .
in three of the four bps chambers . each chamber has 264 cm square growth area , while the roots of the plant were placed 3 cm below the growth area . a total of 32 plants were grown for 73 days on iss . the plants were exposed to 20 hours of light and 4 hours of dark daily at 24 degrees c and 78 percent relative humidity . a control group of plants on earth , were treated exactly as the experimental group on iss . although bps is fully automated , the crew conducted periodic system checks and some support tasks for pesto .
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proceedings of the national academy of sciences , volume 103 , issue 35 , 2006 , pp . 12987 - 12992
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the li - 6400xt has a variety of chambers , light sources and accessories to let you measure gas exchange , fluorescence and respiration in a variety of applications .
the 6400 - 40 leaf chamber fluorometer enables the simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange over the same leaf area . the 6400 - 40 is designed with a uniform , integrated led light source and pam fluorometer that easily attaches to the li - 6400xt sensor head , giving the user complete control of the environment surrounding the 2 cm 2 leaf area . measurements of combined gas exchange and fluorescence expand the li - 6400xt ' s usefulness in assessing a plant ' s response to stress .
the 6400 - 02b led source is designed with red and blue leds ( 665 and 470 nm , respectively ) to provide uniform intensities up to full sunlight ( ~ 2 , 000 µmol m - 2 s - 1 ) over an area of 6 cm 2 . mounting simply requires replacement of the upper half of the standard leaf chamber . powered from the li - 6400xt console , the 02b allows the light intensity to be automatically controlled , which is especially critical for response curve measurements .
designed to be used with the whole plant arabidopsis chamber ( 6400 - 17 ) and conifer chamber ( 6400 - 22 ) , the rgb light source provides a powerful tool for whole plant light response studies . the 6400 - 18a features leds with independent control of the intensity and proportions of red , green and blue . you can also define a blended color , or emulate the led light source ( 6400 - 02b ) .
the 6400 - 07 has a 2 x 6 cm aperture and is specially designed to accommodate long - needled conifers . the chamber has foam mounting pads that hold up to five needles in the chamber . the chamber top and bottom have replaceable clear propafilm windows for excellent light transmittance . a quantum sensor in the chamber measures light intensity at the plane of the needles .
the 2 x 3 cm clear chamber bottom has a propafilm ® window similar to the standard chamber top and is designed for use with any 2 x 3 cm chamber top . illuminating the bottom of a leaf may be important for survey measurements and erect foliage .
the 6400 - 09 is a carefully designed 9 . 55 cm diameter chamber for measuring soil co 2 flux using the li - 6400xt . a pressure equilibration tube , perforated manifold , and automated cycling regime ensure accurate and repeatable measurements . for more than two decades , li - cor has been perfecting the science and overcoming the challenges of accurately measuring soil co 2 flux using chamber methods .