source theatre company was a non-profit theater company located in washington , d.c. formed 1977 , it ceased production in 2002 and legally disbanded in 2006 .

while active it performed at 1835 14th street nw , washington dc in the 14th street corridor of washington , d.c.

source theatre company ( washington d . c . )

1985 - 1986 shakespeare theatre at the folger : washington , d . c .
1984 - 1986 shakespeare theatre at the folger : washington , d . c .
the arabian nights washington , d . c . tickets - n / a at source . 2017 - 06 - 04
washington , d . c . shakespeare hour : a midsummer daydream . live radio performance .
urinetown : the musical washington , d . c . tickets - n / a at source . 2016 - 10 - 09
washington , d . c . sandor crosshair , yule at high tide . live radio broadcast .
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1835 14th street nw | washington d . c . | 20009 | 202 . 204 . 7741 | boxoffice @ urltoken
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the source theatre is an institution in the d . c . theater scene . it ' s where many young and hungry actors , playwrights and directors got their start ; it ' s where artists felt comfortable pushing boundaries , and it ' s where d . c . audiences could laugh , love and cry . founded in 1977 , the source theater company is one of the oldest small professional theaters in washington , d . c . it was also the first arts organization to be located on the 14th street corridor , which sustained major damage during the 1968 riots after dr . martin luther king jr . ' s assassination .
the theatre lab is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization .
a non - profit , tax - exempt , 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) , organization | copyright 2018 constellation theatre company . all rights reserved .
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interned with the shakespeare and african continuum theatre companies in washington , d . c . before joining ccta as a summer intern in 2008 . carmen is responsible for coordinating our instructional programming , staff and outreach programs . she is currently pursuing a master’s in arts management at george mason university .
2000 bryant park n . y . c . & st . mary = s river music series
tonya beckman has appeared as an actor at shakespeare theatre company , ford ' s theatre , folger theatre , round house theatre , studio theatre , theater j , taffety punk , olney theatre , and the kennedy center . regional credits include cleveland play house , fulton theatre , purple rose theatre company , and door shakespeare , among others . she has taught at baldwin - wallace college , ohio university , shepherd university , duke ellington school for the arts , everyman theatre , shakespeare theatre company , imagination stage , and the cleveland shakespeare festival . local dialect coaching credits include productions for woolly mammoth theatre company , theater j , longacre lea , the theatre lab , and constellation theatre . tonya holds an mfa from ohio university’s professional actor training program and a bfa from university of wisconsin . she is a company member at taffety punk theatre company and is an adjunct instructor at george washington university .
' s yiddish theater lab - a new initiative dedicated to preserving and reviving the forgotten literature of the yiddish theater - joins with shakespeare theatre company ' s rediscovery reading series to present the jewish king lear on january 8 ( at the lansburgh theatre ) . cast features d . c . favorites , kimberly gilbert , laura c . harris , naomi jacobson and alyssa wilmoth keegan . free , but reservations are required .
donna migliaccio has been a fixture in the d . c . theatre scene for more than 20 years and has performed in nearly every venue in the area . on broadway she portrayed radical anarchist emma goldman in the 2009 revival of
it was the source theater . . . that offered a place to start . . . . when i ' m asked about the source theater company , i share fond memories of working with pat , keith parker ( source theater festival ) and other artists in the nation ' s capital , where my career in theater began .
six professional washington , d . c . area theatre companies will write , direct , rehearse and perform original plays based on similar themes in only 24 hours for the 14th annual play in a day , a one - of - a - kind event at imagination stage ' s lerner theater , feb 17 at 8pm . participating theatre companies include adventure theatre mtc ( glen echo , md ) ; flying v ( bethesda , md ) ; imagination stage ( bethesda , md ) ; keegan theatre ( washington , dc ) ; olney theatre center ( olney , md ) and rorschach theatre ( washington , dc ) . tickets at urltoken
is a producer , director , and writer in the washington dc metro area .
deidra lawan starnes in constellation theatre company ' s production of blood wedding . photo credit : scott suchman
on february 18 ( 8 - 10pm ) six dc - area professional theatre companies will write , direct , rehearse and perform original plays based on similar themes in only 24 hours - then be presented at the 13th annual play in a day , a one - of - a - kind event produced by the bethesda urban partnership and bethesda arts & entertainment district at imagination stage . participating theatre companies include : adventure theatre mtc ( glen echo , md ) ; flying v ( bethesda , md ) ; imagination stage ( bethesda , md ) ; keegan theatre ( washington , d . c . ) ; rorschach theatre ( washington , d . c . ) and round house theatre ( bethesda , md ) . general admission tix $ 15 . more information / advance tix - 301 / 215 - 6660 or bethesda urban partnership .
washington dc’s home for innovative pocket opera , intimate cabaret , and intriguing latino programming .
michael russotto is a longtime washington actor and director , who has appeared in shows on many local stages , including arena stage , the woolly mammoth theatre company , the kennedy center , theater j , olney theatre center , signature theatre , theatre alliance , the folger theatre , metrostage , rep stage and studio theatre . recent roles include the chronicler in falling out of time , and merv in the sisters rosensweig , both at theater j , and richard in hay fever , at olney theatre center . he was recently nominated for a helen hayes award in the category of outstanding lead actor for his work in the whale at rep stage . michael has directed at the actors ' theatre of washington ( cofounder ) , metrostage , source theatre , the washington shakespeare company , studio theatre , theater lab , and the national academy of dramatic arts . he is an associate artist at olney theatre center , and a member of the woolly mammoth theatre acting company . in addition , michael is a narrator of recorded books for the library of congress .
george grant made his professional theatre debut in 1979 at the goodman theatre in an enemy of the people directed by gregory mosher . locally he has appeared at the shakespeare theatre company ( with patrick stewart ) , washington shakespeare company , catalyst theater company , and many others . his recent forays into directing include the wildly successful am i black enough yet ? , originally mounted in 2008 and remounted in 2009 , for charter theatre company , bulletins from fatland for horizons theatre company , his own adaptation of antigone for actor’s repertory theatre at the national conservatory of dramatic arts , where he is a senior faculty member , and leader of the pack for totem pole playhouse in fayetteville , pa .
brette goldstein ( ba theatre , 2004 ) films brette has cast have gone on to win a multitude of awards and been official selections at cannes , sundance , tribeca , hamptons , woodstock , sxsw , la ff , woods hole , clermont - ferrand , dc shorts , ny international , philadelphia , boston , austin , bahamas international , great lakes , sante fe and the ifp film market to name just a few . she was the resident casting director at the folger elizabethan theatre for nine seasons . she also handled the casting for source theatre company , washington shakespeare company and washington jewish theatre .
andreu honeycutt and heather haney in constellation theatre company ' s
the ramayana .
photo credit : daniel schwartz
culturaldc ’s source festival is holding open non - equity auditions to cast for the 2017 source festival - 9am - 5pm on january 30 & 31 at source ( 1835 14th st nw ) . deadline to submit audition form : january 26 at 11 : 59pm . source festival plays will be run in rep throughout the festival from june 9–july 2 . all roles are paid and non - equity . actors of all demographics , including transgender and genderqueer actors , are encouraged to apply .
copyright © 2013 rainbow theatre project . all rights reserved . 532 20th street nw apt . # 105 washington , dc 20006 info @ urltoken
forum is the resident company at the silver spring black box theatre , 8641 colesville road , in silver spring md .
at the washington convention center . readings and discussion on plays from aa changing middle east . @
naomi jacobson holds a masters degree in acting from temple university and has been a professional actress and teacher for the last 25 years . a woolly mammoth company member , she’s performed at the shakespeare theatre company , arena stage , the kennedy center , signature theatre , olney theatre center , round house theatre , as well as arizona theatre company , the goodman , milwaukee repertory , delaware theatre co . , and the berkshire theatre festival . naomi has taught acting at george washington university , university of maryland , catholic university and many professional theatres in the area . she’s coached all kinds of professionals in public speaking from architects , lawyers , preachers and vice presidents of major corporations . she has received two helen hayes awards along with twelve nominations for her work as an actress , as well as a lunt - fontanne fellowship and an individual artist grant from the d . c . arts commission .
tiziano d ' affuso ( ba theatre , 2015 ) has been working professionally in the dc area since graduating , participating in productions at signature theatre , imagination stage , the keegan theatre , and constellation theatre company . his work in american idiot with keegan theatre recently received a helen hayes nomination for outsanding ensemble in a musical - helen . tiziano will be performing in rep stage ' s upcoming new musical dorian ' s closet .
caroline bowman ( broadway ' s wicked and kinky boots , a 2016 helen hayes award nominee for the kennedy center ' s evita , next appearing at toby ' s dinner theatre in joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat thru june 23 ) and austin colby ( signature ' s west side story , and the sound of music national tour currently playing at the kennedy center ) celebrate a premarital cabaret . the washington , d . c . favorites return home to plan their wedding and sing some love songs on stage with monumental theatre company
shakespeare theatre company ' s artistic director , michael khan announces 2016–17 season . click here for the full list of shows .
andreu honeycutt as lord rama in constellation theatre company ' s 2011 remount of the ramayana . photo credit : scott suchman .
food & friends is this year’s recipient of the ford’s theatre a christmas carol annual collection drive . the cast begins collecting donations of behalf of the washington non - profit at the first performance november 17 . since 2009 , the company of a christmas carol has raised more than $ 550 , 000 for washington - area charities .
is a teaching artist , arts administrator , actor , and playwright in the washington dc metro area .
for new voices opera . in dc lee has worked with young playwrights theatre , rorschach theatre , ford’s theatre , dc queer theatre festival and the national theatre . lee also works part - time in production and administration for capital fringe .
following graduation , michael moved into washington , d . c . , where he quickly had the fortune of working at some of the area ' s top equity houses , including the kennedy center , shakespeare theatre , and signature theatre , as well as working with such directors as joe calarco and eric schaeffer . he is now a proud member of the actor ' s equity association and has moved to new york city to begin the next step in his career .
caley milliken as bianca in constellation theatre company ' s production of
women beware women .
photo credit : daniel schwartz .
nanna ingvarsson , amy quiggins and catherine deadman in constellation theatre company ' s
three sisters .
photo credit : daniel schwartz
dan aibel ' s plays have been developed and / or produced by the detroit rep , the sundance institute , syracuse stage , the blank theater ( los angeles ) , flashpoint theatre co . ( philadelphia ) , the source theatre ( washington , d . c . ) and outsider ' s inn collective ( seattle ) . in new york he has worked with page 73 , rattlestick and the new group . his play the meaning of lunch was seen in chicago at stage left as part of leapfest 7 . a 2014 sundance theatre lab fellow , dan ' s plays have been published by smith & kraus and playscripts . he lives in new york .
amal saade has been teaching on the theatre lab youth faculty since 2007 , and the life stories faculty since 2010 . she is currently on the theater faculty at the lab school of washington , and has also taught at artstream , inc . , imagination stage , and jamestown elementary school . she is a graduate of the theatre lab’s honors acting conservatory , and has performed at theaters including theater j , olney theatre , 1st stage , rorschach theatre , taffety punk , young playwright’s theatre , and the source theatre festival . she holds a masters in theatre education from catholic university .
typically , a troupe of four to six actors would improvise a performance before an audience and then at some point invite audience participation . at the d . c . correctional facility in lorton , va . , he put on shows that gave inmates an opportunity to voice their feelings and concerns , and it led to the establishment of a prison theater company .
oran sandel , an actor , teacher and educator who formerly directed the living stage theatre company , a community outreach arm of washington’s arena stage , died oct . 19 at his home in silver spring , md . he was 64 .
( emphasis mine ) ; ( c ) proper authorship , and other credits required in contract , must be given in all programs and advertisements ; and ( d ) the program must include the following statement ,
produced by special arrangement with dramatists play service , inc .
“what the theatre lab has done is produce a teaching model that mirrors the great thing about the washington community , and that is , the community . ”
rick foucheux’s credits include a twenty - six year stint in the fine theatres of washington , dc , where his many roles include willy loman in death of a salesman at arena stage , sir toby belch in twelfth night at the shakespeare theatre , tevye in fiddler on the roof at the olney theatre center , claudius in hamlet at the folger theatre , and erie smith in hughie at the washington stage guild . he is a company member at the woolly mammoth theatre company and originated the role of the dead man , gordon , in their premiere of sarah ruhl’s dead man’s cell phone . mr . foucheux received the helen hayes outstanding lead actor award in 2000 for the title role in edmund at the source theatre , and in 2006 , for the role of mason marzac in take me out at the studio theatre .
amy quiggins and michael john casey in constellation theatre company ' s production of arms and the man . photo credit : scott suchman .
michael glenn , matthew mcgloin and ashley ivey in constellation theatre company ' s
on the razzle .
photo credit : daniel schwartz
vince eisenson is very excited to be returning to the theatre lab this summer . as an actor he has worked with synetic theatre , shakespeare theatre company , chesapeake shakespeare company , wsc avant bard , and playmakers rep . tv credits include several shows on discovery , own and national geographic channel . vince teaches theatre classes at various venues in the metro region , but nothing quite compares to summer camp at the theatre lab .
urinetown : the musical is a satirical tale of corruption , love and revolution in a time when water is worth its weight in gold . when a terrible water shortage leads to a government ban on private toilets , a greedy company profits by charging admission for one of humanity ' s most basic needs . . . until a hero decides he ' s had enough and rises up against the system . the show ' s tuneful and irreverent score gives a nod to musicals from broadway to brecht and weill , and parodies musicals such as the cradle will rock and les misérables . the winner of multiple tony awards during its original broadway run , now you can catch this constellation theatre company production of urinetown : the musical on the stage of source in washington , d . c .
will be performing in this summer ' s capital fringe festival with my theatre company , wild women theatre which explores multiple dimensions of black womanhood through storytelling , poetry , movement , and song .
bryan joseph lee is the director of marketing & communications at round house theatre , a 400 seat lort d regional theatre in bethesda , md , where he oversees earned revenue , institutional branding and audience development . he has a specific interest in building diverse audiences through authentic relationship - building and targeted cultivation strategies . in 2016 , he was awarded a fellowship with the devos institute of arts management . he has previously worked with the baltimore symphony orchestra , woolly mammoth theatre company , and source festival . bryan is a graduate of dartmouth college , and holds a degree in latin american studies and theatre .
dorothy neumann is a pioneer in the small professional theatre circuit , having directed in the washington area for over 34 years . she has received three helen hayes nominations for outstanding direction—for top girls , johnny bull ( both horizons productions ) and unidentified human remains… at signature—and served as artistic director for d . c . stage and goosebump theatre . an artistic associate at source theatre , horizons and signature in past years , dot has taught at the theatre lab almost since its inception , in addition to being an adjunct faculty member for american university and consultant for arlington county schools and teacher for arlington adult education . most recently she has joined the seasonal staff at clear space theatre company in rehoboth where she has directed cabaret , shirley valentine , la cage aux folles and on golden pond . she will direct a fundraiser for clear space and beebe hospital in march 2015 . dot has recently published a book of poetry , truth serum .
( um theatre ) - as a group dedicated to performing innovative and exuberant puppet theatre . they smash traditional boundaries between puppetry , theatre , dance , music and visual arts , creating a passion for the adventurous . company members include many umd alumni and students :
“i had the opportunity to check out magicians david london and josh norris at their midnight magic show this past friday at the source . ” in 2 reviews
culturaldc is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non profit organization . all donations are fully tax - deductible to the amount allowed by law . © 2018 culturaldc
the national theatre ' s 2016 - 17 season will include the washington premiere of five - time tony award - winner fun home and 20th anniversary tour of the hit musical rent .
here are some more recent projects : off - off broadway play , “the invested” directed by ron canada and produced by madeline austin and sue wagner ensemble studio theatre’s 2006 & 2007 marathons , “the unmentionables” , directed by pam mckinnon for woolly mammoth theatre company , “serendib” at the ensemble studio theatre , “the comedy of errors” for shakespeare on the sound , “vigils” and “she stoops to comedy” for woolly mammoth theatre company , “twelfth night” and “the crucible” for actors theatre of louisville , the nyc workshop of “transatlantic liaison” , the world premiere of “the radiant abyss” at the woolly mammoth theatre company , “perfect crime” ( off - broadway ) , “much ado about nothing” for the colonial theatre , several productions for muhlenberg summer theatre , numerous staged readings in new york city .
dc native florrie bagel returns home this holiday season for a cabaret full of songs that make you want to cozy up by the fire . monumental theatre company
leah raidt ( t . ) returns to american theatre company after columbinus 2 . 0 directed by pj paparelli . credits include the flick ( rose u / s ) at steppenwolf theatre , punk rock and national tours of letters home with griffin theatre , among work with chicago shakespeare theatre , pavement group , the blind owl , jackalope theatre , and emerald city children ' s theatre . leah holds a bfa from the theatre school at depaul university , and is a graduate of the school at steppenwolf .
selected as one of the region ' s best community - based nonprofits by the greater washington catalogue for philanthropy . © 2006 - 2018 washington improv theater site design : the general design co . site development : app champs home page photo : jeff salmore
1989 william & mary university , the folger , st . mary ' s city tour : interact company
for more information about the folger theatre ' s performance space , read our article on the folger ' s elizabethan theatre .
“oran sandel’s workshops and trainings touched hundreds of students and teachers , ” jane freundel levey , managing editor of the historical society of washington’s washington history magazine , wrote in an email . “he exposed them to creative process of improvisation and the sheer joy of playing . ”
with the arts club of washington
history
( operetta ) . an unfinished play by witold gombrowicz [ directed by robert mcnamara ]
at round house ,
i ' ll get you back again
is a world premiere by sarah gancher about a stand - up comedian roped into playing with her late father ' s 1960s hippie band . directing is d . c . native rachel chavkin , fresh off her broadway triumph
natasha , pierre and the great comet of 1812 .
for an inside look at what ' s coming up on the washington theatre scene , check out theatrewashington ' s theatrewatch - and subscribe for weekly updates , delivered to your inbox each thursday morning .
highlights from folger theatre’s producing history include numerous helen hayes awards nominations and wins . nominees for outstanding resident play : sense and sensibility ( 2016 ) : recipient , the taming of the shrew ( folger theatre , 2012 ) : recipient , hamlet ( folger theatre , 2010 ) : recipient , henry viii ( folger theatre , 2010 ) , arcadia ( folger theatre , 2009 ) macbeth ( folger theatre , 2008 ) , measure for measure ( folger theatre , 2006 ) : recipient , the two gentlemen of verona ( folger theatre , 2004 ) , melissa arctic ( folger theatre , 2004 ) , she stoops to conquer ( folger theatre , 2002 ) , shakespeare’s r & j ( folger theatre , 2000 ) , much ado about nothing ( folger theatre , 1998 ) , and romeo and juliet ( folger theatre , 1997 ) .
“i am a man , ” enkidu says . “what is a god , without man ? ” such questions of mortality and divinity drive constellation theatre company’s ambitious new work gilgamesh .
because of this , we are proud to present the opening of the source theatre company archival collection in dc public library ' s washingtoniana . the archives include artists ' biographical information , resumes from artists and staff , audiotapes , contracts , correspondence , financial records , photographs , playbills and programs , production scripts , stage / set designs , videotapes and more .
the primary and official source for information about copyright is the united states copyright office , which has an efficient and informational website . you’ll want to start your research into copyright here .
the cause was melanoma , said his wife , roberta gasbarre , the artistic director of washington revels and director of the smithsonian institution’s discovery theater .
the 3rd annual washington dc one - minute play festival , featuring all women - identified playwrights and directors , takes place at round house theatre for 3 performances , july 30 ( 8pm ) and 31 ( 3pm & 8pm ) . tickets on sale july 5 at round house theatre
is a playwright living in washington , dc . most recently , she was awarded a 2014 dc commission on the arts and humanities artist fellowship . liz ' s work has been commissioned , produced , and developed at the artists’ bloc , capital fringe festival , centerstage 50fest , e . m . p . collective , field trip theatre , forum theatre , glass mind theatre company , great plains theatre conference , one - minute play festival , the kennedy center’s page - to - stage festival , source festival , taffety punk theatre company , theater alliance , and theater j . liz was also a founding core member of the anthropologists , a physical - theater ensemble in nyc , and her extensive production work experience includes projects at the contemporary american theatre festival , ensemble studio theatre , 78th street theater lab , and the kennedy center ( sondheim festival ) , among others . liz studied playwriting with the 24 with 5 collective at new dramatists , and is a proud member of the playwrights’ center and the dramatists guild of america .
the off - broadway theatre company pan asian rep as a social media intern . currently , i am working towards my mfa in writing for the stage & screen at northwestern university .
dominic d’andrea ( ba theatre , 2003 ) is the founder and producing artistic director of the one - minute play festival ( # 1mpf . ) he has led over 30 national festivals in a dozen cities in partnerships with primary stages , victory gardens theater , cornerstone theatre company , playwrights foundation , boston playwrights’ theatre , actor’s express , here arts center , intar theatre , mixed blood theatre , interact theatre , passage theatre , the brick , and others . notable # 1mpf contributors have included : jose rivera , david henry hwang , neil labute , donald margulies , jason grote , tina howe , phillip kan gotanda , craig lucas , kristoffer diaz , rajiv joseph , migdalia cruz , nilaja sun , sam hunter , lydia diamond , along with over 500 other famous , emerging , and mid career writers .
i love this venue . i like the intimacy and warmth of source . we have seen 3 shows and everyone of them have been unique and thought provoking . i highly recommend this place .
craig klein is a multiple - award winning voice actor with credits including toyota , geico , jimmy kimmel live ! , walmart , verizon , the weather channel , animal planet , turner sports , smithsonian channel , cartoon network , encore , the nfl , penguin audio , weta - tv and fox5dc . he has also been seen on washington area stages including the shakespeare theatre company , constellation theatre , and metro stage , and has performed in theatre lab productions of ragtime and ghetto .
shayla roland is the special programming manager for ford’s theatre where she has implemented and maintained innovative programming to further engagement with theatrical audiences , and encourages millennial participation . she assists in casting , dramaturgy , and works extensively with ford’s theatre’s director on correspondence for special events , including the ford’s theatre annual gala . shayla coordinated the 150th anniversary of the lincoln assassination commemoration , serving as a key contributor to the conception of the events , and working with partner organizations to execute 36 hours of programming . she’s an assistant producer for the source festival in washington , dc .
“the performance space is small , but only when you are comparing it against places like the kennedy center , or washington shakespeare theater . ” in 2 reviews
carlos saldaña is an actor , teacher , director , and voice coach . he has taught acting , voice , movement , directing , and stage dialects at several universities and has led performance and corporate workshops for actors , teachers , and business professionals . his professional acting credits include productions with shakespeare theatre company , theatre j , cincinnati playhouse , olney theatre , theatre alliance , gala theatre , constellation theatre , source theatre , the welders playwrights collective , atlas performing arts center , consuming the arts theatre project , the inkwell , and the kennedy center for the performing arts . carlos is a certified associate teacher of fitzmaurice voicework© and has also trained in the alexander technique , feldenkrais method , stanislavski method , and studied with master teachers including catherine fitzmaurice , kristen linklater , arthur lessac , and patsy rodenberg . carlos earned his master of fine arts degree in performance from california state university fullerton and his bachelor of arts in theatre from the university of texas el paso .
3 . 5 stars this theatre is the edgiest of the lot in the dc metro area . it ' s hit or miss on the plays sometimes , but they are still produced with enthusiasm and creativity . think of it as an experimental theatre lab . as such , the prices are pretty inexpensive compared to the rest of the dc theatre scene . who knows , you might find a diamond in the rough - - or you might have to endure something like clive barker ' s
crazyface
. however , the source is also home to the washington theatre festival and washington improv . parking is crazy in this area nowadays with the gentrification that ' s been occurring in the last handful of years . we give up and park at a lot across the street for like $ 8 .
source is a project of the cultural development corporation ( cudc ) . cudc works to develop self - sufficient , affordable spaces for the city ' s artists and cultural organizations . facing the threat of losing the theatre to commercial retailers along the revitalized 14th street arts corridor , cudc purchased the historic theatre and reopened its doors to the community and performing arts groups in 2008 with rave reviews . source is now a veritable epicenter of talented artists and performing arts groups bringing a unique opportunity to see a wide array of new and exciting performances in dc .
theatrical selections
is a free , politically - charged play reading series presented oct . 3 - nov . 7 by arena stage , the kennedy center , shakespeare theatre company , signature theatre and studio theatre . in the weeks leading up to the nation’s presidential election , these dc - area theatres will collaborate to bring politics and drama to the stage . each theatre will host a reading of a play they feel reflects the country’s current political and social environment , and will consider political moments from burgeoning fascism in the 1930s to partisan horse - trading in modern america . information & details at shakespeare theatre company .
marietta hedges is an actress , director and teacher . she is associate professor of acting at catholic university and head of the mfa acting program . she has worked as an actress in theatre , film and television in london , china , new york , san francisco , and the baltimore / washington d . c . area . marietta played the role of karen in the hbo award winning film money matters . she originated the roles of slain civil rights worker viola liuzzo and kkk infiltrator and fbi informant gary thomas rowe in the solo show selma ' 65 which premiered at la mama , etc . , in nyc in 2014 , and subsequently toured the country in 2015 .
in conjunction with it ' s presentation of nilaja sun ' s pike street set on the lower east side of nyc , woolly mammoth theatre company is holding a block party on sat , april 8 ( 10am - 3pm ) . expect live performances from double nickels theatre company and the sanctuaries improv team , backstage theater tours , food truck fare ( parked outside the theatre ) , theatre concession stand selling mimosas , door prizes including gift certificates to nearby restaurants and tickets to future woolly shows , games . no charge to attend . pike street runs thru 4 / 23 .
pointless theatre company : founded in 2009 by a group of university of maryland grads , pointless is producing some of the most original work in town , with productions expertly utilizing music , movement , and puppetry . you may have seen their recent expressionist adaptation doctor caligari or last year ' s remount of sleeping beauty : a puppet ballet , which earned a rave write - up in the post . if you haven’t seen their ( currently ) semi - annual shows , make sure you do ; they are likely to be the most visually imaginative and dazzling stuff you’ve seen outside of d . c . ' s major houses . and they have puppets ! — jonelle walker
sharon king is thrilled to be returning as producer for culturaldc’s source festival . sharon holds a masters’ in arts management at george mason university . she is a stage manager and arts administrator , currently subscription services manager at the washington ballet . originally from the san francisco bay area she graduated from southern oregon university with a ba in theatre , emphasis on stage management . after college she moved to the dc area for a stage management internship at theater j . post internship she stayed on at theater j as their resident assistant stage manager . as a non - equity stage manager my credits in the dc area include ford’s theatre , woolly mammoth , studio theatre , rorschach theatre , the kennedy center , imagination stage , round house theatre and was also the production stage manager for the 2015 source festival . along with freelancing for several years as a stage manager she held more of an administrative role and obtained a position at imagination stage as facility manager and production manager for the capital fringe festival and production administrator for the school of theatre , dance , and performance studies at the university of maryland .
is a dance and theatre instructor at our lad of good counsel high school .
cheryl black ( phd theatre , 1998 ) was inducted as a fellow of the college of fellows of the american theatre at the kennedy center in april 2016 .
anna skidis vargas | artistic director , theatre nuevo | st . louis , mo
deb gottesman is a founder and co - director of the theatre lab . she is also a professional actress who has performed frequently at woolly mammoth theatre as well as at arena stage , signature theatre , keegan theatre , theater alliance , and with the washington shakespeare company , among many others . she has directed more than fifteen productions at the theatre lab , including ragtime , the crucible , the grapes of wrath and jane eyre , as well as productions for national geographic and catholic university’s musical theatre department . deb received her m . f . a . from catholic university and has taught drama at the round house theatre , woolly mammoth and american university . she is a 2003 recipient of the prestigious linowes leadership award for her contributions to arts education . along with buzz mauro , she has co - authored three books on applied acting , all published by penguin putnam .
kristen jackson is currently the connectivity director at woolly mammoth theatre company in washington , dc . she earned her m . a . from university of texas at austin in performance as public practice . kristen has also worked on - and off - broadway for ostar productions and playwrights horizons in the areas of producing and casting; and as a teaching artist and performer for the regional theatres cincinnati playhouse in the park and actors theatre of louisville . outside of theatre , she provided administrative and programming support for dance / usa , the national service organization for professional dance . kristen holds a b . a . in theatre studies and english from duke university .
lee is a theatre and opera director and is thrilled to be in his third season with the source festival team . lee moved to the dc area from bloomington , indiana where he received his master of fine arts degree in directing . while in bloomington , lee taught in the department of theatre , drama , and contemporary dance and at the jacobs school of music . selected directing credits include :
in addition to digital marketing , i am a freelance actor / writer / musician working in the dc area . i have been in productions across the city at regional theatres including woolly mammoth theatre , forum theatre , constellation theatre , and source theatre . in the past year i have appeared in two films which will be released in 2013 ;
killing lincoln
produced by tony and ridley scott where i played george atzerodt , and
1000 to 1 : the cory weissman story
starring david henry and beau bridges where i played jeremy weissman alongside david henry . my written work has been produced in the capital fringe festival in two festivals and been workshopped at the university of north carolina ' s school of the arts in association with no rules theatre company and the kennedy center .
before coming to culturaldc , jenny served as director of special events at woolly mammoth theatre company where she assisted in the successful completion of an $ 8 . 5 million capital campaign and produced their annual benefit bash for approximately 400 guests . additionally , jenny served as a member of the mead theatre lab advisory panel for two years , produced art - o - matic ' s theatre component in 2000 and 2003 and is a member of the hub theatre ' s advisory board .
in collaboration , folger theatre produced with the classical theatre of harlem a sell - out king lear ( folger theatre , 2007 ) starring andré deshields , with two river theater company staged two productions—a magical macbeth ( folger theatre , 2008 ) co - directed by teller and aaron posner and the world premiere of anne washburn’s adaptation orestes , a tragic romp ( folger theatre , 2010 ) — and with fiasco theatre produced the two gentlemen of verona ( fiasco theater , 2014 ) . folger theatre has also partnered with shakespeare ' s globe , london to mount productions of hamlet ( shakespeare ' s globe , 2012 ) , hamlet ( shakespeare ' s globe , 2014 ) , and king lear ( shakespeare ' s globe , 2014 ) .
a classically trained singer , tracy olivera has appeared in many musicals and plays , including the broadway run of ragtime . at signature theatre she has been seen in company , gypsy , les miserables ( helen hayes nomination ) , ace , merrily we roll along ( helen hayes nomination ) , follies , and sweeney todd . she has also performed at the kennedy center in sunday in the park with george , passion , merrily we roll along , and ragtime ; at ford’s in hello dolly and liberty smith ; at studio theatre in bachelorette ; olney theatre center in cinderella and the sound of music ; at metrostage in the last five years ; and in candide at the shakespeare theatre and at the goodman theatre in chicago . tracy is also a member of rorschach theatre company and has taught at catholic university , signature theatre for stage one and overtures , adventure theatre / mtc , and imagination stage . her new self titled cd will be available in february . urltoken
“the theatre lab cares not just about teaching craft but about creating community . deb and buzz have a vision that theatre has an essential place in the human experience . i think this is why teaching with the theatre lab is so important to me . ”
folger theatre employs members of actors ' equity association , the stage directors and choreographers society , and united scenic artists . it is a member of blue star theatres , cultural tourism dc , culturalcapital , theatrewashington , theatre communications group , and shakespeare theatre association .
everyone at culturaldc is grateful to the 1 , 500 + artists that made source festival possible for the last decade . we are eager to see what grows from the roots we help plant in the nation’s capital and across the country .
, on january 19 . groups will gather outside theatres to create a
light
for dark times ahead , and to make , or renew , a pledge to stand for and protect the values of inclusion , participation , and compassion for everyone tegardless of race , class , religion , country of origin , immigration status , ( dis ) ability , age , gender identity , or sexual orientation . you can connect with creative cauldron in falls church , convergence theatre in bethesda and in dc , folger theatre , mosaic theater company of dc , shakespeare theatre company and theater j . check theatre websites or facebook pages for details .
gala hispanic theater presents paso nuevo , spring 2017 on may 17 at 8pm . a free evening of original works performed in english with some spanish .
we are us
includes new work by paso nuevo participants ; a performance and music by chris wonder ; and a return visit to the lobato family by paso nuevo alumni . the lobato family first appeared in the paso nuevo presentation of young and corrupted in 2011 . through the evening’s work , we will experience the lives of immigrant youth and american latino youth whose parents were immigrants . the presentation reflects the latino reality in washington , d . c , and launches a celebration of 25 years of the paso nuevo program .
renee calarco is a playwright and teacher . her plays include our national museum of the unforeseen tragedy , g - d’s honest truth , the religion thing ( 2013 nominee for the charles macarthur award for outstanding new play ) , short order stories ( 2007 recipient of the charles macarthur award ) , the mating of angela weiss , bleed , first stop : niagara falls , the 12 days of christmas , and others . her plays have been produced , developed , and commissioned by the welders , theater j , charter theater , geva theatre , project y , adventure theatre , pinky swear productions , doorway arts ensemble , the jewish plays project , and the source theatre festival . renee teaches both playwriting and comedy improv at the theatre lab . she’s a founding member of the welders and a proud member of the dramatists guild .
. foucheux is joined by qtc favorites david dubov and steve larocque in a performance for which he received a helen hayes award nomination in 2001 with the washington stage guild . click here for
new plays and musicals open in the washington area every week . for this week ' s calendar - and complete show information - check out theatrewashington ' s listings at opening this week .
' family musical
duke ellington ' s neighborhood
dec 9 & 10 . take your kids on an interactive journey through duke ellington’s dc and discover how a local hero championed african - american musicians , influenced the harlem renaissance , shaped the cultural history of d . c . and became an international star . written by mattias kraemer and directed by angelisa gillyard . jazz combo & singers with stanley thurston at the piano . performances at the tivoli / gala hispanic theatre on 12 / 9 at 12 : 30pm & 2 : 30pm , and 12 / 10 at 1 : 30pm .
. sloppy firsts is a fresh , funny , utterly compelling story about how it feels to drag through the dark days of high school , presented by the round house theatre teen performance company , a pre - professional program for the next generation of theatre artists . tickets $ 20 , free for teens / college students .
is back at source with
wit presents : summer school
— original productions that pay homage to high school and horror movies ; house ensembles with new formats ; and a bevy of special guests from magnet theater and the second city .
gwen grastorf ( ba theater , 2004 ) gwen has been working steadily in the dc metro area for over a decade . she is an ensemble company member with happenstance theater and creates devised work with them throughout the year . the 6 - member permanent company at happenstance recently won the 2016 helen hayes award for outstanding ensemble in a play , helen category , for impossible ! a happenstance circus . gwen is also as an associate artist with faction of fools and constellation theatre , and has worked around town with forum theater , taffety punk , we happy few , rorschach theatre , and the source festival , among others . she also works part time in the box office at imagination stage in bethesda . urltoken .
the queen bee onstage this fall is tina fey ' s
mean girls
musical , getting its pre - broadway premiere at the national theatre starting on halloween . let
girls
eat cake : washington theater is always buzzier when the national is in first - look mode .
since 2008 , culturaldc has produced the award - winning source festival , which served as a vehicle for launching new plays and fostering the careers of emerging artists . after a decade - long run , culturaldc will bring the festival to a close .
upcoming at arena stage -
arena forum : civil dialogues .
the first on mon , march 26 at 6 : 30pm is part of a three - part series of conversations that seek to provide an opportunity for members of the d . c . community to engage in civil discourse about social and politics issues . led by renowned scholar amitai etzioni — professor of international relations at the george washington university — each forum will feature a group of prominent dialogue starters . event is free and open to the public ; registration is required . future forums : mon , april 23 ( exploring what we owe other people ) ; tues , may 29 ( exploring the future of race relations in america ) .
d . c . boasts a thriving theater scene ; you can see a decadent touring production at the kennedy center , a scrappy , experimental show at fringe , and a huge range of high - quality shows in between at any of our favorite venues— which was the focus of last year ' s best of list . this year , we ' re highlighting some of the best smaller companies—many without permanent performance spaces or venues of their own— that produce some immensely entertaining shows , often at a bargain of a price .
paige is a proud member of actors equity association and has performed on many stages throughout the country including dc : arena stage , folger theatre , the kennedy center , fulton theatre ( pa ) , ohio theatre ( ny ) , manship theatre ( la ) , paramount theatre ( tx ) , cleveland playhouse ( oh ) and many others . she has collaborated with the lincoln center ( ny ) and was commissioned by the national new play network in 2012 .
albuquerque anchorage atlanta atlantic city austin bakersfield baltimore billings birmingham boise boston buffalo burlington charleston charleston wv charlotte cheyenne chicago cincinnati cleveland columbia columbus dallas / fort worth denver des moines detroit dover el paso fargo fort myers fresno grand rapids hartford honolulu houston indianapolis inland empire jackson jacksonville kansas city las vegas lexington lincoln little rock los angeles lubbock manchester memphis miami / ft . lauderdale milwaukee minneapolis - st . paul mobile nashville national new orleans new york newark oakland / east bay oklahoma city orange county orlando philadelphia phoenix pittsburgh portland portland me providence raleigh - durham reno richmond sacramento salt lake city san antonio san diego san francisco san jose santa barbara seattle shreveport sioux falls springfield st . louis tallahassee tampa toronto tucson vancouver bc washington , d . c . wichita
due to public interest and demand for tickets , mosaic theater company has extended the run of jon robin baitz ' vicuna & the american epilogue to december 3 . discounted previews are nov . 1–5 , including a pay - what - you - can on november 1 at 8pm . the production stars haaz sleiman ( from the film the visitor , nurse jackie ) , laura c . harris ( love and information at forum theatre ) , kim schraf ( death of a salesman at ford ' s theatre ) , brian george ( seinfeld , the big bang theory ) , and john de lancie ( star trek ) .
nelson pressley has covered theater for the washington post since 1999 . his first post byline was in 1992 . his book
american playwriting and the anti - political prejudice
came out in 2014 . follow
this performance was the best i ' ve seen from the constellation theatre company . i was laughing so hard at one point , i was crying ! every actor was exceptional . i loved the show and want my family and friends to see it !
it’s a world constellation theatre company relishes , their epic ensemble style boldly walking the line between grand guignol scenery chewing and magical hyper - surrealism . and in a month where zombies lurch and vampires stalk , this is the perfect theatrical outing for halloween .
mitchell hébert has performed at many of the dc area’s leading theatres including woolly mammoth , where he was a longtime company member ; round house theatre , where he is a member of its artist’s round table ; olney theatre center , where he recently directed the critically acclaimed production of rabbit hole ; the shakespeare theatre , studio theatre , theatre of the first amendment , rep stage , and everyman theatre in baltimore . he has been nominated for a helen hayes award ( outstanding lead actor , the drawer boy ) , and received the greater baltimore theatre award for outstanding actor ( uncle vanya ) . mitchell is on the faculty of the university of maryland’s department of theatre where he teaches acting and directing . his students are working all over the country in every aspect of the entertainment world . he played a significant role in the development of the department’s new mfa in performance , scheduled to begin in fall 2010 .


british aluminium was an aluminium production company .

it was originally formed as the british aluminium company ltd on 7 may 1894 and was subsequently known as british alcan aluminium plc ( 1982-1996 ) .

british aluminium

1982 the canadian - owned alcan aluminium uk ltd acquired british aluminium co , the resultant new company being called british alcan ltd .
urltoken an explanation of the words aluminium and aluminum . aluminium or aluminum , aluminum vs aluminium , the difference between british english and american english , aluminum or aluminium , aluminium or aluminum
1955 british aluminium co acquired a majority interest in magnesium elektron [ 7 ] .
see more : 10 american words you’ll never hear a british person say watch : american vs . british words for clothes 10 british words that baffle americans
1978 reynolds sold its stake in british aluminium co and t . i . aluminium increased its holding to 58 % with 42 % being floated .
british aluminium limited . free business summary taken from official companies house information . free alerts . registered as 03981390
labels : aluminium , aluminum , american vs . british english , articles , blog , pronunciations , science , spelling
british aluminium llc is a family ran business that was established in 2012 , in the state of qatar , in response to market demands for high end european aluminium glazing products in the gulf region . british aluminium are now considered the best suppliers in qatar for high end products .
dear america : just because i ' m british does not me . . .
wwi . during the first world war bauxite rights were acquired in british guiana .
1894 company founded . the british aluminium co ltd was formed on 7 may , acquiring the british and colonial rights for the bayer and héroult patents for alumina extraction and aluminium reduction . the company was registered to acquire mines in the north of ireland , and certain patent rights connected with the manufacture of aluminium , with a freehold factory at foyers , near inverness . [ 1 ]
the ordinary general meeting of the british aluminium co . , ltd . , was held on march 30th , at winchester house , london , e . c .
what ? you mean that there was no british naval vessel called the h . m . s . aluminium , fighting off spanish and french privateers ? ; - )
sometimes , it ' s better hearing me in a british accent . click the red button below .
formerly transport officer of the british oxygen co . , ltd . , has been appointed transport director .
in addition to aluminium fire resistant systems we also manufacture other unique technologically advanced aluminium glazing products that can be used for superior sound & heat control .
following up a topical words piece on the international spelling of what british english writes as sulphur , many american subscribers wrote in to ask about another element with two spellings : aluminium .
1897 british aluminium co commenced production of carbon at greenock , inverclyde . rolling mills were situated at milton , stoke - on - trent , and warrington , cheshire , in england .
us aluminium giant alcoa is to buy british components maker firth rixson for $ 2 . 85bn ( £1 . 7bn ) from its private equity owners to beef up its aerospace operations .
this link between aluminium corporations , governments and war still rings true today . in alfeds parliamentary breakfast meeting march 23rd 2010 the aluminium federation ' s immediate past president henry dickinson describes orders for aluminium to use in the war in afghanistan :
cliff is right . i’ve read this elsewhere as well as his source . sir humphry named it “alumium” then “aluminum . ” it was other british that decided to go with “aluminium . ”
j a hopper alfed vice - president . gk systems limited / aluminium finishing association
1937 british industries fair advert for latest developments in aluminium . aluminium and its alloys in all standard forms . alloy forgings . castings and die castings . latest developments with aluminium , including
brytal
reflector process , anodic coatings , free - cutting alloy ba 35 , superpurity aluminium . ( engineering / metals / quarry , roads and mining / transport section - stand nos . d . 911 and d . 808 ) . [ 5 ]
although recycling aluminium is indeed 95 % more efficient than primary production it still takes the same amount of energy as producing new steel [ 31 ] major aluminium producer alcoa sources only 20 % of its aluminium from recycling . overall recycling rates are 33 % and , according to us aluminium association figures , going down [ 32 ] .
element atomic number 13 has the symbol al and either the name aluminum or aluminium .
aluminium is an ' energy bank ' . 75 % of all the aluminium ever produced is still in use today , having been through countless recycling loops of its lifecycle .
aluminium windows and doors have been in our family since late 1946 , when our late grandfather left the british army and started fabricating aluminium and glass in the united kingdom . our family has aged and been in the glazing industry for 3 generations , meaning we take great pride in our work .
aluminum and aluminium are two names for element 13 on the periodic table . in both cases , the element symbol is al , although americans and canadians spell and pronounce the name aluminum , while the british ( and most of the rest of the world ) use the spelling and pronunciation of aluminium .
british aluminum care about every pane of glass installed into our projects , and give all our clients the same premium service .
anglesey aluminium could not afford to buy power in the uk and reach a breakeven financial position . this is because the worldwide price of aluminium does not include a cost of carbon .
recycling aluminium requires only 5 % of the original energy required to produce the primary metal .
alfed website new aluminium federation president elected 14 december 2009 . accessed 16 / 04 / 10
the link between aluminium and arms is often hidden by aluminium companies . however an estimated 30 % of aluminium is used in the ' defence ' ( arms ) industry , making it a ' strategic metal ' which is stockpiled by most governments . dewey anderson , an ex - congressman published a little known 1951 text ' aluminium for defence and prosperity ' which describes the necessity of large amounts of aluminium for war and how ' more than any other industry , aluminium is dependent on government policies and government actions for more production and consumption ' . [ 20 ]
1926 the british and colonial bauxite co was formed and acquired extensive bauxite deposits in the gold coast , ghana , in 1928 .
by 1897 the plant was making one - tenth of the world ' s supply of aluminium .
over 50 % of aluminium is produced worldwide using clean , renewable , hydro - electric power .
alfed have been running a university competition aimed at student designers and engineers called ' the power of aluminium ' since 2008 , which offers a prize of £1500 for designs using aluminium . [ 25 ]
the current recycling rate for aluminium drinks cans in the uk is 52 % ( 2008 figure ) .
anderson , dewey ( 1951 ) aluminium for defence and prosperity . washington , us public affairs institute .
1958 british aluminium co ltd was taken over by the two companies , the us reynolds metals and t . i . aluminium . it had a semi - fabricating plant at falkirk [ 8 ] . the company lost its rights to the australian deposits through its failure to exploit them quickly enough , and its partnership with the australian firm comalajo .
' he is becoming a remarkable man of his times . he does so much . i ' m not surprised he continues to exceed most people ' s expectations of what is possible ' - john bridgeman , md of british alcan aluminium .
aluminium has high corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity . aluminium was a mainstream metal in every field either its industry or any other . it doesn’t matter to me how you spell it the advantage will be same .
alfed website , news parliamentary breakfast meeting . tuesday , 23 march 2010 . introduction by the aluminium federation immediate past president , mr henry dickinson , managing director , norton aluminium ltd accessed 17 / 05 / 10
alfed website , news parliamentary breakfast meeting . tuesday , 23 march 2010 . introduction by the aluminium federation immediate past president , mr henry dickinson , managing director , norton aluminium ltd accessed 17 / 05 / 10
during the first world war bauxite rights were acquired in british guiana . in 1926 the british and colonial bauxite co was formed and acquired extensive bauxite deposits in the gold coast , ghana in 1928 . during the second world war communications with the deposits in ghana were greatly improved . british aluminium co ltd commenced production of carbon at greenock , inverclyde , in 1897 , at kinlochleven , highland , from 1909 and later at lochaber , highland . rolling mills were situated at milton , cambridgeshire , and warrington , cheshire , in england . it acquired interests in the norwegian aluminium industry and opened a reduction factory at travancore , india in 1943 .
aluminum is the element name used in the united states . aluminium is the preferred spelling elsewhere in the world .
to date , the uk primary aluminium industry has reduced its emissions by 39 % , relative to 1990 levels .
2 . aluminum = the british pronunciation is a tongue twister . it comes easier after a few tries . but , then you’re in danger of forgetting how to say it in american - english . sounding it out may help , al - loo - min - ee - um … there’s a second “i” in the british form of the word , aluminium , hence the extra syllable . here’s a video to help out .
mr . j . r . park , director of research and development , has been appointed assistant managing director of the british oxygen co . , ltd .
1943 it acquired interests in the norwegian aluminium industry and opened a reduction factory at travancore , india , in 1943 .
the aluminium federation ( alfed ) is the uk trade association for the aluminium industry , based in west bromwich . it provides technical support and lobbying services in westminster and in brussels on behalf of members ranging from smelting companies , recycling companies and end of line products . [ 1 ] alfed also run the all - party parliamentary group for the uk aluminium industry , which they refer to as ' the aluminium federation ' s all - party parliamentary group ' [ 2 ]
once we work on a project , our british managed installation teams are often considered the most efficient and professional glass sub - contractor the clients have ever worked with .
alcoa’s profits have been hit by a combination of the high cost of producing aluminium and falling prices paid for the metal .
electricity consumption in primary aluminium smelters has been reduced by one - third since the 1950s and by 7 % since 1990 .
addressing a select gathering at his residence , h e jamie bowden , the british ambassador to oman , said , “i would like to thank the oman football association ( ofa ) , kickworldwide and three sohar - based companies - vale , orpic and sohar aluminium - for funding this unique project . the programme has already covered thousands of children over the past few weeks and i wish them success . the british embassy is delighted to be one of the sponsors .
the british aluminium co ltd was formed on 7 may 1894 , acquiring the british and colonial rights for the bayer and héroult patents for alumina extraction and aluminium reduction . until the end of the 19th century , aluminium was still regarded as a precious metal , due to the difficulties experienced in its extraction . this situation began to change with the discovery of two new processes : one for extracting alumina from the ore ( bauxite ) and the other for converting alumina into the metal aluminium by electrolysis . the extraction process was perfected by karl joseph bayer of austria between 1887 and 1892 , whilst the reduction process was discovered simultaneously by charles martin hall of oberlin , ohio , usa and paul l . t héroult of france , in 1886 . the immediate effect of this discovery was a fall in the price of aluminium to about a quarter of its previous price . within a few years the price had further fallen to about a twentieth of the original price .
british aluminum is qatar civil defense approved with all the supporting certificates to manufacture & install the aluprof range of fire resistant windows , doors , curtain walling and automatic doors .
if british scientist sir humphrey davy coined ' aluminum ' , why are the british giving american ' s shit for correctly pronouncing the word ? i get that us americans have an incredible amount of faults and wrongdoings but pronouncing this word is not one of them , with your discoverer of aluminum as our witness . a - lu - min - um
every kilogram of aluminium used in a car ' s manufacture saves 20 kilograms of co2 emissions over a vehicle ' s lifetime .
officials from jusoor , a corporate social responsibility organisation , formed jointly by vale , orpic and sohar aluminium , were also present .
the collection is extensive but fragmentary . it does not include the directors minutes of the principal companies nor comprehensive runs of production or financial records . however the collection does contain large quantities of correspondence files , reports , press cuttings , legal records , photographs and artefacts and a wide range of administrative and promotional records . as well as records of the principal companies ( british alcan and british aluminium co ltd ) the collection includes smaller quantities of records from the following subsidiaries and associates :
“we find it particularly shameful that a british company , bat , is so dominant in commonwealth countries like those in africa , where it has been exposed for its continued use of intimidatory tactics . ironically this is at the same time that the british government has committed £15 million in aid funding to help governments tackle the epidemic and drive down smoking rates . ”
1971 commissioned an aluminium smelter at invergordon , stimulated by government funding [ 12 ] . mid - summer : invergordon reached full production .
the british group plans to modernise the ageing steelworks , together with arrium’s mining and steel distribution businesses , after it collapsed last year following a downturn in steel and iron ore markets .
british american tobacco ( bat ) has come under fire from health campaigners after shareholders approved its buyout of american firm reynolds on wednesday , which will create the world’s biggest tobacco company .
though it is true that the industry has become more efficient , aluminium is still the most energy intensive metal to produce and overall emissions from the industry have increased dramatically and will continue to do so as demand for aluminium is predicted to double by 2020 . [ 12 ]
the legendary nm rothschild merchant bank created the basis of its fortune in a similarly opportunistic way , making itself indispensable to various european governments during the turmoil that culminated in the british victory at waterloo in 1815 . the bank ' s courier system gave nathan rothschild advance word of that victory , and he used the knowledge to make a huge profit in british government bonds . but he had already made far more from financing napoleon ' s return from exile . by the end of the century , rothschild was helping the british government to buy the suez canal .
“aluminium , for so we shall take the liberty of writing the word , in preference to aluminum , which has a less classical sound . ”
das , s . and padel , f . 2010 , ' out of this earth : east india adivasis and the aluminium cartel ' orient blackswan
in 1934 , sigmund warburg was one such newcomer , having escaped from nazi germany with just £5 , 000 . he set up his merchant bank after the second world war but was treated as an upstart until 1959 , when he outraged the city establishment by winning the battle for british aluminium on behalf of his us client , reynolds metal .
the british embassy in oman hosted a reception on saturday evening to celebrate the joint venture of the national football body and uk - based kickworldwide in launching a football development programme for schoolchildren in the sultanate .
the overall recycling rate for all aluminium packaging ( including drinks cans , foil , foil containers and aerosols ) is 36 % ( 2008 figure ) .
this figure does not take account of the increase in emissions from primary processing and smelting when substituting aluminium for steel in cars ( see above ) .
glasgow british alcan archive . howell , gerald ( 1983b ) letter to a . r woodward , g . w budd and l . p matthews . 10th may . ugd 347 21 / 26 / 14 .
british aluminium co or baco of adelaide house , king william street , london , ec4 . london warehouse : st . pancras road . also in : birmingham ; manchester ; leeds ; bristol ; newcastle - on - tyne ; glasgow . telephone : mansion house 5561 and 8074 ( 6 lines ) . telegraphic address :
cryolite , bilgate , london
. ( 1937 )
alfed is funded by member ' s subscriptions and commercial activities such as delivering training and support services for members and for the gulf aluminium council . [ 49 ]
until the end of the 19th century , aluminium was still regarded as a precious metal , due to the difficulties experienced in its extraction . this situation began to change with the discovery of two new processes : one for extracting alumina from the ore ( bauxite ) and the other for converting alumina into the metal aluminium by electrolysis .
on aluminium , i think it doesn’t matter . they’re so close that there’s easy mutual comprehension , and a little bit of variety is nice , isn’t it ? !
jon pither 2001 , president . also a former managing director of amari plc , and a former director of selection trust plc , and the london metal exchange . a council member of the confederation of british industry . [ 64 ]
email from decc to alfed ' aluminium target review meeting minutes , sept 23 2008 . ' decc , freedom of information response to miriam rose . 15 / 06 / 10
discussions are ongoing with the ec to confirm that aluminium is a sector at risk and that it will receive sufficient free - allowances to continue with production in europe . alfed will continue to work diligently to ensure that climate change legislation is fairly applied and does not create an environment whereby uk aluminium manufacturing is driven offshore by draconian carbon reduction targets .
approximately 30 % of aluminium is used for arms manufacture and defense [ 36 ] [ 37 ] . this fact is disguised in industry figures as ' transport ' or ' construction ' but is evident in aluminium ' s status as a ' strategic metal ' for the us and uk governments , which is stockpiled for military purposes [ 38 ] .
mr . h . h . cundell has been appointed sales manager of the british aluminium co . , ltd . mr . a . w . langham wm continue to be responsible for the sales planning department . mr . e . e . spitierr has been asipointed development manager in succession to mr . cundell , and mr . p . s . w . swarey succeeds mr . spillett as assistant development manager .
as skyy said ( which i didn ' t know until i read it ) : urltoken aluminum ( n . ) look up aluminum at urltoken 1812 , coined by english chemist sir humphry davy ( 1778 - 1829 ) , from alumina , name given 18c . to aluminum oxide , from latin alumen
alum
( see alum ) . davy originally called it alumium ( 1808 ) , then amended this to aluminum , which remains the u . s . word , but british editors in 1812 further amended it to aluminium , the modern preferred british form , to better harmonize with other metallic element names ( sodium , potassium , etc . ) .
the iupac has determined either spelling is correct and acceptable . however , the accepted spelling in north america is aluminum , while the accepted spelling just about everywhere else is aluminium .
effective lobbying led to business secretary peter mandelson calling rio tinto alcan ' s chairman to make an unsuccessful personal plea against the closure of the anglesey aluminium smelter . [ 10 ]
alfed share in the large scale greening campaigns of the international aluminium institute and the european aluminium institute . their website promotes a number of educational and information services to people outside the industry , including ' on - line education material for schools ' [ 29 ] . they are active in publishing and disseminating figures on the benefits of aluminium , especially in terms of its green credentials . these claims center on the issues of recyclability , energy savings from lighter aluminium cars and planes , it ' s use in ' eco building ' and the carbon efficiency of the refining and smelting processes due to technological advances and use of ' renewable energy ' for power . some of these claims are examined in more detail in this section :
alcoa , which is the largest aluminium maker in the us , said that it expected the acquisition to contribute $ 1 . 6bn in revenue and $ 350m in earnings during 2016 .
although baring is still very much in business , and although a member of the ruling family is currrently the chairman of british petroleum , that south american crisis began a long slow decline , and the company has never fully recovered its former prime status .
by the early 1950s the company was the uk market leader but was frustrated in finding export markets and new bauxite resources . between 1955 and 1957 the company acquired interests in major plants in canada and british guiana ( now guyana ) and in bauxite deposits in australia but finance problems left it vulnerable and in british aluminium co ltd 1958 was taken over by the two us aluminium companies reynolds and tialuminium . through its failure to exploit them quickly enough the company lost its rights to the australian deposits and its partnership with the australian firm comalajo . in 1961 construction of a new rolling mill was commenced at falkirk , leading to over capacity in the uk . in 1968 the company divested its interests in canada and decided to build a large smelter at invergordon , highland , a decision based on the promise of low - cost electricity from nuclear power . invergordon commenced production in 1971 .
switkes , g . 2005 . foiling the aluminium industry : a toolkit for communities , activists , consumers , and workers . international rivers , berkeley , ca . accessed 02 / 04 / 10
been president of the british engineers ' association , and chairman of the northwestern section of the institution of mechanical engineers , and of the liverpool and manchester branch of the institute of transport . he was deputy controller - general of machine tools in 1943 - 44 .
alfed are also lobbying the eu and ec on changes to the eu emissions trading scheme which will for the first time include primary and secondary aluminium smelters in its scope . their annual report states :
the racing yacht ranger , successfully defending the america ' s cup against a british challenger , is a radical departure from typical heavy - displacement yacht design . key to its speed is the world ' s first mast , boom , and spinnaker pole made entirely of alcoa aluminum .
in a parliamentary debate in february 2010 mp philip dunne , a member of the alfed ' s all - party parliamentary group for the uk aluminium industry , noted that ' the government tried to put in place a rescue package worth some £12 million a year for four years to subsidise energy costs ' at the now - closed anglesey aluminium smelter , claiming that this massive package had nonetheless failed . he quotes david bloor , managing director of anglesey aluminium who had ' explained to members at a presentation in december ' how carbon targets under the eu emissions trading scheme were driving the industry out of the uk ; [ 7 ]
7 . water = bbc america’s mind the gap polled our expat readers and a lot chimed in saying “water” is really hard for americans to understand when said in a british accent . they don’t even know why ! it comes across as “wah - ta” vs . our “wodder . ”
as well as recycling aluminium using the same energy as producing new steel , the primary smelting process is one of the most energy intensive and polluting industrial processes on earth , earning aluminium the title ' solid electricity ' in the industry [ 34 ] . an estimated 5 billion tonnes of bauxite have so far been mined from the earth , creating just less than a billion tonnes of aluminium . if we use al fed ' s figures that 75 % are still in use that suggests that around 200 , 000 , 000 , 000 tonnes ( 200 thousand million tonnes ) are currently in landfill and could theoretically be mined and recycled . [ 35 ]
though considerable technological advances have been made aluminium remains a much more carbon intensive metal than other metals , for example steel . aluminium production accounts for ca . 1 % of global greenhouse gas emissions , producing 13 . 1 tons of co2 equivalent per ton of aluminium [ 40 ] . technological advances have led to 20 - 25 % emissions savings in the smelting process in recent decades but overall emissions are increasing and there is no concrete intention to reduce them . in fact , alcoa predicts a 20 % increase of co2e emitted per year from ca . 335 million tonnes of co2e in 2000 to ca . 400 million tonnes in 2020 [ 41 ] .
the total output of aluminium during 1937 had constituted a record . the extensions to which he had referred a year ago had made good progress during the year ; so much so that he was pleased to be able to report that the first half of the additional aluminium producing plant at lochaber had been put into com - mission earlier this month , and the balance they hoped to have in production before the middle of the present year .
aluminum
would later be accepted as the official spelling by the american chemical society , and though the international union of pure and applied chemistry officially recognizes
aluminium
, its american counterpart is accepted as an alternative .
one such word is
aluminium
, the pronunciation of which has left a number of my american friends bewildered on the spot , since the standard american equivalent famously drops the final
i
to spell out
aluminum .
file photo : the gfg alliance flag flies at the completion of a 330 million pound deal to buy britain ' s last remaining aluminium smelter in fort william lochaber scotland , britain december 19 , 2016 . reuters / russell cheyne - rtx2vn2r
it all began , apparently , when an indecisive british chemist by the name of sir humphrey davy in fact coined the now archaic word
alumium
in 1808 . however , referring to the element in his 1812 book elements of chemical philosophy , he would use the word
aluminum
, much as americans do today .
1993 : chairman , 3i he is also a director of northern rock , taylor woodrow , and the northern development board . he is an honorary fellow of the royal institute of british architects , a fellow of the royal society of arts , a companion of the institute of management , and fellow of the institute of directors .
sir humphry made a bit of a mess of naming this new element , at first spelling it alumium ( this was in 1807 ) then changing it to aluminum , and finally settling on aluminium in 1812 . his classically educated scientific colleagues preferred aluminium right from the start , because it had more of a classical ring , and chimed harmoniously with many other elements whose names ended in –ium , like potassium , sodium , and magnesium , all of which had been named by davy .
sir humphry made a bit of a mess of naming this new element , at first spelling it alumium ( this was in 1807 ) then changing it to aluminum , and finally settling on aluminium in 1812 . his classically educated scientific colleagues preferred aluminium right from the start , because it had more of a classical ring , and chimed harmoniously with many other elements whose names ended in - ium , like potassium , sodium , and magnesium , all of which had been named by davy .
alfed have sponsored an exhibition called the ‘challenge of materials’ gallery at the science museum in london since 1997 , which contains information on aluminium supplied by alfed . in march 2009 alfed’s public affairs committee held a meeting there . in june alfed ' s chief executive will savage and public affairs exec discussed upping the aluminium based content in the birmingham science museum and millenium point , aiming to access ' families enjoying a day out together and school children studying science through the national curriculum ' . [ 24 ]
alfed has lobbied hard against the reduction of rebates from the climate change levy to energy intensive industries from 80 % to 65 % , which will come into effect in 2011 . they argue that the aluminium industry has already reduced emissions by 39 % since 1990 .
alfed and the european aluminium association held a joint exhibition from 10 - 14 november 2008 in the upper waiting hall of the house of commons . the guest of honour at its opening was minister of state for wales , the paul murphy mp . [ 27 ]
alfed also holds an annual parliamentary lunch which ' attracted a record attendance from members of both houses in may 2009 ' and was hosted by baroness gardner of parkes , vice chair of alfed ' s all - party parliamentary group for the uk aluminium industry . [ 28 ]
any time , molly . it ' s interesting : the more i look into certain american english words - such as
soccer
,
aluminum
,
candy
etc - the more words i find that originated in british english . i hope that by compiling a number of posts on the matter , i will be able to settle arguments rather more quickly . lol .
sir humphry davy proposed the name aluminum when referring to the element in his 1812 book elements of chemical philosophy , even though he had used the name alumium for the element ( 1808 ) . despite davy ' s two names , the official name
aluminium
was adopted to conform with the - ium names of most other elements . the 1828 webster ' s dictionary used the
aluminum
spelling , which it maintained in later editions . in 1925 , the american chemical society ( acs ) decided to go from aluminium back to the original aluminum , putting the united states in the
aluminum
group . in recent years , the iupac had identified
aluminium
as the proper spelling , but it didn ' t catch on in north america , since the acs used aluminum . the iupac periodic table presently lists both spellings and says both words are perfectly acceptable .
the aluminium industry has historically been linked to the hydro power industry due to the large , cheap and continuous supply of energy needed to refine and smelt aluminium . due to the low economic return per energy unit , smelting is increasingly geared towards countries developing with low energy and labour costs , and large and powerful rivers which are less politically sensitive to dam than in the western world [ 43 ] . hydro power , and particularly the mega hydro projects common for aluminium smelting , have considerable ecological consequences which are particularly well detailed in patrick mccully ' s book ' silenced rivers : the ecology and politics of large dams ' [ 44 ] these include greenhouse gas emissions from rotting organic matter in reservoirs which are in some cases much higher than for an equivalent gas fired power station [ 45 ] . these greenhouse gas emissions and other indirect emissions from hydro are not included in industry audits .
actually , neither version was often encountered early on : up to about 1855 it had only ever been made in pinhead quantities because it was so hard to extract from its ores ; a new french process that involved liquid sodium improved on that to the extent that emperor napoleon iii had some aluminium cutlery made for state banquets , but it still cost much more than gold . when the statue of eros in piccadilly circus in london was cast from aluminium in 1893 it was still an exotic and expensive choice . this changed only when a way of extracting the metal using cheap hydroelectricity was developed .
thanks for this article , it ' s cool to know the history behind this ! it reminds me of when i was doing my college study abroad in london ( londinium ) . i was at the library avoiding doing my actual homework . there was some computer game that tested you on the abbreviations for the elements . when i got up to al , it kept marking my answer aluminum as incorrect . after about 5 tries and a bit of swearing i finally looked the word up and realized that it is spelled aluminium in the uk ! ! ( red face ) which brings me to my question . as a brit in the usa , how do you feel about converting to our spellings ? obviously , not for this type of blog , but for general writing . i have two minds about this . on the one hand , it would seem a bit rude to tell a british person that they are spelling their words incorrectly when they are living in america . however , as in my anecdote above , i would definitely be compelled to convert my american spellings to british ones if i were back in blighty .
in london , nicandro durante , the bat chief executive , welcomed the “overwhelming support” for the acquisition from both sets of shareholders . he added : “we look forward to welcoming reynolds group employees to british american tobacco and to realising the benefits of operating these two great companies as one stronger , global tobacco and next generation products business with direct access for our products across the most attractive markets in the world . ”
the reason why there were two ways of saying the element aluminum / aluminium has always been one of the those things that made me go “hmmm” but by the same token , it’s also always been one of those things that never stuck around in my consciousness long enough for me to look it up .
the metal was named by the english chemist sir humphry davy ( who , you may recall , “abominated gravy , and lived in the odium of having discovered sodium” ) , even though he was unable to isolate it : that took another two decades’ work by others . he derived the name from the mineral called alumina , which itself had only been named in english by the chemist joseph black in 1790 . black took it from the french , who had based it on alum , a white mineral that had been used since ancient times for dyeing and tanning , among other things . chemically , this is potassium aluminium sulphate ( a name which gives me two further opportunities to parade my british spellings of chemical names ) .
british prescriptivists - that is , brits who do not welcome change to the language - would tell you that the u . s . respelling owes much to
american arrogance
; that it is just another example of
the yanks needlessly simplifying the language
. however , just a cursory amount of research into the matter will tell even the most ardent linguistic conservative that the matter is not quite that simple .
jaap krater and miriam rose , ' development of iceland’s geothermal energy potential for aluminium production– a critical analysis ' , in : abrahamsky , k . ( ed ) ( 2009 ) . sparking a world - wide energy revolution : social struggles in the transition to a post - petrol world . ak press , edinburgh .
this is not a pronunciation difference - it ' s a spelling difference . brits spell it aluminium and ( correctly ) pronounce it that way , whereas americans spell it aluminum and pronounce it ( also correctly ) the way they spellit . a pronunciation difference would be the way we pronounce , for instance , tomato - same spelling but different pronunciation
on february 2nd 2010 philip dunne and albert owen of alfed ' s all - party parliamentary group for the uk aluminium industry raised this issue in a house of commons debate ( see philip dunne for more ) . two days later an alfed delegation met the uk business , innovation and skills minister pat mcfadden to discuss this issue and others affecting the industry . [ 11 ]
another member of the alfed ' s all party parliamentary group albert owen has supported the heavy subsidisation of the price of electricity to the anglesey aluminium smelter , which was affected in january 2009 by eu legislation banning state subsidisation of private companies . he supported a £48 million package to save the smelter , which closed in sept 09 after the proposal was turned down . [ 9 ]
can you do a post on just what it makes british so haughty that they always assume that the variance in language is american laziness . i am an american living in london for 8 years now , and my children even get this crap from their teachers and peers at school . language is living , end of story . and as you point out , many of the variances in american english are actually more english than current english versions . so what the heck ? why so snobbish ? can you address that for me please ? i ' m very tired of it .
in 2000 the alfed submitted a joint proposal on the proposed climate change levy to the government with the chemical industries association , the british ceramics federation , the paper federation of great britain , the food & drink federation , and the non - ferrous alliance calling . the proposal suggested that energy intensive industries should be given some exemption and trusted instead to work together to
promote an energy - efficient culture
and learn from each other ' s best practice . [ 17 ] . their lobbying was successful and led to the 80 % rebate on the levy which they achieved .
today ignoramuses having been asleep at ' hell - eh - que - shion ' classes but trying to sound posh pronounce ' aluminium ' as al - you - minium . . . dead wrong from the brit and the american pronunciation ! the material that sir humphry davy found to contain the metal was a substance used in dyeing and as a styptic for wounds called alum - with the ' lum ' as in ' lump ' .
my son sent me the link to your post after i wrote a facebook post about the way the americans pronounce the word buoy as ' boo - ee ' not ' boy ' as we brits do . . . yet they say ' buoyant ' and ' buoyancy ' in the same way as us ! strange but true ! love the explanation about aluminium / aluminum . two nations divided by a common language - as churchill said .
i have heard this explanation or theory before , that in fact , some of the words we are accused of pronouncing incorrectly are indeed being said correctly by most americans and it was the british who changed the pronunciation somewhere down the line . nice to have someone pointing this out . just because we ' re different doesn ' t necessary mean we are wrong ! a great book on the history of the english language is called the story of english by urltoken interesting , i recently found a show by the same name . it talks a bit about how our accents have changed as well . urltoken
i ' ve come to this a bit late . . . sorry . . . my understanding is that ' ium ' is applied to some / all metals / elements ( where relevant ) in the periodic table , e . g . chromium , potassium , radium etc . not a very good explanation , but i ' m sure you get it . anyway , aluminium is one of these , therefore it is suffixed ' ium ' .
just as the author feels that aluminum sounds like star trek reference , i ( an american who has spent time in both the uk and australia ) , has always thought aluminium sounded like an ancient roman city , with brave aluminian warriors facing off against the spartans or the gauls . none the less , i love the differences in our common language , though i realize that at time it can be confusing , especially for non - native speakers .
1887 the extraction process was perfected by karl joseph bayer of austria between 1887 and 1892 , whilst the reduction process was discovered simultaneously by charles martin hall of oberlin , ohio , usa and paul louis toussaint héroult of france , in 1886 . the immediate effect of this discovery was a fall in the price of aluminium to about a quarter of its previous price . within a few years the price had further fallen to about a twentieth of the original price .
people always seem to seek out something to debate . i personally enjoy learning the differences in american and british english . this is especially true for colloquial conversation . i ' ll never forget being on an elevator ( lift ) in the west mids and being asked ,
that ' s your tea ?
i thought he was referring to my wine , and responded ,
no . wine .
he had , in fact , been referring to my pizza .
oh , so the pizza is just for show then .
i was mortified that i forgot tea was dinner . that will never happen again .
people will find anything they can debate and disagree on . i personally enjoy learning the difference between the american and british english dialects . this is especially true for colloquial conversation . i will never forget stepping on an elevator ( lift ) in the west mids , and being asked ,
that ' s your tea ?
i responded ,
no . wine ,
forgetting that tea was dinner and he was referring to my pizza .
oh , ha , the pizza is just for show then .
i was mortified then , but now i have a laugh every time i think about it . i enjoy our differences .
3 . privacy = in the u . k . it’s sort of like privy , as in “you’re not privy to this conversation . ” the word is pronounced priv - a - see , “priv” rhymes with the verb “live . ” 4 . schedule = this is a tricky one . somehow , in the u . k . , the word begins with a shh and the “c” disappears , here it is sounded out , shed - ual . in a study by the british library , interim results suggest a third of britons taking part now adopt the american - style “sked - ual . ” maybe they’re tired of getting “huh” looks ?
mr . r . w . cooper , m . c . ( the chairman ) , who presided , said that the profit for 1937 had amounted to £773 , 432 , which was an increase of £176 , 252 over the profit realised in 1936 . they had commenced the year with a satisfactory order book and the demand for their products was well maintained throughout the year , resulting in their having marketed a considerably increased tonnage of aluminium—in fact , the largest in the history of the company .
sorry but when the article states
that we came to the realization that the two pronunciations both meant the same thing : a non - soluble chemical element with the internationally recognized periodic symbol al
its wrong . the american spelling actually refers to a different type of metal which is either an alloy or compound of aluminium i cannot remember which . the americans may not mean to refer to this but they are . i do not wish to offend anyone with this comment so i apologize if i have caused offence .
it doesn ' t matter if the guy who came up with this word first spelled it as aluminum , it ' s etymologically wrong , the suffix
- ium
comes from latin and is the correct spelling for chemical elements . if grammatical mistakes can be considered correct just because prople started using it , then now i ' ll call aluminium
blosherk
and everyone will have to accept it . the body of my phone that i ' m using to write this , is made of blosherk by the way .
1895 the electrolytic process depended upon the availability of vast supplies of cheaply produced electricity , and the highlands of scotland offered potential for this , in the form of hydro - electric power . the first aluminium ingots were produced at foyers , highland , in 1895 , and the first hydro - electric powered smelter was opened at foyers , highland , in 1896 , followed by two further smelters at kinlochleven , highland , ( 1909 ) and lochaber , highland , ( 1929 ) , with subsidiary companies being formed for the development of each .
devising a new , inexpensive method for producing the metal in 1892 , american chemist charles martin hall opted to incorporate the
aluminum
variant - which had gained popularity following its inclusion in the 1828 webster ' s dictionary - on his advertising literature , despite having used
aluminium
on all of his patents . it could be argued , then , that
aluminum
in fact remained in the american vernacular quite by accident , if it is to be believed that the variant used in his advertising materials was nothing more than a typo .
1982 march : baco announced massive losses this month . baco 58 % owned by ti which also lost heavily overall in 1981 , crashed from a £12 . 1 million 1980 profit to a pre - tax loss of £22 . 3 million . however the invergordon closure turned baco into a net purchaser of aluminium even though it has two other uk smelters . the company continues to invest in downstream operations . the final stage of a £1 million programme at heavy duty alloy extrusions in workington saw a new furnace complex replacing three old others . [ 14 ]
it’s clear that the shift in the usa from –ium to –um took place progressively over a period starting in about 1895 , when the metal began to be widely available and the word started to be needed in popular writing . it is easy to imagine journalists turning for confirmation to webster’s dictionary , still the most influential work at that time , and adopting its spelling . the official change in the us to the –um spelling happened quite late : the american chemical society only adopted it in 1925 , though this was clearly in response to the popular shift that had already taken place . the international union of pure and applied chemistry ( iupac ) officially standardised on aluminium in 1990 , though this has done nothing , of course , to change the way people in the us spell it for day to day purposes .
it’s clear that the shift in the usa from - ium to - um took place progressively over a period starting in about 1895 , when the metal began to be widely available and the word started to be needed in popular writing . it is easy to imagine journalists turning for confirmation to webster’s dictionary , still the most influential work at that time , and adopting its spelling . the official change in the us to the - um spelling happened quite late : the american chemical society only adopted it in 1925 , though this was clearly in response to the popular shift that had already taken place . the international union of pure and applied chemistry ( iupac ) officially standardised on aluminium in 1990 , though this has done nothing , of course , to change the way people in the us spell it for day to day purposes .
still confused ? here ' s a little more about the history of aluminum ' s naming and discovery . guyton de morveau ( 1761 ) called alum , a base which had been known to the ancient greeks and romans , by the name alumine . in 1808 , humphry davy identified the existence of the metal in alum , which he at first named alumium and later aluminum . davy knew aluminum existed , but he didn ' t isolate the element . friedrich wöhler isolated aluminum in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium . actually , though , the metal was produced two years earlier , though in impure form , by the danish physicist and chemist hans christian ørsted . depending on your source , the discovery of aluminum is credited to either ørsted or wöhler . the person who discovers an element gets the privilege of naming it , yet the identity of the discoverer is as disputed as the name !