gnathophausia is a genus of lophogastrid crustacean .

there are 10 species recognized in the genus gnathophausia : gnathophausia affinis g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia childressi casanova , 1996 gnathophausia elegans g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia fagei casanova , 1996 gnathophausia gigas willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia gracilis willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 ) gnathophausia longispina g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia scapularis ortmann , 1906 gnathophausia zoea willemoes-suhm , 1875

gnathophausia

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gnathophausia zoea
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gnathophausia zoea willemoes - suhm , 1873
.
a lophogastrid shrimp , gnathophausia . photograph by eric a . lazo - wasem .
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worms - world register of marine species - gnathophausia longispina g . o . sars , 1883
hansson , h . g . 2005 . gnathophausia zoea - en
pungräka
ny för skandinavien [ gnathophausia zoea - a new species of mysid shrimp for scandinavia . ] . - - fauna & flora 100 ( 3 ) : 14 - 15 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 45 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 27 records ) to itis
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . no . 21 . note on the results of the last season ' s deep - sea dredging ann . mag . nat . hist . vii , sixth series ( xxxviii ) : 186 - 202 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . series ii , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890 - 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . viii , sixth series ( xlvi ) : 268 - 286 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) faxon , w . , 1895 . reports on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer ”albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . - commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea . — memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 18 : 1 - 280 , plates a - h , 34 - 51 . [ details ]
von willemoes - suhm ( 1873 ) . in : w . thomson , notes from the
challenger
, vii . nature , london , vol . 8 : 400 - 403 [ details ]
mees , j . & k . meland ( eds ) ( 2012 onwards ) . world list of lophogastrida , stygiomysida and mysida .
van der land , j . ; brattegard , t . ( 2001 ) . mysidacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 293 - 295 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
pohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]
müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
holt , e . w . l . ; tattersall , w . m . ( 1906 ) . schizopodous crustacea from the north - east atlantic slope . supplement . fisheries , ireland , sci . invest . 1904 . v : 1 - 50 , plates i - v . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tattersall , w . m . & tattersall , o . s . ( 1951 ) . the british mysidacea . ray society : london . viii , 460 pp ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
birstein , j . a . & tchindonova , j . g . ( 1958 ) . glubocovodniie mysidii severo zapadnoi ciasti tihogo okeana ( the deep sea mysids of the northwest pacific ocean ) . trudy instituta okeanologii = transactions of the institute of oceanology . 27 : 258 - 355 ( in russian ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tattersall , w . m . ( 1951 ) . a review of the mysidacea of the united states national museum . smiths . inst . u . s . natn . mus . bull . 201 : 1 - 292 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
von willemoes - suhm , r . ( 1875 ) . on some atlantic crustacea from the challenger expedition . trans . linn . soc . of lond . , zool . i ( part the first ) . 23 - 59 , plates vi - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
tattersall , o . s . 1955 . mysidacea . - - discovery reports 28 : 1 - 190 , 46 figs . [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
wooldridge , t . h . ; mees , j . ( 2011 onwards ) . world list of the mysidacea . [ details ]
price , w . w . , r . w . heard , p . aas , and k . meland . 2009 . lophogastrida ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 923–927 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
petryashov , v . v . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of family gnathophausiidae ( crustacea : lophogastrida ) . russian journal of marine biology . 41 ( 4 ) : 238 - 243 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kathman , r . d . , w . c . austin , j . c . saltman & j . d . fulton ( 1986 ) : identification manual of the mysidacea and euphausiacea of the northeast pacific . - can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . , 93 : 1 - 411 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hansen , h . j . ( 1910 ) : the schizopoda of the siboga expedition . - siboga exped . , 37 : 1 - 123 , 16pls [ details ]
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rudolf von willemoes - suhm ( 1875 ) .
on some atlantic crustacea from the ' challenger ' expedition
( pdf ) . transactions of the linnean society of london . zoological series 1 ( 1 ) : 23–59 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1875 . tb00433 . x .
cyndy parr set
image of neognathophausia ingens
as an exemplar on
neognathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 )
.
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the large slit-faced bat , nycteris grandis , is a species of slit-faced bat with a broad distribution in forest and savanna habitats in west , central , and east africa .

n. marica ( kershaw , 1923 ) , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognized as distinct from this species .

large slit - faced bat

large slit - faced bat - nycteris grandis the large slit faced bat is found in central and southern africa . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
placentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) .
javan slit - faced bat - nycteris javanica the javan slit - faced bat is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
egyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is sometimes called the whispering bat because it has a weak echolocation call . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
. large slit - faced bats have skin temperatures that range from 33 . 5 to 38 . 0°c .
placentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
malayan slit - faced bat - nycteris tragata the malayan slit faced bat is also known as the hollow - faced bat . it is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the intermediate slit - faced bat ( nycteris intermedia ) , wood ' s slit - faced bat ( nycteris woodi ) , and n . aurita are considered by the iucn to be lower risk / near threatened . the javan slit - faced bat ( nycteris javanica ) and ja slit - faced bat ( nycteris major ) are considered vulnerable , the former because of declining range , the latter because of restricted range . too little is known about the madagascar slit - faced bat ( nycteris madagascariensis ) to assess its conservation status , and it is listed as data deficient .
the iucn lists the javan slit - faced bat and the ja slit - faced bat as vulnerable , facing a high risk of extinction in the wild . three other species are listed as near threatened , not currently threatened , but may become so .
large slit - faced bats are most commonly found in swampy sites in rainforests . they make their roosts in hollow trees , small caverns in rocks , hollow fallen logs , and manmade structures . large slit - faced bats are also found in dry savannah habitats .
slit - faced bats get their name from the long , vertical slit that runs across the top of their flattened noseleaf .
(
regions containing large slit faced bats
, 2006 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )
2006 .
regions containing large slit faced bats
( on - line ) . wild finder . accessed february 24 , 2006 at urltoken .
egyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa . it is also found in morocco , libya , egypt , israel , palestine and jordan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
egyptian - slit faced bats and people : there is no known significant relationship with people .
the egyptian slit - faced bat is affected by roost disturbance and habitat degradation , but these are not considered to be major threats at present ( 1 ) .
slit - faced bats are small to medium in size , and have broad wings and large ears . their fur is long and fine and ranges in color from gray to red . the t - shaped tail cartilage , large ears , and slit - faces make them distinctive .
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can be distinguished from all other bats by their tails ending in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . large slit - faced bats can be distinguished from all other
there is no information on the lifespan or longevity of this species . large slit - faced bats most likely live for many years since most microchiropterans are fairly long lived .
the hollow - faced bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa , egypt , israel , jordan , lebanon , morocco and libya ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
slit - faced bats have one offspring per year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . female large slit - faced bats leave their young behind in the roost when they set out at night to hunt . they return several times throughout the night to feed their young .
not much is known about parental investment in large slit - faced bats . females nurse their young in day roosts and leave them when they forage for food . they are similar to other mammals in that the mother cares for her young until it is ready for independence . the role of male large slit - faced bats in raising offspring is unknown .
emits echolocation calls through their nostrils , and their noseleaf may play a role in ampilyfing the sound . large slit - faced bats also use other modes of perception to locate and capture prey , including passive hearing and vision . the large ears of
eats large amounts of insects which likely affects the populations of those species . they also feed on vertebrates , including other bats . large slit - faced bats are hosts to parasites called broad trypanosomes , but there is little information available about this relationship .
slit - faced bats have large ears , broad wings , and a long tail . they roost in alone or in small groups in trees , buildings , caves , and animal burrows .
little is known about the reproductive and mating habits of large slit - faced bats . it is likely that these bats are monogamous because pairing and roost fidelity is quite common in this species .
they may not depend upon to find their prey , relying instead on sound cues such as the songs or footfalls of prey . slit - faced bats also take flying prey . accumulations of discarded pieces of prey under feeding roosts provide biologists with a picture of the diets of slit - faced bats . unlike other species of bat , slit - faced bats are warm - blooded and cannot enter torpor , a state of total inactivity .
(
regions containing large slit faced bats
, 2006 ; bayefsky - anand , 2005 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )
interspecific communication has not been widely studied in bats , but it is likely that large slit - faced bats use chemical and auditory cues , as well as tactile and visual cues , to communicate among individuals .
slit - faced bats are found throughout most of africa , southeast asia , and madagascar . most species are found in africa .
a tropical forest - dwelling bat , the hollow - faced bat has been found at all altitudes , and is known to roost in small groups in tree holes , rotten fallen trees , and rock crevices ( 2 ) .
large slit - faced bats are opportunistic foragers that use two foraging strategies and eats a broad range of prey . large slit - faced bats eat arthropods , bats , frogs , fish and birds . their diets vary based on the season , with frogs being the most common prey in march , april , may , august , and september . other bats are common prey in june and july , and arthropods are most common in december , january , and february . for large prey like bats and birds ,
jacob , davids .
bats of the western cape .
cape bat action team ( cape bat ) . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
top right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis © ]
tanglegram comparing the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts .
species of slit - faced bats have large , oval ears and their wings are broad . slit - faced bats range in color from orange , brown , and red to gray . these bats also have a distinctive feature among mammals at the end of their tail . the long tail , completely enclosed within a membrane , ends in a t - shaped tip .
slit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
slit - faced bats : nycteridae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
parey , v . , h . berlin . 1993 . variation in foraging behaviour , habitat use and diet of large slit - facebats ( nycteris grandis ) .
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a single young is born each year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . the slit - faced bats are most likely promiscuous .
some species of slit - faced bats live in woodland savanna or dry country , and others live in rainforests in africa or in southeast asia .
it is considered to be a rather rare bat , colony sizes tend to be small .
the broad wings of slit - faced bats enable them to fly slowly and hover , then pluck insects off ground or vegetation surfaces . when bats , such as the large slit - faced bat , catch and kill larger prey such as small vertebrates , they carry them off to their feeding perch . these bats can hunt either lying in wait on their perches or from slow , continuous flight low to the ground . when they eat insects , they typically drop their wings and legs .
slit - faced bats roost in hollows by day . the hollows include caves and mines , those in trees , as well as others associated with buildings or other artificial structures . roosting slit - faced bats are usually not in physical contact with one another . they produce low - intensity echolocation calls , which
slit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
slit - faced bats : nycteridae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
prey includes grasshoppers , crickets , caterpillars , and beetles . these frogs are preyed upon by the boomslang dispholidus typus , the vine snake thelotornis capensis , and the large slit - faced bat nycteris grandis . the foam nests are preyed upon by the african bullfrog , fornasini ' s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini , and the blue monkey cercopithecus mitis ( channing and howell , 2006 ) .
most species of slit - faced bats are found in rainforest in africa or in southeast asia , but other species occur in drier areas , from savanna woodlands to desert .
diet : egyptian slit - faced bats typically diet on arthropods , such as spiders , crickets , and scorpions , as well as insects , such as moths and beetles .
there are no known conservation efforts currently in place for the egyptian slit - faced bat . it has been recommended that this species would benefit from better protection of its roost sites and improved legal protection , as well as further research into its population size and trends ( 1 ) .
nowak , ronald m .
slit - faced bats , or hollow - faced bats .
walker ' s mammals of the world 5 . 1 online . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1997 . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
myers , phil , and bret weinstein .
family nycteridae ( slit - faced bats ) .
animal diversity web . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
al - omari , k . a . , abu baker , m . a . and amr , z . s . ( 2000 ) first record of the egyptian slit - faced bat , nycteris thebaica , from jordan . zoology in the middle east , 21 : 5 - 7 .
a slit - faced bat ' s diet depends upon the species . most species of these bats feed primarily on a variety of arthropods ( animals that have jointed bodies and limbs ) , such as moths , butterflies , beetles , crickets , centipedes , scorpions , and spiders . some bats , the larger slit - faced bats , will also eat small vertebrates ( animals with a backbone ) , such as frogs , birds , fish , other bats , and mice .
kerner , sarah .
in the bat cave .
boys ' life ( june 2003 ) : 18 .
egyptian slit - faced bats are found throughout africa and parts of southern europe . they range from south africa up through egypt , the arabian peninsula , and to the island of corfu .
large slit - faced bats use two foraging strategies . the most common strategy involves hunting from a perch where the bats wait for prey to pass by . they then use short flights to attack the prey on the ground where they envelop it with their wings . they also take longer flights in search of food on the ground or in the air . they switch between each type of foraging strategy based on habitat and prey availability . large slit - faced bats hunt at night from night roosts . they use prey - generated sounds to locate their targets , which explains why noisy prey are their most common targets .
physical characteristics : a distinctive feature of the egyptian slitfaced bat is its long ears . the bat has long , fine fur that is gray to red . its underparts are lighter in color . these bats are also called common slit - faced bats . they are medium - size bats , with an adult weighing about 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 ounces ( 7 to 12 grams ) —about the weight of five pennies .
a medium - sized bat ; forearm ranging 1 . 6–2 in ( 4 . 2–5 . 1 cm ) ; weight 0 . 2–0 . 4 oz ( 7–12 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red . large ears .
large slit - faced bats consume their prey while hanging from a perch with one foot . they use their wings to hold and position the prey . the discarded prey remains , such as skin , fur , and wings , fall to the ground beneath their feeding roosts , making these roosts easily recognized by researchers .
although slit - faced bats are included in the superfamily rhinolophoidea , the closeness of their relationship to the other families in the group ( false vampires , the megadermatidae , horseshoe bats , the rhinolophidae , and old world leaf - nosed bats , the hipposideridae ) has been questioned . apart from recent material , there is no fossil record of slit - faced bats . no subfamilies are recognized .
large slit - faced bats are large bats that have reddish brown to gray fur on the top part of their body and paler and grayer fur on the underside . a female found in zambia had a slight yellow tinge around its neck and shoulders . the face has a deep frontal groove that houses the noseleave and extends from the nostrils to a line joining the base of the ears . this groove is surrounded by fleshy lobes and flanges . large slit - faced bats are not sexually dimorphic in size . their tails range in length from 65 to 75mm and terminate in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . their body and head length ranges from 63 - 93 mm and their body mass is from 23 to 36 g , which makes them the largest member of the family
fenton , m . b . , c . m . swanepoel , r . m . brigham , j . cebek , and m . b . c . hickey .
foraging behaviour and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) .
biotropica 22 ( 1990 ) : 2–8 .
fenton , m . brock . the bat : wings in the night sky . buffalo , ny : firefly books , 1998 .
fenton , m . b . , swanepoel , c . m . , brigham , r . m . , cebek , j . and hickey , m . b . c . 1990 . foraging behavior and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) . biotropica 22 : 2 - 8 .
has a large impact on many different species in their ecosystem because they eat such a wide variety of foods . like many bats ,
slit - faced bats are small to medium in size . head and body length is 1 . 6 to 3 . 7 inches ( 4 to 9 . 3 centimeters ) , and adults weigh 0 . 2 to 1 . 2 ounces ( 6 to 36 grams ) . also called hollow - faced bats , the feature that gives slit - faced bats their name is a deep groove that runs from their nostrils to a pit in the middle of their forehead . the dent is hidden by fur , which makes it hard to see .
at the same time , a number of local sugar growers are showing an interest in erecting
bat houses
which may accommodate hundreds of free - tailed bats , the species most likely to be colonising farm buildings anyway . since it is the number of roosting opportunities , and not the food source , which limits bat populations , bat houses are a means of artificially restoring bat roosting habitat that was lost when natural habitats were replaced with sugar cane . more bats must mean fewer moths , which has to be good news for sugar cane growers !
smaller species of slit - faced bats feed almost entirely on arthropods , typically insects such as moths , beetles , and crickets , but also spiders , centipedes , and scorpions . larger species of nycterids also eat small vertebrates such as fish , frogs , birds , and other bats . slit - faced bats often hunt from a perch , dropping to the ground to grab passing prey , or snatching it from the foliage or branches or trunks of trees .
little is known about the reproduction and development of large slit - faced bats . one offspring is born to a female per breeding season . it is possible that there are two breeding seasons , but this is uncertain . in one study in zimbabwe in december , some female large slit - faced bats were found with offspring that were 1 - 7 days old . in liberia , a female was found in december with a 5 mm embryo . another study collected 7 females in september in zambia ; these had single fetuses with crown - rump lengths of 24 - 27 mm and head lengths of 17 - 18 mm . the amount of time to weaning and the age at which the offspring reaches sexual maturity is unknown . in related bats such as
may hang from perches and wait for passing prey , or fly in search of food . in either case , they depend upon the sounds of prey to locate their targets and usually take prey from surfaces . along the zambezi river , they feed heavily on vertebrates , usually frogs ( representing seven species ) , but occasionally on birds and fish . they also eat other species of bats , including egyptian slit - faced bats . large slit - faced bats also eat large arthropods , including sun spiders , moths , and beetles . prey is killed with a bite to the head , and inedible parts dropped below feeding roosts . when they eat frogs , they usually discard one foot bitten off at the ankle , the other leg bitten off at the knee .
the species appears to need rather large trees , and is presumably threatened by deforestation resulting from logging activities and the conversion of forest to agricultural use .
the largest of slit - faced bats : forearms 2 . 2–2 . 6 in ( 5 . 7–6 . 6 cm ) ; weight 0 . 8–1 . 2 oz ( 23–36 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red .
egyptian slit - faced bats do not do well in captivity . when given food and water they will eat the food , but will not touch the water , and as a result it is not uncommon for them to die of dehydration .
like all bats , slit - faced bats are active in the night hours and they roost ( settle or rest ) during the day hours . most species shelter alone , in pairs , or in small family groups or colonies ( group of animals of the same type living together ) . roosting sites for slit - faced bats are diverse , and may include hollow trees , dense foliage , rocky outcrops , caves , buildings , ruins , abandoned wells , and porcupine and aardvark burrows .
the nest is built by both sexes , consisting of a large structure of twigs , lined with green leaves . it is typically placed in the fork of a branch , in a large white or pale - barked tree . it probably prefers lightly - coloured trees because they are easier to locate at night .
fenton , m . b . , rautenbach , i . l . , chipese , d . , cumming , m . b . , musgrave , m . k . , taylor , j . s . and volpers , t . 1993 . variation in foraging behavior , habitat use , and diet of large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ) . zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 58 : 65 - 74 .
the breeding season of the egyptian slit - faced batoccurs between april and july ( 2 ) , with a single offspring born in early november ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , which feeds on the mother’s milk for around two months ( 9 ) .
can be found roosting alone , in pairs , or in small groups . these bats show high levels of roost fidelity ; that is , they return to the same roost each day . large slit - faced bats use a variety of different roosts for day roosts , feeding roosts , and night roosts . females pass the day and nurse their young in day roosts . night roosts are used as hunting perches .
take prey from surfaces ( the ground or vegetation ) as well as flying prey . the usual diet is arthropods , from sun spiders to scorpions , and insects such as orthopterans , moths , and beetles . in zimbabwe , egyptian slit - faced bats ate 1 . 1 in ( 3 cm ) beetles in less than two minutes . from south africa , there is one record of an egyptian slit - faced bat taking a lizard . these bats appear to use sounds generated by prey to detect and assess their targets . the role of echolocation in hunting remains unclear . they produce bird - like chirps when foraging at night , but the function of these calls remains unknown .
large slit - faced bats have trifid incisors , that is , their incisors are divided into three narrow parts or lobes . a few dimensions of their skulls are as follows : length of skull , 26 - 27 mm , breadth of zygomatic arch , 16 - 17 mm , length of maxillary tooth row , 9 . 1 - 9 . 7 mm and width of the maxillary 10 . 4 - 11 . 1 mm .
there is little available information on predation of this species . it is possible that they are prey to snakes as well as to some birds , including bat hawks ,
as well as echolocation , it appears that these bats depend upon sound to find food . their large ears are apparently used to listen for the low - frequency sounds of prey - generated movements , such as the sound of an insect scuffling along the ground or calls the insects may make . slit - faced bats sometimes catch their prey in the air , but primarily snatch their prey from a surface , such as a leaf or branch .
french , barbara .
where the bats are part ii : other animals ' shelters .
bat conservation international , inc . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
. the diet is influenced by prey availability and results in these bats choosing a variety of prey . these bats can take large prey , up to 33 % of their body mass .
weiss s , witkowski pt , auste b , nowak k , weber n , et al . ( 2012 ) hantavirus in bat , sierra leone . emerg infect dis 18 : 159–161 .
thought to have a wide habitat tolerance ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the egyptian slit - faced bat may be found in moist and dry savanna , sometimes ranging into desert and rocky areas ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , but is rarely found in forested areas ( 7 ) . it roosts in caves and crevices , as well as tombs , ruins , roofs , houses , wells and hollow trees ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
behavior and reproduction : when foraging for food , egyptian slit - faced bats pick their prey off the ground and vegetation surfaces , such as leaves or branches , as well as while flying . they can fly slowly and maneuver well , which allows them to hunt close to the ground and in dense vegetation .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the roosts of egyptian - slit faced bats include caves , areas under roads , mines , hollow trees , and roofs . they can be seen hanging from veranda ( a structure like a porch ) rooftops in temporary night roosts as they rest from their foraging . observations have spotted colonies ranging in size from several and several hundred individuals .
most species of slit - faced bats occur in africa , one ranging from the north ( israel and adjacent countries ) to the south ( the cape ) . two other species occur in southeast asia , from myanmar , thailand , and malaysia to sarawak , sumatra , java , borneo , and bali . one species has been reported from madagascar .
light brown above , ventral side is lighter brown or grayish white . medium - sized bat with large ears and well - developed calcar . muzzle has deep median furrow . head and body length 3 . 8–4 . 3 in ( 9 . 7–11 cm ) , tail length 1 . 8–2 . 2 in ( 4 . 7–5 . 8 cm ) , forearm length 1 . 6–1 . 9 in ( 4 . 3–4 . 7 cm ) .
the bat has been recorded from both dry and moist lowland forest , gallery forest and moist savanna . it has been found roosting in standing trees in small family groups ( rosevear 1965 ; grubb et al . 1998 ) .
there are thought to be two breeding seasons per year , with females giving birth to a single pup ( 2 ) . at first the pup is carried in foraging flights , which may well limit the diet of the hollow - faced bat , as it can only take lighter prey . the pup learns quickly to fly and forage alone , and at one year old will be sexually mature ( 2 ) .
fenton , m . b . , thomas , d . w . and sasseen , r . 1981 . nycteris grandis ( nycteridae ) , an african carnivorous bat . journal of zoology ( london ) 194 : 461 - 465 .
bat colonies living in the roofs of farm buildings are at best a barely tolerable nuisance to many farmers . what they overlook is the fact that bats are the major predators of night - flying insects , including many that are important agricultural pests .
in general there appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole . it is threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss , particularly the logging of large trees used for roosting . some populations may be threatened by overharvesting for subsistence food .
weber , n . and fahr , j . 2007 . survey of endemic and globally threatened bat species in the fouta djallon highlands for conservation priorities in guinea . van tienhoven foundation for international nature protection and conservation international ' s critical species fund , ulm university .
. they have large ears , ranging from 28 to 35 mm ; this can be as much as 50 % of their forearm length . the forearms range from 57 to 66 mm , and their tibias range in length from 29 . 5 to 33 . 5 mm .
aldridge , h . d . j . n . , m . obrist , h . g . merriam , and m . b . fenton .
roosting , vocalizations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica .
journal of mammalogy 71 ( 1990 ) : 242–246 .
aldridge , h . d . j . n , obrist , m , merriam , h . g . and fenton , m . b . ( 1990 ) roosting , vocalisations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica . journal of mammology , 71 : 242 - 246 .
these bats use echolocation and simply listening to detect their prey . their large ears enable the bats to pick up sounds like the scuffling of some insects or the beating of wings . the purpose of the bird - like chirps they make while searching for their prey at night is unknown .
near - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .
used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .
like all bats , these bats are nocturnal , meaning they are active at night . slit - faced bats also use echolocation ( eck - oh - loh - kay - shun ) , the detection of an object by means of reflected sound . it is not known how much they depend upon echolocation to catch their prey ( animals hunted for food ) . the echolocation calls of these bats are low in intensity , or energy , and brief . usually the calls last only a millisecond or less .
distribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
these bats , like most other bats , use echolocation for finding prey . however , like other gleaning bats , their echolocation calls are not strong and as a result this species is often called a “whispering” bat . the echolocation that they produce has low intensity , and is multi - harmonic . echolocation is used when they are assessing the area around them , especially for prey location .
it mainly eats small insectivorous bats , doing most of its foraging at dusk when bats become active , usually in an open space adjacent to cliffs , buildings or large trees . it hawks prey aerially , catching the animal with its feet then eating it while in flight . in one hunting session it takes about 5 - 6 , rarely up to 17 bats , consuming about one every 1 - 3 minutes . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
the species inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome . breeding usually takes place in temporary pans and vleis , but also occurs in more permanent water bodies such as dams and quarries . in the absence of trees and shrubs , nests may be attached to the sides of large rocks or man - made structures overhanging water , including bridges , culverts and bird hides ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
this species also preys on insects that are not moving , such as on the ground , walls , rocks , lights , and vegetation . small prey will be eaten on the spot , but larger prey will be taken to a tree and eaten while the bat is hanging . their uropatagium is a tool that they use to bring their prey to their mouth . the females leave the roost at dusk ( with their young ) to go on regular hunts for food .
although this insect - eating species is capable of complex echolocation calls involving a rapid , low intensity sweep of the frequency range , it is also thought to hunt simply by listening for sounds made by the insects themselves . its large wing area and comparatively low body weight allows it to take off nearly vertically from the forest floor when hunting , possibly with heavy prey ( 2 ) . it tends to hover over its prey before snatching it up into the air ( 5 ) .
dorsal surfaces are brownish to grey , sometimes white , with or without darker mottling ( schiøtz , 1999 ) . according to harper et al . ( 2010 ) , the darker brown mottling resembles tree bark . the eyes are large with horizontal pupils , and the tympanum is distinctly visible . the fingers have wide expanded disks and are arranged in opposable pairs that wrap easily around small branches . toes are completely webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . no tarsal fold is present ( schiøtz , 1999 ) .
preys on organisms while flying , or observes them while hanging upside down from a tree and then goes after the prey . as these bats hang from a tree , they observe the surrounding area for prey . their enormous ears are used to detect any noise made by potential prey . once it hears a potential prey item , an individual bat will go after the area where the sound came from . in addition to their ears , they use their eyes ( since echolocation is weak for these bats ) to locate their prey .
tanglegram constructed using treemap2 . 0b illustrating the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts . ( a ) the host tree on the left was based on mt - cyt b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of m segment . ( b ) the host tree on the left was based on cytochrome b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of s + m segment . numbers ( > 0 . 7 ) above or below branches indicate posterior node probabilities .
a single female and several males construct a foam nest on leaves or branches above water . the female must return to the pool several times during the construction of the nest to absorb enough water to complete the task . in some cases , she may even return the following night to add water to the nest . the large unpigmented eggs develop into small dark tadpoles which drop into the water after three to five days . the small tadpoles are only 18 mm in length ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . according to channing and howell ( 2006 ) , approximately 500 to 1226 eggs are deposited in each nest .
a rather different picture of the evolutionary history of hantaviruses was observed in the phylogenies of 62 l segment sequences . in particular , these trees provided evidence for five phylogroups , as viruses from phylogroup ii could be subdivided into a subgroup containing hpuv , mouyassué virus ( mouv ) detected in bat from cote d ' ivoire [ 22 ] , nvav , and altai virus ( eu424341 ) sampled from a soricidae shrew in the neighboring area of russia with china , and a subgroup containing the lquv and mgb virus sampled from bats in sierra leone [ 23 ] ( phylogroup v , figure 2c ) . however , this novel subdivision of phylogroups was not supported strongly . the clustering patterns of other viruses were similar to those in the s and m segment trees ( figure s3a–b ) , although lquv and mgb virus grouped with tpmv and mjnv in the bayesian tree ( figure s3b ) . finally , and in contrast what is seen in the l nucleotide sequence phylogenies , mgb virus shared a closer relationship with tpmv and mjnv than hupv and lquv in the l amino acid tree ( figure s2g–i ) .
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n . marica kershaw , 1923 , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognised as distinct from this species .
this species is broadly distributed in sub - saharan africa . it ranges from senegal , through west and central africa , to southern sudan , southeastern kenya and eastern tanzania , with scattered records as far south as zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique . it is a lowland species .
it appears to be a rare , or rarely recorded , species . the species occurs in small colonies , but is usually found only as single animals or in pairs .
this species has been recorded from a variety of lowland habitats , ranging from lowland tropical moist forest ( often found near to swampy sites ) to drier savanna areas and miombo woodland ( rosevear 1965 ; fenton et al . 1990 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) . it generally roosts in hollow trees , but is also found in man made structures such as houses ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) , disused water towers ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) and culverts ( rosevear , 1965 ) . animals might also roost in hollow fallen logs , and holes or small caverns in rocks ( rosevear , 1965 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ) .
in view of the species wide range , it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 )
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )
adult size is reached in about two months , and females continue to nurse their offspring from 45 to 60 days .
it has been documented that females and their young can recognize each other . in several cases , when a female returned to a roost after foraging , her offspring recognized her and began to rapidly flap its wings .
breeding season breeding may occur once in the spring ( march and april ) and once in the winter ( december and january ) .
individuals take prey that they have caught to a feeding roost , which is usually within 20 m of their day roost . this may be a strategy to avoid having their prey stolen by other bats in the day roosts .
has been known to migrate . there is little information about why this occurs in
and it has been hypothesized that migration occurs as a result of resource availability .
produces echolocation calls , increasing the rate of calling as it approaches its prey . the spectra of calls early in the feeding sequence have four peaks ( 20 - 112 khz ) , and the calls later in the approach have a single peak at approximately 73 - 91 khz . the minimum and maximum frequencies of the early calls in the approach are 17 and 114 khz and for the later calls are 61 and 110 khz . the pulse duration varies from 0 . 6 to 2 . 8 ms and the interpulse interval varies from 6 . 0 to 17 . 8 ms .
have their higest sensitivity between 10 and 20 khz , a frequency used to detect sounds made by prey .
grasp them in their mouths and immobilize them with a strong bite to the head .
. possibily to avoid predators , these bats roost in high places where it is hard for predators to get to them .
jim aldrich ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
the process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
bayefsky - anand , s . 2005 . effect of location and season on the arthropod prey of nycteris grandis .
esmailka , l . , l . olson . 2005 .
animal diversity web
( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
fenton , m . , d . cumming , j . hutton , c . swanepoel . 1987 . foraging and habitat use by nycteris grandis in zimbabwe .
park , a . , p . myers . 2004 .
animal diversity web
( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
to cite this page : aldrich , j . 2006 .
nycteris grandis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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home | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online
there are 16 species of small to medium - sized bats in this family . they are found in africa , malaysia , indonesia .
they range in color from brown , brownish - orange or gray . most species eat insects .
least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .
jakob fahr marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
isojänölepakko
to
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
jakob fahr set
image of nycteris grandis
as an exemplar on
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
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image processing : dr . amy balanoff image processing : dr . julian humphries publication date : 22 mar 2003
this specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 15 january 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 1161 slices . the specimen was mounted in florists foam for scanning . each slice is 0 . 072 mm thick , with an interslice spacing of 0 . 072 mm and a field of reconstruction of 67 . 0 mm .
to cite this page : dr . nancy simmons , 2003 ,
nycteris grandis
( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
items in open research are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .
simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : hispida species group . reviewed by van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . n . marica is sometimes recognized as a distinct savanna subspecies , but this does not seem justified based on morphology ; see van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . see hickey and dunlop ( 2000 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
size forearms range 1 . 2–2 . 5 in ( 3 . 2–6 . 4 cm ) ; body mass 0 . 2–1 . 2 oz ( 6–36 g )
occur from sierra leone in the west to lake victoria in the east . there are two isolated populations , one on the coast in tanzania , the other from zambia south into zimbabwe along the zambezi river .
most often found in rainforest , but outlying populations occur in areas of savanna woodlands .
roost in hollows in trees , caves , and mines , or those in artificial structures such as buildings and unused military bunkers . roosting individuals , other than females and their dependent young , are not in physical contact with one another . along the zambezi river in zimbabwe , they use the same day roosts year after year , including hollows in acacia trees as well as those in buildings and in military bunkers ; the roosts provide shelter from the extreme heat of the day . along the zambezi , they use feeding roosts , sites that offer protection from above . typically , feeding roosts are under thatched roofs , on porches , and in rooms that they enter through open doors or windows . some day roosts also serve as feeding roosts .


mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white-legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) .

they are commonly known as riverjacks .

the genus contains the following species : mesocnemis dupuyi legrand , 1982 - gambia riverjack mesocnemis robusta ( selys , 1886 ) mesocnemis saralisa dijkstra , 2008 mesocnemis singularis karsch , 1891 - common riverjack , savanna brook-damsel , savanna stream-damsel mesocnemis tisi lempert , 1992 - liberian riverjack

mesocnemis

mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white - legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) . they are commonly known as riverjacks . the genus contains the following species :
justification : mesocnemis singularis is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
legrand , j . ( 1982 ) . elattoneura pluotae spec . nov . ( protoneuridae ) et mesocnemis dupuyi spec . nov . ( platycnemididae ) , zygopteres nouveaux du senegal . odonatologica , 11 , 153 - 158 . [ pdf file ]
justification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats that is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . therefore , it is assessed as least concern . in central , northern and western africa , the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . in northern africa , out of the two localities recorded for mesocnemis robusta in egypt , one probably became extinct through the construction of the aswan high dam and barrage lake . the single remaining locality for this species is included in the agricultural area of the nile delta , which suffers from inundation of increasing levels of polluted water ( e . g . , salts , sewage water , heavy metals ) . this population is now separated from the nearest ( sudanese ) locality by a river stretch of about 1 , 600 km as well as by the assouan barrage lake , therefore no spontaneous immigration is expected . it is currently listed as critically endangered based on its restricted range , occurrence at only one known location and ongoing declines .
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justification : this species is short - listed by dijkstra and vick ( 2004 ) as western african odonate requiring special attention . it is known from one locality , the sinoe river and a tributary , within a 5 , 000 km² area of forest habitat , which is expected to deteriorate in the future due to selective logging and clearing for agriculture . it is therefore listed as endangered .
the species is only known from two sites near juarzon in south eastern liberia , the sinoe river and a tributary ( lempert 1988 , 1992 ) .
rainforest rivers , preferring shaded sections unlike the sympatric m . singularis , which perches in the sun .
there is a potential threat of logging for wood extraction and agriculture within the species range .
no information available but research into population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status , threats , and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable .
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dijkstra , k . - d . b . , clausnitzer , v . , suhling , f . , samways , m . , samraoui , b . , boudot , j . p . , kipping , j . ( odonata red list authority ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
1998 ) . although records show two disjunct populations , the species is likely to be present in between .
it has not been recorded from central africa region yet , but likely to occur in the northern zones of democratic republic of congo , congo , cameroon and central african republic .
in northern africa , the species is endemic to the river nile system , ranging from ethiopia to the nile delta .
no information available . in northern africa , two records are known from egypt ( one from the lower nile ( 1988 ) , and one from assouan in upper egypt ( 1912 ) , which is possibly now extinct due to the assouan dam ) , and five from sudan . some records are dated 1980 - 1988
the main threats to the species are over - irrigation , water pollution , stream management and infrastructure development . it is inferred that it would be affected by drought in the future .
preservation of stream water quality and conservation of the natural structure of stream systems using policy - based actions and increasing education and awareness . information on taxonomy , population ecology , habitat status and population trends , and habitat / site based conservation is also required .
the species is widespread in sub - saharan africa , ranging from sierra leone to south sudan and southwards to south africa .
the habitat of this species is mostly rivers , but also streams and large lakes , mostly shaded by gallery forest , but also in open landscapes and open areas in forest . at rivers it prefers faster sections ( rapids , falls ) with emergent vegetation , submerged roots , rocks and / or probably overhanging branches .
no diagnosis of this species endemic to the gambia catchment is presently available . please refer to the references provided .
not known well , but probably rivers in open landscapes . probably especially faster sections with emergent vegetation , submerged roots and / or rocks . inferred to occur from 0 to 200 m above sea level .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
by combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .
the adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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