the buka island mosaic-tailed rat or buka island melomys ( melomys spechti ) is a species of rat in oceania .

it is endemic to buka island , in the autonomous region of bougainville in northeastern papua new guinea .

buka island mosaic - tailed rat

dusky mosaic - tailed rat ( m . aerosus ) • rossel island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . arcium ) • bannister ' s rat ( m . bannisteri ) • bougainville mosaic - tailed rat ( m . bougainville ) • grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . burtoni ) • cape york mosaic - tailed rat ( m . capensis ) • short - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . caurinus ) • fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . cervinipes ) • yamdena island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . cooperae ) • dollman ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( m . dollmani ) • manusela mosaic - tailed rat ( m . fraterculus ) • snow mountains grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . frigicola ) • seram long - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . fulgens ) • riama island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . howi ) • white - bellied mosaic - tailed rat ( m . leucogaster ) • papua grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . lutillus ) • manus island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . matambuai ) • obi mosaic - tailed rat ( m . obiensis ) • pavel ' s seram mosaic - tailed rat ( m . paveli ) • bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rubicola ) • black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rufescens ) • buka island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . spechti ) • long - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat ( m . talaudium )
large - scaled mosaic - tailed rat ( m . lanosus ) • large mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rattoides )
gressit ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . gressitti ) • long - nosed mosaic - tailed rat ( p . levipes ) • lorentz ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . lorentzii ) • thomas ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . mollis ) • moncton ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . moncktoni ) • p . naso • lowland mosaic - tailed rat ( p . platyops ) • mountain mosaic - tailed rat ( p . rubex ) • p . steini
poncelet ' s giant rat ( s . ponceleti ) • florida naked - tailed rat ( s . salamonis ) • bougainville naked - tailed rat ( s . salebrosus ) • isabel naked - tailed rat ( s . sapientis ) • buka island naked - tailed rat ( s . spriggsarum )
large - toothed hairy - tailed rat ( b . dentatus ) • luzon hairy - tailed rat ( b . granti ) • hamiguitan hairy - tailed rat ( b . hamiguitan ) • dinagat hairy - tailed rat ( b . russatus ) • mindanao hairy - tailed rat ( b . salomonseni )
bunn ' s short - tailed bandicoot rat ( n . bunnii ) • short - tailed bandicoot rat ( n . indica )
sundaic mountain long - tailed giant rat ( l . ciliatus ) • edwards ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . edwardsi ) • millet ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . milleti ) • neill ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . neilli ) • long - tailed giant rat ( l . sabanus ) • mentawai long - tailed giant rat ( l . siporanus )
dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat ( c . australis ) • giant bushy - tailed cloud rat ( c . schadenbergi ) • panay cloudrunner ( c . heaneyi ) • ilin island cloudrunner ( c . paulus )
giant naked - tailed rat ( u . anak ) • biak giant rat ( u . boeadii ) • giant white - tailed rat ( u . caudimaculatus ) • emma ' s giant rat ( u . emmae ) • masked white - tailed rat ( u . hadrourus ) • bismarck giant rat ( u . neobritanicus ) • king rat ( u . rex ) • great key island giant rat ( u . siebersi )
the fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat , or fawn - footed melomys ( melomys cervinipes ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in australia .
long - tailed shrew rat ( t . macrocercus ) • tate ' s shrew rat ( t . rhinogradoides )
this poorly - known species has been recorded from the islands of bougainville and buka in papua new guinea , and from choiseul island in the solomon islands . the elevational range of the species is unknown .
nilgiri long - tailed tree mouse ( v . nilagirica ) • nolthenius ' s long - tailed climbing mouse ( v . nolthenii ) • asiatic long - tailed climbing mouse ( v . oleracea )
southern giant slender - tailed cloud rat ( p . cumingi ) • northern luzon giant cloud rat ( p . pallidus )
palawan pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . calamianensis ) • indomalayan pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . gliroides ) • koopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . karlkoopmani ) • large pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . major ) • gray - bellied pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . muroides ) • small pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . pusillus )
loring ' s rat ( t . loringi ) • black - tailed tree rat ( t . nigricauda ) • acacia rat ( t . paedulcus ) • shortridge ' s rat ( t . shortridgei )
cutch rat ( c . cutchicus ) • elvira rat ( c . elvira )
defua rat ( d . defua ) • ivory coast rat ( d . eburneae )
anderson ' s white - bellied rat ( n . andersoni ) • brahma white - bellied rat ( n . brahma ) • cameron highlands white - bellied rat ( n . cameroni ) • chinese white - bellied rat ( n . confucianus ) • coxing ' s white - bellied rat ( n . coninga ) • dark - tailed tree rat ( n . cremoriventer ) • oldfield white - bellied rat ( n . culturatus ) • smoke - bellied rat ( n . eha ) • large white - bellied rat ( n . excelsior ) • montane sumatran white - bellied rat ( n . fraternus ) • chestnut white - bellied rat ( n . fulvescens ) • limestone rat ( n . hinpoon ) • lang bian white - bellied rat ( n . langbianis ) • narrow - tailed white - bellied rat ( n . lepturus ) • hainan white - bellied rat ( n . lotipes ) • white - bellied rat ( n . niviventer ) • long - tailed mountain rat ( n . rapit ) • tenasserim white - bellied rat ( n . tenaster )
red tree rat ( p . melanurus ) • malayan tree rat ( p . parvus )
bagobo rat ( b . bagobus ) • camiguin forest rat ( b . gamay ) • lagre luzon forest rat ( b . luzonicus )
salokko rat ( t . arcuatus ) • lovely - haired rat ( t . callitrichus ) • celebes rat ( t . celebensis ) • sulawesi montane rat ( t . hamatus ) • small - eared rat ( t . microbullatus ) • sulawesi forest rat ( t . punicans ) • tondano rat ( t . taerae )
banahao shrew rat ( r . banahao ) • isarog shrewlike rat ( r . isarogensis ) • mount data shrew rat ( r . soricoides ) • tapulao shrew rat ( r . tapulao )
central sulawesi spiny rat ( e . centrosa ) • sulawesi spiny rat ( e . leucura )
delacour ' s marmoset rat ( h . delacouri ) • marmoset rat ( h . longicaudatus )
common rock rat ( z . argurus ) • arnhem land rock rat ( z . maini ) • carpentarian rock rat ( z . palatilis ) • central rock rat ( z . pedunculatus ) • kimberley rock rat ( z . woodwardi )
muennink ' s spiny rat ( t . muenninki ) • ryukyu spiny rat ( t . osimensis ) • tokunoshima spiny rat ( t . tokunoshimensis )
beccari ' s margareta rat ( m . beccarii ) • elegant margareta rat ( m . elegans ) • little margareta rat ( m . parvus )
lesser bandicoot rat ( b . bengalensis ) • greater bandicoot rat ( b . indica ) • savile ' s bandicoot rat ( b . savilei )
abyssinian grass rat ( a . abyssinicus ) • sudanian grass rat ( a . ansorgei ) • blick ' s grass rat ( a . blicki ) • nairobi grass rat ( a . nairobae ) • neumann ' s grass rat ( a . neumanni ) • african grass rat ( a . niloticus ) • guinean grass rat ( a . rufinus )
harrington ' s rat ( d . harringtoni ) • yalden ' s rat ( d . yaldeni )
northern water rat ( p . rufilatus ) • short - haired water rat ( p . wilhelmina )
gray - bellied mountain rat ( l . bryophilus ) • mindanao mountain rat ( l . sibuanus )
sloggett ' s vlei rat ( m . sloggetti ) • bush vlei rat ( m . unisulcatus )
mirza’s western moss rat ( m . louiseae ) • mirza’s eastern moss rat ( m . norahae )
angolan vlei rat ( o . anchietae ) • angoni vlei rat ( o . angoniensis ) • barbour ' s vlei rat ( o . barbouri ) • burton ' s vlei rat ( o . burtoni ) • cuanza vlei rat ( o . cuanzensis ) • ruwenzori vlei rat ( o . dartmouthi ) • dent ' s vlei rat ( o . denti ) • dollman ' s vlei rat ( o . dollmani ) • southern african vlei rat ( o . irroratus ) • mount elgon vlei rat ( o . jacksoni ) • tanzanian vlei rat ( o . lacustris ) • laminate vlei rat ( o . laminatus ) • large vlei rat ( o . maximus ) • western vlei rat ( o . occidentalis ) • afroalpine vlei rat ( o . orestes ) • saunder ' s vlei rat ( o . saundersiae ) • tropical vlei rat ( o . tropicalis ) • typical vlei rat ( o . typus ) • uzungwe vlei rat ( o . uzungwensis )
luzon striped rat ( c . whiteheadi ) • mindoro striped rat ( c . mindorensis ) • isarog striped shrew - rat ( c . gonzalesi ) • blazed luzon shrew rat ( c . silaceus ) • sibuyan striped shrew rat ( c . sibuyanensis )
arid thicket rat ( g . aridulus ) • g . brevirostris • bunting ' s thicket rat ( g . buntingi ) • gray - headed thicket rat ( g . caniceps ) • mozambique thicket rat ( g . cometes ) • woodland thicket rat ( g . dolichurus ) • forest thicket rat ( g . dryas ) • giant thicket rat ( g . gigas ) • ruwenzori thicket rat ( g . ibeanus ) • eastern rainforest thicket rat ( g . kuru ) • macmillan ' s thicket rat ( g . macmillani ) • ethiopian thicket rat ( g . minnae ) • shining thicket rat ( g . poensis )
mountain water rat ( b . habbema ) • shaw mayer ' s water rat ( b . shawmayeri )
kemp ' s thicket rat ( t . kempi ) • hatt ' s thicket rat ( t . major ) • charming thicket rat ( t . venustus )
andrew ' s hill rat ( b . andrewsi ) • yellow - haired hill rat ( b . chrysocomus ) • heavenly hill rat ( b . coelestis ) • fraternal hill rat ( b . fratrorum ) • heinrich ' s hill rat ( b . heinrichi ) • inland hill rat ( b . penitus ) • long - headed hill rat ( b . prolatus )
long - footed rat ( t . apoensis ) • spiny long - footed rat ( t . echinatus )
mountain spiny rat ( m . alticola ) • small spiny rat ( m . baeodon ) • bartels ' s spiny rat ( m . bartelsii ) • dollman ' s spiny rat ( m . dollmani ) • hellwald ' s spiny rat ( m . hellwaldii ) • sumatran spiny rat ( m . hylomyoides ) • malayan mountain spiny rat ( m . inas ) • fat - nosed spiny rat ( m . inflatus ) • mo ' s spiny rat ( m . moi ) • musschenbroek ' s spiny rat ( m . musschenbroekii ) • chestnut - bellied spiny rat ( m . ochraceiventer ) • pagai spiny rat ( m . pagensis ) • palawan spiny rat ( m . panglima ) • rajah spiny rat ( m . rajah ) • red spiny rat ( m . surifer ) • watts ' s spiny rat ( m . wattsi ) • whitehead ' s spiny rat ( m . whiteheadi )
ethiopian white - footed mouse ( s . albipes ) • ethiopian narrow - headed rat ( s . albocaudata ) • gray - tailed narrow - headed rat ( s . griseicauda ) • rupp ' s mouse ( s . ruppi )
mountain giant sunda rat ( s . infraluteus ) • bartels ' s rat ( s . maxi ) • müller ' s giant sunda rat ( s . muelleri )
glover allen ' s shaggy rat ( d . alleni ) • crawford - cabral ' s shaggy rat ( d . cabrali ) • fox ' s shaggy rat ( d . foxi ) • african marsh rat ( d . incomtus ) • montane shaggy rat ( d . montanus ) • angolan marsh rat ( d . nudipes ) • robert ' s shaggy rat ( d . robertsii ) • west african shaggy rat ( d . rufulus ) • rwandan shaggy rat ( d . rwandae ) • d . shortridgei • tanzanian shaggy rat ( d . sua )
manipur bush rat ( h . humei ) • h . loujacobsi • yunnan bush rat ( h . yunnanensis )
common rufous - nosed rat ( o . hypoxanthus ) • ghana rufous - nosed rat ( o . ornatus )
lesser small - toothed rat ( m . elegans ) • eastern small - toothed rat ( m . major )
lesser stick - nest rat ( l . apicalis ) • greater stick - nest rat ( l . conditor )
brants ' s whistling rat ( p . brantsii ) • littledale ' s whistling rat ( p . littledalei )
cansdale ' s swamp rat ( m . cansdalei ) • edward ' s swamp rat ( m . edwardsi ) • big - eared swamp rat ( m . longipes )
de vis ' s woolly rat ( m . aroaensis ) • alpine woolly rat ( m . gunung ) • subalpine woolly rat ( m . istapantap ) • rothschild ' s woolly rat ( m . rothschildi ) • bosavi woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . ) • arfak woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . ) • foja woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . )
black - footed tree - rat ( m . gouldii ) • golden - backed tree rat ( m . macrurus )
bocage ' s rock rat ( a . bocagei ) • red rock rat ( a . chrysophilus ) • grant ' s rock rat ( a . ( micaelamys ) granti ) • hinde ' s rock rat ( a . hindei ) • tete veld aethomys ( a . ineptus ) • kaiser ' s rock rat ( a . kaiseri ) • namaqua rock rat ( a . ( micaelamys ) namaquensis ) • nyika rock rat ( a . nyikae ) • silinda rock rat ( a . silindensis ) • tinfields rock rat ( a . stannarius ) • thomas ' s rock rat ( a . thomasi )
short - footed luzon tree rat ( c . melanurus ) • white - bellied luzon tree rat ( c . phaeurus )
western white - eared giant rat ( h . dammermani ) • eastern white - eared giant rat ( h . goliath )
sand - colored soft - furred rat ( m . gleadowi ) • miss ryley ' s soft - furred rat ( m . kathleenae ) • kondana soft - furred rat ( m . kondana ) • soft - furred rat ( m . meltada )
small white - toothed rat ( b . berdmorei ) • bower ' s white - toothed rat ( b . bowersi ) • kenneth ' s white - toothed rat ( b . mackenziei ) • manipur white - toothed rat ( b . manipulus )
celebes shrew rat ( c . celebensis ) • northern luzon shrew rat ( c . fallax ) • mindanao shrew rat ( c . melanius ) • katanglad shrew mouse ( c . suncoides )
rakali ( h . chrysogaster ) • western water rat ( h . hussoni ) • new britain water rat ( h . neobrittanicus ) • ziegler ' s water rat ( h . ziegleri )
bell groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . campanae ) • creek groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . fallax ) • hopkins ' s groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . hopkinsi ) • issel ' s groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . isseli ) • least groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . minor )
l . arfakensis • long - footed water rat ( l . elegans ) • ernst mayr ' s water rat ( l . ernstmayri ) • l . paulus • fly river water rat ( l . signatus )
this text was originally published in the book terrestrial ecoregions of the indo - pacific : a conservation assessment from island press . this assessment offers an in - depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of the indo - pacific ' s ecoregions .
champion ' s tree mouse ( p . championi ) • d ' entrecasteaux archipelago tree mouse ( p . fergussoniensis ) • large tree mouse ( p . loriae ) • chestnut tree mouse ( p . macrourus ) • prehensile - tailed rat ( p . mollipilosus ) • gray - bellied tree mouse ( p . sylvestris )
justification of ecoregion delineation distinct island groups were placed in their own ecoregions : the solomon islands rain forests [ aa0119 ] and the vanuatu rain forests [ aa0126 ] . we followed stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) in delineating these ecoregions . mackinnon ( 1997 ) did not extend his assessment beyond the island of bougainville in the solomon islands . however , we followed bouchet et al . ( 1995 ) and separated the distinctive dry forests in new caledonia from the moist forests to delineate the new caledonia rain forests [ aa0113 ] and the new caledonia dry forests [ aa0202 ] . stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) did not show this distinction .
davis et al . ( 1995 ) identified two centres of plant diversity on bougainville island : mt . balbi to southern coast , containing the largest stands of bamboo forest in papuasia and remnant stands of terminalia brassii , and mt . takuan - tonolei harbour , containing natural stands of terminalia brassii and more than 1 , 000 vascular plant species .
the solomon islands rain forests [ aa0119 ] are true oceanic islands with high vertebrate endemism , including single - island endemics , restricted - range mammals , and an astounding sixty - nine bird species found nowhere else in the world . large areas of naturally restricted lowlands below 400 m either have been or are under threat of logging or clearance for subsistence agriculture . introduced cats have eliminated most native mammals on guadalcanal .
turkestan rat ( rattus pyctoris ; obs . rattus turkestanicus ) – afghanistan , china , india , iran , kyrgyzstan , nepal , and pakistan
hendrickson , r . ( 1983 ) more cunning than man : a complete history of the rat and its role in civilization , kensington books . isbn 1 - 57566 - 393 - 7 .
matthews , i . ( 1898 ) . full revelations of a professional rat - catcher , after 25 years’ experience . 1st ed . manchester : friendly societies printing co . isbn 1 - 905124 - 64 - 3 .
bishop moss - mouse ( p . berniceae ) • huon smalltoothed moss - mouse ( p . carlae ) • laurie’s moss - mouse ( p . eleanorae ) • one - toothed shrew - mouse ( p . ellermani ) • mottled - tailed shrew mouse ( p . fuscus ) • german ' s one - toothed moss mouse ( p . germani ) • eastern shrew mouse ( p . murinus ) • musser ' s shrew mouse ( p . musseri ) • western shrew mouse ( p . occidentalis ) • woolley’s moss - mouse ( p . patriciae ) • southern small - toothed moss - mouse ( p . pumehanae ) • white - bellied moss - mouse ( p . sandrae )
ash - grey mouse ( p . albocinereus ) • silky mouse ( p . apodemoides ) • plains rat ( p . australis ) • bolam ' s mouse ( p . bolami ) • kakadu pebble - mound mouse ( p . calabyi ) • western pebble - mound mouse ( p . chapmani ) • little native mouse ( p . delicatulus ) • desert mouse ( p . desertor ) • shark bay mouse ( p . fieldi ) • smoky mouse ( p . fumeus ) • eastern chestnut mouse ( p . gracilicaudatus ) • sandy inland mouse ( p . hermannsburgensis ) • long - tailed mouse ( p . higginsi ) • central pebble - mound mouse ( p . johnsoni ) • western chestnut mouse ( p . nanus ) • new holland mouse ( p . novaehollandiae ) • western mouse ( p . occidentalis ) • hastings river mouse ( p . oralis ) • country mouse ( p . patrius ) • pilliga mouse ( p . pilligaensis ) • heath mouse ( p . shortridgei )
jahn , g . c . , p . cox , s . mak , and n . chhorn ( 1999 )
farmer participatory research on rat management in cambodia
, in g . singleton , l . hinds , h . leirs and zhibin zhang [ eds . ] ecologically - based rodent management aciar , canberra . ch . 17 , pp . 358–371 . isbn 1 - 86320 - 262 - 5 .
p . coetzeei • dalton ' s mouse ( p . daltoni ) • de graaff ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . degraaffi ) • delectable soft - furred mouse ( p . delectorum ) • deroo ' s mouse ( p . derooi ) • hartwig ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . hartwigi ) • jackson ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . jacksoni ) • lukolela swamp rat ( p . lukolelae ) • least soft - furred mouse ( p . minor ) • misonne ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . misonnei ) • cameroon soft - furred mouse ( p . morio ) • muton ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . mutoni ) • gotel mountain soft - furred mouse ( p . obscurus ) • peter ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . petteri ) • forest soft - furred mouse ( p . rostratus ) • tullberg ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . tullbergi ) • verschuren ' s swamp rat ( p . verschureni )
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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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melomys bougainville was previously considered to be a subspecies of m . rufescens . there is still some doubt as to whether or not it is distinct from m . rufescens .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of an absence of recent information on its conservation status and threats as well as continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity .
the natural history of this species has not been recorded . it is suspected to have similar habits to m . rufescens , and occur in disturbed habitats , rural gardens , and possibly within houses ( flannery 1995 ) .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , habitat , ecology , and threats to this species . there is also some doubt as to whether or not it is distinct from m . rufescens , and further taxonomic research is a priority .
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this species is endemic to australia , where it ranges from tropical forests of north - eastern queensland south to central coastal new south wales ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .
it is found in closed tropical moist forest , semi - deciduous vine thicket , bottle tree scrub , and wooded swamps in queensland , but in the south of its range it also occurs in wet sclerophyll forest and coastal woodlands ; also in mangrove forest . the species can breed throughout the year , with females giving birth to up to three young after a gestation period of about 38 days ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .
lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it is common and often abundant where it occurs . it is less common in new south wales where habitat for the species is limited ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .
it is present in a number of protected areas . taxonomic work is needed to determine whether this is a species complex .
this species has long been commonly known by the descriptive english common name fawn - footed melomys , but during the 1990s there was a push for such names to be replaced with indigenous australian names . accordingly , in 1995 the
published recommendations for the common names of rodents . they compiled two indigenous australian names for this species :
however this recommendation was not prescriptive , and it remains to be seen to what extent it will be adopted .
burnett , s . & winter , j . ( 2008 ) . melomys cervinipes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 october 2008 .
braithwaite r . w . et al . ( 1995 ) . australian names for australian rodents . australian nature conservation agency . isbn 0 - 642 - 21373 - 9 .
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
h . alleni group : allen ' s wood mouse ( h . alleni )
h . anselli group : ansell ' s wood mouse ( h . anselli )
h . baeri group : baer ' s wood mouse ( h . baeri )
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mueller - dombois and fosberg ( 1998 ) outlined seven broad natural vegetation types in the ecoregion , including coastal strand vegetation , mangrove forests , freshwater swamp forests , two types of lowland rain forests , seasonally dry forest and grassland ( only on guadalcanal ) , and montane rain forest . bougainville also contains floodplain forest , a transitional submontane rain forest , forest on ancient limestone , and vegetation on recent volcanic surfaces .
seasonally dry forest is found only on the leeward ( north ) side of guadalcanal . these forests consist of mixed deciduous forest and themeda australis grassland . the canopy is composed of pometia pinnata , vitex cofassus , and kleinhovia hospita . the deciduous species are pterocarpus indicus , antiais toxicaria ( moraceae ) , ficus spp . , and sterculia spp . the grassland probably is related to periodic burning by humans ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .
the fagaceae species that generally mark montane rain forest in the region ( castanopsis , nothofagus , and lithocarpus ) are absent in the solomons . instead , a reduction in stature ( from 25 to 35 m in the lowlands to 15 to 20 m in the uplands ) is apparent . syzygium , metrosideros , ardisia , psychotria , schefflera , ficus , rhododendron , dacrydium , and podcarpus pilgeri have been collected in the mountains of the solomons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .
the outlying coral atolls support depleted lowland rain forest , remnant coastal and swamp vegetation , and pandanus thickets . the vegetation is a product of generally poor soils combined with human alteration ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .
biodiversity features overall richness and endemism in the solomon islands range from low to high when compared with those of other ecoregions in indo - malaysia . bird and mammal endemism are high .
there is a clear difference between the mammalian faunas of the solomon islands and the bismarck archipelago and richer new guinea to the west . except for pteropodid bats , the solomons and bismarcks have many fewer mammals than new guinea , and the solomons , unlike new britain , contain no marsupials . east beyond the solomons there are even fewer mammal species . almost all the mammal species have their origins in or via new guinea ( flannery 1990 ) .
family species pteropodidae melonycteris fardoulisi * pteropodidae melonycteris woodfordi * pteropodidae dobsonia inermis * pteropodidae nyctimene vizcaccia * pteropodidae nyctimene major pteropodidae pteralopex anceps * pteropodidae pteralopex atrata * pteropodidae pteralopex pulchra * pteropodidae pteralopex sp . * pteropodidae pteropus admiralitatum pteropodidae pteropus howensis * pteropodidae pteropus mahaganus * pteropodidae pteropus rayneri * pteropodidae pteropus rennelli * pteropodidae pteropus woodfordi * rhinolophidae anthops ornatus * molossidae chaerephon solomonis * muridae melomys bougainville * muridae melomys spechti * muridae solomys ponceleti * muridae solomys salamonis * muridae solomys salebrosus * muridae solomys sapientis * muridae uromys imperator * muridae uromys porculus * muridae uromys rex *
bird diversity drops off sharply from new guinea as one moves east across the pacific to the solomons . whereas new guinea has seventy - one families and subfamilies of birds , the solomons have forty - four . the solomons are considered a center of bird endemism , with at least seven endemic genera . the dropoff in diversity seen in other animal groups as one moves east from new guinea is also consistent with that seen in birds . whereas new guinea has seventy - one families and subfamilies of birds , and the solomons have forty - four , vanuatu has thirty - one ( keast 1996 ) .
between november and april of each year the solomon islands are subject to tropical cyclones , which are an important source of natural disturbance to the islands ' forests . extreme droughts are also a natural event and occur irregularly at intervals of six to twenty years ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .
current status a large australian - run copper mine was located in bougainville , but it was shut down because of civil unrest several years ago . introduced species are a special concern here , and most native mammals have been eliminated from guadalcanal by cats . hunting native species is common ( stattersfield et al . 1998 , ) . many bird species in the solomons are vulnerable simply because of their small natural ranges ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
only one protected area , 930 km2 surrounding mt . balbi on bougainville , exists in the ecoregion ( table 3 ) . a gap analysis , based on detailed vegetation and habitat type mapping , has never been performed to determine whether the existing protected area network adequately covers all habitats with protected areas that are large enough to maintain all critical ecological processes .
table 3 . wcmc ( 1997 ) protected areas that overlap with the ecoregion .
ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets .
types and severity of threats large areas of the naturally limited natural forest below 400 m have been logged or are planned to be logged . an adequate survey of timber resources has not been conducted ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ; thistlethwait and votaw 1992 ) .
forest clearing for subsistence agriculture is an ongoing threat . most households are self - sufficient ( seven out of eight ) , and because population growth is high there is pressure to clear land . this is especially true around urban areas because the population is mobile and many people move to the outskirts of overcrowded urban centers . satellite imagery indicates that the area under cultivation doubled between 1972 and 1992 ( thistlethwait and votaw 1992 ) .
udvardy ( 1975 ) placed all the ecoregions in the new guinea and melanesia bioregion , with the exception of new caledonia , into the papuan biogeographic province of the oceanian realm . new caledonia was placed in the new caledonian biogeographic province .
references references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm . indo - pacific reference list
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
the genus rattus is a member of the giant subfamily murinae . several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of rattus : lenothrix , anonymomys , sundamys , kadarsanomys , diplothrix , margaretamys , lenomys , komodomys , palawanomys , bunomys , nesoromys , stenomys , taeromys , paruromys , abditomys , tryphomys , limnomys , tarsomys , bullimus , apomys , millardia , srilankamys , niviventer , maxomys , leopoldamys , berylmys , mastomys , myomys , praomys , hylomyscus , heimyscus , stochomys , dephomys , and aethomys .
the genus rattus proper contains 64 extant species . a subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed , but does not include all species .
barnett , s . anthony ( 2002 ) the story of rats : their impact on us , and our impact on them , allen & unwin , crows nest , nsw , 202 pages , isbn 1 - 86508 - 519 - 7 .
leung , lkp ; cox , peter g . ; jahn , g . c . ; nugent , robert ( 2002 ) .
evaluating rodent management with cambodian rice farmers
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musser , g . g . and m . d . carleton . 1993 .
family muridae
in d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds .
mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference
, smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . pp . 501–755 .
nowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world vol . 2 . johns hopkins university press , london .
sullivan , robert ( 2004 ) . rats : a year with نيويورك ' s most unwanted inhabitants . granta books , london .
sullivan , robert ( 2005 ) . rats : observations on the history and habitat of the city ' s most unwanted inhabitants . bloomsbury usa . isbn 1 - 58234 - 477 - 9 .
striped field mouse ( a . agrarius ) • alpine field mouse ( a . alpicola ) • small japanese field mouse ( a . argenteus ) • a . avicennicus • chevrier ' s field mouse ( a . chevrieri ) • south china field mouse ( a . draco ) • yellow - necked mouse ( a . flavicollis ) • himalayan field mouse ( a . gurkha ) • caucasus field mouse ( a . hyrcanicus ) • sichuan field mouse ( a . latronum ) • pygmy field mouse ( a . microps ) • broad - toothed field mouse ( a . mystacinus ) • western broad - toothed field mouse ( a . ( mystacinus ) epimelas ) • ward ' s field mouse ( a . pallipes ) • korean field mouse ( a . peninsulae ) • black sea field mouse ( a . ponticus ) • kashmir field mouse ( a . rusiges ) • taiwan field mouse ( a . semotus ) • large japanese field mouse ( a . speciosus ) • wood mouse ( a . sylvaticus ) • ural field mouse ( a . uralensis ) • steppe field mouse ( a . witherbyi )
barbary striped grass mouse ( l . barbarus ) • bellier ' s striped grass mouse ( l . bellieri ) • griselda ' s striped grass mouse ( l . griselda ) • hoogstral ' s striped grass mouse ( l . hoogstraali ) • senegal one - striped grass mouse ( l . linulus ) • buffoon striped grass mouse ( l . macculus ) • mittendorf ' s striped grass mouse ( l . mittendorfi ) • single - striped grass mouse ( l . rosalia ) • rosevear ' s striped grass mouse ( l . roseveari ) • typical striped grass mouse ( l . striatus ) • heuglin ' s striped grass mouse ( l . zebra )
luzon cordillera forest mouse ( a . abrae ) • camiguin forest mouse ( a . camiguinensis ) • luzon montane forest mouse ( a . datae ) • large mindoro forest mouse ( a . gracilirostris ) • mount apo forest mouse ( a . hylocoetes ) • mindanao montane forest mouse ( a . insignis ) • mindanao lowland forest mouse ( a . littoralis ) • small luzon forest mouse ( a . microdon ) • least forest mouse ( a . musculus ) • long - nosed luzon forest mouse ( a . sacobianus )
mount isarog shrew mouse ( a . luzonensis ) • sierra madre shrew mouse ( a . musseri ) • cordillera shrew - mouse ( a . kalinga )
hildegarde ' s broad - headed mouse ( z . hildegardeae ) • woosnam ' s broad - headed mouse ( z . woosnami )
eisentraut ' s striped mouse ( h . badius ) • father basilio ' s striped mouse ( h . basilii ) • moon striped mouse ( h . lunaris ) • miller ' s striped mouse ( h . planifrons ) • temminck ' s striped mouse ( h . trivirgatus ) • peters ' s striped mouse ( h . univittatus )
southern groove - toothed shrew mouse ( m . argenteus ) • northern groove - toothed shrew mouse ( m . richardsoni )
ranee mouse ( h . margarettae ) • minahassa ranee mouse ( h . minahassae ) • lesser ranee mouse ( h . pusillus )
greater tree mouse ( c . forbesi ) • lamia ( c . lamia ) • lesser tree mouse ( c . vates )
white - toothed brush mouse ( c . albidens ) • c . kirrhos • rümmler ' s brush mouse ( c . ruemmleri ) • c . shawmayeri
lowland brush mouse ( p . bruijni ) • shaw mayer ' s brush mouse ( p . mayeri )
forrest ' s mouse ( l . forresti ) • lakeland downs mouse ( l . lakedownensis )
spinifex hopping mouse ( n . alexis ) • northern hopping mouse ( n . aquilo ) • fawn hopping mouse ( n . cervinus ) • dusky hopping mouse ( n . fuscus ) • mitchell ' s hopping mouse ( n . mitchellii )
h . aeta group : beaded wood mouse ( h . aeta ) • h . grandis h . alleni group : allen ' s wood mouse ( h . alleni ) • angolan wood mouse ( h . carillus ) • stella wood mouse ( h . stella ) • walter verheyeni ' s mouse ( h . walterverheyeni ) h . anselli group : ansell ' s wood mouse ( h . anselli ) • arc mountain wood mouse ( h . arcimontensis ) h . baeri group : baer ' s wood mouse ( h . baeri ) h . denniae group : montane wood mouse ( h . denniae ) • h . endorobae • h . vulcanorum h . parvus group : little wood mouse ( h . parvus )
awash multimammate mouse ( m . awashensis ) • southern multimammate mouse ( m . coucha ) • guinea multimammate mouse ( m . erythroleucus ) • hubert ' s multimammate mouse ( m . huberti ) • verheyen ' s multimammate mouse ( m . kollmannspergeri ) • natal multimammate mouse ( m . natalensis ) • dwarf multimammate mouse ( m . pernanus ) • shortridge ' s multimammate mouse ( m . shortridgei )
angolan multimammate mouse ( m . angolensis ) • brockman ' s rock mouse ( m . brockmani ) • verreaux ' s mouse ( m . verreauxii ) • yemeni mouse ( m . yemeni )


megacraspedus argyroneurellus is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in russia ( lower volga , southern ural ) , ukraine ( the crimea ) , central asia , the northern caucasus and turkey .

megacraspedus argyroneurellus

megacraspedus argyroneurellus staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 316 ; tl : sarepta
megacraspedus monolorellus rebel , 1905 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 20 : 213
megacraspedus lativalvellus amsel , 1954 ; bull . soc . fouad i . ent . 38 : 54
megacraspedus lagopellus herrich - schäffer , 1860 ; neue schmett . ( 2 ) : 13 , f . 81
megacraspedus calamogonus meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 163 ; tl : chritschurch
megacraspedus escalerellus schmidt , 1941 ; bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . 38 : 38
megacraspedus sematacma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
megacraspedus alfacarellus wehrli , 1926 ; ent . z . frankfr . a . m . 39 ( 40 ) : 163
megacraspedus albovenata ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166 ; [ fe ]
megacraspedus squalida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 272 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada
megacraspedus subdolellus staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 243 ; tl : sierra nevada
megacraspedus attritellus staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 316 ; tl : sarepta
megacraspedus pusillus walsingham , 1903 ; ent . mon . mag . 39 : 266 ; tl : spain , granada , sierra nevada
megacraspedus aenictodes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 112 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
megacraspedus consortiella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : alai
megacraspedus cuencellus caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : cuenca
megacraspedus majorella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : alai
megacraspedus macrocanellus lucas , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 : 187 ; tl : anti - atlas , morocco
megacraspedus pentheres walsingham , 1920 ; ent . mon . mag . 56 : 10 ; tl : s . france , basses - alpes
megacraspedus cerussatellus rebel , 1930 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 80 ( s . b ) : 14 ; tl : alibotusch
megacraspedus culminicola le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 165 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas
megacraspedus homochroa le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 165 ; tl : morocco , moeyen atlas
megacraspedus incertellus rebel , 1930 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 80 ( s . b ) : 14 ; tl : alitbotusch
megacraspedus serica meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 369 ; tl : cape colony , kalk bay
megacraspedus tutti walsingham , 1887 ; ent . rec . j . var . 9 : 140 ; tl : france , dauphiné , la grave , 5000ft
megacraspedus tristictus walsingham , 1910 ; ent . mon . mag . 46 : 231 ; tl : s . france , ( alp . mar . ) , cannes
megacraspedus euxena meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : albany , west australia
megacraspedus hoplitis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : perth , west australia
megacraspedus ischnota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 282 ; tl : carnarvon , west australia
megacraspedus isotis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 280 ; tl : york , west australia
megacraspedus melitopis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 276 ; tl : york , west australia
megacraspedus oxyphanes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; tl : york , west australia
megacraspedus coniodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : quorn and petersburg , south australia
megacraspedus niphodes ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
megacraspedus sagittifera ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 281 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
megacraspedus stratimera ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
megacraspedus chalcoscia meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 276 ; tl : adelaide , south australia ; albany , west australia
megacraspedus astemphella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 275 ; tl : port lincoln , south australia ; geraldton , west australia
megacraspedus centrosema meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 275 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; adelaide , south australia
megacraspedus exilis walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
megacraspedus popularis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 282 ; tl : sydney and bathurst , new south wales ; deloraine and hobart , tasmania
megacraspedus sclerotricha meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 279 ; tl : blackheath ( 3500ft ) and bathurst ( 2500ft ) , new south wales
megacraspedus aphileta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 280 ; tl : adelaide , wirrabara and port lincoln , south australia ; york , west australia
megacraspedus inficeta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : blackheat ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania
megacraspedus platyleuca meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 274 ; tl : syndey , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; deloraine , tasmania ; perth , west australia
megacraspedus pityritis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 279 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi , sydney and mittagon , new south wales ; mt macedon , victoria ; launceston and campbelltown , tasmania
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
albella ( amsel , 1935 ) ( chilopselaphus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 302 , pl . 10 , f . 57
arnaldi ( turati & krüger , 1936 ) ( mesophleps ) ; mem . soc . ent . ital . 15 : 76
chilopselaphus podolicus toll , 1942 ; zs . wiener entver . 27 : 170 , pl . 13 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : steilwand hlody , kreis borszczow , podolien
? binotellus ( fischer von röslerstamm , 1843 ) ( ypsolophus ) ; abbildungen schmettkde : 301 , pl . 99 , f . 2
chilopselaphus ethicodes meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 68
chilopselaphus fallax mann , 1867 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 17 : 850
ypsolophus imparellus fischer von röslerstamm , 1843 ; abbildungen schmettkde : 303 , pl . 100 , f . 2
ypsolophus lanceolellus zeller , 1850 ; stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 5 ) : 143
mareotidellus turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 169
trichembola neurophanes meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 271 ; tl : uralsk
eutorna niphodes lower , 1897 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 21 : 58
trichembola niphorrhoa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 272 ; tl : uralsk , indersky
chilopselaphus numidellus chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 333 ; tl : gafsa
peyerimhoffi le cerf , 1925 ; encycl . ent . ( b . 3 lep . ) 1 : 11
s . queendland , new south wales , victoria , tasmania . see [ maps ]
neda plutella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 244 ; tl : texas
paltodora sagittifera lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 416 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
ypsolophus separatellus fischer von röslerstamm , 1843 ; abbildungen schmettkde : 302 , pl . 100 , f . 1
eutorna stratimera lower , 1897 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 21 : 58 ; tl : belair , s . australia
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
zeller , 1850 verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 2 ) : 59 - 64 , ( 4 ) : 134 - 136 , ( 5 ) : 139 - 162 , ( 6 ) : 195 - 212
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of anomologini sp . ( large size ) .
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


causeyella youngsteadtorum , youngsteadt 's cave millipede , is a ghostly white millipede , first collected in 1976 by norman and jean youngsteadt , but not recognized as a new species until 2003 .

it has been found in seven caves in boone and searcy counties in arkansas .

causeyella youngsteadtorum

figures 27–29 . sems of causeyella youngsteadtorum . 27 , gonopods , ventral view . 28 , gonopod fimbriate branch . 29 , gonopod tips , oblique lateral view . scale lines as labelled .
the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea )
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) | zenodo
arkansas is home to nineteen species of endemic millipedes ; however , some of these species need to be re - described and may contain synonyms ( same species with multiple scientific names ) . they include abacion wilhelminae ( shelley , mcallister , and hollis ) , boraria profuga ( causey ) , causeyella causeyae ( shear ) , causeyella youngsteadtorum ( shear ) , cleidogona arkansana ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus compressus ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus newtonius ( chamberlain ) , eurymerodesmus polkensis ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus pulaski ( causey ) , nannaria davidcauseyi ( causey ) , nannaria depalmai ( causey ) , okliulus beveli ( causey ) , petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) , tiganogona glebosa ( causey ) , tiganogona ladymani ( causey ) , tiganogona moesta ( causey ) , tiganogona steuartae ( causey ) , and trigenotyla parca ( causey ) .
abacion wilhelminae is endemic to rich mountain in polk county . boraria profuga is found within the ouachita mountains uplift and is probably endemic to that physiographic region . causeyella causeyae is a cave - dwelling millipede that is eyeless and unpigmented ; it occurs within the ozark mountains of arkansas . causeyella youngsteadtorum is also endemic to the ozarks of arkansas , occurring in newton , boone , and searcy counties . cleidogona arkansana is known only from the type locality in dallas county . eurymerodesmus compressus is known from union county . eurymerodesmus newtonius occurs in benton , newton , and washington counties . eurymerodesmus polkensis occurs in montgomery , polk , and scott counties . eurymerodesmus pulaski is known from saline and pulaski counties . nannaria davidcauseyi is known from newton county , and nannaria depalmai is known from carroll county . okliulus beveli is known only from union county . petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) produces a defensive secretion that smells like camphor . tiganogona glebosa occurs in washington county , tiganogona ladymani occurs in clay county , tiganogona moesta occurs in carroll and washington counties , and tiganogona steuartae occurs only in sebastian county . trigenotyla parca occurs primarily in caves and is known from carroll county .
due to their affinity for dark , moist habitats , millipedes are often found within cave systems or mines . these can include rare species that are found only within caves ( troglobites ) and more common surface species . some rare millipedes found in caves include the genus causeyella , which is found only within cave systems in the ozarks , and tingupa pallida , known from caves in randolph and sharp counties . another common cave millipede is cambala minor , which is not a true troglobite but does have a lightly colored body and is eyeless .
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there have been around 7 , 000 species of millipedes ( sometimes spelled millipeds ) described scientifically , with a projected estimate of possibly 80 , 000 total species occurring around the globe . around 900 species have been described from the united states and canada . however , the family parajulidae , the largest group from north america , has not been studied thoroughly , suggesting that numerous more species exist in north america . arkansas has a diverse array of millipede species . some of them are fairly common , while others are rare .
millipedes—their name meaning “thousand feet”—make up a group of invertebrates ( lacking a backbone ) in the phylum arthropoda . within the arthropoda phylum , millipedes belong in the subphylum myriapoda , which includes four classes : chilopoda ( centipedes ) , diplopoda ( millipedes ) , paurapoda ( paurapods ) , and sumphyla ( symphylans ) . of the four classes , most people are familiar with the centipedes and the millipedes .
the class diplopoda has three unique characteristics : aflagellate spermatozoa , the presence of four or more apical sensory cones on each antenna , and the diplosegment condition . millipedes can be found as they move slowly through dark , moist habits , such as under logs , beneath stones , and within leaf litter . when disturbed , they commonly roll up into a ball to protect their legs and head from predators . they are herbivores , mainly eating dead plant material .
millipedes have two main body types : a primarily cylindrical body form , such as in the family parajulidae , or the dorsoventrally flattened body types , such as in the family eurymerodesmidae . a millipede’s head consists of a clump of simple eyes on each side and a pair of antennae , mandibles , and maxillae . a millipede’s body has between twenty - five and 100 segments with either a single or double row of feet on each segment , giving the illusion of a thousand feet ( although millipedes only have up to 750 legs ) . the seventh segment appendages are often specialized into copulatory organs called gonopods . many species of millipedes can be identified only by using morphological characteristics when viewing the male copulatory structures . millipedes breathe through structures called spiracles . each abdominal segment contains two spiracles , which open into air chambers connected to tracheal tubes . after millipedes mate , females lay eggs and guard them . hatchlings hatch from eggs and have only a few pairs of legs . each time they molt ( shed their exoskeleton ) , they gain more segments and legs .
a very common species of millipede in arkansas is pseudopolydesmus pinetorum ( bollman ) . this species has a flattened body and is a brownish color . other common millipedes include the families parajulidae and eurymerodesmidae . a few genera of millipedes within arkansas are rather colorful , with yellow and orange markings on the body segments , such as in apheloria , auturus , and eurymerodesmus . one species occurring within arkansas , narceus americanus , is a very large millipede with a brownish body with orange and green markings along the periphery of the segments . brachycebe lecontei is a millipede that has a pink body .
published collections of millipedes date back to the late 1800s . in 1888 , charles h . bollman published the “preliminary checklist of the myriapoda of arkansas , with descriptions of new species” in entomologica americana . dr . nell bevel causey , who held a faculty position at the university of arkansas ( ua ) in fayetteville ( washington county ) , authored numerous species and genera , many of which are endemic to arkansas . much of the knowledge of millipede species occurring in arkansas can be contributed to this early work . other diplopodologists who have contributed to the knowledge of millipedes are william a . shear and richard l . hoffman . as recent research conducted in arkansas by rowland m . shelley and chris t . mcallister has increased the known species and distributional limits within the state , there is not a current comprehensive species list for arkansas .
some millipede species in arkansas , such as euryurus leachii ( koch ) , are typically more commonly found on the eastern side of the mississippi river but do occur within the state . yet , others , such as abacion texense ( loomis ) , are more commonly found in the central portion of the united states but do occur east of the mississippi river .
of potential concern to cave ecosystems is the exotic and invasive greenhouse millipede oxidus gricilus , which can be quite common in some cave systems . this species , however , is not limited to cave environments , and the potential harm this exotic millipede might bring to native fauna is not known at this time . native environments , especially cave systems , can be very fragile and susceptible to threats from exotic species of wildlife .
millipedes , especially arkansas’s species , are essentially harmless to humans , as they lack structures to bite , pinch , or sting . however , when handled , millipedes often emit defensive secretions . these secretions are generally harmless , but some people can develop skin and eye problems after contact . millipedes that emit defensive secretions often exhibit aposematic coloration ( colors warning about defensive secretions ) .
in general , millipedes can be found wherever the habitat is moist . they play an integral ecological role , as they are important in nutrient recycling of plant material . they fragment this plant material ( detritus ) , increasing microbial breakdown and soil nutrient cycling . they are more commonly seen in the spring and fall months of the year when the temperatures are not too hot or too cold and there is ample moisture in the ground . during certain times of the year ( such as in the fall months when temperatures and moisture levels align ) , large numbers of millipedes can be seen moving about . although arkansas is home to some rare and even endemic millipedes , many species are easily encountered just by flipping logs , rocks , or other debris .
for additional information : hopkin , s . p . , and h . j . read . the biology of millipedes . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 1992 .
mcallister , c . t . , c . s . harris , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . i . new distributional and state records for seven counties of the west gulf coastal plain of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 91–94 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , and h . w . robison . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . v . new distribution records for select taxa in arkansas , oklahoma , and texas . ” southwestern naturalist 56 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 422–426 .
mcallister , c . t . , h . w . robison , m . b . connior , and l . c . thompson . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . vi . new geographic distributional records from select counties of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 67 ( 2013 ) : 87–93 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . ii . distributional records for some species of western and central arkansas and eastern and southeastern oklahoma . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 95–98 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
——— . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . iii . additional records from arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 57 ( 2003 ) : 115–121 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
robison , h . , c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . “the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 ( 2008 ) : 84–96 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
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