xenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with " arms " coming out from the top that end in many-fingered " hands " .

it is unique among corals because of its ability to use its " hands " to " pulse " or push water away from the colony in a constant , grabbing motion .

common names include : xenia elongata , fast-pulse xenia , xenia is sometimes referred to a pulse corals .

xenia ( genus )

genus has been propagated in captivity , and acquiring these types of specimens is a good idea , since they are hardier than their wild counterparts . some aquacultured names are white pom pom xenia , silver branch pumping xenia , and blue xenia .
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . i
by leland c . marsh
pink & white redsea xenia ( umballata ) - the fastest pulsating of all xenia species . silver / green pumping xenia ( elongata ) - extremely fast pulsing , grows fast . waving hand pom pom xenia - so named for it ' s arm - like stalk , topped by a pom pom like top .
species to the new genus . those assignments were made based on examination of type colonies of
xenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with
arms
coming out from the top that end in many - fingered
hands
.
i saw this soft coral colony , of the genus xenia , in the egyptian red sea ; each many tentacled polyp feeding at the end of a smooth unbranched stalk .
three new xenicane diterpenoids , xeniaol , xeniadiol and xeniatriol , were isolated from the okinawan soft coral of the genus , xenia . their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis .
xenia nana ; benayahu 1990 : 117–118 , fig . 3 , table 1 .
genus was described by lamarck in 1816 . there are over 60 species , and a few are
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .
. some common names these corals are know for are pulse coral , red sea xenia , pulsing xenia , encrusting coral , pom pom coral , and bouquet encrusting coral .
list of xenia type material examined during the current study along with corresponding museum numbers .
xenia ainex reinicke , 1997 : 45–48 , figs 19a–b , plates 6 , 26 .
xenia hamsina reinicke , 1997 : 49 - 50 ; figs 20a–b , plate 30 .
a new genus of a soft coral of the family xeniidae ( cnidaria : octocorallia ) from japan .
a new genus of nephtheid soft corals ( octocorallia : alcyonacea : nephtheidae from the indo - pacific .
the structure of xenia hicksoni nov . sp . with some observations on heteroxenia elizabethae kölliker .
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda ( alderslade , 2001 ) ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .
xenia crista reinicke , 1997 : 38 , figs 16a–b , plate 23 , syn . n .
xenia crenata reinicke , 1997 : 41–42 , figs 3c , 15 ; plates 5 , 25 .
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma
while retaining those with the dendritic surface in the original genus . consequently , he assigned seven of the originally described
xenia arabica reinicke , 1995 : 37 , figs 47–49 ; 1997 : 36 , fig . 14 .
xenia miniata reinicke , 1997 : 39–40 figs 17a - b , plate 24 , syn . n .
xeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea with descriptions of six new species of xenia .
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
a new species of the genus anthelia ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) from the gulf of aqaba ( red sea ) .
most xeniids feature a high density of sclerites in all parts of the colony , such as members of the genera asterospicularia utinomi , 1951 ; sansibia alderslade , 2000 ( see fabricius and alderslade 2001 ) and xenia including xenia blumi schenk , 1896 ; xenia garciae bourne , 1894 ( see gohar 1940 ) and xenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( see reinicke 1997 ) ; while other species have no sclerites or only a few ( e . g . , xenia hicksoni ashworth , 1899 and heteroxenia ghardaqensis gohar , 1940 ) .
reinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the description of xenia obscuronata ( p . 33 ) : “nec xenia ternatana ; kükenthal 1913 : 8 ( in part ) ” . the type of xenia ternatana was examined during the present study and its features do not agree with those of ovabunda obscuronata . xenia ternatana features platelets composed of dendritic rods , measuring up to 0 . 022 mm in maximal diameter . it should be noted that the description of xenia ternatana by kükenthal also does not correspond to the features of ovabunda obscuronata .
the frugal reefer , you can mass produce xenia for trade or sale , garf . org , referenced 2010
xeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea , with descriptions of six new species of xenia .
reinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the species xenia ainex n . sp . ( p . 44 ) : “nec xenia ternatana ; kükenthal 1913 : 8 ( partim . nhmw 2250 ) ” and “ xenia crassa ; reinicke 1995 : 43 , fig . 32” . the description of xenia ternatana given by kükenthal ( 1913 ) indicated two rows of pinnules , with 18 pinnules on average , and sclerites measuring 0 . 017 mm in diameter , thus differing from the features of ovabunda ainex ( see above ) . the nhmw 2250 specimen of xenia ternatana was examined and found to match ovabunda ainex , as stated by reinicke ( 1997 ) . xenia crassa was suggested to be a synonym of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke 1997 ) . the current examination of the types of xenia crassa and xenia ternatana indicates that their sclerites distinctly differ from those of ovabunda ainex , and thus those species’ original generic assignment should be retained .
sclerites reveal the morphological features of the sclerites , composed of corpuscular microscleres that are diagnostic for that genus . the current findings reveal that
on the structure and affinities of heliopora coerulea , pallas . with some observations on the structure of xenia and heteroxenia .
one of the attractive white xeniids known as
pom - pom
xenia , or
xenia umbellata ,
this variety can be adaptable but fares best under moderate to bright illumination ( with slow acclimatization ) . photo courtesy of greg rothschild .
xenia verseveldti benayahu , 1990 : 115–116 , fig . 2 , table 1 ; reinicke 1997 : 29–30 , plate 16 .
* alderslade established a new and similar looking genus , sansibia in 2000 . data on this genus is presently limited , but some pictures of sansibia look grossly similar to xeniid varieties known from the aquarium trade . sansibia is noted as having high concentrations of zooxanthellae and occurring in turbid waters .
) , including sem of their sclerites , has furnished the required data for revision of that genus ( halászet al . in prep . ) .
xenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 : 26–27 , figs 1c , 15 ; 1997 : 29 , fig . 12 , plate 16 .
a study of the xeniidae ( octocorallia , alcyonacea ) collected on the “tyro” expedition to the seychelles with a description of a new genus and species .
xenia macrospiculata gohar , 1940 : 96–98 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 42 , plates 1–3 , 29 .
janes ( 2008 ) described ovabunda hamsina from the seychelles and the current findings confirm the assignment of ovabunda hamsina to the genus ovabunda based on sclerite microstructure .
alderslade , 2001 , following examination of relevant type material . examination of the types has confirmed the previous assignment of the following four species to this genus :
a new genus of soft coral of the family alcyoniidae ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) with re - description of a new combination and description of a new species .
marsh , leland c . ,
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma
( 1962 ) . biology : dissertations . 66 . urltoken
xenia biseriata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , plate 20 .
octocorals ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) from reunion , with a description of two new species of the genus sinularia may , 1898 and notes on the occurrence of other species .
fatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) .
here we describe a new species of ovabunda from recent collections in the andaman sea . additionally , we report the first record of this genus outside of the eastern indian ocean and red sea .
benayahu y , loya y . ( 1985 ) settlement and recruitment of a soft coral : why is xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer ? bulletin of marine science 36 : 177–188 .
genus tend to grow on vertical surfaces in the wild . they are found at depths of 0 to 30 feet ( 0 - 9 m ) in bright light , and are exposed to tidal conditions .
xenia impulsatilla verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 59–60 , table 1 ; verseveldt 1974 : 2 listed only ; benayahu 1990 , listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 32 , plate 19 .
fatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) . - pubmed - ncbi
. the tiny xenia crab is usually found in pairs at night , on top of the closed heads , and it slowly eats the pulse coral away . polychaete worms can also chew at your
baba , k . ( 1991 ) taxonomical study on some species of the genus phyllodesmium from cape muroto - misaki , shikoku and okinawa province , southern japan ( nudibranchia : facelinidae ) . venus , 50 , 109–123 .
rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia , aeolidacea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , 167–203 .
genus is susceptible to stress from shipping and they do not travel well . when stressed they produce lots of mucous . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the
) and , therefore , the species should be reassigned to that genus . sclerite sizes given for the holotype and paratype in the original description exceed those obtained by us , as follows : holotype 0 . 043–0 . 053 mm
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia miniata reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh coel . 23514 ) . a regular sclerites b pear - shaped sclerite c fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
both the original description of xenia crista and the current examination revealed two rows of pinnules ; however , we found 22–30 pinnules in the holotype and 26–29 in the paratypes , compared to 29–33 and 28–32 , respectively , in the original description . the taxonomic features of xenia crista overlap those of ovabunda arabica and , therefore , they should be considered as synonyms , giving an alphabetical priority to ovabunda arabica .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia crista reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh 18677 ) . a regular sclerites b–c fused sclerites d white rectangle in c indicates magnified area . scale bar 10 µm .
this fast - pulse xenia is commonly called
xenia elongata ,
and ranges from being a long - stemmed and dark brown variety in lower light , to lighter bodied and more compact forms under brighter light , as seen here . while the validity or accuracy of nomenclature for xeniids may be unclear in the hobby , our fascination and love for these magnificent corals is not . photo by anthony calfo .
xenia obscuronata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 , fig 10 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , 35 , plates 2 , 4 , 7 , 21 .
xenia faraunensis verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 62 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 35 , figs 3b , 9a - b , plates 2 - 4 , 7 , 22 .
the xenia we ship you is many generations aquacultured . this is very important since aquacultured xenia are hardier than wild - collected specimens and are without the potential to carry sea born infections , or disease to your tank . they have lived there entire life under aquarium lighting and with aquarium type water flow and movement . a fast growing coral , provide adequate space between them and other types of soft corals . care level : moderate temperature : 77 - 83°f
the pulse coral is one of the most sought after of the xenia genus ! they are either very easy or very difficult and no one knows why ! one of my tanks killed them and another tank they flourished ! the movement of the tentacles makes them appear to be
clapping
and in certain conditions can almost spread and become plague like ! many put them on equipment to help hide pump inlets , etc . small additions of iodine are okay , but too much can melt them !
genus is susceptible to a periodic die off that seems to coincide with lunar events . clipping the tips of a dying colony and letting them settle on their own may help preserve some colonies . also watch out for a little nasty crab that assumes the color of the
) . undoubtedly , when measuring sclerites under a light microscope , the existence of both individual spheroids and fused ones should be taken into account . the occurrence of fused sclerites and their significance to the taxonomy of the genus and other xeniid genera should be further examined .
halász , a . , c . s . mcfadden , d . aharonovich , r . toonen & y . benayahu , 2014 . a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1–41 . [ details ]
halász a , mcfadden cs , aharonovich d , toonen r , benayahu y ( 2014 ) a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1–41 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511
janes mp , mcfadden cs , chanmethakul t ( 2014 ) a new species of ovabunda ( octocorallia , xeniidae ) from the andaman sea , thailand with notes on the biogeography of this genus . zookeys 431 : 1–17 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 431 . 7751
genus is non - aggressive as far as stinging or affecting nearby corals . they do not do as well in tanks with low nutrient levels , such as for small polyp stony corals sps and other corals that need a more pristine environment , yet they will not harm these corals chemically . the
this attractive and fast - pulsing xennid is commonly called
silver - tip
or
blue
xenia for its magnificent tendency to brighten with strong blue - green color when kept under cool colored lamps ( 10 - 20k kelvin ) . photos courtesy of james fatherree .
a survey of xeniid octocorals was carried out in the waters off southwestern thailand in september , 2007 . microscopic investigation of the colonies revealed that three specimens belonged to the genus ovabunda . gross morphological examination is presented here accompanied by scanning electron micrographs of the sclerites . molecular phylogenetic analysis showed identical genotypes at mtmuts , coi , and 28s rdna for all three specimens and supports their generic assignment . colony size and shape , sclerite size , and pinnule arrangement differ from nominal species of ovabunda and thus a new species , o . andamanensis is introduced here . this work also presents a new eastern geographical record for the genus ovabunda .
pulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action . xenia can live from 1 to 7 years , with 3 - 7 being most common in captivity .
genus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green . the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps . the polyps can contract considerably but do not retract inside the coral . not all
as referenced in this paper , the x . elongata has beautiful contrasting polyps and tentacles . they are one of the more sought after because of this . check your new xenia for xenid craps which will come out at night and look just like the polyps that they sit on top of and eat !
, were also recorded in the west indian ocean ( e . g . , madagascar and the seychelles ) . the possibility that the genus has a wider distributional range is not excluded , and remains to be confirmed by re - examination of already collected material deposited in various collections , or of freshly collected material from throughout the indo - pacific basin .
the paratype of xenia crista ( rmnh coel . 18678 ) features tentacles with two rows of pinnules and 26–29 pinnules in the outermost row . the sclerites are ovabunda - type , 0 . 025–0 . 036 mm in maximal diameter . the original description of the species indicated non - pulsating polyps in live colonies .
holotype : rmnh coel . 23538 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , s - slope near jetty ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 10 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23517 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope , tq ii station , 8 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; type of xenia viridis smf 42 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; type of xenia blumi smf 44 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
genus . doing water changes of 20 % a month or 10 % biweekly is needed , although it is suggested that doing 5 % water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives . soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth . adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them . maintain ph at least at 8 . 3 .
among species of xenia , xenia puerto - galerae roxas , 1933 most closely resembles ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . the holotype is described by roxas ( 1933 ) as branched , measuring 20 . 0 mm tall and 8 . 0 mm in diameter with polyps comprised of thick tentacles that are proportionately small and “two rows of slender pointed pinnules , fifteen to seventeen in a row” . the tentacles are 8 . 0 mm long by 1 . 0 mm wide at the base and pinnules measure 0 . 7 to 0 . 8 mm long by 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm wide . however , in the colony with two rows ( pmbc 11862 ) in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . , the stalks are smaller , 8 . 0 mm by 5 . 0 mm , the tentacles are narrower , 8 . 0 mm by 0 . 2 mm , the pinnules are smaller , 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm by 0 . 1 mm , and there are fewer pinnules ( 13 to 14 ) . most notable are the sclerites , which are described as “thin , oval discs 0 . 018 mm long and 0 . 018 to 0 . 0124 mm wide” in xenia puerto - galerae compared to the 0 . 010 to 0 . 018 mm in diameter sphere shaped sclerites observed in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . unfortunately , the location of the holotype of xenia puerto - galerae remains unknown so a direct sem comparison of the sclerites could not be performed .
even this tiny fragment of cespitularia has begun to show its telltale irridescent glimmer as light is reflected off of tiny sclerites . with strong vho blue or 20k kelvin radium lamps , for example , they often turn a stunning solid blue color - hence the legendary name
blue xenia .
they are one of the most highly sought after of all xeniids . photo by anthony calfo .
one of the most amazing things about most xeniids is their remarkable range of reproductive strategies . a new colony can be formed from fragments as small as a single pinnule ! infected xenia with necrotic stalks and captitulums (
crowns
) can still be salvaged by snipping off tentacles , and even the feathery pinnules , to start new colonies elsewhere . photo courtesy of amy larsan ( tippytoex ) .
genus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . these stalks can have small oval sclerites , depending on the species . sclerites are small calcareous bodies that can help support soft corals . the polyps do not retract inside the coral , but can contract considerably . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green and the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps .
holotype : huj i co . 84 northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , near solar pond ( sinai ) , ( 29°25 ' 44 . 43
n , 34°49 ' 50 . 31
e ) , 2 m , 15 august 1969 , coll . y . cohen . eight colonies on a sponge , one of them is the holotype . additional material : the holotype of xenia miniata : rmnh coel . 23514 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , w - slope , tq iv , ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 12 m , march 1991 ; paratypes of xenia miniata : rmnh coel 25412 , rmnh coel 25413 , details as above , rmnh coel . 25411 , same location , sw - corner slope , tq i , 12 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 6848 , northern red sea , gulf of suez , el tur ( 28°14 ' 10 . 99
n , 33°36 ' 51 . 06
e ) , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6847 , same details ; rmnh coel . 8938 , same details , abu durbah ( 28°28 ' 27 . 56
n , 33°19 ' 30 . 13
e ) ; the holotype of ovabunda aldersladei rmnh coel . 38681 , indian ocean , seychelles , northern coast of bird island ( 03°42 ' s , 55°12 ' e ) , < 30 m , 21 december 1992 , tyro expedition ; type of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; type of xenia garciae bml 1921 . 11 . 18 . 1 , indian ocean , chagos archipelago , coll . diego garcia ; rmnh coel . 8938 red sea , gulf of suez , abu zanima ; rmnh coel . 6847 , red sea , gulf of suez , el tur , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6848 , same location , misidentified as xenia miniata
holotype : rmnh coel . 23539 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , southern - slope near jetty ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 6 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype : rmnh coel . 23540 , same location , 5 m s - jetty , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23535 , red sea , gulf of aqaba , aqaba , saudi arabian border bay ( 29°21 ' 37 . 31
n , 34°57 ' 39 . 48
e ) , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; nhmw 2250 , saudi arabia ; holotype of xenia crassa smf 39 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
genus reach sexual maturity within one year , and have several methods of reproduction . they will reproduce naturally in captivity by longitudinal fission , notably several times a month once the colony is mature . they will also use budding as another way of reproducing , or pinnitomy ( pinnules falling from the polyps and attaching to the substrate to start new colonies ) . some aquarists have actually snipped off individual polyps from the cap of dying colonies , and found that they will settle elsewhere in the aquarium and start new colonies . some species will expel brooded planulae ( free - swimming larvae ) in some captive environments .
holotype and five paratypes : huj i co . 72 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , marsa murach ( 29°25 ' 34 . 44
n , 34°50 ' 10 . 46
e ) , 1–4 m , 15 september 1969 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of ovabunda obscuronata huj i co . 120 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , ras el muqebla ( 29°24 ' 1 . 20
n , 34°48 ' 41 . 99
e ) , 12 m , 16 august 1971 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
holotype : rmnh coel . 18673 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , saudi arabian border bay , 20 km south of aqaba ( 29°21 ' 37 . 31
n , 34°57 ' 39 . 48
e ) , 15 m , 12 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke . paratypes : rmnh coel . 18675 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29°27 ' 27 . 33
n , 34°58 ' 24 . 19
e ) , 15 m , 4 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 18676 , location as above , 12 m , 5 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : holotype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18677 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29°27 ' 27 . 33
n , 34°58 ' 24 . 19
e ) , 12 m , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18678 , location as above , 15 m , october 1990 , coll . g . b . reinicke .
could this be sansibia ? many odd little soft corals are acquired as incidental growths on rock and with other collected invertebrates . wishful aquarists like myself retreat to the scientific and hobby literature to try to find a name for such surprise guests . identification by image alone , however , is impractical and unrealistic for most any coral - to the genus level , let alone species . i think i can hear my dear friend eric borneman weeping in a corner as i declare that this must be sansibia because i just bought a new book with a picture that looks just like it ! and for our next trick , lets rename all of the acroporids in our tanks because charlie veron came out with a new book series , shall we ? photo by anthony calfo .
re - examination and appropriate re - descriptions of octocoral type material , as conducted in the current study , is highly important in an era of molecular phylogeny and increasing phylogeographic studies , despite the difficulty or inability to extract dna from the types themselves . this kind of comprehensive study based mainly on type material is a critical first step in the process of understanding phylogenetic relationships among species and genera , and their ecology . due to similar morphologies in the case of xenia and ovabunda , further analysis is needed in order to reveal their radiation , especially in regions where they have a sympatric distribution . there is also a need to validate the current ovabunda species , through an integrated taxonomic effort , combining molecular genetic evidence of species boundaries , ecological , and reproductive differences .
at the time of examination the holotype was dry , and therefore precise dimensions of the pinnules could not be obtained . the original description ( verseveldt and cohen 1971 : 62 ) indicated that : “the colony is 25 mm high . the stem is 15 mm high and 5–6 mm wide at the base , then narrows to 3–4 mm and widens again to 7 mm or more at the beginning of the polyparium . the anthocodiae are up to 10 mm long . . . the tentacles are 5–6 . 5 mm long” . it is evident that the dimensions of the dried holotype are smaller than those of the original . the other features of the holotype recorded correspond to the original description , including two rows of pinnules , 17–24 pinnules in the outermost row , and sclerite diameter up to 0 . 044 mm ( vs . 17–23 and 0 . 042 mm , in the original description ) . reinicke ( 1997 ) presented a sem micrograph of a single sclerite of ovabunda faraunensis which later led alderslade ( 2001 ) to assign it to the genus ovabunda .
xenia macrospiculata was originally described by gohar ( 1940 ) from ghardaqa , egyptian red sea , as having pulsating tentacles , bearing three , occasionally two , rows of pinnules , with 12–16 pinnules in the outermost row ( and 10–14 pinnules on the middle row , 0–10 on the oral one ) . that study did not indicate the museum in which the type was deposited . the last author of the current study searched in the museums listed in the methods and found no trace of it ; over time this type was probably lost . the designation of a neotype in this revision is thus necessary . the purpose of the designation is to clarify the species’ taxonomic status and its assignment to ovabunda . although the sclerites were described quite accurately in the original description ( 0 . 024–0 . 036 mm in diameter , and “spicules fused in pairs” ) , sem micrographs of the sclerites are essential as in the other species of the revision .
we also examined additional colonies that were identified by reinicke ( 1997 ) as xenia miniata . specimen rmnh coel . 6848 has two rows of pinnules , with 12–14 pinnules in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 051 mm in maximal diameter . based on sclerite size , number of pinnule rows and number of pinnules in the outermost row , this specimen should be reassigned to ovabunda biseriata . specimen rmnh coel . 6847 has two rows of pinnules , with 10–11 pinnules in the outermost row ; and its sclerites are also of the ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 045 mm in maximal diameter . rmnh coel . 8938 has two rows of pinnules , but with only 8–9 in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 047 mm in maximal diameter . based on the number of rows of pinnules on the tentacles , the number of pinnules in the outermost row , and the size and microstructure of sclerites , the latter two colonies also belong to ovabunda impulsatilla .
holotype : rmnh coel . 23904 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , off port sudan , reef flat ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 6 april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratypes : rmnh coel . 23902 , same data as above , april 1991 ; rmnh coel . 25906 , same locality sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23553 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope near tq ii , 12 m , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23552 , same locality , w - slope , tq iv , 12 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 25903 , same locality , se corner , reef flat ; rmnh coel . 25905 sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23907 , near southern jetty , 10 m ; all april 1991 , all coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 23908 , indian ocean , madagascar , 1960 , coll . m . cherbounier , mnhn oct . a . 1993 . 16 ; holotype of xenia grasshoffi smf 2616 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , elat , 1 january 1968 , coll . grasshoff m .
cordeiro , r . ; van ofwegen , l . ; williams , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of octocorallia .
benayahu , y ( 1993 ) . corals of the south - west indian ocean . i . alcyonacea from sodwana bay , south africa . oceanographic research institute , investigational report no . 67 . 16 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fabricius , k . & p . alderslade , 2001 . soft corals & sea fans : a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow water genera of the central - west pacific , the indian ocean and the red sea . australian institute of marine science , pp . i - vii + 1 - 264 .
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are some of the most endearing corals , and are highly favored by reef enthusiasts . with their pulsing heads and the gentle waving of their polyps in the water , they produce an almost mesmerizing affect to the viewer . since they tend to grow in the direction of the water flow that they are near , you can get them to grow where you want in the reef tank . getting them to grow up the back wall of the aquarium makes for an interesting display .
pulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action .
corals pulse . many experts and aquarists attribute a variety of reasons for the pulsing phenomena . one thought is that they are pulsating to help with respiration and gas exchange . water chemistry also plays a role in their pulsing , along with lighting and current , just what combination is hard to tell . they are sensitive to falling or low ph and will stop pulsing when the ph is below 8 . 3 . adding small amounts of carbon will take some organics out of the water . some aquarists have found this to induce the polyps to pulse , as if the coral is trying to try pull more nutrients from the water . supplements of iodine are also suggested by some , but with caution as lugol ' s has been found to be detrimental to some
corals are not the only pulsing corals . the xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability . from this family , at least five other genera will pulse . some of those common to aquarists include the pom pom zenias of the
corals form an encrusting mat and their cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base .
polyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) forming small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4
) .
can be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . this is also the reason they do not travel well . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the
. though their primary difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .
xeniids have been found growing in water polluted by pipes of hotels and resorts . they are almost like an aquatic weed . they are the first to form colonies on a reef area and can
walk
with attachment and detachment of their stalks and branches . in the wake of their
walk
they will encrust over other living corals and plants .
the stalk has a grouping of feathery polyps at the end , with each polyp having a 1
to 2
long stem . their tentacles are pinnate , or feathering to different degrees , depending on the species . deep water species have thinner tentacles and pinnules , and shallower species are thicker with more robust attributes . for example ,
polyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) and form small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4
) .
can be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . though their primary care difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they are can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .
corals have developed several feeding strategies . they can absorb dissolved organic matter , some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column , and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae , where they also receive some of their nutrients .
in captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless , and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need . tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column . some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired .
some have indicated the use of iodine , yet use sparingly and do not exceed manufacturers suggested doses . it is suggested to only use 1 / 2 the dosage amount as you start off with your new colony , and then increase it slowly over time as the colony becomes established . one way you can gauge the amount is by watching the development of brown algae , diatoms . established , well maintained aquariums only need the glass scraped free of brown algae about once a week or even longer . too much iodine is indicated by excessive algae growth .
1200 - 1350 ppm . ( magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium . )
a typical live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your pulse coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . attach the pulse coral to a hard substrate once introduced to the tank .
corals like a moderate to high , and turbid water flow . they grow fast under metal halides and high intensity t5 bulbs and similar bulbs . if the tank is shallower than 18
, even standard output fluorescent lighting can be used . if the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have , or you need new bulbs , some xeniids will change color or increase in size . this deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels . the
if your xeniid is starved for light , it will expand and extend its stalks to try and get more light . this can give the aquarist the illusion of health , when in fact this is a good indication that your lighting is deficient .
leather corals seem to help xeniids flourish , though this is not entirely understood .
corals can move , and will actually
climb
up to areas where there is more light if they need to . make sure no corals are around that can be
grown
over .
can also ' walk ' to split a colony , leaving a trail of tissue that will start into a new colony .
in captivity , be sure to use gloves and be aware that your pulse coral will stink once you pull it from the water . stalked
should be cut longitudinally between the branches and affixed to a solid surface with a rubber band or reef glue . because they are so fast growing , some reef farmers allow the
to grow over netting . they then cut those into small frags and use reef glue to affix them to plugs or rock . the product , seachem ' s reef plus , has been suggested to add to the tank at 3 to 6 times the recommended dosage to help with healing frags .
can be shipped dry for short distances ( less than 12 hours on average and not in extreme weather ) since this will help with keeping the bacteria level down from the mucous they produce . they will produce a mucous layer to protect themselves from the air ( just like in the wild during low tide ) , but the benefit is that they do not suffer from fouled shipping water .
. ( in extreme temperatures , very hot or very cold , submerging them in water would be better , rather than dry shipping . )
suspend the coral in the shipping container to prevent it from hitting the sides of the package , and prevent it from coming in contact with the small amount of water at the bottom . suspend the
when acclimating them , match the water parameters of your tank to those from where they were shipped .
they will shed the mucous they accumulated when placed in the new tank ( just as if the tide had come back ) , so must be exposed to strong water movement to help them recover .
is very easy to find pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 20 . 00 to $ 50 . 00 usd and up , depending on size and / or color .
i ' m looking to buy a variety of pulsating xenias , pom poms and others i have about 200 dollars to spend please help .
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halász a 1 , mcfadden cs 2 , aharonovich d 1 , toonen r 3 , benayahu y 1 .
department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv 69978 , israel .
department of biology , harvey mudd college , 1250 n . dartmouth ave . , claremont , ca 91711 , usa .
hawai ' i institute of marine biology , university of hawaii at manoa , 46 - 007 lilipuna road , kane ' ohe , hi 96744 , usa .
pmid : 24493958 pmcid : pmc3909805 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511
illustration of colony dimensions . a colony height b stalk length c stalk width at base d stalk width at uppermost part . illustration adopted from .
illustration of polyp dimensions . a pinnule width at its base b gap between adjacent pinnules ; asterisk indicates magnified area . illustration adopted from encyclopedia britannica , 11th edition , volume 3 urltoken @ 34018 @ 34018 - h @ 34018 - h - 7 . htm ) .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23540 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c irregular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar : 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda arabica ( reinicke , 1995 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 18675 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c pear - shaped sclerite . arrow indicates surface irregularity , might represent the fusion area of two individual sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui ( reinicke , 1995 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 19664 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( zmtau co 26043 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerite d rectangular sclerite . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda biseriata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 72 ) . arrow indicates surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda obscuronata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 120 ) . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda crenata ( reinicke , 1997 ) ( rmnh coel . 23517 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerites d rectangular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda faraunensis ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i . co . 140 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda gohari ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23436 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda hamsina ( reinicke , 1997 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 23904 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda impulsatilla ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 84 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda aldersladei janes , 2008 holotype ( rmnh coel . 38681 ) . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) neotype ( zmtau co 25635 ) . a pear - shape sclerite b regular sclerites c fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35790 ) . a regular sclerites b irregular sclerite c fused sclerites d pear - shaped sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35791 ) . a regular sclerite b irregular sclerites c fused sclerites . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda verseveldti ( benayahu , 1990 ) holotype ( zmtau co 26048 ) . a egg - shaped sclerite b regular sclerite c rectangular sclerites d fused sclerites e irregular sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
the present study is intended to cast some light on the problem of t . glauca , but in so doing a slightly different experimental approach has been developed and applied . in the first part , intra - and interspecific hybridization of the three species , t . latifolia , t . angustifolia , and t . glauca , produced significant alterations in certain seed characteristics . there were color , dimensions of the external cellular layer , endosperm width , embryo width , and embryo length . . . . in the second part , the relative fecundity of the species as measured by seed yield , together with external seed dimensions , seed weight and the above seed characteristics , were related to the issue of the origin of t . glauca . . . .
magnesium : 1250 - 1350ppm lighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .
lighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .
select a size small - $ 139 . 99 medium - $ 199 . 99
why phytoplankton : phytoplankton is very important to marine life . it is the primary producers in the ocean . crucial to the development and survival of most , if not all marine animals . but what is phytoplankton ? it is just a fancy word for tiny floating plants ( such as diatoms and dinoflagellates ) , which serve the same role in the food chains of the oceans as grass and shrubs serve on land ; namely small things eat them . many coral reef animals feed directly on phytoplankton . some essential nutrients provided by phytoplankton cannot be synthesized by animals , and therefore are extremely important components of a healthy diet . click here for more information on the importance of phytoplankton for your corals


the bruce 's green pigeon ( treron waalia ) , also known as the yellow-bellied fruit pigeon , is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda , and yemen .

it is a frugivore bird species that specialises on eating the fruits of a single species of fig tree , ficus platphylla .

bruce ' s green pigeon

nobody uploaded sound recordings for bruce ' s green - pigeon ( treron waalia ) yet .
bruce ' s green pigeon ( treron waalia ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia , meyer , 1793 ( protonym , columba waalia ) , also known as the yellow - bellied fruit pigeon or the yellow - bellied green pigeon , photographed at lake zway , ethiopia .
response : this is a bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia . this bird is placed into the family of doves and pigeons ( columbidae ) .
large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 3rd edition : large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 4th edition : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( as published ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2000 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2001 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . more
large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) ; . . . finschii ) ; urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s
birds and birding in india
home page : o t yellow - footed green pigeon yellowlegged green pigeon - o white . . . billed crow jungle urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s
birds and birding in india
home page : green - pigeon treron apicauda - - l wedge - tailed green - pigeon treron sphenura k . . . t - urltoken birds of gombe : . . . more
the large green pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
bruce ' s green pigeon is a canopy - feeding frugivorous pigeon that specialises on consuming the fruits of just one species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . it is found in wooded valleys , wooded savanna and other wooded habitats throughout sub - saharan africa from senegal through somalia and all the way into the arabian peninsula . it only occurs north of the equator .
the large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand . madagascar green pigeon the madagascar green pigeon ( treron australis family . it is found in ) is a species of bird in the columbidaemadagascar , comoros , and mayotte . many coloured fruit dove the many coloured fruit dove ( ptilinopus perousii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . more
with
bruce ' s travels
as the clue , i now have no doubt that blanford was referring to the five - volume
travels to discover the source of the nile , in the years 1768 , 1769 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773
by the scotsman , james bruce , renowned for his accounts of ethiopian history and culture . [ ref ]
in the introduction to his book , blandford writes :
the earliest contribution to the abyssinian fauna was contained in the last ( fifth ) volume of bruce ' s travels . in the original edition of 1790 several plates representing various plants and animals of north - eastern africa were given , accompanied by descriptions , which , like all of bruce ' s writings , show great power of observation , though they are occasionally not quite accurate in matters of details . a few of the drawings of birds brought back by bruce were described by buffon and named by gmelin , but the exact species have in some instances remained obscure .
in that interesting comment thread , safari77 goes on to quote a portion of the book where james bruce describes this species and its habits .
towards the end of his book , blandford actually cites bruce again with reference to treron abyssinica ( lath . ) as waalia , and as columba abyssinica -
iris yellow or salmon colour , with a circle of pure blue round the pupil ; bill dirty white ; cere purplish pink ; legs deep yellw . this bird is very closely allied in its form and habits to the indian green pigeon .
description : the green plumage is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments” and that in “several species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body . ”
this pigeon is special because it relies on pigments for its green plumage colouration , as discussed in the paper , dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage ( bettina mahler , lidia s . araujo & pablo l . tubaro . ( may , 2003 ) . the condor , 105 ( 2 ) ; 258 - 267 . free pdf ) . in this paper , the authors cite a 1983 publication by derek goodwin [ amazon uk ; amazon us ] that mentions that captive treron doves
fail to express their carotenoid - based green and yellow plumage color if the diet was unsuitable , showing gray and purplish colors instead
.
question : this ethiopian mystery bird is notable amongst birds for its colour . can you tell me what is so remarkable about this ? can you tell me the name of this bird ' s taxonomic family ? can you identify this species ? in my opinion , this bird ' s common name is really strange : who is the australian philosopher ?
the authors of the condor paper analysed green feathers from a number of pigeons and doves , including several species of treron , and found carotenoid pigments in the yellow and orange plumage of treron species . the authors further note that
[ t ] he green plumage in the gen [ us ] treron . . . is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments
and that in
several species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body .
ok , so here it is - it ' s not definitive by any means , but the renowned geologist and zoologist , william thomas blandford , in one of the publications not often cited with reference to his work , observations on the geology and zoology of abyssinia , made during the progress of the british expedition to that country in 1867 - 68 ( macmillan , london . , 1870 ) , makes mention of bruce in numerous passages , and in particular his drawings and a work entitled
travels .
i would like to thank one of my readers , safari77 , whose excellent detective work turned up a reasonable explanation for this species ' s common name . i ' ve included his entire quote ( but follow back to original to follow active links ) :
large green pigeons are another speciality of ko surin nuea , being recorded by a number of observers over a number of visits . white - bellied sea eagles can be seen anywhere around the national park , but are particularly easily seen from boats while snorkelling . most birders come to ko surin in hope of seeing beach thick - knee . i was unfortunate on my visit and didn ' t see any , but the boatmen took me to ao sai - en searching for one and they have been regularly spotted here . more
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be frequent to locally abundant ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , herve jacob , keith blomerley , juan sanabria , éric roualet , daniêl jimenez , yoël jimenez , joe angseesing , greg baker .
paul van giersbergen , éric roualet , markus lilje , hector ceballos - lascurain , david beadle , stanislav harvančík , frank derriks , klaus lachenmaier , dubi shapiro , holger meinig , lmarce , ken havard , ahmet karataş , petemorris , nik borrow , frédéric pelsy , jason anderson , fran trabalon , lars petersson , morten venas , juan josé bazán hiraldo .
image : dan logen , 6 february 2011 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 , 600 mm lens , f / 5 , 1 / 320 sec , iso 1000
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
if you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron waalia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
treron waalia : savanna of sub - saharan africa , sw arabia and socotra i .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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