the local interstellar cloud ( lic ) , also known as the local fluff , is the interstellar cloud roughly 30 light-years ( 9.2 pc ) across through which the solar system is currently moving .

it is currently unknown if the sun is embedded in the local interstellar cloud , or in the region where the local interstellar cloud is interacting with the neighboring g-cloud .

local interstellar cloud

redfield s . , linsky j . the structure of the local interstellar medium . iv . dynamics , morphology , physical properties , and implications of cloud–cloud interactions .
redfield , s . , and linsky , j . l . : 2001 ,
microstructure of the local interstellar cloud and the identification of the hyades cloud
, astrophysical journal , 551 , 413
centauri a and b evidently lie beyond the local interstellar cloud , although the line of sight from earth is dominated by another interstellar cloud known as the g cloud . an interstellar mission to this system would tell us whether the sun is actually embedded in the local interstellar cloud or just outside it in the region where the lic is interacting with the g cloud . conceivably a centauri mission would thus get to sample two different interstellar clouds , along with the low density material between them . as crawford writes , we would receive a windfall of data :
the local interstellar cloud is an almost empty bubble of gas and dust that our solar system is travelling through with a distinct direction and speed .
previous measurements of interstellar helium atoms by the ulysses spacecraft indicated the solar system may be emerging from the local cloud . but the latest ibex data , which detected incoming atoms moving at a slower speed , show the heliosphere is still embedded within the local cloud .
determine the chemical abundances and depletions of warm clouds in the local interstellar medium .
above : an artist ' s concept of the local interstellar cloud , also known as the
local fluff .
credit : linda huff ( american scientist ) and priscilla frisch ( university of chicago ) [ more ]
redfield , seth and linsky , jeffrey l . : 2008 ,
the structure of the local interstellar medium . iv . dynamics , morphology , physical properties , and implications of cloud - cloud interactions
, astrophysical journal , 673 , 283
redfield , s . , and linsky , j . l . , : 2000 ,
the three dimensional structure of the warm local interstellar medium . ii . the colorado model of the local interstellar cloud ( lic ) , astrophysical journal , 534 , 825
, also called the local fluff , during the next 10 , 000 years . much remains unknown about the local
the lism is that region of space in the local galactic arm where the sun is located ( thomas , 1978 ) , the local interstellar cloud is the cloud within it in which the sun resides , and the heliosphere is the region in space filled with solar wind material ( both supersonic and subsonic flow ) .
, the local cloud has an extent of about 5 pc ( 15 light - years ) in the direction of g191 - b2b . if this dimension is typical , the total mass of the cloud is about 0 . 4
determine the physical properties ( temperature , density , and ionization state ) of warm clouds in the local interstellar medium .
the observed temperature and density of the local cloud do not provide enough pressure to resist the ' crushing action ' of the hot gas around it ,
says opher .
the sun is located near the edge of a great void in interstellar matter known as the
local bubble
that is filled with hot low - density plasma . several thousand years ago the sun entered our local interstellar cloud ( lic ) , one of several nearby clouds composed of warm , low density ( ~ 0 . 3 atoms / cm
map of the local galactic neighborhood showing the sun located near the edge of our local interstellar cloud ( lic ) . the star alpha - centauri is located just over 4 light - years away in the neighboring g - cloud complex . outside these clouds , the density may be lower than 0 . 001 atoms / cc . our sun and the lic have a relative velocity of 26 km / sec .
during the past few million years , wispy filaments of interstellar gas have drifted into the local bubble . our solar system is immersed in one of those filaments - - the
local fluff ,
a relatively cool ( 7000 k ) cloud containing 0 . 1 atoms per cubic centimeter . by galactic standards , the local fluff is not very substantial . it has little effect on earth because the solar wind and the sun ' s magnetic field are able to hold the wispy cloud at bay .
2 science summary : the interaction of the solar wind and the local interstellar medium .
national research council . 2004 .
the voyagers are not actually inside the local fluff ,
says opher .
but they are getting close and can sense what the cloud is like as they approach it .
right : an artist ' s concept of the local fluff . [ more ]
astronomers originally thought that this suffocating cloud would smother its smaller relative , but measurements from the voyager probes as they exit the solar system have shown that the fluff has its own magnetic field that repels the larger cloud .
the survival of the local cloud in the environment of the hot local bubble is problematical . if it predated the occurrence of a nearby supernova whose blast wave might have created the local bubble , it should not have survived the blast . even in the current environment , such a cloud must have a short lifetime because of evaporation by the hot bubble gas , and it is therefore tempting to conclude that the cloud is fairly young . perhaps it is the remnant of a planetary nebula shed by a nearby star that has recently become a white dwarf ( cox & reynolds 1987 ) .
1 . evaluating the morphology of the local interstellar medium : using new data to distinguish between multiple discrete clouds and a continuous medium redfield , s . , & linsky , j . l . 2015 , apj , 812 , 125 we use a new sample of hst observations to test between a lism morphology of a single lism cloud that is kinematically deformed or a multiple cloud model . we find the multiple cloud model is preferred , even though it utilizes more parameters .
we’d better , in other words , get up to speed about the interstellar medium before we launch any true interstellar craft , and that means a series of early missions of a precursor nature that can tell us what to expect . crawford notes that the sun is currently located close to the boundary of a small low - density interstellar cloud known as the local interstellar cloud ( lic ) , one of several such clouds within several parsecs of our solar system — indeed , one study identifies seven such clouds within 5 parsecs of sol . these are found within the local bubble , about which this :
v . v . izmodenov , j . geiss , r . lallement , g . gloeckler , v . b . baranov , y . g . malama , filtration of interstellar hydrogen in the two - shock heliospheric interface : inferences on the local interstellar cloud electron density . j . geophys . res .
g . p . zank , interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium : a theoretical perspective . space sci . rev .
6 . the three - dimensional structure of the warm local interstellar medium . ii . the colorado model of the local interstellar cloud redfield , s . , & linsky , j . l . 2000 , apj , 534 , 825 my first paper on the lism that i led , and the beginning of a long series of papers with my ph . d . advisor , jeff linsky . we developed a model of the morphology of the local interstellar cloud , the cloud that directly surrounds the solar system , and the material in which the voyager spacecraft are speeding into . an online lic model column density calculator is available to predict the amount of material associated with the lic along any given sight line . this work was featured in physics today and sky & telescope .
weingartner , j . c . & draine , b . t . dust grain - size distributions and extinction in the milky way , large magellanic cloud , and small magellanic cloud . astrophys . j . 548 , 296 ( 2001 ) .
nasa astronomer ' s best guess is depicted in the map ( below ) of the surrounding 1500 light years constructed from multiple observations and deductions . the local interstellar cloud ( lic ) , shown in violet , which is flowing away from the scorpius - centaurus association of young stars ) .
i ' ve been trying to wrap my head around capabilities of current radio - astronomical spectrometry technology to isolate not too distant tenuous sources , say , chemical composition and density of the the interstellar medium right in the neighborhood of our solar system . in essence , what is our local interstellar cloud made out of and how much of it is there :
cen line of sight : d / h ratio , physical properties of local interstellar gas , and measurement of heated hydrogen near the heliopause . astrophys . j .
h . l . pauls , g . p . zank , interaction of a nonuniform solar wind with the local interstellar medium . j . geophys . res .
opher m . , stone e . c . , liewer p . c . the effects of a local interstellar c field on voyager 1 and 2 observations .
we can learn a lot about these matters , including the properties of the local interstellar cloud , by spectroscopic studies of interstellar absorption lines toward nearby stars . investigations into our solar system’s interactions with the heliosphere are also useful , but we’ll need to augment these with direct measurements of the interstellar materials just beyond the heliopause , and that means developing the capability to get space probes to distances up to 1000 au or more .
4 . the structure of the local interstellar medium iv : dynamics , morphology , physical properties , and implications of cloud - cloud interactions redfield , s . , & linsky , j . l . 2008 , apj , 673 , 283 a new kinematic model of the suite of 15 clouds within about 15 pc of the sun . an online lism kinematic calculator is available to predict the velocity of absorption along any given sight line .
study the interaction of stellar winds with the local ism that forms hydrogen walls and astrospheres around stars .
astronomers call the cloud we ' re running into now the local interstellar cloud or
local fluff
for short . it ' s about 30 light years wide and contains a wispy mixture of hydrogen and helium atoms at a temperature of 6000 c . the existential mystery of the fluff has to do with its surroundings . about 10 million years ago , a cluster of supernovas exploded nearby , creating a giant bubble of million - degree gas . the fluff is completely surrounded by this high - pressure supernova exhaust and should be crushed or dispersed by it .
wood , b . e . , redfield , s . , linsky , j . l . , and sahu , m . s . : 2002 ,
elemental abundances and ionization states within the local interstellar cloud derived from hst and fuse observations of the capella line of sight
, astrophysical journal , 581 , 1168
3 . the interstellar medium surrounding the sun frisch , p . c . , redfield , s . , & slavin , j . d . 2011 , araa , 49 , 237 a review of our current understanding of the local interstellar medium .
v . florinski , g . p . zank , w . i . axford , the solar system in a dense interstellar cloud : implications for cosmic ray fluxes at earth and 10be records . geophys . res . lett .
h . l . pauls , g . p . zank , l . l . williams , interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium . j . geophys . res .
our sun is moving through the local interstellar gas cloud approximately into the direction of scorpio with a speed of about 25 km / sec . as a result of this motion , an interstellar wind with that speed is blowing through our planetary system . this is similar to the wind felt while driving a convertible car with the top down . we measure this interstellar wind as helium , and the density of helium changes with our year , an effect that can be seen in this brief animation .
redfield , s . , and linsky , j . l . : 2004 ,
the structure of the local interstellar medium . iii . temperature and turbulence
, astrophysical journal , 613 , 1004
the matter between stars , the interstellar medium , varies considerably from region to region in our galaxy . the sun is inside a very large structure called the local bubble , a region of hot tenuous gas formed by supernova explosions tens of millions of years ago [ 1–3 ] . adjacent to the local bubble is a similar but larger bubble , also formed from supernova explosions . inside the local bubble are smaller , denser clouds which may have broken off from the bubble interaction region . the sun is now in one of these denser , cooler clouds . the h density of the local cloud is about 0 . 2 cm −3 , the temperature is about 6000 k , and the cloud moves about 23 km / s with respect to the sun [ 4 , 5 ] . the magnetic field strength cannot be directly measured , but based on models is 3–5 nt [ 6 , 7 ] .
close to the sun ( within ~ 5 au ) , the local distribution of interstellar neutral helium has been measured using an impact - ionization method by the ulysses interstellar neutral gas experiment ( gas ) ( witte et al . , 1992 ) . these measurements provide the velocity and direction of the flow of interstellar he as well as its temperature and density .
december 23 , 2009 : the solar system is passing through an interstellar cloud that physics says should not exist . in the dec . 24th issue of nature , a team of scientists reveal how nasa ' s voyager spacecraft have solved the mystery .
linsky , jeffrey l . , rickett , barney j . , and redfield , seth : 2008 ,
the origin of radio scintillation in the local interstellar medium
, astrophysical journal , 675 , 413
h . l . pauls , g . p . zank , interaction of a nonuniform solar wind with the local interstellar medium . 2 . a two - fluid model . j . geophys . res .
we entered the 30 - light - year - wide cloud of hydrogen and helium , which astronomers refer to as ‘local fluff’ , at some point after anatomically modern humans evolved about 200 , 000 years ago , and we’ll be leaving it in about 10 , 000 to 20 , 00 years .
toward all stars observed , and this minimum is all that is seen for stars in the local bubble . thus , it appears that the sun must be surrounded by a small , at least partially neutral cloud with approximately this column density . an atomic - hydrogen density of about 0 . 1 cm
whereas solar wind and interstellar plasmas respond to electromagnetic fields ( being decelerated at the heliospheric boundary shocks , for example ) , interstellar neutrals flow relatively unimpeded . plasma
below : a computer - simulated chips spectrum of extreme - uv radiation from hot gas in the local bubble . [ more ]
our solar system has been voyaging through the very low density local interstellar cloud , a region about 30 light - years across that ' s as sparse as a handful of air stretched over a column that is hundreds of light years long , or about one atom per three cubic centimeters of space . earth and our sun has been traveling through the cloud for somewhere between 40 , 000 and 150 , 000 years and will probably not emerge for another 20 , 000 years . a mere blip in our 250 million - year orbit through the milky way .
if the sun does lie within the lic , then a mission to α cen would sample the outer layers of the lic , an interval of low density lb material , the edge of the g cloud , and the deep interior of the g cloud . this would sample one of the most diverse ranges of interstellar conditions of any mission to another star located with 5 pc of the sun , as most other potential targets lie within the lic… even if the sun lies just outside the lic ( as argued by redfield and linsky [ 8 ] ) , the trajectory to α cen would still permit detailed observations of the boundary of the g cloud ( and its possible interaction with the lic ) , and determine how its properties change with increasing depth into the cloud from the boundary .
isn ' t alpha centauri in there as well ? given it ' s very short distance from sol , i ' d expect both systems to belong to the same cloud .
redfield , s . , wood , b . e . , and linsky , j . l . : 2004 ,
physical structure of the local interstellar medium
, advances in space research , 34 , 41
the first thing to notice is that the local interstellar cloud , in which the sun is evolving right now , is a fairly diffuse region , with a typical density of about one to a few particles per cubic centimeters . clouds with such low density are actually mostly atomic ; as you can see on this plot ( snow & mccall 2006 , adapted from neufeld et al . 2005 ) :
linsky , j . l . and redfield , s . : 2015 ,
what is the morphology of the local interstellar medium and its importance for the gaia era ?
, memorie della societa astronomica italiana , 86 , 606
p . c . frisch , characteristics of nearby interstellar matter . space sci . rev .
i don’t want to worry you , but the solar system is currently sat in the middle of a vast cloud of incredibly hot gas , about the same temperature as the surface of the sun .
redfield , s . and linsky , j . l . : 2015 ,
evaluating the morphology of the local interstellar medium : using new data to distinguish between multiple discrete clouds and a contimuous medium
, astrophysical journal , 822 , 125
g . p . zank , h . l . pauls , l . l . williams , d . t . hall , interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium : a multifluid approach . j . geophys . res .
beyond that , and having taken these findings in account in its design , a true interstellar probe would be a priceless tool for measuring everything from dust density and composition to the interstellar magnetic field strength enroute . crawford points out that a spacecraft moving at 0 . 1c could do daily measurements 17 au apart ( roughly half the radius of the solar system ) which would offer unprecedented knowledge of the structure of the local interstellar medium .
good news is , there is not only molecular lines to give informations about the physical properties ( temperature , density , ionization , velocity structure and morphology ) of the local interstellar cloud . in particular , ultraviolet is a perfectly suited wavelength range to sudy this region in absorption , and there are some quite extensive studies of the subject ( see for example paper i , paper ii , paper iii and paper iv of redfield et al . ) .
the lic resides in a low - density hole in the interstellar medium ( ism ) called the local bubble , shown in black . nearby , high - density molecular clouds including the aquila rift surround star forming regions , each shown in orange .
the
local bubble
exists in a network of cavities in the interstellar medium , probably carved by massive star explosions millions of years ago . the interstellar medium ( or ism ) is the matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy . this matter includes gas in ionic , atomic , and molecular form , dust , and cosmic rays . it fills interstellar space and blends smoothly into the surrounding intergalactic space .
i recall reading about smoke particle shield , although i do not recall the source . once cruising speed is reached , a probe moves out significantly ahead of the main spacecraft and generates a very large cloud of smoke particles that leads the spacecraft for the entire journey . the idea is that the smoke cloud will intercept and atomize the majority of the dust particles before the main spacecraft reaches that area of space .
the newly - created ion , with its positive electric charge , can no longer cross magnetic field lines . ions are forced to gyrate around a field line , like a gymnast swings around the horizontal bar in the giant swing . ( to see an animated explanation of this , please watch part two of our movie regading the topic . ) these interstellar ions are called
pickup ions
. they are an excellent tool for determining the density of the local insterstellar cloud , and to help us find out of which elements the interstellar medium consists .
for more information regarding this website and the interstellar probe project , please contact dr . paulett liewer
model the structure and kinematics of warm clouds in the interstellar medium out to about 100 pc .
observations from the interstellar boundary explorer are not consistent with a bow shock ahead of the heliosphere .
frisch p . c . the s1 shell and interstellar magnetic field and gas near the heliosphere .
we know because we can still see the cloud today . it ' s 450 light years from earth and receding in the direction of the constellations scorpius and centaurus ( hence the cloud ' s name ,
sco - cen
) . astronomer jesús maíz - apellániz of johns hopkins university recently backtracked sco - cen ' s motion and measured its closest approach : 130 light years away about 5 million years ago .
d . p . cox , l . helenius , flux - tube dynamics and a model for the origin of the local fluff . astrophys . j .
perhaps the most important lesson learned from the voyager and ulysses missions , complemented by theory and modeling efforts , is that the physics of the outer heliosphere is influenced profoundly by the lism since we are embedded in the local interstellar cloud ( lic ) . this is because neutral hydrogen atoms flow into the heliosphere and are the dominant component , by mass , from 10 au outward ( i . e . , beyond saturn ) . as described below , the ionization of interstellar neutrals in the supersonic solar wind can even affect the size and structure of the global heliosphere .
supernovas near earth are rare today , but during the pliocene era of australopithecus supernovas happened more often . their source was an interstellar cloud called
sco - cen
that was slowly gliding by the solar system . within it , dense knots coalesced to form short - lived massive stars , which exploded like popcorn .
figure 2 . 8 projection of a three - dimensional magnetohydrodynamic - only simulation ( i . e . , excluding interstellar h atoms ) in the presence of an interplanetary and an interstellar magnetic field . the interstellar magnetic field is oriented 20° from the interstellar flow direction and the interstellar magnetic field strength is assumed to be 1 . 6 μg . density isolines are plotted in the meridional plane , together with three - dimensional steamlines starting in this plane . source : pogorelov et al . ( 2004 ) .
this may be applicable : urltoken table1 . dat contains a list of hipparchos stars in the ism ( local bubble ) used to calibrate distances to nai observations .
frisch has noted that homo sapiens arose only after the local interstellar medium was cleared out . fewer clouds to run into would promote a stabler climate for our planet , she argues . so perhaps what australopithecus saw was a good omen , after all . . . .
linsky , j . l . , redfield , s . , wood , b . e . , and piskunov , n . : 2000 ,
the three dimensional structure of the warm local interstellar medium . i . methodology
, astrophysical journal , 528 , 756
t . linde , t . i . gombosi , p . l . roe , k . g . powell , d . l . dezeeuw , the heliosphere in the magnetized local interstellar medium : results of a 3d mhd simulation . j . geophys . res .
using data from voyager , we have discovered a strong magnetic field just outside the solar system ,
explains lead author merav opher , a nasa heliophysics guest investigator from george mason university .
this magnetic field holds the interstellar cloud together and solves the long - standing puzzle of how it can exist at all .
the effectiveness of the lyman - alpha absorption technique for investigating the outer heliosheath resides in its ability to probe local density and temperature enhancements . the lyman - alpha absorption
the sensitivity of hut in the 400 - 900 å portion of the extreme - uv band allows us to make a direct measurement of the neutral - hydrogen and neutral helium column densities in the local ism . the nearby hot white dwarf g191 - b2b , located within the bubble but beyond the local cloud , provides a suitable background source for this measurement . it is a da white dwarf , meaning that it has a pure hydrogen atmosphere whose properties are readily calculated , and is hot enough ( 60 , 000 k ) to provide a strong signal at 500 å . furthermore , the absence of atmospheric helium in such a star avoids potential confusion with interstellar helium .
these [ clouds ] are immersed in the very empty ( n h ~ 0 . 005 cm - 3 ) and probably hot ( t ~ 10 6 k ) local bubble ( lb ) in the interstellar medium , which extends for about 60 - 100 parsecs from the sun in the galactic plane before denser interstellar clouds are encountered ( at high galactic latitudes the lb appears to be open , forming a chimney - like structure in the interstellar medium which extends into the galactic halo… )
there are , however , denser clouds out there . the sco - cen complex , for instance , is sending a stream of interstellar
cloudlets
in our direction .
some of those cloudlets might be hundreds of times denser than the local fluff ,
says priscilla frisch , an astrophysicist at the university of chicago who studies the local interstellar medium .
if we ran into one , it would compress the sun ' s magnetic field and allow more cosmic rays to penetrate the inner solar system , with unknown effects on climate and life .
linsky , j . l . , redfield , s . , and schwarz , m . : 2017 ,
visualizing the three - dimensional structure of the local interstellar medium and possible physical causes of this structure
, open access journal of physics : conference series , to appear
primitive solar system materials , such as certain types of meteorites , interplanetary dust particles and cometary matter , contain small quantities of refractory dust grains that are older than our solar system . these ‘presolar grains’ condensed in the winds of evolved stars and in the ejecta of stellar explosions , and they were part of the interstellar gas and dust cloud from which our solar system formed 4 . 57 billion years ago 1 . interstellar dust is not only stardust but forms in the interstellar medium as well , predominantly as silicates , and , to a lesser extent , as carbonaceous dust and iron particles 2 . presolar grains represent a sample of stardust , and their abundances in primitive solar system materials can be used to constrain the fraction of stardust among interstellar dust . here we show that the size distribution of presolar silicates follows that observationally derived for interstellar dust , at least in the diameter range 100–500 nm , that current estimates of presolar grain abundances ( mass fractions ) are at least a factor of 2 too low , and that several per cent of the interstellar dust in the interstellar cloud pre - dating our solar system was stardust , making it a minor but still important ingredient of the starting material from which our solar system formed .
linsky , j . l . : 2002 ,
constructing physically realistic models of the interstellar gas : start with understanding the physics of the local ism
, in hubble science legacy workshop , ed . k . sembach , et al , asp conf . series , 291 , 188
polarized radiation in the nebula cloud leads to the formation of proteins , nucleobases and then dna . the combination of hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , nitrogen , cyanide and several other elements , could create adenine , which is a dna base , whereas oxygen and phosphorus could ladder dna base pairs . glycine has also been identified in the interstellar clouds .
we present an empirical dynamical model of the local interstellar medium based on 270 radial - velocity measurements for 157 sight lines toward nearby stars . physical - parameter measurements ( i . e . , temperature , turbulent velocity , depletions ) are available for 90 components , or one - third of the sample , enabling initial characterizations of the physical properties of lism clouds . the model includes 15 warm clouds located within 15 pc of the sun , each with a different velocity vector . we derive projected morphologies of all clouds and estimate the volume filling factor of warm partially ionized material in the lism to be between ~ 5 . 5 % and 19 % . relative velocities of potentially interacting clouds are often supersonic , consistent with heating , turbulent , and metal - depletion properties . cloud - cloud collisions may be responsible for the filamentary morphologies found in ~ 1 / 3 of lism clouds , the distribution of clouds along the boundaries of the two nearest clouds ( lic and g ) , the detailed shape and heating of the mic cloud , the location of nearby radio scintillation screens , and the location of a lism cold cloud . contrary to previous claims , the sun appears to be located in the transition zone between the lic and g clouds .
redfield , s . , and linsky , j . l . : 2002 ,
the structure of the local interstellar medium . i . high - resolution observations of fe ii , mg ii , and caii toward stars within 100 parsecs
, astrophysical journal supplement series , 139 , 439
jenkins , e . b . , et al ( including linsky , j . l . ) , 2000 ,
the ionization of the local interstellar medium as revealed by fuse observations of n , o , and ar toward white dwarf stars
, astrophysical journal letters , 538 , l81
linsky , j . l . and redfield , s . : 2009 ,
structure , dynamics , and physical properties of the warm lism within the local bubble
, in the local bubble and beyond ii , ed . k . d . kuntz , r . k . smith , and s . l . snowden , aip conference proceedings 1156 , 174
alouani - bibi1 f . , opher m . , alexashov d . , izmodenov v . , toth g . kinetic versus multi - fluid approach for interstellar neutrals in the heliosphere : exploration of the interstellar magnetic field effects .
i posted this question in the space exploration forum , but i think it might be more appropriate here in the astronomy forum . this is the thread : urltoken basically , i ' d like to know which local stars are , and aren ' t , embedded in the
local fluff
along with the sun . i can ' t find any lists .
linsky , j . l . : 2009 ,
results of the issi workshop ' from the outer heliosphere to the local bubble : comparison of new observations with theory
, in the local bubble and beyond ii , ed . k . d . kuntz , r . k . smith , and s . l . snowden , aip conference proceedings 1156 , 184
linsky , j . l . and redfield , s . : 2007 ,
structure of the local ism
, in sins - small ionized and neutral structures in the diffuse interstellar medium , ed . m . haverkorn and w . m . goss , asp conf . series , 365 , 219
what was something of a mystery until recently , however , is why the cloud exists at all . about ten million years ago , a cluster of supernovae exploded close to earth , creating a bubble of much - hotter gas that enveloped the fluff .
redfield , s . , and linsky , j . l . : 2004 ,
the structure of the local interstellar medium . ii . observations of d i , c ii , n i , o i , al ii , and si ii toward stars within 100 parsecs
, astrophysical journal , 602 , 776
r . ratkiewicz , a . barnes , g . a . molvik , j . r . spreiter , s . s . stahara , m . vinokur , s . venkateswaran , effect of varying strength and orientation of local interstellar magnetic field on configuration of exterior heliosphere : 3d mhd simulations . astron . astrophys .
the only two stars that are definitely shown as being embedded in the local fluff are sol and altair ; bit it looks a lot more extensive than that . stars that might be in the fluff , judging by the map praedst posted , include barnard ' s star , 61 cygni , wolf 1055 , and maybe 70 ophiuchi . but since we don ' t know the thickness of this cloud from the published image , we can ' t be sure .
n . v . pogorelov , g . p . zank , t . ogino , three - dimensional features of the outer heliosphere due to coupling between the interstellar and interplanetary magnetic fields i . magnetohydrodynamic model : interstellar perspective . astrophys . j .
this report is the summary of a workshop held in may 2003 by the space studies board ' s committee on solar and space physics to synthesize understanding of the physics of the outer heliosphere and the critical role played by the local interstellar medium ( lism ) and to identify directions for the further exploration of this challenging environment .
however , suppose we assume for the moment that there is an impending threat from such a cloudlet incursion . would the solar and climatic effects be like that of a superwave ? well we can do some calculations to find out . given that the local fluff has a density of ~ 0 . 1 hydrogen atoms / cm 3 . the hypothesized cloudlet , which could have a density hundreds of times greater , would then have a density of say around 20 to 50 hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter . this would equal a cloud density of around 3 to 8 x 10 - 23 grams / cm 3 . an interstellar cloud incursion of this sort would have a significant climatic effect and a significant solar effect . but the most dangerous phase would likely last for several years , rather than for centuries or millennia as is often the case for the effects from a superwave .
linsky , j . l . and redfield , s . : 2014 ,
the local ism in three dimensions : kinematics , morphology and physical properties
, astrophysics and space science , 354 , 29
we often think about interstellar probes only in the context of what they find at the end of their journeys — astrobiologically interesting planets seem to be the whole story . but not so fast . as ian crawford ( university of london ) notes in a recent paper , there are quite a few fascinating — and indeed critical — things we need to learn about interstellar space itself , in this case what is known as the local interstellar medium ( lism ) . crawford , who has been analyzing these matters for the project icarus team , notes how much we’ve learned about the lism since the daedalus days .
in the gas flowing through the solar system and a neutral - hydrogen density about five times as large with a temperature of about 8 , 000 k . the low observed ratio of h to he compared with the nominal cosmic abundance ratio of 10 has usually been interpreted to indicate that the hydrogen is significantly ionized , whereas the helium is largely neutral . however , known sources of ionizing radiation in the solar neighborhood are insufficient to maintain such a high degree of hydrogen ionization in the local cloud .
w . i . axford , the interaction of the solar wind with the interstellar medium . solar wind , nasa spec . publ .
the size of the heliosphere is determined by a balance of forces : solar wind inflates the bubble from the inside while the local fluff compresses it from the outside . voyager ' s crossings into the heliosheath revealed the approximate size of the heliosphere and , thus , how much pressure the local fluff exerts . a portion of that pressure is magnetic and corresponds to the ~ 5 microgauss opher ' s team has reported in nature .
malamut , c . , redfield , s . , linsky , j . l . , wood , b . e . , and ayres , t . r . : 2014 ,
the structure of the local interstellar medium . vi . new mgii , feii , and mnii observations toward stars within 100 pc
, astrophysical journal , 787 , 75
the relative proximity of α cen , together with its interesting interstellar sightline and the presence of stars of three different spectral types , makes it an attractive target for humanity’s first interstellar mission . however , as the bulk of the scientific benefits of interstellar spaceflight pertain to planetary science and astrobiology , a final prioritization must await future developments in the detection of planetary systems around the nearest stars . fortunately , expected advances in astronomical instrumentation over the next century should ensure that a comprehensive list of prioritized targets is available well before rapid interstellar travel is technically feasible .
n . v . pogorelov , t . matsuda , nonevolutionary mhd shocks in the solar wind and interstellar medium interaction . astron . astrophys .
pickup ion data directly to the lism h . secondly , there is some disagreement about the temperature of neutral hydrogen in the interplanetary medium . however , the interstellar helium temperature now appears to be well constrained and , by implication , the temperature of the interstellar h as well .
on the other hand , the website of priscilla frisch ( urltoken ) suggests that this apod image is based on some slightly earlier and less complete data from the same instrument ( hubble ghrs ) . the methodology is outlined in frisch ( 1994 ) , science , v265 , p1423 ,
morphology and ionization of the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system
: urltoken using the results from the 1995 paper i mentioned above would be better .
even if we didn’t have that , the damage wouldn’t be too great . the cloud is hot , but it’s also not very dense — with just 0 . 3 atoms per cubic centimetre . at the edge of the atmosphere , for comparison , the earth has about 12 billion atoms per cubic centimetre .
linsky , j . l . , redfield , s . , and wood , b . : 2000 ,
components of the local interstellar medium
, invited talk at iau symposium 203 , recent insights in to the physics of the sun and heliosphere , manchester england , aug 7 - 11 , 2000 , astronomical society of the pacific conference series , 200 , 595
figure 2 . 2 schematic of the heliosphere . the global heliosphere is created by the supersonic solar wind diverting the interstellar plasma flow around the sun . interstellar ions and neutral atoms flow at 26 km / s relative to the sun . the solar wind , flowing outward at 400 to 800 km / s , makes a transition to subsonic flow at the termination shock . beyond this , the solar wind is turned toward the heliotail , carrying with it the spiraling interplanetary magnetic field . the heliopause separates solar material and magnetic fields from interstellar material and magnetic fields . interstellar neutral atoms and higher - energy galactic cosmic rays can penetrate the heliosphere , but interstellar ions are diverted around it . beyond the heliopause there may also be a bow shock formed in the interstellar medium . source : jet propulsion laboratory ( 1999a ) , courtesy of steven t . suess .
linsky , j . l . , redfield , s . , and wood , b . e . : 2000 ,
the warm local ism : structure , properties , and theory
, invited talk at the fourth tetons summer conference : galactic structure , stars and the interstellar medium , jackson hole wy , may 28 - june 1 , 2000 , asp 231 , 337
the cosmic hot interstellar plasma spectrometer - - ( uc berkeley ) chips mission home page . see also the chips public education and outreach website .
p . a . isenberg , interaction of the solar wind with interstellar neutral hydrogen : three - fluid model . j . geophys . res .
in february 2012 , nasa ' s interstellar boundary explorer ( ibex ) , the centerpiece of a $ 169 million mission mapping the frontier of the sun ' s influence , detected atoms from interstellar space streaming by earth , that are different from the chemical make - up of the solar system .
besides the erosion / explosion fears , flying through even a tenuous dust cloud at 0 . 1c could create enough friction to slow down the craft like an atmospheric reentry . it would then require addition propulsion ( and time ) to regain 0 . 1c . the craft could also be thrown off course - perhaps badly off course - requiring a significant course correction and the use of more propellant , also adding time to the mission . ( this assumes the craft was designed strictly for the vacuum of space and wasn’t particularly aerodynamic . for example , enormous solar sails as currently envisioned would fare poorly with a dust cloud encounter at significant speed . ) multiply that by the number of dust clouds a craft might encounter and an interstellar mission could take much , much longer than anyone anticipated .
for example , p . caselli et al . from the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics presented a paper ( pdf ) on j = 1 → 0 transition of n 2 h + at 93 ghz toward the quiescent low - mass cloud core l1512 in taurus , back in 1995 . that is 18 years ago !
note : the cosmic hot interstellar plasma spectrometer ( chips ) is a university - class explorer ( unex ) mission at uc berkeley funded by nasa .
during the sun ' s journey through the galaxy it encounters a range of environments , and interstellar densities ranging from 10 - 5 to 10 5 atoms / cm 3 are observed in our galactic neighborhood . hydrodynamic simulations show that if the solar system were to enter a typical diffuse cloud with a density of 10 atoms / cm 3 , the size of the heliosphere would shrink by nearly a factor of ten , with significant effects on the interplanetary environment at 1 au . by targeting interstellar probe to fly upstream of the sun ' s motion , it will explore the future environment of the solar system over the coming decades .
astronomers call it
the local bubble .
it ' s peanut - shaped , about 300 light years long , and filled with almost nothing . gas inside the bubble is very thin ( 0 . 001 atoms per cubic centimeter ) and very hot ( a million degrees ) - - that ' s 1000 times less dense and 100 to 100 , 000 times hotter than ordinary interstellar material .
that local fluff image was apod feb 10 , 2002 . maybe one of the contact pages reachable from there may lead to an involved scientist who would just love to share his / her expertise and / or graphical and / or other data .
magnetic fields play an important ( sometimes dominant ) role in the evolution of gas clouds in the galaxy , but the strength and orientation of the field in the interstellar medium near the heliosphere has been poorly constrained . previous estimates of the field strength range from 1 . 8 - 2 . 5mug and the field was thought to be parallel to the galactic plane or inclined by 38 - 60° ( ref . 2 ) or 60 - 90° ( ref . 3 ) to this plane . these estimates relied either on indirect observational inferences or modelling in which the interstellar neutral hydrogen was not taken into account . here we report measurements of the deflection of the solar wind plasma flows in the heliosheath to determine the magnetic field strength and orientation in the interstellar medium . we find that the field strength in the local interstellar medium is 3 . 7 - 5 . 5mug . the field is tilted ~ 20 - 30° from the interstellar medium flow direction ( resulting from the peculiar motion of the sun in the galaxy ) and is at an angle of about 30° from the galactic plane . we conclude that the interstellar medium field is turbulent or has a distortion in the solar vicinity .
like interstellar neutrals , galactic cosmic rays allow us to probe the interstellar medium , with the distinction being that their origin is not necessarily local . however , unlike interstellar neutrals , galactic cosmic rays , being charged , respond to the ( electro ) magnetic structure of the heliosphere - lism interaction region . observations ( mcdonald et al . , 2000 ) and models are beginning to use galactic cosmic rays flowing into the heliosphere to infer the structure of the boundary regions . such studies can be accomplished only by spacecraft placed far out in the heliosphere since diffusion effectively washes out any signature or imprint of the heliospheric boundaries on the cosmic ray flux observed within 40 to 50 au ( florinski et al . , 2003 ) .
as i mentioned above , crawford’s paper delves deeply into the rationale for an interstellar mission , going beyond the interstellar medium question to address planetary and stellar studies and astrobiology . it’s a fascinating rationale for undertaking these studies and continuing to advocate precursor missions . and note this final caveat re alpha centauri as a destination :
the space between the stars is filled with gas and dust . spectacular displays of this interstellar medium ( ism ) can be found in star - forming regions where new stars are being created from the ism , as well as in planetary nebulae and supernova remnants where old stars are returing much of their mass back into space . i explore the region just around the sun , within approximately 100 pc , which is home to the local interstellar medium ( lism ) . here we find a suite of warm , modest density , partially ionized clouds ( see figure below ) .
right : the brightest star in the sco - cen star - forming cloud is the red giant antares , which illuminates the yellow nebula in the upper - left corner of this image . antares might be the next star to explode in sco - cen , but at 500 light years it is a safe distance from earth . [ more ]
draine , b . t . & salpeter , e . e . destruction mechanisms for interstellar dust . astrophys . j . 231 , 438–455 ( 1979 ) .
n . v . pogorelov , a . y . semenov , solar wind interaction with the magnetized interstellar medium . shock - capturing modeling . astron . astrophys .
linsky , j . l . , mobius , e . , izmodenov , v . v . , and von steiger , r . ( eds . ) : 2009 ,
from the outer heliosphere to the local bubble
, space sciences reviews , 143
“i recall reading about smoke particle shield , although i do not recall the source . once cruising speed is reached , a probe moves out significantly ahead of the main spacecraft and generates a very large cloud of smoke particles that leads the spacecraft for the entire journey . the idea is that the smoke cloud will intercept and atomize the majority of the dust particles before the main spacecraft reaches that area of space . ” hmmm . surely that would take quite a bit of dust , since the smoke would be disappated eventually and need replacing ? i suppose you could hold a plasma shield , and idea i’ve been considering – the heat to keep it ionized might come from the energy of vaporization ?
issues like this further highlight the difficulty in making interstellar voyages . it will certainly be possible , but there will be many challenges to be met by innovative ideas .
p . a . isenberg , w . c . feldman , electron - impact ionization of interstellar hydrogen and helium at interplanetary shocks . geophys . res . lett .
m . witte , kinetic parameters of interstellar neutral helium . review of results obtained during one solar cycle with the ulysses / gas - instrument . astron . astrophys .
and neutral atoms are coupled weakly but directly through various kinetic processes , these being charge exchange , photoionization , recombination , and electron - impact ionization , besides direct collisions between the neutral atoms and charged particles . the weak coupling of neutral interstellar hydrogen and plasma affects both interstellar hydrogen and plasma distributions in important ways . in the partially
as mankind begins to travel further outside the solar system , we’ll need to start thinking about how to shield ourselves from the local fluff and other gas clouds we may travel through . but for the time being , we should probably just focus on planets closer to home .
i had a look round yesterday , but i couldn ' t find any decent maps of the local fluff . you might try fitting the picture you posted to this map of our neighbourhood . it ' s approx the same scale as the fluff , 20 - 30ly .
heck , p . et al . interstellar residence times of presolar sic dust grains from the murchison carbonaceous meteorite . astrophys . j . 698 , 1155 ( 2009 ) .
linsky , jeffrey l . : 2009 ,
solving the mysteries of the diffuse interstellar medium with high - resolution spectroscopy
, astrophysics and space science , 320 , 85
the interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium is characterized by the self - consistent coupling of solar wind plasma , both upstream and downstream of the heliospheric termination shock , the interstellar plasma , and the neutral atom component of interstellar and solar wind origin . the complex coupling results in the creation of new plasma components ( pickup ions ) , turbulence , and anomalous cosmic rays , and new populations of neutral atoms and their coupling can lead to energetic neutral atoms that can be detected at 1 au . in this review , we discuss the interaction and coupling of global sized structures ( the heliospheric boundary regions ) and kinetic physics ( the distributions that are responsible for the creation of energetic neutral atoms ) based on models that have been developed by the university of alabama in huntsville group .


firefly balloons is an american hot air balloon manufacturer that started as the balloon works ( tbw ) in 1972 in statesville , nc .

the company is one of the oldest hot air balloon manufacturers in the united states , behind raven industries ( founded by ed yost ) , semco and piccard balloons .

the origins of the company 's designs can be traced to the work of tracy barnes in the late 1960s .

firefly balloons

endless mountains hot air balloons , inc . is an authorized dealer for firefly balloons crafted in statesville , nc .
firefly balloons , inc . 810 salisbury rd statesville , nc 28667 ( 704 ) 878 - 9501 urltoken
since 1972 , firefly balloons , also known as the balloon works , has been a leader in the manufacturing of hot air balloons and ballooning equipment of the highest quality and safety . internationally recognized by our signature triangle basket , firefly balloons is dedicated to providing our customers with custom handcrafted equipment tailored for any and every use . whether it be a sport , ride , corporate , or special shape balloon , the team at firefly is ready and excited to help your vision become a reality . to locate your neares firefly dealer visit the firefly website dealer locator urltoken watch for more news coming soon from firefly balloons
allow us to help you design and build your custom hot air balloon . get involved in the sport of hot air ballooning with firefly balloons and endless mountains hot air balloons .
head balloons , inc . po box 28 helen , ga 30545 1 - 800 - head - balloons urltoken
one of the largest manufacturers of sport and commercial hot air balloons in the world .
statesville , nc is where firefly balloons are designed and crafted . it’s a place with the earthy , friendly smells of wood shavings , leather , and wicker . everything that bears the firefly name is made there and the engineers still design products in - house to ensure they’re built to the exacting standards that have been progressively developing since 1972 .
lindstrand balloons 11440 danbar st . galena , il 61036 ( 815 ) 777 - 6006 urltoken
galaxy balloons , inc . 810 salisbury rd statesville , nc 28667 ( 704 ) 878 - 9507
the sky’s the limit ballooning , inc . is proud to be an authorized dealer for firefly balloons . we can help you buy your first new or used balloon , as well as replacement equipment . we also provide comprehensive balloon pilot training to accompany balloon sales .
firefly is the largest manufacturer of sport and commercial hot air balloons in the world . the company is dedicated to the research , development , manufacture and marketing of sophisticated state - of - the - art forms of mankind ' s oldest and safest method of flight .
real people , real balloons . my favorite of all i ' ve ever flown and there have been many .
firefly is the largest manufacturer of sport and commercial hot air balloons in the world . the company is dedicated to the research , development , manufacture and marketing of sophisticated state - of - the - art forms of mankind’s oldest and safest method of flight . firefly boasts features like “flexnet” envelope construction , non - conductive kevlar cables , protected fuel tank corner mountings , the powerful “mirage” burner , the long lasting fabric coating and the highest redline temperature fabric in the industry . it’s plain to see that safety and quality is the driving force behind our decision to carry only the firefly brand .
the mbc is intended to provide signature data on lightweight exoatmospheric traffic objects during space flight experiments . these deployed balloons will represent rapidly dispersing target subclusters to allow functional demonstration of tracking algorithms . the mbc concept is that five spherical balloons are compressed into a single canister consisting of a frangible glass tube and end caps . at the designated time , the glass franges and releases the packaged balloons . upon release , each balloon ' s passive gas generator inflates the balloon , imparting a random dispersion velocity to all the balloons simultaneously . each balloon has its own supply of inflatant and is , therefore , independent of the other balloons . balloons were designed to meet optical and radar property requirements .
fantasy hot air balloons 3137 w . virginia ave . # 4 & 7 phoenix , arizona 85009 480 - 991 - 4260 urltoken
firefly is one of the largest manufacturers of sport and commercial hot air balloons in the world . the company is dedicated to the research , development , manufacture and marketing of sophisticated state - of - the - art forms of mankind ' s oldest and safest method of flight . firefly is located in the beautiful brushy mountains of western north carolina , which is deeply steeped in the time honored traditions of textile and furniture craftsmanship . since two of the most important components of modern hot air balloons are the hand inlaid and sewn envelopes and the carefully crafted wicker and rattan carriage , the craftsman is the heart of the . . . ( more )
firefly is one of the largest manufacturers of sport and commercial hot air balloons in the world . the company is dedicated to the research , development , manufacture and marketing of sophisticated state - of - the - art forms of mankind ' s oldest and safest method of flight . firefly is located in the beautiful brushy mountains of western north carolina , which is deeply steeped in the time honored traditions of textile and furniture craftsmanship . since two of the most important components of modern hot air balloons are the hand inlaid and sewn envelopes and the carefully crafted wicker and rattan carriage , the craftsman is the heart of the finished product . piedmont north carolina is uniquely qualified to spawn a wealth of highly skilled and dedicated craftsmen .
the firefly is the most heavily instrumented inflatable target l ' garde has designed , tested and flown . it was built for lincoln laboratory ' s firefly experiment . this was designed to test the ability of a 100 joule lwir laser beam for discriminating a decoy from a re - entry vehicle on the basis of decoy dynamics . the target was designed and built with different optical properties in the packaged and deployed states to aid in target acquisition and experiment , respectively . target design and construction also accommodated observations in the l and x radar bands . the target had to eject with minimal tip - off , spin up to 3 hz in the packaged state resulting in a 1 hz spin rate in the deployed state through deliberate mass properties design . it went through a series of coning excursions , opening its precession angle from about 5 degrees to 20 degrees , then 40 and finally back to about 0 , while conserving its initial angular momentum vector . the firefly was instrumented to detect and change its state of motion through an on - board microprocessor and a l ' garde - developed light - weight coning control system ; detect its absolute direction in space through a tri - axial magnetometer and a high - resolution sun sensor combination ; keep track of all its status and housekeeping functions ; and finally , process and telemeter 32 channels of data to both the bus following behind it and to the launch range below .
. . . as a designer , i was impressed with what tracy barnes was doing with his triangular baskets and diagonal cut envelopes ( i finished 2nd in the ' 71 nationals , which qualified me for the 7 - up invitational in columbus , ohio on september 1 and 2 , 1972 ; and tucker comstock had pics of tracy ' s balloons ) . when i finished training al desmond of aurora . illinois , i suggested we go see what tracy had to offer . we flew down to statesville , where tracy was still operating out of the chicken coops , and i sold al the first barnes that tracy built for someone other than himself . al named the balloon
the ieo configuration for the rvto - 3a consisted of an inflatable bladder replicating the mk 12 external shape , a carbon fabric outer skin for optical and radar matching , an integrated water blanket between the inflatable and the outer skin for surface temperature control , a triaxial magnetometer for determining attitude and dynamics , and a nose positioned s - band telemetry system to transmit ieo temperature , pressure , acceleration and telemetry housekeeping data . a unique ejection deployment mechanism ( edm ) was used to store the packaged ieo and then inflate , spin and eject it . the design of the ieo and the edm were unique because it allowed a debris - free ejection of a complex target . the ieo was flown on an atlas f booster . the payloads , in addition to the ieo , were a mk - 12 reentry vehicle and calibration balloons .
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tracy barnes ' design was so far ahead of its time , early versions look like anachronisms among their contemporaries .
between the zig - zag envelope and the triangluar basket , it doesn ' t take a highly trained eye to spot a barnes .
images click on any of the images below to open a new window with a much larger version . some files are over 300kb , so downloads may take a while .
¤
symbol indicates photo scanned with permission from ballooning magazine and the bfa .
tracy barnes took first place at the inaugural st . paul winter carnival race ( essentially the first american competition of the modern hot - air era ) , beating such lighter - than - air heavyweights as ed yost and don piccard .
barnes lost little time moving beyond the standard zig - zag pattern - this patchwork effect showed off the envelope ' s design flexibility as early as 1972 .
made up this ad in 1972 , shortly after completing his first commercial ballooning contract .
i figured if i sold one ,
he says today ,
i ' d be a dealer .
the well - known barnes triangular basket ( and , of course , triangular burner ) , this one from 1978 .
mid - ' 70s barnes instruments , neatly integrated into the opulent basket ( sloppily colorized by the author ) . with bigger baskets came bigger control panels , complete with appointments like remote blast valves ( from a barnes sales brochure , circa 1978 , contributed by tom oerman ) .
tracy barnes built this solar balloon , which first flew on may 16 , 1973 ( later flown , wisely , with a backup burner ) . apologies for indicating the wrong date above ( by two years ) , an error left uncorrected for far too long .
. barnes ' entry was the dragonfly - spartan by barnes standards , but still a class leader in its appointments .
this barnes flew at the 1973 worlds , as did this one ( with the competition ' s only female pilot ) , and this one , mentioned in tom oerman ' s recollections below . the photo above is also , incidentally , the only shot i ' ve seen of homebuilt
hail atlantis
( not a barnes , just a favorite ) actually in the air ( lower left ) .
the company has kept some prototype burners around at the statesville , n . c . headquarters .
barnes introduced the low - cost
stormer
( get it ? ) in ' 80 , identifiable , in part , by the short , square skirt and the steep angles of its zig - zag pattern ( that ' s tracy himself conversing with the basket ' s occupant ) .
from the early 1970s , barnes advertised consistently in ballooning magazine , owning the back cover for a decade , and often running multi - page fold - out ads inside . early ads were similar to other manufacturers ' - pictures of product , often festooned with attractive models - but it wasn ' t long before the ads took on a unique character . featuring crisp technical drawings and a clean graphic style , the enduring campaign ' s instantly identifiable look is as up - to - date today as it was in the beginning . with the assistance of jon radowski , teyosb presents a sampling of barnes ' remarkable print ad campaign .
use the scroll bar under the thumbnails to navigate , clicking on thumbnails to display photos below . for a full - screen version of this gallery , click here . to download photos , click the
download
button under the main image , or right - click the main image and select
download image
( popups must be enabled ! )
after his wife and it was a beautiful balloon . the design was chosen from about thirty colored pattern sheets on the floor of the balloon works when al , his partner and i went to statesville . i said :
al , look at this one . it ' s the most beautiful !
and he agreed . al really was a test pilot for tracy ; there were so many little things wrong with the balloon ! basically , it was a well thought out design , which is why i wanted to represent the company .
i ' m deeply indebted to tom oerman for the contribution of a great many pieces of ballooning memorabilia , from which i ' ve taken several images on the site ( including five of the images on this page ) . very special thanks to mike emich , for the use of his amazing collection of photos and brochures from throughout the ' 70s , to jon radowski for several ads from ballooning ( barnes and otherwise ) , lance terry , for the loan of his ' 78 - ' 81 ballooning magazines , and to glen moyer , for the generous permission to reproduce images from ballooning . thanks , also , to tracy barnes ' younger sister lynn , for information and encouragement , and a link to this page on the website of mr . barnes ' current venture , the blimp works .
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great job on my galaxy 77 new build . keith , monica , jimmie and michael were so easy to work with and treated us like family . the balloon is everything
the migration is starting in february ? thanks karl stefan jr . for the opportunity to remake this classic balloon works gem .
the balloon pilot conducted multiple sport parachute flights throughout the day without obtaining a weather briefing . a sigmet for severe thunderstorms , hail , and cloud tops to 45 , 000 feet was in effect for the area surrounding the takeoff and accident sites . shortly after the balloon lifted off on the accident flight , the ground crew was advised of a severe storm warning for the area and observed the storm on radar via their cellular telephones .
urltoken is a resource to help new and old jump pilots learn to fly skydivers safely . learn more . . .
not sure what type of user you are ? click here to learn more .
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countermeasures are designed to increase the probability that the reentry vehicle from a threat missile reaches its intended target . bmds testing would include the use of robust countermeasures designed to mimic those that could be used on potential threat missiles . by testing the capabilities of u . s . interceptors against realistic targets including countermeasures the ability of the u . s . to respond to an enemy missile attack would be greatly enhanced .
there are two primary types of countermeasures , penetration aids or penaids and inherent countermeasures . penaids are items that are added to the missile to increase the chance of the missile reaching its intended target . penaids could be housed in the target reentry vehicle separation module . one penaid technique is for an offensive missile to carry , in addition to the actual target reentry vehicle , several decoy target reentry vehicles . these decoys when released , appear to be actual warheads . inherent countermeasures are elements of normal operations of missiles that make it harder for interceptors to identify and destroy the target missile . this would include the separation of the reentry vehicle from the booster , which decreases the size of the portion of the missile to be tracked and destroyed by the interceptor .
there are various basic categories of countermeasures that could be used in characterization and in testing the bmds . these include simulation , anti - simulation , traffic maskers / obscurants , aim point denial , and maneuver . each uses different methods to add potential threat characteristics to targets used in the measurements program or in other testing .
simulation countermeasures deploy various materials to confuse sensors and prevent them from correctly identifying the reentry vehicle . these countermeasures would primarily be fabricated from graphite , stainless steel , and tungsten . anti - simulation countermeasures attempt to disguise the reentry vehicle by making the reentry vehicle look to the sensors like something other than a reentry vehicle . traffic countermeasures deploy many items at once ; this could include using multiple reentry vehicles or multiple countermeasures to confuse sensors . maskers or obscurants are materials or objects that move in flight along with the reentry vehicle to confuse the sensors and prevent them from correctly identifying the reentry vehicle . aim point denial is the ability to confuse the sensors from identifying the point on the reentry vehicle that should be hit to prevent the reentry vehicle from reaching its intended target . maneuver countermeasures include the ability of reentry vehicles to change trajectory as they enter the atmosphere thus preventing the interceptor from predicting the path of the reentry vehicle . other countermeasures are designed to increase the probability that the reentry vehicle reaches its intended target .
development of countermeasures would involve detailed planning for test events , and identifying test objectives , appropriate countermeasures and counter - countermeasures , and acquiring any necessary materials .
two types of defensive measures would be used to oppose countermeasures . the first would be improving sensor technology to more completely discriminate between the reentry vehicle and any deployed countermeasures . during the development of flight tests involving countermeasures , appropriate sensors would be selected and scheduled to participate in the test event . the second defensive measure would be improving interceptor technology to increase the chance that the interceptor can correctly identify and destroy the reentry vehicle . development activities would include modeling and simulation as well as ground testing to characterize physical properties of countermeasures and predict behavior during flight tests .
by 2001 bmdo sponsored a red team approach to the possible development of countermeasures . operated at very modest funding levels , countermeasures hands - on program ( chop ) developed and demonstrated row countermeasures that could be challenging for u . s . missile defense systems . by charter , chop did not try to develop ' ' sophisticated ' ' countermeasures . however , the unsophisticated , row countermeasures they do develop are realistic and challenging and should be included as an integral part of the nmd flight testing and ground test hwil simulation programs .
the chop program needed to be supported for aggressively examining the potential of states of concern to develop more sophisticated countermeasures . the defense intelligence agency ( dia ) needed to begin tracking chop experiments . they could then investigate and bound the ability of states of concern to develop and apply the technologies that the chop teams use in their experiments to counter an nmd system . this information could then be fed back to chop management for planning and executing chop developments .
the 2 . 2 meter balloon deployment was demonstrated in the zero - g facility at nasa glenn research center . the packaging scheme was that used on the ieo . the ejector and launch tube were the same as for the lrep . as with most of our inflatable targets , the optical properties can be adjusted using special coatings . the unit is debris free . the diameter , spin rate , and the coning angle can also be adjusted as well as the radar cross section .
six inflatable lreps were flown on talos - sergeant - hydac rockets . the missions were called have jeep 7a , 7b , and 7c . the rocket failed on hj 7b . four lreps were ejected on the remaining flights .
the technology for the inflatable exoatmospheric object ( ieo ) was an extension of a trade study and preliminary design performed on the exoatmospheric decoy program . mlt / lincoln laboratory contracted for the development of a balloon decoy which would be a credible exoatmospheric optical - radar replica of a mark - 12 reentry vehicle . the ieo mark 2 version was developed for the rvto - 3a program with the objective of obtaining optical and radar signatures of the ieo during midcourse and early reentry , determining if the ieo and mark 12 surface temperatures match to within 10k , determining the reentry altitudes that the optical signatures , radar signatures , and ballistic coefficients of the ieo and the mk - 12 clearly diverge , and determining the physical survival altitude of the ieo .
two successful flights above the terminator were conducted using terrier - malemute rockets , resulting in excellent data and the proof of principle for the firepond laser radar as a useful discriminator .
the mbc includes an ejector that imparts a specified velocity to the canister and begins a timer to initiate its opening . the firing signal is provided by the bus .
the overall system is designed to have no radar observable debris and only minimal optically observable debris .
the mbc design is based on two other l ' garde systems - cso and srmp - both of which have flown successfully .
the frangible glass tube was used in the closely spaced objects ( csos ) of the red tigress ii program . this tube shatters into thousands of very small pieces , releasing its contents . the inflation technique adapts the cso ' s use of an inflatant that sublimates to generate a gas to inflate the balloon . four csos flew on two red tigress ii sounding rocket missions : two on red tigress iia and two on red tigress iib .
the ejector closely models the lrep ejector . the lrep flew successfully on talos - sergeant - hydac rockets , ejecting four lreps on two separate missions .
the diameter , shape , number , and optical properties of the inflatables can be easily tailored for different missions .
discover a new state college and happy valley from the air in our beautiful hot air balloon . drift through the skies , float over meadows , and brush treetops on a memorable flight in our balloon .
hot air ballooning is one of the safest forms of flight known to man . our balloon is of the highest quality and is inspected regularly by an faa - approved facility to ensure it remains in excellent condition . our pilot is certified by the federal aviation administration and holds a commercial pilot’s license .
gift certificates are available now for any special occasion . perfect gifts for holidays , graduations , birthdays , weddings , and anniversaries .
local photographer heidi lewis produced this slideshow using photos she took during her flight . note : this is a large file and some viewers may be unable to download the show .
copyright © 2006 the sky ' s the limit ballooning , inc . all rights reserved . site by : groovy web design
order your tickets now and save time in the line ! click here for online ticket sales .
driving to the event ? order your parking passes and save time ! click here .
avian balloon corporation building 101 spokane industrial park 3808 n . sullivan rd spokane , wa 99216 - 1607 ( 509 ) 926 - 6847 urltoken
national ballooning , ltd . 2004 west euclid ave . indianola , ia 50125 ( 515 ) 961 - 6113 urltoken
ultramagic aerodrom gral vives apt . 171 - 08700 igualada barcelona , spain 34 93 804 2202 34 93 803 5604 fax urltoken


yale is a lock manufacturer owned by assa abloy .

it is associated with the pin tumbler lock , which is often known as the yale lock .

yale ( company )

in 1868 linus yale and henry towne formed the yale lock manufacturing company , later to become yale and towne manufacturing co .
the company broadened its scope from locks to materials handling in 1875 , over 140 years ago .
the company merged with multinational eaton manufacturing in 1963 and as the industrial truck division of eaton , yale & towne , inc . ( later renamed eaton corp . ) , the company continued to grow and prosper .
[ item , folder # ] , yale & towne manufacturing company collection . jeremy richard library , university of connecticut libraries .
history of the trade - mark “yale . ” 4th edition . stamford , ct : yale & towne manufacturing company , c1930 . call number 1
yale hook and eye company was founded in 1914 under the name rkm manufacturing . in 1919 the name was changed to yale hook and eye .
relying on yale patents , yale’s sterling name and sheer ingenuity , yale jr . and his colleague henry towne established the yale & towne company in 1868 , at the time employing 35 people . the company grew and broadened its scope with manually operated chain hoists , battery powered platform trucks and in 1879 a line of padlocks was introduced . yale & towne purchased norton door closer company and h . and t . vaughan ltd .
the company amassed a formidable patent portfolio in its early years , which allowed it to dominate the industry .
on the eve of its 50th anniversary , the trade press summarized the history and status of the company .
content copyright ( c ) 2014 by yale hook and eye company , inc . design , hosting and support from oao solution spark .
fifty years of a successful industry , 1868 - 1918 . stamford , ct : yale & towne manufacturing company , c1919 . call number 2
continued development and growth of yale in the uk was recognised in 1990 with the queen ' s award for export achievement being presented to the company .
yale & towne manufacturing company was established in 1868 by linus yale and henry towne in stamford , connecticut . yale & towne manufacturing was the leading employer in the stamford , connecticut , area for many years .
in 1985 , there was further expansion when the yale materials handling corporation was formed following the acquisition of the company by north american coal corporation , which would become nacco industries , inc .
having traded in japan for many years , yale forged a partnership with sumitomo ltd in 1969 to produce yale fork lift trucks under license and in 1971 emerged a joint venture manufacturing company named sumitomo - yale co . , ltd . owned equally by the two companies .
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# 887 : the yale & towne manufacturing company vs . yale’s hardware store . appellant’s brief . superior court , no . 43277 . june 26 , 1934 fairfield county , ct : supreme court of errors of the state of connecticut . october term , 1934 . call number 4
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the collection contains a broad range of materials documenting building history , union strikes , and employee memoirs at the yale & towne manufacturing company in stamford , connecticut , including correspondence , newspaper articles , magazine articles , oral history audio tapes , photographs , video tapes , maps and artifacts .
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in the early 20th century , the company expanded worldwide and employed more than 12 , 000 people . throughout the 20th century , purchases , acquisitions and joint ventures have made yale locks well - known worldwide . in august 2000 yale was purchased by the assa abloy group , and has since then been an important part of the global leader in door opening solutions .
yale vision wireless asset management - take your fleet operation to the next level with wireless asset management from yale .
© 2018 hyster - yale group , inc . , all rights reserved . yale and “people . products . productivity . ” are trademarks of hyster - yale group , inc .
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in 1992 , yale europe materials handling was formed to market yale® fork lift trucks across europe , africa and the middle east .
linus yale , jr . transformed the locking industry forever when he created his most important invention : the yale pin tumbler lock .
a company born of innovation , yale has pioneered the evolution of the locking industry for over 170 years . offering a broad portfolio of door hardware and locks to secure your home or business , yale continues to innovate new products for both residential and commercial applications . products include mortise and cylindrical locks , exit devices , door closers , electromechanical products and key systems , as well as windstorm certified hardware , decorative levers , and antimicrobial hardware coatings .
yale locks & hardware has provided dependable security since 1840 . yale locks & hardware is an assa abloy group company with plant operations in berlin , ct . we offer a broad continuum of door hardware and locks including an extensive range residential hardware as well as a wide variety of commercial hardware options . our residential hardware includes electronic door locks with leading edge technology integrations as well as high quality mechanical hardware designed to fit any home . yale residential electronic products are leading the way in security for the mobile lifestyle .
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linus yale jr . transformed the locking industry forever with his many breakthrough inventions , but his most important invention was the yale cylinder lock .
the yale history captures major innovations that have marked the evolution not just of yale locks , but of the entire locking industry . at yale , we take great pride in our locks and in our beginnings .
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as one of the oldest international brands , yale is among the most respected names in the lock industry , with millions of yale locks in use worldwide .
hyster - yale group ( hyg ) has been building relationships and partnering with customers , suppliers , dealers , and employees for over 80 years . subsidiaries of hyster - yale group include nuvera fuel cells , llc , an alternative - power technology company focused on fuel - cell stacks and related systems , on - site hydrogen production and dispensing systems , and bolzoni s . p . a . , a leading worldwide producer of attachments , forks and lift tables under the bolzoni auramo and meyer brand names . click here to learn more > >
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yale is one of the oldest international brands in the world and probably the best - known name in the locking industry . the yale history captures major innovations that have marked the evolution not just of yale , but of the entire locking industry .
yale is a leading brand of hyster - yale materials handling , inc . , which was formed in 2012 following a spin - off from nacco industries , inc .
yale jr . was also experimenting with a lock based on a mechanism first employed by the ancient egyptians over 4 , 000 years ago . granted patents in 1861 and 1865 , yale finally succeeded in creating his most important invention – the yale cylinder lock . linus yale jr . transformed the locking industry forever with his many breakthrough inventions .
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in the fabled autumn of 1981 , during an era when america ' s main sources of entertainment were michael jackson , pac - man , and the cold war , a spunky group of yalies dreamed of something more . torn between music and sketch comedy , broadway and second city , the old yale songbook and rock ' n ' roll , they decided to form an exciting new group that drew from the best aspects of these elements and mixed them up . naturally , they called themselves
mixed company
.
yale has its roots in colonial america . the yale family decided to emigrate to the new world from north wales . a few generations later , about 1840 , linus yale sr . , began designing and manufacturing a series of innovative , high security locks at his yale lock shop in newport , new york . he specialized in expensive , handmade bank locks .
patents by linus yale , sr , from the u . s . patent and trademark office
request information about hyster - yale materials handling , inc . or any of our brands .
yale premieres its reflections® decorative line : dynamic levers , moving with the flow of contemporary life .
yale hook & eye now accepts credit card payment through the secure paypal website only . details .
linus yale jr . transformed the locking industry forever when he created his most important invention : the yale pin tumbler cylinder . now , over 170 years later , yale ' s comprehensive line of door hardware includes mortise and cylindrical locks , exit devices , door closers , access control products and key systems .
“plot plan of yale & towne mfg . co . ” , map mounted on plywood , 1921 march
the yale smart home alarm range allows you to arm and disarm your system from anywhere via your smartphone .
for information on how to contact hyster - yale materials handling or any of our subsidiaries ; click below .
in 1950 , yale added gas , lp gas and diesel - powered fork lift trucks to its range .
today , yale has one of the most comprehensive ranges of electric and engine powered materials handling equipment offered in the market , including yale® innovative and versatile ac - technology trucks designed to optimise productivity in customer applications .
yale researchers and colleagues recently teamed up to bring 4 , 000 - year - old recipes to life .
we ' ve come a long way from plastic punch bowls . with finely honed musicality , eight - part harmony , and offbeat comedy , mixed company now performs for schools , country clubs , private parties , corporate events , reunions , fundraisers , nursing homes , and festivals . we ' ve garnered rave reviews from teachers , executives , world leaders , and even sometimes our parents , who wonder where they went wrong as they watch us while away our bright college years singing our hearts out instead of , you know , studying .
hyster - yale materials handling , inc . ( hymh ) , through its wholly - owned operating subsidiary , hyster - yale group , inc . , designs , engineers , manufactures , sells and services a comprehensive line of lift trucks and aftermarket parts marketed globally primarily under the hyster ® and yale ® brand names . click here to learn more > >
the yale® dealer network has over 150 dealers world - wide that are attracted by the unique blend of yale® product excellence and customer commitment , qualities we intend to preserve as we continue to lead the way in the materials handling industry .
we can make history with you , too . please use our dealer locator to find your nearest yale ® dealer .
yale is the brand behind locks such as door locks , padlocks and digital door locks as well as safes , door handles , alarms , and more . find your local yale website for more specific information about our locks and other products .
collected by the yale & towne project and university of connecticut–stamford students and presented to the jeremy richard library in july 2002 .
we invite you to explore our website to find out more . please use our dealer locator to find your nearest yale ® dealer .
in 1964 , there was further innovation when yale introduced the first silicone controlled rectifier ( scr ) - controlled electric fork lift truck .
© copyright 2017 . all rights reserved . yale , the lift truck icon , veracitor , the yale eco logo , people . products . productivity . , premier , hi - vis , css , materials handling central and material handling central are trademarks , service marks or registered marks in the united states and certain other jurisdictions . the lift truck icon and the yale eco logo are also protected by copyright .
series iii : strike history ( 1869 – 1988 ) contains newspaper articles collected by university of connecticut students and research conducted by david kelly for his thesis at yale university entitled “the strike at yale & towne and the stamford general strike” which is also included in the collection .
the yale accentra™ multi - family solution provides a user - friendly cloud - based system for securing multi - family facilities easily and affordably .
yale is a major research university and home to preeminent scholars across the disciplines ; faculty in all fields have many resources available to them .
with a wide range of products designed for commercial , multi - family , retail , mixed - use applications and more , yale works for you ℠ .
yale provides small business owners a secure and convenient zigbee / z - wave wireless access management solution that integrates into new and existing alarm and automation systems .
the yale babylonian collection is the largest collection of seals and textual material from ancient mesopotamia in north america and ranks among the leading collections in the world .
“my staff are satisfied with the yale machines , and particularly appreciate the pickers both for the excellent levels of ergonomics , and for comfort standards during working hours . ”
our vision for yale is to recapture our entire past heritage and re - energize it for the future . gradually we are incorporating new technologies such as digital door locks .
our customers - you - are our most important partners . working with yale and our dealers we believe we can deliver the best lift trucks and services possible for your business
the yale® mx line offers streamlined , easy - to - operate trucks featuring excellent fuel economy and carefully considered ergonomics designed for the comfort of your operator . the mx line incorporates all the best things about our heavy - duty yale® veracitor trucks—smart design , solid construction , durability and reliable performance , to name a few—without the complex systems and features .
yale ' s minimum orders are 144 yards or 100 meters . if you are looking for smaller quantities , please visit the websites of our customers who sell retail . urltoken urltoken
yale® is one of fifteen brands represented by assa abloy door security solutions , a north american operating unit of assa abloy , headquartered in stockholm , sweden . assa abloy is the global leader in door opening solutions , dedicated to satisfying end - user needs for security , safety and convenience . at yale residential locks and hardware , we are 100 % committed to creating high quality door opening solutions for your home .
welcome , and thank you for visiting our yale materials handling corporation website . we hope you find what you need , however , if you require any additional information , please do not hesitate to contact us .
in 1920 yale and towne launched a new battery powered low - lift platform truck , quickly followed by a range of high - lift platform trucks , tow tractors and one of the first lifting trucks with tilting forks .
linus yale sr . ' s son joined his father in the business in 1850 and perfected and patented his father ' s pin tumbler cylinder lock and became the considered locking expert of his time . in 1862 , yale jr . introduced the monitor bank lock , marking the transition in bank locks from key locks to dial or combination locks . the principles , embodied in his monitor lock , are now standard in combination locks throughout the usa .
from smart door locks , to smart home alarms , cctv systems , and ip cameras , yale’s range gives you what you need to keep your home safe at the touch of a button and puts you firmly in control of your home security .
series ii : oral histories and employee memoirs ( n . d . , 1874 – 2001 ) consists of audio tapes collected by university of connecticut students , as well as photographs and newspaper clippings donated to the yale & towne project by former employees .
our tagline ,
people . products . productivity . ™
sums up the elements of business we think make us most successful . we believe it is truly a team effort that is responsible for impressive yale history and longevity in this very demanding industry :
the summary data ( including definitions ) presented is provided by q4 ' s partner virtua a supplier of financial information to the financial community . hyster - yale materials handling , inc . neither represents nor warrants that the data accumulated and published by virtua is accurate .
when eckart frahm , professor of assyriology at yale , received a call from homeland security with a request to come to new york to assess cuneiform tablets , he was intrigued by the opportunity to provide an assessment of the content and origins of these ancient artifacts .
yale is one of fifteen brands represented by assa abloy door security solutions , a north american operating unit of assa abloy , headquartered in stockholm , sweden . assa abloy is the global leader in door opening solutions , dedicated to satisfying end - user needs for security , safety and convenience .
elihu yale , 1649 - 1721 born in america , in europe bred , in afric travell ' d , and in asia wed , where long he liv ' d , and thriv ' d ; at london dead . much good , some ill , he did ; so hope all ' s even , and that his soul , through mercy ' s gone to heal you that survive , and read , take care for this most certain exit to prepare : for only the actions of the just smell sweet and blossom in the dust elihu yale ' s own epitaph at wrexham , wales .
the group started small and humble . yale tradition mandated that any singing group worth its salt ceremoniously induct new members by sipping from engraved silver cups , but with nothing so luxurious on hand , mixed co ' s first members gathered around a plastic punch bowl which had been spray - painted gray .
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pat . # 3 , 312 combination lock - springfield , ma ( with c . wilson )
precise fingertip control of multiple functions enhances productivity and operator comfort . three - and four - function valves are available for clamping and non - clamping arrangements . for finite control of attachments , auxiliary function flow can be adjusted down to a preferred level through the dash display .
we have an unwavering commitment to quality . all our global facilities have iso registrations and use highly advanced design , manufacturing and testing methods
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convenient and innovative door locking solutions for your home , without the need to carry keys .
view footage anywhere using a smartphone or tablet for ultimate peace of mind , home or away . for the latest product and app updates , please see our help & support section .
the quality and value you need , from the door hardware brand you trust .
introducing the newest member of the nextouch family , the nextouch sectional mortise keypad lock . with all the features you love about the original nextouch , now in a mortise platform !
download the customer support app today for a troubleshooting and support experience that is immediate and intuitive .
sign up now to receive up - to - date info such as latest press releases , sec filings , events & presentations , and end - of - day stock quote .
the veracitor® vx engine - powered fork lift truck range provides outstanding productivity and low ownership cost , with smart design , leading ergonomics , reliable performance , serviceability and styling .
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find e - journals by title . find print journals via the general search .
web - based bibliographic management software free to uconn students , faculty , staff .
the maker studio at uconn library fosters a community of cross - discipline innovation .
schedule library instruction for your class , or learn how to incorporate information literacy into your curriculum .
series ii : oral histories and employee memoirs , n . d . , 1874 - 2001
series i : history ( n . d . , 1878 – 2001 ) consists of maps , photographs , and videotape .
permission to publish from these papers must be obtained in writing from both the university of connecticut libraries and the owner ( s ) of the copyright .
hennessy , thomas f . locks and lockmakers of america . rev . 3rd . ed . park ridge , ill . : locksmith publishing corp . , c1997 . call number 3
same as above , except instead of appellant’s brief , the title is : plaintiff’s appeal from superior court for fairfield county . ( 2 copies ) call number 5
site , 19th century photo reproductions including stamford historical society collection , n . d .
“we cut the finest keys” , photographs of commerical key sign , n . d .
“mr . never - close - the door , mr . always - slam - the - door - goodbye” , advertisement from saturday evening post , 1910 september 24
babbidge library has approximately 42 miles of shelving . that would take you about 14 hours to walk up and down them .
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the institute for the preservation of cultural heritage at west campus is dedicated to advancing the sustainable care , study , and use of the world’s cultural heritage .
berkeley college boasts a central location , beautiful collegiate gothic architecture , and a renowned dining hall . it is a lively community of spirited students , faculty , and staff .
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urltoken
since then , however , we ' ve blazed a new trail in college a cappella . we ' ve toured all over the world , performing for the likes of british prime minister tony blair and u . n . secretary general ban ki - moon . in 2012 , we appeared on national television in china , drawing an audience of millions .
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constitution avenue , nw between 12th and 14th streets washington , d . c .