the giant barred frog , mixophyes iteratus , is a species of barred frogs in australia .

it occurs from south-east queensland to just south of the newcastle region in new south wales .

it is associated with flowing streams and creeks in wet sclerophyll and rainforest habitats from the coast to the ranges .

giant barred frog

giant barred frog - profile ( office of environment & heritage , 2014x ) [ internet ] .
management documents relevant to the giant barred frog can be found at the start of the profile .
giant barred frog ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013y ) [ database ] .
office of environment & heritage ( 2014x ) . giant barred frog - profile . available from : urltoken .
the giant barred frog is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the extent of occurrence of the giant barred frog is approximately 110 000 km² ( hines et al . 1999 ) .
) . two hundred and ten years of looking for the giant burrowing frog .
wetland care australia pty ltd ( queensland ) received funding in 2008–09 for the giant barred frog habitat restoration project . the project undertook bush regeneration / weed control work and surveyed endangered populations of giant barred frog in a section of the numinbah valley .
the call of the male giant barred frog is a deep guttural grunt ( barker et al . 1995 ; robinson 1993 ) .
the giant barred frog occurs in rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests in upper to lower catchment areas ( ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) .
queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) ( 2005 ) . giant barred frog . available from : urltoken .
the giant barred frog call is a deep guttural grunt . males call from crevices under rocks , banks or overhanging tree roots .
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the great barred frog is found in coastal northern new south wales and southern queensland .
the great barred frog has banded legs with webbed feet , making it an efficient swimmer .
lemckert , f . and brassil , t . ( 2000 ) . ' ' movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog (
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in queensland , the giant barred frog is known from the following reserves ( j - m . hero 2001 pers . comm . ; tyler 1997 ) :
meyer , e . , hines , h . , and hero , j . - m . ( 2001 ) . ' ' giant barred - frog ,
assessing the extent of the known decline of the giant barred frog is difficult because of the lack of baseline distribution and abundance data ( hines et al . 1999 ) .
individuals of the giant barred frog have sometimes been killed in the mistaken belief that they are the introduced cane toad ( bufo marinus ) ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .
the giant barred frog previously occurred along streams in the coastal ranges and lowlands from belli creek near eumundi , in south east queensland to warrimoo in mid - east new south wales .
) . non - breeding habitat requirements of the giant burrowing frog ( anura : myobatrachidae ) in south - eastern nsw .
giant barred frog - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1999g ) [ internet ] .
the methods that have successfully been used in the past to survey the giant barred frog are visual encounter surveys , call surveys , egg mass surveys and larval sampling ( uc 2003 ) .
part of the funding that the maroochy river catchment network waterwatch inc . received in 2004–05 was for the restoration of giant barred frog habitat , the monitoring of frog species in the region , community education workshops and the development of a local recovery plan .
part of the funding that the barung landcare association inc . received in 2005–06 was to restore and enhance 3 . 75 ha of key habitat for the giant barred frog on public and private land .
at night the great barred frog comes out to forage , taking a range of invertebrates including insects and worms and occasionally other frogs .
the recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001–2005 ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) specifically states that surveys for the giant barred frog should involve at least five samples from each of the major populations .
koch aj , hero jm . 2007 . the relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) on the coomera river , south - east queensland . australian journal of zoology 55 , 89 - 95 .
mahony , m . , knowles , r . , and pattinson , l . ( 1997 ) . ' ' 6 . gold - eyed barred frog ,
lemckert , f . & t . brassil ( 2000 ) . movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) and the implications for its conservation in timber production forests . biological conservation . 96 : 177 - 184 .
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in north - eastern nsw , the the giant barred frog barred frog is known from three broad areas ( mebbin , nightcap range and richmond range ) ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) . there is a large population in the dorrigo - coffs harbour area , and washpool and bungawalbin state forests ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) . a population was located in the lower nambucca river catchment ( nsw npws 1994c ) .
call surveys should be conducted during the known calling period of the giant barred frog , between september and may ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; mahony et al . 1997c ) . males are known to call from the ground near streams ( anstis 2002 ) .
in new south wales , the giant barred frog is know from the following reserves ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; hines et al . 1999 ; lemckert 2001 , pers . comm . ; mccray 2001 , pers . comm . ; tyler 1997 ; white 2000 ) :
upstream clearing , changes in water flow regimes , degradation of water quality , disturbance to riparian vegetation , feral animals , domestic stock and weed invasion have been identified as potential threats to the giant barred frog ( hines et al . 1999 ; hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .
meyer , e . , h . hines & j - m . hero ( 2001b ) . giant barred - frog , mixophyes iteratus . in : wet forest frogs of south - east queensland . page ( s ) 30 - 31 . gold coast , queensland : griffith university .
koch , a . j . & j - m . hero ( 2007 ) . the relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) on the coomera river , south - east queensland . australian journal of zoology . 55 : 8995 . csiro publishing .
goldingay and colleagues ( 1999 ) concluded that the density of giant barred frog populations in north - eastern new south wales is relatively low with an average abundance of 4 . 2 individuals per 100 m of stream transect in 1997–98 and an average of 3 . 4 individuals over the same transects in 1999 .
populations of the giant barred frog now exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect that this may have on genetic variation within populations , the general health of individuals and the species ' response to identified threats is unknown ( j - m . hero 2001 , pers . comm . ) .
) . soil disturbance in integrated logging operations and the potential impacts on a fossorial australian frog .
aland , k . & p . wood ( 2013 ) . giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) baseline survey . bruce highway ( cooroy to curra ) upgrade section a - ( cooroy southern interchange to sankeys road ) . epbc referral 2011 / 6024 . report prepared for department of transport and main roads . future - plus environmental .
part of the funding that the barung landcare association ( queensland ) received in 2000–01 was for the establishment of buffer zones and the linkage of remnant patches of vegetation using locally native plants to enhance the long - term health of 646 ha of significant local government and state forest reserves , which are known to be utilised by the giant barred frog .
the giant barred frog is distributed from doongul creek , wongi state forest , near maryborough in south - eastern queensland ( hines 2003 ) , south to warrimoo in the blue mountains , new south wales ( hines et al . 1999 ) . the species is currently known from mid to low altitudes below 610 m above sea level ( hines et al . 2004 ) .
h . ehmann , eds . , frog and tadpole study group of nsw , sydney , 78 - 83 .
mahony , m . , r . knowles & l . pattinson ( 1997c ) . gold - eyed barred frog , mixophyes iteratus . in : ehmann , h . , ed . threatened frogs of new south wales : habitats , status and conservation . page ( s ) 78 - 83 . sydney , nsw : frog & tadpole study group of nsw .
the giant barred frog has suffered major declines in the sydney basin bioregion ( hines et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ) where , in the 1990s , extant populations were recorded at only two of the 14 historical sites surveyed . there are no recent records from the blue mountains and only five populations of the species are known to occur in the watagan mountains area ( white 2000 ) .
during the early 1980s , the giant barred frog declined and disappeared from at least two streams in the conondale range ( corben n . d . cited in mcdonald 1991 ) . the bunya mountains and cunningham ' s gap ( straughan 1966 ) previously supported the species but targeted surveys and intensive monitoring of these and nearby sites in the late 1990s failed to locate the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) .
during surveys in the cooroy to curra area of south - east queensland , giant barred frogs were observed to prefer a closed forest canopy with a relatively light cover of vegetation at ground level ( aland & wood 2013 ) . populations of the species have been found in cleared or disturbed areas , for example cattle farms with vegetated riparian strips and regenerated logged areas ( hero & shoo n . d . , cited in hines et al . 2004 ; ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) . many sites where the giant barred frog is known to occur are the lower reaches of streams which have been affected by major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines et al . 1999 ) .
the giant barred frog is a large , dark - olive green to black coloured frog that grows to 115 mm . it has a pointed snout and a broad lateral band of dark spots dividing the dark dorsal surface from the white , or pale yellow , ventral surface ( underside ) . the limbs have dark crossbars . the hind side of the thighs are black with large yellow spots . two joints of the fourth toe are free of web ( cogger 2000 ) . the skin is finely granular above but smooth below ( qld derm 2005 ) .
hines , h . b . ( 2003 ) . south - east queensland frog survey and monitoring database . wildlife online database . urltoken
this large frog lives in moist forests . it hides during the day , camouflaged beneath fallen leaves or burrowing into the loose soil .
observed among leaf litter at night , the great barred frog occurs especially near streams in their preferred habitat of wet sclerophyll forest , antarctic beech and rainforests . their call is a harsh loud
wark - wark - wark
, heard during spring and summer which , in unison forms a night time chorus in the rainforest . once her eggs are fertilised in the stream by the male , the female frog ejects them out of the water onto the bank to develop . the first rain washes the eggs into the water where they hatch into tadpoles . this frog grows to 8cm in length .
the great barred frog lives in moist forests and is usually found near permanent running water . it hides during the day , camouflaged beneath fallen leaves or burrowing into the loose soil . if threatened it can take long leaps into nearby water , where it then dives and hides among debris on the creek bed .
aland & wood ( 2013 ) noted in their survey report for the bruce highway ( cooroy to curra ) upgrade project ( section a - cooroy southern interchange to sankeys road ) that the selection of plant species for the revegetation of cleared or disturbed forest habitat for the giant barred frog should favour those species that rapidly provide canopy cover ( e . g . macaranga spp . ) and the use of dense groundcover species ( e . g . lomandra spp . ) should be kept to a minimum .
in south - eastern queensland , the giant barred frog is known from doongul creek in the burrum river catchment ( hines 2003 ) , at scattered locations in the mary river catchment downstream to kenilworth , the upper stanley river , caboolture river and coomera river ( hines et al . 1999 ) . a survey between cooroy and curra ( cooroy creek , six mile creek and skyring creek ) detected the species at 11 of 19 surveyed sites targeted multiple times in 2011 - 12 ( aland & wood 2013 ) .
egg mass surveys may be effective , as this species ' eggs are conspicuously deposited out of the water on steep banks of larger pools and under overhanging banks or rocks . the tadpoles drop into the water when hatched ( nsw dec 2005 ) . the larval period of the giant barred frog is from september to may ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; mahony et al . 1997c ) . tadpoles have been recorded as bottom dwellers in still or slowly flowing pools or at the sides of streams ( anstis 2002 ) .
the giant barred frog is a stream breeding species . eggs are deposited out of the water , under overhanging banks or on steep banks of large pools . the stream microhabitats used by the species for oviposition are limited ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . hero and fickling ( 1996 ) and morrison and hero ( 2002 ) reported clutch sizes for the species as 4184 ( one clutch counted ) and 1343–3471 ( 13 clutches counted ) respectively . egg diameter ranges between 1 . 7–1 . 8 mm ( five clutches measured ) ( morrison & hero 2002 ) .
mcdonald , k . r . ( 1991 ) . report of a workshop on declining frog populations in queensland . queensland national parks and wildlife service : unpub . report .
hines , h . , mahony , m . and mcdonald , k . ( 1999 ) . ' ' an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . ' '
giant barred frog tadpoles are large , growing to over 100 mm in length . they are deep - bodied and ovoid , with a tail length twice that of the body . the tadpole ' s eyes are dorsolateral . the tadpoles are coloured yellow - brown above with dark spots and a dark patch at the base of tail . the underside is silver - white . the intestinal mass is obscured but the heart and lungs are visible from below ( except near metamorphosis ) . the tail is thick and muscular . fins are low and opaque with dark flecking ( except the anterior half of the ventral fin ) ( meyer et al . 2001b ) .
chytridiomycosis is a disease caused by infection with the chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) affecting amphibians worldwide . the disease has been recorded in four regions of australia , namely the east coast , south - west western australia , adelaide and tasmania . this highly virulent pathogen of amphibians is capable , at the minimum , of causing sporadic deaths in some populations , and 100 % mortality in other populations ( agdeh 2006o ) . chytrid fungus has been identified in individuals of the giant barred frog ( speare & berger 2000 ) . the role played by chytrid fungus in the decline of the species is addressed in the species recovery plan ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .
white , a . ( 2000 ) . the status of the barred river frogs mixophyes balbus and mixophyes iteratus in the sydney basin region of new south wales 1999 - 2000 . report for nsw national parks and wildlife service .
knowles , r . , h . b . hines , k . thum , m . mahony & m . cunningham ( 1998 ) . oviposition of the barred - frogs ( mixophyes species ) in southeastern australia with implications for management .
( 1999 ) . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in ‘declines and disappearances of australian frogs’ . ( ed . a . campbell . ) pp . 44–63 . ( environment australia : canberra . )
oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs ( anura : myobatrachidae : mixophyes günther , 1864 ) , its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management . australian zoologist . ( knowles , r . , k . thumm , m . mahony , h . hines , d . newell & m . cunningham , 2014 ) .
hines h , mahony m and mcdonald kr . 1999 . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in campbell , a ( ed ) , ' declines and disappearances of australian frogs ' . ( environment australia , department of the environment and heritage : canberra ) . 234 pp .
knowles , r . , k . thumm , m . mahony , h . hines , d . newell & m . cunningham ( 2014 ) . oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs ( anura : myobatrachidae : mixophyes günther , 1864 ) , its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management . australian zoologist . available from : urltoken .
hines , h . , m . mahony & k . mcdonald ( 1999 ) . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in : campbell , a . , ed . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . page ( s ) 44 - 63 . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .
male great barred frogs can be heard calling females with a deep guttural grunt from their hiding places in the leaf litter . the mating pairs enter the water , and the females flick the fertilised eggs onto the stream bank where the first developmental stages are completed out of reach of aquatic predators . the tadpoles are then washed into the creek by the first heavy rains .
streatfeild ( 1999 ) monitored the spatial movements of four male and four female giant barred frogs at coomera river , south - east queensland . over six weeks , the average area used by females and males was 622 m² and 403 m² , respectively . individuals moved a maximum distance of 268 m along the stream and 50 m away from the stream . displacement distances between diurnal refuges , after a night of activity , were small which suggests a high degree of fidelity to the previous day ' s shelter . similar patterns of movement were observed by lemckert and brassil ( 2000 ) although less perpendicular movement away from the stream was observed . individuals tracked for two to five days made nightly movements from 0 m to over 100 m , and all were within a 20 m wide band either side of the stream ( lemckert & brassil 2000 ) .
management of threatened anurans requires an understanding of a species’ behaviour and habitat requirements in both the breeding and non - breeding environments . the giant burrowing frog ( heleioporus australiacus ) is a threatened species in south - eastern australia . little is known about its habitat requirements , creating difficulties in developing management strategies for the species . we radio - tracked 33 individual h . australiacus in order to determine their habitat use and behaviour . data from 33 frogs followed for between 5 and 599 days show that individuals spend little time near ( < 15 m ) their breeding sites ( mean 4 . 7 days for males and 6 . 3 days for females annually ) . most time is spent in distinct non - breeding activity areas 20–250 m from the breeding sites . activity areas of females were further from the breeding site ( mean 143 m ) than those of males ( mean 99 m ) , but were not significantly different in size ( overall mean 500 m 2 ; males 553 m 2 ; females 307 m 2 ) . within activity areas , each frog used 1–14 burrows repeatedly , which we term home burrows . existing prescriptions are inappropriate for this species and we propose protection of key populations in the landscape as a more appropriate means of protecting this species .
barker j . , grigg g . c . , and tyler m . j . ( 1995 ) . ‘a field guide to australian frogs . ’ ( surrey beatty and sons : chipping norton , uk . ) berven , k . a . ( 1990 ) . factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog ( rana sylvatica ) . ecology 71 , 1599–1608 . | crossref |
a very large frog up to 120 mm with a pointed snout and well developed hind legs . the dorsal surface is dark olive to black , with darker blotches and an irregular dark vertebral band commencing between the eyes and continuing posteriorly . a dark stripe runs from the snout , through the eye and above the tympanum ( hearing organ ) , terminating at a point above the forelimb . there are irregular dark spots or mottling on the flanks . the limbs have a series of dark and pale crossbars of similar width . the hidden part of the thigh is black with a few large , yellow spots . the ventral surface is white to yellow with fine mottling on the chin . the pupil is vertical , while the iris is pale silvery - white to pale gold above , darker in the lower portion . the fingers lack webbing , while the toes are fully webbed , with only the last two joints of the fourth toe free . the skin is finely granular above , smooth below ( barker et al . 1995 ; cogger 2014 ; straughan 1968 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
endangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : listed as endangered , because its area of occupancy is less than 500 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in its its area of occupancy , in the extent and quality of its habitat , in the number of subpopulations , and in the number of mature individuals .
this species , an australian endemic , is distributed from belli creek near eumundi , south - east queensland , south to warrimoo in mid - eastern new south wales ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . it is currently known from mid to low altitudes below 610m asl . in south - east queensland , it is currently known from scattered locations in the mary river catchments downstream to about kenilworth , upper stanley river , caboolture river and coomera river ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) .
many sites where this species occurs are the lower reaches of streams , which have had major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . in the dorrigo area , lemckert ( 1999 ) found that it was less abundant in recently logged areas and sites where there was little undisturbed forest . the impacts of feral animals , domestic stock , weed invasion and disturbance to riparian vegetation , all potential threats to current populations , are unknown ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . populations now generally exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect this may have on genetic variation within populations and the general health of individuals is unknown . the species does colonize and use plantations and vegetated streams in otherwise cleared agricultural lands . this is positive for the survival of the species , but also indicates that such sites can be of some significance and any clearing of this vegetation may be of some significance .
this species is listed as endangered in australian legislation . much of its habitat is protected within national parks and state forests . research and monitoring protocols are in place for this species .
harry hines , david newell , john clarke , jean - marc hero , ed meyer . 2004 .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .
hines , h . b . & the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team ( 2002 ) .
. report to environment australia , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened frogs . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 3
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
listed as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
in mid - eastern nsw , the species is known from five populations in the watagan mountains area ( white 2000 ) . there are no recent records from the blue mountains ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .
there are no specimens or other records to substantiate a report in cogger ( 1996 ) that the species is found as far south as narooma ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .
a study by koch and hero ( 2007 ) , along the coomera river , queensland , in 2000 , suggested that there is a relationship between the distance that males moved away from streams and the amount of rainfall , with animals tending to move further away during high rainfall events . it has been proposed that this behaviour may be due to the increased chance of streams rising during high rainfall events and subsequent desiccation of eggs when the stream level returned to base flow ( magnusson et al . 1999 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) . frogs would alternatively participate in other activities , such as feeding , rather than breeding , which may occur further from the stream . in the absence of flooding events however , fukuyama and kusano ( 1992 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) found that the observed density of frogs did not significantly change during rainfall .
several studies ( salvador & carrascal 1990 , fukuyama & kusano 1992 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) suggest that temperature , out of all the environmental variables , has the greatest influence on the relative density of amphibian populations . koch and hero ( 2007 ) found that most adult males were above ground when temperatures were above 18 °c , and that densities were lower on cooler nights , suggesting that frogs were burying themselves under the leaf litter .
part of the funding that the upper clarence combined landcare inc . received in 2002–03 was for the reduction of predation by the european fox ( vulpes vulpes ) on this species through co - ordinated on - ground action to educate landholders , raise community awareness and initiate partnerships between stakeholders .
the north coast herpetology group inc . received funding in 2003–04 for the creation of a wildlife refuge for this species and to better understand its habits and habitat by re - establishing habitat and any corridor that has been demolished through logging .
anstis , m . ( 2002 ) . tadpoles of south - eastern australia . a guide with keys . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .
barker , j . , g . c . grigg . & m . j . tyler ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty & sons .
cogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .
cogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .
commonwealth department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006o ) . threat abatement plan for infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - may - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2016 .
goldingay , r . , d . newell & m . graham ( 1999 ) . the status of rainforest stream frogs in north - eastern new south wales : decline or recovery ? . in : campbell , a . , ed . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . page ( s ) 64 - 71 . canberra : environment australia .
hero , j . - m . & s . fickling ( 1996 ) . reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum . 39 : 306 .
hines , h . , d . newell , j . clarke , j - m . hero & meyer , e . ( 2004 ) . mixophyes iteratus . iucn 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2009 . 2 . viewed on 25 january 2010 . available from : urltoken .
hines , h . b . & the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team ( 2002 ) . recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 .
ingram , g . j . & k . r . mcdonald ( 1993 ) . an update on the decline of queenslands frogs . in : lunney , d . & d . ayers , eds . herpetology in australia : a diverse discipline . page ( s ) 297 - 303 . sydney , nsw : royal zoological society of nsw .
lemckert , f . ( 1999 ) . impacts of selective logging on frogs in a forested area of northern new south wales . biological conservation . 89 : 321 - 328 .
morrison , c . & j . - m . hero ( 2002 ) . geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians in mid - eastern australia : reproductive traits . in : r . nattrass , ed . frogs in the community - proceedings of the brisbane conference 13 - 14 feb 1999 . queensland museum .
nsw national parks & wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1994c ) . fauna of north - east nsw forests . north - east forests biodiversity study report no . 3 . hurtsville , nsw : unpub . report nsw national parks and wildlife service .
robinson , m . ( 1993 ) . a field guide to frogs of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed .
speare , r & l . berger ( 2000 ) . chytridiomycosis in amphibians in australia . townsville , queensland : rainforest crc & school of public health and tropical medicine , james cook university . available from : urltoken .
straughan , i . r . ( 1966 ) . an analysis of species recognition and species isolation in certain queensland frogs . ph . d . thesis . brisbane , queensland : university of queensland .
streatfeild , c . ( 1999 ) . spatial movements of mixophyes iteratus and m . fasciolatus in southeast queensland . hons . thesis . brisbane , queensland ; griffith university .
tyler , m . j . ( 1997 ) . the action plan for australian frogs . wildlife australia . canberra , act : environment australia . available from : urltoken .
australian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2005p ) . non - current threat abatement plan for predation , habitat degradation , competition and disease transmission by feral pigs . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 18 - jul - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
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this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . mixophyes iteratus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 42 : 15 + 1000 .
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conservation status : this species is listed as endangered in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) and nationally ( environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ) . it is ranked as a medium priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .
this species occurs along shallow rocky streams in rainforest , wet sclerophyll forest and farmland from 100 to 1000 m or along deep , slow moving streams with steep banks in the lowlands .
this species experienced significant population declines in the north and south of its range during the late 1980 ' s . in south - east queensland it is currently known from scattered locations in the catchments of the mary , upper stanley , caboolture and coomera rivers . a population in the conondale range , which was previously thought to be extinct , appears to be recovering . recent surveys have failed to locate the species in historical sites in the bunya mountains , cunningham ' s gap and main range .
relatively little is known regarding the reproductive biology of this species . a gravid female was found to carry 4184 eggs with a mean diameter of 1 . 6 mm . larvae are present throughout the year and probably over - winter . laboratory reared metamorphs reach 28 - 30 mm ( hero & fickling 1996 ; straughan 1966 ) .
the tadpole has not been formally described . they are large and take a form commonly seen in tadpoles that inhabit free - flowing water , with a suctorial mouth , muscular tail and reduced fins .
the primary cause of decline in this species is suspected to be the chytrid fungus disease . current threats include the chytrid fungus , loss and fragmentation of habitat , changes in water quality and flow regimes , introduced fish , feral pigs , domestic stock trampling and fouling streams and weed invasion of waterways .
barker j , grigg gc and tyler mj . 1995 . a field guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty & sons , chipping norton , nsw .
cogger hg . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia ( seventh edition ) . csiro publishing , victoria .
cogger hg , cameron ee and cogger hm . 1983 . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 1 amphibia and reptilia . australian government publishing service : canberra .
covacevich , ja and mcdonald , kr 1993 . distribution and conservation of frogs and reptiles of queensland rainforests . memoirs of the queensland museum 34 ( 1 ) : 189 - 199 .
curtis lk , dennis aj , mcdonald kr , kyne pm and debus sjs . 2012 . queensland ’s threatened animals . csiro publishing , victoria , australia .
davies m . 1991 . descriptions of the tadpoles of some australian limnodynastine leptodactylid frogs . transactions of the royal society of south australia 115 : 67 - 76 .
hero jm and fickling s . 1996 . reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum 39 : 306 .
hines hb and the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team 2002 . recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia . canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane .
ingram gj and mcdonald kr . 1993 . an update on the decline of queensland ' s frogs . pp 297 - 303 in lunney , d . and ayers , d . ( eds ) , herpetology in australia . a diverse discipline . ( royal zoological society of new south wales : mosman ) . 414pp .
straughan ir . 1968 . a taxonomic review of the genus mixophyes ( anura , leptodactylidae ) . proceedings of the linnean society of nsw . 93 : 52 - 59 .
tyler mj and knight f . 2009 . field guide to the frogs of australia . csiro publishing , collingwood victoria .
arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .
iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ca50121 - ad3d - 4ace - 9c49 - 712756b07448
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f0e3a6ad - 80ff - 41d5 - b741 - cce65a53f5e8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 305173f5 - 4f94 - 45f1 - be96 - aa4105095d9f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 346776
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is distributed form belli ck near eumundi , s . e . qld , s . to warrimoo mid - e . nsw ( hines et al . 1999 ) . the area of occurrence of the species is approximately 110 000 km2 ( map in hines et al . 1999 ) .
is currently known from mid to low altitudes below 520 m ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ; h . hines & l . shoo unpubl . data ) . in s . e . qld ,
is currently known from scattered locations in the mary r . catchment downstream to about kenilworth , upper stanley r . , caboolture r . and coomera r . ( hines et al . 1999 ) . during the early 1980’s
declined and disappeared from at least two streams in the conondale range ( corben in mcdonald 1991 ) . the bunya mt ( straughan 1966 ) and cunningham’s gap ( straughan 1966 ) previously supported
but these and nearby sites have recently been the subject of targeted surveys and intensive monitoring without locating the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) . assessing the extent of the decline is difficult because of the lack of baseline data on its distribution and abundance ( hines et al . 1999 ) .
has suffered major declines in the southern portion of its range in the sydney basin region ( hines et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ) where extant populations were recorded at only 2 of the 14 historical sites surveyed ( white 2000 ) . there are no recent records from the blue mt and the species is currently only known from a five populations in the watagan mt area ( white 2000 ) . a population was recently located in the southern nambucca river catchment ( nsw npws 1994 ) . north of this there is currently a large population in the dorrigo - coffs harbour area , north washpool and bungawalbin sf ( hines et al . 1999 ) . in far n . e . nsw ,
is known from only three broad areas ( mebbin , whian whian and richmond range ) , despite intensive surveys ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) . goldingay et al . ( 1999 ) reported that the density of these populations was relatively low with an average abundance of 4 . 2 individuals per 100 m of stream transect between 1997 and 1998 and an average of 3 . 4 individuals over the same transects in 1999 ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) .
is known from qld : conondale , lamington , main range np , ingelbar , kenilworth , spicer’s gap sf ( tyler 1997 ) , blackall ( m . hero pers . comm . ) ; and from nsw : gibraltar range , guy fawkes r . , nightcap , washpool np , wild cattle ck , kangaroo r . , orara west and orara east sf ( tyler 1997 ) , clouds ck . , doubleduke , ewingbar sf ( k . mccray pers . comm . ) , bril bril , ingelba , maria r . , mcpherson , mt boss , watagan , wyong np ( f . lemckert pers . comm . ) , mebbin , mt warning , richmond range np , whian whian sf ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) , upper allyn r , middle brother sf , numbucca r . catchment , bungawalbin , washpool sf ( hines et al . 1999 ) , olney sf ( white 2000 ) .
occurs in uplands and lowlands in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest , including farmland ( ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) . populations have been found in disturbed areas with vegetated riparian strips in cattlefarms and regenerating logged areas ( hero & shoo pers . obs . ) . tadpoles do occur with many species of native fish , however no introduced fish species have been observed in sympatry with
is a stream breeding species . eggs are deposited out of water , under overhanging banks or on steep banks of large pools ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . the stream microhabitats used by the species for oviposition are limited ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . hero and fickling ( 1996 ) and morrison and hero ( in press ) reported clutch sizes for the species as 4184 ( n = 1 ) and 1343 - 3471 ( n = 13 ) respectively and egg diameter ranges between 1 . 7 - 1 . 8mm ( n = 5 ) ( morrison and hero in press ) . the tadpole of
has not been formally described . a written description of the tadpole is presented in meyer et al . ( 2001 ) .
appears to be a generalist feeder with crickets , spiders , beetles , snails , earwigs and frogs being recorded from gut contents ( f . lemckert pers . comm . ) .
feral animals , domestic stock and weed invasion have been identified as potential threats to current populations of the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) . this is particularly important as many populations of
in s . e . qld and some populations in n . e . nsw , such as the tweed valley , occur along narrow remnant riparian vegetation on private lands ( h . hines pers . comm . ) which are readily exposed to such disturbances . damage from feral pigs has increased greatly in the conondale range in recent years and possibly other areas occupied by the species ( h . hines pers . comm . ) . while there is potential for direct predation by pigs , the greatest impact is likely to be from increased silt on embryos and tadpoles ( h . hines pers . comm . ) . similarly , trampling by domestic stock is also likely to have deleterious impacts on oviposition sites of the species ( knowles et al . 1998 ) .
at coomera r . , s . e . qld . over six weeks , the average area of utilisation of females and males was 622 m2 ( n = 4 ) and 403 m2 ( n = 4 ) respectively . individuals moved a maximum distance of 268 m along the stream and 50 m away from the stream . displacement distances between diurnal refuges , after a night of activity , were minimal which suggests a high degree of fidelity to previous days diurnal shelter for the species . similar patterns of movement were observed by lemckert and brassil ( 2000 ) although less perpendicular movement away from the stream was observed . individuals tracked for 2 to 5 day periods made nightly movements from 0 to over 100 m , all were within a 20 m wide band either side of the stream ( lemckert & brassil 2000 ) . adults are often found half - buried under leaf litter ( meyer et al . 2001 ) .
occurs are the lower reaches of streams which have had major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines et al . 1999 ) . in the dorrigo area , lemckert ( 1999 ) found that
was less abundant in recently logged areas and sites where there was little undisturbed forest . the impacts of feral animals , domestic stock , weed invasion and disturbance to riparian vegetation , all potential threats to current populations , are unknown ( hines et al . 1999 ) . populations of
now generally exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect this may have on genetic variation within populations and the general health of individuals is unknown .
goldingay , r . , newell , d . , and graham , m . ( 1999 ) . ' ' the status of rainforest stream frogs in north - eastern new south wales : decline or recovery ? ' '
a . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 64 - 71 .
hero , j . - m . and fickling , s . ( 1996 ) . ' ' reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . ' '
a . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 44 - 63 .
ingram , g . j . , and mcdonald , k . r . ( 1993 ) . ' ' an update on the decline of queensland ' s frogs . ' '
d . lunney and d . ayers , eds . , transactions of the royal zoological society of new south wales , 297 - 303 .
knowles , r . , hines , h . b . , thum , k . , mahony , m . , and cunningham , m . ( 1998 ) .
unpublished abstract of a talk presented to the australian society of herpetologists meeting , february 1998 .
lemckert , f . ( 1999 ) . ' ' impacts of selective logging on frogs in a forested area of northern new south wales . ' '
morrison , c . and hero , j . - m . ( in press ) . ' ' geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians in mid - eastern australia : reproductive traits . ' '
results of vertebrate fauna surveys of north - east nsw forests . north east forests biodiversity study report no . 3a , vol . 1 , site and transect based methods .
j . - m . hero ; h . hines ; r . goldingay ; e . meyer ; f . lemckert ; k ( m . hero at mailbox . gu . edu . au ) , griffith university
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
nhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
a school of geography and environmental studies , university of tasmania , private bag 78 , hobart , tas . 7001 , australia .
b centre for innovative conservation strategies , school of environment , griffith university , gold coast campus , pmb 50 gcmc , bundall , qld 9726 , australia .
additional keywords : amphibian , climate , detectability , environmental variables , frogs , radio - tracking , surveys .
many thanks to the volunteers who assisted in the field work for this project . in particular , matt fossey , simon hodgkison , luke shoo and andrew melville . thanks also to clare morrison , luke shoo and andrew melville for advice throughout the study .