neofibularia nolitangere , the touch-me-not sponge , is a species of demosponge in the family desmacellidae .

it is found in shallow waters in the western atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea .

neofibularia nolitangere

structure revision of two polyoxygenated sterols from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere . - pubmed - ncbi
the sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from neofibularia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) to their own page .
the sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps . - pubmed - ncbi
( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]
( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) wiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
n . mordens in the gulf st . vincent ( south australia ) , n . nolitangere in the caribbean
( of neofibularia nolitangere oxeata hartman , 1967 ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 11 - 13 ; fig 3 [ details ]
hoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge neofibularia nolitangere ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 . [ details ]
australian stinging sponge ( n . mordens ) , touch - me - not - sponge , poison bun sponge ( n . nolitangere )
hoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge < i > neofibularia nolitangere < / i > ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 .
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . [ details ]
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of < i > neofibularia < / i > ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . < em > postilla . < / em > 113 : 1 - 41 .
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 7 - 10 ; fig 1 - 2 [ details ]
( of neofibularia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hechtel , g . j . ( 1965 ) . a systematic study of the demospongiae of port royal , jamaica . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history . 20 : 1 - 103 . page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]
( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) duchassaing de fonbressin , p . ; michelotti , g . ( 1864 ) . spongiaires de la mer caraibe . natuurkundige verhandelingen van de hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te haarlem . 21 ( 2 ) : 1 - 124 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 82 [ details ]
careful reexamination of the published 1h - and 13c - nmr spectral data of ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3β , 5α , 6β , 7α - tetraol ( 1 ) and ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 ( 14 ) - ene - 3β , 5α , 6β , 7α - tetraol ( 2 ) , isolated from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere , indicates that , in reality , compounds 1 and 2 are ( 24s ) - 5α , 6α - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3β , 7α - diol ( 9 ) and ( 24s ) - 5α , 6α - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - ( 14 ) - ene - 3β , 7α - dio ( 10 ) , respectively .
( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) van soest , r . w . m . ; stone , s . m . ; boury - esnault , n . ; rützler , k . ( 1983 ) . catalogue of the duchassaing & michelotti ( 1864 ) collection of west indian sponges ( porifera ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam . 9 ( 21 ) : 189 - 205 . page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]
( of fibulia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1936 ) . a discussion of the sponge fauna of the dry tortugas in particular and the west indies in general , with material for a revision of the families and orders of the porifera . carnegie institute of washington publication . 467 ( tortugas laboratory paper 30 ) 1 - 225 , pls 1 - 22 . page ( s ) : 51 - 52 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
holotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] bmnh 1928 . 11 . 12 . 34 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] mnhn d . nbe 1062 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) carter , h . j . ( 1882 ) . some sponges from the west indies and acapulco in the liverpool free museum described , with general and classificatory remarks . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 9 ( 52 ) : 266 - 301 , 346 - 368 , pls xi - xii . [ details ]
hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rützler , k . ; díaz , m . c . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; zea , s . ; smith , k . p . ; alvarez , b . ; wulff , j . ( 2000 ) . diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds , pelican cays , belize . atoll research bulletin . 476 : 230 - 248 . page ( s ) : 235 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a checklist of the curaçao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms . verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zoölogie ( zoölogisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . 31 : 1 - 39 . page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]
rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
isbistera , g . k . & hooper , j . n . a . 2005 . clinical effects of stings by sponges of the genus tedania and a review of sponge stings worldwide . toxicon 46 : 782–785 . page ( s ) : 783 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
vacelet , j . ( 1990 ) . les spongiaires . in le monde marin . ( ed . claude bouchon ) pp 16 - 33 . la grande encyclopédie de la caraïbe . editions caraïbes , pointe à pitre . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez , t . ; díaz , m . c . ; ruiz , c . ; cóndor - luján , b . ; klautau , m . ; hajdu , e . ; lôbo - hajdu , g . ; zea , s . ; pomponi , s . a . ; thacker , r . w . ; carteron , s . ; tollu , g . ; pouget - cuvelier , a . ; thélamon , p . ; marechal , j . - p . ; thomas , o . p . ; ereskovsky , a . e . ; vacelet , j . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 2017 ) . how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . plos one . 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]
lehnert , h . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1998 ) . shallow water sponges of jamaica . beaufortia . 48 ( 5 ) : 71 - 103 . page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
pulitzer - finali , g . ( 1986 ) . a collection of west indian demospongiae ( porifera ) . in appendix , a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies . annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . 86 : 65 - 216 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . page ( s ) : 141 - 143 [ details ]
zea , s . ( 1987 ) . esponjas del caribe colombiano . ( catálogo cientifico : bogotá , colombia ) : 1 - 286 . page ( s ) : 178 - 182 ; fig 64 [ details ]
díaz , m . c . ( 2005 ) . common sponges from shallow marine habitats from bocas del toro region , panama . caribbean journal of science . 41 ( 3 ) : 465 - 475 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 472 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
alcolado , p . m . 1976 . lista de nuevos registros de poriferos para cuba . serie oceanológica . instituto de oceanologia . academia de ciencias de cuba . oceanologia ( 36 ) : 1 - 11 . page ( s ) : 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gellius massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) arndt , w . ( 1927 ) . kalk - und kieselschwämme von curaçao . bijdragen tot de dierkunde . 25 : 133 - 158 , pls i - iii . [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1953 ) . sponges from the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean . 2 ( 3 ) : 511 - 557 . page ( s ) : 522 [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . [ details ]
notes :
touch - me - not sponge .
in the bahamas it occurs as thick encrustation to tall masses with scattered wide and deep atria , maroon to orange - brown ; oscules inside atria are directed diagonally upwards . in other caribbean areas it consists of large vases / tubes , single or in groups , while in the bahama it appears as if these vases had laterally fused . it produces strong itching when handled .
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
cake - shaped or massively incrusting , with an apical depression , which may lead to a cup - shape . oscules conspicuous , apical or inside the apical depression (
) . surface smooth or shaggy , areolate . size up to about 30 cm high and 30 cm wide . consistency : corky to compressible , fragile , crumbly .
occurring in the reef environment , but often in areas with some disturbance ; occasionally also a member of the fouling community .
contact with bare skin can result in a severe allergic reaction , including pain , numbness , swelling and rash that may last several days .
the species has been observed to
smoke
. such massive sperm releases suggest an oviparous reproduction .
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1984 . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean islands . part iii . poecilosclerida . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 199 .
voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .
a large , irregular and lumpy sponge , which is brown to reddish brown . colonies are composed of several connected , thick walled cylinders or mounds , each with large exhalent openings . the outer surface is lumpy but smooth . inside the openings the surface is rough , to the extent of being ’buttressed’ or being nearly filled with connective tissues . this sponge is highly toxic and should not be touched .
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department of biochemistry and microbiology , university of victoria , victoria , british columbia , canada , v8w 3p6 .
hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]
( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]
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wiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
thick encrusting ( . 4 - 3 cm ) , or massive to large vases ( up to 80 cm wide and high ) . brown - red in color externally , tan internally . surface varies from smooth and porous , to corrugated and microhispid , somewhat velvety . oscules dispersed ( 3 - 6 mm wide ) . firm but very fragile .
a very toxic species . do not touch it with the bared skin ! in bocas it overgrows other reef species aggressively .
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sponges are among the simplest multicellular animals . the vast majority of species live in the marine environment . they represent sessile life forms whose bodies are permeated by numerous channels and chambers . with the help of flagellate cells , water is taken in through numerous superficial openings for filtration for nutrients and respiration . water is expelled again through larger outlet channels .
most accidents occur when gathering sponges . most species only cause mild local effects or none at all . contact with the above - mentioned representatives generally results in pain and itching . local oedema of the soft tissue and joints can also result . spiculae that get stuck under the skin can lead to stiffness of the wrist and finger joints .
european freshwater sponges , such as spongilla lacustris , are also believed to cause dermatitis upon skin contact .
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* author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; e - mail : is . jl - inu . fb @ krut . mot ; tel . : + 386 1 4233388 ; fax : + 386 1 2573390 .
received 2010 mar 3 ; revised 2010 mar 26 ; accepted 2010 apr 2 .
this article is an open - access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .
despite the fact that cytotoxicity is the most widespread characteristic of compounds isolated from marine sponges , they also possess other activities . due to the sessile nature of sponges it is not surprising that many of their natural products show strong antifouling activities . several reviews on such compounds have been published recently [ 17 , 18 ] .
in the present study we report the screening results of several biological activities found in aqueous and organic extracts from 43 tropical marine sponge species that could possibly lead to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmacological interest .
( # 81 ) were strongly hemolytic and showed substantial ache inhibitory activity . after dilution both activities were almost completly lost (
( # 59 ) , on the other hand showed strong hemolytic and considerable ache inhibitory activity . after dilution the former activity was completely preserved while the later was completely lost . undiluted organic extracts from the same sponge also showed moderate pp1 inhibition , while heated aqueous extracts exhibited modest activation of the same enzyme . after dilution the former activity was lost while the later remained unchanged (
1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
+ + + , hemolytic activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) . t 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .
1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
activation is indicated in italics , and denotes a factor by which the pp1 activity is enhanced .
hemolytic activity was present in only a few aqueous samples , whereas the same activity was observed in nearly half of the organic extracts . acetone extracts possessed the highest levels of hemolytic activity , followed by butanol and methanol extracts ; the latter contained the highest amount of extracted material . aqueous extracts whose hemolytic activity was lost after heating were of special interest as this indicated the presence of a proteinaceous active compound ( s ) . based on these criteria such hemolytic proteins may be present in
( # 76 ) , however a second specimen from a different location ( # 14 ) did not exhibit any hemolytic activity . the unheated aqueous extract from
( # 69 ) was hemolytic , but again another specimen ( # 45 ) from a different location was not . these results indicate that the same species from a different location may harbor different chemistry possibly originating from endosymbiotic organisms present in the particular collected specimen . such observations were quite common in this study . another interesting species that showed strong hemolytic activity was
( # 99 ) . in this case , the active compound responsible for hemolytic activity was ascribed to be non - proteinaceous in nature , as its activity was retained after heating . hemolytic assays using diluted samples of aqueous sponge extracts confirmed that
contained the highest levels of hemolytic activity . the most active organic extracts after dilution were those from
) . hemolytic proteins isolated from marine sponges are rare . two such examples are suberitin , isolated from the mediterranean sponge
] . to date no hemolytic compounds have been reported from the marine sponges used in this study . an aqueous extract from
moderate hemagglutinating activity has been detected in 14 aqueous sponge extracts , one showed activity in the heated fraction only and extracts from two sponge species , both heated and unheated fractions , were active . after dilution only one extract from myrmekioderma styx ( # 86 ) showed strong hemagglutinating activity ( 7 . 2 μg / ml ) . the heated fraction lost its activity , suggesting the compound responsible for hemagglutinating activity is probably a lectin or a protein . so far , several compounds with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities have been isolated from this species [ 33 – 36 ] , but no hemagglutinating activity has been reported .
) . almost all samples ( only two samples showed no activity ) were able to prevent growth of at least one bacterial strain . many of the samples inhibited the growth of gram positive bacteria , but only few affected the growth of gram negative bacteria . organic extracts tended to be more active than the aqueous extracts . diluted samples of those sponges that showed the highest antibacterial activity were retested and results expressed as a minimal inhibitory concentration ( mic ,
( # 59 , # 93 ) showed considerable antimicrobial activity . the most active samples were the butanol extracts from
( # 38 , mic = 80 ng / ml ) . the highest antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extracts was found in the unheated extract from
are among the most widely studied in terms of their natural products . a number of different compounds have been isolated and characterized , many of them being antimicrobial [
( # 61 ) . the antimicrobial activity of the unheated aqueous extract ( mic = 48 μg / ml ) was about 100 fold more potent than the heated extracts , again indicating the active compound might be a peptide or a protein . the specificity against gram negative bacteria is interesting because these bacteria are usually more resistant to antimicrobial compounds due to the lipopolysaccharidic component of their cell wall .
showed considerable inhibitory activity , the most active being the butanolic extract ( 34 μg ) which inhibited almost 50 % of ache activity .
) . several heated aqueous extracts enhanced pp1 activity by up to 2 - fold . the only exceptions are the unheated and heated aqueous extracts from
( # 9 ) which caused 23 % and 44 % inhibition , respectively . organic extracts caused pp1 inhibition only . the most active extracts were those from
( # 83 ) and from an unidentified sponge ( # 21 ) . from each of these species at least one organic extract totally inhibited pp1 activity . the concentrations necessary for total enzyme inhibition range from 54 to 790 μg / ml . the interesting pp1 activation by several aqueous heated extracts cannot be explained by the presence of innate protein phosphatases since those should be destroyed by heating . we cannot exclude the possibility that activation is due to the interference between certain compounds in tested extracts with chromophores used in the pp1 inhibition assay .
sixty - six sponge specimens were studied , represented by 43 sponge species ( table 1a and 1b ) . thirty - five were collected by scuba by dr . daniel schaft at depths from 5 to 45 m in the reefs of curaçao ( netherlands antilles ) at several locations : the entrance of picadera bay , coastline of charo and boca sami . the specimens were taxonomically determined to species level , seven remained unidentified . the other eight species were collected from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) , and identified to at least genus level .
all sponge samples were lyophilized and dried weight was determined . the total material was divided into two parts ; one part for aqueous extraction , the other subjected to extraction with organic solvents . the total mass of freeze - dried sponge samples was within the range from 0 . 35 g to 36 . 8 g .
the protein content was determined only in unheated samples and measured by bca protein reagent according to the manufacturers manual ( pierce , usa ) . different concentrations of bovine serum albumin ( sigma , usa ) were used as a standard . prior to the addition of the reagent , samples were diluted 1 : 20 ( v / v ) with deionized water . the colour formation was determined at 562 nm using microtiter plate reader ( dynex technologies , usa ) after 30 min of incubation .
samples obtained by aqueous extraction were tested for hemagglutinating activity . fresh bovine erythrocytes were washed twice in buffer as described above ( see hemolytic activity assay ) . two per cent final erythrocyte suspension was prepared using the same buffer . the erythrocyte suspension ( 100 μl ) was added to each well of a 96 round - well microtitre plate , followed by 25 μl of samples . hemagglutination was visually inspected after 45 min of incubation at room temperature .
the effects of sponge samples on pp1 activity were monitored colorimetrically according to tubaro et al . [ 29 ] using a microplate reader ( dynex , usa ) . rabbit recombinant α - isoform pp1 expressed in e . coli ( sigma , usa ) was the enzyme used . to each well of the microtiter plate 150 μl of buffer ( 40 mm tris / hcl , 34 mm mgcl 2 . 6h 2 o , 4 mm edta and 4 mm dl - dtt , ph 8 . 4 ) , 50 μl of the substrate ( 141 mm p - nitrophenil phosphate ) and 2 μl of sponge samples ( 2 μl of deionized water or ethanol in the controls ) was added . the reaction was started by the addition of 50 μl of buffer - dissolved pp1 ( 0 . 25 u / ml ) . samples that showed activity were further diluted ( 1 : 10 and 1 : 100 v / v ) . all reactions were monitored for 12 min at 25 °c for the colour development at 405 nm .
hemolytic activity : + , moderate activity ( t 50 between 10 and 15 min ) ; + + , strong activity ( t 50 between 5 and 10 min ) ; + + + , very strong activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) .
t 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .
ache inhibition : + , moderate inhibition ( 0–33 % ) ; + + , strong inhibition ( 34–66 % ) ; + + + , very strong inhibition ( 67–100 % ) .
pp1 activation / inhibition : a , activation ( up to 100 % ) ; i , moderate inhibition ( 0–33 % ) ; ii , strong inhibition ( 34–66 % ) ; iii , very strong inhibition ( 67–100 % ) .
list of species from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) .
this study was supported by the research program p1 - 207 toxins and biomembranes funded by slovenian research agency . the authors would like to thank tina dolinšek , petra cesarec , aleš likar and bojan martinšek for their technical help .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
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etymology : - from the latin porus for pore and ferre to bear , hence an animal with with pores .
characteristics of porifera : - 1 ) no definite symmetry . 2 ) body multicellular , few tissues , no organs . 3 ) cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity . 4 ) all are sessile , ( live attached to something as an adult ) . 5 ) reproduce sexually or asexually , sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic . 6 ) has no nervous system . 7 ) has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic . 8 ) lives in aquatic environments , mostly marine . 9 ) all are filter feeders . 10 ) often have a skeleton of spicules .
sponges are one of the better known groups of invertebrates , due to their usefulness in the bath many people who care nothing for invertebrates at least know name and may even have seen a sponges skeleton on sale in a shop . one of the more amazing things about sponges is there ability to suffer damage . because the cells are not linked in a tissue it is possible for them to be separated an then come together again . some species such as the freshwater sponge ephydatia fluviatilis can be pushed through a sieve , then if given time the individual cells will come together again and make a new sponge .


the lime-speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is a common species throughout the palearctic region ( where it is found in europe , central asia , mongolia , southern siberia , eastern china ( guangdong ) and taiwan ) , the near east and north africa .

lime - speck pug

lime - speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 57
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 98
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 105
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 122
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 120
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 59
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 114
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 83
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 49
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 126
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 142
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 79
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 76
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 62
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 96
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 102
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 39
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 101
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 52
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 37
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 81
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 53
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 43
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 143
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 129
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 45
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 88
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 86
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 124
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 117
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 131
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 64
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 132
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 55
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 141
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 138
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 91
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 67
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 75
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 50
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 41
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 72
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 110
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 137
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 47
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 103
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 112
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 127
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 106
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 94
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 99
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 119
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 33
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 135
a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .
wingspan 16 - 20 mm . a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
fairly common throughout britain , occurring in a wide range of habitats , the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .
the caterpillars feed on the flowers of a range of low - growing plants .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 06 : 05 : 08 page render time : 0 . 3618s total w / procache : 0 . 4299s
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urltoken
recorded in 66 ( 96 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
click here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .
the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .
fairly common throughout britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
the large dark splodge on each forewing together with smaller black round - bractet is highly indicative of this moth . when the insect is resting it could easily be mistaken for a bird dropping . has many habitats in open land . is not fussy and can be found on a wide range of herbaceous plants . 20 - 24mm across when opened .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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urltoken
for the county , we have a total of 5098 records from 377 sites . first recorded in 1880 .
: sparsely recorded from all five vice - counties . most frequent in the south , although not seen near selby ( vc61 / 64 ) for many years ( smj pers . comm . ) .
: doing well in the county particularly in lowland areas . two overlapping broods , the second being larger .
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urltoken
notes : common in gardens , hedgerows , scrub and saltmarshes , and on roadside verges throughout the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight widespread and common . wingspan 20 - 24 mm . unmistakable . larva feeds on such plants as ragwort , mugwort , sea wormwood , burnet - saxifrage , knapweed , scabious , hemp - agrimony , yarrow , traveller ' s - joy , goldenrod and wild angelica , over - wintering as a pupa .
description : wingspan 20 - 24 mm . adults resemble a bird dropping when at rest . forewings greyish white with a dark brown blotch that merges with the black discal spot ; the size of the blotch can vary between individuals . there are also darker blotches running along the dorsum of the forewing . hindwings pale white with a small black discal spot and chequered fringe .
flight period : end of may to late august . skinner gives from summer to early autumn as the normal flight period in britain .
status : common and fairly widespread in eastern counties with the majority of records coming from well - recorded sites along the down coastline . it has also been recorded from several inland sites in north armagh at loughgall , aughinlig and navan and also from rathlin island , antrim .
ecology : a polyphagous species found in a variety of habitats in small numbers . adults come frequently to light and will occasionally visit flowers . the larvae feed during june and july on the flowers of mouse - ears cerastium spp . it overwinters as a pupa .
world distribution : eurasiatic ; common throughout europe as far east as asia and also north africa .
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urltoken
weed of the week burdock description : . . . - thunderbird outdoor adventures | facebook
these pages show a variety of moth caterpillars that can be found in typical habitats . this is unlike the organisation of adult moths as they tend to have a recognised and restricted flight period , often only a couple of months . caterpillars , on the other hand , are around much longer . the larval stage of many species lasts maybe ten months , with part - grown larvae hibernating over the winter . there are caterpillars you would be almost guaranteed to find on heather moorland but would never see in your garden , and vice versa . other categories include coast , scrub , carr & hedgerows , woodland , roadsides & waste ground . some species overlap habitats , inevitably . a selection of the most likely species to be found in each habitat are shown .
it should be emphasised just how hard it is to find most larvae , and then how difficult it is to identify many without rearing them . comments alongside many photographs provide guidance on identification and confusion species ( many of which make then indistiguishable ) and also the likelyhood of finding them and when they might be found .
butterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) .
taken at musselburgh on 13th august 2017 using panasonic lumix lx5 in macro mode .
a variety of flowers including yarrow , burdock , heather . nectar rich flowers . all the wings being largely white except for a black blotch on the costa of the forewing . 20 - 24 mm . woodland . summer - autumn .
the larvae are found in various colours with diagonal patches down the sides finishing on top of the larva . yellow form - with brownish red markings . green form - dark green markings . pinkish form - deep pink markings .
the moth has a white to whitish brown narrow forewing with a black discal spot located on a light or darker black patch adjacent to the costa , which makes this moth unmistakeable .
if disturbed they tend to hide beneath a leaf . the moth is attracted to light and is a regular visitor to the light trap .
website where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .
plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant
lepi - plants
page where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .
a sub - family of more than 150 species . typically feeding on the foliage of a wide range of dicot plants , although many species consume the host ' s flowers and seeds . particular genera display affinities for certain hosts , e . g . scotopteryx on leguminous herbs and shrubs ( fabaceae ) ; catarhoe on bedstraws ( rubiaceae ) ; chloroclysta on shrubs and trees ; and thera on conifers .
old data currently unassessed by a specialist for changes in nomenclature , new species to the british list , new interactions , errors in original sources , and misspellings . new material added from waring , townsend & lewington , 2003 . field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . british wildlife publishing , uk . ; ;
below is a list of all sources for this family / sub - family contained within dbif . click on source name for a list of all records for this source .
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 26
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 130
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 122
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 15
barbour , d . a . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 146 - 146 : 146
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 25
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 20
costen , p . d . m . & peet , t . n . d . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0217 - 0218 : 0217
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 103
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 88
haggett , g . m . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 31 221 - 226 :
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0207 - 00208 : 0208
corley , m . f . v . ( 1984 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 35 : 2 76 - 77 : 77
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 34
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 128
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 40
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 98
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 129
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 41
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 24
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 92
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 119
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 41
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 82
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 26
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117
arnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 91 : 11 289 - 332 : 322
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 115
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 34
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 16
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 126
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 76
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 95
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 40
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 18
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 32
owen , d . f . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 52 - 52 : 52
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 107
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 33
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 31
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 108
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 10
owen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 210
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 124
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 85
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 23
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 33
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 24
owen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 212
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 96
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 123
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 83
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 120
knill - jones , r . p . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 77 - 77 : 77
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 42
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 38
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 89
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 110
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 121
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 33
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 102
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 75
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 111
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 100
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 27
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 13
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 90
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 39
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 78
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 21
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 30
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 37
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 127
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 104
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 29
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 112
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 14
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 84
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 91
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 72
owen , d . f . ( 1983 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 95 20 - 20 : 20
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 37
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 36
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 87
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 36
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 19
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 101
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 22
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s mon . mag . 37 : 2 68 - 68 : 68
michaelis , h . n . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 40 - 40 : 40
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 35
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 118
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 79
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 30
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 31
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 97
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 73
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 12
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 29
viart , m . ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) poplars and willows in wood production and land use . fao forestry series 10 1 - 328 : 230
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 81
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 114
riley , a . m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 36 : 4 259 - 261 : 260
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 11
west , b . k . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 198 - 198 : 198
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 38
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 113
haggett , g . m . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 236 - 236 : 236
sterling , m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 27 - 28 : 27
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 77
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 80
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 34
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 28
agassiz , d . & skinner , b . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 92 162 - 166 : 164
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 39
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 17
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 109
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 93
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 28
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 106
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 27
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 125
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 98 85 - 89 : 85
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 23
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 74
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 86
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council :
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 35
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 99
skinner , b . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 185 - 186 : 186
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we supply yarrow in our selected wildflower trays or seed mixes but we also sell it here on its own , as seed , 55cc plug plants , or in more generous half litre pots .
supplier : british wildflower plants / all things rural our yarrow plants and seeds have guaranteed uk provenance and are supplied by signatories to the flora locale code of practice .
welcome to our online shop , where you will find top quality plants , trees and seeds , delivered straight to you from our community of specialist growers and harvesters around britain . we donate half of our profits from sales through the shop to uk conservation charities .
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butterfly conservation ' s rough bank reserve is a site known by some local butterfly enthusiasts for many years , but until 2012 ( the year when bc purchased rough bank ) there had been few reports of moths found there apart from daytime observations on a few occasions . one such record in 1993 was of a larva of narrow - bordered bee hawk - moth found feeding on devil ' s - bit scabious . five nationally scarce micro - moth species had also been recorded at the site in the past .
since 2012 a total of 628 moth species have been recorded on the site ( plus 4 other species only recorded in earlier years ) . three of these were the first records for the species in gloucestershire : trifurcula headleyella and coleophora therinella in 2012 , and aphelia viburnana in 2014 .
3 nationally rare species have been found at rough bank ( species given provisional red data book status in the 2012 review of the status of microlepidoptera in britain ) , and 43 nationally scarce species : 3 in the
notable a
category , 40
notable b
. for more information about these species see the rough bank rare and scarce moths page .
this page lists the moth species recorded at the site , mostly on the unimproved limestone grassland slopes of rough bank sssi but also any additional species recorded in the two pasture fields which were included in bc ' s purchase . these fields both have wetland areas with plants associated with such habitat and supporting colonies of some rush - feeding moth species .
for each species the table below lists the agassiz , beavan & heckford checklist number , the bradley list number , scientific and common names , national status , earliest and most recent years recorded and typical uk larval food . the list will be updated at least annually using records sent to the current vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder , robert homan . it is updated more frequently with my own records from the site , and sometimes with additional species reported to me . records prior to 2012 are from the former gloucestershire moth recorder roger gaunt ' s database .
following the publication in september 2015 of a paper showing that delplanqueia inscriptella occurs in the uk and d . dilutella seems to be very restricted in its range , all previous gloucestershire records of d . dilutella are doubtful . from reexamination of a few kept specimens ( all looking too dark for d . dilutella ) , d . inscriptella has been found at several gloucestershire sites including rough bank .
the species name links in the table below are to the species entries on the uk moths website . please note that the gloucestershire moth distribution maps are not updated frequently , so some species listed below may not yet be shown as recorded in the rough bank tetrad so90e . also some informal reports of species from rough bank are listed below , but such records will only be mapped if the recorder sends them to the vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder - for contact details see the distribution maps page .
perforate & other st . john ' s - worts , bird ' s - foot trefoil
bird ' s - foot trefoil ( f . palustrella ) ; greater b - f . tref . ( f . decreta )
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upto four 125wmv traps two 6w and a 15w actinic trap were placed over a wide area of the bog on four separate dates in may , june , july and august , usually covering the bog myrtle / heather communities and the birch / pine habitats . a further daytime search was made in october for leaf mines . the uk status is common
unless stated , although some of the micro - moths ( especially the leaf mines , nepticulidae & gracillariidae ) usually comes under the ‘unknown’ category as very little is known and studied with this neglected group . all larval food plants are in brackets . the numbers on the left hand side are the bradley & fletcher numbers .
1313 catoptria pinella ( grasses & sedges esp . tufted hair - grass ) ( local )
2130 dotted clay ( various trees & plants inc . heather and bog myrtle )
2196 striped wainscot ( common reed & various grasses inc . purple moor - grass ) ( local )
2286 light knot grass ( various plants inc . heather and bog myrtle ) ( local )
2305 small angle shades ( various trees & plants inc . bracken and birch )
2412 silver hook ( sedges & grasses inc . tufted - hair grass ) ( local )
2484 pinion - streaked snout ( unknown , but probably inc . heather’s and rushes ) ( local )
2493 dotted fan - foot ( various marsh grasses inc . wood - rush & wood - sedge ) ( notable n / b )
if we were to split the food plants into three main categories which are associated with dersingham bog , heathland , birch and pines then this gives more of a clue as to what species is using what habitat .
striped wainscot ( grasses inc . purple - moor grass / common reed ) local
bog myrtle would be widely used by many species under the larval food plant heading of ‘various plants’ ( as would heather ) . this would include the local pinion - streaked snout .
mention must be made of the light knot grass trapped here in may and june . in norfolk it has been recorded from roydon common for some years now and this was the first record away from this site . its nearest occurrence to norfolk is the staffordshire moorlands .
other food plants associated with the wetter areas of dersingham bog such as phragmites , juncus etc , deserve special mention too .
a summary of the above gives over 45 local species associated with the bog , one notable na and three notable nb .
is a brightly - coloured geometer moth that is usually seen more in daylight , lightly flying over the wetter areas of the heathland , it will also come to light . the food plant is marsh cinquefoil (
is only a tiny noctuid 15 - 18 mm long , very easily overlooked and may be mistaken for a microlepidopteron . upto 100 were noted around the bog myrtle during the july visit , with fewer in the august visit . the larval food plant is not known but orhant ( 1977 ) considers it likely to be juncus spp .
usually found in reed - beds and fens in east anglia and the larva feed on sallow and various marsh sedges and grasses . it seems to becoming more widespread over the last few years .