mystus is a genus of fish in the family bagridae native to asia .

phylogenetic relationships within this genus are poorly understood , though it has been suggested that there are two major lineages .

mystus

mystus cineraceus , m . gulio , m . falcarius , m . leucophasis , m . pulcher
systematic studies conducted on mystus species of northern kerala are very rare . it is due the taxonomic ambiguity which had existed in many species of this genus ? to solve this dilemma , during this study , all mystus species were collected from their type localities and taxonomically analysed . examination of meristic , metric and major morphometric characters helped to prove the identity of all mystus species of these regions .
citation : plamoottil m ( 2017 ) taxonomic notes on mystus species of northern kerala . j aquac res development 8 : 495 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000495
mystus bleekeri was described from the ganges river drainage and myanmar ( day 1877 ) , but the lectotype designation of sharma and dutt ( 1983 ) restricts the type locality to the ganges river drainage .
( of mystus mukherjii ganguly & datta , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mystus cavassius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
asia : lowland rivers in most major basins of the indian subcontinent ( pakistan , nepal , india , sri lanka and myanmar ) , including but not limited to the indus , brahmaputra - ganges , krishna , cauvery , irrawaddy , salween and tenasserim . reports of this species from the chao phraya and mekong basins , malaysia , and indonesia are based on misidentifications of mystus albolineatus or mystus singaringan . occurs in thailand , but only in the salween basin .
justification : since mystus tengara identity is now confirmed ( darshan et al . 2010 ) , it is known to have a fairly wide distribution in the ganges and brahmaputra river basins in northern and northeastern india . the species does not face any major threats and is therefore assessed as least concern .
justification : although there is no information on the population and its trends for this species , current evidence indicates that it is still relatively widespread and abundant . despite being targeted in fisheries in some regions of its distribution , the level of exploitation is not deemed high enough to be a threat to long - term survival of this species . mystus bleekeri is therefore assessed as least concern .
mystus cavasius was described from the atrai river ( hamilton 1822 ) . this species was previously thought to occur throughout the indian subcontinent and myanmar , but chakrabarty and ng ( 2005 ) showed that the name should be restricted to the populations from northern part of the subcontinent , those from the southern part are referable to m . seengtee and those from myanmar are referable to m . falcarius .
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by jerdon ( 1849 ) from manantoddy ( mananthavady ) in wynaad , kerala , india . day ( 1877 ) changed the generic status of the fish to
madhusoodana kurup , b . , basheer , v . s . , arunachalam , m . & molur , s .
is assessed as least concern because it is widely distributed in the peninsular india and it is also common in several areas . it is cultivated commercially in tamil nadu . furthermore , there are no specific threats identified for this species .
is definitely found in kerala and tamil nadu . in kerala it is known from manantoday in wynaad ( jerdon 1849 ) , ponmni estuary ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) and in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . in tamil nadu it is known from thiroomurthi dam , parambikulam , kallapuram and amaravathi ( devi
2005 ) but exact point localities are missing . this species is also recorded from the kancheepuram and kanyakumari districts in tamil nadu but the exact locations are missing ( rajagopal and davidar 2008 ) . it is reported from the nilgiris bisophere , travancroe , achankovil , periyar and kabani rivers ( kurup
2007 ) and bhima river ( suter 1944 ) in maharashtra . yadav ( 2003 ) has suggested that the species is found in krishna river system and cauvery river system , however , exact localities are missing . it is also reported from madhya pradesh ( sarkar and lakra 2007 ) . all these records need validation .
is unknown . however , it is very common in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . the species may be common in other parts of its distribution range .
. 2005 , 2007 ) . it is also found in estuaries ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) . it attains a total length of 15 cm ( menon 1999 ) . it is found in deep pools in higher altitudes with sandy or muddy substrate ( kurup
2004 ) . no information is available about habitat changes and its effects on this species .
is of minor interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) . it is cultured in trichy in tamil nadu ( haniffa 2009 , m . arunachalam pers . comm . 2010
. research is essential on taxonomic ambiguity , population status , distribution , life history , ecology , harvest trends and threats to the species . some population of the species is likely to be protected in the indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary ( devi
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this species is known from the brahmaputra - ganges system , as well as the indus and mahanadi river drainages ( roberts 1994 ) .
there is no information on the population size or trends for this species , although this is a fairly common species in the ganges - brahmaputra system .
this species inhabits a large variety of freshwater bodies , primarily rivers and lakes .
this species is targeted as a food fish in west bengal , assam and tripura in india and in bangladesh ( w . vishwanath , s . c . dey pers . comm . ) . in other parts of its range , no major fishery exists for this catfish ; but is obtained in the fishing operations along with other fishes . it is also sporadically caught and exported as an ornamental fish ( h . h . ng pers . comm . ) .
the current rate of fishing for this species is not a threat in eastern and northeastern india . in other regions , the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . despite the paucity of knowledge regarding potential threats , this species is still relatively abundant and widespread . this may be an indication that there are no major widespread threats to this species at the moment .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed .
this species is known from the ganges and brahmaputra river drainages in india . it is thought to be widely distributed in the northern and northeastern parts of the indian subcontinent ( ferraris 2007 ) .
although the current population and its trends are unknown for this species , current indications from field surveys are that this species is still relatively widespread and abundant .
this species is caught as a food fish and is regularly caught and exported as an ornamental fish .
more research about the population size and trends , distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified .
known from the ganges , brahmaputra , mahanadi , subarnarekhar and godavari river drainages in northern india , nepal and bangladesh . the conspecificity of material identified as this species from the indus river drainage awaits further verification ( chakrabarty and ng 2005 ) .
although mishra et al . ( 2009 ) reported a mean decline of 29 . 9 % in catch for this species in southwestern bengal ( lower ganges - brahmaputra system and subarnarekha river ) for the period 1960 - 2000 , and an average decline of 57 % each decade from 1980 - 2000 ; there is insufficient data from other areas where this species is naturally distributed . data from throughout the ganges - brahmaputra system suggests that this species is still relatively common .
this species inhabits a wide variety of freshwater habitats , although it is chiefly found in larger rivers , primarily with a sandy or muddy substrate ( h . h . ng and w . vishwanath pers . comm . ) .
this species is heavily utilized as a food fish in some parts of its range , and is occasionally caught and exported as an ornamental fish .
although there is a marked decline in the population in southern west bengal due to overfishing , the threats to this species in other areas of its distribution are unknown . since there is no information on the biology of this species , the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified . although iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) identify habitat loss as a major threat to this species , this has not been verified by an empirical evidence .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed from areas other than southern west bengal .
greek , mystax = whiskered , used by belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 5°n - 38°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4833 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 4833 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 11 . body elongate and compressed ; head conical ; occipital process narrow . maxillary barbels , in adults , extend posteriorly beyond the caudal fin base , but in young specimen , do not extend beyond the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , often feebly serrated . color is grayish with a more or less well - defined midlateral longitudinal stripe . a dark spot emphasized by a white or pale area along its ventral margin is just anterior to the first dorsal spine . dorsal , adipose and caudal fins shaded with melanophores .
found in tidal rivers and lakes ; also beels , canals , ditches , ponds , and inundated fields . its pectoral spine can cause painful wounds ( ref . 4833 ) . found in the basin - wide tributary of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 2 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . ( ref . 4833 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00603 - 0 . 01443 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 3 , 314 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .
the generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .
easily adapts to a wide variety of frozen and prepared food in the aquarium . may eat very small fish .
smallest 48mm , largest 400mm , average 172mm , most commonly 120mm . all sl .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bagrus cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pimelodus cavasius hamilton , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pimelodus seengtee sykes , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aoria cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hypselobagrus nigriceps ( peters , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macrones cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macrones nigriceps peters , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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. he is working on the phylogeny of catfishes based on classical and molecular techniques .
is a professor in the department of life sciences , manipur university . his field of specialization is fish and fisheries . he is presently engaged in taxonomy and systematics of freshwater fishes of northeastern india .
is the director of directorate of coldwater fisheries research ( dcfr ) , bhimtal , uttarakhand ( under icar ) . he is presently engaged in various aspects of coldwater fishery including exploration and documentation of coldwater fishes of india . he is also supervising the
is a principal scientist in dcfr , bhimtal . his field of specialization is cytogenetics and fish molecular biology . he is presently engaged in the molecular characterization and phylogeny of coldwater fishes of india . he also supervises doctoral and post doctoral research in fish and fisheries .
ad survey , collection , morphometric and anatomic study and phylogeny of catfishes of northeast india ; wv supervision of taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater fishes of northeastern india ; pcm inventory and cataloguing of coldwater fishes of india ; ab supervise phylogenetic study of coldwater fishes .
ab differential diagnosis , interpretation of the results , comparison with available literature and discuss taxonomic status .
we are thankful to heok hee ng for providing us valuable literature required for this study . the first author is grateful to department of biotechnology , government of india for awarding fellowship under dbt - postdoctoral program in biotechnology and life sciences .
, a new species of bagrid catfish from the headwaters of chindwin drainage in manipur , india , is described here .
it is distinguished from its congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters : a colour pattern of the body consisting of a distinct dark tympanic spot and three brown stripes separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines , cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process , a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , 16 - 19 gill rakers on the first branchial arch , a slender cleithral process , pectoral spine with 9 - 11 serrations on the posterior edge , eye with a diameter of 16 . 5–19 . 8 % hl and prepectoral length 22 . 2–26 . 0 % sl .
the new species has been compared with its congeners from myanmar and also from northeastern india .
to have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11–30 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37–46 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus .
mo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage .
manipur state in the northeastern corner of india has two headwaters : that of the brahmaputra basin in the west and of the chindwin in the east .
from the lakes and streams of manipur valley , including the loktak lake ( all headwaters of the chindwin river drainage ) .
hora ( 1936 ) also collected the species from the brahmaputra basin in nagaland and menon ( 1954 ) from manipur .
the species was also reported from the chindwin basin of manipur by menon ( 1953 , 1954 ) , singh & singh ( 1985 ) , vishwanath et al . ( 1998 ) , arunkumar & singh ( 1997 ) and vishwanath
dorsal fin height was measured from the base of the spinelet to the highest point of the dorsal fin .
methods for counting gill rakers and vertebrae follow roberts ( 1992 ) and roberts ( 1994 ) , respectively .
hora , 1921 : 165–214 ( brief description of specimens from manipur valley , chindwin basin ) .
singh & singh , 1985 : 87 ( reported from sekmai & chakpi rivers , manipur ) ; vishwanath et al . 1998 : 323 ( reported from chatrikong river , manipur ) ;
arunkumar & singh , 1997 : 131 ( reported from yu - river in manipur ) ; jayaram & sanyal , 2003 : 42 ( in part , synonymy and description ) .
12 . viii . 2000 , 7ex . , 87 . 0–71 . 6 mm sl , wangoi - ngarian lake , ( chindwin drainage ) , a . drashan ( mumf 9502 / 1 - 9502 / 7 ) ; 08 . ix . 2000 , 4 ex . , 79 . 9–108 . 7 mm sl , khuga river ( chindwin drainage ) , churanchanpur district , k . santa devi ( mumf 9503 / 1 - 9503 / 4 ) ; 02 . xi . 2006 , 14 ex . , 60 . 5–86 . 3 mm sl , nambul river at naoremthong , imphal - west district , h . joyshree devi , ( mumf 9504 / 1 - 9504 / 14 ) .
70 . 2–96 . 2 mm sl , iril river at keibi ( chindwin river drainage ) , i . linthoingambi , ( mumf 9505 / 1 - 9505 / 22 ) ; 06 . vi . 1996 , 4 ex . , 83 . 1–104 . 7 mm sl , chatrickong river at sanalok ( chindwin river drainage ) , ukhrul district , k . selim ( mumf 1096–1099 ) .
morphometric data are shown in table 1 . dorsal profile rising evenly ( at an angle of 20–25
to the horizontal ) from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin then goes almost horizontal to anterior third of adipose fin , then sloping gradually ventrally from there to end of caudal peduncle .
ventral profile roughly straight to end of anal - fin base , then sloping gently dorsally to the end of caudal peduncle .
anterior cranial fontanel extending from level of posterior nasal opening to posterior orbital margins , separated from posterior fontanel by epiphyseal bar .
supraoccipital process long , reaching basal bone of dorsal fin , its base narrow with about one - fifth of its length , distally tapered .
eye ovoid , horizontal axis longest , located entirely in the dorsal half of the head .
tooth band on vomer continuous across midline and crescentic , slightly broader than premaxillary in middle , tapering posterolaterally , extending to level of lateral end of premaxillary tooth band .
dentary tooth band separated in the middle by thick skin , tapering laterally on each side , broader than premaxillary and vomerine tooth band at symphysis , length of one side equals lateral span of vomerine tooth band . gill openings wide , free from isthmus . first branchial arch has 16–19 gill rakers .
barbels in four pairs , maxillary barbel not reaching anal - fin origin , nasal reaching posterior rim of eye , outer mandibular barbel reaching base of pectoral fin and inner mandibular barbel slightly shorter .
dorsal - fin origin slightly anterior to the middle of the body , with spinelet , spine , and seven branched rays .
dorsal spine three - fifths to three - fourths of dorsal - fin height , smooth on both edges .
adipose fin long , spanning most of postdorsal distance , its origin in contact with base of last dorsal - fin ray and deeply incised posterior portion .
pectoral spine backwardly curved with 9–11 large posterior serrations and anteriorly rough . pelvic fin short with i
anal - fin origin inserted at vertical through middle of adipose - fin base , with iii - v , 8–9 rays , anterior two simple rays minute , visible in alizarin stained specimens . caudal fin deeply forked with i
ribs : commonly 12 , rarely 11 ; vertebra with 40–41 ( 21 + 19 = 40 or 22 + 18 = 40 or 23 + 18 = 41 ) .
caudal skeleton composed of five hypural plates ( two on lower and three on upper lobe ) .
dorsal and ventral lobes of caudal fin with 10 and 11 procurrent rays , respectively .
males with long genital papilla reaching to the base of the second branched anal - fin ray .
in life or freshly dead : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - grey with greenish reflection ; tympanic spot without distinct margin , with greenish reflection that is more pronounced in the middle ; lateral surface of body silvery with brownish - golden reflection without prominent stripes , ventrally dull white .
in 10 % formalin : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - gray , tympanic spot with distinct margin , three brown lateral stripes on body separated by pale longitudinal lines , lower pale longitudinal line about twice as wide as the upper .
the specific epithet is derived from the manipuri local name of the fish : ‘ngasep’ .
are very similar to the new species in having a long - based adipose fin that contacts the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly and cranial fontanel reaching to the base of the occipital process .
from the chindwin - irrawaddy and ganga - brahmaputra river drainages is given in table 2 .
in having three brown stripes on the body separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines above and below the lateral line ( vs . a brownish body with a midlateral stripe lacking the pale longitudinal lines ) .
in having more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16–19 vs . 13–15 ; table 3 ) , more pectoral - fin rays ( 9–10 vs . 7–8 ) , more anal - fin rays ( 8–9 vs . 6–7 ) and a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 247 . 4–345 . 0 ) .
collected from the chindwin basin in the indo - burma border in manipur were examined and found to have a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , a cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process and a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
vinciguerra’s ( 1890 ) description of the species clearly states the presence of a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
labelled as zsi 781 , collected from prome ( = pyay ) , myanmar . the zsi specimen has all the diagnostic characters of
and also bears a noticeably darker region at the base of the caudal fin .
by the absence of a black or dark brown spot at the base of the caudal fin ( vs . spot present ; image 2 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 255 . 3–290 . 2 ) and smaller eye ( eye diameter : 16 . 2–19 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 8–23 . 5 ) .
in having ( vs . lacking ) brown lateral stripes on the body , a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 355 . 8–538 . 0 ) , a lower dorsal fin ( dorsal - fin height : 20 . 8–21 . 8 % sl vs . 25 . 7–33 . 6 ) and lacking the black spot in front of dorsal spine ( vs . spot present ) .
in having a longer cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process ( vs . not reaching , but extending up to half the length of supraoccipital bone ) ; adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , and a smooth ( vs . serrated ) dorsal spine .
further differs from the new species in having ( vs . lacking ) a filamentous extension of the upper principle - ray of the caudal fin .
in having a wider vomerine tooth - band ( as wide as the premaxillary tooth - band vs . about one - third of the premaxillary tooth - band ) , fewer vertebrae ( 41–42 vs . 35 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
from manipur based on five specimens ( 92 . 2–125 . 6 mm sl ) , but they did not provide the exact collection site of the specimens .
with a black spot at the base of the caudal fin from our extensive surveys of the brahmaputra river drainage in manipur .
however , we were unable to verify the identity of jayaram & sanyal’s ( 2003 ) material , as we were unable to locate this material for study in the collections of the zoological survey of india in kolkata .
in having a slender ( vs . broad ) cleithral process , smaller eye ( diameter 16 . 2–19 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 2–25 . 9 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 241 . 3–330 . 0 ) , more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16–19 vs . 11–15 ) , fewer pectoral spine serrations on the posterior edge ( 9–11 vs . 11–16 ) and longer prepectoral length ( 22 . 2–26 . 0 % sl vs . 19 . 5–21 . 8 ) and dorsal spine that extends to about three - fifths to three - quarters ( vs . nearly half ) of the fin height .
in having a narrower base of the supraoccipital process , its width at the base being about one - fifth of its length ( vs . two - fifths to half of its length ) ; more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 37–40 ) , with the closure of the haemal arches appearing from the 12 th –14 th ( vs . commonly 11 th or rarely 12 th ) vertebra onwards .
in having fewer gill rakers ( 16–19 vs . 28 ) on the first arch , more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 36 )
thin black mid - lateral line connecting the tympanic spot and the black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
in having a smooth ( vs . with 8–9 serrations posteriorly ) dorsal spine , longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1–44 . 5 % sl vs . 24 . 0–31 . 7 ) ,
fewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16–19 vs . 31–42 ) , 11–12 ( vs . 8–9 ) ribs and 40–41 ( vs . 34–37 ) vertebrae
in having more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 32 ) , a longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1–44 . 5 % sl vs . 8 . 5–11 . 9 ) , vomerine tooth - band continuous ( vs . interrupted in the middle ) , fewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16–19 vs . 23–24 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) the coracoid shield below the pectoral fin .
in having a longer occipital process ( reaching to the basal bone of dorsal fin vs . not reaching ) , origin of adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray , and a smooth ( vs . posteriorly serrated ) dorsal spine .
: zsi kolkata 1076 ( lectotype ) , 101 . 5mm sl ; india : yamuna river .
mumf 9521 ( 10 ) , 85 . 6–108 . 3 mm sl ; india : ganga river at patna . mumf 9522 ( 10 ) , 74 . 2–98 . 8 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .
] , 95mm sl ; burma : prome . mumf 9530 ( 5 ) , 84 . 5–101 . 1 mm sl ; india : manipur : chandel district , moreh market .
: mumf 9513 ( 10 ) , 74 . 8–109 . 7 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .
: mumf 9514 and 9517 ( 9 ) , 96 . 5–206 mm sl ; india : manipur : lokchao river .
zsi kolkata f 4716 - 19 / 1 ( 4 syntypes ) , 51 . 7–55 . 5 mm sl ; burma : bhamo . mumf 1100–1105 ( 6 ) , 55 . 8–69 . 9 mm sl ; india : manipur : ukhrul district : chatrikong river ( headwater of chindwin river drainage ) .
: mumf 9520 / 1 - 9520 / 20 ( 20 ) , 67 . 9–75 . 7 mm sl ; india : west bengal : kolkata .
mumf 9523 ( 15 ) , 52 . 1–77 . 5 mm sl ; india : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
: zsi ff4081 ( 1 ) , 47 . 9mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
zsi ff4080 ( 1 ) , 42 . 9mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9518 / 1 ( 1 ) , 39 . 0mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
mumf 9518 / 3 - 9518 / 10 ( 8 ) , 30 . 2–47 . 9 mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9519 / 1 - 9519 / 17 ( 17 ) , 39 . 0–47 . 0 mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9531 ( 1 ) , 36 mm sl ; india : assam : ujan bazar , guwahati .
( hamilton , 1822 ) ( teleostei : bagridae ) , with a description of a new species from myanmar .
checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
fish and fisheries of manipur with some observations on those of the naga hills .
anatomy , relationships and systematics of the bagridae ( teleostei : siluroidei ) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny .
on the collection of fishes from tengnoupal district of manipur with some new records .
national bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , up , india , 264pp .
copyright ( c ) 2011 a . darshan , w . vishwanath , p . c . mahanta , a . barat
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asterophila japonica is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

the species is one of three known species within the genus asterophila , the other congeneric species being asterophila perknasteri and asterophila rathbunasteri .

asterophila japonica

image from randall and heath 1912 : diagram of the external surface of asterophila .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : asterophila japonica ( j . e . randall & h . heath , 1912 ) - id : 1840000000
sasaki t , muro k , komatsu m . 2007 . anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoolog sci . 24 ( 7 ) : 700 - 13 .
sasaki , t . , muro , k . and komatsu , m . , 2007 : anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoological science , vol . 24 , no . 7 , pp . 700–713 . ( reference no . 0843 )
warén a . & lewis l . m . ( 1994 ) tho new species of eulimid gastropods endoparasitic in asteroids . the veliger 37 ( 4 ) : 325 - 335 . [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the concept of morphophysiological regress as one of the main ways to biological progress , as well as its major factors ( the sedentary and parasitic modes of life ) , are discussed . some notions of regressive evolution are critically reviewed . special attention is paid to evolutionary transformations of the nervous system , one of the main integrating factors in the body . all theories of evolutionary progress based on sedentary organisms are demonstrated to be untenable . the entire progressive evolution of metazoa has been related to mobile life . since regressive trends are common in the evolution , the phylogenetic tree of metazoa requires serious revision .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
original russian text © z . s . kaufman , 2008 , published in izvestiya akademii nauk , seriya biologicheskaya , 2008 , no . 3 , pp . 369–378 .
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aleshin , v . v . , vladychenskaya , r . s . , and kedrova , o . s . , comparison of 18s ribosomal rna genes in the phylogeny of invertebrates ,
bazidov , a . a . and lyapkalo , e . v . , the embryonic development of
bazidov , a . a . , shestakova , k . a . , and lyapkalo , e . v . , on the embryonic development of
bubko , o . v . and minichev , yu . s . , the nervous system of oweniidae ( polychaeta ) ,
dobrovol’skii , a . a . and mukhamedov , g . k . , development of trematodes ,
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( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 25–33 .
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( a brief review of the evolution of coelenterata ) , petrozavodsk : karel’sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 1990 .
( sedentary mode of life ) , petrozavodsk : karel’sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 2000 .
( porifera and cnidaria ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1988 , pp . 80–85 .
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( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 34–38 .
( the role of polymerization and oligomerization in evolution ) , leningrad : nauka , 1977 , pp . 39–41 .
( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1976 , pp . 33–34 .
krasnoshchekov , g . p . , helminth specialization : progress or regress . ,
kulikovskaya , o . p . and demshin , n . i . , the origin and phylogenetic relationships of caryophyllidea ( cestoda ) , in
( problems of hydroparasitology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1978 , pp . 95–104 .
kuznetsov , a . p . and shileiko , a . a . , on gutless protobranchia ( bivalvia ) ,
( modern evolutionary morphology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1991 , pp . 195–213 .
martindale , m . q . and henry , j . q . , intracellular fate mapping in a basal metazoa , the ctenophore
oshmarin , p . g . and stepanov , o . i . , types of metamery in cestodes , ways of its formation , and its biological role ,
( the biology and taxonomy of far eastern helminths ) , vladivostok : dal’nevost . otd . akad . nauk sssr , 1981 , pp . 101–106 .
( parasitological review ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1964 , vol . 24 , pp . 208–219 .
( selected works : pathways and trends of evolutionary progress ) , moscow : nauka , 1983 .
( cybernetic problems of biology ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1968b , pp . 157–182 .
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kaufman , z . s . biol bull russ acad sci ( 2008 ) 35 : 318 . urltoken
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references : randall , j . and h . heath 1912 . asterophilla , a new genus of parasitic gastropods . biol . bull . 22 ( 2 ) : 98 - 106 .
diane a . kelly diane kelly is a senior research fellow at the university of massachusetts , amherst , where she studies the neural wiring and mechanical engineering of reproductive systems .
james l . cambias jim cambias writes science fiction and designs games in the lonely wilderness of western massachusetts .


the pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) is a species of neotropical cuckoo in the subfamily neomorphinae of the cuculidae family .

it is native to central and south america where it occurs in lowland tropical forest .

pheasant cuckoo

hunterstyle hand carved cuckoo clock with very carefullyl handcrafted dear , rabbit and pheasant .
pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .
rombach and haas 1 day black forest pheasant top cuckoo clock 1207 - all about time , inc .
click the button below to add the rombach and haas 1 day black forest pheasant top cuckoo clock 1207 to your wish list .
the pheasant coucal is the only australian cuckoo to build its own nest . it also lives and nests on the ground , unlike other cuckoos .
the pheasant cuckoo ranges from southern mexico to argentina , throughout forested regions of central america and the middle and southern amazon basin . in panama , the pheasant cuckoo can be found along the pacific slope and canal area . uncommon and local , its true distribution is not well known due to its highly secretive behaviors .
range : the pheasant cuckoo is found from s mexico to panama , colombia , venezuela , the guianas , ecuador , brazil and amazonian peru , and then , in bolivia , paraguay and n argentina .
the pheasant cuckoo is a terrestrial species , but it flies well and quickly , and even silently during the territorial displays . nothing is known about migrations but this species is probably resident in its range .
this phase lasts 2 - 15 seconds or longer , according to the type of prey . then , the pheasant cuckoo starts a new sequence “bob - rush - peck” . it may forage for several hours every day .
the pheasant cuckoo female lays a dull white or pale buff egg with some rufous spots in the nest of the chosen host while this one is absent . the host species will provide parental care to egg and chick until the young bird becomes independent . the young cuckoo probably ejects host’s eggs and / or chicks from the nest .
when the cuckoo nestling hatches , it instinctively pushes the other eggs and nestlings out of the nest .
common cuckoo is not the only brood parasite in the family . some tropical american species , such as striped cuckoo and pheasant cuckoo , also lay eggs in the nests of other birds . and so do yellow - billed and black - billed cuckoos — sometimes . while yellow - billed cuckoo normally raises its own young , it lays eggs in the nests of other birds surprisingly often . other yellow - billed or black - billed cuckoos are the most frequent hosts , but it has been known to target at least 10 other species , from robins to cardinals .
the pheasant cuckoo is rare and difficult to see as it does not move much and remains inconspicuous . it favors terra firme forests and is known to range at elevations of up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in
habitat : the pheasant cuckoo frequents the understorey of the tropical lowland evergreen forest , but it also can be found in river - edge forest and tropical deciduous forest . this species can be seen from sea - level up to 1600 metres of elevation .
the pheasant coucal feeds on the ground on large insects , frogs , lizards , eggs and young of birds and , sometimes , small mammals .
protection / threats / status : the pheasant cuckoo has wide range , but the species is affected by changes and fragmentation of its habitat . however , it also benefits from new suitable habitat due to degradation of some areas . with its secretive and solitary behaviour , this species appears uncommon , rare or local . the global population was placed in the band 50 , 000 / 499 , 999 individuals in 2008 . it is suspected to be increasing . but currently , the pheasant cuckoo is evaluated as least concern .
the pheasant coucal is a large , long - tailed , pheasant - like cuckoo which occurs in northern and eastern australia , as well as southern new guinea and timor - leste . unlike most species of cuckoos , the pheasant coucal builds its own nest , a shallow platform of sticks and grass , into which it lays between two and five white eggs . the young coucals are fed by both sexes , but the male parent does most of the feeding , providing the nestlings with small vertebrates , such as frogs , and grasshoppers and other insects .
) in appearance and mannerisms , apparently frightening the potential host and allowing the cuckoo to approach the nest unmolested .
the female has a rich bubbling chuckle , but the male ' s call is the very familiar
cuckoo
.
pheasant cuckoo foraging behavior , with notes on habits and possible social organization in panama pdf from researchgate by kathryn e . sieving - journal of field ornithology , 1990 department of ecology , ethology and evolution university of illinois shelford vivarium 606 east healey st . champaign , illinois 61820 usa
the cuckoo call on half and full hours , the music plays on the full hour whereas the hand painted figurerines dancing .
when perched , usually in the open at the top of a tree , the cuckoo drops its wings below the level of its tail , as in the photograph . the best places to see cuckoo are grassland , reed beds , and edges of woodland .
this is the first record of pheasant cuckoo from bci in decades ! it is one of the large - bodied wet forest birds that famously disappeared a few decades after lago gatun ( in which bci is situated ) was created . presumably this same bird was present for 2 years after its initial discovery .
in flight , the cuckoo can be easily mistaken for a sparrowhawk or kestrel , because it has swept - back wings and long tail . however , sparrowhawks do not have pointed wings like the cuckoo , and the kestrel is streaked and not barred on the underparts .
the cuckoo is a brood parasite , it lays its eggs in other birds ' nests and leaves the host birds to incubate and rear its young . dunnocks , robins and meadow pipits are frequent host birds . each female cuckoo specialises in using a particular host species and will lay eggs with similar markings to the host bird ' s eggs , and the young cuckoo will imitate the begging calls of the host ' s chicks .
mimicry , in which the cuckoo egg resembles that of the host , thus minimizing rejection by the host ; removal of one or more host eggs by the adult cuckoo , reducing both the competition from host nestlings and the danger of recognition by the host that an egg has been added to the nest ; and nest - mate ejection , in which the young cuckoo heaves from the nest the host’s eggs and nestlings . some species of
pheasant coucals have benefited from land clearing where weedy thickets have grown up , especially of blackberry or lantana . however have been adversely affected by widening urban development and where overgrazing by livestock has occurred .
pheasant cuckoo rattling sounds during foraging . these sounds apparently are produced by vibration of the wing and tail feathers , and vocalization . these sounds accompany body , wing and tail movements that apparently function in flushing potential prey . then the typical song : two introductory whistles of successive higher pitch followed by a trill ( whee whee wheerr - rr ) .
generally , if you hear a cuckoo singing you will probably not see it until it stops singing , which is when it flies away from its song post .
…two very distinct families , the cuckoo s ( cuculidae ) and the hoatzin ( opisthocomidae ) . family cuculidae is the much larger group , containing about 140 species of cuckoo s , roadrunners , coucals , couas , malkohas , guiras , and anis ; cuculids are found in the tropical and temperate zones of all the continents
a large ' pheasant - like ' , ground - dwelling cuckoo , the pheasant coucal has a long tail and short rounded wings . in its breeding plumage , it has a black head , neck and underbody with the upperparts and wings reddish - brown with black and cream barring and the black tail is barred orange . out of breeding , the head and back return to a reddish chestnut colour and the underparts are cinnamon brown , with all streaked boldly white . the eye is red . sexes are similar in plumage , but females are larger than males . young birds look like paler , non - breeding adults with orange spots on the head , neck and upper body . when disturbed , coucals run rather than fly , or fly clumsily , plunging into cover . unlike most other cuckoos , the pheasant coucal is not a nest parasite .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season may vary according to the range , but the male sings from march to august in mexico and from april to july in panama . the pheasant cuckoo is a brood parasite , and its hosts are typically passerines which make covered , domed nests . this type of nest is that of tyrannid flycatchers of genera tolmomyias , myiozetetes , rhynchocyclus , fluvicola and thamnophilus .
cuckoos belong to the family cuculidae , well known for parasitic behaviour where they lay their eggs in other nests and leave the chick rearing to other birds . not all of them practice this parasitic behaviour . in australia the pheasant coucal and the brush cuckoos build their own nests . the channel - bill cuckoo and the koel mostly use black and white birds to rear their young . it is not uncommon to see a channel - billed cuckoo following crows or a common koel with peewees . the smaller cuckoos are known to use host nests from wrens , thornbills , warblers and honeyeaters .
pheasant cuckoos also have some other interesting behaviors . males are territorial , and in response to singing males , they will raise their head and crest , puff out their breast feathers , partially extend their wings and arch their tail coverts . even more interesting , the pheasant cuckoo has a unique , stylized foraging behavior . it descends to the ground , walks in the leaf litter and produces rattling sounds by vibrating its wings , body and tail feathers , as well as bill clapping . it bobs its body then lunges forward , taking several short steps , picking at insects among the leaf litter . it feeds on arthropods and small vertebrates such as lizards . it is also known to eat small nestling birds .
this charming and inexpensive cuckoo clock is one of our most popular models . the leaves and birds are hand carved from solid linden wood . when the clock strikes the hour or half - hour the door opens , a cuckoo appears and calls along with the clock ' s gong strike . at the same time , the two birds below move to feed the baby chicks in the nest .
behaviour in the wild : the pheasant cuckoo feeds on large insects such as grasshoppers , cicadas and beetles , but it also takes small lizards and nestling birds . the foraging behaviour of this species involves sounds and feather movements , probably used to flush the preys hidden in the vegetal cover and the leaf litter . a low rattle is produced by wing and tail feather vibration and bill - clapping . other fluttering noises are also heard during the distinct phases of the foraging behaviour .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the pheasant cuckoo utters melancholy whistles “se - sée - werrrrrr” with quavering note at the end . sometimes , the terminal trill is lacking in the song . it also gives series of “sah , she - si - see” notes rising in pitch . it often sings from elevated perch , usually outside the thick vegetal cover . other calls such as rattles , clucking and growling can be produced too , especially while searching for preys on the ground .
. the pheasant cuckoo is overall gray with a pale belly . the throat and breast are brownish with dark specks . it has a pale superciliary line from the base of the culmen to the nape , and a rufous crest . the tail is long , broad , and graduated . it has extremely long and ornate rump feathers and uppertail coverts . it forages on the ground where it extends the wings and tail to flush insects before it chases and catches them . it is very similar to the
, any of numerous birds of the family cuculidae ( order cuculiformes ) . the name usually designates some 60 arboreal members of the subfamilies cuculinae and phaenicophaeinae . in western europe “cuckoo , ” without modifiers , refers to the most
. . . bornean ground - cuckoo carpococcyx radiatus a widespread endemic , occurring in low densities ( long & collar 2002 ; mann 2008 ; payne 2005 ) . this species was heard at pj in 2005 . . . .
the family cuculidae is worldwide , found in temperate and tropical regions but is most diverse in the old world tropics . cuculids tend to be shy inhabitants of thick vegetation , more often heard than seen . many species are named for the sounds they make—e . g . , brain - fever bird ( a hawk cuckoo , cuculus varius ) , koel ( eudynamys scolopacea ) , and cuckoo itself , the latter two names being imitations of the bird’s song .
the pheasant cuckoo can be aggressive in territorial behaviour . a male responds to other singing male with strutting displays . head and crest are raised , the breast feathers are puffed out , and primaries and alula are partially extended to display the white spots while the uppertail - coverts are raised and argued . they make frequent pauses on logs and trees , while briefly gaining height over one another . after several minutes , the first male comes to the ground while the second male flies away from the area . other types of threat displays may occur .
since the early 1980s , the numbers of cuckoos has been in decline and this may be because the populations of some key host species , such as dunnock and meadow pipit , have also declined . consequently , the cuckoo is now red list species .
the pheasant coucal prefers dense understorey vegetation , particularly grasses , rushes , bracken and sedges , in open forests and woodlands , and around wetlands . often found in sugar cane plantations near wetlands , on farmlands with thick grasses and weed - infested thickets , such as lantana . often seen in parks , gardens and along roads or railway lines .
caterpillars and other insects such as beetles and ants form the major part of the cuckoo ' s diet . many of the caterpillars are the hairy or brightly coloured poisonous ones , but their digestive system is specially adapted to cope with the hairs and toxins .
pheasant cuckoos inhabit lowland tropical forest , and can be found in dense thickets , secondary growth forest and borders up to 1200 meters . rarely seen , they are vocal and are often heard . their call is similar to that of striped cuckoo , two clear notes followed by a quavering third note or sequence of two or three quick short notes . they call ventriloquially from branches in the lower and middle levels of the forest , in dense cover , and are often difficult to detect . in panama , they call most frequently from mid - april to july , during the onset of the wet season .
this clock is hand made in the black forest in germany . the mechanical brass movement is driven by two weights and time escapes with the tick of a traditional pendulum . the cuckoo call sound is made by two wooden whistles with bellows inside the clock case .
, found in all of the cuculinae and three species of phaenicophaeinae . it consists of laying the eggs singly in the nests of certain other bird species to be incubated by the foster parents , who rear the young cuckoo . among the 47 species of cuculines , various
. . . bornean ground - cuckoo carpococcyx radiatus borneo - endemic we heard this elusive species calling once on 15 march in the traditional forest at pinang jatus . glpf is a new locality for this species ( long & collar 2002 ; mann 2008 ) . . . .
the european cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) is a brood parasite ; i . e . , it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds , which act as foster parents for the young cuckoos . the most frequent foster parents are various species of small songbirds . although the…
the pheasant coucal is found in northern and eastern australia , as well as new guinea and east timor . it is found from the pilbara , western australia , to south - eastern new south wales . in new south wales it is mainly found east of the great dividing range from the queensland border to the southern hunter region , with some around sydney and further south to illawarra .
when i was a boy , i used to hear cuckoos calling at summertime , but that is nearly 30 years ago and now they are essentially never heard . that said , on 8 th july 2006 , a cuckoo was heard calling at least 3 times , which was a real delight .
pheasant coucals form lasting pairs and , unlike other australian cuckoos , build their own nests and raise their young themselves . the nest is usually hidden in thick grass or sugar cane or in weedy thickets and is a platform of sticks , grass or rushes , lined with leaves and grasses . the male usually incubates the eggs and feeds the young , with the female helping with feeding . more than one clutch can be laid in one season .
. . . the total number of records is low but still considerably higher than in any previous study . both species are rarely seen and , islandwide , the total number of recent ( 1992–2002 ) localities number only nine and thirteen for bornean groundcuckoo and bornean peacock - pheasant , respectively ( collar et al . , 2001 ; long & collar , 2002 ; s . van balen , pers . comm ; gmf , unpubl . . . .
contributing editor kenn kaufman provides tips for identifying birds in every issue of birdwatching . in june 2014 , he tells what to look for to identify yellow - billed cuckoo — and to tell it from similar - looking black - billed and mangrove cuckoos . he also offers this interesting description of the yellow - billed’s unusual breeding habits :
. . . habitat : lumadan : mature rubber , new plantations , swamp , and dipterocarp forest . lumbidan : circumstantial evidence from specimens indicates peatswamp forest ( hooked - billed bulbul and grey - breasted babbler ) and lowland , riverine forest ( bornean ground cuckoo ) ( long and collar 2002 banks ( 1982 , pers . comm . ) . . .
. . . low obtained a few birds along the menggalong river as well . among birds collected in 1899 was bornean ground cuckoo ( long and collar 2002 ) . it is home to two of the most habitat - specific bird species in the state , hook - billed bulbul and white - throated babbler ( sheldon 1987 , holmes andwall 1989 ) . . . .
. . . comm . ) . most of the bornean ground - cuckoo vocalizations we heard are described in detail by long & collar ( 2002 ) , although we do not always share their interpretation of the function of the calls . the vocalization of bornean peacock - peasant has been described as a harsh loud double ' cack - cack ' ( r . sözer , pers . . . .
. . . reports from ksnp have found that amongst hunters and bird - trappers the sumatran ground cuckoo was not well known ( holden 1997 ) , possibly because this species is rare and therefore difficult to find or because it has an unpleasant taste and is therefore not targeted ( long and collar 2002 ) . however , the other terrestrial bird species recorded in this study may be more vulnerable to poaching . . . .
young yellow - billed cuckoos develop with amazing speed . the eggs hatch after only 9 - 11 days of incubation , and the young may be ready to leave the nest 8 days later , even though not full - grown then . ( for comparison , a robin’s incubation period is 12 - 14 days , and the young usually fledge in about 13 days . ) obviously , rapid development is an advantage for a brood parasite , since the cuckoo’s egg is laid later than those of the host , and the young bird must catch up to be fed by the foster parents . — kenn kaufman
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
camp site sepriato2 , cusco , coordinates - 11 . 49 , - 72 . 47
bird not seen but heared clearly for about 1 hour . for sure it was perched inside the bushes , about 50 m from my position .
the area presents very dense rainforest , with old trees , and some human intervention .
this bird sang two songs at about 10 : 15 and at about 10 : 25 , evidently from the ground . at 10 : 28 , i played two songs from xc83089 and within 10 seconds he flew in , landed on a branch about 5 m from the ground , and sang . after the five songs in this recording , he flew over our heads , landed in the forest farther away , and sang about eight more songs . between the third and fourth songs , i spliced - in some time from another part of the recording to replace talking by some people .
same bird as dropha06 . within 3 m of the ground in humid forest . reference : cxlviiia 51 - 66 ( dropha7 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
within 3 m of the ground in humid forest . reference : cxlviiia 39 - 47 ( dropha6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 167 side b track 21 seq . b )
recording not modified . cloud forest el jaguar . bird singing at 10 m from the ground .
singing from 2 - 3m above the ground in reasonably open understory adjacent to the road .
close bird in primary forest at the edge of the lost world complex after playback of xc126037 .
extended cut . playback had been used , but bird did not seem to respond to it . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .
same bird and session as xc123210 . natural song . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .
natural song . signal improves through recording . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .
natural vocalization ; songs from a bird perched mid - way up tall trees in dense gallery forest . after the first few song strophes it switches song types for the rest of the cut .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
s mexico ( guerrero and veracruz to yucatán and chiapas ) to panama , colombia , venezuela , the guianas , ecuador , brazil and amazonian peru , then on to bolivia , paraguay and n argentina .
33–41 cm ; male 78–100 g , female 86·8–98·1 g . adult small - headed , thin - necked , dark brown above with scaly feathers , short rufous crest , white . . .
melancholy whistles , “se - sée - werrrrrr” , final note quavering ; also a four - note . . .
tropical lowland evergreen forest , flooded tropical evergreen forest , tropical deciduous forest , . . .
breeds apr–jun in oaxaca . brood - parasitic : hosts are birds laying in open or covered nests , include tyrant - flycatchers ( eye - ringed . . .
not globally threatened . widespread , but uncommon to rare and local ; secretive and solitary behaviour make it difficult to assess numbers and relative abundance , but species . . .
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presumed territorial threat display from a male . i was between two ( apparent ) males engaged in the same behavior .
i spent a lot of time looking for this magnificent bird , but at the end i had great moments with him .
this wonderful bird show up for our group during our quick visit to chapada dos guimarães .
dave jackson , herve jacob , yoël jimenez , jacob . wijpkema , mauricio rueda , leonardo r . deconto , michael retter , josep del hoyo .
octavio rios , diego calderon - colombia birding , edson endrigo , gleboff31 , ken havard , arthur grosset , mauricio rueda , richardgreenhalgh031 , ciro albano , manakin nature tours , dave irving , dusan m . brinkhuizen .
peter boesman , leonardo r . deconto , josep del hoyo , mauricio rueda , ciro albano .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dromococcyx phasianellus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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deep , hollow ' oop - oop - oop - oop ' ; also a metallic tapping call .
medium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )
, but is distinguished by a larger size , mostly gray head and neck , and black spots on the breast .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .
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the adult has dark sooty brown upperparts . scapulars and wing - coverts have pale - edged feathers involving scaled effect . the flight feathers are dark greyish - brown . rump and uppertail - coverts are dark greyish - olive , with small white tips to uppertail - coverts . the long , graduated tail is dark greyish - brown with narrow white terminal band . the underparts are white , but the breast is mostly whitish - buff with dark brown streaks and spots . axillaries and underwing - coverts are white , but the flight feathers and the tail are greyish - brown .
on the head , there is a short , rufous crest on the sooty brown crown . we can see a white eye stripe , indistinct on lores but conspicuous in postocular area . ear - coverts are dark brown , whereas the malar stripe is whitish . the bill is blackish above and greyish below . the eyes are yellowish , surrounded by bare , yellow - green eyering . lores are bluish - green to greenish - grey . long legs and feet are greyish - brown . the feet are zygodactyl with two toes backwards and two toes forwards . both sexes are similar .
the juvenile resembles adult but sides of head and upper breast are washed buff , and streaks and spots are absent . crown and crest are dull greyish - brown . wings , tail and uppertail - coverts show reduced white tips . the eyes are dark brown .
the first phase or “bob” shows the bird on the ground . its body , wings and tail are bobbing up and down . the tail is fanned and brushes gently the leaf litter . after a short pause , the second phase or “rush” shows the bird running forwards in several short , quick steps . the head is outstretched and low . the wings , and especially primaries and alula , are extended out and downwards below the body - level , and flick forwards intermittently . bill - clapping can be heard and the fluttery rattle noise is increasing throughout the “rush” . the bird stops abruptly after 1 - 2 seconds , ceasing both noise and movement . the third phase or “peck” shows the foraging bird pecking in the leaf litter , capturing some preys and searching for invertebrates on the ground while walking .
little is known about the courtship displays of this species , but we can suggest that they are fairly similar to the previous displays , in order to enhance the long , white - tipped wing and tail feathers while the crest is raised . but usually , the pair - bonds are not very strong between the mates .
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the adult birds usually have blue - grey head , breast and upperparts , and horizontal barring on the underparts and white spots and tips on the tail . however , the female also exists as a rare rufous
hepatic
morph , so instead of being grey it is red - brown . the eyes and legs are yellow and the slightly curved bill is horn - coloured .
juveniles are similar to the rufous female , but with a white patch on the nape .
the female will also sometimes eat the eggs and nestlings of the host bird ( see nesting ) .
they are a summer migrant , arriving around april and returning to central and southern africa from mid - july to august . the juveniles follow in august and september .
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cuculids range in length from about 16 cm ( 6 . 5 inches ) in the glossy cuckoos (
) to about 90 cm ( 36 inches ) in the larger ground cuckoos . most are coloured in drab grays and browns , but a few have striking patches of rufous ( reddish ) or white , and the glossy cuckoos are largely or partially shining
on their backs and wings . with the exception of a few strongly migratory species , most cuckoos are short - winged . all have long ( sometimes extremely long ) , graduated tails , usually with the individual feathers tipped with white . the legs vary from medium to rather long ( in the terrestrial forms ) and the feet are
; i . e . , the outer toe is reversed , pointing backward . the bill is rather stout and somewhat downcurved .
( lizard cuckoos ) . the 13 old world phaenicophaeine species are divided among nine genera .
the phaenicophaeine cuckoos build flimsy stick nests in low vegetation . both parents share in incubation and feeding the young .
…two very distinct families , the cuckoos ( cuculidae ) and the hoatzin ( opisthocomidae ) . family cuculidae is the much larger group , containing about 140 species of cuckoos , roadrunners , coucals , couas , malkohas , guiras , and anis ; cuculids are found in the tropical and temperate zones of all the continents…
in certain parasitic species of cuckoos , the females are divided into groups , or gentes , each of which lays eggs with a colour and pattern unlike those of the other groups . the females of each group usually select a particular species as the host , and , more often than not , the eggs…
…group of songbirds parasitized by cuckoos that has developed the most divergent egg - colour patterns ; the group of estrildine finches parasitized by whydahs that has developed particular gape patterns ; and among the cleaner wrasses the species labroides dimidiatus mimicked by the blenny aspidontus that develops into many different local races . …
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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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local breeding populations of yellow - billed cuckoos can vary from year to year . they may concentrate where populations of tent caterpillars , cicadas , or other large insects have exploded . there’s some evidence that the cuckoos may lay more eggs during such times of abundance and may be more likely to leave the “extra” eggs in the nests of other birds .
kenn kaufman is naturalist , artist , conservationist , speaker , and author of many books , including the kaufman field guide series and the beloved memoir kingbird highway . in august 2013 he was elected a fellow of the american ornithologists’ union . his column “id tips , ” featuring the photographs of brian e . small , appears in every issue of birdwatching . the article above is an excerpt of a column that ran in our june 2014 issue . subscribe .
learn how the birds of cozumel were affected by hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 .
a bird born to run , the greater roadrunner can outrace a human , kill a rattlesnake , and thrive in the harsh landscapes of the desert southwest . roadrunners reach two feet from sturdy bill to white tail tip , with a bushy blue - black crest and mottled plumage that blends well with dusty shrubs . as they run , they hold their lean frames nearly parallel to the ground and rudder with their long tails . they have recently extended their range eastward into missouri and louisiana .
the best way to find greater roadrunners is to travel along quiet roads in open country , particularly arid grasslands and low deserts . seeing one is usually a surprise , as the bird darts out of shrub cover or across a road—so keep your eyes peeled . roadsides often teem with roadrunner prey lizards and snakes basking in the open or mice and birds drawn to seed - bearing plants . on the edges of its range , the greater roadrunner can be quite scarce and very hard to find . listen for their dovelike , low - pitched , cooing , which they usually give from an elevated perch .
for a generation of americans , the familiar “beep , beep” of warner brothers’ cartoon roadrunner was the background sound of saturday mornings . despite the cartoon character’s perennial victories over wile e . coyote , real - life coyotes present a real danger . the mammals can reach a top speed of 43 miles an hour—more than twice as fast as roadrunners .
roadrunners have evolved a range of adaptations to deal with the extremes of desert living . like seabirds , they secrete a solution of highly concentrated salt through a gland just in front of each eye , which uses less water than excreting it via their kidneys and urinary tract . moisture - rich prey including mammals and reptiles supply them otherwise - scarce water in their diet . both chicks and adults flutter the unfeathered area beneath the chin ( gular fluttering ) to dissipate heat .
greater roadrunners eat poisonous prey , including venomous lizards and scorpions , with no ill effect , although they’re careful to swallow horned lizards head - first with the horns pointed away from vital organs . roadrunners can also kill and eat rattlesnakes , often in tandem with another roadrunner : as one distracts the snake by jumping and flapping , the other sneaks up and pins its head , then bashes the snake against a rock . if it’s is too long to swallow all at once , a roadrunner will walk around with a length of snake still protruding from its bill , swallowing it a little at a time as the snake digests .
based on banding records , the oldest roadrunner was at least 7 years old .
roadrunners hold a special place in native american and mexican legends and belief systems . the birds were revered for their courage , strength , speed , and endurance . the roadrunner’s distinctive x - shaped footprint—with two toes pointing forward and two backward—are used as sacred symbols by pueblo tribes to ward off evil . the x shape disguises the direction the bird is heading , and is thought to prevent evil spirits from following .
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replace their habitat – plant a shrub or a bush not just a tree ! trees need to connect to enable safe passage for the birds . any open area makes them vulnerable to be attacked by natural predators , like kookaburras , hawks , falcons , snakes , owls and the introduced predators such as cats , dogs , foxes or indian mynas .
be a responsible companion animal guardian . keep your cat inside or in a cat enclosure . always supervise your dog – especially during spring and summer and den your dog at night .
you can help by keeping your rubbish in a bin where black and white birds can’t get at it . firstly because they forage in it inadvertently getting it caught around their feet , body or beaks , and secondly they use it as nesting material . basically they will use string , twine , wire , wool , netting , basically any material they can find to build a nest . when the chicks grow up in the nest , their feet and legs often get entwined in this string . many of these birds become attached to the nest and the tree branch . they are tethered to the nest like on a lead and when they fledge ( try to leave the nest to fly ) they are either totally unable to leave or injured and deformed rendering them unable to forage , perch and therefore live a healthy life .