eptatretus deani , known as the black hagfish , is a species of hagfish .

common to other species of hagfish , their unusual feeding habits and slime-producing capabilities have led members of the scientific and popular media to dub the hagfish as the most " disgusting " of all sea creatures .

although hagfish are sometimes called " slime eels " , they are not eels at all .

black hagfish

another hagfish species that may occur in california is the black hagfish ( eptatretus deani ) ; it is found in deeper water , is darker in coloration ( purplish black ) , and has a shorter head in proportion to the body .
a mongoose is lightning fast and has razor - sharp teeth . a black mamba can kill 15 grown men with just one bite . which of these two mortal enemies will win ?
hagfish lack bones , paired fins , and a true jaw . the hagfish skeleton is composed of
14 . hagfish are threatened from both intentional fishing and unintentional bycatch . hagfish weren’t always fished , but because several more preferable fish species are overfished and hard to catch , fishermen have moved down to catching hagfish .
a mature pacific hagfish female will produce between 20 - 30 eggs per reproductive cycle . there is no known reproductive season or cycle length for hagfish .
the slime could also give the hagfish a competitive edge among other scavengers . if many hagfish were feeding off zintzen’s bait , it soon became draped in slime . the mucus puts off fish competitors , allowing the hagfish to monopolise their morsels .
thought the hagfish day was the 19th of oct . enjoyed reading this ! ~
don ' t worry the hagfish is not hurt , it ' s just anaesthetised .
the hagfish is preyed upon by some marine mammals and large sea living invertebrates . most animals do however stay away from the hagfish since they risk being suffocated by the slime .
pacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the hagfish can tie itself into a knot . source : aquarium of the pacific intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the hagfish eats marine worms and other invertebrates . it has a very low metabolism and can go for as long as seven months without eating . newly hatched hagfish are miniature copies of the adult hagfish . the hagfish is found in cold ocean waters in the northern and southern hemispheres . it is found on muddy sea floors and may live in very large groups of up to 15 , 000 individuals . there are about 60 species of hagfish .
pacific hagfish are not currently exhibited . this information is supplied for use as a reference .
pacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the pacific hagfish is also known as the slime eel . source : monterey bay aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the metabolism of the hagfish is remarkably slow and up to seven months can pass between meals .
“ atlantic hagfish ” , sea and sky . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken
10 . this slime gives hagfish a slippery exit when attacked by predators . a larger fish looking for a meal instead gets a mouth full of slime , while the hagfish can slide away .
we are developing standard procedures for sampling hagfish landed by commercial fisheries and collected during scientific surveys .
table 29 . 1 . recreational and commercial landings of atlantic hagfish ( thousand metric tons ) .
forster , m . e . ( 1990 ) confirmation of the low metabolic rates of hagfish .
shelton , r . g . j . ( 1978a ) of hagfish , goats and sprats .
the pacific hagfish is listed on the iucn red list as “data deficient , more research needed” to quantify the impacts of fishing on the population of this species . the red list states : “this species is only known from the northeastern pacific where it is heavily targeted in at least half of range for the asian eel - skin leather market , ( wallets , leather , and boots ) . reported landings for this species are mixed with the black hagfish ( e . deani ) and have been quite variable in both total catch and effort over the past 20 years . the reasons for the variability in catch and effort trends are not well understood . ”
commercial interest has developed in pacific ( eptatretus stoutii ) and black hagfish ( e . deani ) in southeast alaska with information lacking to properly develop a fishery . currently , the fishery is targeted using a commissioner’s permit in which the alaska department of fish game decides harvest level , gear type , season , etc to prosecute the fishery . the primary market is freezing hagfish in blocks and / or shipping them live to korea . little is known on both species life history within southeast alaska including : distribution , size at maturity , fecundity , sex ratio , length and weight frequencies . preliminary life history information will be collected on experimental longline trap sets .
atlantic hagfish - myxine glutinosa the atlantic hagfish is found on both sides of the north atlantic ocean . source : sea and sky intended audience : student reading level : middle school teacher section : no
in asia , over fishing has led to a significant decrease in the local hagfish population and asian fisheries have therefore begun to show an interest in the hagfish populations in the atlantic . while this might be beneficial for local economies along the atlantic coasts , it could also pose a threat to the atlantic hagfish population . care and caution must be exercised unless we wish to see the atlantic hagfish population go the same way as the asian one . as mentioned above , studies indicate that the hagfish female only produces a low number of eggs each breeding period and hagfish are therefore extra sensitive to over - fishing .
braun , c . b . ( 1994 ) a novel cutaneous sensory system in hagfish . soc .
where present at high densities , hagfish burrowing and feeding activities have a significant impact on substrate turnover .
hagfish are significant as predators on benthic invertebrates and , in some cases , mesopelagic invertebrates and vertebrates .
when studied , hagfish females have produce up to 30 yolky one inch long eggs with tough shells . if this low number is true for all hagfish , it means that it might take a long time for a hagfish population to recover when harmed , e . g . by over - fishing or pollution .
in most parts of the world hagfish is viewed as a useless by - catch , but there are a few countries in south east asia where hagfish is appreciated on the dinner table . nearly 5 million pounds ( 2 268 000 kg ) of hagfish meat is for instance consumed in south korea each year .
justification : this species is only known from the northeastern pacific , where it is heavily targeted in at least half of range for the asian eel - skin leather market . reported landings for this species are mixed with the black hagfish ( e . deani ) and have been quite variable in both total catch and effort over the past 20 years ( 1988 - 2007 ) . the reasons for the variability in catch and effort trends are not well understood . this species is therefore currently listed as data deficient . more research is needed to quantify the impacts of fishing on this species population .
although a hagfish fishery exists in the gulf of maine , the resource is not actively managed at present .
fernholm , b . and holmberg , k . ( 1975 ) the eyes in three genera of hagfish (
the hagfish needs the salinity in its habitat to be stable , because these fishes have virtually no osmoregulation and are therefore highly vulnerable to salinity changes . the hagfish is the only known vertebrate with body fluids isosomotic with seawater . this means that the body fluids of the hagfish have the same total osmotic pressure or osmolality as seawater .
ps it’s sad that this paper didn’t come out on october 16 th , which was designated as hagfish day .
hagfish adults , juveniles , and eggs can represent a significant prey item for marine mammals and large predatory invertebrates .
slip ' n ' slime . the slime that an annoyed hagfish oozes through its skin can fill a bucket .
hagfish are found in temperate seas in both hemispheres , but hagfish has not been found in the red sea . a majority of the species live in rather cold environments where the water is at least 20 meters ( 66 feet ) deep . when hagfish live in warmer parts of the world , they are normally only found in really deep waters . hagfish can survive at remarkable depths and have been found 1700 metres ( 5600 feet ) down into the ocean .
in the western pacific ocean a fishery for hagfish has existed since world war ii . overharvesting lead to the expansion of hagfish fisheries into the eastern pacific off the northwestern us and british columbia , and then during the late 1980’s to the mid 1990’s to the western atlantic off of maritime canada and new england . hagfish are utilized as a food source and their skins are valued for leather products . all hagfish are exported whole to korea ( nefsc 2003 ) .
pacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii hagfish have been around , mostly unchanged , since the paleozoic era 450 million years ago . source : california department of fish and wildlife intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the inshore hagfish , eptatretus burge , is listed on the iucn red list as near threatened . this hagfish species is commonly found in the western north pacific off the coasts of southern japan , south korea , northern , and northwestern taiwan . in these geographic locations hagfish is a native ( endemic ) species . they are very heavily fished in the china sea for their skin and for food . approximately five million pounds of hagfish meat is eaten yearly in korea .
hagfish represent one of the most important mechanisms for the rapid cleanup and processing of carrion - falls . in areas subject to intensive commercial fisheries , hagfish probably play a key role in the removal and recycling of discarded by - catch .
munz , f . w . and morris , r . w . ( 1965 ) metabolic rate of the hagfish ,
us navy scientists have produced a synthetic version of hagfish slime that they hope to use in protective gear for troops .
dining in . hagfish swarm to a corpse and bury themselves in it before eating their way out with their skin .
a data collection program has been proposed for atlantic hagfish by nmfs requiring seafood dealers to acquire permits and report on the purchase of hagfish made from commercial fishing vessels to aid in the future management of this species ( federal register 2006 ) .
all these interesting properties make hagfish slime dead useful for lots of potential applications . there’s even an online recipe for scones made with hagfish slime—courtesy of the museum of awful food—for the culinarily adventurous . the slime is a handy substitute for egg whites . ( by the way , that trendy “eel skin” wallet or purse in your collection might actually be hagfish leather . )
the tough and soft skin of the hagfish is also a popular commodity and is used to make wallets , purses , handbags , boots and similar items . the skin is normally market under the name “eelskin” or “eel skin” , not hagfish skin .
a hagfish usually swims slowly along the seafloor in a snake - like fashion although it may have occasional bursts of speed .
mcinerney , j . e . and evans , d . o . ( 1970 ) habitat characteristics of the pacific hagfish ,
hall - arber , m . ( 1996 ) workshop probes hagfish processing potential in us : fishery discards worry fishermen . in
martini , f . h . and heiser , j . b . ( 1989 ) field observations on the atlantic hagfish ,
wisner , r . l . and mcmillan , c . b . ( 1988 ) a new species of hagfish , genus
pacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii hagfish eat worms and invertebrates , but they also enter both dying and dead fish and eat them from the inside out . source : oregon coast aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
” disgusting hagfish and magnificent sharks ” , tammy frank , noaa ocean explorer . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken
it is estimated that hagfish may live 40 years in the ocean and 17 years in a protected environment such as an aquarium .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . no true fins - one dorsal finfold , far back , median , very low , continuous with the caudal ; caudal moderately broad , and round with ray - like markings ; ventral finfold very low , origin somewhat posterior to last gill aperture , extending to anus ( ref . 6885 ) . prune colored , preserved specimens black ; frequently piebald with light spots ; the very edges of caudal and ventral finfolds may be light colored ( ref . 6885 ) .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . no true fins - one dorsal finfold , far back , median , very low , continuous with the caudal ; caudal moderately broad , and round with ray - like markings ; ventral finfold very low , origin somewhat posterior to last gill aperture , extending to anus ( ref . 6885 ) . prune colored , preserved specimens black ; frequently piebald with light spots ; the very edges of caudal and ventral finfolds may be light colored ( ref . 6885 ) .
the hagfish is famous for its ability to emit mucus and even its scientific name is derived from the greek word for slime . one single hagfish can fill a milk jug with slime in no time . the slime is probably a way for the hagfish to fend of predators , since the slime can be used to form a protective slime - cocoon . if a fish tries to eat the cocoon , the slime can clog its gills and make it suffocate . if you try to chew hagfish slime , it will expand .
after the shark encounter , we looked for a good place to deploy the baited benthic traps we were carrying . the mussel beds around the brine pool are covered with hagfish , so we placed the traps on its periphery , in hopes of trapping fewer hagfish and perhaps a crab or two . remarkably , hagfish were even swimming in the brine pool , which is four times saltier than seawater . on other expeditions , scientists have taken pictures of dead fish floating up in the brine ; hagfish must have a remarkable salt tolerance .
hagfish may be one of the most abundant groups of demersal fishes in many areas , in terms of numbers and / or biomass .
cailliet , g . m . , mcnulty , m . and lewis , l . ( 1991 ) habitat analysis of pacific hagfish (
lesser , m . , martini , f . h . and heiser , j . b . ( 1996 ) ecology of hagfish ,
pacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the pacific hagfish is found on muddy bottoms in cold ocean waters along the pacific coast from vancouver , canada south to baja california , mexico . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the atlantic hagfish or “slime eel” , myxine glutinosa , is found in deep , cold waters to depths of at least 1100 m . in the western north atlantic , hagfish are distributed from davis straits , greenland to the continental slope waters off of florida . in the gulf of maine the distribution of hagfish is primarily affected by salinity , temperature and substrate type ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) .
hagfish is considered to be the most primitive vertebrate species either living or extinct ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 , powell et al 2005 ) . hagfish evolved over at least 300 million years and have the same basic morphological traits of fossilized specimens ( bardack 1991 ) .
ronan , m . ( 1988 ) the sensory trigeminal tract of the pacific hagfish : primary afferent projections and neurons of the tract nucleus .
, n . sp . , a new hagfish ( family eptatretidae ) from south australia , with a key to the 5–7 gilled eptatretidae .
the hagfish is a true monster of the deep . to see why , one only has to examine its greusome feeding habits . a hagfish begins its feeding process by attaching itself to a passing fish . once firmly attached , it then bores its way inside its unsuspecting host . once inside , the hagfish will actually eat the fish ' s flesh with a specialized rasping tongue . it literally eats its victim from the inside out . when no large prey can be found , hagfish will feed on worms and other small invertebrates they find on the ocean floor . hagfish have a very slow metabolism and can go for months without feeding . they can sometimes be a nuisance to fishermen because they can spoil an entire catch of deep sea fish before the catch can be hauled to the surface . one catch of fish can contain hundreds of hagfish .
6 . a 2011 report from the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) found that 12 % of hagfish species are at an elevated risk of extinction . one hagfish species is critically endangered , two are endangered , six are vulnerable to extinction and two are near - threatened .
these fish are affected by the trash and chemicals that we put into the ocean . pacific hagfish are a crucial part of the cycle of life as they eliminate dead and dying organisms . there could be a significant impact on the ecosystem should there be a large scale removal of hagfish .
the seal shark dalatias licha ( a–c ) and the wreckfish polyprion americanus ( d–f ) fare poorly when they attack the hagfish . ( image :
as late as 2006 , a new member was added to the hagfish family myxinidae when the goliath hagfish was scientifically described by mincarone & stewart and given the name eptatretus goliath . eptatretus goliath was described from a specimen caught at a dept of 811 metres ( 2 , 661 feet ) at the head of the hauraki canyon off the northeast north island in new zealand . the species was named goliath since it was a true giant in the world of hagfish ; the specimen measured an astonishing 127 , 5 cm ( approximately 50 inches ) . this makes eptatretus goliath the largest known species of hagfish .
reference : zintzen , roberts , anderson , stewart , struthers & harvey . 2011 . hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism . scientific reports . urltoken
horn - like teeth . atlantic hagfish belong to the family myxinidae which have one pair of gill openings attached to 6 - 7 internal gill pouches per opening . the species has paired barbels on the tip of its snout and four barbels surrounding the mouth . hagfish are almost blind because their eyes are rudimentary but their sense of smell is keen . the skin of the atlantic hagfish is smooth and scale - less with a series of slime glands along both sides of the ventral midline ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . these glands produce fibrous mucus that protects hagfish from predators and possibly parasites .
the humble hagfish produces a sticky slime to defend itself from predators , as well as to hunt for its own food . now a team of swiss scientists has figured out the physics behind how the hagfish can use the same slimy substance for both purposes , according to a new paper in scientific reports .
“oregon had a limit on permits for a while , but now it’s an open - access fishery , ” he said , noting that “no one knows the science” of hagfish . while the slimy eels seem plentiful for the moment , he doesn’t want to see a repeat of korea’s depletion of homegrown hagfish .
martini , f . h . , heiser , j . b . and lesser , m . p . ( 1997 ) a population profile for hagfish ,
the mouth of the hagfish is perfectly adapted to tearing flesh away from dead and dying animals and is also great when it comes to catching marine invertebrates such as bristleworms . inside the mouth you will find a single tooth and a tongue equipped with pairs of rasps . every time the hagfish pulls back its tongue into the mouth , the rasps will pinch together . the hagfish attach its mouth to a fish or other animal and gradually work its way through the animal .
bottom dwellers , pacific hagfish are typically inhabits temporary burrows in mud and other soft substrate at depths of 18 - 900 m ( 584 - 2970 ft ) .
wicht , h . and northcutt , r . g . ( 1992 ) the forebrain of the pacific hagfish : a cladistic reconstruction of the ancestral craniate forebrain .
the atlantic hagfish is a deep - water fish . they can be found at depths of up to 5 , 600 feet ( about 1 , 800 meters ) . they are known on both sides of the north atlantic ocean as far north as norway . hagfish prefer soft sea bottoms where they can quickly bury themselves when threatened .
dr . frank holds a hagfish caught in one of the benthic traps . these fish appear to be prevalent at the brine pool . click image for larger view .
the hagfish has a fairly primitive look and since it was viewed as a form of parasite earlier , scientists suggested that its primitiveness was caused by this parasitic lifestyle . today , most scientists instead think that the hagfish is so perfectly adapted to its environment that no changes have been necessary during the most recent several hundred million years .
bardack , d . 1991 . first fossil hagfish ( myxinoidea ) : a record from the pennsylvanian of illinois . science , vol . 254 : 701 - 703 .
falkmer , s . , marklund , s . , mathisson , p . and rappe , c . ( 1977 ) hepatomas and other neoplasms in the atlantic hagfish (
hagfish are well known for their ability to tie themselves in knots , which can travel down the length of their bodies . this could help to clear their own bodies of slime ( they can choke on their own mucus ) or free themselves from the grip of a predator . here , the knot seemed to give the hagfish leverage for pulling the bandfish from its burrow . zintzen thinks that the hagfish may even have used its mucus as an offensive weapon , to choke the bandfish inside its burrow .
reporting of atlantic hagfish landings is presently not required by law and fishery data are therefore incomplete . atlantic hagfish landings first appear in the nefsc commercial database in 1993 with a reported landing of approximately 500 metric tons . annual reported landings during 1994 - 2000 ranged between 1 , 100 and 3 , 000 metric tons with a peak in 2000
crewmembers from the f / v first hope unload hagfish – otherwise known as slime eels – at the port dock in newport , oregon . vessel owner frank button has plied the waters off the oregon coast for hagfish for the past three years . it’s a wide - open , year - round fishery with an eager market in korea .
as mentioned above , a hagfish will contain both ovaries and testes , but these fishes are functionally non - hermaphroditic . young fishes are hermaphroditic , but as they age they will become either male or female . the hagfish may however switch sex from season to season if it finds itself in a group where another sex would be more favourable .
zintzen filmed slender hagfish chasing after red bandfish , ensconced in sandy burrows . the hagfish completely ignored the bait that zintzen was offering . instead , they seemed to search the ocean floor for hidden burrows , using the whisker - like barbels on their faces . once they found an entrance , they rapidly burrowed inside , emerging several minutes later .
kabasawa , h . and ooka - souda , s . ( 1991 ) circadian rhythms of locomotory activity in the hagfish and the effect of the light - dark cycle .
ooka - souda , s . , kadota , t . and kabasawa , h . ( 1991 ) in the hagfish visual information sets the circadian pacemaker via the pretectum .
9 . to ward off predators and other fish trying to steal their meals , hagfish produce slime . when harassed , glands lining their bodies secrete stringy proteins that , upon contact with seawater , expand into the transparent , sticky substance . according to common hagfish mythology , they can fill a 5 - gallon bucket with the stuff in mere minutes .
matsuda , h . , goris , r . c . and kishida , r . ( 1991 ) afferent and efferent projections of the glossopharyngeal - vagal nerve in the hagfish .
january 13 , 2012—for the first time , scientists have recorded the defense strategy of the hagfish , which , when attacked , secretes slime from hundreds of pores on its body .
in the gulf of maine ( gom ) , atlantic hagfish are caught using modified 55 - gallon plastic barrels , called hagfish pots , attached to sinking line and buoys . typically 20 - 40 traps are deployed in a string for a small commercial vessel and 80 - 200 traps for larger vessels ( nefsc 2003 ) . a series of funneled holes in the side of the barrel allow hagfish to enter the baited pot but doesn’t allow them to escape . several rows of 3 / 8” holes allow smaller animals to escape the traps .
ferocious fangs aren’t the purpose this weird fish is included in our list , however . hagfish have an entirely revolting trick up their sleeves to avoid predators . when disturbed , the hagfish will ooze proteins from slime glands in its skin that interact with the surrounding water to form a thick , slimy outer coating which ultimately expands into a huge mass of slime . in fact , deep - sea diving equipment has been thwarted from reaching its final destination in the past by large amounts of hagfish slime , produced when the fish are alarmed .
7 . no one is sure whether hagfish belong to their own group of animals , filling the gap between invertebrates and vertebrates , or if they are more closely related to vertebrates .
zintzen also filmed some hagfish hunting , a behaviour that had been suspected but never witnessed . while they’re typically regarded as scavengers , some scientists have suggested that their numbers are so great that they couldn’t possibly be sustained by corpses alone . on top of that , some people have found the flesh of prawns , worms and fish among the stomach contents of hagfish .
walvig , f . ( 1967 ) experimental marking of hagfish ( myxine glutinosa l . ) . norwegian j . zool . ( nytt . mag . zool ) , 15 , 35–3
hagfish slime can be both . it turns out that the suction feeding employed by many of the hagfish’s predators creates a unidirectional flow . the elongated stress of that sucking flow increases the goo’s viscosity , the better to suffocate said predators by clogging of the gills . but when the hagfish is trying to escape from its own slime , its motion creates a shear - thinning flow that actually reduces the viscosity of the slime , making it easier to escape . in fact , the slimy network quickly collapses in the face of a shear - thinning flow .
considered a scavenger , the hagfish feeds mostly on dead and dying fish and marine mammals , thereby playing an important role in the ecosystem . using its keen sense of smell , the hagfish will identify its food source and either burrow into its prey by making a hole with its rasping teeth , or entering through an existing opening to consume it from the inside out , usually only leaving skin and bones when it is done . due to its slow metabolism , the hagfish may survive for up to seven months without eating . when other food sources are not available , it subsists on worms and other bottom fauna . the hagfish is preyed upon by some marine mammals and large invertebrates , but most stay away due to the risk of slime suffocation .
spitzer , r . h . , downing , s . w . and koch , e . a . ( 1979 ) metabolic - morphologic events in the integument of the pacific hagfish (
pacific hagfish are among the very first arrivals at a whale fall in deep waters off the california coast . called mobile scavengers , they feast on the soft tissue of the whale carcass / .
nishizawa , h . , kishida , r . , kadota , t . and goris , r . c . ( 1988 ) somatotopic organization of the primary sensory trigeminal neurons in the hagfish ,
pacific hagfish , like other hagfish , represent an ancient form of life that has remained virtually unchanged since the paleozoic era 450 million years ago . it is a cartilaginous fish that lacks scales , paired fins , a stomach , and true jaws . it has rudimentary eyes ( eye spots ) that are only able to detect light , and relies on its keen sense of smell and touch to get around ( using a single nostril and barbels , respectively ) . the hagfish ' s jawless mouth contains two parallel rows of pointed keratinous teeth , which are secured to rasping dental plates .
the hagfish looks like an easy meal . its sinuous , eel - like body has no obvious defences , but any predator that moves in for a bite is in for a nasty surprise . the hagfish releases a quick - setting slime that clogs up the predator’s gills , causing it to gag , choke and flee . scientists have known about this repulsive defence for decades , but vincent zintzen has finally filmed it in the wild . his videos also prove that hagfish , generally thought to be scavengers of the abyss , are also active hunters that can drag tiny fish from their burrows .
unique vertebrates , hagfish are able to absorb nutrients through their skin . they prefer polychaete worms for a meal but also prey on small invertebrates and are scavengers of dead and dying marine life . once a firm hold is established on the prey , the hagfish ties and untied a knot within its own body to create a ripping force . it then burrows into dead carcasses exposing its skin to the nutrient - rich decomposing matter while eating away at the dead animal’s inside . it leaves the skin and bones behind . due to their slow metabolism , hagfish can survive for several months without eating .
hagfish play an important role in the oceans ecosystem , getting rid of ( e . g . , eating ) decaying material on the sea floor . as a biological oceanographer , i ' m intrigued by the functions lifeforms perform in the deep . this does not mean , however , that i enjoy being up close and personal with hagfish , as my graduate student nicole mcmullen and i were last night .
“ friends of oceanography public lecture series explores the strange , wondrous , and disgusting hagfish ” , university of rhode island , 2002 - 03 - 25 . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken
11 . to prevent choking on its own slime , a hagfish can “sneeze” out its slime - filled nostril , and tie its body into a knot to keep the slime from dripping onto its face .
to retrieve the slime , they placed the hagfish in a bucket of cold seawater and used a mix of clove bud oil and ethanol to anesthetize them . then they put the hagfish on a dissection tray , blotted them dry , and zapped them with electricity to make the muscles contract and expel the milky pre - slime from the pores . finally , the fish were transferred to nice , comfy recovery bath .
davison , w . , baldwin , j . , davie , p . s . , forster , m . e . and satchell , g . h . ( 1990 ) exhausting exercise in the hagfish ,
the hagfish is almost completely blind , but it has a good sense of touch and smell . it has a ring of tentacles around its mouth that it uses to feel for food . it has a tongue - like projection that comes out of its jawless mouth . at the end of the projection are tooth - like rasps that close when the
tongue
is pulled back into the hagfish ' s mouth .
the hagfish is almost blind , but it has not problem detecting food since it is equipped with highly developed senses of touch and smell . no less than four pairs of sensing tentacles are located around its mouth .
we still know very little about how hagfish reproduce , but we do know that each fish contains both ovaries and testes and that the parents do not guard their offspring . one and a half century ago , the royal danish academy of sciences and letters ( kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab ) announced an award to anyone who could solve the mystery about how the hagfish reproduces . as of 2008 , no one has received the award .
the pacific hagfish ( eptatretus stoutii ) is eel - like , with 10 to 14 pores along its elongated body . it usually ranges in color from tan to brown or grey on the top and lighter on the bottom . it can be found at depths ranging from 60 to 3000 feet on mud substrate . sampling of california commercial fishery landings has shown that the average pacific hagfish measures between 12 and 18 inches in length .
8 . the only known fossil hagfish , from 300 million years ago , looks very much like a modern hagfish , leading some scientists to speculate that it has changed little since then . “it’s an indication , not that they’ve stalemated and are not evolving , but that they have arrived at a body plan that is still very successful today , ” says tom munroe , a fish zoologist at the smithsonian national museum of natural history .
the larval stage can last as long as seven years ! at the end of the larval state , the lamprey changes into an eel - like creature that swims and usually attaches itself to a fish . there are around 50 living species of lampreys . the hagfish is also know as the slime fish . it is eel - like and pinkish in color . it has glands along its sides that produce a thick , sticky slime that it uses as a defense mechanism . the hagfish can also twist its body into knots ! it may do this to clean off slime or escape predators . the hagfish may also sneeze to clear its nostrils of slime .
science now hagfish just got more disgusting urltoken proc . r . soc . b adaptations to in situ feeding : novel nutrient acquisition pathways in an ancient vertebrate http : / / rspb . royalsocietypublishing . or . . .
it seems to be working because most fishes don’t only bite : they open their mouth quicky to suck water and prey into their mouth before biting . in the case of hagfish , they suck the slime as well .
it ' s an interesting and novel result ,
says fish ecologist jeffrey drazen of the university of hawaii , manoa . when it ' s not busy consuming cadavers , the hagfish ' s larger role in the food web remains a mystery , he says , as it ' s difficult to study fish that live this deep in the ocean . the new finding is the latest in a list of hagfish feeding habits that would make miss manners weep . for instance , hagfish coat a corpse they ' re interested in with slime exuded from pores in their bodies , keeping other scavengers at bay .
nobody else wants it after that ,
drazen says .
research is being done on hagfish slime in which the mechanical properties of threads made from the slimy mucus are being studied . the threads are both strong and stretchy , features that may lead to development of superior new materials .
starting off our list of weird animals with absolutely disgusting defense strategies is the particularly handsome hagfish ( eptatretus stoutii ) . these jawless , spineless denizens of the deep are a throwback to the paleozoic era when fish evolved . using feelers located on the ends of its face , the hagfish locates dead and rotting animals that have sunk to the bottom of the ocean floor . swarms of hagfish will penetrate the decomposing carcass and feast on the body from the inside out . it uses its razor sharp teeth to bite and tear rotting flesh right off the bones . it’s a good thing the poor animal is dead when all of this is happening because good god that sounds painful .
since the hagfish feed on carcases , it might be able to worn us about cancerogenous compounds in the environment . it is a well known fact that many dangerous pollutants congregates along the food chain , and a scavenger like the hagfish will therefore ingest large amounts of pollutants . today , primary liver cancer is rare in humans living in western europe , but fairly common in africa and china where the environmental laws tend to be less strict or poorly enforced .
12 . although their eating habits seem disgusting , hagfish help clean and recycle dead animals from the seafloor . they also serve as a food source for fish , seabirds and seals—at least those that can make it through the slime .
in areas where there is considerable bycatch discarded by fishermen , or falls of marine mammals such as whales and sea lions , hagfish may play a significant role in recycling and maintaining the seafloor by savaging and burrowing through the substrate .
agnatha are jawless fish . lampreys and hagfish are in this class . members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest vertebrates . scientists have found fossils of agnathan species from the late cambrian period that occurred 500 million years ago .
in the early 1990s , the exported hagfish were used primarily for eel - skin leather , not food . as demand for eel - skin leather dropped , so did west coast exports . by 2000 , overfishing had depleted korea’s hagfish stocks , so buyers looked elsewhere , including the west coast . processors learned that korean buyers rarely purchased west coast hagfish because they didn’t like the method oregon processors used to freeze the eels . that changed in 2002 , when mike erdman of oregon sea green products in coos bay / north bend decided to do something about it , traveling to korea to learn their freezing techniques and in the process creating a niche for oregon , washington and to some extent california .
although hagfish was a traditional food item in japan and korea , harvesting of the fish for their skin to be used as soft leather did not start until world war ii brought about a shortage in japan for leather from land animals .
after the catch , fishermen and processors stay busy removing slime from hagfish tanks to keep them alive . for shipping , processors pack the eels into containers filled with saltwater and liquid oxygen to keep them breathing and keep the containers cool .
there are a few reasons why the slime might be useful in the fashion world : it’s incredibly strong , easily stretched , and when it dries , the texture becomes silky . while a hagfish only reaches up to a foot in length , one animal alone contains hundreds of miles of slime . that’s why researchers are trying to replicate the proteins of hagfish slime as we speak , in order to be able to manufacture an artificial product with similar properties . ( source )
this is the first time such feeding habits have been observed in a non - invertebrate animal , suggesting that hagfish may be a transitional organism between modern fish and invertebrates such as aquatic worms , which can absorb food through their skin .
the hagfishes are believed to have been around for at least 500 million years without changing much and are therefore of great interest for scientists that wish to understand more about how different life forms have evolved on our planet . the hagfish is for instance equipped with an anatomical feature that is believed to be the beginning of a vertebral column . the hagfish has no cerebrum or cerebellum , no jaws and no stomach , and its skeleton is made up by cartilage instead of bones .
we placed the traps in two different locations , then motored back to pick up the eits camera . on the way , i saw several hagfish swimming happily toward my traps . sigh . the glamorous life of a marine biologist . . .
powell , m . l . , s . i . kavanaugh and s . a . sower . 2005 . current knowledge of hagfish reproduction : implications for fisheries management . integrative and comparative biology 45 ( 1 ) : 158 - 165 .
shelton , r . g . j . 1978 . on the feeding of hagfish myxine glutinosa in the north sea . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , vol . 58 , pp . 81 - 86 .
nicole and i carried the traps to the light - tight cold room , where we excitedly opened them under dim red light . instead of seeing beautiful shrimp and crabs with glowing eyes , we saw blind hagfish heads poking up at us from the traps .
hagfish slime is strong and hard to remove , because unlike the other known forms of slime found in nature hagfish slime is reinforced with special fibres . inside the slime , each fibre is no thicker than a thousandth of a millimetre , but the fibres are very strong and can reach a length of half a metre ( 1 foot 8 inches ) . we still do not know how the fibres are put together , but scientists are trying to find out since that knowledge might make it possible to create really strong synthetic materials .
probably eating their way out of the carcass , according to a new study—and not with any sort of politesse , either . when they can ' t pack enough flesh into their tentacle - lined mouths , hagfish absorb the carcass ' s nutrients right through their skin .
atlantic hagfish inhabit soft clay or muddy sediments and spend much of their time in temporary burrows in the sea floor ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . they prey primarily on shrimp , worms and small crabs ( gustafson 1935 , shelton 1978 , collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . they are also scavengers that feed upon dead and dying fish , mammals and shellfish . hagfish are often considered a nuisance by commercial fishermen because they can feed on targeted species ( martini et al 1997 , collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) .
grant , s . m . 2006 . an exploratory fishing survey and biological resource assessment of atlantic hagfish ( myxine glutinosa ) occurring on the southwest slpoe of the newfoundland grand bank . j . northw . atl . fish . sci . , v 36 : 91 - 110 .
martini , f . m . lesser and j . b . heiser . 1997 . a population profile for atlantic hagfish , myxine glutinosa ( l . ) , in the gulf of maine . part i : morphometrics and reproductive state . fishery bulletin 95 : 311 - 320 .
wells , r . m . g . , forster , m . e . , davison , w . , taylor , h . h . , davie , p . s . and satchell , g . h . ( 1986 ) blood oxygen transport in the free - swimming hagfish ,
the most distinguishing hagfish behavior is its ability to produce copious amounts of mucilaginous slime nearly instantaneously . pores along the degenerate lateral line secrete the slime as a defense mechanism . as the slime contacts seawater , it rapidly expands into a sticky gel that can suffocate an attacker or foul mechanical equipment . another unique a hagfish behavior is its ability to tie a knot in its body and then slide in and out of the knot . they can use this behavior to bury into a carcass to elude predators , gain leverage to tear off pieces of flesh , or clean slime from itself .
the hagfish has for instance been used by researchers studying the islets of langerhans , a special type of pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin . hagfishes are of special interest since their insulin is the most primitive form of insulin known to science . in hagfish , insulin is produced in a small organ named the islet organ which is located on the bile duct wall at the section where the bile duct opens into the bowels . by learning more about this primitive form of insulin , researchers hope to understand more about how the insulin production works in the human body and why it sometimes malfunctions .
“when i first reviewed this video , i thought : those hagfish are not very clever . they have the bait right above their head and they keep on searching the sediment for it . ” then , zintzen noticed one particular hagfish that had stuck the front third of its body inside a hole . it twisted its body into a knot , using it for leverage to push against the sediment . twenty seconds later , it withdrew from the burrow with a red bandfish , dead and motionless , in its mouth . “i then only understood what was actually happening : they were hunting ! ”
hagfish , the eel - like , slime - emitting wrigglers of the sea floor , just can ' t get enough of decaying corpses . when they come across a dead fish , they snuggle their sinewy bodies down into its cavities and stay there , writhing blissfully . but what are they doing ?
the ability of a hagfish to tie itself into a knot and then untie is believed have several purposes . it may pull its body through the knot so as to remove itself from its own slime that would otherwise suffocate it or the knot can be used as leverage for tearing meat from a carcass .
the salt concentration of a hagfish ' s tissue is the same as that of the seawater it normally swims in , suggesting that dissolved substances can cross the skin . to determine whether the animals can soak up nutrients as well as salt , physiologist chris glover of the university of canterbury in christchurch , new zealand , and colleagues took a piece of hagfish skin and stretched it out in a flask containing a seawater - like solution on one side and a solution resembling a hagfish ' s own bodily fluids on the other . in the seawater , they dissolved radioactive amino acids and sugars , along with food coloring to test how permeable the skin was . after a few hours , the skin started to become radioactive as it absorbed the amino acids , the researchers reveal online this week in the proceedings of the royal society b . the skin didn ' t allow food coloring through , however , suggesting that it selects nutritious detritus .
there have been prior studies on the unusual fluid properties of hagfish slime . but lead author lukas boni of eth zurich in switzerland and his colleagues wanted to focus specifically on how those properties played a role in the animal’s defense system—as well as its trick of tying itself in knots to escape from its own slime .
fernholm , b . , 1998 . hagfish systematics . p . 33 - 44 . in j . m . jørgensen , j . p . lomholt , r . e . weber and h . malte ( eds . ) the biology of hagfishes . chapman & hall , london . 578 p . ( ref . 31276 )
5 . although they are jawless , hagfish have two rows of tooth - like structures made of keratin that they use to burrow deep into carcasses . they can also bite off chunks of food . while eating carrion or live prey , they tie their tails into knots to generate torque and increase the force of their bites .
but the more promising applications are far less frivolous . it could be used to staunch bleeding in accident victims during surgery , for instance , expanding upon contact with the salty blood . the stretchiness—akin to the plastic rings that hold together six packs of beer—would make hagfish slime useful in biomedical devices , tissue engineering , or biosensors .
you can see the results below . the hagfish in the videos are attacked by sharks , conger eels , wreckfishes and more . in less than half a second , the predator’s mouth and gills are filled with slime . it leaves , gagging and convulsing , slime hanging in long wisps from its head . even voracious seal sharks turn tail . the cameras didn’t follow the fleeing predators , so zintzen doesn’t know if they eventually died or if the slime dissolved away . either way , the hagfish , uninjured and oblivious , just carried on feeding . its defence is so effective that it can totally ignore the fact that a shark just tried to bite it .


doyen ( foaled 22 april 2000 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , who was bred in ireland but trained in france , dubai and the united kingdom during a racing career which lasted from 2002 to 2005 .

he is best known for winning the 2004 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .

doyen ( horse )

fighter and doyen of black horse racing broadcasting james maphiri celebrates his 70 th birthday today .
doyen vs . sporting i : doyen’s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) antoine wrote : la sentence est toujours téléchargeable à l ' ad . . . [ more ]
doyen vs . sporting i : doyen’s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) elsa wrote : merci pour le commentaire de la sentence . mais cel . . . [ more ]
godolphin ' s king george winner doyen was confirmed as the top - rated european horse of 2004 and also picked up the middle distance and older male awards .
racing and sports pride ourselves in being the information leaders for australian horse racing . the most visited horse racing website in the southern hemisphere ,
, who is based at meath . it is sired by the stallion doyen out of the dam kenzie .
horse racing stats – runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks – . . .
with all its trials and tribulations , horse racing is still his first love .
horse ownership is a very expensive hobby unless you have money to throw away… .
ouija board has been named horse of the year at a top awards ceremony in london .
doyen had an outstanding 4 year old season finishing it as timeform’s horse of the year with a rating of 132 and was assessed as having put up two of the best performances in europe over 11 / 2 miles .
if your looking for free horse racing tips , news or general thoroughbred information , racing and sports can provide it , free , both for australian thoroughbred horse racing and the international stage .
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
“there’s plenty of money to be made in horse racing” . that gave me a good chuckle .
“the great horse may have died but his influence is far from gone from our lives . ”
lammerskraal stud received an outstanding breeder award as breeders of abashiri . the print media award went to doyen charles faull chiefly for his thoroughpedia project .
former kzn champion trainer duncan howells’ four entries include last year’s fifth - placed saratoga dancer as well as ten gun salute , who is a dark horse as he has reportedly been a different horse since gelding .
maphiri believes even share ownership syndicates established to attract black participants to the world of horse breeding and horse racing are a “cover up” meant to shield the industry from total scrutiny in terms of its transformation credentials .
as godolphin racing manager simon crisford pointed out : ' sulamani ' s already a triple group 1 winner . doyen ' s never won a group 1 yet . there ' s no doubt that doyen was a bit rusty before the coronation cup and that he came on a lot for that run .
doyen was widely believed to have the class to win this race , a belief strengthened by his convincing win in the hardwicke stakes at ascot last month .
the year 2000 ushered forward a horse that had been named for the moment . godolphin ' s founder and driving force , h . h . sheikh mohammed , was convinced that dubai millennium would be a horse like no other .
for a horse trained in britain or ireland which had previously been held by mill reef . the record was broken by
at the ceremony which was attended by sports minister richard caborn , bhb chairman martin broughton paid tribute to the horse .
in our previous blogs on doyen’s tpo deals we decided to focus only on specific deals , twente and sporting lisbon , or a specific country ( spain ) . however , nearly six months after the whole footballleaks project started , we can now provide a more comprehensive analysis of the tpo deals signed by doyen . though , it is still possible that other , yet unknown , deals would be revealed , i believe that few of doyen’s tpo agreements are still hidden . thanks to footballleaks , we now know how doyen operates , we have a precise idea of its turnover , its return on investments and the pool of clubs with which it signed a tpo agreement . moreover , we have a good understanding of the contractual structure used by doyen in those deals . this blog will offer a brief synthesis and analysis of this data .
doyen gave an indication of his potential when he finished second to dalakhani in last year ' s prix niel before a respectable fourth to the same colt in the arc .
ever since doyen ran away with the hardwicke stakes at royal ascot the godolphin horse has been near the top of the market for the great race . since the defection of the derby winner north light , the four - year - old has seldom been available at much better than even money .
breeders ' cup classic hero ghostzapper was named the best horse to have raced in the world during the last flat season .
there was a time when gingering a horse , in which a piece of ginger was inserted into a horses rectum to make it run faster use to be the method of choice of the unsavory elements of horse racing , as advances in drug technoligy have evolved the sophistication in performance enhancing substances has advanced also . the answer lies in more efficient drug detecting apparatus and methods to detect horse racing cheats , rather than ban horse racing that some clowns have suggested , which would result in huge unemployment .
in 1975 , grundy was voted british horse of the year by the racegoers ' club , receiving 38 of the 40 votes .
doyen’s tpo system also guarantees that in case a player is successful , a club will be forced to transfer him if a ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is made . the ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is defined as a minimum amount . if an offer matches or exceeds this amount , doyen can force the club into choosing either to sell the player or to buy back doyen’s share for a price equivalent to doyen’s share of the transfer proceeds if the player would have been transferred . this is a mechanism that ensures that clubs will not be able to keep an outstanding player and pay the minimum fee due at the end of his contract ( or the put option fee ) , rather than sell the player for a more substantial amount . as the clubs having recourse to doyen are , as it is argued in its own submissions to the french and belgian courts , unable to afford recruiting these players in the first place , they are more than unlikely to be able to buy back the share of the economic rights owned by doyen when their price has tripled or quadrupled . the alternative is simple : sell or go bankrupt . until now few clubs have chosen the latter option . the mechanism of the ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is in itself aimed at influencing the transfer policy of the clubs signing a tpo deal with doyen . they have their hands doubly tied : if the player fails to materialize as a star they will have to repay at least doyen’s investment plus healthy interests ; if he does become a star they will lose him as soon as the right transfer offer comes . and doyen’s tpo contracts ensure that the right transfer offer will come .
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
“let’s say you buy a horse with r100 000 . in addition to insurance costs , you have to feed it and pay the trainer’s dues . three or four months down the line , the horse has failed to win a single race and the costs are building up .
finally , in 2015 doyen entered into a surprising deal with an unknown belgian club : seraing united ( or rfc seraing ) . the relatively small deal ( €300 . 000 ) concerns three of seraing’s players . it is definitely an unusual investment for doyen with very little potential to extract substantial profit . one hypothesis is that this contract is used as a legal trojan horse to support doyen’s legal challenge against fifa’s tpo ban in front of belgian courts . indeed , doyen has hired ( for €200 . 000 in 2015 as indicated in the ‘map of deals’ ) star lawyer jean - louis dupont , who was jean - marc bosman’s lawyer in the eponym case , to entertain complaints in front of the european commission and simultaneously the belgian courts against fifa’s tpo ban . in that regard , it has successfully used the sanctions imposed by the urbsfa ( the belgium football federation ) and fifa against seraing to justify the jurisdiction of the belgian courts over the case ( see our blog on the latest ruling in this case ) . doyen’s tpo investment in seraing has probably more to do with a smart legal stratagem than a long - term investment .
what happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows
- gained his third victory over the course and distance of next weekend ' s big race . this horse just does not like getting beat .
then in 1997 roberts’ agent told him at the races one saturday that south african trainer david ferraris had phoned and offered him a july ride on a horse called north by northwest . after the races roberts gathered this horse had won the gr 1 daily news and was the ruling july favourite .
results , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes : 1 . doyen ( frankie dettori ) 2 . hard buck ( gary stevens ) 3 . sulamani ( kerrin mcevoy ) 4 . gamut ( kieren fallon
in 2013 khumalo became the first black jockey to win the durban july handicap , south africa’s top horse race , on his steed heavy metal at the age of 28 . maphiri warns against taking khumalo’s achievement as a testament to the strides that black participation has made in horse racing in south africa .
you must have disposable income to own a race horse and there are plenty blacks , indians and whites who simply can’t afford it . there is nothing stopping an individual of any colour from buying a horse and putting it into training . as for there’s money to be made – laughable . it’s a hobby and be prepared to lose money on a horse , whether punting or owning . don’t blame transformation on the lack of black owners , again laughable
almost all of our top horses are unbeaten and very often you will not find out how good a horse is until something gets to it .
is a very striking individual . he is a dark bay horse with size and scope with lovely clean limbs and he is a correct straight mover .
as the doyen of turf scribes , max presnell , recently lamented , australian racing has slid
beyond the crossroads into decline
. the outcome of today ' s hearing will determine if the case is terminal .
doyen , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes winner , earned a lowly mark of 127 , around 7lb behind the likes of sinndar and montjeu and almost a stone adrift of greats like dancing brave .
american contender hard buck couldn’t match doyen’s turn of foot , but he held off his rivals for the runner - up spot under gary stevens , who is perhaps better known in this country for his part in seabiscuit .
the sober assessment was underlined by the inclusion of only three british - trained horses - doyen , rakti and ouija board - in the top 20 of a new world league table which will be published regularly in future .
£20 , 000 ; doyen £10 , 000 ; lomitas £10 , 000 ; exceed and excel £7 , 500 ; mark of esteem £7 , 000 ; reset £7 , 000 ; sulamani £7 , 000 ; tobougg £5 , 000 .
smart call’s consolation was to be named equus champion older female and champion middle distance horse , while abashiri received a special achievement award for landing the sa triple crown .
i didn ' t have to give him a smack - he was doing it all on his own . what a great horse he is . now we can really say he is one of the finest . in all the times i have won this race , i have never had a horse travel like he did today .
not all racing is
a rich person ' s hobby
; there are plenty of horses , often on country tracks , owned and trained by people of low income . they might have one horse and it might just place now and then on a country track but they have a lot of fun enjoying their horse and dreaming .
doyen ' s reputation is based largely on the very fast time he put up in the hardwicke and the visual impression that race created , but dazzling times on fast ground are not the best indicators of a horse ' s ability . ' he reminds me of the good old days of swain and daylamia , ' said an excited frankie dettori ( is there any other sort of frankie ? ) after jumping off him at the royal meeting . perhaps he reminds punters of these previous king george winners too , but doyen is not yet the equal of either , and if there ' s any guide less reliable than the stopwatch , it ' s nostalgia .
putting the win into perspective , doyen sounded a warning he will be the major force in group one races he contests for the remainder of the season . he is a top - grade performer , able to quicken off any variation of pace .
golden doyen came with a strong late run to notch a course and distance win in one of this race’s qualifying heats . has been upped 3lb for that effort but the small rise in the weights shouldn’t be an issue for this improving individual .
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last year’s runner up marinaresco was the first horse to be drawn and his part - owner marsh shirtliff drew nine , a lot better than his draw of 17 last year .
the philippi trainer will run last year’s horse chestnut winner captain america in the kuda matchem stakes at durbanville on october 9 . the six - year - old is the highest rated horse in the 1 400m grade 3 and was third in last season’s j & b met after finishing fourth in the l’ormarins queen’s plate and beating futura in the green point .
it was a relief when nightfall won , because i didn ' t really want the extra pressure of doyen being the one who brought up the 2 , 000 - it was pressure enough that he was hot favourite for the king george .
legal eagle received the horse of the year award , as well as champion older male and champion miler awards , due to his three gr 1 victories . these included two weight for age mile wins , in the l’ormarin’s queen’s plate and the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes , as well as a win in the gr 1 r4 million premier’s champions challenge over 2000m .
south african grooms association ( saga ) has developed a programme to transform the horse racing industry in south africa . any one who want to support , advice please e - mail :
they are still able to sell that banned horse offspring . . . ban its breeding range , every offspring sired or ( dam ) ed by that horse from ever racing . now there is a real penalty . make that whole racing genetic line useless ; worthless . ( any science on the doping of parents and whether it affects the genetic performance of the offspring ? )
coral fever won the jubilee off a merit rating of 89 and beat a horse who was 0 . 5kg under sufferance , so it was not difficult to punch holes in that form .
justin snaith , not to be out - done , has entered nine horses including the smart filly bela - bela , byerley turk runner - up copper force and dark horse , black arthur .
displayed on the site is the latest racing tips and horse racing news that feature prominently on the main home racing page . immediately upon arriving at the main racing page , users are greeted with our free daily racing preview of what we consider the best wagering prospect for the day . more written analysis discussing both australian and international horse racing can be found in the race previews area .
dalakhani came with a great run to cut down his rivals in the straight , taking the lead from mubtaker in the final furlong to beat that horse by three - quarters of a length , with a below form high chaparral five lengths back in third and doyen fourth , with vinnie roe and black sam bellamy next . dalakhani was the third arc winner for his owner after akyida in 1982 and sinndar in 2000 and the first for his trainer and jockey christophe soumillon .
there’s plenty of money to be made in horse racing . however , barriers such as high entry costs to the sport are making it difficult for ordinary black south africans to benefit , opines maphiri .
concern that doyen ' s name would look a little out of place on the king george roll of honour proved unfounded as the four - year - old put a stamp of total authority on the latest renewal to win by a convincing three lengths , albeit recording a moderate time .
[ 1 ] this document is susceptible to being easily forged , as it is a simple excel sheet . therefore , i crosschecked the data included on the excel sheet with doyen’s erpas published on footballleaks , which confirmed the likely veracity of the information provided in the map of deals .
most horses in work at any given time are geldings , so for the vast preponderance of owners , that would be a non - penalty . banning a horse from racing if it tests positive punishes those least likely to be complicit in doping , which is the owners . if you have ever had a horse in work , you would know that the trainer has more or less total control over what happens to the horse in the stable . it is a pretty basic principle of our justice system that you don ' t punish people who are not guilty of wrongdoing and who are unaware of it occurring .
not for the first time , leopardstown ' s irish champion stakes emerged as the race that could well serve up the highlight of the season as plans for doyen , a dazzling winner of saturday ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot , started to take shape .
dettori said of doyen :
he was the one that was travelling the best and when i pulled him out , off he went . he was absolutely devastating . it was unbelievable . with the crowd screaming , i looked at the big screen to see how far ahead i was .
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
“the sky is now the limit , ” said sheikh mohammed . “we will take him all over europe and america , which means the arc and the breeders’ cup turf . he is a very special horse . ”
sheikh mohammed ' s darley operation has announced its fees for the 2006 season , and will start newcomers dubawi at £25 , 000 and doyen at £10 , 000 at dalham hall stud near newmarket , england . shamardal , another newcomer , will stand for 40 , 000 euros at kildangan in ireland .
he recalled the big day , “the worst part was when i was in the parade ring . i saw this tiny little horse walking in . then i got on him and i couldn’t believe how small he was . i thought to myself , oh no , how embarrassing , journeying all this way to ride this horse . i asked the groom if he liked him and he replied , ‘no i like north by northwest , he is a very nice horse . ’ so my mood was down . but , then he went down to the start like an absolute bomb . i pulled him up at the 2400m mark and garth was alongside and i remember telling him how good the horse had felt . david had only given me one bit of advice , which was not to bring him through horses , so to try and bring him to the outside . ”
good read , thanks for the coverage on doyen . i ' m just wondering if they ( or other compnies ) are still active in player investment at all since the tpo ban ? e . g . are they attempting to make similar deals but restructuring contracts so that they comply with fifa rules ?
trainer justin snaith : he’s beautifully weighted and is a 2200m plus horse . he missed the cape summer because of injury and off 53kg he is a huge runner . all my horses are well in at the weights .
popularly known as “jimmy bo - horse’’ in racing circles – a nickname he says he was given by radio dj’s at metro fm – maphiri shares his own personal story and the encounter with parkinson’s , with mbuyisi mgibisa .
this has been doyen’s best season to date , and he has shown continual improvement , leading connections to indicate that he may well stay in training next season ( providing the breeding contingent of the godolphin operation can be kept at bay ) . he is likely to be aimed at the irish champion stakes next .
the sean tarry - trained avontuur thoroughbred farm stud - bred greys inn gelding legal eagle won the most anticipated equus award , horse of the year , at the glittering annual ceremony held at the emperor’s palace on tuesday night .
doyen ( ire ) b . h , 2000 { 1 - s } dp = 8 - 2 - 22 - 11 - 1 ( 44 ) di = 0 . 91 cd = 0 . 11 - 14 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 291 , 257
doyen , who did not enjoy the best of runs when second to warrsan in the coronation cup at epsom , has a favourite ' s chance in the hardwicke stakes . he is said to have come out of that race particularly well and can confirm epsom placings with high accolade , who was a close fourth .
ascot really did prove a happy hunting ground for godolphin this weekend – the newmarket - based operation pulled off an impressive victory in the midsummer showpiece , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes on saturday , as doyen came dashing home under frankie dettori to beat the rest of the field by three lengths .
trainer justin snaith : have aimed him specifically for the july . he’s the horse to beat . he’s a huge runner off 54 . 5kg . horses run for grant van niekerk and he can ride him confidently . of the older horses he’s the right horse . there are lots of big races in the winter season but really this is the race we all want to win and you have to sneak into the race off the best weight that you can .
in 2014 and 2015 , doyen decided also to heavily invest in the south american market . it made a number of deals ( 11 ) involving mostly brazilian players ( from santos fc , sao paulo , atletico paranense and flamengo ) and also two columbians ( from deportivo estudiantil ) . those deals are for the most part still on - going . they are also probably riskier for doyen than the european deals because of the limited guarantees that south american clubs can provide . the leandro damiao case is there to remind us that those deals are in any case risky for the clubs . damiao was a great prospect when he was transferred for €15 million to santos in december 2013 . based on the map of deals doyen loaned €12 million to santos in return for 80 % of the economic rights attached to him . yet , after three years , damiao’s contract was rescinded in december 2015 and he moved on a free transfer to betis seville , leaving santos with an €18 million debt to pay to doyen ( which was recently upheld by the brazilian justice ) . this is a good reminder that tpo , on whichever continent , is everything but risk - free for clubs . the sweet feeling of short - term cash might very well turn into the ( very ) sour taste of long - term debt .
in 1987 , now riding full - time in britain , roberts bumped into prolific south african owner laurie jaffee at royal ascot . jaffee believed he would win the july that year with bush telegraph and offered roberts the ride as the horse’s regular rider garth puller was going to battle to make the weight . however , roberts could never have considered abandoning the great horse mtoto . bush telegraph duly won the july , while roberts steered mtoto to two successive coral eclipse victories .
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another kzn gr 1 hopeful for the festival of speed might well be the filly great aim , who is trained out of the small yard of ivan moore , who has proved before he can get the best out of a good horse .
additionally , we also supply the best free tips for both metropolitan and country horse racing australia . the racing and sports news department places strong focus on the free content it provides and looks to provide the best and most informative thoroughbred information .
godolphin have clearly decided it is time to take the gloves off as they continue to enjoy one of the most successful seasons in their 10 - year existence . doyen , whose king george victory was his first group one success , is their new flagship middle - distance star - and they are ready to take on all - comers .
player said he was also waiting on a decision from trainer aidan o ' brien on powerscourt , who finished third in saturday ' s irish champion stakes ( 2000m ) at leopardstown in which godolphin ' s favourite doyen was unplaced - although it is likely o ' brien is now looking towards the arc in paris next month rather than melbourne .
in the observer ' s list of the
10 greatest horse races of all time ,
the match between grundy and bustino in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot racecourse on july 26 , 1975 was ranked number two .
bass - robinson has two gr 1 - winning fillies among her four entries , nightingale and silver mountain , and the former makes more appeal over this trip . her expensively bought three - year - old horizon could also develop into a july horse .
in this week’s horse & hound magazine , out on thursday 15 june 2017 , don’t miss our eventing report from bramham horse trials , plus read our features on how equine therapy is helping injured servicemen and also what to look forward to at the hickstead derby meeting . in this week’s issue we talk to champion flat jockey jim crowley and olympic cyclist - turned - jockey victoria pendleton answers our q & a , plus check out our reports from dressage at wellington , showjumping from royal cornwall and much more .
footballleaks is now operating since nearly half a year and has already provided an incredible wealth of legal documents both on tpo ( and in particular doyen’s contractual arrangements ) and on the operation of the transfer system in football ( mainly transfer agreements , player contracts and agents contracts ) . this constant stream of information is extremely valuable for academic research to get a better grip on the functioning of the transfer market . it is also extremely relevant for the shaping of public debates and political decisions on the regulation of this market . as pointed out on the footballleaks website , it has triggered a series of press investigations in major european news outlets . in this blog , i want to come to a closure on our reporting on doyen’s tpo deals . in the past months , we have already dealt with the specific cases of fc twente and sporting lisbon , reviewed doyen’s tpo deals with spanish clubs , as well as discussed the compatibility of the tpo ban with eu law . in the sporting lisbon case , doyen has since earned an important legal victory in front of the cas ( the ensuing award was just published by footballleaks ) . this victory should not be overstated , however , it was not unexpected due to the liberal understanding of the freedom of contract under swiss law . as such it does not support the necessity of tpo as an investment practice and does not threaten the legality ( especially under eu law ) of fifa’s ban .
it is not long odds that frankie dettori will start the day with a double courtesy of where with all ( 2 . 30 ) and doyen ( 3 . 05 ) . the two - year - olds in the chesham stakes are largely unknown quantities , but where with all looked a decent prospect when overcoming inexperience to win on his debut at haydock .
trainer joey ramsden : i was very happy with his last run . he ran a good race without hammering him . he’s in good order . anton ( marcus ) thought about riding him but eventually stuck to the other horse ( edict of nantes ) .
mr maphiri , why have you not bought horses ? you have been in a position to do so for many years . and with all your knowledge of the racing game and all the affluent people you have come into contact with why have you not formed black syndications ? as for lots of money to be made from horse racing i will add my own chuckle , i am a normal punter who loses his fair share of money punting , i would never ever consider owning a horse , i lose enough .
the general consensus of those who follow racing is that the small trainers get maximum penalties but the big trainers get off scott free because the industry can ' t get along without them . you might even say that all trainers are equal , but some are more equal than others . ( sound familiar ? ? ) . imo there is a way to stop it , but it ' s a bit radical . when these illegal substances are found - ban the horse for life . yes , the horse - not the trainer . that way the owners will lose large amounts of money and the trainer will have to answer to them , probably in court . on top of this fine the trainer and the ownership of the horse , and send the proceeds to animal welfare .
simon crisford , racing manager to godolphin , said :
it was a magnificent win , and one that gives us every hope for the big races for the remainder of the season . he has come out of the race very well . doyen had done everything right leading up to the king george , and there was great confidence surrounding him going into the race .
doyen’s business model is smart and has to be acknowledged as a cynical embrace of the intrinsic logic of fifa’s transfer system . it plays on each club’s natural drive for grandeur and the propensity of the clubs’ management to throw caution to the wind to get there at least once . doyen’s head , nelio lucas , is no criminal . there is no indication that he engages in match fixing or money laundering . he is a dead - set investor hunting for the grail : secure financial returns on investments . and he ( with many others [ 4 ] ) has found a way to play the transfer system to his advantage and to game irrational clubs and managers . this does not imply that this business model should go on , however .
statue of liberty [ ridden by kinane ] was beaten by a comparative outsider in the sussex stakes at goodwood . if that horse had won a group one , coolmore could have launched him as a commercial stallion , but without that status it ' s much harder .
“in the olden days , horse racing was the only game in town . today , there’s a huge difference with the advent of tv and computers . people don’t go to the races anymore . gone are the days when race courses used to be full to capacity . ”
deemed by many as unlucky to have missed out on a single equus award last year , legal eagle received south african racing’s top accolade when voted equus horse of the year at a plush function hosted by the racing association at emperors palace in johannesburg on tuesday , august 16 .
there ' s very little to redeem it , aside from the public tax income perhaps . but i suppose it should be placed in context . most animals are exploited in some way . if i had to choose between six years as a racing horse or two weeks in the coles meat department , i know which life i ' d prefer . you can also draw parallels between horse racing and competitive sport . the main difference is that when we run our footballers into the ground and their knees give out , we don ' t sell them to the glue factory .
the bookies are predicting this year ' s race will come down to a duel between the crack french three - year - old dalakhani and the ultra - tough irish four - year - old high chaparral . the epsom derby victor , kris kin , with kieren fallon on board , leads the english challenge , with frankie dettori ' s french mount , doyen , as the joker in the pack .
the champion two - year - old male looked clear cut and duly went to another horse by captain al , the vaughan marshall - trained klawervlei stud - bred colt always in charge , who won the hotly contested gr 1 tsogo sun gold medallion over 1200m at scottsville by three lengths .
if horse racing were banned it would result in a lot of unemployment , not a good idea , if you worked in the racing industry you would find there is less corruption there , than most other industries , it seems you made this post out of mistaken emotion rather than proper observation .
( 3 f fast company – mean lae by johannesburg ) who was subsequently bought for £1 , 300 , 000 by the china horse club at the goffs london sale , minding overcame severe trouble in running in the oaks ( gr 1 , 1m4f ) at epsom to secure a second classic victory .
timeform called dalakhani “genuine and consistent” and said he was “effective on going ranging from heavy to good to firm” . they said he “had a telling turn of foot for a horse who stayed a mile and a half” and was “quite attractive , but rather finely made” . he stands 16 . 1 hands .
. this four - year - old colt not only won the english and irish derby in 2002 before finishing an excellent third in the arc after a badly interrupted preparation , he later stamped himself an outstanding middle - distance horse with a memorable american victory in the breeders ' cup turf at arlington park .
horse racing is not bigger than ever . it is smaller . horse racing has been totally eclipsed by sports betting as the preferred gambling medium of most punters , and as a general interest sport ( which it very much was , a couple of generations ago ) it is nowhere . the tv and media coverage that it gets is bought and paid for by the industry itself , which should give you an idea of the sport ' s popularity . can you imagine the afl or cricket australia actually paying newspapers and tv stations big money every year to cover their sports ? of course not . but racing does .
racing victoria ltd ' s mark player said yesterday that elegant fashion was due to arrive in melbourne after a flight from hong kong on october 5 , with the german stablemates paolini and simonas . player said hayes had arranged for a horse from lindsay park to go into quarantine , with elegant fashion as a working companion .
the bay horse was rated 132 by timeform and he entered stud at the age of 4 in 1985 at coolmore as one of the most desirable stallion prospects in years owing to his fabulous pedigree - northern dancer was massive sensation at that time - and race record of winning 6 of his 11 starts in good company .
saeed bin suroor was champion trainer in the united kingdom for the fourth time in 2004 , a year in which godolphin captured 11 group one races . refuse to bend and sulamani netted a brace apiece , while papineau ' s victory in the gold cup at royal ascot was one of six successes for godolphin at the five - day extravaganza . doyen subsequently ran away with the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes and received multiple awards for his achievements .
it may be that doyen , far from being the best middle - distance racehorse in europe , isn ' t even the best in his own stable , as a not quite match - fit sulamani , who beat everything in the king george last year except the then - brilliant alamshar , put up a mathematically similar performance against high accolade and persian majesty when just failing to concede weight to bandari in the princess of wales ' s stakes at newmarket .
south australian breeders have access to a superb racehorse and proven sire following the aga khan’s decision to shuttle dalakhani ( ire ) to cornerstone stud in 2013 . it’s an historic move by one of the world’s major breeders , and those looking to breed a classic winner or cups horse will find this stallion ticks all the boxes .
warrsan’s jockey darryl holland was adamant that the slow pace had hijacked the six - year - old’s chances . “it was a non - event for me , ” he said , after coming ninth . “they went no pace and my horse wants a proper end - to - end gallop . it was all very disappointing . ”
“to own a horse one has to apply for colours and the accompanying costs are just but one of the many barriers that black owners face when trying to enter the industry , ” he says . the thoroughbred breeders association has set up shared ownership syndicates to make it easier and less costly for new entrants to the game .
trainer dean kannemeyer : i’m very happy with his 1900 performance . that’s what made me think of supplementing him for the july . he is well weighted and is a tough , sound and consistent horse . i won this race two years ago with power king off a similar weight so i don’t think that he’s without a chance .
the result also provided trainer dermot weld and jockey pat smullen with their first win in the £1 , 325 , 000 race , but the horse had to overcome a scare , when injuring a foot on the morning of the race , before getting the better of us army ranger ( galileo ) by a length and a half .
“he has got to be the outstanding horse of his generation over all distances and all goings , ” the aga khan said after the three year - old’s win in the arc . “i have always said it is difficult to make comparisons between champions but dalakhani , such a beautiful mover , has a concentration of unusual talent . ”
sadler ' s wells has certainly flown the flag for northern dancer ' s amazing influence and genetics . our equus 2011 award horse - of - the - year is igugu ( aus ) - and her sire who is also proving himself a force to be reckoned with is galileo who in turn is by sadler ' s wells .
legal eagle raced five times during the season and won three grade 1 races in imperious fashion – the l’ormarins queen’s plate , the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes and the premier’s champions challenge . his other two starts yielded seconds to smart call in the j & b met in january and an allowance plate in his first run of the season .
phoenix reach had no success in europe as a four - year - old in 2004 , when his preparation was disrupted by a viral infection early in the year . his first appearance was delaye until june when he finished sixth to rakti in the prince of wales ' s stakes . after finishing sixth in the grand prix de saint - cloud he started a 33 / 1 outsider for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and finished tenth of the eleven runners behind doyen .
his nearest market rival al sahem received a rousing cheer when he drew pole position , but it is questionable whether this is a good draw these days . there have been a few slow run julys recently , so being handy has become preferable and a horse drawn in pole might have to be used up to a certain extent to hold position .
on sunday 5 october at longchamp . nonetheless , as the days roll by until europe ' s most prestigious autumn race , there also appears to be growing confidence behind the chief opposition to the powerful grey colt who will be attempting to give french champion jockey elect christophe soumillon his first victory in the great 2400m horse race at longchamp in paris .
horse racing is bigger than ever , only now it ' s watched and gambled on in pubs , clubs and the tab , or watched at home on foxtel and online . a few people still go to the races but not many . cheating and animal cruelty will always exist in the racing industry and while ever we tolerarte it it will continue .
turfdonna won the 157th henkel - preis der diana – german oaks over 11 furlongs at dusseldorf , giving sunnyhill stud stallion doyen ( by sadler ' s wells ) a winner at the highest level . the andreas wohler - trained three - year - old was bred by gestut auenquelle , she is a half - sister to the stakes - placed turfflamme ( by lomitas ) and her dam turfaue ( by big shuffle ) is a full - sister to the group 1 premio lydia tesio heroine turfrose .
thanks for your kind words . doyen is still active in football ( as an agent , image rights holder , or based on old tpo contracts from before the ban ) , but is apparently not engaging into new tpo deals ( besides seraing probably for the purpose of the legal challenge against fifa ' s ban ) . it is also possible that they moved into traditional investment into clubs ( or try to buy a club ) , but this is way more risky than tpo investment . . .
as a sport - mad country , south africa’s local gambling industry , including casinos and physical betting , is worth r20bn . according to a report by pwc , in 2011 horse racing accounted for 78 % of the total gross sports betting revenue in south africa , generating r1 . 7bn of the r2 . 2bn the entire sports betting industry earned that year .
jezki , meanwhile , may have lost some of the gloss he had over two miles before the injury he sustained in 2015 but he is still formidable . he outstayed hurricane fly to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at punchestown over today’s trip two years ago . any horse capable of that deserves respect and he would be on the each - way short - list .
the site offers readers ' free horse racing tips , form and news items from australia and international race meetings . these free services can be accessed through our main racing page . form for nine different countries is available by clicking through to racing information where users have full race fields along with form and punting tools such as neural algorithms and customised worksheets at their disposal .
fallon ' s instinctive genius makes him equally effective dictating the pace from the front or switching a horse off for a late run . spencer ' s artistry evokes comparisons with walter swinburn in his prime . not as tough on his mounts as fallon , which could be an advantage with some of aidan o ' brien ' s highly strung american - bred colts . advantage fallon , just
couldn ' t agree more . i learned over 50 years ago how crooked the horse racing industry was ( along with the trots and greyhounds ) . everything that has happened since has only confirmed those early learnings . crooked at all levels , with tacit approval from administration and government . there ' s simply too much money to be made - but only if you ' re in the know .
twenty minutes before preferment and awesome rock ( aus ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) passed the post together in the australian cup , peeping ( aus ) ( redoute’s choice { aus } ) had won the day’s sydney feature , the g1 coolmore classic at rosehill . by comparison , her sire is a youngster : redoute’s choice was aged only 15 when she was born . however , time passes , and redoute’s choice ( now aged 19 ) has packed so much into his life that he can almost be viewed as the doyen of australia’s sire ranks .
in 2014 and 2015 , this iberian bias progressively faded . doyen entered in new deals only with granada ( luis martins ) , fc porto ( brahimi ) and cadiz fc ( multiplayers ) . as fifa announced its decision to ban tpo in september 2014 , this might have cooled off the interest of the most prominent spanish and portuguese clubs . it is also possible that since the eurozone crisis came to a slow end and the european central bank flooded the financial markets with cheap money , football clubs progressively recovered access to more traditional ( and less risky ) sources of credit .
bred by sheikh mohammed , whose maroon - and - white colours he carried when trained by andre fabre , doyen was immediately transferred to godolphin at the end of last year . the irish champion stakes has been nominated by trainer dermot weld as the starting point this autumn for his irish derby winner grey swallow , so the long - awaited comparison of the generations could be completed in dublin on sept 11 , although there was encouragement for the three - year - olds when their sole representative , tycoon , came in sixth after meeting with interference in the straight in the king george .


they are native to the south america .

stagmomantis amazonica

stagmomantis amazonica - urdu meaning and translation of stagmomantis amazonica , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of stagmomantis amazonica and more .
stagmomantis amazonica , common name amazon mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the genus stagmomantis .
[ 1 ] tree of life web project . stagmomantis . version 22 november 2005
a synoptic review of the genus stagmomantis ( mantodea : mantidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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ehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , münster .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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