the franklin mountain woodland snail ( ashmunella pasonis ) is a species of land snail in the family polygyridae .

it is native to new mexico and texas in the united states .

franklin mountain woodland snail

bonham , k . and taylor , r . j . ( 1997 ) distribution and habitat of the land snail
lindenmayer , d . b . and franklin , j . f . ( 1996 )
learn more about woodland caribou and share that knowledge . a little knowledge can go a long way to create understanding and appreciation for woodland caribou .
solem , a . and mckenzie , n . l . ( 1991 ) the composition of land snail assemblages in kimberley rainforests . in
franklin , j . f . ( 1993 ) preserving biodiversity : species , ecosystems or landscapes .
in general , species of woodland snails are sensitive to long periods of dessication .
in the mountain national parks , five key threats to caribou populations have been identified .
woodland caribou have a good sense of smell , useful for finding lichen under the snow .
on - going research is creating greater understanding of the complex relationships at play in mountain ecosystems .
talus slopes , usually of limestone , but also of rhyolite , sandstone and siltstone , in arid mountain ranges .
lindenmayer , d . b . and franklin , j . f . ( 1999 ) managing unreserved forest for biodiversity conservation : the importance of matrix . in
why protect woodland caribou ? woodland caribou are just one strand in an ecosystem’s complex fabric of relationships . if this strand disappears , how many others will follow ? woodland caribou are symbols of the need for balance in a country defined by both its untouched wilderness and its natural resource extraction . what will our canada look like in the future and will there still be a place for caribou ?
documented from two isolated mountain ranges in southwest texas and south - central new mexico . the southern population is in the franklin mountains , elpaso county , texas and dona ana county , new mexico . the northern population is in the san andres mountains , sierra and dona ana counties , new mexico .
environment canada is leading the development of a sara compliant recovery strategy , to guide recovery of the southern mountain population of woodland caribou in canada . parks canada is participating in the development of this strategy . the recovery strategy will be developed in cooperation and consultation with partners and stakeholders , and will be followed by one or more action plans for the population . parks canada is also legally responsible for the protection and management of southern mountain populations of woodland caribou on national park lands in canada , under the canada national parks act .
neumann , f . g . ( 1991 ) responses of litter arthropods to major natural or artificial ecological disturbances in mountain ash forest .
education and awareness are key to fostering concern and action in caribou recovery . parks canada continues to provide meaningful opportunities for people to learn about woodland caribou . parks canada website content aims to keep the public informed on current issues and actions in terms of species at risk like the woodland caribou . within the four mountain national parks , educational materials are available from general information handouts to interpretive panels in key areas of the parks . parks canada and other educational partners provide opportunities for students to learn about woodland caribou through both hands - on in class presentations and remote learning experiences .
woodland caribou found in jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , and glacier national parks belong to the southern mountain population , distinct from most other woodland caribou in their use of mountain habitat . they do not migrate like many other caribou but rather move elevationally in response to seasonal changes . even within the southern mountain population , this elevational migration differs regionally in response to very different climates . mount revelstoke and glacier national parks are in the columbia mountain range , characterized by heavy snowfall in winter . caribou in this region have adapted to take advantage of the deep snow , using this added height to reach lichen growing in the trees . jasper and banff national parks in the rocky mountains are in a much drier climate and rarely get the snow depths seen in revelstoke and glacier . caribou in these areas have adapted to searching out terrestrial lichens under the snow , and will descend in elevation as snow levels accumulate .
metcalf a . l . and w . e . johnson . 1971 . gastropods of the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas . the sw naturalist 16 ( 1 ) : 85 - 109 .
woodland / shrubland map units were defined as those ecological systems and land uses containing a majority of short , scrubby , woody vegetation or sparsely canopied treed vegetation .
woodland caribou found in jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , and glacier national parks belong to the southern mountain population listed as threatened under canada’s species at risk act ( sara ) . within the southern mountain population at least one herd has been extirpated ( no longer exists in that area ) and several other herds are at risk of disappearing . the status of these caribou herds varies throughout the different regions and each herd faces distinct challenges on the road to successful recovery .
caribou conservation actions will vary between the four mountain national parks of jasper , banff , mount revelstoke and glacier , recognizing the unique circumstances in each park .
( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) documented from two isolated mountain ranges in southwest texas and south - central new mexico . the southern population is in the franklin mountains , elpaso county , texas and dona ana county , new mexico . the northern population is in the san andres mountains , sierra and dona ana counties , new mexico .
( mountain ash ) forest in the central highlands , victoria , vsp technical report no . 17 , silvicultural systems project , department of conservation and natural resources , melbourne .
koch , l . e . and majer , j . d . ( 1980 ) a phenological investigation of various invertebrates in forest and woodland areas in the southwest of western australia .
outside the mountain national parks , habitat loss is a major threat to woodland caribou . within the parks , there is the potential for habitat loss due to fires . while fire plays an important role in ecosystem health , biologists are working with parks canada fire and vegetation specialists to minimize potential impacts to caribou habitat . changes to human use of caribou habitat in the mountain national parks could also affect use of these areas by caribou . a secondary effect of habitat loss is changes in the predator / prey dynamic , as described above .
parks canada is committed to protecting woodland caribou and their habitat , and to contributing to their recovery . the conservation strategy for woodland caribou , southern mountain population , on parks canada lands has been created to guide caribou conservation measures in the mountain national parks . many actions have been implemented to reduce threats to caribou populations including seasonal closures of important caribou wintering habitat such as the cavell road closure in jasper national park and the mount klotz area closure in mount revelstoke national park ; strategic elk management plans to restore the predator - prey balance in jasper and banff national parks ; and establishing caribou crossing zones to reduce vehicle speeds on the icefields parkway in jasper . these and other actions are being monitored to gauge their effectiveness .
ongoing scientific research and monitoring of caribou , wolf , and elk populations is creating greater understanding of the complex relationships within mountain ecosystems . this knowledge helps guide sound management decisions and the implementation of effective recovery measures .
lindenmayer , d . b . , incoll , r . d . , cunningham , r . b . and donnelly , c . f . ( 1999 ) attributes of logs on the floor of australian mountain ash (
woodland caribou are a subspecies of caribou found in the boreal forests and mountain regions of canada from newfoundland to british columbia . they are a medium sized member of the deer family , rich brown in colour with white necks . unlike the great herds of barren - ground caribou to the north , woodland caribou are usually found in groups of only up to ten to twenty - five animals . during the fall rut season , one male will try to gather a larger group of females together while keeping other males away . female caribou are usually three years old before they have their first calf and only have one calf per year . calves are born in late may or early june .
the genetic relationships of the species of ashmunella from the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas northward through the san andres mountains , sierra county , new mexico needs to be studied to understand the relatedness and distinctness of the species . basic information on the ecology of the species is also needed .
the protection needs of the southernmost subspecies should be determined by assessing the threat of quarrying and urban development in that mountain range . the national wildlife refuge and u . s . army installation should develop protection plans for talus slope snails as a group .
woodland caribou are an indicator of the health of our forests . if these forests can no longer support a species that has been here for thousands of years , it is a likely indication that other forest species are also in trouble . a rich diversity of species is reflective of a healthy and functioning ecosystem .
quarrying and possibly urban development are threats to one of the subspecies on the single mountain where it occurs . the greatest threat to the species may be climate warming . while range contraction due to climate warming since the pleistocene has not been documented for this species , it has been documented for many other species in the genus , a genus restricted to the arid southwest .
harmon , m . e . , franklin , j . f . , swanson , f . j . , sollins , p . , gregory , s . v . , lattin , j . d . , anderson , n . h . , cline , s . p . , aumen , n . g . , sedell , j . r . , lienkaemper , g . w . , cromack , k . jr . and cummins , k . w . ( 1986 ) ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems .
forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands – the forest / open only ecotone does not consider environments with sparse canopies or scrubby vegetation , therefore this data layer includes woodland and shrubland map units that would otherwise be ignored . this dataset uses 2 data layers in tandem . the forest / open ecotone and the woodlands / shrublands ( i . e . , wlsl ) are calculated individually and then combined to depict a landscape that includes both ecotones .
forest and ecotone habitats the ecotone ( i . e . , edge ) between forested and non - forested environments can be a critical aspect of habitat . we grouped map units into forested , non - forested , and shrubland / woodland land cover types to create unique data layers . these data layers can then be buffered at specified distances to identify species habitats . aggregated map units can be compared and contrasted to identify areas of transition between these broad categories . they can also be used to identify core areas or contiguous blocks of similar type ( i . e . , interior ) through buffering .
outside of the national parks , the primary cause of decline in woodland caribou populations is likely habitat loss . mining , logging , oil and gas exploration and even excessive motorized recreation have all contributed to a fragmented and altered landscape often leading to increased populations of deer , moose , elk , and their predators . caribou require large areas of land with low densities of predators ; it is part of their anti - predator strategy : live in places where others don’t . they also require stands of old growth forest that support the growth of lichen and offer them protection from predators . as caribou numbers decline , increased predation and even natural events such as an avalanche can have devastating effects .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
ranking factors were given equal weight . the relatively narrow range of the species could justify a range - rank of g2g3 .
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24 documented occurrences ( metcalf and johnson , 1971 ; metcalf and smartt , 1997 ) .
based on number of shells of recently dead individuals at sites , it is estimated to be relatively common where it occurs .
species in the genus are restricted to mountains in the arid southwest . for many species , including this one , a broader distribution of fossil shells than live individuals indicates range contraction .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
metcalf , a . l . 1984 . distribution of land snails of the san andreas and organ mountains , southern new mexico . the southwestern naturalist 29 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44 .
metcalf , a . l . and r . a . smartt . 1997 . land snails of new mexico . bulletin of the new mexico museum of natural history and science , 10 : 1 - 145 .
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the caribou design is featured on the 25 cent circulation coin from the royal canadian mint . it was created by canadian artist emmanuel hahn and was first used in 1937 © royal canadian mint
lichens are a caribou ' s primary food source in winter . in the summer , grasses , broad - leaved plants and herbs are added to the menu .
when caribou run . . . they click ! the sound comes from tendons slipping over bones in their feet . a trotting herd of caribou sounds like a horde of tourists with cameras .
the current distribution of boreal caribou is shown in green . the estimated southern extent of historical caribou distribution is indicated by the dashed line .
young calf in jasper national park . females usually give birth to a single calf in late may or early june .
it is unlikely that any caribou remain after a large avalanche in 2009 killed the last five individuals remaining in that herd .
two caribou herds have ranges that extend into parts of mount revelstoke and glacier national parks ; the columbia south herd and the duncan herd . there are approximately 6 caribou left in each herd . population monitoring and protection is carried out in cooperation with the bc ministry of forests and bc ministry of environment .
herd , estimated at less than 100 caribou , spends most of its time outside of the national park . in recent years surveys suggest the a la peche population has been declining . three additional herds of caribou are found in the southern part of jasper national park , spending most , if not all their time within the national park . the three herds use distinct regions of the park and rarely interact . in total , their numbers are estimated at approximately 55 animals and have been declining . the largest herd in south jasper is the tonquin herd located in the tonquin valley . the other two herds , maligne and brazeau , both have less than 10 animals .
when so few caribou remain , any number killed by vehicles is too many .
the key survival strategy of caribou is to live in areas that have few predators , especially wolves . caribou’s unique adaptations allow them to live in habitat that is unsuitable for other prey such as elk and deer , and therefore less attractive to predators . the deer and elk populations in the surrounding areas do however still affect the size of the predator populations , and as a result can increase the risk of predation on caribou . in jasper and banff national .
caribou are naturally adapted to travel in deep snow giving them an advantage over wolves and other predators in winter . by staying in areas of deep snow caribou can effectively avoid predation as most predators cannot travel through snow as easily .
as has been shown in many other species , very small populations are more likely to decline than to increase . even if recovery actions reduce the previous threats , some populations are likely too small to be sustained without the addition of more caribou . the loss of any animal from such small herds can be devastating and random events such as a large avalanche could wipe them out entirely .
banff national park , conservation will require the re - introduction of caribou . research in the park indicates that the translocation of caribou could be used to successfully establish a new herd . caribou habitat remains intact and plentiful within the historic range , and does not face the pressure of high human use or development .
the most significant cause of decline leading to the extirpation of caribou in banff national park is likely the increased numbers of predators in response to an inflated elk population . monitoring of elk and wolf populations shows both these populations have declined , suggesting that conditions are favourable to support the persistence of introduced caribou .
while conditions may be favourable , finding a sufficient number of caribou is the challenge . a wild source herd that is stable enough to support the translocation of animals for this and / or other recovery initiatives has not been found . the alternative is to breed caribou in captivity and release yearlings and / or family groups to the wild . banff national park biologists have taken the lead on exploring this option in partnership with other parks canada scientists , universities , and experts in the field . it has been determined that captive rearing would be a feasible option and suitable facilities have been investigated . if implemented , the translocation of these caribou to the wild would be combined with the management of elk populations and on - going monitoring of wolf pack movements to increase the probability of success in bringing caribou back to the wilderness of banff national park .
in jasper national park , caribou conservation actions will aim to reduce the 5 key threats and stem population declines in the southern herd . these recovery actions will require the support of other parks canada experts in areas like elk and fire management , and of recreationists and other park users when recovery actions may affect recreational opportunities . within the southern jasper population , two herds of caribou are already low in numbers , isolated and declining . to become self - sustaining , these herds will require augmentation with additional caribou . jasper national park biologists have also been very involved in the captive rearing research , and feasibility assessments that have been carried out in banff . similar to banff , if implemented , herd augmentations would be combined with the management of elk populations and on - going monitoring of wolf pack movements . conservation actions for the northern a la peche herd will require cooperative management with the alberta provincial government and commercial operators in the area .
because very few of the columbia south herd make use of parks canada lands , conservation actions will be largely guided by provincial and commercial partnerships and / or initiatives . within mount revelstoke and glacier national parks actions will focus on protecting important habitat , minimizing direct disturbance of caribou , monitoring and research , and careful fire management . partnerships with the province of british columbia will also be explored .
if you visit jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , or glacier national parks , stop by the visitor centre to find out how and where you can learn more about caribou in these parks .
travel responsibly in caribou habitat . if you see caribou , keep your distance to lessen your impact on the animals and avoid displacing them .
leave your dog at home when venturing into caribou habitat . any dog , regardless of whether or not it looks like a wolf , can cause unnecessary stress for caribou .
be part of the scientific monitoring – report your sightings to the visitor centre ! where , how many , did you notice calves , and do you have photos ? avoid important caribou habitat in winter - there are many other beautiful places to explore . ask at the local visitor centre .
be a good steward of your land and support the efforts of organisations that help protect the environment . try to reduce your ecological footprint .
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please note that we are currently undergoing a data review process and not all species data will be available for download and viewing from this web page . please watch this web page for future updates on the status of data availability .
download ancillary data > > ( land cover , forest edge , human impact , etc . )
download additional data > > ( slope , aspect , canopy cover , etc . )
note : you must first choose a species , then click distribution or range buttons to begin download of zip file containing selected data .
to spatially view the range data in gis , you will need to download the hydrologic units file geodatabase and join with the species range table . see the instructions for joining hucs to species range tables for details .
below is a list of the ancillary data available for download . see the info section below for more information on each ancillary dataset . ancillary data is delivered as zipped arcgis grids .
part 1 : landcover , elevation , human impact avoidance , forest edge and forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands click here to download . file size : 5 gb .
note : data are divided up by species modeling regions and you will need 7zip to decompress the files .
the lower 48 states of the u . s . were divided into six regions for modeling purposes . each of the ancillary data layers are split into these six regions and models were run within a region and regional model output were compiled to create a complete distribution model across a species range . the regions are based on grouped mrlc zones . download the regional boundaries data layer .
to download regional data , select a region on the map or choose from dropdown , and then click on the data links below . descriptions of the data layers follow the links .
in addition to gap’s ancillary datasets that are used in species model , there are additional gap national datasets available . these include slope , aspect , and percent canopy cover .
slope this is a nationwide coverage of slope , which represents the percent of change of elevation for each 30 m cell . it is based on dem data . download slope data file ( 2 . 8 gb zipped ) .
aspect this is a nationwide coverage of aspect , which describes the direction of slope in degrees . it identifies the downslope direction of maximum change from each raster cell to its neighbors . download aspect data file ( 7 . 3 gb zipped ) .
percent canopy cover this is a nationwide cover of percent canopy cover . it was derived from the national land cover dataset ( nlcd ) . this dataset is a continuous canopy cover percentage . download percent canopy cover data here ( 3 . 4 gb zipped ) .
the gap ancillary datasets available for download are described below including descriptions of data variables and their values as well as the connection with model reports . the descriptions reflect how the data were used in the species models . for a clearer description of the data itself , refer to the metadata supplied for each layer . prior to downloading ancillary data , please read the data descriptions below to ensure they will meet your data needs .
environments dominated by human disturbance such as roads , cities , and the constructed materials that support human habitation have profound effects on species . for most species , this data layer was used to exclude species from a portion of the landscape . however , some species respond favorably to human habitats , therefore this data layer was used in an inclusionary manner .
high – for species that are very intolerant of human disturbance . all portions of the landscape identified as being directly influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .
medium – for species that are moderately intolerant of human disturbance . only portions of the landscape identified as being highly or moderately influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .
low – for species that are partially intolerant of human disturbance . only portions of the landscape identified as being highly influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .
some species respond to environments directly related to altitudinal variation . elevation ( e . g . , dem ) is easily implemented in spatial modeling by limiting the model to the minimum and maximum values explicitly stated in the literature . dems are utilized directly and are measured in meters above mean sea level .
model report : if a species’ model uses elevation as a model variable , then download the ancillary data for elevation .
water and its location on the landscape is a very important aspect of species habitats . the source for hydrographic data was the usgs national hydrography dataset ( nhd ) .
model report : if a species’ model report uses any of the hydrographic information , see the hydrography table for the correct file . each downloadable file in the table contains information with regards to salinity , water type , and velocity .
flowing water – flowing water represents hydrographic features such as streams , rivers , springs , seeps , ditches with moving water , etc .
standing water – standing water represents hydrographic features such as lakes , ponds , reservoirs , bays , inlets , estuaries , ocean , ditches with stagnant water , etc .
wet vegetation – wet vegetation represents hydrographic features such as swamps , marshes , carolina bays , etc . this includes a collection of map units representing seasonally or tidally inundated woody and non - woody plants .
water salinity is a major factor when considering habitat conditions for many species . however , the dynamic and complex nature of water systems makes the development of a highly refined and reliable data layer challenging . therefore , we developed three general categories to include in species habitat models for species requiring water .
all water ( i . e . , both brackish / salt water and freshwater )
for some aquatic species , this is an important aspect of their habitat , such as oxygenation levels , presence of invertebrate prey , and amount of sediment within the water column and on streambed substrates . stream velocity ( i . e . , stream gradient ) was derived from a combination of streams and slopes calculated from a digital elevation model ( dem ) , which created three categories for stream gradient .
slow only – for species that require slow moving or almost stagnant sections of streams or rivers . typically these are areas where the underlying topography is flat ( 0 % gradient ) .
fast only – for species that require high velocity sections of streams or rivers . typically these are areas where the underlying topography is steep . a threshold of > 5 % gradient was used .
all types – for species that can utilize either fast or slow sections of streams or rivers .
land cover the ecological systems mapped in the gap national land cover data were used as ‘map units’ to describe habitat types preferred by species .
model report : if a species’ model uses map units as a model variable , then download the ancillary data for land cover . map units are designated as either primary or secondary . primary maps units are defined as those ecological systems critical for a species’ reproduction and survival . secondary map units are those ecological systems generally not critical for reproduction and survival , but typically are used in conjunction with primary map units for foraging , roosting , and / or sub - optimal nesting locations . secondary map units are selected only when located within a specified distance from primary map units .
patch size the type and size of clusters of habitat can be assessed with spatial modeling . we used patch size to indicate minimum amounts of contiguous habitat needed for a species . this variable requires the generation of cluster sizes in the actual modeling code during post processing . in other words , these model variables are not independent ancillary data layers .
model report : if a species’ model uses patch size , this variable is generated in the actual modeling code during post processing . any cells that do not form a minimum contiguous patch are eliminated . there are no specific ancillary layers for this variable .
contiguous patch – minimum size ( ha ) – this parameter is set using the most conservation values explicitly stated in the specie literature .
forested map units included deciduous forest , evergreen forest , mixed forest , palustrine forested wetland , and estuarine forested wetland .
non - forested map units were defined as water , pasture / hay , agricultural areas , urban / developed , marshes , beaches , etc .
ecotone type forest / open ecotone only – this data layer represents the transitional areas between forest and open , non - forested habitats .
model report : if a species’ model uses edge type and it is set as forest / open ecotone only , then download the ancillary data for forest edge .
model report : if a species’ model uses edge type and it is set as forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands , then download the ancillary data for forest edge and forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands .
this distance represents a symmetrically buffered edge ( i . e . , 0 , 30 , 60 , 120 , 250 , 500 , and 1000 meters ) . for example , an ecotone width of 500 meters includes 250 meters into forest and 250 meters into open .