elimia tenera , formerly known as goniobasis tenera , is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum , in the aquatic gastropod mollusk family pleuroceridae .

this species flourished during the eocene and is now known only from the fossil record .

the genus name elimia was restored to this species in 1975 ; formerly it was placed in goniobasis .

elimia tenera

aquamarine | elimia tenera fossil | raw aquamarine & elimia tenera mismatched earring studs . mermaid earrings . boho jewelry .
turritella agate slab , elimia agate slice for cabbing or display , fossilized elimia tenera , 91x64x6 . 7mm
paleo & geo topics : comments by r . l . squires : elimia tenera : a commonly misidentified eocene freshwater snail
elimia tenera , green river formation , usa , eocene era ( 45 mya ) - 18 . 8g | fossils | pinterest | green river
elimia tenera , green river formation , usa , eocene era ( 45 mya ) - 15 . 4g | fossils | pinterest | green river
click the button below to add the turritella ( elimia tenera ) fossil - 34 to 56 mya - actual authentic fossil to your wish list .
this rock ( 77 mm width ) is fully packed with specimens of e . tenera .
elimia tenera : specimen on the left ( 19 mm height ) shows the spiral ribs , and the specimen on the right ( 14 mm height ) shows both spiral and radial ribs .
turritella agate , elimia tenera fossil shell , 6mm ( 6 . 4mm ) round beads , 16 inch , full strand , approx 65 beads , hole 1mm , a + quality ( 421054002 )
named
turritella
in error decades ago . the correct name is
elimia agate .
this polished slab ( 37 mm width ) shows only the cross section of shells of e . tenera .
so , next time you visit your favorite rock and fossil shop or show , ask for an agatized elimia tenera cabechon . it is very likely no one will know what you are talking about . but you will !
rather , the green river formation fresh water snail species is elimia tenera , and is a member of the pleuroteridae family of gastropods . the best preserved specimens are found in the laney member of the green river formation in sweetwater county , wyoming . elimia tenera are prolifically preserved in regions of southern wyoming , northern colorado and northeastern utah where near shore lake beds were silicified during burial . intermittent volcanic eruptions likely provided the hot silica - rich ground waters responsible for shallow formation of chalcedony in a subtropical environment where the gastropods thrived .
elimia tenera , which used to be ( and incorrectly ) called goniobasis tenera , is a freshwater snail that lived in shallow subtropical lakes with intermittent volcanic eruptions nearby . this gastropod is of eocene age and is commonly found in the laney member of the green river formation in utah . this is the same formation that famously has many very well preserved fish , insect , leaf , and other fossils .
over the years , as i have viewed various collections of fossils , i have come across specimens of a small fossil gastropod that occur in great abundance . rocks containing these shells can be found for sale in rock shops or online , and the shells are commonly and incorrectly called “ turritella agate . ” these rocks do not consist of turritella ; rather they consists of specimens of the freshwater gastropod elimia tenera ( hall , 1845 ) , which have been preserved in chalcedony . actual specimens of turritella can be much larger , possess only spiral ribs , and are known only from shallow - marine deposits . elimia tenera has both radial and spiral ribs , and the aperture of elimia is quite unlike that of turritella .
abundant plants and algae grew on the margins of these lakes , providing a perfect habitat and food source for elimia tenera , the freshwater snail . when the snails died , their shells sank to the bottom of the lake . the snails were so prolific that entire lenses of sediment were composed almost entirely of their shells .
this organic gem material was incorrectly named decades ago when the christener thought that the spectacular spiral - shaped gastropod ( snail ) fossils entombed within the stone were members of the marine turritella genus . that was a mistake . instead , the fossils are of the freshwater snail , elimia tenera , a member of the pleuroceridae family .
if you want to learn more about elimia tenera and the best name for turritella agate , we recommend a visit to the paleontological research institution - people who know what they are talking about when it comes to fossils . their article on turritella agate was authored by dr . warren d . allmon , director of the institution .
the rock shown above is lacustrine fossiliferous chert packed with fossil snails . this material is popular with rockhounds and lapidarists , who call it
turritella agate
. well , it ' s not agate - it ' s fossiliferous chert . and the snails aren ' t turritella , they are elimia tenera ( animalia , mollusca , gastropoda , cerithioidea , pleuroceridae ) .
turritella agate is a type of chalcedony rich sedimentary rock from wyoming usa . it is characterized by the distinct snail shell - like creamy coloured markings within a mainly dark brown / black base . the creamy patterns are created by , and composed of , the silicated fossilized remains of an extinct type of freshwater snail , namely elimia tenera , from the turritella genus .
these three specimens of e . tenera are internal casts ( i . e . , each one shows only the interior of a shell , which was filled with chalcedony ) . the largest specimen is 14 mm height .
there has been considerable disagreement in blogs and websites as to whether or not the e . tenera specimens , found in rock shops , have been replaced by chalcedony or agate . technically speaking , chalcedony is the “culprit . ” it is a microcrystalline form of silica , and chalcedony has many varieties , including agate , which commonly has multi - colored curved or angular banding . the specimens of e . tenera that i have seen were replaced by a fairly uniform brown or gray color of “ordinary” chalcedony and not replaced by the more eye - catching , beautiful colors typically associated with agate .
turritella agate / elimia agate : a close - up photo of a sawn surface of turritella agate showing numerous spiral - shaped snail shells . this type of view shows how the internal cavities of the shells and the voids between the shells have all been infilled with the translucent - to - transparent agate . this view is about two inches across .
if you go into a rock shop or a gem , mineral , and fossil show and ask for
elimia agate ,
a lot of people will say that they have never heard of it . but , if you ask for turritella , almost everyone around you will know what it is . the incorrect name is that well - entrenched in the lapidary trade .
before the correct name was realized and widely published , the gem material became quite popular and the name
turritella
went wild in lapidary magazines , gem , mineral , and fossil books , catalogs , and exhibits . today it is typically seen without corrective note in all of those sources , along with websites , online auctions , and computer software . only a fraction of the people who have collected the material , cut it into cabochons , sold it , bought it , or worn it in jewelry have any knowledge that elimia is a more appropriate name .
molluscan taxa and their paleoecological associations appear to remain uniform throughout deposition of the formation , except for the large planorbid biomphalaria pseudoammonius , which occurs only in the bridgerian - aged rocks of the formation . living forms of the most common freshwater taxa elimia , viviparus , and the unionids ) do not now naturally occur in the rocky mountains , but occur in two separated regions : one in the eastern mississippi river drainages , the other in the pacific northwest . this distribution reflects the shift from perennial warm waters in the eocene to cooler , largely intermittent waters in the post - eocene .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : north american freshwater snails author : j b burch publisher : hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , ©1989 . oclc : 20559611
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online version : burch , j . b . ( john bayard ) , 1929 - north american freshwater snails . hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , ©1989 ( ocolc ) 767787615
preface v i . introduction 1 ii . systematics , nomenclature , indentification and morphology 7 - systematics 7 - nomenclature 18 - identification and morphology 25 iii . habitats and distribution 74 - habitats 74 - distribution 76 iv . species list , ranges and illustrations 81 - family neritinidae [ neritidae ] 81 - family valvatidae 81 - family viviparidae 84 - family ampullariidae [ pilidae ] 90 - family bithyniidae 92 - family micromelaniidae 92 - family hydrobiidae 92 - family pomatiopsidae 130 - family thiaridae 130 - family pleuroceridae 131 - family acroloxidae 170 - family lymnaeidae 170 - family physidae 182 - family planorbidae 194 - family ancylidae 212 v . identification keys to the freshwater gastropods of north america 217 - families and higher taxa 217 - family neritidae [ neritinidae ] 223 - family valvatidae 223 - family viviparidae 227 - family ampullariidae [ pilidae ] 230 - family bithyniidae 230 - family micromelaniidae 231 - family hydrobiidae 231 - family pomatiopsidae 239 - family thiaridae 240 - family pleuroceridae 241 - family acroloxidae 247 - family lymnaeidae 247 - family physidae 253 - family planorbidae 254 - family ancylidae 261 vi . generic synonymy 264 vii . supplemental notes 268 viii . glossary 285 ix . references 77 , 293 x . index 338 corrigenda 80 , 283
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north american freshwater snails / j b burch ; hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , ©1989 .
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author : hobart m . king , ph . d . , gia graduate gemologist
turritella agate is the popular name used for a brown , translucent , fossiliferous agate found in the green river formation of wyoming . it is very easy to recognize because it contains large fossil snails that stand out in a white - to - tan color that contrasts with the brownish agate .
it is possible that the misnamed turritella is the best - known fossil from the green river formation .
turritella agate cabochon : a cabochon cut from turritella agate that features one of the spiral - shaped snail shells . this cab is about 1 1 / 2 by 1 inch in size .
about 50 million years ago , during the eocene epoch , the young rocky mountains were almost finished growing , and the landscape of what is now parts of colorado , utah , and wyoming consisted of rugged mountains separated by broad intermountain basins . rains falling on the slopes of these mountains ran off of the land and collected into streams that carried sand , silt , mud , and dissolved materials down into the lakes that occupied the intermountain basins . over time , these sediments began filling the lakes , and many types of fossils were preserved within them .
after these layers were buried , groundwater moved through the sediments . small amounts of dissolved microcrystalline silica in the groundwater began to precipitate , possibly in the form of a gel , within the cavities of the snail shells and the empty spaces between them . over time , the entire mass of fossils was silicified , forming the brown fossiliferous agate ( also known as chalcedony ) that we know today as turritella agate .
the green river formation is one of the best - known rock units in the world for its fossils . some geologists call it a
lagerst├ątte ,
a name given to a rock unit that is exceptionally rich in fossils . spectacular fish , plant , insect , and animal fossils have been found in the green river formation .
turritella slab : a slab of turritella agate about six inches in width and 3 / 8 inch thick . slabs like this are used to cut cabochons . the lapidary selects a nice scene in the slab , saws a rough outline , and grinds the material into a cab .
for at least the past fifty years , turritella agate has been prized as a unique and beautiful gem material . when it is completely silicified , it can be sawn into slabs that are polished and used for bookends , desk sets , clock faces , and other lapidary craft items .
many lapidaries mark ovals , circles , squares and other shapes on the slabs and cut them into cabochons . these make great pendants , belt buckles , bolos , ring stones , and earrings . scraps and pieces too small to slab or make other items with can be placed in a rock tumbler to produce some of the most interesting tumbled stones .
people who see these beautiful projects marvel that so many spectacular fossils are preserved in the rock . they are also surprised by the cross - sections of the fossils that are visible in great detail on the slabs , cabs , and tumbled stones . turritella is one of the most fascinating gem materials and a lesson in snail anatomy .
the rock material that contains the fossil snails ranges from a shale to a sandstone . some of it has been silicified into a dense agate that is free of voids and serves as an excellent gem material . however , most of the material is only somewhat silicified , or unsilicified .
when purchasing or collecting material for lapidary work , it must be carefully inspected to be sure that it is fully silicified and that the fossils are firmly cemented into the rock . some of the vendors who sell it do not know the qualities that are needed for lapidary work . incompletely silicified material is a waste of money and time . it is frustrating to cut , yields a low - quality product , and doesn ' t even make nice tumbled stones .
turritella agate rough : another close - up photo of turritella agate . the width of this view is about two inches .
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dr . squires shares his enthusiasm for interesting paleontologic and geologic topics with the general public .
today is confined entirely to north american fresh waters : the eastern united states and into texas and from southern canada to florida . pleurocerids might be relicts ( “living fossils” ) from earlier geologic times ( paleozoic ? ) in eastern north america .
i taught paleontology for 40 years at california state university northridge . my on - going research concerns fossil mollusks ( i . e . , snails and clams ) that can be found in cretaceous and cenozoic rocks along the west coast of north america .
all images and text are copyrighted by r . squires , unless otherwise noted . . simple theme . powered by blogger .
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, department of geology and geological engineering , univ of north dakota , box 8358 , grand forks , nd 58202 , joseph _ hartman @ und . nodak . edu , hanley , john h , u . s . geol survey , denver federal center , box 25046 , denver , co 80225 , good , steven c . , department of geology & astronomy , west chester univ , west chester , pa 19383 , and evanoff , emmett , university of colorado museum , univ colorado - boulder , campus box 265 , boulder , co 80309 - 0265
the shells of freshwater and terrestrial mollusks occur in all facies of the wasatchian and bridgerian - age green river formation and can be so abundant as to form coquinas . fossil assemblages include freshwater gastropods , terrestrial ( subaerial ) gastropods , freshwater mussels , and fingernail clams .
. these two gill - bearing snails are most abundant in the high - energy shore facies of the formation . other gastropods include species of
( heterostropha ) . the latter are typically the only gastropods that occur in the sublittoral oil shales . freshwater pulmonate gastropods are numerically rare in the formation but include species of
. the pulmonate gastropods typically occur in near - shore facies and in pond deposits in the wasatch and bridger formations lateral to the green river formation .
is most abundant in the near - shore facies . the highly alkaline chemistries of the green river lakes allowed for the preservation of the glochidium on adult shells of
is most abundant in the sublittoral facies and can occur in the oil shales .
© copyright 2002 the geological society of america ( gsa ) , all rights reserved . permission is hereby granted to the author ( s ) of this abstract to reproduce and distribute it freely , for noncommercial purposes . permission is hereby granted to any individual scientist to download a single copy of this electronic file and reproduce up to 20 paper copies for noncommercial purposes advancing science and education , including classroom use , providing all reproductions include the complete content shown here , including the author information . all other forms of reproduction and / or transmittal are prohibited without written permission from gsa copyright permissions .
we interpret the lower laclede bed to record deposition in a balanced - fill lake basin , in which lakes of varying salinity expanded and contracted across a low - relief basin floor . the preservation of shoreline and alluvial facies in the northeastern part of the transect suggest maximum lake depths of ~ 50 m or less , based on analogy to the modern bear river delta in utah . we interpret the upper laclede bed to record deposition in an overfilled lake basin , that was continuously occupied by a relatively stable , freshwater lake with an outlet to the south .
previous studies concluded that the transition to overfilled conditions resulted from capture of the idaho river . the results of this study suggest a more complex process of continuous watershed expansion that occurred throughout laney member deposition . based on 87s r / 86 sr ratios , the base of the laney member in the bridger basin appears to be slightly older than in the washakie basin . capture of the idaho river did trigger the shift to overfilled conditions however , and southward spillage of lake gosiute caused lakes in the piceance creek and uinta basins to merge and deposit the highly organic - rich mahogany zone . detritus from the challis volcanic field eventually filled in lake gosiute , and was then carried downstream to partly fill lake uinta .
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we thank b . l . beard , k . m . bohacs , h . p . buchheim , g . grabowski , c . m . johnson , j . t . pietras , and m . e . smith for their helpful assistance , advice , and discussions concerning the laney member . e . drew , e . parcher - wartes , and j . van alstine served as tireless field assistants during this project , and a . devaughn assisted with laboratory analyses . we are grateful for funding received from conoco , texaco , the u . s . national science foundation ( ear - 9406684 and ear - 9628549 to c . m . johnson ) , the donors of the petroleum research fund of the american chemical society , the j . david love wyoming field geology fellowship , and the university of wisconsin - madison department of geoscience , and the morgridge distinguished graduate fellowship . we also thank m . e . smith for thoughtfully reviewing the manuscript .
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winland hd , matthews rk ( 1974 ) origin and significance of grapestone , bahama islands . j sediment petrol 44 : 921–927
wolfbauer ca , surdam rc ( 1974 ) origin of nonmarine dolomite in eocene lake gosiute , green river basin , wyoming . geol soc am bull 85 : 1733–1740
rhodes m . k . , carroll a . r . ( 2015 ) lake type transition from balanced - fill to overfilled : laney member , green river formation , washakie basin , wyoming . in : smith m . , carroll a . ( eds ) stratigraphy and paleolimnology of the green river formation , western usa . syntheses in limnogeology , vol 1 . springer , dordrecht
green river fossil bat : this 5 . 5 inch long bat is the most primitive bat known . claws on each finger of its wings indicate it was probably an agile climber and crawled along and under tree branches searching for insects . national park service photo . enlarge image .
the green river formation has yielded some of the best - preserved and oldest fossil bats ever found . it has also produced a variety of other unusual fossils such as turtles , crayfish , and horses . the photos shown below are by the national park service - fossil butte national monument .
green river fossil turtle : this 1 . 7 meter ( 5 foot 6 inch ) softshell turtle is one of the largest turtles from fossil lake . during the eocene , trionychid turtles reached maximum size . today , north america ' s largest softshell turtles reach 51 cm ( 20 inches ) in length . national park service photo . enlarge image .
green river fossil turtle : this ten - inch - long turtle belongs to the baenidae family , an extinct north american group . shell characteristics , a very long tail and recurved claws suggest they were strong bottom - walking turtles . national park service photo . enlarge image .
green river fossil horse : most mammal fossils consist of teeth and bone fragments . this fully - articulated early horse is an extremely rare find and to date , the only horse found in the green river formation . national park service photo . enlarge image .
green river fossil crayfish : crayfish lived in the shallow , near - shore water of fossil lake . procambarus is known only from the eocene deposits of fossil lake . its closest living relative , austrocambarus , is found in mexico . national park service photo . enlarge image .
green river fossil stingray : heliobatis radians had small teeth for crushing snails and other mollusks and barbed spines on the tail for defense . national park service photo . enlarge image .
dacite - a light - colored extrusive igneous rock intermediate between rhyolite and andesite .
kick ' em jenny is a submarine volcano and one of the most active on the caribbean plate .
ash plume at kilauea caused by explosions in the summit crater rise high into the atmosphere .
minerals : information about ore minerals , gem materials and rock - forming minerals .
plate tectonics - articles and maps about plate tectonics and the interior of earth .
cleoniceras ammonite fossil , middle cretaceous ( 110 mya ) , tulear , madagascar - 13 . 8g | fossils | pinterest | ammonite
polished horn coral fossil , western sahara , morocco , devonian ( 380 mya ) - 7 . 1g | fossils | pinterest | western sahara
turritella agate
from the eocene of wyoming , usa . ( 5 . 7 cm across along the base )
of all the molluscs , the gastropods ( snails ) have made the most ecological adaptations . they can be found in almost all fundamental environments : marine , freshwater , terrestrial . most gastropods live in the ocean , and have a single , asymmetrically coiled , external shell of calcium carbonate ( caco3 - usually aragonite ) . the hard calcareous shell is the most easily fossilized part of the gastropod . the soft parts of a snail ( the “slug” portion ) include a well developed head having eyes , tentacles , and a mouth , and a well developed , strong , muscular foot used principally for locomotion . the shell is carried upright on the snail’s back , or is partially dragged behind . when threatened by a predator , many snails can retract their soft parts into the shell’s interior for protection .
many fossil snails in the paleozoic rock record are often not well preserved , or are preserved as internal molds . the original aragonite of many gastropod shells is not stable on geologic time scales , and often recrystallizes or dissolves completely away . fossil snail shells in mesozoic and cenozoic rocks are usually better preserved .
sometimes things get named too fast and once labeled incorrect associations are very difficult to rectify . have you ever seen “ turritella agate” at your favorite fossil dealer’s table ? it has often been polished into cabochons designed to display the whorls of the spiral shaped shell and the agate that has filled the apertures . raw specimens are attractive as well .
the cabachon on the left is 1 . 5” high and is from utah . the raw hand sample on the left is from south central wyoming . both are incorrectly labeled turritella agate in their internet source .
the pieces will probably come with the label “green river formation” and it might be from wyoming , utah or colorado . the location is likely correct , but the fossil identification is not .
have lived since the cretaceous period , thriving during the upper paleocene epoch ( 56 - 60 million years ago ) , just a few million years before “turritella agate” from the green river formation was deposited . however , they were not living in the
this is a fossil turritella mortoni from the paleocene epoch . it was found in the silty shales of the marine aquia formation in king george county , virginia .
the stamps depicted above both correctly depict recent turritella species that are clearly of marine origin . the el salvador stamp issued in 1980 depicts a turritella leucostoma , a species found along the pacific coast from mexico to peru . the 2008 stamp from bosnia and herzegovina features a turritella turris fossil common in the marine miocene rocks of southeast europe .
wonderful article ! we will be linking to this particularly great post on our website . keep up the good writing .
the frequency of turritella agate connects to the base chakra , so that one feels supported , safe , secure and protected in the third dimensional reality , and that one actually creates one’ own reality .
turritella agate can help to opens one’s consciousness so that one is able to connect to the natural spirits of plant and mineral forms and to aid in earth healing .
we have two very comprehensive search facilities , crystals a to z and search for crystals . please explore . . .
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potamocypris is a genus of ostracod crustaceans in the family cyprididae .

there are currently 42 extant species of potamocypris .

the majority of the species occur in freshwater habitats ; only a few species of the genus ( e.g. , potamocypris steueri ) colonize marine brackish coastal waters .

potamocypris

a bisexual population of potamocypris villosa , found in lago de encina , a mesotrophic lake in the cantabrian mountains , nw spain , is the first certain record of the male of this species . valves and soft parts are described . males of potamocypris - species lack a furca although a rudimentary furca is always present in females . the same applies to species of related genera , such as tanganyikacypridopsis and plesiocypridopsis . some remarks on the position of the genus potamocypris in the cyprinopsinae are presented .
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brandão , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database .
martens , k . ; savatenalinton , s . ( 2011 ) . a subjective checklist of the recent , free - living , non - marine ostracoda ( crustacea ) . zootaxa . 2855 : 1 - 79 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
maddocks , r . f . , m . l . machain - castillo , and f . r . gío - argáez . 2009 . podocopan ostracoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 877–894 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college [ details ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
blanchard , r . , 1891 . résultats d ' une excursion zoologique en algérie . mém . soc . zool . fr . 4 : 208–245 .
broodbakker , n . , 1982 . amsterdam expeditions to the west - indian islands , rep . 20 . the genus
( crustacea , ostracoda ) in the west indies . part 1 : taxonomic characters . bijdr . dierk . 52 : 207–227 .
broodbakker , n . & d . danielopol , 1982 . the chaetotaxy of cypridacea ( crustacea , ostracoda ) limbs : proposals for a descriptive model . bijdr . dierk . 52 : 103–120 .
danielopol , d . , 1982 . nouvelles données sur les candoninae ( ostracoda ) hypogés de roumanie et yougoslavie . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris , ser . 4 , 4 : 369–396 .
de deckker , p . , 1979 . comparative morphology and review of australian notodromatinae . senckenberg . biol . 59 : 417–463 .
gauthier , h . , 1928a . recherches sur la faune des eaux continentales de l ' algérie et de la tunisie . lechevallier , paris , 420 pp .
gauthier , h . , 1928b . ostracodes et cladocères de l ' afrique du nord ( re note ) . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 19 : 10–19 .
gauthier , h . , 1931 . faune aquatique du sahara central — récoltes de mlg seurat au hoggar en 1928 . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 22 : 350–400 .
gauthier , h . , 1937 . ostracodes et cladocères de l ' afrique du nord ( 4e note ) . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 28 : 147–155 .
klie , w . , 1938 . ostracoda , muschelkrebse . in f . dahl ( ed . ) , die tierwelt deutschlands und der angrenzenden meeresteile , 34 . krebstiere oder crustacea . gustav fischer . jena , 230 pp .
martens , k . , 1984 . annotated checklist of non - marine ostracods ( crustacea , ostracoda ) from african inland waters . zool . dok . , k . mus . mid . afr . 20 , 51 pp .
n . gen . ( crustacea , ostracoda ) from lake tanganyika . zool . scr . 14 ( in press ) .
( crustacea , ostracoda ) . part 2 . species with long swimming setae on the second antennae . trav . sci . mus . hist . nat . luxembg . 6 , 95 pp .
moniez , r . , 1891a . faune des lacs salés d ' algérie . mém . soc . zool . fr . 4 : 246–257 .
moniez , r . , 1891b . les mles chez les ostracodes d ' eau douce . revue biol . n . fr . 3 : 354–356 .
petkovski , t . k . , 1963 . über süsswasser - ostracoden der azoren . bol . mus . municip . funchal 17 : 49–65 .
petkovski , t . k . , 1966 . ostracoden aus einiger quellen der slowakei . acta mus . mazed . sci . nat . 10 : 91–107 .
richard , j . , 1896 . sur lá faune des eaux douces des açores . bull . soc . zool . fr . 21 : 171–178 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .


the grey-faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) is a petrel endemic to the north island of new zealand .

in new zealand it is also known by its māori name oi and ( along with other species such as the sooty shearwater ) as a muttonbird .

grey - faced petrel

grey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . this grey - faced petrel photo off tasmania taken by paul brooks / macaulay library
find out more about the grey - faced petrel at new zealand birds online .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) yet .
grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) several grey - faced petrels flying around at sea . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
a grey - faced petrel briefly landing on the water ' s surface before flying away .
grey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . both species occur in australian waters . many organised pelagic trips already routinely reported these as subspecies in the past .
imber , m . j . 1976 . breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 118 : 51 - 64 .
grey - faced petrel . in flight , dorsal . off wollongong , new south wales , australia , december 2006 . image © brook whylie by brook whylie urltoken
taylor , g . a . 2013 . grey - faced petrel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
this subspecies is often split as grey - faced petrel . this form is a breeding endemic to new zealand , breeding off the nw coast of north island .
grey - faced petrels breed on tiritiri matangi and can often be heard at night during the breeding season .
, this dark gadfly petrel is slightly larger , with pale grey area around bill often extending to . . .
johnstone , r . m . ; davis , l . s . 1990 . incubation routines and foraging - trip regulation in the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 132 : 14 - 20 .
each of the two monotypic groups of great - winged petrel is elevated to species rank , based on differences in mitochondrial dna , vocalizations , plumage , morphometrics , and in other aspects of their biology ( wood et al . 2016 ; see also onley and scofield 2007 and howell 2012 ) : great - winged petrel ( great - winged ) pterodroma macroptera macroptera becomes great - winged petrel pterodroma macroptera , and great - winged petrel ( gray - faced ) pterodroma macroptera gouldi becomes gray - faced petrel pterodroma gouldi .
the largest breeding colony of grey - faced petrel is on whale island , moutohora , near whakatane in the eastern bay of plenty . there are also small colonies on the mainland near whakatane but these colonies are very fragile .
following the split , leach’s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach’s storm - petrel ( leach’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach’s storm - petrel ( chapman’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .
correct the english name of the polytypic group zimmerius chrysops minimus / cumanensis from golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopman’s ) to golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopmans’s ) .
there are two sub - species of grey–faced petrel , macroptera , which breeds on islands in the atlantic and indian oceans and off southwestern australia , and gouldii , which breeds on off shore islands and coastal headlands of the northern north island of new zealand .
ventral view of two birds . bird behind is a great - winged petrel ( pterodroma macroptera ) .
the grey - faced petrel is a large dark gadfly petrel with long narrow wings and a long pointed tail . the entire body is uniformly dark black - brown but with occasional paler brown worn feathers . the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white . in the hand , the stout black bill ( 33 - 40 mm long ) has a large sharp hook that can slice through squid and the hands of those holding these birds . the eyes and legs are black .
similar species : other all - dark gadfly petrels are rare in new zealand coastal water . providence petrel is greyer and has white flashes on the underwing . dark morph kermadec petrel is smaller with a shorter tail and white shafts on the primaries . kerguelen petrel ( most likely to occur august - october ) is smaller with a shorter bill and glossy grey sheen on its plumage and silver - white leading edge on the underwing .
the most obvious evidence of the update in process is likely to be the my ebird pages . this update does not only involve name changes and changes to the species sequence , but also a number of splits . each split needs to be carefully considered . if ebird had a subspecies group ( e . g . “great - winged petrel ( grey - faced ) ” ) that was relevant to the new split , then those entries will be upgraded from a subspecies group to the new species ( e . g . grey - faced petrel ) . if you did not specify the subspecies , then we try to assign records based on known range and occurrence patterns where possible .
the grey - faced petrel is blackish brown except for the pale grey forehead , sides of the face , chin and throat . the black bill is stout , the legs and feet are black and the wings are long and narrow . the call is ‘o - hi’ or ‘o - hoe’ , uttered at dusk as they fly over their breeding colonies . birds on the ground or in burrows utter a loud ‘or - wik’ and ‘si - si - si’ .
the grey–faced petrels have many predators including — stoats , rats , dogs , illegal harvesting , fire , birds of prey . by visiting their colonies at night they do not run the risk of being harassed by birds of prey .
ainley , d . g . 1980 . geographic variation in leach’s storm - petrel . auk 97 : 837 - 853 .
revise the range description of gray - faced petrel from “breeds on islands off north i . ( new zealand ) and sw australia” to “breeds on islands off north island ( new zealand ) ; ranges in tasman sea and southwestern pacific ocean . ”
imber , m . j . 1973 . the food of grey - faced petrels ( pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( hutton ) ) , with special reference to diurnal vertical migration of their prey . journal of animal ecology 42 : 645 - 662 .
the major threat to grey - faced petrels is mammalian predators on their breeding grounds , especially feral cats and rats . many former colonies have been lost due to predators , and some mainland colonies are sustained by immigration from island colonies . eradication of rats from islands has benefitted grey - faced petrels at many sites , as rats take eggs and chicks . a small colony at rapanui in taranaki has been protected by the building of a predator - exclusion fence . long - term studies of grey - faced petrels at several sites have improved our understanding of the ecology of this species . the information obtained supported the conservation of the related and critically endangered chatham island taiko . these studies included captive - rearing trials , testing of tracking devices , long - term marking projects and research on the breeding biology and diet . translocations of chicks to establish new colony sites have been attempted but are still in the early stages of chick returns . grey - faced petrels occasionally follow fishing boats and sometimes occur as by - catch on long - line fisheries .
wood , j . r . , h . a . lawrence , r . p . scofield , g . a . taylor , p . o’b . lyver , and d . m . gleeson . 2016 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey - faced petrel , pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( procellariiformes : procellariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society .
41 cm . , 550 g . , plumage black brown , pale grey face and throat , bill , legs and feet black .
the breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel is well known from several long - term studies . the season is broadly march to january with the single white egg ( 68 x 48 mm ) laid between mid - june and late july . the well - lined nest chamber is at the end of a long burrow dug into soil , or amongst vegetation . the egg hatches in august or september after c . 55 days of incubation , and the chick fledges between november and january at c . 118 days - old . grey - faced petrel mostly breed annually ; very few pairs skip a breeding season . incubation and chick - care are shared . the chick is independent of the parents at fledging . immatures begin to return to colonies at 3 years of age and can breed as early as four years of age but most delay breeding until they are 8 - 10 years old .
white - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic ; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900 , long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis , is vocally distinct ( ng and rheindt 2016 ) . therefore , white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species : white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis , with range “sulawesi and the togian islands” ; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis , with range “banggai islands and sula islands . ”
in the breeding season of the year 2000 a study was being done on one of the mainland colonies near whakatane by phillipa gardner of grey–faced petrels , using a safety door on their burrows . this was a trial for the protection of petrels that are at risk from predators eating their chick or egg .
a large dark gadfly petrel with uniformly dark black - brown body with occasional paler brown worn feathers , long narrow wings , a long pointed tail , and black eyes and legs . the stout black bill has a large sharp hook and the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white .
grey - faced petrels are nocturnally active at the breeding grounds . unlike their relatives on southern islands , grey - faced petrels are very active on the colony surface at night , with birds calling , prospecting for burrows , displaying and sleeping ashore . activity ashore is more pronounced on dark nights during periods of wet weather , but birds will return in bright moonlight on windy nights . spectacular aerial courtship chases over the colony are a feature of this species and the breeding sites can be quite noisy during april / may and again in august . at sea , grey - faced petrels fly rapidly out to the continental shelf edge before they begin foraging for food . they can cover large distances in their quest for food with birds recorded flying to the east coast of australia while their partner is sitting on the egg . after breeding the birds disperse mainly to warmer water in the north tasman sea or off southern and eastern australia .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
correct the scientific name for the polytypic group ashy drongo ( island white - faced ) from dicrurus leucophaeus periophthalmicus / siberu to dicrurus leucophaeus [ periophthalmicus group ] .
macleod , c . j . ; adams , j . ; lyver , p . 2008 . at - sea distribution of satellite - tracked grey - faced petrels , pterodroma macroptera gouldi , captured on the ruamaahua ( aldermen ) islands , new zealand . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 73 - 88 .
during the breeding season , grey - faced petrels feed mainly in the tasman sea or east of new zealand , around the continental shelf edge or over deeper oceanic water , ranging thousands of kilometres . during the summer moult period , they disperse widely across the tasman sea to the coast of australia , and some reach the coral sea .
insert a newly added subspecies , obscurior matthews 1923 , immediately following subspecies curnamona , with range “southeastern australia ( grey range periphery , northwestern new south wales ) ” ( black 2011 ) .
the first indication that the petrel population was under stress was in 1962 , when muttonbirders , local people of maori decent with hereditary rights to kill for food the young petrels before they fledge , concerned at the scarcity of petrel chicks for exploitation , requested a ban on the harvest , rahui in 1963 and 1964 . wildlife refuge status imposed on moutohora in 1964 has legally protected the petrels since then .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 628 ) , based on isler et al . ( 2013 ) , change the scientific name of rufous - faced antbird from schistocichla rufifacies to myrmelastes rufifacies .
ng , n . s . r . , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . species delimitation in the white‑faced cuckoo‑dove ( turacoena manadensis ) based on bioacoustic data . avian research 7 : 2 .
grey - faced petrels are generalists feeding most often on squid but they also eat crustaceans and fish . they have been observed capturing prey at night but activity recorders also show they frequently alight at sea during the day and presumably take prey . smaller squid are captured alive on the surface , but larger squid are probably scavenged when dead animals float to the surface . studies of the diving ability of the species reveals they mainly feed in the top 5m of the water column but are capable of occasional deeper dives , perhaps down to 20 m .
every year young fledgling grey–faced petrels are brought into whakatane bird rescue , as instead of heading out to sea the birds get disorientated and land in town . sometimes heading for the lights of night industry such as the kawerau paper mills . once checked out most of the birds can be released in the evening . some years more birds are brought in , this maybe due to the cloudy conditions , no moon or stars to guide them , or wind conditions . strong northerly winds will send the birds towards whakatane instead of heading out to sea .
revise the range description of great - winged petrel from “breeds and ranges islands and seas in southern oceans” to “breeds on islands in southern atlantic and indian oceans ( tristan da cunha , gough , marion , crozet and kerguelen islands , and off southwestern australia ) ; primarily ranges from southern atlantic and indian oceans to tasman sea . ”
grey - faced petrels are one of the few burrowing petrels to still survive on the new zealand mainland . small colonies are scattered around the coasts of the upper north island , mainly on headlands and peninsulas adjacent to the sea . over 100 colonies are still present but most sites have fewer than 500 breeding pairs . the largest colonies occur on the three kings , hen and chickens , mokohinau , mercury and alderman island groups , and also on cuvier , moutohora , white and east islands . nests are mainly in burrows under tall forest , but also under grass or shrublands , especially near cliffs above the sea . sandy or friable soils with few rocks and tree roots are preferred .
as these updates are applied , you might encounter species lists with the same species listed twice , or you might view lists of your records of great - winged petrel ( for example ) and see that some of the records have changed names and some have not . for brief periods , you might also see the same record on your list twice . the updates to your personal lists usually take an hour or more for each species .
has been considered conspecific with p . lessonii , and until recently treated as conspecific with p . macroptera , but differs in much more grey on forehead , face and chin ( 3 ) ; slightly larger size ( bill , wings , tail ) ( allow 1 ) ; and osteological morphology # r ( allow 1 ) , vocalizations ( allow 1 ) and breeding biology ( allow 1 ) # r . monotypic .
geographical variation : two subspecies : the nominate pt . m . macroptera breeds at tristan da cunha , gough , prince edward , marion , kerguelen and crozet islands , and islands off western australia ; pt . m . gouldi breeds only in new zealand .
voice : the main flight calls are high pitched whistles whis - her , wik - wik or low moans oor - wik . these same calls are given frequently on the surface or from burrows .
the largest colonies are on moutohora island and hongiora island in the bay of plenty . over 100 , 000 pairs breed on these two islands combined . elsewhere there are many smaller colonies with mostly less than 500 pairs but some of the larger islands have 1000 - 20 , 000 pairs . the world population is estimated to be 200 , 000 to 300 , 000 pairs .
brooke , m . 2004 . albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford university press , oxford .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) , 1990 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 , ratites to ducks . oxford university press , melbourne .
miskelly , c . m . ; taylor , g . a . ; gummer , h . ; williams , r . 2009 . translocations of eight species of burrow - nesting seabirds ( genera pterodroma , pelecanoides , pachyptila and puffinus : family procellariidae ) . biological conservation 142 : 1965 - 1980 .
onley , d ; scofield , p . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton .
taylor , g . a . 2000 . action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand , part b : non - threatened seabirds . threatened species occasional publication 17 . department of conservation , wellington .
taylor , g . a . 2008 . maximum dive depths of eight new zealand procellariiformes including pterodroma species . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 189 - 198 .
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our 2018 concert will feature an afternoon of light classics and jazz courtesy of the auckland ph . .
for the social on 19 march the speaker will be ben goodwin of auckland zoo , who will talk about t . .
thankfully doc staff andre de graaf and polly hall and their assistants have trapped the rat whic . .
aka - the grand christmas shopping expedition to tiritiri matangi island shop dreading . .
the 2018 photo competition is now open for entries . click here ( / 2018 - photo - competition - tiritiri - mat . .
two new reports have been added to the website . the first gives details of a summer students . .
our latest calendar , beautifully illustrated with images taken on the island , is now available fo . .
for a wonderful day of wildlife photography please join us on tiritiri matangi island for a ph . .
tiritiri matangi island , the perfect winter ' s day trip . the birds are at their best , warm up w . .
in 1993 and 1995 , sixteen little spotted kiwi were released on tiritiri matangi island . the ma . .
breeding takes place in winter . adults return to clean out their burrows and court in march . after a long pre - laying exodus of two months , the females return and in late june or early july lay one white egg in a burrow 0 . 5 - 2 metres long . both sexes incubate for spells of several days and the egg hatches between mid - august and mid - september after 51–58 days . the chick is fed at the nest for several months and finally departs from about december to late january , at around 118 days old . young birds can return to the breeding colony from the age of three years onwards , but most do not breed until they are over seven years old .
references : heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2000 the field guide to the birds of new zealand . auckland , viking . moon , g the reed field guide to new zealand birds .
exclamations are short utterances that you make when you are very surprised or upset . they are not always whole sentences . sometimes they are more like a noise than a word . in this case they are call . . .
impress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .
catch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .
all the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , peter fraser , nick talbot .
holger teichmann , nick talbot , kirk zufelt , jennifer spry , rémi bigonneau , ben lascelles , timbawden , frédéric pelsy , samantha klein , fran trabalon , lindsay hansch .
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tasman sea , temperate and subtropical sw pacific ocean , breeding on many islands , clifftops and headlands along w , n & ne coasts of north i ( new zealand ) .
, but “bor - r - r” and braying “eee - aw” or “o - hee” calls ( . . .
marine and highly pelagic . breeds on islands and headlands around north i , new zealand .
study in new zealand found that cephalopods dominated the diet , with ratios of squid , fish and crustaceans , respectively , as follows : 58 % , . . .
breeds in winter , returning to colonies in feb , followed by pre - laying exodus of c . 50 days ( by males ) or 60 days ( females ) at least , egg - . . .
in off - season visits w tasman sea , off new south wales , in oct–apr . further afield , in sw pacific . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . reasonably abundant , with 200 , 000–300 , 000 pairs , of which most important colonies are on moutohora and hongiora is , which support c . . . .
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sometimes divided into several subgenera # r . includes several species described in genus aestrelata , which was erroneously emended by some authors to oestrelata .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the birds visit their burrows after dusk and leave again before dawn . they start to breed from 6 to 7 years of age . the petrels visit their colonies between march and april to clean out their burrows and take part in pair bonding . egg laying starts from late june to the end of july , one white egg is laid . the egg hatches after 51 – 58 days of incubation .
both parents help in incubation and after the chick hatches the parent guards the chick for the first few days . the chick is then left on its own and is visited every few days with food , sometimes this may mean a wait of 7 days or more before its next feed . the parent has to travel many miles from their burrows in search of food , which is regurgitated for the chick . this may include squid , fish and crustaceans . the chick continues to grow and fledging takes place from early december to the end of january . the moult of the adult birds , take place from january to april .
unfortunately a high percentage of the chicks in the study were taken illegally for food . these birds are protected by law , and illegal harvesting will see these fragile colonies die out . if the chicks are taken then there will be no replacement egg laid . this in time will mean that once the parents die , no new adult offspring will be replacing them . the birds taken would have weighed no more than 300g and with the feathers and head removed probably weighed no more than 150g .
on a recent trip to whale island in december , the petrels could be seen just before dusk gathering off the island . the birds were coming back to feed the young that were nearly due to fledge . as dusk fell , birds would skim over the island looking for their burrows , they then crash through the trees and head for their nest site . sometimes they liked to sit before going underground . some birds get caught in the trees as they crash through and die .
whale island was once home to goats , rats , and rabbits . the wildlife service , and then the department of conservation eradicated these pests . it is vital that our islands are kept free of predators and that bait stations are monitored . it will only take one rat or stoat to undo all the work of the previous years .
in april and may , and at other times , the birds can be heard calling during the night over ohope and otarawairere in whakatane . one colony at ohope is against the hillside and on occasions birds crash into new homes that were not there the previous nesting season . it must be quite a shock for the birds to suddenly find something blocking their flight path to their burrows .
the main colonies are on hen , mokohinaus , the mercury and alderman , whale and white islands .
godman , frederick du cane , monograph of the petrels , 1907 - 1910 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . marchant & higgins , 1993 . oliver , w . r . b . new zealand birds , 1955 . imber , mike , harrison , malcolm , and harrison , jan , new zealand journal of ecology ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2 ) ; 153 - 164 .
the annual ebird taxonomy update will begin this tuesday , 9 august . the process will continue for at least a couple of days ( until wednesday , 10 aug or thursday , 11 aug ) . we do this once a year to reflect the most recent changes in avian taxonomy : splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . you may notice some unusual behaviour with your lists and other tools ( see below ) , but this is nothing to worry about . the 2016 splits and lumps will be published very soon on this page . we will summarise these changes in an ebird story once the taxonomy update is complete . a more thorough discussion of this year’s changes can be found at the clements checklist , where the 2016 updates have been posted .
other unexpected behaviour should likewise be temporary . if you see odd behaviour on a data entry checklist , save your work and go back to manage my observations a few minutes later to continue data entry .
if you use ebird mobile , we recommend submitting any “not submitted” lists in advance of august 9 . don’t worry though , as long as you are running the most recent version of the app , everything will update correctly even if you have “not submitted” lists on the phone . please make sure to update your app version to the one current in the app store or google play store .
western whistler by geoffrey groom / macaulay library although male golden whistlers are bright and easily identifiable , females and juveniles are not so easy to tell apart .
the annual ebird taxonomy update is now underway . work is still going in the background to update existing checklists , update maps etc . , but the revised taxonomy should already appear as you enter new checklists . it is worth having a look at which australian species are being treated differently with the 2016 update .
every year , the ebird / clements taxonomy is updated . this year , for australian ebirders , there are several changes to be aware of .
emerald doves on christmas island ( natalis ) are now part of the asian emerald dove . those normally found in the rest of australia ( and lord howe ) are pacific emerald dove .
spotted catbirds have also been split into several species , which mostly affects observations from new guinea . in australia , the former spotted catbird is now treated as two species :
black - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis [ northern cape york , e . g . iron range np ]
the former golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , has been split into two species . note that the sa and victorian mallee birds ( formerly treated as part of p . p . fuliginosa ) are retained in golden whistler , and the split between species is essentialy at the sa / wa state border .
the ebird / clements taxonomy makes extensive use of subspecies groups to allow observers to explicitly record subspecies , or groups of subspecies , that are identifiable in the field . subspecies groups have been recognized for several more australian species . when recording a subspecies group , be sure to include field notes regarding the characters you used to identify the group . new subspecies groups are as follows :
with golden whistler , note that the eastern parts of the former “western” subspecies are retained as golden whistler ( i . e . the split to western whistler only takes the wa part of the former fuliginosa range ) :
western grasswren ( western ) amytornis textilis textilis [ e . g monkey mia wa ]
western grasswren ( gawler ranges ) amytornis textilis myall [ e . g . whyalla sa ]
australian ringneck : as well as the lump of mallee ringneck and western ringneck , the 2016 update also subsumes the former occidentalis and whitei into zonarius . the subspecies recognised in ebird are now :
some species pairs may be difficult to separate in the field , or were previously lumped , and in these cases ebird allows you to record the fact that you saw one or other of the pair but could not decide which . new slash taxa for australia include :
the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklist v2016 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
3 standard updates and correction – all other changes , listed in sequence as they occur in the spreadsheet ( posted april 2018 ) .
howell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses , and storm - petrels of north america : a photographic guide . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
onley , d . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2016 . fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists’ union check - list of north american birds . auk 133 : 544 - 560 .
following nominate cajaneus , insert a previously overlooked subspecies , avicenniae ( stotz 1992 ) , with range “mangroves of southeastern brazil ( são paulo south at least to paraná , and possibly to santa catarina ) ” . we also recognize avicenniae as a new monotypic group , gray - cowled wood - rail ( gray - backed ) .
marcondes , r . s . , and l . f . silveira . 2015 . a taxonomic review of aramides cajaneus ( aves , gruiformes , rallidae ) with notes on morphological variation in other species of the genus . zookeys 500 : 111 - 140 .
stotz , d . f . 1992 . a new subspecies of aramides cajanea from brazil . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 112 : 231 - 234 .
based primarily on vocal differences , dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis , including subspecies macassariensis and longa ; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna ; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .
ng , e . y . x . , j . a . eaton , p . verbelen , r . o . hutchinson , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves . biological journal of the linnean society 118 : 786 - 812 .
based primarily on vocal differences , slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis split into two species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , including subspecies amboinensis , keyensis , maforensis , griseinucha , kerstingi , meeki , admiralitatis , hueskeri , carteretia , goldiei , cinereiceps , and cunctata ; and a polytypic sultan’s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya , including subspecies sanghirensis , albicapilla , atrata , sedecima , albiceps , doreya , and balim . the sequence of subspecies within amboyna cuckoo - dove is revised , to reflect the order in which they are listed above .
revise the range description of subspecies maforensis from “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ” to “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ; population on biak island is not identified to subspecies , but vocally is similar to maforensis , and birds on yapen island presumably are the same subspecies as birds on biak” ( ng et al . 2016 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , admiralitatis mayr 1937 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “admiralty islands , bismarck archipelago . ” insert subspecies almiralitatis immediately following subspecies meeki .
revise the range description for subspecies carteretia from “bismarck archipelago ( except new hanover ) and lihir is . ” to “bismarck archipelago ( except admiralty islands and new hanover ) and lihir is . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , atrata ripley 1941 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “togian island ( off sulawesi ) . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , sedecima neumann 1939 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “sula islands . ”
change the name of the subspecies of the northern moluccas from batchianensis to the older available name albiceps ( mees 1982 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , balim rand 1941 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “balim valley , western new guinea . ”
mayr , e . 1937 . birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition , xxxvi . notes on new guinea birds 3 . american museum novitates number 947 .
mees , g . f . 1982 . bird records from the moluccas . zoologische mededelingen 56 : 91 - 111 .
newman , o . 1939 . a new species and eight new races from peleng and talaiboe . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 59 : 89 - 94 .
ripley , s . d . 1941 . notes on a collection of birds from northern celebes . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history 8 : 343 - 358 .
white , c . m . n . , and m . d . bruce . 1986 . the birds of wallacea . ( sulawesi , the moluccas & lesser sunda islands , indonesia ) . british ornithologists’ union check - list number 7 . british ornithologists’ union , london .
based primarily on vocal differences , ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana , including subspecies emiliana and megala ; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea ; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii , including subspecies hypopercna , modiglianii , and elassa .
emerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species ( rasmussen and anderton 2005 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) : a polytypic asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica , with subspecies indica , robinsoni , natalis , minima , and augusta ; and a polytypic pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris , with subspecies rogersi , longirostris , and sandwichensis .
revise the range description of subspecies indica from “india to malaysia , philippines , indonesia and w papuan islands” to “india to southeastern china , south to the philippines , indonesia and western papuan islands . ”
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus is split into three species ( cibois et al . 2014 , hayes et al . 2016 , pratt and mittermeier 2016 ) : a monotypic purple - capped fruit - dove ptilinopus ponapensis ; a monotypic kosrae fruit - dove ptilinopus hernsheimi ; and a polytypic crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus , with subspecies porphyraceus and fasciatus .
cibois , a . , j . - c . thibault , c . bonillo , c . e . filardi , d . watling , and e . pasquet . 2014 . phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves ( aves : columbidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 70 : 442 - 453 .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus is split into two species ( payne 2005 ) : the polytypic group yellowbill ( blue ) ceuthmochares aereus aereus / flavirostris becomes blue malkoha ceuthmochares aereus , with subspecies aereus and flavirostri s ; and the monotypic group yellowbill ( green ) ceuthmochares aereus australis becomes green malkoha ceuthmochares australis .
payne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york and oxford , united kingdom .
each of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species ( sorenson and payne 2005 , payne 2005 ) : large hawk - cuckoo ( large ) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides , and large hawk - cuckoo ( dark ) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki . revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from “n pakistan to india , s china , myanmar , thailand and indochina” to “breeds from northern pakistan to india , southern china , myanmar , thailand and indochina ; winters to southern india ( eastern and western ghats ) , bangladesh , the malay peninsula , sumatra , java , bali , the philippines , borneo , and sulawesi” .
sorenson , m . d . , and r . b . payne . 2005 . a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny . pages 68 - 94 in r . b . payne , the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , new york , and oxford , united kingdom .
cleere , n . 2010 . nightjars : potoos , frogmouths , oilbird and owlet - nightjars of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
sigurdsson , s . and j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 506 - 545 .
green violetear colibri thalassinus is split into two species , a monotypic mexican violetear colibri thalassinus , which is equivalent to the former ebird group green violetear ( northern ) colibri thalassinus thalassinus ; and the polytypic lesser violetear colibri cyanotus , which includes the ebird groups green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis and green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis . this split follows actions by aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; see also remsen et al . ( 2015 ) .
with the split of green violetear into two species , change the names of the monotypic group green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis to lesser violetear ( costa rican ) colibri cyanotus cabanidis ; and change the names of the polytypic group green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis to lesser violetear ( andean ) colibri cyanotus cyanotus / crissalis .
remsen , j . v . , jr . , f . g . stiles , and j . a . mcguire . 2015 . classification of the polytminae ( aves : trochilidae ) . zootaxa 3957 : 143 - 150 .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , blue - crowned motmot momotus coeruliceps is split into two species . the monotypic group blue - crowned motmot ( blue - crowned ) momotus coeruliceps coeruliceps is elevated to species rank as blue - capped motmot momotus coeruliceps ; and the remaining taxa , of the polytypic group blue - crowned motmot ( lesson’s ) momotus coeruliceps [ lessonii group ] , become lesson’s motmot momotus lessonii , which includes the subspecies lessonii , goldmani , and exiguus . “ momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from m . lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the extinct subspecies maugei , which formerly occurred on mona island and on adjacent puerto rico , is split as a separate species , puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei . this split follows olson ( 2015 ) , who argued that maugei and chloropterus differ “in plumage and particularly in bill morphology , such that a probable difference in diet is suggested” . with this split , hispaniolan parakeet becomes monotypic .
olson , s . l . 2015 . history , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souancé . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 1 - 12 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 589 ) , each of the three subspecies of stipple - throated antwren epinecrophylla haematonota is elevated to species rank , following whitney et al . ( 2013 ) : the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( negro ) epinecrophylla haematonota pyrrhonota becomes fulvous - throated antwren epinecrophylla pyrrhonota ; the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( napo ) epinecrophylla haematonota haematonota becomes rufous - backed antwren epinecrophylla haematonota ; and the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( madeira ) epinecrophylla haematonota amazonica becomes madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . all of these english names are provisional , pending a final decision on this issue by aou - sacc ( see proposal 696 ) .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the “stipple - throated antwren” complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 684 ) , the monotypic group rufous gnateater ( ceara ) conopophaga lineata cearae is elevated to species rank as ceara gnateater conopophaga cearae . this split long was anticipated , based on vocal differences between cearae and other subspecies of rufous gnateater ( whitney 2003 ) , and was confirmed with genetic data showing that ceara gnateater is more closely related to ash - throated gnateater ( conopophaga peruviana ) than it is to rufous gnateater ( batalha - filho et al . 2014 ) .
batalha - filho , h . , r . o . pessoa , p . - h . fabre , j . fjeldså , m . irestedt , p . g . p . ericson , l . f . silveira , and c . y . miyaki . 2014 . phylogeny and historical biogeography of gnateaters ( passeriformes , conopophagidae ) in the south america forests . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79 : 422 - 432 .
whitney , b . m . 2003 . family conopophagidae ( gnateaters ) . pages 732 - 747 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
yet another new species of tapaculo was described by avendaño et al . ( 2015 ) , and was endorsed by aou - sacc ( proposal 670 ) as perija tapaculo scytalopus perijanus , with range “sierra de perijá , colombia ( and venezuela ? ) ” . insert perija tapaculo immediately following brown - rumped tapaculo scytalopus latebricola .
avendaño , j . e . , a . m . cuervo , j . p . lópez - o . , n . gutiérrez - pinto , a . cortés - diago , and c . d . cadena . 2015 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the serranía de perijá of colombia and venezuela . auk 132 : 450 - 466 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 697 ) , the monotypic group vilcabamba thistletail ( ayacucho ) asthenes vilcabambae ayacuchensis is elevated to species rank as ayacucho thistletail asthenes ayacuchensis , based on vocal and genetic differences ( hosner et al . 2015 ) .
hosner , p . a . , l . cueto - aparicio , g . ferro - meza , d . miranda , and m . b . robbins . 2015 . vocal and molecular phylogenetic evidence for recognition of a thistletail species ( furnariidae : asthenes ) endemic to the elfin forests of ayacucho , peru . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 724 - 765 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 686 ) , elaenia chiriquensis brachyptera is elevated to species rank as coopmans’s elaenia ( elaenia brachyptera ) . this split is based primarily on vocal differences between coopmans’s and lesser elaenias , as well as on a relatively deep genetic divergence between coopmans’s elaenia and the two other subspecies of lesser elaenia ( rheindt et al . 2015 ) . also , revise the range description of brachyptera from “pacific slope of sw colombia ( nariño ) and nw ecuador” to “pacific slope of southwestern colombia ( nariño ) and northwestern ecuador ; also east slope of the andes of ecuador . ”
rheindt , f . e . , n . krabbe , a . k . s . wee , and l . christidis . 2015 . cryptic speciation in the lesser elaenia elaenia chiriquensis ( aves : passeriformes : tyrannidae ) . zootaxa 4032 : 251 - 263 .
white - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides is split into three species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : white - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides , which is monotypic ; ochre - breasted catbird ailurodeus stonii , which includes subspecies stonii and cinnamomeus ; and tan - capped catbird ailuroedus geislerorum , which includes geislerorum and a newly added subspecies , molestus . following irestedt et al . ( 2016 ) , we recognize subspecies molestus , with range “lowlands of southeastern new guinea ( north side of owen stanley range ) ” ; described in 1929 , molestus previously was considered to be a junior synonym of geislerorum . subspecies oorti , with range “w papuan islands and w new guinea” , is merged with buccoides ( mees 1964 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) . revise the range of buccoides from “s new guinea ( triton bay to upper fly river ) ” to “western papuan islands and northwestern new guinea , east through southern lowlands to upper kikori river” .
irestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , l . christidis , and p . g . p . ericson . 2016 . contrasting phylogeographic signatures in two australo - papuan bowerbird species complexes ( aves : ailuroedus ) . zoologica scripta 45 : 365 - 379 .
mees , g . f . 1964 . four new subspecies of birds from the moluccas and new guinea . zoologische mededelingen 40 : 125 - 130 .
spotted catbird ailuroedus melanotis is split into six species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : spotted catbird ailuroedus maculosus , which is monotypic ; huon catbird ailurodeus astigmaticus , which is monotypic ; black - capped catbird ailuroedus melanocephalus , which is monotypic ; northern catbird ailuroedus jobiensis , which is monotypic ; arfak catbird ailuroedus arfakianus , which includes subspecies arfakianus and misoliensis ; and black - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis , which includes the subspecies melanotis , facialis , and joanae . subspecies guttaticollis is considered to be a junior synonym of jobiensis ( beehler and pratt 2016 , irestedt et al . 2016 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of jobiensis from “new guinea ( weyland and adelbert mountains ) ” to “north central new guinea ( north slope of western , border , and eastern ranges , and coastal ranges from foja mountains east to adelbert mountains ) ” . note that the scientific name associated with the english name spotted catbird has changed from ailuroedus melanotis ( now black - eared catbird ) to ailuroedus maculosus .