the new lantao bus company ( 1973 ) limited ( chinese : 新大嶼山巴士 ( 1973 ) 有限公司 ) , commonly known as new lantao bus or nlb , is a franchised bus company operating in hong kong , primarily on lantau island .

new lantao bus

new lantao bus is the franchised bus company operating bus service in hong kong ' s lantau island .
file : hk tc tung chung new lantao bus co 1973 no 37 . jpg
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in the mean time , new lantao bus also started to operate new bus routes solely serving the northern part of lantau island . isuzu buses , being the main bus model operated by new lantao bus at that time , were sent to serve these routes . as the road conditions on the northern part are much better than those on the southern part , the buses can handle these new routes without a single problem mechanically . but their
special
configuration ended up receiving a large number of complaints from the residents , asking new lantao bus to send a proper bus on these routes .
with effect from 21st october 2017 new world first bus ( nwfb ) has rationalised the routes of its
rickshaw sightseeing bus
service .
buses five major companies run the bus lines in hong kong : kowloon motor bus co . , citybus ltd . , new world first bus ltd . , long win bus co . and new lantao bus co . fares are fixed , depending on route , and generally range from hk $ 3 to $ hk20 . most buses are double - decker and have electronic signs that alert passengers of upcoming stops . here are the routes for the five bus companies :
the event is supported by the five franchised bus companies : kowloon motor bus co . ( 1933 ) limited , citybus limited , new world first bus services limited , new lantao bus co . ( 1973 ) limited and long win bus company limited ; and council member of the chartered institute of transport in hong kong , dr . hung wing - tat , who agreed to be member of the assessment panel .
the current fleet comprises 78 single - deck buses . a majority of the single - deck buses operated by new lantao bus are japanese - built isuzu buses with local bodywork .
since 2001 all franchised bus companies , except new lantao bus company , have agreed that all new buses will be wheelchair accessible and at the end of march 2013 there were 3855 wheelchair accessible low - floor buses . all franchised buses are expected to be low - floor by 2017 with the exception of some buses operated by new lantao bus company along routes on lantau island which have topographical constraints such as steep gradients and sharp bends which are unsuitable for wheelchair accessible buses .
after the development of tung chung new town in 1998 , new lantao bus gained operation of an airport bus route a35 , connecting mui wo in southern part of lantao island and the airport in the northern part . new lantao bus ordered three specially built dennis dart slf ( ) buses from dennis , england . these buses were fitted with 215 hp engine and 6 - speed manual transmission , which are very different from the dennis darts operating in most part of the world . however , their slf design was proved to be not suitable to operate in southern part of lantau island .
after the development of tung chung new town in 1998 , new lantao bus gained operation of an airport bus route a35 , connecting mui wo in southern part of lantao island and the airport in the northern part . new lantao bus ordered three specially built dennis dart slf ( template : access icon ) buses from dennis , england . these buses were fitted with 215hp engine and 6 - speed manual transmission , which are very different from the dennis darts operating in most part of the world . however , their slf design was proved to be not suitable to operate in southern part of lantau island .
universal publications
public transport atlas
contains maps showing all bus and green minibus stops as well as comprehensive information regarding other public transport citybus / new world first bus publish a free leaflet
hong kong bus travel guide
in english detailing airport routes and hotels served and several scenic routes . this can be obtained from citybus / new world first bus customer service kiosks at the airport bus terminus and admiralty ( east ) bus station or downloaded from the citybus / nwfb website .
new lantao bus (
nlb
) and its parent company kwoon chung motors (
kcm
) acquired two and eight duple metsec bodied dennis tridents respectively from citybus in 2013 . the buses were purchased new by citybus and served as
cityflyer
coaches since 1998 .
hello ! can i use my octopus card to pay for the new lantau bus no . 23 from . . .
the current fleet comprises 108 single - deck buses and 2 dennis trident 3 double - deck buses . [ 3 ] a majority of the single - deck buses operated by new lantao bus are japanese - built isuzu buses with local bodywork .
new lantao bus is the only franchise bus operator in hong kong operating isuzu buses . these buses are tailor - made for the rough road conditions on southern part of lantau island . most of the vehicles are like ( tourist ) coaches rather than the standard buses one would find in an urban area , except for the newer buses in the tung chung new town .
new lantao bus is the only franchised bus operator in hong kong operating isuzu buses . these buses are tailor - made for the rough road conditions on southern part of lantau island . most of the vehicles are like ( tourist ) coaches rather than the standard buses one would find in an urban area , except for the newer buses in the tung chung new town .
passengers will soon find it easy to identify bus - bus interchange ( bbi ) services and facilities with the display of a common bbi logo over the territory where interchanges of franchised bus service is available .
discovery bay bus terminus , adjacent to discovery bay ferry pier and db plaza closed with effect from 25th february 2017 . all bus stops and temporary bus terminus have been relocated along discovery bay road . a new permanent bus terminus , which will accommodate 30 % more bus bays and better cater for double - deck buses along with expanded shopping mall and roof garden , is expected to open in early 2019 .
as the number of residents in tung chung keep increasing , new lantao bus soon found out that the 3 dennis darts were not capable to handle the demand of the new routes . new lantao bus ordered 9 nl263 ( ) 12 - metre single - deck buses from man , germany . also , it acquired 5 second - hand man nl262 ( ) 12 - metre single - deck buses from citybus . otherwise , a double - deck man 24 . 310 ( ) was borrowed from kwoon chung , which serving on route 37 and 38 during the rush hour .
the new lantao bus company ( 1973 ) limited ( nlb ) operates 22 lantau routes and 1 new territories route . fares range from $ 3 . 1 to $ 43 . 0 . as at 31 december 2017 , nlb had 124 licensed buses . in 2017 , it carried around 77 , 700 passengers a day .
in january 1992 , nlb became a subsidiary of kwoon chung bus holdings , a company now partly owned by nws holdings , which is also the parent company of citybus , new world first bus , and new world first ferry . all four transport operators are thus associated .
new lantao bus finally conceded to allocate the dennis darts only on the northern part of lantau island and ordered some new isuzu buses to serve the airport route a35 . for buses to be used to serve the airport , in order to increase the comfort level , these new isuzu buses were fitted with luggage racks and the seat configuration was in 2 + 2 , allowing a wider corridor for passenger access . these buses can be seen used on bus route 2 to ngong ping and sometimes on route 3m to tung chung new town .
in january 1992 nlb became a subsidiary of kwoon chung bus holdings limited , a company now partly owned by nws holdings limited , which is also the parent company of citybus , new world first bus , and new world first ferry . all four transport operators are thus associated .
all bus companies have websites ( links can be found in information above for current franchised bus operators ) which have details of routes , fares and timetables . the websites and apps of kmb / long win and citybus / new world first bus also have interactive point to point journey planners .
as the number of residents in tung chung keep increasing , new lantao bus soon found out that the 3 dennis darts were not capable to handle the demand of the new routes . new lantao bus ordered 9 nl263 ( template : access icon ) 12 - metre single - deck buses from man , germany . also , it acquired 5 second - hand man nl262 ( template : access icon ) 12 - metre single - deck buses from citybus . otherwise , a double - deck man 24 . 310 ( template : access icon ) was borrowed from kwoon chung , which serving on route 37 and 38 during the rush hour .
the number of buses and routes has declined slightly since 2003 under the transport department ' s bus service rationalisation plan to enhance the efficiency of the bus network by avoiding unnecessary overlapping of routes and reducing frequencies to take into account passengers increased choice of transport with the opening of new railway lines as well as reducing congestion and pollution . part of the route rationalisation process is the introduction of bus - bus interchange hubs ( bbi ' s ) , the first of which was tuen mun road bus - bus interchange which opened in december 2012 .
new lantao bus company ltd . will , subject to passenger demand , provide special departures of nlb route 37 , named as nlb route 37s between 3 - 00 pm and 6 - 30 pm on saturdays , sundays and public holidays from tung chung development pier to mtr tung chung station
hong kong has an extensive network of public bus services covering almost all areas of hong kong island , kowloon , the new territories and lantau island .
see list of bus routes in hong kong for the list of nlb routes .
i ' ve read in ngong ping 360 website that they will have scheduled maintenance on sept 7 to 24 , 2015 so we will be taking the bus to go to ngong ping village and others attractions via new lantao bus no . 23 can we use the octopus card for payment ? or is it on cash basis and how much from tun chung to ngong ping ?
nlb was formed in 1973 through the merger of three bus companies operated by residents of lantau island , and became the third franchised bus company on 1 april 1974 .
the new lantao bus company operates 22 lantau routes and 1 new territories route . fares range from $ 3 . 1 to $ 43 . 0 . as at 31 december 2010 , nlb had 103 licensed single - deck buses . in 2010 , it carried 52 , 000 passengers a day . the greatest traffic occurs during summer and on sundays and public holidays due to recreational demands .
kwoon chung bus holdings limited was founded in 1948 and is the largest non - franchised public bus operator in hong kong in terms of fleet size , with over 1000 buses . besides public transport service , kwoon chung is also the holding company of lantau tours limited , trade travel ( hong kong ) limited and new lantau bus co . ( 1973 ) ltd . , which is the franchised bus operator on lantau island .
mtr bus at siu hong west rail / light rail interchange at tuen mun in the northwest new territories in addition to services operated by the franchised bus operators , hong kong ' s rail operator , mtr operates 13 licensed bus routes in the northwest new territories serving mtr west rail line and mtr light rail stations in the towns of tuen mun , tin shui wai and yuen long and 4 local feeder bus routes serving tai po market station on mtr east rail line ( operated by kmb on behalf of mtr ) in the northeast new territories . when transferring directly between mtr or light rail and mtr bus , the bus connection is free when using octopus card , subject to the connection being made within 60 minutes . these services were previously operated by kowloon - canton railway corporation ( kcrc ) prior to its merger with mtr corporation in 2007 . kcrc had established its bus division in 1986 to provide feeder bus service within tuen mun and yuen long following construction of light rail network . kcrc bus division also acquired two free feeder services operated by kmb . kcrc and mtr merged in december 2007 and kcrc bus division was renamed mtr bus division . the number of feeder bus routes has declined in recent years since the public transport intermodal coordination policy ( pticp ) introduced by the government in 1986 was relaxed . under the pticp rail was to become the heart of the public transport network and residents of the new territories were encouraged to use rail by placing restrictions on the final stop of bus services from the new territories to urban areas . mtr bus had a fleet of 139 buses ( 128 double - deck and 11 single - deck ) , as at end 2017 , which carry about 139 , 000 passengers daily .
with effect from saturday 14th may 2016 the terminus of citybus bus routes a11 , 10 , 41a , 85 and new world first bus services 23 , 38 , 42 , 42c , 63 , 65 , 82 and 682c is relocated to the new north point ferry pier public transport interchange located north of java road between kam hong street and tin chiu street .
in order to increase non - fare box revenue bus operators have equipped many bus shelters with electricity supply to display illuminated advertisements and provide power for vending machines . 1 , 477 bus shelters had been provided with electricity supply by the end of 2014 and 28 vending machines had been installed .
a fleet list of current fleets of singapore ' s larger operators : bus pluscity toursducktours . .
a
360 sky - land - sea day pass
is available which includes a round - trip cable car ticket , unlimited rides on new lantao bus company bus routes and a tai o boat excursion . passes are priced from hk $ 290 to hk $ 370 for adults and hk $ 180 to hk $ 260 for children depending on type of cabin chosen for the cable car ride . for details see ; urltoken the 360 sky - land - sea pass includes a boat excursion at tai o
launching the new bbi logo at the prizes presentation ceremony for
your favourite bus - bus interchange ( bbi ) logo election and slogan contest
today ( october 30 ) , the commissioner for transport , mr . robert footman , said that bbi schemes would bring in win - win - win situation for all parties concerned .
owing to construction works in connection with the extension of citygate , with effect from 4th may 2015 the tung chung terminus for new ` lantao bus company routes 3m , 3r , 11 , 11a , 23 , 34 , 36 , a35 and n35 and for discovery bay transit services route db01r has been relocated to tung chung temporary bus terminus , adjacent to the ngong ping 360 cable car terminus on tat tung road . an additional stop for discovery bay service db01r has also been provided outside exit d of tung chung station .
citybus bus services r11 and r22 , which operate direct routes from hong kong disneyland to urban areas daily , following conclusion of the disney fireworks display , will cease to operate after 13th january 2013 . as an alternative , passengers wishing to travel to urban areas by bus from hong kong disneyland can take bus r8 from hong kong disneyland public transport interchange to the lantau link toll plaza and connect with cityflyer services a11 , a21 , a22 or a29 . a bus - bus interchange discount is available for passengers using octopus card and using service r8 to interchange at the lantau link toll plaza .
over 4 , 300 16 - seat minibuses ( public light bus ) also provide frequent services mainly in areas where high - capacity vehicles would not be viable , although some routes do partially or wholly duplicate franchised bus routes and often provide useful “feeder services” to mtr stations and transport interchanges . further information about public light bus services are detailed under a separate section
urltoken visitors are advised to use public transport to access the venue as no parking facilities are available . * new world first bus route no . 15 ( central - the peak ) * new world first bus route no . 15b ( hong kong convention & exhibition centre extension , wanchai - the peak ) ( only operates on sundays and public holidays ) * green minibus route no . 26 ( lee garden road , causeway bay - king yin lei )
however , bus service 629 from central piers to ocean park via exchange square bus terminus and admiralty ( west ) bus terminus continues to operate with five daily departures from central piers at 09 - 30 , 10 - 00 , 10 - 30 , 11 - 00 and 11 - 30 . however , there is no return service of service 629 from ocean park .
i am flying to shanghai and hong kong from new delhi . do i need single entr . . .
publicity materials at the airport and other boundary control points aims to keep visitors informed of the new measure .
a current fleet of kowloon motor bus company ( 1933 ) ltd . this title is part of the ‘world wide . .
a fleet list of all kown bus and coach operators in malta & gozo ( 5th edition ) at february 2018 . .
from 11th january 2017 bus route 629 to ocean park is reduced to five daily departures from central piers several alternative bus routes serving the aberdeen tunnel toll plaza , a short walk from ocean park main entrance , are available for passengers wishing to travel by bus to and from ocean park including routes 70 , 75 , 75 & 97 from exchange square and admiralty ( east ) .
four new minibus routes serve the new stations : 8m ( ho man tin ( sheung wo street ) – ho man tin station ) , 28ms ( kowloon city ( wyler gardens ) – ho man tin station ) , 2m ( whampoa station – kowloon city ( fuk lo tsun road ) and 26m ( to kwa wan ( chi kiang street ) – whampoa station ) . one minibus and one bus route have been cancelled and the frequency of 33 bus routes and 13 minibus routes reduced .
the new macau taipa ferry terminal opened on 1st june 2017 and from that date all ferries from hong kong operated by cotai water jet and turbojet which previously berthed at the adjacent taipa temporary ferry terminal will berth at the new terminal .
new world provided hk $ 40 million finance for the avenue of stars which opened in 2004 and have since managed the tourist attraction under a 20 - year contract which is being replaced by a new 20 - year management contract running until 2035 .
kmb was , in march 2011 , the first bus company in hong kong to launch an iphone app providing comprehensive information on kmb and its sister company long win bus company ' s services . the app offers four functions , “point to point search” , “route number search” , “nearby bus stop” and “alight reminder” . the first three functions provide users with different ways to search for a bus route , offering detailed routings , route maps , timetables and route announcements , as well as photos of every bus stop . in the “point to point search” , when several routes serve the same destination the system displays the lowest fare option as well as the route with the fewest en - route stops , allowing users to make their own choice according to their needs . the “nearby bus stop” function , making use of the iphone’s global positioning system , automatically identifies the location of the user and list all bus routes available and the location of their corresponding bus - stops within 200 metres . the kmb iphone app is available in traditional chinese , simplified chinese and an english version . the english version can be selected from the iphone settings menu . iphone and ipod touch users can download the app free of charge from the itunes app store . the app has since been made available on other mobile platforms . in october 2011 citybus and new world first bus launched a similar app for iphone and android devices .
offering a new and more immersive environment , the new exhibition halls will be renamed as the hall of the cosmos and the hall of space exploration . with interesting and interactive exhibits and advanced equipment , as well as new lighting and environmental decorations , the halls will introduce visitors to astronomy and space technology including the evolution of the universe , the solar system and space exploration .
all of them are of high floor design , fitted with very powerful engine . like most buses in hong kong , all of them are fitted with air - conditioning system . the air - conditioning system of most buses in hong kong is powered by the main engine . but the isuzu buses of new lantao bus are fitted with a separate engine , solely for powering the air - conditioning system . this allows the main engine to operate on its full power when climbing up steep slopes on southern part of lantau island .
full details of routes , frequencies and fares can be obtained by using search engines on the bus operators websites for which links are provided under the
current franchised bus operators
section above . users of mobile devices can download kmb and citybus / nwfb apps with route planning and fare information .
citybus single - deck bus at central ferry piers bus terminus citybus had been taken over in 1999 by uk based transport operator stagecoach group which subsequently , in 2003 , sold its interest in citybus to delta pearl limited , a subsidiary of chow tai fook enterprises , the major shareholder in nws holdings . chow tai fook and nws holdings formed a new company for its transport operations , merryhill group limited in march 2004 and citybus became part of that group , which was subsequently renamed nws transport services limited in december 2004 . nws transport services is also the parent company of hong kong bus operator new world first bus ( nwfb ) . the company ' s main franchise for services on hong kong island and cross - harbour routes expires on 1st june 2016 . in september 2015 the government granted citybus a new 10 - year franchise to commence 1st june 2016 on expiry of the current franchise and run until 1st june 2026 . a new franchise for airport services was awarded in 2013 and expires in may 2023 . citybus daily patronage is about 495 , 000 passengers for its main franchise routes and about 84 , 000 for its airport routes , as at end of 2017 . at the end of 2017 citybus operated a fleet of 906 double - deck and 38 single - deck buses of which 206 double - deck buses were allocated to its airport franchise . website ; urltoken new world first bus services limite d
the application provides users with the latest route information to help with journey planning . key functions : 1 . immediately track your location to show all nearby bus stops 2 . set origin and destination to explore all relevant route by “point - to - point search” 3 . detailed bus road - maps available
all of them are of a high floor design , fitted with a very powerful engine . like most buses in hong kong , all of them are fitted with an air - conditioning system . the air - conditioning system of most buses in hong kong are powered by the main engine . but the isuzu buses of new lantao bus are fitted with a separate engine , solely for powering the air - conditioning system . this allows the main engine to operate on its full power when climbing up steep slopes in the southern part of lantau island .
we believe that with the provision of more bbi schemes , bus passengers would have more choice of routes with fare concession at the interchange , bus operators would have better network coverage using existing resources and the community would be benefited with less buses along busy corridors and hence better environment ,
he said .
the citybus
ocean park express
frequent direct bus service 629 which has been operating between admiralty ( west ) bus terminus and ocean park for over 30 years has been discontinued with effect from 11th january 2017 following the opening of ocean park mtr station at the end of december 2016 ( see below ) .
octopus card readers are located next to the drivers cab on buses standing is allowed on the lower deck only and is common on some routes during peak hours . all buses are fitted with bells for passengers to indicate they wish to disembark at the next stop and most buses ( except those of new lantao bus company ) are fitted with visual and audible announcement systems indicating the name of the next stop in both english and chinese . many buses are also fitted with tv screens for entertainment and advertising . eating , drinking and smoking on buses is not allowed .
yes there are - the nlb site is clear on that . and you do see a lot of locals paying by cash to get from , say , tong fuk to pui o . but last time i tried getting it with my octopus the result was that i got dinged for another full fare , hence my question . all of the stanley buses have section fares if you get up to repulse bay . there are others - but it would take ages going through the bus company websites to find them . there are also bbi ( bus - bus interchange ) discounts when connecting between certain bus routes at certain places .
kwoon chung was founded in 1948 by the late mr . wong kwoon chung , and soon became renowned as hong kong‘s best car - cleaning service company . it has since moved on to various other vehicle - related businesses through continuously exploring and exploiting market opportunities . the company started a mini - bus student service in the 1950s and developed its passenger transport service in the late 1960s with student and employee bus services . in the 1980s , it expanded into residents‘ services by providing bus transportation to and from residential developments . now , it is one of the largest ( if not the largest ) non - franchised bus operators in hong kong .
any south lantau residents here happen to know how much the section fare is from mui wo to pui o ? the new lantao site appears to say $ 3 . 20 , but the government ptes site says $ 4 . 30 . and have they got their octopus readers upgraded to be able to do section fares on them yet or is it still cash only unless you want to pay the full route fare ?
long win
airbus
at hong kong international airport bus terminus long win bus company limited was formed as a subsidiary company of kmb holdings limited ( now transport international holdings limited ) in 1998 . kmb had been the preferred operator by the government when inviting tenders for franchised bus services between the new hong kong international airport , north lantau and the new territories and long win was set up as a separate company to specifically to operate these services . its services are branded
airbus
and in addition to its
a
prefix limited stop services to and from the airport , it operates
e
prefix
external
route local services between the airport , tung chung and some new territories towns and also jointly operates with citybus , shuttle services between the airport and surrounding area including tung chung and asiaworld - expo and between the lantau link toll plaza and hong kong disneyland . for further information about airport bus services see to / from airport . long win bus services carry about 107 , 000 passengers daily . long win ' s current franchise runs until may 2023 . at the end of 2017 long win operated a fleet of 241 double - deck buses and 4 single - deck buses . website ; urltoken citybus limited
since november 2008 free wi - fi internet access has been made available on buses on some routes operated by citybus , including all
cityflyer
airport routes and new world first bus and by the end of 2014 , about 300 buses were wi - fi enabled . for more information on routes with wi - fi access see
in early 2016 it was disclosed by the environmental health department that the hybrid double - deckers have not been as efficient as expected owing to heavy use of air conditioning systems during the summer which has led to overall higher fuel consumption than conventional buses . hong kong ' s first euro vi hybrid hbus was introduced into service in november 2014 by kmb under the 2015 / 2016 bus route development programme the transport department and bus operators are proposing to enhance services of the bus network serving the airport . it is planned to introduce two new long win airbus
a
routes serving yuen long and tai po as well as a new supplementary service to route a33 . in addition it is proposed to increase the service frequency or operating hours of four
e
external airport routes and the s56 circular route between the airport and tung chung station .
kmb has been granted a new ten year franchise which runs from 1st july 2017 until 1st july 2027 . kmb daily passenger patronage is about 2 . 75 million . at the end of 2017 kmb operated a fleet of 3 , 823 double - deck buses and 144 single - deck buses . website ; urltoken long win bus company limited
to tie in with the extension of island line to western district , a new feeder bus service , citybus ( ctb ) 43m ( tin wan - shek tong tsui ( hill road ) ) has been introduced from 28th december plying between tin wan , wah kwai , wah fu , victoria road and kennedy town station / hku stations for use by passengers living in areas relatively far away from the new mtr stations . the new feeder bus route has replaced citybus service m47 ( wah fu - central ( hong kong station ) which has ceased operation . three new green minibus railway feeder routes connecting southern district and kennedy town station ( hau wo street ) have also been introduced from 28th december . route 23m circular service operates via pokfield road , pok fu lam road ( queen mary hospital ) and chi fu . route 54m circular service operates via victoria road , mount davis road , pok fu lam road and queen mary hospital and route 58m operates to bel - air on the peak via victoria road and cyberport .
double - deck buses were first introduced into hong kong in 1949 and most of the current fleet are 12 - metres length but on some difficult routes shorter double - deckers of 10 or 11 - metre length are used . in recent years the fleet has been upgraded to meet european emission standards . kowloon motor bus ( kmb ) with a fleet of 3725 has retired all 288 of its euro 1 buses and replaced with euro iv and v models . new world first bus and sister company citybus had replaced all their 440 pre - euro and euro i buses by the end of 2012 . in december 2012 , kmb ordered 370 brand new e500 euro v air conditioned double - deck buses from british manufacturer alexander dennis limited . the buses , which kmb co - developed with the manufacturer , are expected to produce fuel savings and a reduction of 10 % in carbon emissions by reducing body weight and utilising a more efficient air conditioning system and its chassis will be compatible with the future euro v1 engine . passenger capacity of the new buses is 136 ( 90 seated and 46 standing ) . the order is part of kmb ' s 5 - year purchasing plan which will see 1800 older buses replaced and the new buses , which were in service by mid - 2013 , are used on routes connecting urban areas with new towns in the new territories .
the new exhibition halls of hong kong space museum , namely the hall of the cosmos and the hall of space exploration , which focus on astronomy and space science respectively , opened to the public on 25th april 2018 , introducing a total of over 100 new exhibits . the previous exhibition halls had become outdated and closed in 2015 .
additionally , hong kong etransport kiosks have been installed at several locations , including the arrival hall of hong kong international airport , hong kong convention and exhibition centre , tsim sha tsui star ferry pier , mtr sha tin station and tuen mun road bus - bus interchange , for use of tourists and other members of the public who may not be able to readily access the internet .
during 2016 / 2017 mtr is introducing a new fleet of 68 11 . 3 - metre long buses fitted with euro v engines to replace existing buses which are being retired .
the old supreme court building , vacated by the legislative council in 2011 , is the new home of the court of final appeal the old court of final appeal building ( the former french mission building ) on battery path is to become a legal hub with space being rented out to law - related organisations . for more information see what ' s new
all buses are air - conditioned , since kmb phased out its few remaining air - conditioned buses in may 2012 . double - deck buses were first introduced into hong kong in 1949 and most of the current fleet are 12 - metres length but on some difficult routes shorter double - deckers of 10 or 11 - metre length are used . in recent years the fleet has been upgraded to meet european emission standards . kowloon motor bus ( kmb ) with a fleet of 3725 has retired all 288 of its euro 1 buses and replaced with euro iv and v models . new world first bus and sister company citybus had replaced all their 440 pre - euro and euro i buses by the end of 2012 . in december 2012 , kmb ordered 370 brand new e500 euro v air conditioned double - deck buses from british manufacturer alexander dennis limited . the buses , which kmb co - developed with the manufacturer , are expected to produce fuel savings and a reduction of 10 % in carbon emissions by reducing body weight and utilising a more efficient air conditioning system and its chassis will be compatible with the future euro v1 engine . passenger capacity of the new buses is 136 ( 90 seated and 46 standing ) . the order is part of kmb ' s 5 - year purchasing plan which will see 1800 older buses replaced and the new buses , which were in service by mid - 2013 , are used on routes connecting urban areas with new towns in the new territories .
bus service s1 and s56 ( jointly operated by citybus and long win bus co ) both operate a circular route between the airport and tung chung station bus terminus . at the airport both buses stop on cheong tat road outside the passenger terminal building at ground level below the arrivals hall . bus s1 ( about every 5 / 10 mins ) , via asia world - expo , stops outside the np360 tung chung cable car terminus on shun tung road on the journey from the airport with a journey time of about 16 mins . bus s56 is an express service ( about every 20 mins ) direct from the airport to tung chung station , about 2 mins walk from np360 tung chung cable car terminus , with a journey time of about 9 mins . buses operate from about 5 - 30am until midnight . most buses are equipped with luggage racks . there are luggage storage facilities at the np360 tung chung terminus with a charge of hk $ 80 per piece per day during normal cable car operating hours . taxi
wong chuk hang , lei tung and south horizons stations do not have customer service centres and
mobile service mode
has been adopted at these stations . a mobile service team will rove around the stations to provide timely and proactive information for passengers . there will also be self - service information points for ticketing issues , purchase of single - journey tickets , adding value to octopus cards and contacting staff through a video conferencing facility . information counters in the unpaid areas of these stations provide information on station facilities and mtr routes via tablets integrated into the counters . to coincide with opening of the new line , new world first bus route 78 ( wong chuk hang - wah kwai estate ) is extended to terminate at wong chuk hang station and citybus route 48 ( sham wan - wah fu north circular ) will include an additional stop at wong chuk hang station . new green minibus routes 4m ( shek pai wan aberdeen centre to wong chuk hang station ) , 5m ( grantham hospital - wong chuk hang station ) and 40m ( stanley prison - ocean park ) have been introduced and existing green minibus routes 69a ( cyberport - wong chuk hang circular ) , 59a ( shan wan - aberdeen centre ) and 29 ( ap lei chau estate - sham wan ) have additional stops at wong chuk hang station . a new red minibus service operating between wah fu estate and wong chuk hang station has also been introduced . citybus
ocean park express
frequent bus service 629 operating between admiralty ( west ) bus terminus and ocean park has been discontinued from 11th january 2017 although there are still five daily morning departures of route 629 from central piers via exchange square bus terminus and admiralty ( west ) bus terminus to ocean park but no return service .
* after losing its franchise cmb operated a private free shuttle bus service on six days a week between north point government offices and island place at north point from 1998 until ceasing operation on 30th june 2015 .
new world first bus and citybus took delivery of three government subsidised 12 - metre enviro 500 hybrid double decker buses from uk manufacturer alexander dennis in mid - september 2014 . the buses are equipped with a small diesel engine which powers the on board generator which provides electricity for the drive motor , air conditioning and other facilities and charges the internal lithium ion - batteries . the latest intelligent
arrive and go
technology allows the bus to shut the diesel engine down when approaching a bus stop at speeds of less than 6 . 4km per hour and switch to electrical mode . the diesel engine restarts when the speed rises above 11 . 2km per hour . following their introduction into service the buses are subject to comprehensive testing by the companies and the environmental protection department for performance , fuel performance and emission efficiency .
commencing in july 2017 kmb began rolling out a new red and silver livery which also features an outline of hong kong skyscrapers and the slogan
heartbeat of the city
. the livery has first appeared on a fleet of 70 new buses which are equipped with usb ports , free wi - fi and screens on the lower deck indicating the number of vacant seats upstairs .
the government has estimated that the average increase will be 9 . 98 % for urban taxis , 11 . 5 % for new territories taxis and 8 . 6 % for lantau taxis .
in march 2013 citybus announced that it was replacing the whole of its 15 / 16 year old
cityflyer
airport bus fleet over a two - year period commencing april 2013 . 66 new alexander dennis enviro500 euro5 buses feature reclining high - back leather seats , individual reading lights above upper deck seats and larger luggage racks as well as enhanced environmental performance . multi - functional lcd panels display the names of the next three bus stops and hotel names , all buses are equipped with free wi - fi and luggage rack areas are monitored by cctv . the fleet has been replaced two years ahead of the normal fleet replacement schedule .
picture shows another antique bus on display at the exhibition : the albion victor evk55cl , preserved and owned by kmb , which is one of the city ' s last non - air - conditioned single - decker buses .
in september 2017 kmb began trials of a solar powered air conditioning system on one of its double - deck buses . 20 solar panels have been installed on the roof of the bus which provide a supplementary power source for the air conditioning system and can also supply power to on board usb ports . the trial bus is operating on tuen mun routes and kmb is planning to gradually add panels to other double - deck buses in its fleet .
construction of the kwun tong line extension commenced in mid - 2011 and the new railway tunnel broke through in december 2014 . construction had to overcome various challenges , including complicated ground conditions and severe space
hong kong residents can purchase tickets at existing prices on - site at tung chung and ngong ping cable car terminals until 30th april 2016 ( except during chinese new year 8th to 10th february ) .
the hong kong observation wheel ( hkow ) , which has been closed to the public since 30th august 2017 is to reopen under new operator the entertainment corporation limited ( tecl ) on 20th december 2017 .
disneyland recently completed a 2 - year expansion which has seen the introduction of three new themed areas , toy story land , grizzly gulch and mystic point and the size of the park grow by about 25 % .
discovery bay was served exclusively by ferry until 2000 when a tunnel connecting the development with the north lantau highway was opened . since then , hkri has also operated external bus services to tung chung , hong kong international airport and sunny bay station .
with effect from 1st december 2017 the “a symphony of lights” nightly light and sound show is to be updated for the first time since its inception in 2004 . the new version of the show , which features light and laser displays from buildings on both sides of victoria harbour and synchronised music , is ten minutes duration , four minutes shorter than the existing show and the number of participating buildings is reduced from 43 to 40 with some new buildings including the government offices at tamar being included and others dropping out . the show has a new soundtrack featuring the hong kong philharmonic orchestra and is claimed to be more energy - efficient than the existing show .
currently hong kong ' s franchised bus network is made up of about 600 routes , operated under six franchises by five franchised bus companies with a total fleet of 5 , 982 franchised buses ( at end of 2017 ) , comprising 5 , 665 double - deck and 317 single - deck vehicles . each day franchised buses make over 80 , 000 journeys with a patronage of about four million passengers . under current legislation , franchised buses must be retired from service before reaching an age of 18 years .
a new fare promotion
designated saturday offer
will operate on the first saturday of each month for the five months from november 2016 to march 2017 and will allow adult octopus card holders to travel at concessionary fares equal to child octopus fares and concessionary octopus holders will be able to travel at a flat fare of hk $ 1 per journey ( except airport express , mtr feeder bus , journeys to or from lo wu and lok ma chau stations and east rail line first class travel ) .
the transport department is discussing with the bus companies on the arrangement to display the selected logo at existing and future bbi locations to facilitate passengers to identify the services and facilities . the current plan is to put the logo on ground by the end of this year .
the façade of the renovated central police station on hollywood road , one of the historic buildings now open to the public at tai kwun - centre for heritage and arts for further information see what ' s new . tai kwun website ;
hong kong ' s security bureau security has launched an updated version of the mobile application
safeguard hk
, featuring a new hiker tracking function to better protect hikers , as well as commonly used travel phrases in eight additional languages .
the theatre has been closed since february and is undergoing a hk $ 10 million renovation which includes fitting of new carpets and seats , and will reopen on 21st may . the small theatre will become a centre for performing - arts education .
the first locally designed electric bus had been due to begin operating one month of test runs on hong kong ' s roads in november 2015 . the 12 . 5 tonne single - deck bus was designed by hong kong productivity council and hong kong automotive parts and accessory system ' s research and development centre in partnership with green dynamic electric vehicle limited . the bus was built in mainland china and underwent nine months of trials in chongqing and dongguan before being delivered to hong kong . the 11 . 75 - metre vehicle has a passenger capacity of 75 ( 35 seated and 40 standing ) and can travel at up to 70km / ph . a four hour battery charge enabled the bus to travel up to 380km . the body was made of lightweight aluminium alloy , weighing 10 per cent less than existing electric buses , and has a gear - free permanent magnet synchronous motor and lithium polymer battery . the hk $ 40 million project began in august 2013 and was funded by the government ' s innovation and technology fund . however , the prototype bus was destroyed by fire resulting from a short circuit and overheated battery on 13th december 2015 . the cause of the fire was seepage of water into battery casings which led to short - circuiting and it is believed the battery casings had been damaged during performance tuning and inspection by green ' s technical support staff in dongguan .
the 10 - 30 departure of the daytime heritage route h1 is renumbered h1a , a new
market route
departing daily from central piers via admiralty , wan chai , yau ma tei fruit market , mong kok flower market and shanghai street .
is currently undertaking a number of development projects , including the hong kong ocean park marriott hotel , the new water world , the installation of a park - wide wi - fi network , and the redevelopment of the existing kid’s zone whiskers harbour .


cryo interactive entertainment was a french video game development and publishing company founded in 1992 , but existing unofficially since 1989 as a developer group under the name cryo .

cryo interactive

external engines with the same name that target other cryo interactive games are listed below .
announced to have acquired the intellectual rights to all of the former cryo interactive video games catalogue as well as all of the cryo brands .
had flopped . parts of the company were absorbed by dreamcatcher interactive , who had published cryo ' s games in north america since 1996 . successful series like
cryo is the publisher behind the upcoming massively multiplayer online sci - fi role - playing game dune generations . a number of other cryo games have been published in north america through a partnership with canada - based dreamcatcher interactive .
cryo interactive was a french gaming company that was founded in 1992 , and closed in 2002 following bankruptcy . many of their games have been highly criticised by critics and gamers .
cryo interactive / networks was dismantled in 2002 , due to ongoing debts , and the failure of their last few games , including a true - to - form adaptation of dune .
formed in 1997 . the company developed and published online multiplayer games and software applications . cryo networks also maintained a proprietary online multimedia development framework named scol ( standard cryo on line ) .
on hellboy , the logo popped up still with
cryo studios north america
below it .
. cryo was not a registered company at this time , just a development team . their original logo showed what would become the familiar cryo logo - image ( a woman ' s face , in a cryo - tube ) , set inside an inverted form of the exxos logo - image .
the famous logo with a woman ' s face in blue cryo - tube ( or a space suit ) .
the following is a list of windows 95 games published by cryo interactive in the centre for computing history collection . it is not an exhaustive list of and other games may have been published . if you have any games or software that you would like to donate to our collection , please view our donations page .
a compilation of all cryo interactive opening logos , excluding the still versions . oh yeah , the version from aliens : a comic book adventure is included too . the quality for this video is lower than the original because rendering hd videos in sony vegas makes my pc overheat . hopefully , i can render an hd version in the future .
french game company cryo and its subsidiary , cryonetworks , have shut down , according to a report on gaming news site urltoken . the closure is due to a failure to negotiate a deal with the company ' s creditors , and cryo shares have been suspended from trading awaiting an announcement from the company ' s board of directors .
cryo networks ' headquarters was located in france and it opened two divisions in quebec , canada ( montreal and laval ) which handled sales and distributions to the united states and canada . in january of 2001 the company acquired
38 years old , phd in fundamental computer science . technical architect , project manager and auditor ( cryo networks , hsbc , bnp paribas ) : writing of technical specifications , optimization , process rationalization and automation , development , displaying .
as i searched the cryo titles today , im nearly shocked . only 8 titles in gog market ? ? ? why ? i know cryo games need much more patients sometimes the dated graphipcs , sometimes the crungy and not too logical ui but they definetely has the atmosphere which many modern games doesnt . at least since lost eden has added , but not necronomicon ? why its already in steam . or maybe some rights needed ? and dune , oh my god ? why on earth dune missing from gog ? ? ?
if you plan on road tripping around the south this summer , check out the southern foodways alliance ' s oral history interactive map . the map features restaurants , roadside stands , and purveyors from virginia to texas with an oral history about each location . use the trip builder to plan an itinerary around the eateries along your route . there are also specific trails for barbecue , boudin , gumbo , and tamales .
the company is a victim of the fallout from the closure of publisher cryo last year , and this news will come as a blow to fans of classic football games such as kick off , goal ! and player manager , whose creator dino dini was working with trecision on a new football game .
37 years old , polytechnique degree ( x92 ) , phd in economic science , bac + 5 in social science . he worked as a directing consultant , project manager and auditor ( cryo networks , hsbc , natexis ) : strategy , management , organization , process , quality , innovation and networks management .
this is something extremely sad ,
commented trecision managing director pietro montelatici ,
after 12 years with our best game ever in development it ' s even worse . cryo ' s closure last year hit us heavily and now shareholders decided not to sustain trecision anymore so we had no choice but to close . i would like to thank all the people i worked with here in trecision , they are simply great .
italy ' s oldest development studio , trecision , has gone into liquidation after 12 years in business - but the company is hopeful that a buyer may step in to allow the completion of work on its forthcoming football title .
the studio ' s previous football title , football generation , is set to be published by midas , and the company is hopeful that it will be able to complete and deliver this title under the court ' s supervision . the future of the other football game , however , hinges on a buyer being found for the game assets .
i strongly hope that an interested party will see the huge opportunity to buy part of trecision ' s asset , employ the team and finish what can be one of the best soccer game in the market ,
montelatici told gi . biz .
both the project and the team deserve this .
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uk charts : jurassic world narrowly misses no . 1 as crash bandicoot holds firm
, which was published that year , also by virgin . a wide variety of games followed , including early cd - rom best - seller
currently viewing the 50 most recent games . click here to view the complete list .
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there is a purple triangle depicting the anabiosis chamber with face inside . the word
in a decorative ( and very abstract ) yellow font slides in from the bottom - left corner to the center , and
presents
in the futuristic white font appears at the bottom - right corner .
, which appears in an shell looking right to the bottom . the word
we see the female android again , wearing a space suit with light playing , looking right .
there is a red planet ( presumably mars ) on the screen . the face slowly pans and turns to look on us , then it freezes and fades through black to
is seen below in the dungeon font . the logo is taken into a box .
for sega cd , the logo is tinted sky blue , due to color limitations .
same action as before , but the red planet is replaced with earth below .
is written directly on it , this time in times new roman font . the name casts shadows .
we start in a close - up of the female android ' s face inside the space suit , turned left .
there is a starfield around and a planet is seen . the face pans to the right , with light playing on the glass , and then the box zooms in , with
then two comets are shown , orange and blue , swirling in the skies . the view changes to the face , then to comets again , and to her right eye . the android opens her eyes . then the comets collide and create the
a much more longer version exists , which was likely used for promotional uses .
this is a remake of 6th logo animation . instead of the space suit , a segmented shell opens and show the female android ' s face ( features changed ) inside . the further action is copied from the previous logo , with minor changes .
the videos for the logos above have been found . 4th - urltoken also , here ' s an extra logo history . urltoken
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notes : based on wagner ' s opera the ring of the nibelungen . it comes on six cds . available in english , french , and greek ( only subtitles ) .
notes : the cd version is called conspiracy and features a new hint system , interlaced video , and stars donald sutherland .
they have made a number of decent point - and - click adventure games that are still fondly remembered by many nostalgic gamers ( although they tend to be short and easy ) .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
sony santa monica makes us care about kratos in this stunning revival of the series .
far cry 5 ' s story is a real let - down , but the action still makes for a solid co - op experience .
there are some elements around the edges that haven ' t aged all that well , but burnout paradise is still a fantastic racing game .
podcasts giant bombcast the giant beastcast giant bombcast ( premium ) the giant beastcast ( premium ) giant bombcast aftermath ! all systems goku premium podcasts giant bomb presents gaming minute 8 - 4 play alt + f1 bombin ' the a . m . with scoops and the wolf !
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urltoken is a digital distribution platform – an online store with a curated selection of games , an optional gaming client giving you freedom of choice , and a vivid community of gamers . all of this born from a deeply rooted love for games , utmost care about customers , and a belief that you should own the things you buy .
hand - picking the best in gaming . a selection of great games , from modern hits to all - time classics , that you really shouldn’t miss .
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uk ebay has persian wars . . two listing right now that they are selling to the states one of which is brand new and sealed . . sure there is more than than for sale if you sign into uk ebay . . i am signed into usa ebay
persian wars might play fine if you mess with the hardware acceleration moving it lower away from full or you might try downloading zeus software nglide or dgvoodoo 2 wrapper . . i never played that game . . only played about half of this list
i lost my persian wars cd some time ago , unfortunately . also , last time i tried playing it , there was a weird lag issue when giving commands in combat . i hope gog can get us these games .
yeah mate , i cant seem to find
persian wars
anywhere . gog has t oadd this stuff .
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the engine to support lost eden has been merged into the main tree and the game is completable .
this page was last modified on 11 february 2017 , at 00 : 26 .
content is available under gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 unless otherwise noted .
this page was last modified on 17 may 2013 , at 19 : 15 .
video games producer and publisher microïds is one of the world leaders in the adventure games segment ( with international bestsellers such as still life , syberia , dracula and amerzone ) . its extensive and varied games catalog has won over every section of the public , from toddlers to hardened gamers , and from collectors of cultural games to adventure fans . microïds ' publishing line today is focused on mainstream games , where the core objectives will continue to be gaming and entertainment , fiction and fantasy worlds . some of its titles will also touch on the learning sector ( history , science , heritage , current affairs , and much more ) .
toki 🐒 sera disponible sur nintendo switch dès le 22 novembre et dévoile son édition retrollector qui contient . . . - toki en version boite - une bd toki de 16p - des lithographies - des stickers - une mini borne d’arcade pour accueillir l’écran de la nintendo switch !
toki 🐒 sera disponible sur nintendo switch dès le 22 novembre et dévoile son édition retrollector qui contient . . . … urltoken
le remaster d ' astérix et obélix xxl 2 sortira le 29 novembre 2018 sur nintendo switch , playstation 4 , xbox one et pc . deux éditions spéciales sont disponibles en précommande ! - l’édition limitée astérix & obélix xxl2 qui comprendra le jeu vidéo ( playstation 4 , nintendo switch ou xbox one ) avec 3 figurines d ' astérix , obélix et idéfix . - l’édition collector « ils sont fous ces gaulois ! » qui inclura le jeu ( playstation 4 et nintendo switch ) , une figure en résine et d’autres surprises à découvrir très prochainement . . . fin 2019 , les joueurs découvriront astérix et obélix xxl 3 , un nouveau jeu d ' aventure fidèle à l ' univers de la bd .
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robyn lee used to take and edit many of the photos for serious eats . she ' d also doodle cute stuff when necessary . read more from robyn at her personal food blog , the girl who ate everything .
post whatever you want , just keep it seriously about eats , seriously . we reserve the right to delete off - topic or inflammatory comments . learn more in the comment policy section of our terms of use page .
if you see something not so nice , please , report an inappropriate comment .
and merged it into the montreal location . by december 2001 the laval , canada , location no longer existed . the ceo of the company at that time was
, was abandoned and never released . the scol technology was subsequently released as an open source project .
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is founded by a strong and qualified team , experienced both in technology and television . the team is made of 5 partners , with common values and highly complementary expertise . several of us have already worked together as a team for several years on critical missions .
30 years old , master in finance from hec business school . he worked for france télévisions financial management department ( 2002 - 2006 ) . he was in charge of financial issues in the launching of dtt tv channels as france 4 and gulli and of the news tv channel france 24 . in 2006 , he joined france télévisions general management department to develop a performance analysis tool on aired programs . in addition to his responsibilities , he became general manager of a sofica ( investment fund dedicated to cinema and tv programs ) in july 2005 .
36 years old , master 2 of the european business school . co - founder and commercial manager of degetel , a computer engineering service company specialized in new technologies and the media . it developed its turnover from 0 to 45 m€ in 7 years and was out with a lbo in 2007 . cofounder of openbridge , a consulting company .
the viral rna of tmv is infectious by itself , but rna on its own is very unstable . the addition of a 17 - kda coat protein ( cp ) around the rna protects the rna from degrading and makes tmv very stable . the assembly of a rod - shaped virion begins at a two - turn helical cp complex , called the 20s aggregate ( 11 ) , which recognizes the initiation motif . this motif contains an aag repeat ( 11 ) , with the last g being the most conserved ( 12 ) . each mature tmv is composed of 2 , 130 cp molecules and a 6 - kb linear positive - strand rna , organized in a helical rod of 3 , 000 å in length and 180 å in diameter . with the protection of cp , tmv can survive for years in cigars and cigarettes made from infected leaves .
here we take advantage of these latest technical developments and further improve the helical reconstruction method . by doing so , we have determined the structure of tmv in its metastable calcium - free state at 3 . 3 å resolution by cryoem helical reconstruction . our structure reveals the mechanisms by which the tmv coat protein swaps base favorability ( g * a to a * g ) in response to the removal of calcium ions from its calcium switches . our structure also explains why both assembly and disassembly can happen with the same components in the same environment .
as detailed in methods , we optimized the acquisition of high - resolution images in three aspects . first , we used a thoroughly cleaned and extensively “baked” holey carbon grid as well as a small beam size to minimize specimen charging . second , we used parallel illumination to eliminate magnification differences across images at different defocus settings . third , we minimized beam tilt to reduce phase errors . electron micrographs of frozen hydrated tmv in the metastable calcium - free state show characteristic striations perpendicular to the helical axes ( fig . 1 a ) . these particles were boxed into segments ( see box in fig . 1 a ) which were subjected to reference - free 2d classification to obtain class averages . the incoherent average of fourier transforms of these class averages shows layer lines beyond a spacial frequency of 1 / ( 3 . 2 å ) ( fig . s1 a ) , demonstrating the resolution limit of the images beyond 3 . 2 å .
cryoem reconstruction of tmv at 3 . 3 å resolution . ( a ) cryoem micrograph showing natural striations of the tmv rods embedded in vitreous ice . ( scale bar , 600 å . ) the image was denoised by applying a wiener filter , a median filter , and a low - pass filter to enhance the contrast . ( b ) central slice from the final 3d reconstructed map . ( c ) overview of the helical density map . ( d ) a single turn of 16 subunits of capsid protein ( ribbons in rainbow colors ) and bound rna ( atomic model at low radius ) . ( e ) ribbon diagrams of one cp and its three bound rna bases superimposed with the cryoem density map . see also movie s1 . lr , rr , ls , rs : left radial , right radial , left slewed , and right slewed α - helices , respectively .
we first find the upper limit of δ based on the targeted resolution and the crowther formula ( 21 ) . for the case of tmv , δ has to be less than 1° to achieve 3 . 3 å resolution ; it also has to be an integral fraction of the angular span of the asymmetric unit , ϕ ( in the case of tmv , ϕ = 22 . 04° ) , for the vernier strategy to work . therefore , the available choices of δ for tmv here are ϕ / 22 , ϕ / 23 , ϕ / 24 , and so forth . then we experiment on different combinations of θ and δ that satisfy the following three relationships : first , θ is an integral fraction or an integral multiplicity of ϕ ( i . e . , ϕ = mθ ) ; second , δ equals an integral fraction of θ ( θ = nδ ) ; and third , n × m is an integer . the nominal angular locations ( 0 , 1θ − 1δ , 2θ − 2δ… ) , in turn , fall into different asymmetric units at effective angular positions 0 , ( n − 1 mod mn ) δ , ( 2n − 2 mod mn ) δ , ( 3n − 3 mod mn ) δ… relative to the beginnings of each asymmetric unit when helical symmetry is considered ( fig . s2 b ) . after calculating these numbers , we would know whether a certain ( θ , δ ) pair passes the last quality control : whether the effective angular positions cover all of the 0 , δ , 2δ… ( mn − 1 ) δ positions in the asymmetric unit and whether these effective angular positions are evenly distributed within the asymmetric unit ( the number of nominal projection locations can be more than the effective positions ; in this case , we would like the effective positions of the extra projections to be evenly distributed in the asymmetric unit ) . if it does not , we try a different pair of θ and δ .
resolution assessment of the 3 . 3 å cryoem map . ( a – c ) representative structural features resolved beyond 3 . 3 å resolution . atomic models are shown as sticks and cryoem densities are shown as wire frames . in b , the higher - density regions are displayed in navy color , showing that sugar and phosphate groups 3 . 3 å apart are well - resolved . ( a and c ) the two stacked base groups of the rna ( a ) and the side chains of the two arginines that are stacked with their π - bonds ( c ) are 3 . 3 å apart . ( d – f ) representative regions of the map fitted with their atomic model , showing the quality of the map . ( d and f ) two hydrophobic regions showing the quality of the side - chain densities . ( e ) the sole small β - sheet region of cp , showing the separation of the strands . see stereo views of d – f in fig . s2 .
carbonyl densities . representative areas of the density map that match with the shape of corresponding backbone carbonyl groups ( arrows ) .
our reconstructed tmv structure ( fig . 1 b – e ) has the same overall shape as that of the high - calcium state solved by x - ray fiber diffraction ( 6 ) . the calculated helicity of our structure is 16 . 338 subunits per turn , or 49 . 013 subunits per three turns , which is slightly different from those used in previous studies ( 49 . 02 in refs . 6 and 9 , and 49 . 019 in ref . 23 ) . each asymmetric unit of tmv contains one cp and three rna bases ( fig . 1 e ) . each cp consists of four major helices , two minor helices , and one tiny β - sheet ( fig . 2 e ) . these secondary - structure elements are joined by loops , one of which runs radially and binds rna ( rna - binding loop ) ( fig . 1 e ) . these loops are well - resolved in our cryoem structure , unlike the previous lower - resolution cryoem structure ( 9 ) .
based on this map , we built a full - atom model de novo ( methods ) . in each cp subunit , 155 ordered residues ( ser3–ala157 ) and 3 bases are resolved . using side - chain densities resolved in our map and the counting criterion as described previously ( 24 ) , we identified in each cp 113 fully resolved amino acids ( 73 % ) , 24 partially resolved residues ( 16 % ) , 11 ambiguous residues ( 7 % ) , and 6 glycines ( 4 % ) . notably , even most of the “ambiguous” and glycine residues have defined cα positions . carbonyl groups are at times ( > 15 % ) visible in the density as protrusions ( fig . 3 ) . the rna densities are also well - resolved . phosphate groups sharply stand out at higher contour levels . the densities for the base moieties are in pie shapes similar to those of tryptophan residues .
the other calcium switch , located closer to the helical axis ( fig . s4 , blue circle ) , has been described previously ( 9 ) . the opening of this second switch results in lower affinity between adjacent cp subunits in the lateral direction .
in sum , the net effect of losing calcium ions in the calcium switches is threefold : the lateral interaction between cps is considerably weakened ; the axial interaction between cps is strengthened ; and the affinity between cp and bound rna is decreased . such effects have changed the tightly bound helical assembly into a loosely bound “beads on a string” structure that is held together by encircling ( but not as strongly binding to ) the viral rna , making possible the cotranslational stripping of cp by ribosomes during disassembly ( 6 , 26 – 28 ) .
changes in cp–rna base hydrogen - bonding networks triggered by low - calcium concentration .
environments of the three bases in the low - calcium state shown in stereo . ( a and b ) environment of base 1 : the cases for adenine ( a ) and guanine ( b ) . the backbone oxygens of gly85 and asp88 make a hydrogen bond with n6 of adenine and n2 of guanine , respectively . when protonated , asp115 can form a hydrogen bond with n3 of this purine ( blue dashed lines ) . ( c ) environment of base 2 . as observed in our structure , the size of the density of this base fits a pyrimidine . if it is a uracil , its o4 forms a hydrogen bond with arg46 ; its n3 participates in the hydrogen - bond network mediated by a water molecule . ( d ) environment of base 3 . thr89 forms a hydrogen bond with any base in this position with its side - chain oxygen , either as a donor or an acceptor . base 3 favors guanine because only guanine gets an extra hydrogen bond with gln39 .
on the other hand , base 3 now favors guanine . the backbone oxygen of thr89 now turns and its hydrogen bond with base 1 in the high - calcium state is broken . as a consequence , its side - chain oxygen now forms a hydrogen bond with base 3 ( fig . 5 d ) . this hydrogen bond can be formed for all bases . if this base is a guanine , an additional hydrogen bond may form between its n2 and gln39 ( fig . 5 d ) . thus , guanine is more favorable at this base position .
for base 2 , the size of the density is too small for a purine ; therefore , we model a uracil base at this location ( fig . 5 c ) . o4 of this uracil forms a hydrogen bond with arg46 ( fig . 5 c ) . this hydrogen bond can also be formed with a guanine . a water molecule mediates a hydrogen - bonding network between arg90 , thr42 , and n3 of this uracil ( fig . 5 c ) . this hydrogen bond can be formed for all bases . it was suggested that this base favors adenine ( 29 ) ; however , in our experiment , we were unable to capture the conformation of an adenine bound in base 2 , possibly due to the relatively low abundance of adenine at this base position in the whole viral genome .
the above observations about the changed hydrogen - bonding network at low - calcium concentration on the three base slots are consistent with the notion that an aag - repeating motif is necessary to initiate the encapsidation process ( 12 ) .
in the fiber diffraction structure it was concluded that the rna binding site specifically favors a g * a motif . however , the rna binding site revealed in our structure favors an a * g motif instead . both motifs match with the aag motif observed as the initiation motif ( 12 ) ( the g * a motif can be converted to * ag by applying a frameshift operation ) . because our structure represents the conformation in a low - calcium - concentration environment , which is the same as that which the virus encounters during assembly , the a * g motif revealed in our structure now offers direct evidence as to why the aag motif initiates the encapsidation process ( 12 ) .
particles on the micrographs were selected manually by the helixboxer program in the eman package ( 31 ) and subsequently boxed out automatically with a custom - designed program helixbatchboxer that is deposited in the eman repository . this program also cut the helical particles into segments using user - selected overlapping schema . reference - free 2d classification was done with the eman urltoken module ( results ) . the starting model was generated in a similar fashion as previously ( 32 ) . the 3d structure was refined iteratively as follows for 10 iterations . for every iteration , the current best structure is used as a reference to obtain a refined structure using the eman refine module for one single round ; this refined structure is used to refine the helical parameters by the hsearch _ lorentz module of ihrsr ( 20 ) ; the newly determined helical parameters are used to generate a new structure by helicizing the eman reconstruction with the himpose module of ihrsr ( 20 ) . we used the vernier method to guide projection generation in the eman refinement ( results ) .
for the himpose program , we made three modifications that are critical for reaching atomic resolutions . first , we modified it to use the central 1 / 5 segment of the volume for averaging , instead of the 2 / 3 that is hard - coded in the original ihrsr program . second , we introduced a new feature so that the helicized map will not shift or rotate in relation to the starting model as the original program does . third , we implemented an oversampling scheme into himpose to minimize interpolation errors introduced during averaging and back - and - forth conversions between cylindrical and cartesian coordinate systems .
upon reaching convergence of the above iterative refinement , we switched to a refinement method similar to that described previously ( 9 ) , except that we generated our 3d reconstruction by merging class averages ( as in eman ) instead of individual particles . the reconstructed volume was helicized in real space with the ihrsr himpose program . an initial atomic model was built from the resulting density as described below , and the fourier amplitude of the resulting density map was rescaled by a one - dimensional structure factor ( 24 ) which was derived from our initial atomic model . the map was further sharpened by deconvolution of an envelope function with a 60 å 2 b factor .
we used 61 , 708 particle segments in our refinement process . each segment has a length of 512 pixels , or 445 å . although a recent paper recommends a large overlap between neighboring segments for objects with small rise per subunit ( 33 ) , we initially chose an overlapping level of 90 % as previously used ( 2 , 9 , 32 ) ( si discussion ) . therefore , each particle segment has 10 % ( or 51 pixels ) of fresh data , which represents 31 asymmetric units . all these segments represent about 1 . 9 million asymmetric units , or 31 , 882 icosahedral particle equivalents ( compare with 20 , 473 in ref . 18 ) . bad segments were excluded based on lack of mutual similarity , and about 43 , 000 segments ( 22 , 000 icosahedral particle equivalents ; compare with 18 , 646 in ref . 18 ) were included in the final reconstruction .
author contributions : p . g . and z . h . z . designed research ; p . g . performed research ; p . g . and z . h . z . analyzed data ; and p . g . and z . h . z . wrote the paper .
data deposition : the cryoem density map and the atomic model have been deposited in the emdb and protein data bank ( id codes emd - 5185 and 3j06 , respectively ) .
structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 3 . 6 å resolution : implications for assembly
visualization of protein - nucleic acid interactions in a virus . refined structure of intact tobacco mosaic virus at 2 . 9 å resolution by x - ray fiber diffraction
structure of the u2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus refined at 3 . 5 å resolution using x - ray fiber diffraction
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
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urltoken
urltoken is a gaming blog for pc and console gamers who are interested in several genres from rpg to strategy , adventure , and action . we focus on classic computer games but also write articles on xboxone , playstation4 and retro consoles such as nes / snes .
meaning of this library is to give access to browse release date / publisher and game rating info of specific games and link
lets play videos
to them . this list is heavily focused in traditional and modern rpg and adventure games . some of action games are accepted if they : contain adventure or rpg elements , extensive storyline , classic fantasy setting or are survival type of horror action / adventure games ( like system shock or grand theft auto for instance which are hybrids ) . does include some indie rpg ' s - i might remove some very minor releases with no info available . this list is by no means perfect , but i aim to include majority of new and old rpg , rpg / adventure , adventure , action / adventure and adventure / puzzle type of games here .
ratings are based on gamespot user average and urltoken average score of all magazines the site knows . more the known game , more reliable score since it ' s score is generally based on more reviews . minimum user reviews to be accepted ( gamespot ) : twenty .
what it doesn ' t have - - simulations , sports , mmorpg ' s ( unless tba ) , straight forward action shooters or fps without adventure element , strategy games in general . any ps3 / xbox360 or other console exclusive games .
if game name is clickable , it ' s direct link to urltoken store to buy it ! other features will include link to
let ' s play
to youtube - so you can get to watch some interesting gameplay material from even some oldest games . have fun !
gr = urltoken rating ( average out of every game magazine the website knows - gamespot / ign / pcgamer etc . )
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