striatolamia is an extinct genus of sharks belonging to the family odontaspididae .

these extinct sharks lived in the paleocene and miocene periods ( from 61.7 to 10.3 ma ) .

striatolamia

carcharias cf . macrota , carcharias macrota , carcharias macrotus , eugomphodus macrota , lamna cf . compressa , lamna compressa , lamna depressa , odontaspis macrota , odontaspis macrota striata , odontaspis ( otodus ) macrota , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) macrota , striatolamia cf . macrota , striatolamia compressa , striatolamia depressa , striatolamia elegans elegans
lateral striatolamia macrota . when view on profile the lateral teeth are very compressed .
excellent examples of striatolamia macrota - anterio - lateral teeth . a large species !
compared with the striated - crown carcharias species , the striatolamia crowns tend be more erect ( less sigmoid ) with stronger striations and more greatly reduced cusplets . in contrast to striatolamia , the striations on
about 65 million years ago , just as the dinosaurs were ending , this shark , striatolamia , appears .
fig . 1 - striatolamia striata - lateral 16 . 5 x 14 . 0 mm aquia formation ( paleocene ) , maryland
eugomphodus striatus , lamna striata , odontaspis striata , odontaspis striatus , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) striata , otodus striatus , striatolamia cf . striata
the genus striatolamia left a fossil record with teeth that can be easily confused with those from other genera . i find it particularly disconcerting to need to know the stratigraphic position before tendering an opinion as to whether an anterior tooth might be scapanorhynchus or striatolamia , or at other times , carcharias or striatolamia . the experts may find the subtleties
obvious
, but i ' ve never achieved that comfort level .
appearing again , and the back curving shape is beginning to re - appear . this tooth is actually from a later striatolamia , a giant version
compared with the striated - crown carcharias - like species , the striatolamia crowns tend be more erect ( less sigmoid ) with stronger striations and more greatly reduced cusplets . in contrast to striatolamia , the striations on scapanorhynchus tend to be stronger and extend beyond the basal margin of the crown ' s enameloid .
purdy , r . ( 2005 ) .
is striatolamia a junior synonym of mitsukurina ?
. journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 3 ) : 102a .
it is more likley that they intended to refer to siverson ( 1995 ) where the author described striatolamia cederstroemi from the danian of sweden and ascribed the genus to .
striatolamia is an extinct genus of sharks from the paleocene and eocene . its teeth are notably big and rather common in sediments of these epochs . = = systematics = = this genus had been assigned to families mitsukurinidae , odontaspididae and striatolamiidae by different authors . most widespread species of striatolamia are s . striata and s . macrota . . . .
fig . 2 - striatolamia macrota - anterior left 31 . 5 x 15 . 0 mm and right : 27 . 5 x 15 . 0 mm nanjemoy formation ( eocene ) , virginia
i have one shark tooth from washington . it ' s an incomplete sand tiger that appears to be a striatolamia tooth . the locality data says
late eocene , tukwilla formation , duwamish river , seattle , washington .
striatolamia is not known elsewhere from the late eocene . however , i ' ve read that part of the tukwila is considered late middle eocene and that would be around the time of the most recent occurrence of the genus .
this is a large anterior fossil tooth of the extinct sand tiger shark , striatolamia macrota . these teeth come from the eocene aged phosphate deposits near khouribga , morocco . the distinctive side cusps are well preserved on this beautiful tooth .
this catalog contains teeth from a large extinct sand tiger shark , striatolamia macrota . all teeth are complete . exceptional specimens . note - 1 ) all teeth sizes are slant height unless otherwise noted . click on photos to enlarge .
the muddy creek material employed by cunningham ( 2000 ) and this author , includes teeth that appear to be stunted anteriors ( la1 ) and intermediate teeth of a sand tiger - design . based on the similarities of the striatolamia macrota and carcharias taurus dental morphologies , as expressed in cunningham ( 2000 ) , it is reasonable to expect that many of these teeth belong to the most common sand tiger in the fauna . the presence of strong striations helps confirm those that are likely striatolamia in origin .
striatolamia is represented by two named species in north america , s . striata ( winkler 1874 ) from the paleocene & early eocene and s . macrota agassiz 1843 from the eocene . these two species have also been reported from europe and north africa .
remains from 10 vertebrate species were recovered by screen - washing ( george and westgate , 1998 ) . five shark species include striatolamia macrota ( sand tiger shark ) , tmm 42986 - 1 ; abdounia enniskilleni ( requiem shark ) , tmm 42986 - 2 ; . . .
well preserved teeth from the shark species - striatolamia macrota . they come from the phosphatic mines of morocco and date to the eocene epoch of around 50 million years ago . you will receive one boxed tooth as shown or similar and they measure around 25 - 30mm long .
most widespread species of striatolamia are s . striata and s . macrota . s . macrota anterior teeth have smaller roots than s . striata , and they are often recurved . another difference between these two spieces is the length of their teeth . teeth of striata are generally smaller ( 13 - 51mm ) than macrota ( 19 - 38mm )
db = nuccore | term = striatolamia % 20rossica % 20rossica | query = 1 | qty = 23 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 267939926 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531162914 _ 1251276653 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?
striatolamia is represented by two named species in north america , s . striata ( winkler 1874a ) from the palaeocene & early eocene and s . macrota agassiz 1843 from the eocene . purdy ( 1998 ) attempted to synonymized s . striata with s . macrota and reported the latter from the williamsburg formation ( thanetian - late palaeocene ) of south carolina . these two species have also been reported from europe and north africa . in western europe , they are found in early ( middle ypresian ) and middle eocene sediments . ( in kazakhstan very large specimens are found in the bartonian . )
striatolamia macrota is one of the few species from nj to posse moderately strong striations on the lingual side of the tooth . these teeth range in size from 1 / 2 inch to 2 inches plus , with the average being a little over an inch . the anterior teeth have a moderately narrow elongated crown with one small ( sometimes even completely lacking ) , cusplet on each shoulder . the moderately strong striations tend to weaken the larger the tooth gets . there is a pronounced lingual protuberance and obvious nutrient grove on the root . the lateral teeth are broader and compressed , the striations are weaker or lacking entirely and the cusplets reduced , often appearing as no more than a scalloped nub . although not that uncommon , these teeth are very prone to root damage .
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the anterior teeth of this genus have an elongated crown , sigmoid in shape when viewed laterally , which bears striations on the lingual face . lateral cusplets are greatly reduced or absent . kent ( 1993 ) reports these teeth ( from s . macrota ) reaching 5 . 6 cm in height . the lateral teeth are lower and broader , the striations are weaker or lacking entirely and the cusplets reduced , often appearing as no more than a scalloped heel . teeth from the eocene species , s . macrota , are larger than their paleocene counterpart and bear shorter striations . it is arguable whether there are actually two species or just an evolutionary trend toward larger teeth within a single species ( the eocene teeth termed s . striata actually being juvenile s . macrota ) .
tend to be stronger and extend beyond the basal margin of the crown ' s enameloid .
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teeth , which can in most cases , help differentiate these teeth from other sand tigers , yet showed the dentition itself to be more similar to the odontaspids rather than mitsukurinids .
another view on its phylogenetic position has been raised by siverson ( 1996 : 835 - 36 , pers . com . july 2008 ) - - it may have been derived from
is neither an odontaspid nor a mitsukurinid but a lamniform of uncertain familial affinity having evolved an odontaspid - like dentition convergently .
. text ( 5 vols ; i . , xlix + 188 pp . , ii xii + 310 + 366 pp . , iii viii + 390 pp . , iv xvi + 296 pp . , v xii + 122 + 160 pp . ) and atlas ( 5 vols ; i 10 pl . , ii . , 149 pl . , iii 83 pl . , iv , 61 pl . , v , 91 pl . ) . neuchâtel .
chondrichthyan fishes from the paleocene of south carolina . in : paleobiology of the williamsburg formation ( black mingo group ; paleocene ) of south carolina , u . s . a . , albert sanders ed .
lamniform sharks of the mid - cretaceous alinga formation and beedagong claystone , western australia . palaeontology , vol 39 : 4 , pp 813 - 49 . 1997 . sharks from the mid - cretaceous gearle siltstone , southern carnarvon basin , western australia .
, 1878 ; vol . iv , ( fasc . 1 , 1876 ) , pp 1 - 15 ; extraits [ 1874 ] . les héritiers loosjes , haarlem , belgium .
lingual view of anterior tooth . the striations are a good characteristic for identification . 1 1 / 4 inch monmouth county , nj .
the striations on the lateral teeth are reduced , but present on most teeth . note the scalloped cusplets .
average tooth size is a about one inch but larger teeth are not uncommon . the tooth on the right is just shy of two inches
blades are the order of the day in the new jersey area . expect to find a significant amount of blades or damaged teeth , laterals seem to hold up a little better .
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the modern sand tiger shark reaches about 10 ft in length and about 600 lb in weight . the bar under each shark image indicates 4 ft in length .
it still retains the cusplets , but there is a growing difference between the front teeth ( right ) and the side teeth ( left ) .
notice how the cusps are still big on the side teeth , but are reduced to a simple sharp point on the front teeth . and here are the striations
about 35 million years ago . these teeth date to 40 million years ago , from the piney point formation in virginia .
to at least 35 million years ago . notice the front tooth ( on the right ) is now showing small barb - like cusplets , and the side tooth ( left )
is looking very similar . these teeth date to about 55 million years ago , and are from morocco .
which brings us to the current end - result : the modern sand tiger shark . they appear about 29 million years ago ,
but the cut - off dates become blurred as the teeth now look so similar to the prior shark . this is carcharias taurus , and as you can see the
front and side tooth look quite identical , and both show small sharp cusplets and have the recurve shape .
this is a side view of the same teeth to show the curve in the teeth . the inside of the mouth is to the image left .
this tooth style is ideal for grabbing and holding a small fish , and then just swallowing it whole . they seem a refinement of the
original old shark ` s teeth design . these are not teeth for biting out chunks of a victim . . .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
umbilicaria rossica isolate agred52 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
umbilicaria rossica isolate agred33 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
umbilicaria rossica isolate agred014 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
umbilicaria rossica isolate agred008 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
umbilicaria rossica isolate agred006 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
lasallia rossica internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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first report of costacoplumacollins and morris , 1975 ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a . | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic
first report of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a .
( rmf , correspondence ) department of geology , kent state university , kent , ohio 44242 , u . s . a .
( rwp ) florida museum of natural history , p . o . box 117800 , university of florida , gainesville , florida 32611 - 7800 , u . s . a .
rodney m . feldmann , roger w . portell ; first report of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a . , journal of crustacean biology , volume 27 , issue 1 , 1 january 2007 , pages 90–96 , urltoken
nine specimens of retroplumid crabs collected from the late early or early middle eocene tallahatta formation in southern alabama form the basis for description of a new species , costacopluma grayi . the discovery confirms the extension of the range of the genus into the eocene and represents the first occurrence of costacopluma in the united states . as a result of the geologic range extension , the genus is now known to be contemporary with two other retroplumid genera , retrocypoda , and retropluma .
the retroplumidae gill , 1894 , is a relatively small family of decapod crustacea which was originally named for a single extant genus of deep - water crabs from the indo - pacific region . subsequently , another extant genus has been recognized and as many as five genera , known only from the fossil record , have been assigned to the family . the stratigraphic range has been extended into the late cretaceous as a result . the family has been re - evaluated by de saint laurent ( 1989 ) , vega and feldmann ( 1992 ) , and schweitzer and feldmann ( 2001 ) , and the position of the extinct genera has been debated .
: 50 - 51 ) . these shallow - marine sediments are part of a transgression - related condensed section in the lower tallahatta formation of eocene age .
location map showing the costacopluma collecting area along the southeastern bank of the conecuh river behind the point a dam in covington county , alabama .
the name “tallahatta” was first applied by w . h . dall ( 1898 : 344 ) as a replacement for the colloquial name “buhrstone . ” dall , at the suggestion of e . a . smith , renamed the formation after the tallahatta hills in choctaw county , alabama , which exhibited the lithologic character and fauna of the unit .
in alabama , the tallahatta formation is the basal member of the lower to middle eocene claiborne group which also consists ( in ascending order ) of the lisbon formation and gosport sand . typically , the tallahatta is disconformably underlain by either the lower eocene hatchetigbee or bashi formations ( upper wilcox group ) . elsewhere in the eastern gulf coast plain , the tallahatta formation has been mapped in mississippi and georgia . in alabama , the unit typically consists of massive siliceous claystone ( buhrstone ) interbedded with layers of glauconitic sand and sandy clay . according to
: 50 - 51 ) consists of very coarse to medium grained quartz sand with glauconite , clay clasts , and fine clay particles . here , evidence of bioturbation is abundant throughout the entire stratigraphic section . the bluish - green sediments of bed 5 , contain a diverse assemblage of fossils , consisting mainly of remains of sharks and other fishes . teeth of shark and ray species collected in situ with
archaeopus rathbun , 1908 ; bathypluma de saint laurent , 1989 ; costacopluma collins and morris , 1975 ; cristipluma bishop 1983 ; loerenthopluma beschin , busulini , de angeli , and tessier , 1996 ; retrocypoda via boada , 1959 ; retropluma gill , 1894 .
archaeopus originated in the cretaceous and is the oldest of the genera assigned to the family . today , the family is represented in the indo - pacific region by retropluma and bathypluma .
costacopluma concava collins and morris , 1975 , p . 823 , pl . 97 , figs . 1–9 , by original designation .
costacopluma australis feldmann , casadío , chirino - gálvez , and aguirre - urreta , 1995 ; c . bifida collins , higgs , and cortitula , 1994 ; c . binodosa collins and rasmussen , 1992 ; c . bishopi vega and feldmann , 1992 ; c . concava collins and morris , 1975 ; c . mexicana vega and perrilliat , 1989 ; c . nordestina feldmann and martins - neto , 1995 ; c . salamanca feldmann , rodriguez , martinez , and aguirre - urreta , 1997 ; c . senegalensis ( rémy in gorodiski and rémy , 1959 ) , as archaeopus .
small , rectangular to ovoid carapace ; wider than long ; with distinctly flattened surface crossed by three elevated ridges , the anteriormost complete and the medial and posterior ridges converging mesially to define depressed , triangular mesobranchial region . carapace flanks distinct , nearly perpendicular to dorsal surface . sternal plates well defined ; sternites 4 - 7 each with prominent transverse , beaded ridge . transverse ridges also present on abdominal somites .
new species . a , dorsal view of holotype , uf 113749 . b , oblique frontal view of paratype , uf 113748 , showing the downturned , rimmed , pustulose rostrum ( arrow ) , rectangular orbit , and steep lateral flanks . c and d , dorsal and ventral views of paratype , uf 115672 , illustrated at the same scale and showing well developed carapace regions and , on the ventral surface , pterygostomial regions and left mxp3 . e , dorsal view of worn and exfoliated paratype , uf 113750 , on which the carapace ornamentation is not in evidence . f , dorsal view of
rémy , 1959 , holotype , ro 3785 , deposited in the muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris . scale
. b , enlargement of part of mesogastric and epibranchial regions showing the different sculpture exhibited on surface of exocuticle and endocuticle . scale
. c , ventral view of paratype , uf 115794 , showing nearly complete sternum and male abdomen . scale
. d , ventral view of paratype , uf 115796 , showing posterior part of sternum and proximal segments of male abdomen . scale
typical costacopluma with strongly downturned , triangular rostrum with beaded surface ; sharp , distinctly beaded lateral margin ; nearly circular posterior element of mesogastric region .
carapace small to moderate size for genus ; subovate , wider than long , length about 80 percent maximum width measured at midpoint of mesobranchial region ; flattened transversely and longitudinally ; lateral flanks distinct , downturned at right angles to carapace surface ; three transverse ridges of which anteriormost is complete ; posterior and medial ridges converge in advance of cardiac region .
front narrow , about 17 percent maximum carapace width ; rostrum strongly downturned , triangular , axially sulcate ; surface pustulose . orbits deep , concave , forward - directed , rectangular when viewed from front ; bounded dorsally by distinct , beaded rim . fronto - orbital margin about 65 percent maximum width . anterolateral margin straight to weakly convex with distinct beaded rim extending from outer - orbital corner to merge with more convexly rounded , rimmed posterolateral margin . posterolateral corner and posterior margins poorly preserved , appearing to be gently convex .
epibranchial regions transversely elongate , swollen , separated by axial sulcus extending onto rostrum . protogastric and hepatic regions not distinguishable , depressed . mesogastric region circular , swollen , beaded , 27 percent maximum width , bounded laterally by deep , broad arcuate depressions . metagastric and urogastric region indistinct , narrow , with subtle longitudinal axial elevation . cardiac region transversely ovoid , 40 percent maximum width . urogastric region elongate - oval , inflated , separated from posterior margin by shallow depression . epibranchial and mesobranchial regions depressed .
transverse ridges distinct , elevated well above remainder of carapace . anterior - most ridge a sinusoidal curve , concave axially and convex laterally , surface beaded ; medial ridge straight , beaded , extending posteromesially to anterior end of cardiac region where it merges with concave forward , beaded , anteromesially - directed posterior ridge ; medial and posterior ridges define a triangular mesobranchial region .
surface of exocuticle very finely beaded , nearly smooth . surface of endocuticle with coarser , evenly spaced pustules .
buccal frame broad , widening anteriorly , bounded by inflated and beaded pterygostomial regions . ischium of third maxilliped generally rectangular , tapering slightly anteriorly ; surface smooth .
sternites 1 - 3 forming isosceles triangle , directed dorsally ; sutures 1 - 2 , 2 - 3 , and 3 - 4 fused but elevated and distinct in position . sternite 4 much wider than sternite 3 with prominent anterolaterally directed projection . lateral margin of sternite 4 elevated into rim . sutures between somites 4 - 5 , 5 - 6 , and 6 - 7 appear to be unfused laterally and obscurred by abdomen axially . somite 5 directed laterally ; somites 6 and 7 directed posterolaterally ; each with prominent nodose keel . somite 8 not exposed . axis of somites 2 - 7 deeply depressed , weakly rimmed on somite 4 . male abdomen apparently unfused throughout , each abdominal somite transversely keeled , telson triangular , extends onto depression in sternal somite 3 .
measurements , in millimeters , taken on specimens of costacopluma grayi are given in table 1 .
carapace measurements ( mm ) . key : maximum length ( l ) , maximum width ( w ) , fronto - orbital width ( w1 ) .
the trivial name honors mark m . gray , for bringing the first specimens to the attention of the authors and for generously donating his specimens to the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) .
the holotype , uf 113749 , and paratypes , uf 113748 , 113750 , 114747 , 115672 115793 , 115794 , 115795 , and 115796 , are deposited in the invertebrate paleontology division at the flmnh , university of florida , gainesville , florida .
the type series was collected from the upper lower to lower middle eocene tallahatta formation behind point a dam , sw1 / 4 , ne1 / 4 , sec . 35 , t5n , r15e , river falls quadrangle ,
costacopluma grayi conforms to the diagnostic features of the carapace of the genus in all regards . the ventral surface of the carapace is not preserved on six of the nine specimens and only the pterygostomial region and one of the maxillipeds is preserved on one specimen . two specimens exhibit parts of the sternum and abdomen of male specimens so it is possible to describe the morphology . the morphology of the sternum and abdomen , coupled with that of the dorsal carapace , makes placement within costacopluma and the retroplumidae certain .
a single specimen , uf 115793 , retains the exocuticule over much of the dorsal carapace ( fig . 3a , b ) . as is the case with many decapods , the sculpture exhibited by the exocuticle is different from that seen on the surface of the endocuticle , which is visible when the exocuticle is exfoliated . therefore it is important to note which surface that observations of sculpture are made , if possible . the contrast in ornamentation is even more striking when comparing the sculpture of the cuticular surfaces with that of the mold of the interior as seen on uf 113750 ( fig . 2e ) , which lacks ornamentation at a fine scale . these observations provide a note of caution when employing fine details of surface ornamentation in systematic work .
species within the genus are distinguished from one another on the basis of shape of the rostrum , development of granulation on the carapace elevations , carapace outline , and various dimensional ratios including length / width , posterior width / maximum width , and frontal width / maximum width . because the margins of the alabama specimens are not completely preserved , it is difficult to employ these ratios with certainty ; however , morphological features of the surface of the carapace are well exhibited so that detailed comparisons can be made . examination of types , or illustrations of types , of all other species within the genus confirms that the form of the carapace ridges , shape of the rostrum , and outline of the posterior element of the mesogastric region provide ample evidence that c . grayi is unique . all species within the genus , except c . concava , c . senegalensis , and c . grayi , possess ridges that are broadly rounded . the three exceptions have narrower , more sharply defined , granular ridges . among these three species , only c . senegalensis and the new species have downturned , triangular rostra . costacopluma concava , as with all other species of the genus for which the rostrum is known , bears a rostrum that is broadened or clearly bifid distally . all species of costacopluma , with the exception of c . senegalensis and c . grayi , have rostra that are substantially narrower proximally than it is distally . costacopluma grayi can be readily distinguished from c . senegalensis because the former exhibits a beaded rostral surface , a distinctly beaded lateral margin , and a nearly circular posterior element of the mesogastric region . the posterior part of the mesogastric region on c . senegalensis is transversely ovoid and lacks beaded ornamentation .
retroplumoidea ( crustacea , brachyura ) nel terziario del vicentino ( italia settentrionale ) .
fossil decapod crustacea from the late cretaceous coon creek formation , union county , mississippi .
the eocene tallahatta formation of alabama and georgia : its lithostratigraphy , biostratigraphy , and bearing on the age of the claibornian stage .
a new crab , costacopluma bifida ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the palaeocene of venezuela .
a table of the north american tertiary horizons , correlated with one another and with those of western europe , with annotations .
costacopluma nordestina n . sp . ( decapoda : retroplumidae ) from the maria farinha formation ( paleocene ) of brazil .
fossil decapod crustaceans from the jagüel and roca formations ( maastrichtian - danian ) of the neuquén basin , argentina .
costacopluma salamanca new species ( decapoda , retroplumidae ) from the salamanca formation ( danian ) of patagonia , argentina .
histoire naturelle , générale et particulière , des crustacés et des insectes . vol . 3 .
catalogue of the fossil reptilia and amphibia in the british museum ( natural history ) .
natural history notes from the r . i . m . s . “investigator” , series iii , no . 6 . an account of the new and some of the rarer decapod crustacea obtained during the surveying season , 1901 - 1904 .
la nouvelle superfamille des retroplumoidea gill , 1894 ( decapoda , brachyura ) : systématique , affinités , et évolution . pp . 103 - 179 .
occurrence of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) in the maastrichtian of southern mexico and its paleobiogeographic implications .
una especie nueva de cangrejo del género costacopluma ( crustacea : decapoda : retroplumidae ) del maastrichtiano del estado de nuevo león .
cuticular structure in costacopluma mexicana vega and perrilliat , from the difunta group ( maastrichtian ) of northeastern mexico , and its paleoenvironmental implications .
fossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the late cretaceous cárdenas formation , east - central mexico .
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is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance .
is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality . nouns provide the names for all things : people , objects , sensations , feelings , etc .
any shark of the family carcharhinidae , occurring mostly in tropical seas and characterized by a nictitating membrane and a heterocercal tail . the family includes the tiger shark and the soupfin .
from english to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word «requiem shark» in english .
the map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «requiem shark» in the different countries .
of the word «requiem shark» during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «requiem shark» appears in digitalised printed sources in english between the year 1500 and the present day .
and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in english literature .
set in the 18th century ' s golden age of piracy , the requiem shark is the tale of a young recruit , william williams and his forced apprenticeship to bartholomew roberts , slaver turned pirate captain .
please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online .
four taxa , however , make up over 99 % of the identified specimens : requiem shark ( carcharhinidae ) , bat ray ( myliobatis californica ) , salmon ( oncorhynchus sp . ) , and sturgeon ( acipenser sp . ) . each of these species can reach substantial sizes , . . .
last & stevens ( 1994 ) reviews the australian requiem shark fauna , and compagno & niem ( 1998 ) provide an overview of indo - west pacific species . compagno ( 1999 ) is an updated list of living carcharhinid ( and chondrichthyan ) species . . .
. . . shark sand shark tope hammerhead shark mackerel shark porbeagle requiem shark school shark soupfin shark bull shark lemon shark bronze whaler sixgill shark frill shark nurse . . .
dutertref described a requiem shark which , according to the description and drawing of it given by him , must have been a carcharias . dutertre says that its young were fixed by means of a cord to a large membrane . cuvier | also says briefly in . . .
high quality content by wikipedia articles ! the silvertip shark ( carcharhinus albimarginatus ) is a large species of requiem shark , family carcharhinidae , with a fragmented distribution throughout the tropical indian and pacific oceans .
a young , great white shark had a near - death experience when the retreating tide . . . sharks that live close to shore , like the
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final citation : cicimurri , david j . and ebersole , jun a . 2015 . two new species of pseudaetobatus cappetta , 1986 ( batoidei : myliobatidae ) from the southeastern united states . palaeontologia electronica 18 . 1 . 15a : 1 - 17 . urltoken urltoken
the hatchetigbee formation specimens discussed herein were all recovered from an upper unnamed member of the formation from three distinct localities in alabama and mississippi : site abu - 3 in butler county , al ; site awa - 1 in washington county , al ; and the whynot locality located in lauderdale county , ms ( figure 1 ; more detailed geographic information on these localities is provided in the systematic paleontology section ) .
in both states , the hatchetigbee comprises the upper unit of the upper paleocene - to - lower eocene wilcox group . in alabama , the thickness of the hatchetigbee ranges from 76 m in the western part of the state to 11 m in the east , and the formation is subdivided into two members , the lower bashi marl and an unnamed upper member ( mancini and tew , 1995 ; raymond et al . , 1988 ; toulmin , 1977 ) . in mississippi , the bashi sequence is more complete than in alabama and is considered a distinct formation from the hatchetigbee ( dockery et al . , 1994 ) .
both the hatchetigbee in mississippi and the corresponding unnamed upper member in alabama are composed of a series of non - marine and marine beds that consist of olive green fine - grained , micaceous and carbonaceous fossiliferous sand , with silty clay , silt , and sandy clay ( raymond et al . , 1988 ; toulmin , 1977 ) . bounded by unconformities both above and below , the hatchetigbee is interpreted to represent a tagc - 2 . 4 type 1 depositional sequence , and strata represent inner neritic deposits ( gibson , 1982 ; mancini and tew , 1990 ; 1995 ) .
the tallahatta formation specimens presented in this study , which includes the type material of a new pseudaetobatus species , were collected from site adl - 1 in dale county , southeast alabama ( figure 1 ; more detailed geographic information is provided in the systematic paleontology section ) . in alabama , the tallahatta formation represents the basal unit of the lower - to - middle eocene claiborne group . in ascending order , this group is composed of the tallahatta , lisbon , and gosport sand formations ( raymond et al . , 1988 ) . the contact between the claiborne group and the underlying wilcox group represents a type 1 unconformity , which lies at the contact between the tallahatta and underlying hatchetigbee formation ( bybell and gibson , 1985 ; mancini and tew , 1991 ) .
the aerial extent of the tallahatta formation forms an arcuate belt that extends through northern and central mississippi , east to west across southern alabama , and into western georgia . in mississippi , the tallahatta formation is divided into three members : the meridian sand , basic city shale , and neshoba sand . although outcrops of the basal meridian sand are exposed in southwestern alabama ( bybell and gibson , 1985 ) , the tallahatta thins in the southeastern part of the state and is generally not differentiated into members ( raymond , 1988 ; savrda et al . , 2010 ) . bybell and gibson ( 1985 ) , however , described a unit at the base of the tallahatta in southeastern alabama that they referred to as “meridian sand equivalent . ”
in aiken county , the dry branch formation disconformably overlies kaolin deposits ( which are up to 12 . 5 m thick ) of the lower - to - middle eocene huber formation ( figure 3 ) . the contact between these two formations has been reported as a sequence boundary , and the base of the dry branch formation consists of a lag deposit ( harris et al . , 2002 ; schroeder et al . , 2002 ) that formed during the initial transgression of the jackson sea into the region ( huddleston , 1993 ; huddleston and hetrick , 1986 ) .
the dry branch formation is at least 28 m thick in aiken county , and twiggs clay , griffins landing sand ; and irwinton sand lithologies have been reported in the area ( mittwede , 1982 ; nystrom and willoughby , 1982 ; zullo and kite , 1985 ) . to the south of aiken in the jackson quadrangle , mittwede ( 1982 ) described mustard - yellow to orange - yellow loose , fine - to - medium grained quartz sand containing thin , discontinuous clay beds that he attributed to the irwinton sand , and he noted that the unit thickened markedly towards the aiken area . the dry branch formation deposit yielding pseudaetobatus teeth is consistent with the irwinton sand , and the stratum occurs approximately 2 . 0 m below the contact with the overlying tobacco road formation .
msc , mcwane science center , birmingham , alabama ; sc , south carolina state museum , columbia .
type species . pseudaetobatus casieri cappetta , 1986 , lower eocene ( ypresian ) phosphate deposits , sidi daoui , morocco .
etymology . species named for gorden l . bell , jr . in honor of his contributions to alabama vertebrate paleontology . gorden also collected the matrix sample from which this new species was recovered .
hypodigm . msc 35048 ( holotype ) , lower median tooth ( figure 4 . 1 ) ; msc 35054 ( paratype ) , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 2 ) ; msc 35058 ( paratype ) , right half of upper ? median tooth ( figure 4 . 5 ) , msc 35059 ( paratype ) , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 3 ) ; msc 35062 ( paratype ) , intermediate lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 4 ) . all tallahatta formation , site adl - 1 .
type locality . site adl - 1 , 31 . 317309 n , - 85 . 71598 w ( n 31° 19’ 02” lat . , w 85° 42’ 57” long . ) , dale county , alabama .
type horizon . lower tallahatta formation , just above the “meridian sand member equivalent” beds .
diagnosis . teeth are larger than those of the type species , pseudaetobatus casieri . as in p . casieri , upper median teeth fairly straight , whereas lower median teeth are arcuate , both have crowns with rectangular cross sections , angular distal ends and labial / lingual ornamentation of fine vertical ridges ; tooth base thick , with sharply oblique labial face and lingual lobes that extend distally past the crown foot . distal - most lateral teeth differ from p . casieri in being less wide , with shorter and less pronounced distal projection , but more sharply basally curved margin . intermediate lateral tooth morphology is six - sided and nearly symmetrical .
the holotype of pseudaetobatus belli sp . nov . , a lower median tooth , is 20 % larger than equivalent teeth of p . casieri illustrated by cappetta ( 1986 , plate 3 , figure 9 ) . in addition , the distal - most lateral teeth of p . belli sp . nov . are not as wide as those of p . casieri , the distal corner of the crown are not as elongated , but the distal edge is more tightly curled . the intermediate lateral tooth morphology represented by msc 35602 may not have been available to cappetta ( 1986 ) for his description of p . casieri , but it was likely present because it has been identified in another new species of pseudaetobatus from south carolina .
stratigraphic and geographic range . hatchetigbee formation ( np 11 ) of eastern mississippi and southern alabama ; tallahatta formation ( np 12 - 13 ) of southern alabama .
hypodigm . sc 2013 . 38 . 91 ( holotype ) , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 1 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 84 ( paratype ) , lower median tooth ( figure 6 . 6 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 86 ( paratype ) , upper median tooth ( figure 6 . 8 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 1 ( paratype ) , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 5 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 2 ( paratype ) , intermediate lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 4 ) .
type locality . 33 . 504444 n , - 84 . 742778 w ( n 33° 30 ' 16
lat . , w 81° 44 ' 34
long . ) , aiken , aiken county , south carolina .
type horizon . dry branch formation , approximately 2 . 0 m below contact with overlying tobacco road formation .
additional material . abandoned clay pit north of the aiken city limit , 33 . 624867 n , - 81 . 681713 w ; aiken county , sc ; dry branch formation - sc 96 . 97 . 52 , 22 median tooth fragments ; sc 96 . 97 . 53 , lateral tooth . type locality - sc 2001 . 1 . 3 , 110 partial median teeth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 1 , upper left distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 2 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 2 , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 3 , lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 3 , 8 lateral teeth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 6 , lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 7 , lower left distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 85 , upper median tooth ( figure 6 . 10 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 87 , upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 88 , incomplete upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 89 , incomplete upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 90 , lower median tooth ( figure 6 . 7 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 92 , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 1 , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 2 , upper left distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 3 , lower left distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 3 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 4 , two upper distal - most lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 94 , 12 lower distal - most lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 95 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 1 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 2 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 3 , three intermediate lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 97 , 88 partial median teeth .
diagnosis . upper and lower tooth morphologies as in pseudaetobatus casieri and p . belli sp . nov . , but smaller in overall size than the latter species . the distal - most lateral teeth are the most diagnostic , and these are distinguished from equivalent teeth of all other pseudaetobatus species by their sinuous outline in labial / lingual view .
remarks . the median teeth of pseudaetobatus undulatus sp . nov . differ from those of p . belli sp . nov . in that they are smaller in overall size ( sc 2013 . 38 . 84 is only half as large as the p . belli holotype ) , the lingual crown face is more vertical , and the groove above the lingual longitudinal ridge is more deeply impressed . the distal - most lateral teeth of p . undulatus sp . nov . , uppers and lowers , are easily distinguished from p . casieri and p . belli sp . nov . in having undulating crowns ( those of the latter two species are rather flat ) . in addition , the distal - most lateral teeth of p . casieri are wider and have more elongated disto - lingual projections than either p . belli sp . nov . or p . undulatus sp . nov . ( cappetta , 1986 ) .
stratigraphic and geographic range . the species is thus far only known from the upper eocene ( priabonian ) dry branch formation of aiken county , south carolina .
the distal ends of pseudaetobatus median teeth are angular and have straight edges ( i . e . , figure 4 . 1 and figure 5 . 7 - 8 ) , and these areas articulate with lateral teeth . in contrast , aetobatus has no lateral teeth , the distal ends of median teeth curl basally ( figure 7 . 8 ) , and the straight margin is perpendicular to the tooth width ( see also hovestadt and hovestadt - euler , 2013 ; purdy et al . , 2001 ) . in pseudaetobatus , these features are observed on the distal - most lateral teeth ( i . e . , figure 4 . 2 - 3 and figure 5 . 3 , 5 . 10 ) . it may be difficult to distinguish these two genera if the distal ends of a median tooth are missing ( figure 5 . 10 ; also compare figure 7 . 7 to figure 5 . 14 - 15 ) , and the presence of pseudaetobatus in other deposits could go unnoticed without the aid of more complete material and / or the recognition of lateral teeth .
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