parischnogaster jacobsoni is a species of social wasp within parischnogaster , the largest and least known genus of stenogastrinae .

it is distinguished mainly by its tendency to construct ant guards on its nests .

natural selection has led this wasp to have a thick substance emitted from its abdominal glands that allows it to protect its nest from invasions .

parischnogaster as a genus has been relatively unstudied ; p. jacobsoni is one of the few investigated species because it has sufficient durability to live near human populations and it has demonstrated unusual resilience to pollution .

while p. jacobsoni is a more complex organism than other wasps in parischnogaster , the genus overall is relatively primitive with respect to social wasps as a whole .

parischnogaster jacobsoni

the dufour gland and the secretion placed on eggs of 2 species of social wasps , liostenogaster - flavolineata and parischnogaster - jacobsoni ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) .
laboratory observations on the social behaviour of parischnogaster alternata ( vespidae stenogastrina . . .
buysson r du . 1913 . ischnogaster jacobsoni . bulletin de la musee d’histoire naturelle de paris 7 : 436 .
colonial cycle of parischnogaster nigricans serrei ( du buysson ) in west java ( hymenoptera stenogastr . . .
parischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resembles parischnogaster nigricans serrei , studied in java , in its biology , nest architecture and social organization .
sakagami sf . 1969 . parischnogaster alternata in yoshikawa k , ohgushi r , sakagami sf , eds . nature and life in southeast asia 6 : 155 .
parischnogaster jacobsoni , qui a été étudiée en malaisie , a de longs nids linéaires et présente une fondation du nid haplométrotique . dans les colonies mûres on retrouve communément plus d ' une femelle fertilisée et au moins une femelle qui peut pondre . les interactions de dominance - subordination sont liées au potentiel reproductif des femelles et à la division du travail . la biologie , l ' architecture du nid et l ' organisation sociale de cette espèce ressemblent à celles de parischnogaster nigricans serrei , qui a été étudiée à java .
summary parischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resemblesparischnogaster . . . [ show full abstract ]
cluster analysis , provided a dendrogram based on wing shape ( fig . 6 ) largely congruent with the tree obtained by cladistic studies ( carpenter , 1988 ) , with the genera eustenogaster and liostenogaster branched from parischnogaster and metischnogaster . however the cluster analysis grouped the eustenogaster species with the liostenogaster ones , while in the cladogram ( carpenter , 1988 ) , liostenogaster is sister to all other genera . as consequence of this layout liostenogaster species are split in two groups and some of them ( l . campanulae , l . flavolineata , l . pardii and l . vechti ) appeared nearer to the eustenogaster ones than to the congeneric l . topoghaphica and l . nitidipennis ( fig . 6 ) . moreover , the parischnogaster species are readily sub - grouped in p . alternata and p . striatula ( both belonging to the striatula - group ) and p . jacobsoni , p . mellyi and parischnogaster sp . ( all belonging to nigricans - group ) ( fig . 6 ) .
the secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the “ant guard” placed on the nest stalk of parischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the dufour gland . the secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the dufour gland and nectar . the emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt . similarly , in liostenogaster flavolineata , the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and dufour gland secretion , which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers , found in nature for the first time .
. . . seven genera are currently recognized in the subfamily ( carpenter , 2001 ) , and the late j . van stenogastrinae ; however , he died in 1992 before having completed the revisions of eustenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , liostenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , and parischnogaster von schulthess , 1914 . the revisions of these genera that van der vecht began were taken over by c . k . starr on parischnogaster and by s . turillazzi on liostenogaster , but descriptions of only liostenogaster species have appeared ( turillazzi , 1988 ( turillazzi , , 1999turillazzi and carfi , 1996 ) . . . .
. . . forewings of the following malaysian stenogastrinae species were collected in the field and used in this study : eustenogaster calyptodoma ( sakagami and yoshikawa , 1968 ) , e . micans ( de saussure , 1852 ) , e . fraterna ( bingham , 1897 ) , liostenogaster campanulae ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . flavolineata ( cameron , 1902 ) , l . nitidipennis ( de saussure , 1952 ) , l . pardii ( turillazzi and carfì , 1996 ) , l . topographica ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . vechti ( turillazzi , 1988 ) , metischnogaster drewseni ( de saussure , 1857 ) , parischnogaster alternata ( sakagami , 1969 ) , p . mellyi ( de saussure , 1852 ) , p . jacob buysson , 1913 ) , parischnogaster sp . , p . striatula ( du buysson , 1905 ) . parischnogaster sp . is an undescribed species but it is quite common in malaya peninsula ( pers . . . .
fig . 2 . graphical representation of the first ( x - axis ) and of the second ( y - axis ) relative warp ( rw ) of the forewing vein junctions analysis . open pentagons , e . calyptodoma ; black stars , e . micans ; open rhombus , e . fraterna ; triad , l . campanulae ; black triangles , l . flavolineata ; open triangles , l . nitidipennis ; open circles , l . pardii ; black rhombus , l . topographica ; black rectangles , l . vechti ; open squares , m . drewseni ; black circles , p . alternata ; black squares , p . mellyi ; x - shaped , p . jacobsoni ; sun - shaped , parischnogaster sp . , open stars , p . striatula .
analyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c11 to c17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed
analyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c 11 to c 17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed .
laboratory observations on colonies of parischnogaster alternata sakagami have revealed new aspects of the social behaviour of this species which it was not possible to observe in previous short - term studies conducted in the field . a dominance - subordinance hierarchy and division of labour were found to exist in both mature colonies and among females on a newly founded nest . the movements of . . . [ show full abstract ]
parischnogaster nigricans serrei has 4 larval instars . the larva does not spin a cocoon and the cell is closed by adult females , who reopen the operculum a few days later to extract the larval meconium , then close the cell again . immature life lasts an average of 44 . 5 days . adult - larva interactions are frequent and the curled up larvae react to adult solicitations by opening themselves like . . . [ show full abstract ]
a checklist of the species in the subfamily stenogastrinae is presented , including synonyms , nomenclatural changes , and distributional summaries . forty - five species in seven genera are treated as valid , with an additional three subspecies . excluding emendations , misspellings and nomina nuda , a further 16 names are treated as available synonyms , but eight of these names are listed only as questionable synonyms . a new combination is parischnogaster aurifrons ( smith ) . thirty new locality records are given .
. . . cuticular hydrocarbons ( hereafter chcs ) together with pheromones are assumed to regulate almost all social interactions , implying the chemical senses as the predominant channels of communication in insect societies [ 6 , 8 ] . in the last two decades , however , visual communication abilities have been discovered in two subfamilies of social wasps [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . . . .
parischnogaster mellyi is a common species of hover wasp which lives in the oriental region . in this research we wanted to achieve a deeper understanding of some aspects of its social biology and chemical ecology considering the composition of colonies , the reproductive poten - tial of the female nest - mates , the chemical similarities between the adult cuticular hydrocarbons , the nest paper , the dufour ' s gland secretion of the females and the pap placed on the eggs as a support for larval develop - ment . we were able to assess with nest exchange experiments that this species is capable of immature brood recognition . neither the pap placed on eggs , nor the nest odour are used in this recognition process , despite the potential discrimination cues shown by chemical analyses .
. . . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . it was since found that visual communication plays a key role in the social interactions between colony members and indeed , a facial badge of status has been shown to convey information on the agonistic qualities in foundresses of the north american population of polistes dominula and to regulate dominance hierarchies in the stenogastrinae wasp liostenogaster vechti [ 10 , 11 ] , but see [ 15 , 16 ] . polistes fuscatus wasps are more aggressive to individuals with unfamiliar appearances landing on the nest [ 9 ] and they are able to remember the individual identity of partners after one week of interactions with several other wasps [ 17 ] . . . .
in particular , all specimens were correctly assigned with the exception of two e . calyptodoma erroneously assigned to e . micans and two l . campanulae to l . flavolineata . intriguingly , function 1 represented by the variables rw1 and rw4 while function 2 by the variables rw2 and rw3 . in the cross - validation test , where specimens were blindly entered into the analysis only 7 out of 149 cases were misclassified in different congeneric species ( 94 . 6 % of correct classification ) : three l . campanulae were identified as l . flavolineata , two e . calyptodoma as e . micans , one p . striatula as p . alternata and one p . jacobsoni as p . mellyi . differences between genera in wing shape are illustrated by deformation grids reported in figure 4 . as shown in table 1 , the landmarks 17 and 20 gave the major contribution to the variation in shape of the forewing ( see also fig . 1 ) .
the hover wasps ( stenogastrinae ) comprise 58 described species in 7 genera which are distributed in the south east asian tropics , from india to new guinea . this chapter offers a sketch of their systematics . there follows a brief history of the studies by researchers of these wasps , focusing on the main problems , phylogeny and social evolution of these insects . general characteristic of other social wasps are briefly presented and discussed .
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these results suggest that nestmate recognition in these wasps is very efficient , even though they belong to the most primitive subfamily of social wasps .
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the nests of hover wasps are one of the most outstanding aspects of their biology . nest architecture is usually species - specific and presents general characteristics which differentiate the stenogastrinae from other social wasps , first on account of the total lack of a peduncle and second for the particular quality of nest material . the chapter describes different architectural solutions encountered in the most common and studied species of six genera and closes with the examination of the defensive function of the nest and its particular structures . the importance of the nest in the evolution of sociality in these wasps is also discussed .
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this chapter describes the most common behavioural patterns of female and male hover wasps . behaviours are divided into three main groups , depending on their functional categories : elementary behaviour ( which ranges from feeding to mating ) , colony maintenance behaviour ( directed towards rearing and defence of immature brood and nest construction ) and social behaviour ( mainly interactions with conspecifics and nestmates ) . these are further divided into behaviours performed on the nest and off the nest . short videoclips for some behaviour are available online .
or in the supplementary material ( esm ) of the electronic version of this chapter .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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most species of animals are classified by scientific names , and are known to the public by one or more common names . unfortunately today’s animal doesn’t have a common name . i’ve called it a social wasp because that’s the group the species belongs to , and will refer to it as ‘wasp’ for the remainder of this post .