foreign aid from china is development assistance provided by the chinese government to other countries in the form of infrastructure projects given as gifts ; concessional loans to fund projects ; disaster relief ; student scholarships ; and other forms of assistance .

chinese foreign aid

most chinese aid is provided bilaterally . only 15 % is given as multilateral aid .
foreign governments don’t passively receive financial aid but rather actively attempt to manage their foreign aid donors . ( ashraf shazly / afp via getty images )
at the onset , china’s aid policy was premised on equality between partners , mutual benefit , respect for sovereignty , respect for obligations and enhancing the self - reliance of chinese aid recipients . according to china’s 2011 white paper on foreign aid :
in addition , in the past decade , controversies stemming from china’s foreign aid , especially business contracts in less - developed countries and connections to china’s quest for natural resources , have solicited scrutiny and criticism from international observers . how to manage the reputational risks associated with commercial aspects of china’s foreign aid and improve its foreign aid to better serve china’s broader national interests is a key task identified by analysts within the chinese foreign policy community .
[ 3 ] “china’s foreign aid , ” xinhua news agency , april 21 , 2011 , urltoken .
over the past several years , an increasingly strong voice has risen in china calling for the reform of its foreign aid policies and systems . in response to this voice , the ministry of commerce ( mofcom ) initiated a campaign in 2014 to “comprehensively deepen the reform of china’s foreign aid system , ” which led to the release of new “ measures for administration of foreign aid ” in december . under this grand scheme , mofcom is scheduled to introduce mid - to long - term policy guidelines on chinese foreign aid in 2015 . while the changes to china’s foreign aid may not be as drastic as some have hoped , they will nonetheless affect the direction and practice of china’s foreign aid as an important policy instrument .
they expressed fear that cutting foreign aid risks ceding u . s . influence in other regions and countries .
there is also an ongoing debate inside china about the goal and management of chinese aid to africa . for the foreign policy bureaucrats at the ministry of foreign affairs , foreign aid is essentially a political instrument for china to strengthen bilateral ties and facilitate the development of african countries . in their view , political considerations should be the most important criteria in aid decision - making . economic benefits associated with aid projects , such as profitability , resource extraction , or the acquisition service contracts for chinese vendors , should only be secondary .
this is an extract from a working paper titled “the political and economic dynamics of foreign aid : a case study of united states and chinese aid to sub - sahara africa” . [ kafayat amusa , nara monkam and nicola viegi ]
i was in fiji last week to get an update on chinese assistance to the country , as part of a larger project i ' m doing mapping chinese aid activities in the pacific islands , to be launched in early 2015 . navua hospital , built with chinese aid assistance , fiji . ( author photo ) fiji is becoming
lowy institute research associate dr philippa brant writes for foreign affairs about why china ' s foreign aid won ' t replace the west ' s . the full article is available here
today the lowy institute’s melanesia program launches a major update to the institute’s flagship research mapping project on chinese aid in the pacific . * the map now contains a decade of chinese government aid activities in the pacific islands region , making it a valuable resource for
the chinese government is frequently criticised for not being transparent about its aid program . as i mentioned in my quick summary yesterday , there ' s not a lot of specific data in the chinese aid white paper . but we can make a few comparisons — on geographical spread , type of aid , and income
the pacific region is making headlines across australia after pacific and international development minister concetta fierravanti - wells harshly criticised chinese aid in the region . ' useless ' is how fierravanti - wells has described chinese aid projects , leading countries to take on debt they can ' t
mapping chinese aid in the pacific , an interactive map launched by the lowy institute today , is the first comprehensive survey of chinese - funded aid projects in the pacific islands region . lowy institute research associate dr philippa brant drew on over 500 sources including budgets , tender
china proclaims that the aid that it dispenses takes into account the beneficiary country’s economic growth and poverty alleviation goals . over the years , chinese aid projects in developing nations have also ushered in the flow of chinese investors through commercial contracts tied to state - funded projects .
my research on foreign aid diplomacy suggests that there is yet another reason we should care about the proposed cuts . here’s why : unpredictability and volatility in foreign aid undermines the ability of donor officials to lobby for changes in recipient countries .
the ministry of commerce ( mofcom ) is the principal institution for chinese aid , and houses the department of aid . it is in charge of distributing all zero - interest loans and grants . the ministry of foreign affairs coordinates with mofcom to decide aid allocations , and is the on - the - ground diplomatic point of contact for chinese firms and interests in africa . but the relationship between the two ministries is often tense , and , as experts have argued , conflicting interests between the multiple agencies sometimes hurts chinese aid policy .
dr . li ling teaches at chinese military economics academy , based in wuhan , china .
examining what drives chinese aid allocation to sub - saharan africa , empirical evidence suggests that china provides more foreign aid to oil - rich sub - saharan african countries than those that are not oil rich . almost half of the top ten recipients of chinese aid in the past ten years gave access to oil wells and granted first rights to prospect for oil in return . examples include angola and nigeria .
african governments like ghana increasingly have access to financing from “nontraditional” donors like china . just last month , ghana signed a $ 10 billion memorandum of understanding with the chinese to develop the country’s bauxite industry . chinese financial assistance should not yet be seen as a replacement to traditional aid . chinese aid is concentrated in the productive sectors ( infrastructure , agriculture and mining ) and mainly goes to chinese companies . in contrast , traditional aid is more likely to go directly to recipient governments and supports social sectors like health and education .
robbie gramer is a diplomacy and national security reporter at foreign policy . @ robbiegramer
cari has combined and converted china’s officially published foreign aid data from the ministry of finance . all figures are reported in millions of us $ using annual exchanges rates and are available for download in excel format . we have included all budgetary categories under “foreign affairs” , since several categories that are considered “foreign aid” by oecd definitions are in independent categories .
there’s another big reason u . s . foreign aid is important : it helps the u . s . get what it wants .
in addition to securing africa’s natural resources , china’s capital flows into africa also create business opportunities for chinese service contractors , such as construction companies . according to chinese analysts , africa is china’s second - largest supplier of service contracts , and “when we provide africa assistance of rmb 1 billion , we will get service contracts worth usd 1 billion ( rmb 6 billion ) from africa . ” [ 18 ] in exchange for most chinese financial aid to africa , beijing requires that infrastructure construction and other contracts favor chinese service providers : 70 percent of them go to “approved , ” mostly state - owned , chinese companies , and the rest are open to local firms , many of which are also joint ventures with chinese groups . [ 19 ] in this sense , china’s financing to africa , including aid , creates business for chinese companies and employment opportunities for chinese laborers , a critical goal of beijing’s going out strategy .
according to 2011 white paper on china’s foreign aid , published by the state council of the prc , “financial resources provided by china for foreign aid mainly fall into three types : grants ( aid gratis ) , interest - free loans and concessional loans . the first two come from china ' s state finances , while concessional loans are provided by the export - import bank of china as designated by the chinese government [ … ] foreign aid expenditure is part of the state expenditure , under the unified management of the ministry of finance in its budgets and final accounts system . ” kitano & harada ( 2016 ) have inferred that the foreign aid figures “were based on committed amounts and that disbursed amounts were therefore still unpublished . ”
china has provided foreign assistance since the 1950s , and is now the largest developing country to provide aid outside of the development assistance committee ( dac ) , a forum of the world’s major donor countries under the organization for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) . like its foreign policy more broadly , chinese foreign assistance has adhered to the “five principles of peaceful coexistence” and emphasized the virtue of national self - reliance . at the same time , it has served a strategic purpose alongside other foreign policy priorities .
the chinese have helped build more than 300 dams in africa , like this one on the congo river .
there are three main organs controlling chinese aid : the ministry of commerce , the ministry of foreign affairs and china ' s eximbank . the state council - china ' s cabinet - has oversight , and approves the annual budget , grants and aid projects over a certain amount , as well as aid to politically sensitive countries . the ministry of finance is also responsible for giving aid to multilateral organizations , such as un agencies .
stay up to date on devex coverage of u . s . foreign policy under trump :
recipient governments do not just passively receive aid but rather actively attempt to manage their foreign aid donors . they pay attention to how predictable and consistent donors are with their aid dollars , preferring to work with donor agencies that keep their word and deliver what they promised .
due to the lack of transparency in china’s aid statistics , other efforts were undertaken to collect more information on china’s foreign aid , ranging from media - based , field - based , to extrapolating from official data . “estimating china’s foreign aid 2001 - 2013” ( 2016 ) , by kitano & harada at jica research institute , provides an excellent overview of these efforts .
my conversations with government officials , however , suggest that some african governments see chinese aid as more credible than assistance from traditional western donors . this puts even more pressure on traditional donors to offer credible promises of aid to recipient governments .
there’s another big reason u . s . foreign aid is important : it helps the u . s . get what it wants . - the washington post
however , given the lengthy nature of china’s foreign aid reform and the vested interests associated with the current setup , few expect the top leadership to make any drastic moves in the near future . nevertheless , technical reforms , internal adjustments , and enhanced multilateral cooperation are indeed on the horizon for china’s foreign aid .
given the above considerations , president xi jinping’s 2015 announcement of a three - year $ 60bn aid package for africa presages still deeper chinese soft power forays into this strategically important continent , and arguably represents a wake - up call for the west that size is not the sole , nor even the main , criterion for effective foreign aid .
in a new book , “ the development dance : how donors and recipients negotiate the delivery of foreign aid , ” i argue that aid is about bargaining and diplomacy . contrary to popular conception , aid is not a unilateral gift . foreign aid requires , in president trump’s words , the “art of the deal . ” but diplomacy is not like the real estate business . to get the best deal , you need to be predictable .
for both types of donors , recipient country governance is important . this conclusion is drawn from looking at the determinants of american and chinese foreign aid to 31 countries in sub - saharan africa . in the case of the us , both political rights and civil liberty are considerations in its aid allocation decisions to the region . for china , political rights are more important than civil liberty in influencing who receives aid .
since 2001 the need to boost chinese domestic economic growth has further driven china’s interest in sub - saharan africa’s natural resources .
some observers have also noted that most of the infrastructure projects funded with chinese official aid improve access to locations where chinese companies can produce agricultural products as well as undertake mining activities . if the philippines’ department of environment and natural resources sustains its clampdown on destructive mining operations , will china just discontinue aid for that sector or will it exert pressure to overturn the strict policy ?
china ' s foreign aid program is now the sixth largest in the world . only the uk , us , germany , france and japan provided more last year .
emily tamkin is a staff writer at foreign policy covering ambassadorial and diplomatic affairs in washington . @ emilyctamkin
the economic sectors that get most attention in extending funding assistance and investment — particularly food production , mining and other resource extraction projects — which raises analysts’ questions whether the real beneficiaries are the poor countries receiving the chinese funding or the chinese economy itself .
hart and other aid executives told devex that such deep cuts would be short sighted and discount the role that development plays in creating global stability . the defense community has also emerged as a supporter of foreign aid , with a similar rationale .
prominent in the aid debate is the notion that western donor countries are more concerned about the degree of governance in recipient countries . their chinese counterparts are assumed to overlook the level and type of governance .
international development minister concetta fierravanti - wells ' remarks about china ' s aid to the pacific are part of a long tradition of concern in australia . yet while some chinese aid projects are less than perfect , as my colleague jonathan pryke notes , fierravanti - wells ' sweeping
a political analyst at the university of new south wales in canberra , veasna var , wrote in an article published by the east asia forum days before the asean foreign ministers’ gathering that “excessive dependence on china [ financial aid ] has also placed cambodian foreign policy firmly under china’s influence . ”
“on the one hand , i have never heard as much bipartisan support for foreign aid in my entire career as i have heard in response to this budget , ” said hart .
in terms of the largest sub - saharan africa recipients of chinese aid , nigeria , ghana and sudan have been the top recipients in the past decade . the three countries combined received about $ 250 million in aid . the majority goes to energy infrastructure such as oil pipelines .
the document details how the trump administration’s plans to reduce direct foreign assistance would take place in fiscal year 2018 .
the proposed changes also contradict some previous republican positions , for example the shift toward esf funds , which are subject to less monitoring and regulation . republicans have traditionally favored greater aid transparency and were key backers of the recent foreign aid transparency and accountability act .
in recent years , china’s economic presence in africa has led to a heated debate , some of it well - informed and some of it not , about the nature of chinese involvement and its implications for the continent . the debate is partially motivated by the rapid growth of china’s economic presence in africa : for example , chinese investment in africa grew from usd 210 million in 2000 to 3 . 17 billion in 2011 . [ 1 ] aid is an important policy instrument for china among its various engagements with africa , and indeed africa has been a top recipient of chinese aid : by the end of 2009 it had received 45 . 7 percent of the rmb 256 . 29 billion cumulative foreign aid of china . [ 2 ] this aid to africa has raised many questions , such as its composition , its goal and nature .
dr philippa brant is a lowy institute research associate . china’s aid policy , like almost everything china does on the world stage , attracts close scrutiny and often criticism . the forthcoming release of china’s second white paper on foreign aid ( likely within the next month ) will
chinese foreign aid expenditure have increased steadily in the past decade , growing from us $ 631 million in 2003 to close to us $ 3 billion in 2015 , with an average annual growth rate of 14 % . the steepest growths were observed between 2005 and 2008 , when annual growth rates range between 14 % and 45 % . a sluggish growth of less than 1 % was observed in 2015 , the lowest growth rate yet since 2003 . after peaking in 2014 and 2015 , chinese foreign aid expenditure decreased from close to 3 billion in 2015 to $ 2 . 253 billion in 2016 . the 24 . 5 % decrease arises from large fiscal carryover funds in previous years .
politicians in donor countries determine how much foreign aid a particular country gets . but donor agencies like usaid are responsible for delivering that aid . in exchange for aid dollars , donor officials ask recipients to make changes like implementing anti - corruption programs , establishing an independent electoral commission or overhauling the country’s primary education system . this requires donor officials to negotiate with recipient governments over how and under what conditions aid will be delivered .
although the benefits of chinese aid in sub - saharan africa are clear in health and infrastructure projects , including the provision of medicine , the training of health workers as well as the construction of transport infrastructure , there are some drawbacks to the aid . while china provides aid for different projects over a wide spectrum , for the most part it is focused on a few specific sectors . as a result pertinent issues that enable domestic resource generation in the region are not necessarily addressed . this suggests that there is a need to re - assess the type of chinese aid sub - saharan countries accept and to make sure that the aid ties in with these countries’ development agendas .
it should be noted that , although china’s foreign aid reform is primarily a domestic campaign , recipients , especially african countries could play an important role in shaping the discourse . to fully utilize china’s foreign aid resources and potential , african countries should not stay passively as mere recipients , but actively voice their needs and concerns . only through interactive and collaborative efforts could china’s aid to africa be shepherded for the maximum benefits for the recipient countries . if there is one voice that china’s aid community cannot afford ignore , it is that of africa itself .
it looks like u . s . president donald trump ' s plan to reduce the foreign aid budget will come at a cost to his administration ' s other aims in south and central asia .
compared to top dac donor countries , the scale of china’s foreign assistance is still relatively small . according to some estimates and oecd international development statistics , china’s gross foreign aid in 2001 was extremely limited , amounting to only about 1 . 8 percent of the total contribution by dac donors . however , since launching its “go global” strategy in 2005 , china has deepened its financial engagement with the world , and its foreign aid totals have grown at an average rate of 21 . 8 percent annually . in 2013 , china contributed about 3 . 9 percent to total global development assistance , which is 6 . 6 percent of the total contribution by dac countries and over 26 percent of total u . s . foreign aid .
trump’s plan to cut foreign aid spending has been anticipated for months . the president rarely broached the topic on the campaign trail , but a series of outline documents — some of them released intentionally , others leaked to the press and think tanks — gave a clear indication that the white house had its sights set on cutting foreign aid . the administration’s stance has left the development community facing something of a paradox .
china’s role as an aid donor has been met with wariness , both from aid experts and recipients . confusion over the nature of china’s aid arises because the country uses multiple ministries and agencies to give money , has different strategic priorities than traditional western donors , and does not release detailed reports about how much aid it provides .
this week ' s quick comment interview is with the lowy institute ' s dr philippa brant , who is behind the lowy institute ' s latest ( and very popular ) infographic on chinese aid to the pacific . philippa discusses how she put the data together ( china doesn ' t have a comprehensive accounting of its own aid
china’s ministry of finance has been publishing their annual central government budgets and expenditures since 2003 . relevant budget categories have evolved over the years , though what the budget category of “foreign aid” encompasses has remained fairly unchanged .
this may be a reflection of the fact that china has been a recipient nation of aid .
influenced mainly by their own experience of development and by the requests of recipient countries , the chinese aid and economic cooperation programmes emphasized infrastructure , production and university scholarships at a time when traditional donors downplayed these ,
wrote bräutigam .
despite strong opposition to some of the proposed cuts by members of congress , military leaders and business leaders , administration officials seem to have made few changes to the foreign aid budget from the “skinny” budget and earlier leaks .
most of these aid forms have existed since china became an international donor . the country gives money through three mechanisms : interest - free loans ; grants ; and preferential interest loans or tied loans , according to xue lei , a research fellow of shanghai ' s institutes for international studies .
most of the foreign aid is provided in the form of project aid ,
he told irin .
the restructuring also saw the creation of three policy banks . these were china’s development bank , china export - import bank and china agricultural development bank . they were all state owned and enabled the government to provide targeted finance . the new policy opened the door to an economic and trade strategy . it enabled chinese investments in manufacturing and agriculture , and growth in chinese assembly factories . it also created increased demand for chinese exports and allowed china’s incursion into the exploration and investment in minerals and forest resources in africa .
the foreign aid arena in africa has traditionally been dominated by the organisation of economic co - operation and development ( oecd ) countries . however , over the past three decades non - traditional donors such as china , have emerged .
despite chinese leaders’ claim that china’s assistance to africa is totally selfless and altruistic , the reality is far more complex . [ 9 ] china’s policy toward africa is pragmatic , and aid has been a useful policy instrument since the early days of people’s republic of china .
in the 1960s africa provided china with an opportunity to increase its political and diplomatic reach . chinese interest in the continent came about in part as a result of political tensions between china and the soviet union as well as increased american and japanese competition in asia . in addition to political motives , africa presented china with economic opportunities . while the initial motive for chinese aid was to strengthen diplomatic ties , the resource motive became an important factor .
since the beginning of china’s reform and opening up , especially after 2000 , africa has become an increasingly important economic partner for china . africa enjoys rich natural resources and market potential , and urgently needs infrastructure and development finance to stimulate economic growth . chinese development finance , combined with the aid , aims at not only benefiting the local recipient countries , but also china itself . for example , china’s “tied aid” for infrastructure usually favors chinese companies ( especially state - owned enterprises ) , while its loans are in many cases backed by african natural resources .
moreover , at a time of massive chinese assistance flooding the region , savings achieved through scrounging comparatively small levels of assistance will leave washington with a shrunken profile and a shallower footprint .
china’s aid strategy contradicts the western approach , but is arguably more effective in achieving development goals .
concessional loans , provided by china eximbank , now make up nearly half of the total aid .
earlier this year trump also announced he was withholding $ 32 . 5 million in funding earmarked for the u . n . population fund , the lead united nations agency on family planning and maternal health . trump made that decision on the grounds that the agency helps to support a chinese government family planning program that forces people to get abortions and sterilizations — a determination that both the agency and many advocates for foreign aid vigorously dispute .
the west’s concern is that china’s $ 9bn overseas aid ( and investment ) operates as a form of 21st century neocolonialist imperialism , exploiting poorer states’ energy and commodity sectors . however , this is contested by a growing body of empirical evidence that suggests chinese aid is allocated irrespective of whether recipient nations are resource - rich , or not , acting to dispel fears that china delivers only “rogue aid” ( opaque , political , and exploitative ) to “rogue states” ( authoritarian and corrupt ) .
in a chapter in an edited book , philippa brant examines the dynamics of china’s provision of foreign aid and its quest for natural resources in the south pacific region , with comparative references to other regions . she argues that although major commercial resource contracts do
during the cold war , foreign aid an important political tool that china used to gain africa’s diplomatic recognition and to compete with the united states and the soviet union for africa’s support . between 1963 and 1964 , zhou enlai visited 10 african countries and announced the well - known “eight principles of foreign economic and technological assistance . ” [ 10 ] these aid principles were designed to compete simultaneously with the “imperialists” ( the united states ) and the “revisionists” ( the soviet union ) for africa’s approval and support .
about 61 percent of chinese concessional loans to africa are used for infrastructure construction , and 16 percent are for industrial development . the three areas that receive the largest allocations of chinese concessional loans are transport and storage ; energy generation and supply ; and industry , mining , and construction . a small portion of the remaining allocations go to health , general budget support , and education .
once a government signs a memorandum of understanding , the chinese firm proceeds to work on a feasibility study . the chinese can be “on the ground in a week” doing the feasibility study , which is itself is “not comprehensive” but merely an analysis of the cost — a stark contrast with the long time western companies or even the world bank spend on feasibility studies , hruby noted .
to the white house and congress cautioning against cuts to foreign aid and diplomacy . the letter cited the state department and usaid’s role in maintaining global stability by confronting extremist groups like the islamic state , curbing refugee flows , and combating infectious diseases like ebola .
there are also changes in the way china looks at the links between aid , development and business .
nonetheless , aid experts still expect the final budget passed by congress to lower spending levels on assistance .
president donald trump’s 2018 fiscal year budget proposal would shift funds from the united states agency for international development to the state department , hinting at potential changes in how development is carried out and shedding light on which parts of foreign aid could take the biggest hit .
elizabeth c . economy is c . v . starr senior fellow and director for asia studies at the council on foreign relations . follow her on twitter @ lizeconomy .
studies made in recent years on the experience of developing countries that have received chinese official development assistance and capital investment showed gains made in such sectors as infrastructure , agriculture , energy and mining . some of the aid money also goes to technical cooperation , human resource development , medical assistance , and debt relief .
in addition , over 23 other government ministries and commissions play some role in providing foreign aid . for example , the ministry of education has been responsible for scholarships provided to african students to study in china , and the ministry of health runs and funds overseas medical programmes .
“what i see happening in this budget is elimination and draconian cuts to aspects of the foreign aid program critical for getting results , ” said george ingram , a senior fellow at the brookings institution . “you are removing the account and mechanisms that produce the greatest accountability . ”
chinese aid in infrastructure outweighs that of other donors . it accounts for over 30 % of total value of infrastructure projects in africa . sub - saharan africa’s education and health sectors have also benefited significantly . but the amount committed to these two sectors lags behind others such as transport and energy . this is possibly due to the fact that a significant amount of western aid is focused on these two sectors ( see table 1 ) .
china’s aid policy in africa underwent major reforms between 1994 and 1995 . these were effected in three main ways :
the president’s budget is a proposal to congress and is likely to change considerably before coming into effect . the initial top line cuts have been met with criticism from republicans and democrats in the house and senate . observers and advocates believe that foreign aid and usaid have support on capitol hill .
according to natsios , the former usaid administrator , secretary of state henry kissinger similarly diverted funds during the cold war . natsios pointed to the consultations that current secretary of state rex tillerson has had with kissinger and believes that the elder statesman may be influencing the administration’s attitude toward foreign aid restructuring .
my research tells us that uncertainty in foreign aid negotiations undermines the ability of usaid to lobby for things including democratic overhauls , increased transparency and economic policy that are in the u . s . national interest . this should matter to a president interested in making deals that benefit the american people . to get the best possible deal for our aid dollars , the assistance needs to be given in a predictable way .
in many contemporary accounts of western aid and capacity - building in africa , there would not be a close connection between aid and trade ,
king writes in his book . china by contrast , sees a very important link between private business and aid . indeed , this is a core element of china ' s official view to development .
konyndyk told devex that such a shift could see u . s . programs lose key aid expertise , developed at usaid over the past half century . “when we see state really driving foreign assistance spending , it generally is not as effective , rigorous , or results - driven , ” he said .
this is according to a new paper from the jica research institute estimating china ' s foreign aid program from 2001 to 2013 . their calculations put china ' s total official development assistance ( oda ) at us $ 7 . 1 billion in 2013 . ( china ' s aid budget is growing rapidly , so this fits with the us $ 6 . 4 billion figure reported in china daily in april 2013 . )
the trump administration proposes a 30 . 8 percent cut to the overall foreign aid budget , according to a state department budget document obtained by devex on monday . that top line figure was already apparent in the administration’s so - called “skinny” budget released last month , but the latest document offers great detail .
“despite chinese leaders’ claim that china’s assistance to africa is totally selfless and altruistic , the reality is far more complex , ” said public - policy think tank brookings institution nonresident fellow yun sun in a 2014 analysis paper . africa has been a big recipient of chinese financing , with a sovereign risk officer at the export - import bank of china projecting that by 2025 china will have provided africa with us $ 1 trillion in direct investment , soft loans and commercial loans .
“chinese aid provides an opportunity for cambodia to dodge the efforts of the international community , in particular the united states , to get cambodia on the right track for democracy , good governance and human rights , since cambodia can ultimately turn to china when it disagrees with these initiatives , ” explained var , a phd student in the unsw program in political and international studies .
some of the experts who spoke at the forum pointed to alleged misconceptions about china’s aid and investment flows to africa . for instance , aid recipient countries were said to also include commodity - poor nations and not just nations with rich mineral and agricultural production .
in southeast asia , the influence of china’s financial aid on the recipient country’s government policy stance is best reflected in the position taken by cambodia when in july 2016 it blocked an asean foreign ministers’ move to include in a joint statement a reference to the united nations - backed ruling that rejected beijing’s claim to the south china sea .
bolstering the economic support fund while gutting development assistance has raised fears in the development world that the trump administration is more interested in using foreign assistance to achieve short - term political objectives than his predecessors .
enation or invigoration to remind the chinese people of past glories in an attempt to bind them to modern china . xi has , however , surpassed his predecessors in the sheer scale of his efforts to achieve the goal of national revival . he has put in motion a massive infrastructure plan , the belt and road initiative , which is designed to revive the ancient silk road and the maritime spice routes that flourished as early as the han dynasty , thus reinforcing the claim of chinese centrality . he has also
a long wait : lonmin miners - involved in a bloody clash with police with killed 34 people - are arguing for a greater share of wealth that has steadily flowed into foreign economies , most recently china .
given the steep bipartisan opposition to slashing foreign assistance , congress likely will not consent to the entire proposed reduction . republican sen . lindsey graham went as far as to declare trump’s budget “dead on arrival . ”
philippa brant is a lowy institute research associate . earlier this week a massive database of chinese development finance activities in africa ( warning : big pdf ) was launched by aiddata and the center for global development . this endeavour involved a team of researchers and has
africa enjoys rich natural resources and market potential , and urgently needs infrastructure and development finance to stimulate economic growth , sun noted . much of the chinese financing that had gone to africa , she said , is “associated with securing the continent’s natural resources . ”
a partner in the international law firm dentons , thomas laryea , confirmed that chinese “facilitators” are constantly monitoring countries for potential projects that their companies can undertake . this activity , laryea said , has given rise to “a cadre of professional facilitators” on such deals .
[ 19 ] jamil , anderlini , “china insists on ‘tied aid’ to africa , ” financial times , june 25 , 2007 , urltoken .
on november 15 , 2012 , the day he became general secretary of the chinese communist party , xi jinping stood onstage at the great hall of the people , in beijing , to reflect back on his country’s 5 , 000 years of history . after citing china’s “indelible contribution” to world civilization , xi called for “the great revival of the chinese nation . ” and he acknowledged that others had “failed one time after another” to realize that goal . implicit in xi’s remarks was a promise : unlike his predecessors , he would not fall short .
for the first time , we have a well - informed estimate that includes bilateral aid , multilateral aid , concessional loans , and aid that sits outside the main budget ( like scholarships administered by the ministry of education ) . as china - africa expert deborah brautigam has said , ' lead author naohiro kitano and his colleague yukinori harada have done a superb job . the methodology is carefully worked out and fully explicated . '
that’s why drastic cuts in aid will hurt the u . s . ’s ability to keep its promises to countries like ghana . retracting aid promises will discourage recipients from upholding their side of the bargain . it will also undermine the u . s . ’s credibility in future negotiations .
the trump administration’s proposed federal budget includes a 28 percent cut ( $ 26 . 6 billion ) in spending for the state department and the united states agency for international development ( usaid ) . according to trump’s budget director , the may budget proposal prioritizes “hard” vs . “soft” power , increasing military spending and preserving current foreign aid levels for just one country — israel .
for developing economies like the philippines , development aid and investment flows from china are an attractive proposition that could energize a range of productive sectors .
china’s aid in sub - saharan africa is varied and can be found in almost all sectors from telecommunication to health . the largest amount of aid funding goes towards the transport , storage , energy and communications sectors . a significant share , about 70 % , is geared towards infrastructure development .
some of the cuts appear directed at countries that had been regarded as strategically important . for instance , foreign assistance to ukraine , which is used to encourage political and economic reform , is facing a 68 . 8 percent cut .
aid experts reacted to the budget document with alarm . the proposal would take “aid back to the worst days of the 1950s” by ignoring the development lessons of the past half century , said john norris , the executive director of the sustainable security and peacebuilding initiative at the center for american progress .
one expert , aubrey hruby , a co - founder of the africa expert network , noted that chinese companies usually deploy representatives to a developing country and look for potential infrastructure projects . they arrange high - level meetings with government ministers or the president of the country to pitch the idea .
foreign - policy and national security experts on both sides of the aisle have argued that the cuts pose concrete risks to u . s . security interests . in february , a group of 121 retired generals and admirals sent an open letter
on one level the reductions did not come as a surprise . trump had already made clear in his
skinny budget
proposal , released in march , that he wanted to lower spending on foreign assistance by more than a third .
in all four countries , there are aid units within the ministry of finance whose sole job is to dialogue with donors , manage aid funds and represent the government’s interests with donors . in rwanda , this government unit produces annual reports on the performance of individual donors — an attempt to shame agencies into upholding their commitments .
what does china’s new white paper on aid need to say ? dr philippa brant china policy institute blog , university of nottingham 26 march 2014 please click here for online text .
some countries would see dramatic increases in parts of their aid budgets and cuts in others . sometimes cuts will offset with new funds , sometimes they don’t . countries including the central african republic , niger , sierra leone , laos , thailand , poland , brazil , cuba and nicaragua would see all their aid for the u . s . government disappear .
“it is a politicized foreign assistance budget , ” said scott morris , a senior fellow at the center for global development . morris added that the choice to treat cuts to humanitarian assistance and global health programs as an opportunity to make a political statement represents a “departure” from recent decades .
adva saldinger is an associate editor at devex , where she covers the intersection of business and international development , as well as u . s . foreign aid policy . from partnerships to trade and social entrepreneurship to impact investing , adva explores the role the private sector and private capital play in development . a journalist with more than 10 years of experience , she has worked at several newspapers in the u . s . and lived in both ghana and south africa .
the proposal would slash development assistance funds , which are managed by usaid and intended to boost development outcomes . in some cases , the budget would redirect spending through the economic support fund , which is run through the state department and intended to meet u . s . foreign policy objectives .
these efforts were enhanced during the cultural revolution under the influence of a radical revolutionary ideology , motivating china to provide large amounts of foreign aid to africa despite its own domestic economic difficulties . [ 11 ] one famous example was the tanzania - zambia railway built between 1970 and 1975 , for which china provided a zero - interest loan of rmb 980 million . by the mid - 1980s , china’s generous assistance had opened the door to diplomatic recognition with 44 african countries . [ 12 ]
sadly , the cuts to the global health account do not come as a surprise . the global health initiative was a signature foreign assistance priority of the obama administration—in fact , it was called a “presidential initiative”—and the cuts are in keeping with president trump’s desire to undo many of the obama administration’s undertakings .
the administration’s march budget proposal vowed to slash aid to developing countries by over one - third , but contained few details . according to a detailed 15 - page state department budget document obtained by
more broadly advocates worry that by putting such an unprecedented cut on the table trump will at least chip away at the longstanding bipartisan consensus that global health aid should be funded at current levels .
the president’s budget request proposes to eliminate title ii food aid , relying instead on the international disaster assistance account it deems to be more efficient , and yet which it also proposes to cut .
by 1976 chinese resource interest was apparent in numerous sub - saharan african countries . examples include the construction of the tan zam railroad in zambia in part to facilitate china’s access to copper . there was also the construction of roads in countries like ethiopia to assist the movement of cotton exports to china . china’s view of the resource possibilities in sub - saharan africa continues today .
“the draconian and unprecedented nature of the cuts that are being proposed to foreign assistance … really does threaten our ability to pursue and achieve our national security interests , ” said michèle flournoy , chief executive officer of the center for a new american security and a former undersecretary of defense in the obama administration .
for more than a decade , u . s . engagement in global development efforts has stood as a rare exception to washington’s constant partisan warfare , with both democrats and republicans tending to agree that relatively small investments in developing countries benefit u . s . national security and project american values . the trump administration’s proposal to slash foreign aid spending by a third marks a distinct turn toward a more politically charged environment for these programs than has been seen in a long time , many in the development community agreed .
on tuesday , the administration defended its proposal to slash foreign affairs spending as part of an effort to enhance efficiency , and focus on only the most effective programs . the officials suggested that current humanitarian needs can be met in part with funds already appropriated in the 2017 omnibus budget bill that passed last month .
michael igoe is a senior reporter with devex , based in washington , d . c . he covers u . s . foreign aid , global health , climate change , and development finance . prior to joining devex , michael researched water management and climate change adaptation in post - soviet central asia , where he also wrote for eurasianet . michael earned his bachelor ' s degree from bowdoin college , where he majored in russian , and his master’s degree from the university of montana , where he studied international conservation and development .
aid to kazakhstan and turkmenistan will end , full stop . kazakhstan , an upper middle - income country according to world bank data , was receiving limited u . s . aid , on the order of $ 6 million . turkmenistan , also an upper middle - income country with an authoritarian leader—a place the guardian recently called the world’s second - most isolated state after north korea—will see the closure of its miniscule $ 3 . 9 million aid package . assistance to the kyrgyz republic , tajikistan , and uzbekistan will continue—but under the esf account , and with smaller budgets shrunk by about half . assistance to uzbekistan will increase slightly .
still , the proposal sends an ominous message on global development as legislators dive into the first of several contentious budget negotiations in the coming months . this week , congress will try to hammer out a budget for the rest of 2017 before funding runs out at the end of the week . this could include foreign aid cuts , and analysts are watching it as a signal of what might follow . debate on the 2018 budget is expected to pick up at the end of may or early june , when trump’s full budget proposal is expected .
scholars have defended the importance of aid in fostering economic growth and democratization . faith leaders , retired military and even republican members of congress have criticized the proposal as undermining diplomatic efforts that are important for national security .
given the lack of transparency in china ' s aid program , much is still ( educated ) guesswork . this new paper won ' t be perfect . but it is the best we ' ve seen to date .
the budget document also points to a shift in aid philosophy and perhaps in the way the government delivers assistance . the allocations of cuts have fueled rumors that the administration would like to merge usaid into the state department .
china on july 15 , 2016 announced the grant of us $ 600 million in aid to support cambodia infrastructure , education and health projects . “china , a key ally of cambodia in the region and the southeast asian nation’s largest donor , in return expects support in international forums , including in discussions over the future of the south china sea , ” the us - funded voice of america khmer said in reporting the signing of the aid agreement .
it’s worth thinking about the tradeoffs here in ceasing and shrinking these relatively small programs in central asia . as nisha desai biswal—who served as assistant administrator for asia at the u . s . agency for international development before becoming assistant secretary of state for south and central asia during the obama administration—puts it , “limited foreign assistance is playing a crucial role . ”


zexcs ( ゼクシズ zekushizu ) ( mostly written as zexcs ) is a japanese animation studio located in koganei , tokyo , japan .

it was established on january 23 , 1998 by former j.c.staff producer tomoko kawasaki and is known for doing the animation production of a number of series such as sister princess and diabolik lovers .

zexcs is also known for its work in cooperation with another animation company called feel .

zexcs

established in 1998 , zexcs is a japanese animation studio probably best known for chrome shelled regios and the adaptation of aku no hana . it was founded by tomoko kawasaki , a former jc staff producer .
kariya , a suburb of nagoya , will use an anime short produced by zexcs to promote itself to tourists . the anime , hikari ~ kariya wo tsunagu monogatari ~ (
hikari ~ a story connected with kariya ~
) , tells the story of a high school ekiden ( long - distance road relay running ) club and its efforts to prepare for the ward tournament . since the story takes place in kariya , viewers will get an idea of the city through the backgrounds .
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the director is tomomi kamiya , the screenplay is written by yūichirō kido and the characters are designed by mami sodeyama .
the anime will be screened at the train station ' s south exit on march 25 as part of the minakuru plaza renewal event . it will premiere on youtube and the kariya city website on march 28 and appear at later events by the kariya tourism association and on signage at the train station .
kariya is fond of anime and has held an anime convention , kariya anime collection , since 2013 . it attracted 15 , 000 guests in 2015 .
this season ' s kaiji spinoff mr . tonegawa : middle - management blues sets mike off on a journey through the long history of anime spinoffs - the good , the bad , the confusing and the sublime !
― five years ago , i wrote a column about some of the works of nobuyuki fukumoto , a manga artist sometimes affectionately called fkmt by his fans . it was a celebration of milestones like akagi and kaiji , and several . . .
justin goes in - depth on the numerous reasons your favorite unlicensed anime remains unlicensed , from music clearing headaches to personal grudges between licensing parties .
― tony asked : one of my favorite anime in the early 90 ' s , dragon quest : the adventure of dai , in japan got a vhs release , but never got a single dvd release . it aired in japan in october 1991 , and got all 46 episodes released on . . .
james digs into a terribly uneven 2006 tv special from madhouse about a japan plagued by natural disasters , and paul breaks down all this week ' s new anime releases .
― i didn ' t go to see fireworks on the 4th last week , but i did go to see fireworks the anime movie on the 3rd . that ' s some clever timing on the part of whoever ' s in charge of promoting the film . the movie itself is alright , and it ' s cert . . .
this focus story for orario ' s toughest tavern elf offers plenty of colorful new details about the story ' s world in a must - read for danmachi fans .
― ( note : because the main character ' s name is consistently transliterated as lyu rather than ryu in this novel , that spelling will be used throughout this review . ) in a franchise full of colorful characters , lyu leon is far from being among the most dynamic . . .
― the kingdom hearts orchestra – world tour 2018 launched on june 9th with an unforgettable sold - out show at the dorothy chandler pavilion in los angeles . with composer yoko shimomura on stage , and surprise special appearance by director tetsuya nomura that announced the long - awaited release date of kingdom hea . . .
flcl progressive started out pretty low - key - especially compared to the original - but the plot becomes a noisy riot of abstract ( yet familiar ) elements in this finale .
the summer anime season has begun , and we ' re reviewing every new anime of the season . check back daily for new reviews ! now available : asobi asobase - master of ragnarok - music girls - planet with - chio ' s school road - angels of death - harukana receive - seven senses of the re ' union - banana fish - how not to summon a demon lord - and much more !
both the english and japanese voices of the seven deadly sins hero melodias - bryce papenbrook and yuuki kaji - were on hand to answer a few questions from their fans at anime expo 2018 .
― due to the success of the first season , the seven deadly sins made its return to netflix with a second season earlier this year . a movie is set to be released later . the popular series is based off a manga created . . .
― july 5 - 8 2017 , los angeles , california cosplay galleries day one day two premiere reports jojo ' s bizarre adventure : golden wind world premiere my hero academia : two heroes world premiere studio trigger ' s ssss . gridman premiere headlines : . . .
studio trigger enlists the help of inferno cop director akira amemiya to reboot tokusatsu series ssss gridman ( known to the us as superhuman samurai syber - squad ! ) , and they showed the first episode at anime expo 2018 .
― during trigger ' s industry panel before the ssss . gridman premiere at anime expo , hiromi wakabayashi emphasized the point of trigger ' s younger staff heading the show . akira amemiya ( dir . . .
― friday at anime expo was even bigger than i expected with a packed main floor , crowded dealer ' s hall and premiere line - ups capping hours in advance in the blistering heat . i found myself between two choices . brave the giant crowds or begin my hunt for a casual space to relax . i ' d already checked ou . . .
it won ' t stream on netflix until this fall , but anime expo 2018 provided an early look at shinji higuchi and mari okada ' s fascinating new show , with a twist on dragon riding you won ' t believe .
― dragon pilot : hisone and masotan has a strong pedigree . the new series , streaming this fall on netflix , was helmed by shinji higuchi and hiroshi kobayashi , produced by masahiko minami , and written by mari oka . . .
all the details from this weekend ' s trigger panel at anime expo 2018 , including new details and a sneak peek at hiroyuki imaishi ' s explosive new action show , promare .
― if there was any way to describe trigger ' s anime expo 2018 panel , it would be “full of adrenaline . ” this isn ' t too off the mark for the studio , but trigger really played to their high - energy reputation to a totally packed house on fri . . .
― 2018 is an explosive year for bkub okawa ' s pop team epic , as it transformed from a 4 - koma to an epic 12 episode anime with some of the biggest voice acting talent in japan . with 24 pairs of actors , innovative meta gags , and . . .
anime expo 2018 : jojo ' s bizarre adventure : golden wind u . s . premiere
― jojo ' s fans got a very special treat at anime expo this year . only weeks after the anime adaptation of jojo ' s bizarre adventure part 5 was announced , anime expo announced it would host the u . s . premiere months before its planned television premiere in oct . . .
― warning : this article contains some spoilers for recent episode of my hero academia season 3 . startling changes transformed my hero academia ' s
symbol of peace
in the series ' third season . all might ' s stalwart role as a beloved hero for u . a . ' s students , deku in p . . .
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friends will only let you down—that is the sad truth mei tachibana lives with , ever since she was wrongfully blamed for the death of a class pet by her so - called friends in grade school . since then , she stays away from people in order to avoid ever being hurt again . however , mei ' s life begins to change drastically when a misunderstanding in high school causes her to encounter popular student yamato kurosawa . yamato finds her intriguing and insists on being her friend , even though mei wants nothing to do with him . but when a dangerous situation ends with yamato kissing mei to save her from the unwanted attention of a stalker , mei begins to develop feelings for him . on the heels of her discovery that their feelings are mutual , they start dating and she gains not only a boyfriend , but friends as well . mei , however , finds it very hard to adapt to this new lifestyle , especially in expressing her true feelings towards yamato . throughout misunderstandings of their new relationship , each other , and the attentions of other girls , mei and yamato slowly grow closer and learn the true meaning of those three little words :
i love you .
[ written by mal rewrite ]
alpha stigma
are known to be eyes that can analyze all types of magic . however , they are more infamously known as cursed eyes that can only bring destruction and death to others . ryner lute , a talented mage and also an alpha stigma bearer , was once a student of the roland empire ' s magician academy , an elite school dedicated to training magicians for military purposes . however , after many of his classmates died in a war , he makes an oath to make the nation a more orderly and peaceful place , with fellow survivor and best friend , sion astal . now that sion is the the king of roland , he orders ryner to search for useful relics that will aid the nation . together with ferris eris , a beautiful and highly skilled swordswoman , ryner goes on a journey to search for relics of legendary heroes from the past , and also uncover the secrets behind his cursed eyes . [ written by mal rewrite ]
after the death of his parents , yuuto amakawa lives a pretty ordinary life in the city . the only problem he has to worry about while attending school alongside rinko , his next - door neighbor , is his cat allergies . that all changes on his sixteenth birthday , when an ayakashi—a supernatural creature—attacks him for the sins of his ancestors . luckily , he is saved by himari , a mysterious cat - woman with a sword , who explains that yuuto is the scion of a family of demon - slayers , and she is there to protect him now that the charm that kept him hidden from the supernatural forces of the world has lost its power . omamori himari chronicles yuuto ' s dealings with the various forces of the supernatural world , as well as the growing number of women that show up on his doorstep , each with their own dark desires . will yuuto be able to adjust to his new
exciting
environment ? or will the ghost of his ( ancestor ' s ) past catch up with him ?
the story depicts the work - life of a perverted mangaka , aito yuuki , and his assistant , ashisu sahoto . constantly pressured by his editor and lacking experience with girls , aito asks ashisu to act as a reference . ( source : anidb )
at the behest of her father , yui komori goes to live in a secluded mansion , home to the six sakamaki brothers—shuu , reiji , ayato , kanato , laito , and subaru—a family of vampires . though at first the siblings are confused as to why the girl has arrived , they soon realize that she is to be their new
sacrificial bride ,
not to mention their other , more carnal intentions for her . after meeting the brothers , yui quickly begins to question why her father would have sent her here and why she feels a strange , new pain in her chest . with each brother more sadistic than the last , yui ' s life as a captive takes a harrowing turn in her new home . as her days turn into endless nights , and each brother vows to make her his own , yui falls deeper and deeper into madness and ecstasy . [ written by mal rewrite ]
in a post - apocalyptic world overrun with mutated beasts called limbeekoon or filth monsters , humanity is forced to live in large mobile cities called regios and learn to use special weapons called dite , by harnessing the power of kei to defend themselves . in the academy city of zuellni , layfon alseif is hoping to start a new life and forget his past . however , his past has caught the attention of karian loss , the manipulative student council president and nina antalk , a military arts student and captain of the 17th military arts platoon , who instantly recognizes his abilities and decides he’s the perfect candidate to join her group . however , with a secret past that won’t leave him alone and unknown powers beyond normal , layfon just might not take it .
kasuga takao is a boy who loves reading books , particularly baudelaire ' s les fleurs du mal . a girl at his school , saeki nanako , is his muse and his venus , and he admires her from a distance . one day , he forgets his copy of les fleurs du mal in the classroom and runs back alone to pick it up . in the classroom , he finds not only his book , but saeki ' s gym uniform . on a mad impulse , he steals it . now everyone knows
some pervert
stole saeki ' s uniform , and kasuga is dying with shame and guilt . furthermore , the weird , creepy , and friendless girl of the class , nakamura , saw him take the uniform . instead of revealing it was him , she recognizes his kindred deviant spirit and uses her knowledge to take control of his life . will it be possible for kasuga to get closer to saeki , despite nakamura ' s meddling and his dark secret ? what exactly does nakamura intend to do with him ? ( source : mangahelpers )
taito has been really sleepy lately , and keeps dreaming of a female vampire who says she has given him her
poison .
sometimes he even thinks he hears her voice when he ' s awake . but after surviving an accident that should have killed him , taito ' s world changes drastically and he realizes that his dreams are more real than he thought .
fortune arterial ' s story revolves around the male protagonist kohei hasekura , who transfers into a prestigious public school in the style of an english six - year school encompassing junior - high and high school students . the school is on an island named tamatsu island off - shore from mainland japan , and the only way to get there is by boat . soon after transferring , he discovers that one of the student in the class next door to his , sendo erika , is in fact a type of vampire . ( source : wikipedia )
takuma hirose is a blind young male high school student , though the cause for his blindness is undetermined . in order to heal his medical condition , he is sent to live in a village with his uncle . there , he meets several girls , three of which stand out more than any of the others . they are hayami kohinata , hinata kangura , and otoha . otoha temporarily heals his blindness and hirose uses his sight to help others . he finds out that , for some reason , hayami kohinata is hated in the village , and he tries his best to help her out . meanwhile , many sad secrets unfold in the village . . .
in a world where half - human , half - animal chimeras live and work alongside normal people , there are sure to be a few bad apples in the bunch . unfortunately , half - human criminals means non - human clues that often leave the police stumped . that ' s where lone wolf detectives like hiroshi inaba come in . he ' s literally part wolf and has the amazing ability to extract critical information just by examining or tasting a sample of someone ' s hair ! of course , that ability has also resulted in inaba having a little bit of a hair fetish , but that doesn ' t seem to be a problem for his two assistants . ( well , at least the cross - dressing one isn ' t complaining much . ) and it ' s nothing compared to the strange tastes of inaba ' s nemesis , the omnivorous ( and half goat ) crime boss don valentino , who has an appetite for green legal tender instead of tender young greens ! inaba ' s sworn to cut valentino out of the criminal flock before the don can wolf down more ill - gotten dough , but he ' s going to have to chew his way through a lot of evidence to get his goat . can sheer dogged detective work put the baaaaad guys behind bars ? ( source : sentai filmworks )
junior high student nao ' s brother complex is so strong , it ' s almost at the point of incest . she ' s determined to make her brother , high school student shuusuke , see her as a woman . so determined , that she goes as far as going into his room to throw away all his non - incest related porn . but as she ' s looking for his porno stash , she finds a photo album . . . and she ' s not in any of his childhood pictures . what is going on ? ( source : mu )
yui komori , still held captive by the sakamaki brothers—pureblood vampires after her blood—experiences yet more bizarre twists to her life following her stay at their household . though haunted by enigmatic dreams , yui soon deciphers their meaning when caught in a car crash , which subsequently leads to meeting four new vampires : the mukami brothers , ruki , azusa , kou , and yuuma , who themselves capture the bewildered girl . yui later awakens in the mukami mansion , where the brothers reveal their plans for her : she is their
eve ,
and her blood will find the
adam
among them ; together , they will have the power to rule the world . however , with the sakamaki brothers hot on their heels , things might not go quite as smoothly as they had imagined . [ written by mal rewrite ]
every year the flowers bloom . mysterious cherry blossoms blooming all over a crescent shaped island . that island is the island of hatsune . . . the main character who goes to kazami academy , asakura junnichi , has the power to see the dreams of other people in his sleep . he was also taught magic by an old lady that allows him to create sweets . one day , junnichi seems to have seen someone ' s dream again while he was sleeping . inside that dream , a girl who was a childhood friend of his appeared . but , he was woken up by his sister asakura nemu , forcing him to come back to his regular life . nemu doesn ' t actually have any blood relation to junnichi but their bond is deeper than other real brothers and sisters . so deep that it gives the illusion that they ' re lovers . it was another peaceful normal day waking up early in the morning and going to kazami academy . together with childhood friend amakase miharu , the academy idol shirakawa kotori , the two sisters mizukoshi moe and mako who prefer eating nabe on the school roof for lunch . going through their day as usual , their childhood friend , yoshino sakura , who they thought had moved to america suddenly appears . it was a surprise for junnichi and nemu . sakura tells them ,
i came to finish the promise we made during our childhood
. . . ( source : animenfo and anidb )
kouhei araki , a veteran editor of the dictionary editorial division at genbu publishing , plans to retire in order to better care for his ailing wife . however , before retiring , he must find a replacement to complete his latest project : a new dictionary called
the great passage .
but no matter where he looks , he cannot find anyone suitable , as making a dictionary requires a wealth of patience , time , and dedication . mitsuya majime works in genbu publishing ' s sales division , yet he has poor social skills and an inability to read the mood in most situations . in spite of this , he excels at having an enthusiasm for words thanks to his love of reading and careful personality . it is these skills that draw araki to him and prompt him to offer majime a position in the dictionary editorial department . as majime accepts his new position , he finds himself unsure of his abilities and questioning whether he will fit in with his new co - workers . yet amid the vast sea of words , the great passage will bring them together . [ written by mal rewrite ]
due to his father ' s disappearance , itsuki iba has to take over the family business : a magician dispatch service . their family employs countless magicians and other supernatural beings in order to send them out to help those who need magical assistance . as a leader , itsuki now has to be tough , commanding , and reliable , but there ' s one problem , he ' s a coward . also , in order to run a successful business , he must connect with his employees , which is more difficult than it seems due to his personality . but not only does he have to deal with his own employees , he also has to deal with those who threaten the family business . ( source : crunchyroll )
the story centers on nayu , a middle school girl who shocks her schoolmates on the first day of school by wearing black lace panties . she likes this kind of underwear , and she tries to
spread the word on the merits of [ these kinds of ] underwear
via an underwear club with her schoolmates , who are worried about their bodies ' development and which underwear to choose . ( source : ann )
mei , aiko , asami , and nagi are making cookies at mei ' s house . knowing that the process could take a while , nagi chases yamato out of the house . he receives a text from kai , who asks him if he wants to meet up at the park . when yamato arrives , it is revealed that the rundown park was where the two of them first talked and bonded for the first time . after bantering a bit , kai asks yamato why he , who had always seemed to be having fun with a large crowd around him , was always the first one at the park after school . yamato admits that he used to feel like he was a chameleon ; someone who didn ' t have his own personality and just changed himself to please others . kai tells yamato that he used to hate the town , but thanks to yamato , he now finds it to be beautiful . kai reassures him that he is his own person , and yamato confesses that after he met mei , he realized just how lonely he was . kai later runs into megumi at the bus stop . they start talking , and kai tells her that he thinks she ' s cool for staying true to herself while modelling . megumi snaps back at him , and kai , offended , leaves . when momo comes , megumi regrets lashing out on kai and later becomes embarrassed when momo suggests that megumi likes him . at mei ' s house , the cookies are done and turn out to be delicious . mei ' s mom shoos mei and yamato out of the house . yamato hugs mei and tells her he ' s glad she ' s with him . they watch the sunset together before continuing their walk , holding hands . ( source : wikipedia )
hashiba sora has fallen from a 4th story window and has lost all of his memories . when fujimori sunao comes to his school as his new room mate , fujimori tells hashiba that he is called ran . fujimori and hashiba both have a split personality which they developed in their youth . their split personalities , yoru and ran , are deeply in love . even though it creeps fujimori and hashiba out what their other selves do with each other at night , they also start to fall for each other . because of their relationship , hashiba sora finds out a lot of shocking facts about their youth .
magician ' s academy revolves around takuto hasegawa , who attends a magic academy that is not marked on any map . during a summoning spell exam , he accidentally creates a girl named tanarotte , who happens to hold enough magical power to destroy his country , but fortunately tanarotte professes undying loyalty ( and love ) to her
creator .
( source : ann )
ever since their parents died a few years ago , ryo and his sister akane have been living alone together . despite their difficult situation , they are still living reasonably happy and normal lives . however , everything is about to be flipped upside - down due to a secret government project . due to increasingly low birth rates in japan , the japanese government is testing a program in which two young people are forced to marry . ryo wants no part of it , but he is given little choice in the matter ; his new fiancée , shizuka , comes to his home late one night with several dozen government issued bodyguards , who are there to ensure the success of the new couple . unlike ryo , shizuka couldn’t be more willing to go along with this new program , and eagerly goes about her wifely duties , despite his objections . with meddling friends , pushy bodyguards , and an overenthusiastic new fiancée , ryo’s life has taken a turn in a direction the young man certainly didn’t expect . ( source : ann )
the mizuchi bloodline has long been hunted by yokai , or monsters . toru and noboru takagami are descendents of this bloodline , and under their grandmother ' s discretion , are given a secret weapon to combat these monsters . it is tenko kugen , a fox deity who can take the shape of a man or woman at will . the mischievous deity is accompanied by a shrine maiden , ko , who will both live with the takagami brothers at their house . life just got complicated . ( source : nis america )
kamikura hiroki is an art student at the local school nadesico academy ( high school and college level ) whom intends to be an art teacher in the future . he is also the advisor to the high school arts society where his cousin , housen elis , attends . while elis is a painter like hiroki , hiroki seems to have given up on his dreams and no longer paints . there appears to be some mysterious trauma in the both of their pasts which may have changed them . meanwhile , the high school hires a new pe teacher , kikyo kiri . on the first day , she bumps into hiroki and is stunned . here is the boy she confessed to and he refused her . . . ( source : ann )
after the school festival , kohei and friends head to a small cottage out of town and enjoy themselves after working hard .
the story begins when ao opens a package that arrives at her doorstep . inside the package is gourai , a frame arms girl : a small robot capable of independent movement . gourai is a newly - developed prototype : a frame arms girl equipped with an
artificial self ,
an advanced ai that gives her a personality . ao is the only one that has activated her . gourai begins to gather both battle data and emotions , starting a day - to - day life with ao , who knows nothing about frame arms girls . ( source : ann )
a cyber battle sci - fi . in 2022 , the technology of quantum computing has greatly advanced and many people have transferred their mind into cyber space . remu ' s sister , shiki , skipped grades and entered a high school in the academic city
okinotori - island mega float city ( omfc )
when she was 14 . one day , shiki confessed to her brother via skype that she was talking to him directly from the cyber space and that her real body had been kept in a water tank filled with a culture medium . it ' s called
body pool
and shiki connected to the network by nanomachines implanted in her brain . remu was surprised but he accepted her decision until an accident called
early rupture
happened . the network server got overloaded and users ' minds were lost in cyber space leaving soulless living bodies in the body pools . in order to bring shiki ' s mind back , remu visits her apartment in omfc and there meets shiki escaped from the hospital . but the girl tells him that she is not shiki and she happened to have taken over shiki ' s body . when remu tries to figure out the situation , a violent attack strikes the apartment .
beatrice
. it is a mysterious power that responds to people’s will and realize all of them . tokyo beatrice university attached high school is the only school that teaches beatrice called
magic appears in the real world
. yoshimura mamoru is a high school boy who was saved by beatrice miraculously when he was a child . at the first day of the school , he meets a girl under the cherry trees on his way to the school . she orders him to go out with her . her name is takasu ayako . she is in the second grade and one year older than him . she is a director of student committee of discipline . also , she is a granddaughter of a big - name politician , very beautiful , and a genius beatrician who can even shoot a satellite down . she is called witch beatrice or death angel in beatrice , but in fact , she is a pure - hearted girl . ( source : animenfo )
suga kimio finds himself hiding in the girls locker room , unable to move or escape the situation as the girls in his school crowd in . although he originally had no ulterior motives , he found himself panicking as he heard the girls coming in and hid in a locker . komine nozomi , one of the shy girls in his class finds him , but surprisingly covers for him . perplexed but glad , kimio goes home . later that night , he gets a text from nozomi who happens to live across the way on the same floor of the complex they both live in . she blackmails him into agreeing to show each other ' s bodies when she texts him . kimio has to abide by nozomi ' s insane demands or risk ruining his school life so they both start their little peep show through each other ' s windows . . . ( source : mangahelpers )
marin and her younger sister urin are seafolk who happen upon something quite strange : a beautiful silver ring lost beneath the waves . the kind - hearted marin , intent on returning it to its owner , drags a reluctant urin along with her to the sky world despite reminders of a turtle elder who left for the surface and never returned . after locating the ring ' s owner , kanon miyamori , they learn that kanon had tossed it into the sea after her boyfriend dumped her earlier that day . though marin insists that such a lovely item should not be thrown away , kanon discards it once again . as they search for the ring , urin becomes separated from the other two and accidently breaks the seal on a stone coffin , releasing an evil being known as sedna . sensing sedna ' s release , the formerly missing turtle elder , matsumoto , reveals himself to kanon and her companions , naming marin as the priestess of the sea . together with the priestess of the sky , she has the power to seal sedna away again . and as luck would have it , during an encounter with one of sedna ' s minions , kanon discovers that she is the priestess of the sky . though kanon is hesitant , she and marin decide to work together to save the world from the evil that threatens it . [ written by mal rewrite ]
wataru minakami is a top student who failed his high school entrance exam because of a computer glitch . he later discovered that he was accepted to stargazer hill academy , which is located at a mysterious place called promised island . at the request of his father , wataru is whisked away to the island , and before he can settle in , a dozen of cute and charming girls start to flock him and claim to be his younger sisters . as wataru gets closer to his newfound siblings , a deeper mystery as to why they were sent to the island comes to play . ( source : ann )
episode bundled with the ninth volume of the itsuka tenma no kuro usagi novel . includes mirai ' s chibi - style dream , body - swapping and a crossover with densetsu no yuusha no densetsu .
recap episode . includes re - edited footage from episode 1 up to episode 15 . iris is narrating along with sion .
mushi - uta ' s story takes place in the near future . ten years before the story ' s opening , strange insect - like creatures known as
mushi
began appearing . the mushi are able to consume peoples ' dreams and thoughts in return for supernatural powers . at the end of episode one , protagonist daisuke
kakkou
kusuriya encounters a young girl named shiika anmoto . the two , in time , become quite close . however , unbeknownst to kakkou , shiika is an escapee from a secret prison known as garden where those posessed by the mushi , known as the mushitsuki are held . garden ' s military force , the special environmental conservation executive office , dispatches its finest killer to track down shiika . however , they are faced with resistance from the mushibane resistance organisation , led by the secretive
ladybird .
( source : ann )
please . i hope kase - san likes me . . .
yamada is a shy second - year high school girl who is a member of the greenery committee . kase from the class next to hers is a beautiful girl who is the ace of the school ' s track team . as a result of the morning glories planted by yamada , the distance between the two people who have never exchanged words shrinks little by little . ( source : pony canyon )
this two episode ova retelling of the first da capo series with the
what if
asakura jun ' ichi were to return shirakawa kotori ' s feelings .
four men—gure , sui , tokitaka , and tsubaki—each help run a japanese tea shop together called rokuhoudou . when one visits the shop , they are greeted warmly , is served with tea , and are often helped with any problems they may have . ( source : mal news )
the anime tells an original story set 15 years after the novel ' s story . it takes place at a fictional theater called hollywood tokyo in harajuku , where members of the idol group
shounen hollywood
develop their talents with diligent work and studying . ( source : ann )
nao looks over her ' big brother ' s perverted habits diary , ' looking over shusuke ' s misfortune with seeking out various porn . ( source : wikipedia )
in the story , the protagonist youtarou misaki finds himself lying on the beach one day . he is picked up by arashi , who manages a restaurant called kurage no shokudou . when asked who he is , the protagonist tells a lie that he lost his memory—but he remembers everything , including the fact that his twin brother died . ( source : ann )
legend of regios was originally the english speaking cut - scenes on tv , that the characters in the chrome shelled regios series were watching . this special ( which has been included with the dvd release of chrome shelled regios ) has reorganized the scenes , extended some , and has been re - dubbed completely in japanese . it ' s a side story within the chrome shelled regios series .
after a long time , wataru has decided to leave his family home and live on his own . the girls have also decided to split up and most of them are living separately as well . but none of them have forgotten about their brother and still stick together to meet him . ( source : anidb )
enjouji and ranmaru are a mostly - happy couple , but when ranmaru finds lipstick on enjouji , he becomes suspicious and leaves in a huff . enjouji follows ranmaru throughout the day . as they do so , the two men think about their past and their uncertain future .
momona is an ordinary junior - high school student hailing from jewel land . at her cousin ' s wedding , she envies the bride , lady diana , due to the fact that she is marrying the cousin who she had a slight crush on . however , once she sees lady diana and her cousin together , momona begins to like her , and accepts her as her cousin ' s bride . just as lady diana is about to properly meet her and introduce herself , momona is transported to a snowy place in jewel land where the ruler , lady jewel , is giving a speech to the petit ladies , girls who are chosen as jewel candidates to be the next lady jewel . momona meets her partner and mentor , ruby , a white rabbit , who will guide her through the tasks in becoming lady jewel . whoever passes the most tasks wins and becomes the next lady jewel , but standing in her way is lillian , a girl who also aims to win the title of lady jewel , so she can choose her brother , cayenne , to be her king alongside her . momona soon also begins to fall in love with cayenne , yet lillian doesn ' t want her to get too close to him . cayenne also seems to harbor feelings for momona , but who will be chosen in the end as lady jewel to decide it all ? and will momona and lillian ever become true friends and will cayenne and momona ever be together ? ( source : wikipedia )
d . c . i & ii p . s . p . re - animated
an ova bundled with a psp game da capo : d . c . i & ii p . s . p . it features animated confession scenes for the four main heroines of the two games , nemu , kotori , yume , and otome .
picture dramas from the blu - ray disks . episodes : 1 - let ' s just do it radio ! 2 - each one ' s breakfast 3 - himea ' s guitar lesson 4 - each one ' s bath time 5 - traditional feeling 6 - izumi - chan ' s what if series
like snow falling in summer , like a cicada lamenting the coming of winter . . . in a town watched over by a whale in the sky . . . the extraordinary is made ordinary . spectacles that could never be given form are instead given flesh and soul . and in their midst , the story of a miracle that comes to pass in this town of miracles incarnate . . . for kuonji , this newly - discovered vision is a thing of wonder and fright – a sentiment not shared by his peers . under its watchful gaze , kuonji chats with and hangs out with his somewhat unusual friends . whether it ' s with nina and her striped panties , cat - loving sacchan , the strange alien allen or a variety of other busty , skimpily - dressed babes , kuonji finds himself in the middle of ecchi situations galore ! welcome to the world of final examination kujira . ( source : bakabt ) based on a game by circus .
in kyoto , apprentices known as maiko are skilled performers of traditional dance and song . it is said their elegance and grace leaves any audience entranced . mai ichinose , riko kikuzuki , and midori aikawa are young girls who aspire to become maiko . they reside together in a geisha house to polish and perfect their skills , developing bonds of trust and supporting each other . however , their shared dream may prove disastrous for their friendship . . . when they learn about an upcoming festival , they cannot help but get excited . but soon they realize only two maiko can represent each house . it is then that the three close friends become distant , seeking to prove who is most deserving of the role . ultimately , they must choose between fulfilling their own dream—finally within reach—or keeping their treasured friendship alive . [ written by mal rewrite ]
an extra episode of umi monogatari : anata ga itekureta koto . one year after the events of the main series , the girls have moved on . kanon has decided on her future occupation and wants to go into oceanography . meanwhile in the sea , marin and her group find a lost sea cow separated from its mother . can the girls help reunite the baby sea cow with her mother ?
whisked away to the land of kyou , akane learns that she is the ryuujin no miko , and meets the hachiyou , her protectors . they must defeat akuram , a demon who wants to destroy kyou using the power of azusa , a woman who has the power to absorb human energy . if akane and the hachiyou cannot defeat akuram and bring peace to kyou , azusa ' a power will destroy the humans . ( source : ann )
in the past mutsumi ( mucchan ) and sae ( sacchan ) met . enjoying the time together , they decided to meet again and chose a place . mucchan , however , never came to that place . a few years later he passed through that place on his way to school , and met sacchan , who had been waiting for him for all those years . and so , they start playing together again . however , it won ' t last so long , because . . .
uro yamada works as part of the
hero retirement and return to everyday life assistance agency ,
which takes heroes from another world back to earth and helps them reintegrate into everyday life . ( source : ann )
dvd specials of umi monogatari . kanon ( and sometimes other characters ) tours the viewer around amamiko island , while also commenting about characters and events from the series .
when the secret occult society , shiromorishuua , sends a huge monster to attack tokyo , asy , a peace - keeping organization in japan , retaliates with a gousen ( metal faery ) . asy ' s gousen annihilates the creature after driving it into open ocean . although successful , a surprise attack follows . a girl , floating in midair and glowing with radiance , strikes with a beam of light . this girl is
rouran .
she knows neither her identity , her origins , nor why whenever she senses the gousen or kyoushi ( reanimated corpses ) she transforms into an avenging angel . as rouran worries about her mysterious existence , tetsuya kindly watches over her in tokyo arcadia , a settlement of expatriates and dissidents . ( source : anidb )
a promotional ova that came with the ps2 game , growlanser iv returns which is an add - on featuring a compilation of three short stories that is told in visual novel style . since it is a promotional ova , various main characters from growlanser i , growlanser ii , and growlanser iii do appear in the ed . actually , some of the fairies of these main characters do appear in growlanser iv as that the entire growlanser story is based on anti - war featuring time freeze , time traveling , and parallel worlds .
specials of sister princess re pure .
character ' s
has twelve mini - episodes of each of the girls : karen , mamoru , aria , hinako , kaho , rinrin , chikage , yotsuba , haruka , marie , shirayuki and sakuya , with about nine minutes long each , emphasizing the unique way in which each one of the girls see wataru , bringing the perspectives and expectations that each has for him .
nameko forest gathers nameko from all over the world . they form the nameko universal ranger ( nur ) to convey the charm of the forest . it ' s an everyday life of inviting new nameko with unique personalities to the forests . what incident will happen today ?
a short produced by the kariya city tourist association of aichi prefecture to promote tourism . it tells the story of a high school ekiden ( long - distance road relay running ) club and its efforts to prepare for the ward tournament . since the story takes place in kariya , viewers will get an idea of the city through the backgrounds . ( source : ann )
d . c . i & ii p . s . p . re - animated ( oav ) : animation production
fate / stay night : heaven ' s feel i . presage flower ( movie ) : in - between animation
i couldn ' t become a hero , so i reluctantly decided to get a job . ( tv ) : 2nd key animation
jewelpet twinkle ( tv ) : 2nd key animation ( op ; fandisc f ver . )
listen to me , girls . i am your father ! ( tv ) : 2nd key animation
pokémon the movie : kyurem vs . the sword of justice : in - between animation
recently , my sister is unusual . ( tv ) : in - between animation ( ep 1 )
say
i love you .
( tv ) : 2nd key animation ( eps 1 , 12 )
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