the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) is a small species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .

it is endemic to forest and nearby habitats on the banggai and sula islands in indonesia .

sula hanging parrot

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the sula hanging parrot averages 6 inches or 15 cm in length ( including tail ) .
hanging parrots general info and species listing . . . photos of the various hanging parrot species for identification
when the sula hanging parrot flies one can hear a ' whirring ' to its wings , much like a hummingbird .
saturday ' s # parrototd is the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) of eastern indonesia . pic by @ azharfachmi urltoken
parrot of the day on twitter :
saturday ' s # parrototd is the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) of eastern indonesia . pic by @ azharfachmi urltoken
the sri lanka hanging parrot ( loriculus beryllinus ) is a small parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in sri lanka .
the blue - naped parrot ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) , also known as the blue - crowned green parrot , luzon parrot , the philippine green parrot , and locally known as pikoy , is a parrot found throughout the philippines .
the camiguin hanging parrot , loriculus camiguinensis , is a hanging parrot endemic only on the philippine island of camiguin , where its habitat is diminishing . the taxonomy of this population of parrots on camiguin is uncertain .
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species : scientific : loriculus amabilis amabilis . . . english : moluccan hanging parrot . . . dutch : molukse hangparkiet . . . german : zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule de halmahera moluccan hanging parrot loriculus amabilis
t his family consists of 13 species of hanging - parrots including the vernal , ceylon , philippine , blue - crowned ( also called blue - topped ) , maroon - rumped , sula , moluccan , sangihe , orange - fronted , green - fronted , green , yellow - throated , and the flores hanging - parrot . but this article will feature only the bluecrowned hanging - parrot .
observers note that when the sula hanging parrots fly they could hear a distinctive ' whirring ' to their wings , as is the case with hummingbirds .
wallace , 1863 – sula is ( taliabu , seho , mangole , sanana ) .
please refer to this webpage for additional information on housing and breeding your hanging parrots .
the slater ' s hanging - parrots can be found on the sula islands - a group of islands in the malukus in indonesia . its three main islands are mangole , sanae and taliabu .
the blue - crowned hanging - parrot is found in southern thailand , western malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and associated islands , and borneo and associated islands .
cites avianweb lexicon of parrots birdlife international a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 xeno - canto sula hanging parrot , lambert , frank xc95127 parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1977 . parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 .
the camiguin hanging parrot is mostly green with blue throat , face and thighs , and a red tail and red crown . males and female birds look identical , which is unusual for a hanging parrot native to the philippines . only the males of all the other populations living on other islands have a red area on their fronts .
of long - tailed parrots . common names include superb parrot and , in avicultural circles , barraband ' s parrot or parakeet , named after the artist
sri lanka hanging parrot is a bird of open forest . it is strictly arboreal , never descending to the ground . it nests in holes in trees , laying 2–3 eggs .
the superb parrot ( polytelis swainsonii ) , also known as barraband ' s parrot , barraband ' s parakeet , or green leek parrot , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a parrot native to south - eastern australia . it is a dimorphic species and one of three species in the genus polytelis .
this hanging parrot averages 4 . 5 inches ( 11 cm ) in length , with a wing length of 2 . 75 - 3 . 3 inches ( 70 - 84 mm ) .
the moluccan hanging - parrot ( loriculus amabilis ) is endemic to the moluccan islands of halmahera and batjan , in the northern moluccas / maluku islands , indonesia ( please refer to below distribution map ) .
the red - winged parrot ( aprosmictus erythropterus ) , is a parrot native to australia and papua new guinea . it is found in grasslands , savannah , farmland , and woodland .
, and other western countries , it is often referred to as the indian ringneck parrot .
species : scientific : loriculus amabilis ruber . . . english : peling hanging parrot . . . dutch : peling hangparkiet . . . german : peling zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule d ' ile peling
species : scientific : loriculus amabilis sclateri . . . english : sclater ' s hanging parrot . . . dutch : sclaters hangparkiet . . . german : sclaters zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule de sclater
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juniper , tony ; parr , mike ( 1998 ) .
chapter 121 : superb parrot
.
l . s . sclateri : taliabu , mangole , and sanana , sula islands . l . s . ruber : peleng , banggai and labobo islands .
tello , j . , degner , j . , bates , j . and willard , d . ( 2006 ) description of new species of hanging parrot from camiguin id . , philippines . fieldiana zool . 106 : 49 - 57 .
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most of taliabu , the largest island in the sula islands , is still forested , but there has been large - scale logging in the lowlands . the other main sula islands , sanana and mangole , have been heavily degraded . extensive lowland forest still remains on the banggai islands ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
collar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . sula hanging - parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
van tets , g . f . , meredith , c . w . , fullager , p . j . and davidson , p . m . ( 1988 ) osteological differences between sula and morus , and a description of an extinct new species of sula from lord howe and norfolk islands , tasman sea . notornis 35 : 35 - 37 .
holyoak , d . t . ( 1973 ) an undescribed parrot from mauritius . ibis 115 : 417 - 419 .
minchin , liz ( 2005 - 08 - 06 ) .
blunder gives loggers wrong area , rare parrot loses nesting trees
.
this is a pleasant , yet shy parrot . it is quiet with a melodic voice that can mostly be heard in the evenings .
the isolated sula islands , just off sulawesi ' s east coast , receive rain from both the northwest and the southeast and have volcanic soils that create excellent growth conditions ( monk et al . 1997 ) .
peling hanging - parrots are endemic to the islands of peling and banggai in the sulawesi ( formerly known as celebes ) - part of the maluku island group in indonesia group , indonesia .
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is usually under a dozen . the blue - naped parrot feeds on mangoes , berries , seeds , nuts and grains . it nests in tree holes .
the genus name psittacula is a diminutive of latin psittacus ,
parrot
, and the specific krameri commemorates the austrian naturalist wilhelm heinrich kramer . [ 3 ]
sri lanka hanging parrot is less gregarious than some of its relatives , and is usually alone or in small groups outside the breeding season . its flight is swift and direct , and the call is a sharp whistled twiwittwit . . twitwitwit . it undergoes local movements , driven mainly by the availability of the fruit , seeds , buds and blossoms that make up its diet .
they look like the nominate form described and featured above - - except the slater ' s hanging parrot is a little larger , averaging 5 inches ( 13 cm ) in length . the forehead , crown and the back of the head are green . the forehead has a reddish - brown base to the feathers . the upper back is orange , often with scattered red feathers .
masello , j . f . & quillfeldt , p . ( 2002 ) chick growth and breeding success of the burrowing parrot . condor , 104 , 574 - 586 .
like in the turquoise parrot , there seems to be a discrepance in what the icon at the top says ( green ) and what the description says - vulnerable . please make the changes .
23–24 cm ; 124 g . quite small and stocky parrot , with rather short , slightly tapered tail . narrow red frontal band , while forecrown and area around eyes is olive - yellow . . .
blue - crowned hanging - parrots frequent the forests , forest edges , secondary growth , swamp and riverine forest , bamboo patches , mangroves , wooded gardens , coconut groves , and plantations . they are probably more abundant in carefully logged forests than in the primary forests .
the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) , also known as the ring - necked parakeet , is a medium - sized parrot in the genus psittacula of the family psittacidae and has a very wide range .
an australian endemic , the superb parrot is restricted to the dry ( sclerophyll ) woodlands of new south wales and victoria . there is estimated to be at least 10 , 000 individuals in the wild . [ 8 ]
description location and general description this ecoregion represents the lowland forests ( less than 1 , 000 m ) on sulawesi and the surrounding islands of banggai and sula to the east and talaud and sangihe to the north . sulawesi is almost completely mountainous . there are no extensive lowlands on sulawesi , with large areas above 1 , 000 m and the highest elevation at 3 , 455 m on mt . rantemario . sangihe is mountainous , reaching an elevation of 1 , 784 m , whereas talaud is low - lying . the physiography of the sula islands is hilly , with mountains over 800 m only on the island of taliabu ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
boon , w . m . , daugherty , c . h . and chambers , g . k . ( 2001 ) the norfolk island green parrot and new caledonian red - crowned parakeet are distinct species . emu 101 : 113 - 121 .
melo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .
the superb parrot is mostly bright green with darker flight feathers and is about 40 cm ( 16 in ) long with a long pointed tail . adult males have continuous yellow foreheads and throats , with a red horizontal band across the border of the throat .
this parrot is susceptible to fungal infections , therefore strict hygiene is necessary . it enjoys bathing . adding a few drops of hydrogen peroxide or gse in its bathing water will help in preventing infections . as an additional benefit , gse also has good anti - parasitic properties .
mey , e . , masello , j . f . & quillfeldt , p . ( 2002 ) chewing lice ( insecta , phthiraptera ) of the burrowing parrot cyanoliseus p . patagonus ( vieillot ) from argentina . rudolstädter nat . hist . schr . , 4 , 99 - 112 .
wirminghaus , j . o . , downs , c . t . , symes , c . t . and perrin , m . r ( 2002 ) taxonomic relationships of the subspecies of the cape parrot poicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) . j . nat . hist . 36 : 361 - 378 .
due to ongoing habitat loss in australia , small population size and limited range , the superb parrot was evaluated as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species , [ 1 ] until it was downlisted to least concern in 2012 . [ 12 ] it is listed on appendix ii of cites .
masello , j . f . , montano , v . , quillfeldt , p . , nuhlíčková , s . , wikelski , m . & moodley , y . ( 2015 ) the interplay of spatial and climatic landscapes in the genetic distribution of a south american parrot . journal of biogeography , 42 , 1077 - 1090 .
during february–june 2005 , timber logging in the barmah state forest destroyed 60 percent of the nesting colonies of the superb parrot ( 6 , 000 tonnes or 6 , 600 short tons of river red gums ) : with fewer than 150 breeding in victoria , this has severely compromised their chances of survival . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
hanging - parrots are basically fruit eaters in the wild and also appreciate fresh flowers like hibiscus for the pollen and twigs to use sap to clean their feathers . because of their diet they are somewhat like softbills in cage care . they do squirt fecal matter and i use acrylic sides on the cages . strict hygienic care is necessary as they are prone to fungal ailments due to diet and the matter that is discarded .
superb parrots are listed as vulnerable on the australian environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . their conservation status also varies from state to state within australia ; for example , the superb parrot is listed as threatened on the victorian flora and fauna guarantee act ( 1988 ) . [ 13 ] under this act , an action statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared . [ 14 ]
collar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . burrowing parrot ( cyanoliseus patagonus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
collar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . scarlet - chested parrot ( neophema splendida ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
masello , j . f . , quillfeldt , p . , munimanda , g . k . , klauke , n . , segelbacher , g . , schaefer , h . m . , failla , m . , cortés , m . & moodley , y . ( 2011 ) the high andes , gene flow and a stable hybrid zone shape the genetic structure of a wide - ranging south american parrot . frontiers in zoology , 8 , 16 . 1 - 16 . 16 .
collar , n . , boesman , p . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . indigo - winged parrot ( hapalopsittaca fuertesi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
one of the few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in disturbed habitats , it has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation . as a popular pet species , escaped birds have colonised a number of cities around the world , including northern and western europe . [ 2 ] the species is listed as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) because its population appears to be increasing , but its popularity as a pet and unpopularity with farmers have reduced its numbers in some parts of its native range . [ 1 ]
the superb parrot is medium - sized , bright green , approximately 40 cm ( 16 in ) long , and has long tail feathers , a yellow - green neck , and yellow - orange irises . the adult male has a scarlet band on its upper chest and a bright yellow face and throat . the adult female has a pale blue - green face , greyish - green throat , a variable tinged russet - pink fore - throat , and orange thighs . juveniles have brown irises and otherwise resemble females . [ 7 ] the male has adult coloured plumage at the age of about one year . [ 2 ]
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : loriculus sclateri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
they are seen alone , or in pairs or small groups . the possible threat to their existence constitute trapping for the bird trade and loss of habitat .
both adults look alike ; except the female has brown eyes while the male has pale yellow eyes .
the plumage is mostly green . the chin and throat are red . there are orange - yellow markings on the mantle and back . the rump and upper tail coverts are crimson extending to the tip of the tail . there is a red carpal edge ( = leading edge of the wing at the
shoulder
) . the tail is green tipped with yellow - green . the bill is black .
their calls are described as weak and high - pitched . at times a varying buzzy and di or trisyllabic notes repeated rapidly .
their natural diet consists mainly of soft fruits - particularly wild figs , guava and berries - as well as flower buds and blossoms . they also feed onnectar and seeds .
captive specimens should be provided lory nectar , as well as plenty of fruit ( fig , pear , apple , banana ) and vegetables ( carrot , spinach , green salad ) . they should also be fed a good quality seed mix consisting of various millets , canary grass seed , some niger and oats , and millet sprays ( both sprouted and unsprouted ) .
during the rearing season , it ' s important to provide them with plenty of soft food items , includingsoftened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae .
the first breeding season commences in january and lasts until april ; and - providing conditions are right - - breeding activities can again be observed from july to september .
during the course of the courtship display , the male approaches female with short strutting steps and little hops and makes warbling sounds , extending his neck to show off his blue throat patch , raising his red rump and spreading his tail feathers . courtship feeding has been recorded .
they nest in dead tree stumps or trees , favoring long , narrow hollows with small entrance holes . the female is seen carrying nesting material that may include pieces of bark and leaves in her rump feathers into the nest for nest lining . a clutch may consist of 2 to 4 white eggs . only the female incubates the eggs for 20 days while the male feeds her . each eggs measures 0 . 06 to 0 . 07 inches ( ~ 15 mm to 18 . 7 mm ) . the young fledge when they are about32 days old , and they are independent 10 days after fledging .
these active little parrots need plenty of room for exercising . ideally , they should be kept in a spacious and well - planted aviary with minimum dimensions of 6 x 3 x 6 ft ( 2 x 1 x 2m ) . a spacious cage with daily opportunities for flight is acceptable , although not ideal .
they need to be protected from temperatures below 59°f ( 15 °c ) and newly imported birds should be kept at temperatures of 70°f ( 22°c ) or warmer .
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l . s . sclateri : both adults mainly green ; red chin and throat ; orange / yellow mantle and back ; rump and upper tail coverts crimson , extending to tip of tail ; red carpal edge ; tail green tipped with yellow / green . bill black . eye pale yellow in male , brown in female . l . s . ruber : both adults as in sclateri , but with red mantle and back .
calls are weak and high - pitched ; also variously buzzy and di or trisyllabic notes that are repeated rapidly .
planted aviary 2 . 5 x 1 . 0 x 2m ( 8 . 2 x 3 . 3 x 6 . 5 ft ) outside ; inside very spacious enclosure with room to fly .
mainly fruit such as : apple , pear , banana , figs ; vegetables ; store - bought or handmade lory formula ; small seed mix : canary , millets , grass seed ; if possible provide fruit tree branches will flowers ( unsprayed ) ; when rearing young provide softened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae .
provide plenty of bird - safe wood chewables ( fir , pine , elder and willow ) branches . also heat sterilized pine cones , wooden block toys and vegetable tanned leather toys .
nest log 12cm x 30cm ( 4 . 7
x 11 . 7
) .
found up to 450m ( 1476 ft ) . generally occurs in primary and secondary forests , mainly at forest edge ; remnant tall trees in cultivated areas , plantations .
found single , in pairs or small groups . nesting material is tucked into wing feathers to be taken to the nest during breeding . courtship feeding has been recorded .
possibly 3 rounded eggs , 17 . 0 x 14 . 5mm ( 0 . 7 x 0 . 5 in ) .
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member of the l . stigmatus group ( which see ) . sometimes treated as conspecific with l . amabilis and l . catamene . race ruber was considered in hbw to be based on character present in at least some l . amabilis and probably age - related , but closer study has demonstrated its validity # r . two subspecies recognized .
with no red on head and a large orange patch , often with large red centre , on lower mantle and upper back . female similar . . .
flight call a high - pitched thin triple - noted “tsee - see - seet” . when perched , utters similar calls . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . a birdlife “restricted - range” species . reported to be common throughout both island groups .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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) . it is found in secondary forest , at forest edges and in plantations at elevations of up to 1000 m .
t . l . hybridus : polillo islands . blue on crown less extensive , tinged with violet . more green on wing coverts .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
birdlife international uses the taxonomy published in the two volumes of the hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world and subsequent updates .
birdlife uses this list as the basis for much of its global , regional and national priority - setting work , including , for example , the assessment of all birds for the iucn red list , and the identification of important bird and biodiversity areas ( ibas ) . however , some national birdlife partners may use other checklists and taxonomic sources that are particularly relevant in their context .
the excel version of the checklist includes the scientific and common names used , the authority ( for the original description of the taxon ) , the latest global iucn red list category ( e . g . extinct , vulnerable , least concern , etc . ) , taxonomic notes where relevant , and a record id number unique to the taxonomic entity . previously recognised taxa are also included and distinguished as ‘not recognised’ .
the hbw / birdlife international taxonomic working group makes decisions on modifications to the checklist , making extensive use of systematic criteria by which species rank can be consistently assessed where this is necessary ( e . g . for newly described species or proposed splits ) . these criteria ( tobias et al . 2010 ) involve weighting morphological and acoustic differences as compared with the nearest believed relative , and are particularly intended to help make decisions involving allopatric taxa ( as opposed to those in sympatric , parapatric or hybrid zone situations , where the situation is generally clearer ) .
prior to the publication of the first volume of the hbw / birdlife checklist ( for non - passerines ) in 2014 and the second volume ( for passerines ) in 2016 , birdlife published an annually updated taxonomic checklist based on the taxonomies followed in a number of regional lists .
we envisage two main types of comment : proposals to consider splitting or lumping of taxa which were not scored against the tobias criteria in the published volumes of the checklist ( 2014 , 2016 ) ; and , for those species that were scored in the checklist ( whether this resulted in a split , a lump , or no change ) , proposals involving new information which may lead to revisions of these scores . video and audio recordings , records of presence in key areas , and descriptions of key features , behaviour and ecology , are among the variety of ways in which fieldworkers , ornithologists and birdwatchers can supply new evidence to help resolve ongoing taxonomic challenges and uncertainties .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . passerines
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
aerc tac ( 2003 ) aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . association of european rarities committees . available from : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls . checked : 11 / 5 / 2007 .
aou ( 1998 + supplements ) check - list of north american birds . seventh edition . washington , d . c . : american ornithologists ' union .
brooke , m . de l . ( 2004 ) albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford : oxford university press .
brooks , t . ( 2000 ) extinct species . pp . 701 - 708 in birdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . barcelona and cambridge , u . k . : lynx edicions and birdlife international
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : royal australasian ornithologists ' union ( raou monogr 2 ) .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . collingwood , australia : csiro publishing .
cramp , s . and perrins , c . m . ( 1977 - 1994 ) handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford : oxford university press .
dowsett , r . j . and forbes - watson , a . d . ( 1993 ) checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . liège , belgium : tauraco press .
robertson , c . j . r . and nunn , g . b . ( 1998 ) towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses . pp . 13 - 19 in robertson , g . and gales , r . , eds . albatross biology and conservation . chipping norton , australia : surrey beatty & sons .
sacc ( 2006 + updates ) a classification of the bird species of south america . american ornithologists ' union . available from : urltoken
sibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . new haven , usa : yale university press .
sibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1993 ) a supplement to ' distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world ' . new haven , usa : yale university press .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . ( 1996 ) neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . chicago : university of chicago press .
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pyrobombus is a subgenus of bumblebees , with its centres of diversity in central asia and north-western north america .

the subgenus contains the following species : bombus abnormis ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus ardens smith , 1879 bombus avanus ( skorikov , 1938 ) bombus beaticola ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus bifarius cresson , 1878 bombus bimaculatus cresson , 1863 bombus biroi vogt , 1911 bombus brodmannicus vogt , 1909 bombus caliginosus ( frison , 1927 ) bombus centralis cresson , 1864 bombus cingulatus wahlberg , 1854 bombus cockerelli franklin , 1913 bombus ephippiatus say , 1837 bombus flavescens smith , 1852 bombus flavifrons cresson , 1863 bombus frigidus smith , 1854 bombus haematurus kriechbaumer , 1870 bombus huntii greene , 1860 bombus hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) bombus impatiens cresson , 1863 bombus infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus infrequens ( tkalcu , 1989 ) bombus jonellus ( kirby , 1802 ) bombus kotzschi reinig , 1940 [ sic ] bombus lapponicus ( fabricius , 1793 ) bombus lemniscatus skorikov , 1912 bombus lepidus skorikov , 1912 bombus luteipes richards , 1934 bombus melanopygus nylander , 1848 bombus mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus mixtus cresson , 1878 bombus modestus eversmann , 1852 bombus monticola smith , 1844 ? bombus oceanicus friese , 1909 bombus parthenius richards , 1934 bombus perplexus cresson , 1863 bombus picipes richards , 1934 bombus pratorum ( linnaeus , 1761 ) bombus pressus ( frison , 1935 ) bombus pyrenaeus pérez , 1880 bombus rotundiceps friese , 1916 bombus sandersoni franklin , 1913 bombus sitkensis nylander , 1848 bombus sonani ( frison , 1934 ) bombus subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 ) bombus sylvicola kirby , 1837 bombus ternarius say , 1837 bombus vagans smith , 1854 bombus vandykei ( frison , 1927 ) bombus vosnesenskii radoszkowski , 1862 bombus wangae williams et al. , 2009 ? bombus wilmattae cockerell , 1912

pyrobombus

no one has contributed data records for pyrobombus yet . learn how to contribute .
taxonomic status : the peculiar b . pressus was first recognised to be a species of the subgenus pyrobombus by cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) .
bombus ( pr . ) mirus ( tkalcu ) mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 37 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined ? tibetanus friese , 1913 : 86 , examined , not of morawitz , 1887 : 202 ( = b . tibetanus ( morawitz ) ) 2 names
part of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available pyrobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes ( cameron et al . 2007 [ pdf ] ) . values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities , values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values . alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .
bombus ( pr . ) infirmus ( tkalcu ) leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 , examined , not of bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 ( = b . subtypicus ( skorikov ) ) infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 24 [ pyrobombus ] ) replacement name for leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 3 names
bombus ( pr . ) subtypicus ( skorikov ) leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 , not of illiger , 1806 : 172 ( = b . hypnorum ( linnaeus ) ) [ leucopygos ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) examined leucurus bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 , replacement name for leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 kohistanensis ( tkalcu , 1989 : 49 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined 11 names
in his original description of b . flavifrons , cresson ( 1863 ) conceded that this might be the same species as kirby ' s b . praticola , and he went on to write ( p . 106 ) that he had not yet identified b . praticola . franklin ( 1913 : 371 ) wrote that he had ' been unable to decide whether the original description of b . praticolus [ sic ] referred to this species [ b . flavifrons ] or to the colour variant of pleuralis [ intermediate colour patterns between b . flavifrons and b . pleuralis ] . ' milliron ( 1971 : 42 ) subsequently listed pyrobombus praticola flavifrons ( cr . ) as a member of his ' praticola group ' .
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number of species in equal - area ( 611 , 000 km² ) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .
habitat : mountain - meadow , forest , grassland , semi - desert , and tropical montane forest . this subgenus includes species of both the arctic tundra and tropical hill forests .
food - plants : short to medium tongue - length bumblebees visiting shallow to medium flowers . workers often have particularly small body sizes and are more likely than many other bumblebee species to visit flowers where they have to hang upside down . they also provide ' buzz ' pollination .
nesting behaviour : nests underground or on the surface . non - pocket makers . colonies are often small with a short cycle . some species have more than one colony cycle per year .
taxonomic status : b . pleuralis and b . flavifrons have usually been regarded as conspecific , but they were regarded as separate species by franklin ( 1913 ) , and more recently poole ( 1996 ) lists them as separate species without explanation . in my opinion , the lectotype of b . pleuralis designated by milliron ( 1960 : 95 ) is an individual of the dark form of b . flavifrons ( see descriptions of variation by e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) . see also the comments on b . mixtus .
although b . pleuralis is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . flavifrons has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1969 , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ) . i know of no publications using the name b . pleuralis since 1950 , apart from the list by poole ( 1996 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage should be maintained ( in prep . ) .
taxonomic status : b . melanopygus and b . edwardsii were shown by owen & plowright ( 1980 ) to differ by a single pair of alleles at one locus controlling the colour of the pubescence on gastral terga ii - iii . there can be little doubt that they are conspecific ( owen et al . , 2010 ) .
taxonomic status : b . sylvicola is morphologically closely similar to b . lapponicus , and it has been suggested repeatedly that they are conspecific ( e . g . sladen , 1919 ; skorikov , 1922 a , 1937 ; pittioni , 1942 , 1943 ; thorp , 1962 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) .
evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is not strong but consistent with the two taxa being separate species ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as two separate species . see also the comments on b . monticola .
bombus ( pr . ) monticola smith montanus smith , 1844 : 549 , not of lepeletier , [ 1835 ] : 463 ( = b . ruderarius ( müller ) ) monticola smith , 1849 : lx , replacement name for montanus smith , 1844 : 549 lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 155 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus ( klug ) ) norvegicus friese , 1911 : 571 scandinavicus friese , 1912 : 684 , replacement name for lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 255 29 names
taxonomic status : b . scandinavicus ( = b . monticola ) and b . lapponicus are names that were applied initially to two colour forms in scandinavia .
løken ( 1973 ) reported that these two taxa overlap narrowly in distribution and intergrade . however , they have been found to differ consistently ( for the samples analysed ) in the composition of cephalic secretions ( bergström & svensson , 1973 ; svensson & bergström , 1977 ) . svensson ( 1973 , 1979 ) also described subtle differences in morphological characters , although other morphological studies by løken ( 1973 ) and pekkarinen ( 1979 ) found no distinct differences . pekkarinen ( 1982 , in litt . ) now believes that they are separate species . however , from a study of sequence data from coi genes , koulianos ( 1999 ) suggests that they are likely to be conspecific .
it remains possible that there is a hybrid zone in scandinavia where the colour forms b . monticola and b . lapponicus intergrade , with some gene flow . in this case , depending on the species concept embraced , these taxa might be considered conspecific ( see the comments on b . ruderatus ) . until further evidence is available , i shall continue to treat them as separate species .
introductions : until the twentieth century b . monticola was not known in ireland , where it is now established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . pratorum ) .
taxonomic status : b . andamanus was described as originating from ' andaman ' ( = andaman islands , indian ocean ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . bifarius ( tkalcu , 1966 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification ( i . e . contrary to richards , 1929 b , it is not a species of the subgenus bombus s . str . ) .
introductions : in 1999 i was shown a photo of a specimen of this species that had been collected in queensland , australia , where it must have been introduced . see thorp ( 2003 ) .
introductions : this species has been introduced into mexico and california , which are outside its native range ( thorp , 2003 ) .
taxonomic status : b . folsomi was described as originating from ' kina bala / n . borneo ' ( = gunung kinabalu , sabah ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . ephippiatus , probably from costa rica or panama ( starr , 1989 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification .
the taxa wilmattae , alboniger and b . ephippiatus have been regarded both as conspecific and as separate species . b . ephippiatus and wilmattae were regarded as separate species by labougle et al . ( 1985 ) and labougle ( 1990 ) , who described diagnostic characters of colour pattern and morphology . however , d . yanega ( in litt . ) and g . chavarría ( pers . com . ) believe that all of these nominal taxa are part of the widespread and variable b . ephippiatus .
very extensive studies of dna variation by duennes et al . ( 2016 ) show these taxa ( 1 ) separately not all to be monophyletic and ( 2 ) bgmyc analysis of the coi gene shows the entire mesoamerican complex to be unambiguously a single species . i shall treat them as parts of one species .
bombus ( pr . ) hypnorum ( linnaeus ) hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 : 579 [ apis ] ) examined leucopygus illiger , 1806 : 172 calidus erichson in middendorff , 1851 : 65 fletcheri richards , 1934 : 90 , examined insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 , not of smith , 1861 : 155 ( = b . insularis ( smith ) ) koropokkrus sakagami & ishikawa , 1972 : 610 , replacement name for insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 29 names
taxonomic status : b . hypnorum is a broadly distributed species with a fairly easily recognised brown - black - white colour pattern ( e . g . reinig , 1939 ; williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . it is possibly a complex of similar cryptic species .
distribution : palaearctic , japanese , oriental regions , arctic border . the first definite record of this species from britain was in 2001 ( goulson & williams , 2001 [ pdf ] ) . it has since been recorded from several sites in southern england .
photograph : the first definite british specimen , in the collection of the natural history museum , london .
taxonomic status : although long regarded as a separate species ( but see williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 71 ) , on the basis of dna - sequence data hines et al . ( 2006 [ pdf ] ) and cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) have questioned whether b . perplexus might be conspecific with b . hypnorum . however , there are consistent morphological differences in the available samples .
bombus ( pr . ) lepidus skorikov lepidus skorikov , 1912 : 606 , examined genitalis friese , 1913 : 85 , examined tetrachromus friese , 1918 : 85 , examined , not of cockerell , 1909 : 397 ( = b . kashmirensis friese ) yuennanicola bischoff , 1936 : 7 , examined 8 names
taxonomic status : b . lepidus and b . yuennanicola have been considered both as separate species ( bischoff , 1936 ) and as conspecific ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from five genes is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) .
bombus ( pr . ) picipes richards flavus friese , 1905 : 517 , examined , not of pérez , 1884 : 265 ( = b . campestris ( panzer ) ) picipes richards , 1934 : 90 , examined klapperichi pittioni , 1949 : 266 , examined 6 names
nomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] , 1995 [ pdf ] ) , b . pratorum subsp . flavus friese ( 1905 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus campestris var . flavus pérez ( 1884 ) ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , and therefore b . flavus friese is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . for this species , the oldest available name of which i am aware is b . parthenius var . picipes richards , 1934 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , which becomes the valid name , b . picipes . the only publications using the name b . flavus friese since 1950 of which i am aware are by sakagami ( 1972 ) , ito ( 1993 ) and yao & luo ( 1997 ) , so this change of valid name is not a serious disruption of common usage .
bombus ( pr . ) kotzschi reinig agnatus skorikov , 1933 b : 248 , examined , not of skorikov , 1912 : 97 ( = b . monticola smith ) kotzschi reinig , 1940 : 227 , examined 2 names
taxonomic status : several of these nominal taxa have been treated as separate species . b . rufoflavus [ peninsular malaysia ] and b . baguionensis [ philippines ] are particularly distinct in colour pattern . they may prove to be separate species , but from the material available from a few sites , they appear to be closely similar in morphology to b . flavescens ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .
bombus ( pr . ) pyrenaeus pérez pyrenaeus pérez , [ 1880 , see baker , 1996 d : 300 ] : 127 , not of lepeletier , 1832 : 375 ( = b . rupestris ( fabricius ) ) tenuifasciatus vogt , 1909 : 49 [ pyreneus pagliano , 1995 : 23 , incorrect subsequent spelling ] 16 names
nomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 , 1995 ) , b . pyrenaeus pérez ( 1880 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus pyrenaeus lepeletier ( 1832 ) , and therefore b . pyrenaeus pérez is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . the next available name , tenuifasciatus , was used by vogt ( 1909 ) for individuals with particular colour patterns from both b . pyrenaeus pérez and b . sichelii . the choice of which of these two homonyms should have precedence depends on the principle of the first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) . as far as i have been able to discover , tkalcu ( 1973 : 266 ) is the first author to have recognised this problem . he recognised precedence for b . pyrenaeus ssp . tenuifasciatus vogt . consequently , the oldest available name for this species , and therefore the valid name , is b . tenuifasciatus .
although b . tenuifasciatus is the oldest available name for this species , the name b . pyrenaeus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . krusemen , 1958 ; tkalcu , 1969 , 1973 , 1975 ; reinig , 1972 , 1981 ; delmas , 1976 ; rasmont , 1983 ; ornosa , 1986 ; williams , 1991 ; rasmont et al . , 1995 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that pyrenaeus ( lepeletier ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . rupestris .
bombus ( pr . ) wangae williams et al . wangae williams et al . , 2009 : 159 , examined 1 name
introductions : this species was deliberately introduced into sydney , australia , but is not known to have persisted ( oliff , 1895 ) . until the twentieth century , b . pratorum was not known in ireland , where it is now well established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . monticola ) .
bombus ( pr . ) mixtus cresson praticola kirby , 1837 : 274 mixtus cresson , 1878 : 186 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 160 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) 3 names
taxonomic status : the identity of b . praticola has remained uncertain ( e . g . cresson , 1863 ; franklin , 1913 ) . recently , poole ( 1996 ) has listed b . praticola , b . mixtus and b . flavifrons as separate species without explanation .
although i know of no type material , kirby provided a description of b . praticola from northern canada ( latitude 65° north ) with a colour pattern ( including anterior half of abdomen yellow , posterior ferruginous ) that for individuals from this area is most likely to be conspecific with either b . mixtus ( some individuals have few black hairs on gastral terga ii - iii ) , or conspecific with b . flavifrons ( which has terga v - vi black , although this is not always apparent from the dorsal view ) .
however , from the original description i believe that the original material was more likely to have been of the species that has come to be known as b . mixtus . see the comments on b . flavifrons .
nomenclature : b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species . any remaining confusion could be resolved by the designation of an appropriate neotype ( e . g . see the comments on b . subterraneus ) .
although b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species , the name b . mixtus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; k . w . richards , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ; macfarlane et al . , 1994 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that mixtus ( kriechbaumer ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . maxillosus .
taxonomic status : b . alboanalis has been regarded both as a separate species ( franklin , 1913 ; frison , 1927 ) and as conspecific with either b . frigidus ( burks , 1951 ; hurd , 1979 ; poole , 1996 ) or b . jonellus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 78 [ as b . jonellus from western canada ] ; scholl et al . , 1995 ) .
recently , scholl et al . ( 1995 ) concluded from studies of enzyme mobility morphs that b . alboanalis and b . frigidus have separate gene pools , but that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus show a low level of genetic differentiation . they also noted the lack of colour gradation between sympatric b . alboanalis and b . frigidus .
from the limited amount of material i have examined , i believe that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus are morphologically closely similar . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .
taxonomic status : b . oceanicus is known only from the kurile islands . a particularly close relationship with the otherwise broadly distributed b . cingulatus ( absent from the kuriles , but present in kamchatka , reinig , 1939 ; ito & sakagami , 1980 ) has been suggested by ito & sakagami ( 1980 ) and it is possible that they are conspecific . more evidence is awaited .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
midleg with rounded angle . the faces and malar space are variable in length but tend to be intermediate between the cullumanobombus ( shorter ) and the thoracobombus ( longer ) . the hair coat of many species is relatively long and shaggy but less so than in alpinobombus . eye of male normal ( not enlarged )
species identification is often difficult , as their are many similar species that mimic each other .
holarctic group ; ~ 30 spp . are in the palaearctic ; in our area , all 19 spp . occur in the us , 17 also in canada , 2 range into mexico ( there are 2 more spp . in mexico & c . america to panama )
the subgenus is particular common in temperate climates and less well represented in xeric or truly boreal regions .
flight season typically long . queens of many species emerge early . some such as bimaculatus and perplexus produce reproductives in summer and end activity soon after , whereas other species such as impatien persist until very late fall .
floral associations diverse and variable depending on tongue length . this subgenus includes some of the most important pollinators of crops such as apples and blueberries .
this subgenus includes some of the most common species . most seem to be persisting or even increasing unlike species in other subgenera such as bombus ( bombus ) that have declined severely .
most orange - banded bumble bees belong to this subgenus ( b . ( cullumanobombus ) rufocinctus is the exception )
contributed by beatriz moisset on 18 november , 2008 - 9 : 15pm additional contributions by ted kropiewnicki , john s . ascher , ceiseman , v belov last updated 19 march , 2014 - 11 : 02pm
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chrysichthys depressus is a species of bagrid catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only found near boma .

it was formerly known as gnathobagrus depressus , now chrysichthys depressus .

gnathobagrus depressus

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type : [ large ] upl _ 180200 . tif [ 2390348 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 180201 . tif [ 2236768 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm ventral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 187714 . tif [ 637068 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 31 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 180198 . tif [ 2482700 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm dorsal view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .
greek , chrysos = golden + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
africa : only known from the type locality at boma ( lower congo river basin ) , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 41594 , 58032 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3236 )
risch , l . m . , 1986 . bagridae . p . 2 - 35 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3236 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00369 - 0 . 01962 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
frickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas – fishes . –mergus – publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .
lahti , s . , malmström , k . k . , koli , l . , leikola , a . , syrjämäki , j . & lahti , j . , 1980 : zoo , suuri eläinkirja 5 : kalat , sammakkoeläimet , matelijat . –werner söderström osakeyhtiö , porvoo - helsinki - juva , 1980 . original work [ in french ] : beauté du monde animal : ix reptiles / amphibiens & x poissons . –rizzoli editore , milano , 1968
murray , a . m . & stewart , k . m . , 2001 : late eocene and early oligocene teleost fishes from fayűm , egypt . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 21 , # 3 , supplement to # 3 , pp . 82a
ng , h . h . , 2008 : a new species of nanobagrus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from southern borneo . –copeia : vol . 2008 , # 1 , pp . 93 - 98 [ doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 07 - 001 ]
nelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . –john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600
ng , h . h . & freyhof , j . , 2005 : a new species of pseudomystus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from central vietnam . –copeia : vol . 2005 [ 105 ] , # 4 , pp . 745 - 750
sullivan , j . p . , lundberg , j . g . & hardman , m . , 2006 : a phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) using rag 1 and rag 2 nuclear gene sequences . –molecular phylogenetics and evolution : vol . 41 , # 3 , pp . 636 - 662 [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 05 . 044 ]


aboma etheostoma , the scaly boy , is a species of goby native to the pacific coast of central america from mexico to panama .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

aboma etheostoma

what type of species is aboma etheostoma ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the aboma etheostoma species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of aboma etheostoma species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aboma etheostoma .
how to identify aboma etheostoma marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma are marked in green .
where is aboma etheostoma found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aboma etheostoma can be found .
( of gobiosoma etheostoma ( jordan & starks , 1895 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific . however , there is no population information , and more information is needed to determine the impact of extensive habitat loss from coastal development and aquaculture on this substrate - specific , shallow - water species . it is listed as data deficient .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , ranging from the eastern gulf of california to panama .
there is no population information available for this species . it is thought to be uncommon .
this demersal species inhabits shallow estuaries ( 0 - 8 m ) , and is restricted to substrate of a firm mixture of mud and sand . it feeds on mobile benthic worms and crustacea .
this species is threatened by loss of habitat due to shrimp farming , coastal aquaculture , and mangrove destruction from coastal development . as this species is restricted to near - shore shallow water habitat with specific substrate , more information is needed to determine the effect of widespread habitat loss and degradation on its population .
there are no known specific conservation measures for this species . this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific ( wdpa 2006 ) . additionally , populations are known to exist within ramsar sites in southeastern gulf of california .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 92840 )
distinguished by having the following characteristics : large eyes ; small mouth ; ctenoid scales on body ; 4 modified basicaudal scales on caudal peduncle ; vii spines in first dorsal fin , first 2 of which may be elongate in males ; mottled , light brown pigment on body ; maximally reaching 3 . 4 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .
inhabits shallow intertidal areas with sandy / mud substrate ( ref . 92840 ) .
rüber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gobiosoma polyporosum dawson , 1969 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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head rounded , snout pointed ; mouth small ( ends under pupil ) , oblique ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < 1 / 2 eye diameter ) ; no barbels under chin or under front nostril ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; no teeth on side of roof of mouth ; dorsal fin vii spines ( large males - first spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) , 11 - 12 ( usually 12 ) dorsal rays ; 10 - 12 ( usually 11 ) anal rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; male papilla long & slender ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus , 26 - 30 lateral rows of scales ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .
( preserved fish ) tan to grey brown , head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 5 rows of dark spots forming a dark lateral stripe along body ; belly pale ; tail with 5 - 6 dark chevrons ( lower 1 / 2 of those marks darker ) ; 1 / 2 inner half of pectoral with a dark chevron ( upper 1 / 2 darker ) ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; 1st dorsal with 2 rows of spots , top row forming a dark stripe between 4th to 7th spines second dorsal mottle ; pelvics dusky ; pectoral with yellow spot and , dark curved bar .
castri - aguirre , j . l . , espinoza - pérez , h . and schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2002 . , lista sitemática , biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de méxico . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 117 - 142 .
dawson , c . e . , 1969 . , a new seven - spined goby , gobiosoma ( austrogobius ) polyporosum , from the pacific coast of panamá . , copeia , 1969 : 510 - 514 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen ii . vertebrados - parte 1 . , fao2 : 647 - 1200 .
hoese , d . f . , 1971 . , a revision of the eastern pacific species of the gobiid fish genus gobiosoma , with a discussion of the relationships of the genus . ph . d . diss . univ . california , san diego . , university of california : 213pp .
jordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1898 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part iii . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 2183 - 3136 .
jordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .
lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .
van der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , méxico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .
i thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .
rã¼ber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
head and body slender ; head elongate , snout pointed ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < ½ eye diameter ) ; mouth small ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; tongue round to blunt ; head without barbels ; front nostril tubular , rear with raised rim ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; dorsal fin vii ( large males - 1st spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) + i , 11 - 12 ; anal fin i , 10 - 12 rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus ; scales rough , large , 26 - 30 l ateral rows ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .
tan to grey brown ; lower part of head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 6 rows of dark spots forming narrow dark stripes along body ; 1st dorsal with 2 thick dark stripes ; 2nd dorsal with 3 rows of dark spots ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; pectoral base with a dark curved bar ; pelvics dusky ; tail fin with 5 - 6 dark chevron bars .
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jordan , david s . & e . c . starks in jordan , david s . 1895 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
escobar - fernández , r . and m . siri ( 1997 ) nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del pacífico mexicano . : universidad autónoma de baja california , sociedad ictiológica mexicana , a . c . mexico .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .
rüber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal ( 2003 ) rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . : evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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head - rounded but more compressed that the typical gobiosoma head ; the overall body is distinctly more slender than a gobiosoma .
color - color pattern is variable ; generally dark colored with light areas on the head and light saddles behind the first dorsal and on the caudal peduncle ; distinct dak banding on the tail is distinctly noticable as is the dark mark on the pectoral fin .
notes - this species does not belong in the genus gobiosoma . see ruber , van tassell and zardoya . 2003 . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598