poropuntius is a genus of cyprinid fish found mainly in freshwater habitats of southeast asia and yunnan in china , but p. burtoni is from south asia .

several species have highly restricted ranges and are threatened , and a single p. speleops is a cavefish .

poropuntius

information on poropuntius speleops is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
poropuntius speleops is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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arkive species - barb ( poropuntius speleops )
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ty - jour ti - species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 2001 sp - 31 ep - 37 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - vishwanath , waikhom au - kosygin , laishram er -
citation : wu x , luo j , huang s , chen z , xiao h , zhang y ( 2013 ) molecular phylogeography and evolutionary history of poropuntius huangchuchieni ( cyprinidae ) in southwest china . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79975 . urltoken
the evolution of the yunnan plateau’s drainages network during the pleistocene was dominated by the intense uplifts of the qinghai - tibetan plateau . in the present study , we investigated the association between the evolutionary histories of three main drainage systems and the geographic patterns of genetic differentiation of poropuntius huangchuchieni .
@ article { bhlpart155125 , title = { species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) } , journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { bombay : bombay natural history society , 1886 - } , author = { vishwanath , waikhom and kosygin , laishram } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 31 - - 37 } , }
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
kottelat , m . , parenti , l . , vidthayanon , c . & juffe bignoli , d .
the species is assessed as endangered due to a significant decline ( that may reach 80 % ) in the abundance of this species in central vietnam that has been observed in the last ten years . this observed decline is probably the result of overfishing , as well as habitat loss and degradation . it is possible that the species may qualify for a higher threat category , and further survey and fishing regulations are required .
between 2000 and 2009 , a marked decline in the abundance of the species in central viet nam was observed by freyhof ( unpublished data ) . it is thought ( j . freyhof , pers . comm ) , that the decline might be as high as 80 % , mainly due to overfishing .
. 2006 ) . it does not persist in impoundments and it feeds mainly on fine debris , algae , diatoms , and aquatic insects ( rainboth 1996 ) .
major threats to this species are overfishing ( where it is captured using seines , cast - nets , and traps ) , and habitat degradation caused by human infrastructure including dam construction and water pollution .
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greek , poros = porous + greek , punctum = marked with points ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 12°c - 24°c ( ref . 13614 )
caudal fin very pale yellow ( live specimens ) , with dark upper and lower margins ; specimens at least 6 cm sl with well developed breeding tubercles on lower half of the posterior part of body ; last simple dorsal fin ray slender , with a very weak serration along its posterior margin ( ref . 36949 ) .
kottelat , m . , 2000 . diagnosis of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from laos ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , bagridae , syngnathidae , chaudhuriidae and tetraodontidae ) . j . south asian nat . hist . 5 ( 1 ) : 37 - 82 . ( ref . 36949 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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copyright : © 2013 wu et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by national basic research program of china , national natural science foundation of china , bureau of science and technology of yunnan province . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
past tectonic movements and climatic changes have greatly shaped the structure of hydrographic systems [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . likewise , since freshwater fish species are strictly confined to freshwater drainages , the historical connections , capture , reversal and separation of rivers are a driving force behind their diversification and speciation [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . consequently , the genetic structure and the dispersal of freshwater fish species is also strongly connected to historical and ecological changes to the aquatic environment [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , so by examining the historical biogeography of freshwater fishes could provide a natural link in understanding concurrent geographical and biotic evolution of a given region [ 8 ] .
in this study , we used the sequences of the mtdna control region to estimate the genetic differentiation and phylogeographical patterns of p . huangchuchieni . to examine the taxonomic status of p . opisthoptera , we also determined the phylogenetic relationships between p . huangchuchieni and p . opisthoptera . accordingly , the main objectives of this study are ( 1 ) to examine the population genetic structure and the demographic history of p . huangchuchieni ; ( 2 ) to propose a historical biogeography and climate hypothesis to accommodate the phylogeographic patterns of lineages within p . huangchuchieni ; and ( 3 ) to determine the taxonomic implications for p . opisthoptera .
after alignment , 965 bp dna sequences of the complete control region were obtained from all p . huangchuchieni specimens . the control region sequences yielded 126 variable sites of which 100 were parsimony informative , defining 126 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567019 - kc567146 ) . the overall nucleotide diversity ( π ) and haplotype diversity ( h ) of all in - group sequences was 0 . 0286±0 . 0139 and 0 . 9856±0 . 0020 , respectively . in total , 1140 bp dna sequences of the complete cyt b gene were determined from 20 in - group individuals , and these 20 cyt b sequences contained 117 variable sites of which 87 were parsimony informative , further defining 18 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567001–kc567018 ) .
ml and bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 126 haplotypes identified two major phylogroups , containing five highly independent lineages with strong statistical support ( fig . 1a ) . one group , named lineage sw , clustered all of the p . opisthoptera individuals from the salween river , which was at the most basal position of the tree . the other group contained all p . huangchuchieni individuals , which formed four major evolutionary lineages : mk - a , mk - b , rl and lx ( fig . 1a ) .
phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes ( a ) , the combined sequences of 20 haplotypes ( c ) , and the haplotypes network analysis of the 126 haplotypes ( b ) .
( a ) ml tree reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes under hky + i + g model . numbers on major nodes represents bootstrap values after 1 , 000 replications . if bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi . ( b ) haplotypes networks conducted based on the 126 haplotypes . circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency . the number of black dots on line connected haplotypes represents mutation steps between haplotypes ; when the mutation step is 1 , it was defaulted . ( c ) 50 % majority - role consensus tree inferred from ml and bayesian analysis of combined sequences of 20 haplotypes under gtr + i + g model . numbers at nodes represent the posterior probability for bayesian analysis and bootstrap value for maximum likelihood ( ml ) analysis . if the bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi .
lineages of mk - a and mk - b were represented by nearly all of the haplotypes ( except of hap 81 ) from the mekong river system , and co - occurred in most sample sites in the mekong river system ( table 1 ) . the haplotypes from luosuo river ( m3 ) , nanla river ( m5 ) and puwen river ( m7 ) in the mekong river system were only found in lineage mk - a , and the haplotypes from menghan ( m2 ) and dazhong river ( m8 ) were only found in mk - b ( table 1 ) . the rl lineage contained the haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) , tengtiao river ( r3 ) , lvzhi river ( r4 ) and hedi river ( r5 ) in the red river system . interestingly , two haplotypes–hap48 from the lvzhi river within the red river system and hap81 from nanlei river within the mekong river system–fell outside the main cluster of lineage rl and located at the basal position within lineage rl ( table 1 ) . lineage lx was comprised of all of the haplotypes from lixian river ( r2 ) and two haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) ( table 1 ) . within mk - a , there were two sublineages , which were named as mk - a1 and mk - a2 . mk - a1 was distributed in most of the sample sites ( 10 of 12 sample sites ) of mekong river system , whereas mk - a2 was distributed in only 4 sample sites ( figure 2 ) . lineage lx likewise contained two sublineages , which we named lx - 1 and lx - 2 . lx - 1 was only located in the lixian river , while lx - 2 , which contained three haplotypes , was found in both the lixian and amo river ( figure 2 ) .
geographic distribution of sample sites and the frequency of lineages and sublineages at each site . circle area is proportional to the sample size .
sampling information and size in each lineage , as well as haplotype , and nucleotide diversity of populations based on mtdna d - loop sequences .
in the phylogenetic trees based on the combined sequences of control region and the cyt b gene , the five major lineages could be clearly detected ( fig . 1c ) , corresponding to those defined in the control region trees . compared with the control region trees , the placement of lineages sw and lx were slightly different ; lx was placed at the most basal position and sw at the second basal position in the combined sequence trees . based on the combined sequences , the positions of other three lineages were recovered with strong supports .
in total , among the 5 lineages , 126 haplotypes formed 9 unconnected haplotype networks at the 95 % connection limit ( fig . 1b ) . mk - a was divided into two unconnected sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 . lx was also unconnected and formed two independent networks , lx - 1 and lx - 2 . rl was divided into three unconnected networks , where hap 48 and hap 81 formed two independent networks , while all the other haplotypes formed an integrate network .
the geographical structure at the river systems levels was determined using amova analysis . once all populations were grouped into the three river systems ( f st = 0 . 650 , f ct = 0 . 331 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , 33 . 09 % of the variation was between the different river systems and 31 . 91 % of the variation was between populations within the same river systems .
in conducting the relative rate test , the null hypothesis of rate constancy could not be rejected for all lineages pairs . accordingly , mtdna divergence could instead be used to calculate the divergence times of the inferred mtdna lineages . we calculated the net between–lineage mean distances using 20 cyt b sequences , with values ranging from 0 . 016 to 0 . 033 among the inferred lineages ( table 2 ) ; the net between–lineage mean distances estimated using all the control region sequences were between 0 . 017–0 . 030 ( table 2 ) . we also calculated the net between–lineage mean distances based on the same 20 specimens of control region sequences with values from 0 . 013 to 0 . 038 ( results not shown ) among the inferred lineages . accordingly , it could be concluded that the evolutionary rate of the control region sequences was similar to that of the cyt b gene among the five major lineages of p . huangchuchieni .
data set are above the diagonal , net genetic distances estimated based on the d - loop data set are below the diagonal .
the most recent common ancestor ( tmrca ) of all the ingroup sequences was dated back to around 1 . 57 mya ( 95 % ci = 1 . 03–2 . 21 ) . meanwhile , the estimated divergence time of the lineage lx from lineages mks and rl was estimated at 1 . 28 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 89–1 . 70 ) ; the diversification time of lineage rl from lineages mks was 1 . 11 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 79–1 . 46 ) . the tmrca of lineages mks and mk - a were dated 0 . 96 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 67–1 . 27 ) and 0 . 73 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 49–0 . 99 ) , respectively .
the mismatch distribution analysis of lineages mk - a , rl and lx were multimodal distribution of pairwise differences , and the fu’s fs values were also not significant , indicating a long term demographic stability in these lineages ( fig . 3 ) . lineage mk - b displayed a unimodal mismatch distribution and a significant fs value , suggesting a recent population expansion . lineage sw was excluded from this analysis because of its small sample size . two sublineages ( mk - a1 and lx - 1 ) fitted the expected distributions under the expansion model ( fig . 3 ) . mismatch distributions for sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were unimodal , with f s values of −16 . 48 ( p < 0 . 01 ) and −3 . 48 ( p < 0 . 05 ) , respectively ( table 3 ) . neither mismatch distribution nor neutrality tests , however , supported the expectation of population expansion for sublineage mk - a2 . given the small sample size of sublineage lx - 2 , the detection of population expansion was not performed . with the estimated tau value ( τ ) and a generation time of one year , the estimated times since population growth for lineage mk - b , and sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were respectively dated to around 140 ka , 100 ka , and 60 ka years ago ( table 3 ) .
statistics of genetic diversity , tests of neutrality , and demographic parameters estimated for the major lineages and sublineages . these data were defaulted when number of individuals in a population was less than 10 .
a total of 234 specimens were included in morphological analysis ( lineage mk - a : n = 124 ; lineage mk - b , n = 55 ; lineage rj , n = 25 ; lineage lx , n = 13 ; lineage sw , n = 18 ) . the canonical variates analysis ( cva ) produced a scatter of specimens along the two first canonical axes ( fig . 4 ) . plotting canonical variables 1 ( cv1 ) and canonical variables 2 ( cv2 ) showed a clear morphometric space among groups . together , these first two canonical variables collectively explain 83 . 64 % of the total variability between groups ( cv1 accounted for 65 . 09 % and cv2 accounted for 18 . 55 % ) . meanwhile , 95 % frequency ellipses showed an overlap in the scatter of data among the 5 groups , with the exception of lineages mk - a and lx not overlapping with lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) ( fig . 4 ) . the cv1 sets lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) as having diverged from the other 4 lineages , being then associated with the relative position of the dorsal fin ( table 4 ) . the cv2 sets lineage lx from lineages mk - a and mk - b , and corresponded to the relative heights of body and caudal peduncle ( table 4 ) .
factor loadings for the 10 highest measured variables and canonical correlations of the differentiation analysis for the 5 main lineages .
the mitochondrial control region phylogenetic tree revealed the basal position of p . opisthoptera , which suggested a close relationship with p . huangchuchieni . however , the phylogenetic trees based on both the cyt b gene and combined genes all showed the basal position of lineage lx , and the second basal position of p . opisthoptera , indicating that p . opisthoptera may instead be a paraphyletic group of p . huangchuchieni . while the phylogenetic trees based on different data sets provided somewhat ambiguous results for the taxonomic inference of p . opisthoptera , together they firmly supported the notion that p . opisthoptera and the four major lineages of p . huangchuchieni all originated from a common ancestral stock .
note : 1 : tip of the mouth , junction of premaxilary and ethmoid ; 2 : center of eyes ; 3 : former basal point of dorsal fin ; 4 : posterior basal point of dorsal fin ; 5 : upper basal point of tail fin ; 6 : centre basal point of tail fin ; 7 : abdominal basal point of tail fin ; 8 : posterior basal point of anal fin ; 9 : former basal point of anal fin ; 10 : former basal point of ventral fin ; 11 : former basal point of pectoral fin .
the population differentiated in mekong and red river systems after the kym vicariant event . for example , the lineage mk - b and mk - a which split into two sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 , in mekong river system ; the lineages rl and lx which split into two sublineages , lx - 1 and lx - 2 , in the red river system ( fig . 1 ) . independent geological or climatic evidence often serves to suggest that distinctive mtdna phylogroups may have diverged in allopatry [ 25 ] . in addition , most patterns in mtdna surveys also reveal the secondary admixture between allopatrically evolved phylogroups [ 25 ] .
p . huangchuchieni is a common economic fish . all specimens and muscle tissues were bought from local fish dealers . the specimens used in this study were dead . samples were obtained following the regulations for the implementation of china on the protection of wild animals ( presidential decree [ 2004 ] no . 9 ) .
total genomic dna was extracted from muscle tissues using the standard phenol - chloroform extraction method . the complete sequence of the mitochondrial control region was amplified with the primers used by gilles et al . [ 34 ] . afterward , the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cyt b ) was amplified for a subset of samples , selected based on the topology of the control region sequences , using the primers outlines by xiao et al . [ 35 ] . pcr amplifications were carried out in 50 ul reaction mixture containing 5 ul 10×pcr buffer ( takara , dalian ) , 0 . 2 mm dntps , 0 . 2 um each primer , with 1 . 5 u taq dna polymerase ( takara ) and approximately 50 ng genomic dna . reaction condition were 3 min at 95°c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°c , 1 min at 57°c ( for the control region ) or 52°c ( for cyt b ) , and 1 min at 72°c , and 7 min at 72°c . pcr products were purified using the gel extraction mini kit ( waston biotechnologies , shanghai ) .
pcr products were sequenced in an abi prism 3730 ( applied biosystems ) automatic sequencer . the complete sequences of control region were sequenced directly with pcr primers ; the 19 complete sequences of cytochrome b were sequenced using pcr primers and two internal primers ( l15286 and h15374 ) employed by xiao et al . [ 36 ] . the sequencing reaction conditions were 25 cycles of 96°c for 30 s , 50°c 15 s and 60°c 4 min .
all nucleotide sequences of the d - loop region , cyt b and combined sequences ( both cyt b and d - loop ) were aligned using megalign in dnastar 6 ( dnastar , madison , usa ) , and further alignment was confirmed visually in bioedit 7 . 0 . 9 [ 37 ] . protein - coding nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids to confirm alignment . the sequence polymorphic analysis was performed in mega 4 [ 38 ] .
a haplotype network was constructed using tcs 1 . 2 . 1 [ 45 ] to estimate gene genealogies for the control region . the connection limit was fixed at 95 % and gaps were treated as a 5th state . when ambiguities ( closed loops or ‘stranded’ clades ) occurred in the networks , they were resolved using published rules and predictions based on coalescence theory [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] .
genetic structure analysis was performed based on the control region using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] . the haplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( π ) [ 49 ] for each sampled population with a sample size ≥10 and each lineage / sublineage were estimated . a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was implemented to assess the significant population structure on different levels . the fixation index f st , fct and fsc [ 50 ] was used to estimate genetic differentiation at the three river systems levels . both amova and f st analysis were performed using pairwise difference with gamma correction ; the significance was assessed by 10 , 000 permutations with arlequin 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 [ 48 ] .
the six main rivers distribute in yunnan plateau , china . the six rivers are divided into two groups , jinsha - nanpan - red and mekong - salween - irrawaddy , by the red lines .
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templeton ar , sing cf ( 1993 ) a cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping . iv . nested analyses with cladogram uncertainty and recombination . genetics 134 : 659–669 .
excoffier l , laval g , schneider s ( 2005 ) arlequin ( version 3 . 0 ) : an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis . evol bioinform online 1 : 47–50 .
nei m ( 1987 ) molecular evolutionary genetics . new york : columbia university press . 512 p .
excoffier l , smouse pe , quattro jm ( 1992 ) analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among dna haplotypes : application to human mitochondrial dna restriction data . genetics 131 : 479–491 .
takezaki n , rzhetsky a , nei m ( 1995 ) phylogenetic test of the molecular clock and linearized trees . mol biol evol 12 : 823–833 .
robinson - rechavi m , huchon d ( 2000 ) rrtree : relative - rate tests between groups of sequences on a phylogenetic tree . bioinformatics 16 : 296–297 .
bermingham e , mccafferty a , martin p ( 1997 ) fish biogeography and molecular clocks : perspectives from the panamanian isthmus . in : kocher t , stepien c , editors . new york : molecular systematics of fishes academic press . 113–126 .
bowen w , bass al , rocha la , grant ws , robertson dr ( 2001 ) phylogeography of the trumpetfishes ( aulostomus ) : ring species complex on a global scale . evolution 55 : 1029–1039 .
drummond aj , rambaut a ( 2007 ) beast : bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees . bmc evol biol 7 : 214 .
tajima f ( 1989 ) statistical methods for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by dna polymorphism . genetics 123 : 585–595 .
fu yx ( 1997 ) statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth , hitchhiking and background selection . genetics 147 : 915–925 .
rogers ar , harpending h ( 1992 ) population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences . mol biol evol 9 : 552–569 .
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hammer ø , harper d , ryan p ( 2001 ) past : paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis . palaeontologia electronica 4 : 9 .
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justification : the species is endemic to the phatewada cave in phu khiew wildlife sanctuary , thailand . it is restricted to a single underground stream system . the population has been impacted by occasional collection for food and , to a lesser extent , for the aquarium trade , thought the population is considered stable at present . it is assessed as vulnerable ( d2 ) as it is present at a single location and impacted by harvest and potential pollution from agriculture , although the cave system is located with a wildlife sanctuary .
endemic to the subterranean stream of tham ( cave ) phatewada in the phu khiew wildlife sanctuary in chayaphum province , thailand ( mekong khorat plateau ecoregion ) .
localized and uncommon , declined in the past 20 years from its discovery in 1991 . the species has occasionally been harvested for food , and might have undergone occasional declines , but the population is thought likely to be stable at present .
, this species does not differ from riverine surface - dwelling species of the genus .
rarely seen in aquarium trade ( harvested by poaching ) . locally consumed by locals who pass by the cave . both harvests would present a threat if undertaken in larger numbers or with greater frequency .
the population has declined due to local consumption from this small population , rarely harvested for the aquarium trade , however the population is considered to be stable at present . other potential threats include impacts from tourist visitors , and degradation of water quality as a result of sedimentation and agricultural pollution .
protected by thai law and in the protected area ( wildlife sanctuary ) . research is needed on the species population , threats and conservation actions .
is still very confused ( kottelat 2011 ) , despite a recent revision , and the identity and distribution of species from the genus in the region requires further work .
locally common to uncommon in the mekong basin . although some threats have been identified , the species
is not widely threatened and it is therefore assessed as least concern . further work is required to confirm the species distribution , especially with respect to the taxonomic identity of some records .
the species is known from the lower mekong basin in thailand and lao pdr to viet nam , where it is recorded from numerous major tributaries , e . g . , throughout the xe bangfai ( kottelat 1998 ) and the xe kong ( kottelat 2011 ) in lao pdr . the species is likely to be quite widely distributed , but under - recorded or misidentified in surveys ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2012 ) .
the species is recorded from myanmar ( roberts 1998 ) , presumably in the mekong drainage . records from viet nam require confirmation ; e . g . , thua thien hue province in central viet nam ( vo
inhabits rivers and tributaries to montane streams . tends to be found in faster flowing waters ( kottelat 2011 ) .
consumed and sold in local markets . occasionally found in the domestic aquarium trade in thailand .
justification : the species has been assessed as data deficient , due to a lack of information regarding species ' taxonomic status , distribution range , population trends , or direct threats to this species .
the species is known from the nho quê river in northern viet nam ( bao lac county , cao bàng province ; nguyen and ngo 2001 ) .
without greater information on the species distribution and ecology , nothing can be said of the threats to the species .
research is required to confirm the taxonomic placement of the species , as well as its distribution and population trends .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbus chonglingchungi tchang , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbodes chonglingchungi ( tchang , 1938 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of barbodes lacustris wu , 1977 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of puntius pachygnathus wang , zhuang & gao , 1982 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


euhyparpax is a genus of moths of the family notodontidae , the prominents .

there are two species : euhyparpax amatame ( dyar , 1916 ) euhyparpax rosea beutenmüller , 1893

euhyparpax

euhyparpax rosea beutenmüller , 1893 ; bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 5 ( 2 ) : 19 ; tl : colorado , custer co . , west cliff
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greer , apache county , arizona , usa july 18 , 2013 size : wingspan approx . 40mm
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ribaldia dyar , 1916 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 51 ( 2139 ) : 22 ; ts : ribaldia amatame dyar
ribaldia amatame dyar , 1916 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 51 ( 2139 ) : 22 ; tl : mexico , hidalgo , guerrero mill
[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
described in the 19th century , the species has been found in only one or two locations in the last 40 or 50 years . stochastic events such as development , fires , or alien weed impact could also eliminate populations of the moth .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
known from only type locality ( custer county ) in central southern colorado and from near silver city , grant county , new mexico ( opler , 2000b ) .
the small range is susceptible to stochastic events such as fire , invasive alien plants , or inadvertent management actions that might be to the species ' detriment .
( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) known from only type locality ( custer county ) in central southern colorado and from near silver city , grant county , new mexico ( opler , 2000b ) .
probably an oak feeder like the related h . aurora ( schweitzer , pers . comm . , 2002 ) .
a location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , where there is potential for persistence or continued recurrence . minimally a place where an adult or larva has be been verified associated with suitable habitat and foodplant . verification standards vary by species and location but sight records should not be the basis for new eos . a few species , most notably datana , are much easier to identify from specimens or photos of last instar larvae ( see forbes , 1948 ) than from adults . wagner et al . ( 1997 ) and wagner ( 2005 ) are also useful for larvae . many species can be identified from either stage and except for some datana the larvae do not have to be last instars . genitalia dissection will sometimes be necessary with single adult specimens or even small series and obviously for such species photographs are not acceptable .
when possible base boundaries on vegetation structure , foodplant distribution in area or other known habitat features . see habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes habitat when mapping occurrences . note in particular care must be taken for the few that specialize on tree or shrubs that are localized within large forests .
when multiple habitat patches occur in a large community complex such as a barrens or savanna or in a landscape feature like a ridgeline or canyon , regard all as one metapopulation .
there are no real data but experience generally suggests habitats are either fully occupied or vacant at least over periods of a few years and usually in every generation . occurrences are usually hundreds of hectares to dozens of square kilometers . occurrences even of globally rare species can be more than 10 kilometers in at least one dimension - - at least in new jersey . all of this argues for large separation distances within suitable habitat . adult males are powerful fliers but heavily laden females probably are not . very few species feed as adults and so they probably do not live long . individual movements are probably modest , a few kilometers or less . long distance strays are virtually unknown . this suggests a short distance across unsuitable habitat . clearly some species recognize and respond to habitat features , for example all known occurrences of heterocampa varia in new jersey are clearly mostly in the 500 to 10 , 000 + hectare range but strays of males out of habitat are rare and of females unknown even with potential foodplants ( oaks ) ubiquitous . datana ranaeceps also rarely is found out of habitat there even though its foodplant is much more widespread and this moth seems absent from virtually all ( dozens to few hundred hectare ) habitat patches more than about 10 kilometers from the true pine barrens region in new jersey . h . varia appears to be absent from the willow grove lake preserve in new jersey even though there is a large population in nearby similar xeric oak woodland which would have been no more than about 10 - 20 kilometers separated originally , although more now . one does not usually find the forest species in residential areas more than a kilometers from woods . females at least apparently do not cross unsuitable habitat often . many species are very heavily egg laden and deposit eggs in rather large masses rather quickly after mating and so probably do not disperse them widely . some clostera and datana are extreme examples but females of heterocampa sometimes and schizura probably always also lay eggs in masses , although often in more , smaller masses . this also supports short distances over unsuitable habitats . do not use the 2 kilometer distance with substantial ( > 100 hectare ) occupied habitat patches separated by areas of marginal habitat .
most notodontidae are widespread woodland or forest moths and typically they are not localized within such places unless the foodplant is . for species where there is some understanding of what actually is suitable habitat , few if any , observations suggest consistent partial occupancy but as noted some do require certain vegetation features ( often sparsely wooded to open scrub of some sort ) in addition to foodplant . notodontids seem to reliably occupy all available habitat where they are present at all , although they may of course be temporarily absent from patches within larger habitats ( especially datana ) . this radius is certainly unrealistically low for most species in large expanses of habitat but some limit is needed . if the habitat does not appear to be a large scale forest or woodland type , do not use this radius . for example some datana and a few others do sometimes occur in small habitats , but in such cases these should be obvious based on the foodplant .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
beutenmueller , w . 1893 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 : 19 .
draudt , m . 1940 . notodontidae . pages 901 - 1070 in a . seitz . the macrolepidoptera of the world . volume 6 , part 2 . alfred kernen , stuttgart , germany .
ferguson , d . c . , c . e . harp , p . a . opler , r . s . peigler , m . pogue , j . a . powell , and m . j . smith . 1999 . moths of north america . jamestown , nd : northern prairie wildlife research center home page . online . available : urltoken ( version 07jan2002 ) .
neumoegen , b . and h . g . dyar . 1894 . a preliminary revision of the lepidopterous family notodontidae . transactions of the american entomological society 21 : 179 - 208 .
opler , p . a . 2000a . notodontidae of north america . draft working document . abi contract number : zoo - 010100 .
opler , p . a . 2000b . unpublished notes on notodontidae in museums including american museum of natural history ; gillette museum of arthropod biodiversity - - colorado state university ; national museum of natural history ; and california insect survey - - university of california at berkeley .
packard , a . s . 1895 . monograph of the bombycine moths of american north of mexico . part 1 . notodontidae . national academy of sciences , memoir 7 - 390 , 7 maps .
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mordellistena sudaniensis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .

it was described by ray in 1944 .

mordellistena sudaniensis

¿qué significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . también puedes añadir tu mismo una definición para mordellistena
mordellistena es un género de coleópteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ]
larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .
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formerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .
small , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings
plants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .
ford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .
nomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .
taxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .
peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .
the book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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mordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .
mordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .
mordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .
please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .
mordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .
mordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .
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nomada priscilla , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .

it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines .

nomada priscilla

phor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brullé , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .
centrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .
cephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .
gnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .
holonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .
nomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .
with over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic
cuckoo bees
. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .
xanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .
the species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .
hypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .
nomadita mocsáry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocsáry , 1894 , monobasic .
lamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .
nomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .
polybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .
cameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )
morawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
morawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
panzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
morawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )
[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .
by the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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checklist of apoidea of north america . . . - 02 - nov - 2005 , manuscript ( version 02 - nov - 05 )
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the long-tailed armored tree-rat , makalata macrura , is a spiny rat species from south america .

it is found in brazil , with a population in ecuador which is referable either to this species or to makalata didelphoides .

long - tailed armored tree - rat

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ypically found in lowland rainforest , in seasonally inundated floodplains of whitewater or blackwater rivers . it is an arboreal species ( emmons and patton 2015 ) . during a survey three of the four specimens of this species captured were taken in the tree canopy . the digestive system physiology suggests it feeds on leaves ( geise
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considered a large form of makalata didelphoides by emmons and freer ( 1997 ) that might represent a distinct species , a hypothesis now supported by morphological and molecular evidence ( patton et al . 2000 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , likely tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species occurs throughout the western amazon basin , including southern colombia and venezuela , eastern ecuador , and north - central peru . its range extends east through western brazil to the left bank of the lower rio negro and at least to the lower rio madeira . the geographic boundaries are poorly understood in the eastern and southern parts of its range ( fabre 2016 , emmons and patton 2015 ) .
the results of a study were unable to ascertain the true abundance of this species , it was unclear whether the trapping program failed or whether makalata macrura is rare throughout the rio jurua ( geise et al . 2001 ) . emmons and feer ( 1997 ) suggested that the species is locally common .
little is known of the biology of this species ; it is probably adaptable to secondary habitats including gardens , anywhere there is a closed canopy ; also found along stream edges ( j . patton pers . comm . ) . it is t
2001 ) . in the same survey , a single adult female was found to be pregnant with a single embryo .
pregnant females have been collected during the months of june and september ( emmons and patton 2015 ) .
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this poorly - known species occurs in ecuador and peru east of the andes ( woods and kilpatrick , 2005 ) . the type locality is gualea , at 1 , 300 m , mount pichincha , in the western slopes of the andes , but this seems erroneous since all others known records are from the lowlands of the eastern side ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
it is an arboreal species . little is known of the behavior of this species , but it is probably similar to other members of the genus . it occurs in lowland and perhaps montane rainforest ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as data deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
it is rare , known from fewer than 10 individuals ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .
further studies into the distribution , habitat , ecology and threats to this species are needed .
vivar , e . & patterson , b . ( 2008 ) . pattonomys occasius . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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carvalho , g . a . s . & salles , l . o . , 2004 : relationships among extant and fossil echimyids ( rodentia : hystricognathi ) . –zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 142 , # 4 , pp . 445 - 477 [ doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2004 . 00150 . x ]
iack - ximenes , g . e . , de vivo , m . & percequillo , a . r . , 2005 : a new species of echimys cuvier , 1809 ( rodentia , echimyidae ) from brazil . –papťis avulsos de zoologia ( s„o paulo ) : vol . 45 , pp . 51 - 60 [ doi : 10 . 1590 / s0031 - 10492005000500001 ]
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629