ruler ( 1777 – 4 february 1806 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

he won three of his five starts , including the two-mile st. leger stakes in 1780 .

he was bred and owned by william bethell .

ruler ( horse )

bold ruler is the first horse to have been given radiation therapy for cancer .
for everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for military ruler . military ruler is a gelding born in 2011 september 8 by universal ruler out of general ' s delight
iron ruler was sired by tertian out of the dam bon trio iron ruler was foaled on 01 of august in 1998 .
vegas ruler was sired by casino prince out of the dam dancer vegas ruler was foaled on 11 of october in 2011 .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for universal ruler . universal ruler is a stallion born in 2004 september 3 by scenic out of rulings
tycoon ruler was sired by last tycoon out of the dam sweet delight tycoon ruler was foaled on 29 of october in 1999 .
the training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for hard ruler . hard ruler is a filly born in 2014 november 14 by all too hard out of legislature
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for pompeii ruler . pompeii ruler is a gelding born in 2002 october 19 by genuine out of west with night
iron ruler has a 7 % win percentage and 7 % place percentage . iron ruler ' s last race event was at ipswich .
tycoon ruler has a 16 % win percentage and 34 % place percentage . tycoon ruler ' s last race event was at caulfield .
vegas ruler has a 9 % win percentage and 41 % place percentage . vegas ruler ' s last race event was at warwick .
if a horse’s race record is anything to judge his progeny by , you can expect the first of victorian stallion jungle ruler’s yearlings to be as hard as nails .
iron ruler is a 18 year old bay gelding . iron ruler is trained by a a swindley , at doomben and owned by mrs a s clarke & p j ford .
horse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .
bold ruler was by claiborne’s epoch - making stallion , nasrullah , and his dam was the classy sprint mare , miss disco , by the great broodmare sire discovery . just short of a championship at 2 , bold ruler was the horse of the year at 3 , topping a formidable crop that included round table , gallant man , and iron liege . at 4 , bold ruler remained near the top and was named champion sprinter , but bowed to round table as horse of the year .
bruechert is relying on a tried - and - true formula in standing jungle ruler at stud .
ruby ruler has managed to win 1 race in her career so far . on 13th may 2011 at timaru , ruby ruler scored her most significant win to date , getting the money in the
ruby ruler has concluded her racing career , last running on the 6th jul 2012 at ashburton .
price said that he ' d been monitoring the gelding closely in the past week and although x - rays had cleared the horse there was an area of swelling on the horse ' s off - front leg that troubled him .
tycoon ruler is a 17 year old brown horse . tycoon ruler is trained by g marconi , at mornington and owned by ms f marconi , rancho ranch p / l ( g & mrs p marconi ) , c & mrs m marconi , j & mrs l marconi & g & mrs t barclay .
organizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro’s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series
ruler of france made a successful debut in handicap company when landing the nursery at gowran park this afternoon .
when bold ruler died in 1971 , the search began for his successor - for the one throughbred stallion whose bloodlines would most faithfully perpetuate the qualities that made bold ruler the most influential sire in recent racing history .
meanwhile sheikh mohammed pledged to
lock down
goldophin ' s moulton paddocks stables and test every horse at its newmarket operation .
france galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the société d’encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the société de sport de france , and the société sportive d’encouragement .
jungle ruler will stand at bombora downs stud in 2015 for a fee of $ 2 , 750 inc gst .
iron ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 0 - 6 - 0 - 0 .
tycoon ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 9 - 1 - 8 .
vegas ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 3 - 5 - 1 .
pompeii ruler has had 22 starts for eight wins and six placings and more than $ 2 million in prizemoney .
in france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of
the trainer at the center of a major horse doping scandal has been charged with multiple breaches of the rules by the british horseracing authority .
knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the
maudlin magdalen enjoyed the mile trip in bellewstown once more as she prevailed by half a length from ruler of france .
ruler of the world is from the outstanding sire producing family of a . p . indy & duke of marmalade .
an improving colt who clearly appreciates a distance of ground , ruler of the world is now unbeaten in three starts .
…from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state’s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 “to…
“this horse ( jungle ruler ) is the same . he hated losing , hated horses getting in front of him and i’m already seeing that in his babies in the paddock . whether it be at the feed bin or whatever , they just hate losing . ”
the news that spring hopeful pompeii ruler was heading to the paddock after fears that the seven - year - old was on the cusp of further leg problems was tempered slightly yesterday when trainer mick price was told the horse was a realistic chance of racing again .
bold ruler wintered in florida that year , exchanging blows with calumet farm ' s incredibly talented gen . duke , often called the horse time has forgotten . many people believe that gen . duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet , and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm , the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two , this is quite a compliment .
a discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .
secretariat , sired at the close of bold ruler ' s stud career and certainly his best son as a race horse , was expected to fill the job . but although secretariat has turned out to be a solid sire , his offspring have had only modest success .
the current race record for hard ruler is 3 wins from 10 starts with prizemoney of $ 46 , 724 . 00 .
the current race record for military ruler is 5 wins from 31 starts with prizemoney of $ 311 , 700 . 00 .
iron ruler’s last race event was at 07 / 02 / 2007 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
iron ruler career form is 2 wins , seconds , thirds from 28 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
tycoon ruler’s last race event was at 16 / 10 / 2004 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
vegas ruler’s last race event was at 09 / 03 / 2018 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
in 1966 , bold ruler became the first stallion with progeny earnings of over us $ 2 million in a single season .
after winning the flamingo stakes , and running second to gen . duke in the florida derby , bold ruler headed to new york . in april , bold ruler won the wood memorial from gallant man , and it was on to churchill downs .
from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the
paddy twomey ' s ruler of france made it three wins from three visits to ballinrobe when making all in the apprentice handicap .
bold ruler quickly became mrs . gladys phipps favorite horse . she went as far as to have a st . christopher ' s medal braided into his forelock before each race , and she wasn ' t even catholic . when bold ruler won the futurity at belmont , it was not his winning performance that caught the attention of charles hatton , but rather his behavior . as he wrote in the daily racing form :
as camelot is led away from his box , the horse rears up , his forelegs rising into the air in what appears to be a mating call .
aidan o’brien has indicated ruler of the world will now been given a break , following his fifth place finish in the irish derby .
tycoon ruler career form is 5 wins , 4 seconds , 2 thirds from 32 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
bold ruler is profiled in chapter 8 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .
seattle slew traces to bold ruler through his sire , bold reasoning , a son of boldnesian , who was a son of bold ruler . bold reasoning won eight of 12 starts . boldnesian and bold reasoning both died early in their careers as stallions . syndicate owns rights
mongolian warrior and ruler genghis khan created the largest empire in the world , the mongol empire , by destroying individual tribes in northeast asia .
vegas ruler is a 6 year old bay gelding . vegas ruler is trained by r j hilton , at texas and owned by r hilton , mrs r hilton , mrs d white , s white , mrs m irwin , mrs k belford , k hobbs & j dieckman .
bold ruler is the 24th book in the thoroughbred legends series from eclipse press . it was written by edward bowen and published in 2005 .
the now 11 - year - old horse is certainly stamping his mark on his earliest progeny , with ‘eight of every 10 yearlings’ sired inheriting his distinctive grey colouring .
the use of anabolic steroids is now prohibited at all times for any horse registered as
in training
under the care of a trainer licensed by the bha .
—involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article
this entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged argentina , artemis agrotera , colic , fusaichi pegasus , haras vacacion , haskell , hill ' n ' dale , homeboykris , laminitis , roman ruler , rule , ruler on ice , shuttle stallions by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
after the belmont and it ' s resulting layoff , bold ruler ' s wins included a six length romp in the jerome handicap , as well as victories in the queen ' s county handicap and the ben franklin handicap , carrying 133 pounds in one and 136 in the other . in a muddy vosburgh handicap , bold ruler shattered the great sprinter roseben ' s fifty year old track record with his nearest rival ten lengths behind . finally , bold ruler beat both gallant man and round table in the trenton handicap , despite carrying 130 pounds , earning horse of the year honors for the 1957 season .
i have been involved in british horse racing for 30 years and have deep respect for its traditions and rules . there can be no excuse for any deliberate violation .
colourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey’s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .
( 2011–12 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events—augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public—contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .
after race at ballinrobe tue , 23rd jun , 2015 ( 1st ) he is a nice horse and jack gave him a good ride . he came well recommended . p twomey
over the course of his career , roman ruler earned $ 1 . 2 million with five wins from 10 starts . his major victories included the haskell and and g2 dwyer for owner fog city stable and trainer bob baffert . roman ruler began his stallion career at hill ‘n ' dale in 2006 , shuttling to the southern hemisphere frequently during the offseason . his best offspring in the u . s . include belmont winner ruler on ice , multiple g1 winner artemis agrotera , g1 - winning juvenile homeboykris , and multiple graded stakes winning millionaire rule . overall , roman ruler has sired 50 stakes winners .
vegas ruler career form is 3 wins , 7 seconds , 4 thirds from 34 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 61 , 906 .
this entry was posted in bloodlines archive , bloodstock and tagged aidan o ' brien , ballydoyle , coolmore , dawn approach , epsom derby , galileo , horse racing , investec derby , lane ' s end weekender pedigree , ruler of the world , ryan moore , sadler ' s wells , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .
although he got several runners , including secretariat , who won at 10 furlongs or more , bold ruler was better known as a sire of precocious 2 - year - olds . his progeny earned a reputation for unsoundness , many being big - bodied horses on fragile legs , driven by that generous bold ruler heart .
al zarooni , who has admitted using the banned substances in error , faces charges relating to the use of prohibited substances , keeping medication records and conduct
prejudicial to horse racing
.
i can assure the racing public that no horse will run from that yard this season until i have been absolutely assured by my team that the entire yard is completely clean .
. written by racing historian jim bolus with illustrations and commentary by noted equine artist richard stone reeves , the book was released by the blood - horse , inc . , in 1994 .
after race at leopardstown thu , 9th jul , 2015 ( 1st ) i ' m happy with that . conor gave him a good ride and the horse seemed to enjoy it . p twomey
the late natal sire , stronghold , has also got off to a strong start with his first crop . the danehill horse has had four winners , to date , from just seven runners .
' ' raja baba in 1976 and roberto in 1977 had spectacular first years , but nothing like this , ' ' says bill oppenheim , whose statistical analyses of sire trends in racing update , a newsletter , are widely considered the most thorough in the industry . ' ' as a race horse , seattle slew may rate a pound lower than secretariat , but in his speed and brilliance and style slew was bold ruler ' s truest descendant . at this rate , he could be the next bold ruler . ' '
son of nasrullah beat the talented clem in a fiercely fought suburban handicap . giving away a remarkable twenty five pounds , bold ruler caught the lightly weighted clem at the half mile . at the top of the stretch , bold ruler was ahead by two , but clem made a run on the outside , catching and passing him . bold ruler gamely fought back , when most horses would have quit , and regained the lead in time to earn a trip to the winner ' s circle . after one more win in the monmouth handicap , in which he carried 134 pounds , bold ruler badly injured his fetlock , finishing seventh in the brooklyn handicap .
modestly bred and foaled at boorowa’s newhaven park in 2003 , jungle ruler amassed a cult following in his incredible 115 - start career for mornington - trainer peter white .
the bold ruler handicap was inaugurated in 1976 . it is currently a grade iii stakes for ages 3 and up run over 7 furlongs on dirt at belmont park .
bold ruler was blessed with speed and courage that allowed him to succeed despite infirmities , from a tender mouth to chronic arthritis and soreness . during his title year , when he was also voted champion 3 - year - old male , bold ruler set or equaled four track records and was able to stretch his speed to 10 furlongs .
the first progeny of jungle ruler hit the ground with a grey thud in september of 2013 , with 49 mares supporting the consistent stallion in his maiden season at stud .
slewpy has won three of his six starts , including the empire stakes for new york - breds , and may be sent to california to face landaluce in the hollywood futurity . better horse in barn ?
at stud , bold ruler was even more impressive , siring such champions as speedwell , queen empress , successor , bold hour , bold lad , bold bidder , boldnesian , vitriolic , wajima , what a pleasure , and most importantly the 1973 triple crown winner and two time horse of the year secretariat . he led the american sire ' s list eight times , and seven of the ten kentucky derby winners of the 1970 ' s traced directly to bold ruler in their tail male lines . bull hancock found his offspring to share a unique trait :
on the night of april 6 , 1954 , two foals were born on claiborne farm , one about a half hour after the other . the first was round table , who later earned over a million dollars and was named horse of the year in 1958 . the second was bold ruler , a skinny , accident prone colt who overcame numerous injuries to become a champion himself .
horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries . it developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners , sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment , and immense sums of money , but its essential feature has always been the same : the horse that finishes first is the winner . in the modern era , horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public - entertainment business . by the first decades of the 21st century , however , the sport’s popularity had shrunk considerably .
glory boy came through in the final half furlong to collar ruler of france and win by half a length in the seven furlong two - year - old maiden at listowel .
we will be locking down the moulton paddocks stables with immediate effect , and i have instructed that i want a full round of blood samples , and dope testing done on every single horse on that premises .
…out of town for the horse races—as they do by the thousands in june for the derby on epsom downs and the royal week at ascot near windsor and in july for the goodwood races in west sussex . …
arguably the world ' s most sought - after stallion , the powerfully built horse takes it all in his stride as he parades in the luxurious surroundings of his irish home at the coolmore stud in county tipperary .
jungle ruler will stand his third season at bombora downs stud in 2015 and bruechert is confident his popular grey can again attract a quality book of mares , despite his unconventional background .
bold ruler is profiled in chapter 22 of abram hewitt ' s sire lines ( 1977 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006 ) .
during the next season , bold ruler won the toboggan handicap and the carter handicap , carrying 133 pounds in each , before he met gallant man in the metropolitan mile . bold ruler , giving up five pounds , ran second , and was forced to redeem himself with a five length victory in the stymie handicap . then , in his greatest effort , the brave
after race at killarney tue , 12th jul , 2016 ( 1st ) leigh seemed to use his head and gave him a very good ride and the horse seemed to put his head down and try there . p twomey
one major type of thoroughbred horse race is the handicap race , in which the weights horses must carry during a race are adjusted in relation to their age ( the more immature the horse , the less weight it carries ) . in this system , a two - year - old , the youngest racer , competes with less weight to carry than a horse that is three years or older . in general , a horse is reckoned as being fully aged at five years and is handicapped accordingly . there are also sex allowances for fillies , so that they carry slightly lower weights than males . weight penalties or allowances are also provided on the basis of individual horses’ past performance . such handicaps may be set centrally where racing is so controlled or by individual tracks , the goal being to render all horses as nearly equal as possible by establishing what is called racing form . the handicap race thus represents an outright repudiation of the classic concept that the best horse should win . instead , handicaps are assigned with the specific objective of giving all the horses in a race an equal chance of winning .
however , it is appropriate to charge the trainer with breaches of the rules related to medication records and conduct prejudicial to horse racing related to these horses , and therefore the trainer now faces 15 counts of these charges .
the bha said there has only been one other case of anabolic steroids being found in a tested horse in recent years , which was when british trainer howard johnson allowed horses to run under the substances in 2008 and 2009 .
there has been no shortage of compelling horse racing storylines in recent years but patch could top them all when the one - eyed underdog sets off in the kentucky derby for the first leg of us thoroughbred racing’s triple crown .
they love it and every horse here has the ultimate care . they get the best feed , best attention , fantastic stables and facilities , best land in the world to graze on ,
adds o ' loughlin .
it has been named champion british owner eight times , including last year , while dubai ruler sheikh mohammed and his family have also taken the title on multiple occasions going back to the 1980s .
' ' the horse had injury problems in the past after he had troubles with a suspensory ligament , but this time i just thought i ' ll ease him up and send him to the paddock , ' ' he said .
bold ruler ' s owner , mrs . gladys mills phipps of the wheatley stable , was one of the most successful owners of thoroughbreds in the nation . her horses were trained by the great sunny jim fitzsimmons , who had conditioned the only sire - son triple crown winners , gallant fox and his son omaha , for the belair stud . mrs . phipps kept her stallions and broodmares at claiborne farm , which was owned and run by her close friend bull hancock . bold ruler was by * nasrullah , a european champion at two and a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic . his dam was miss disco , a stakes winning daughter of the leading broodmare sire in america , 1935 horse of the year discovery . in fact , the horse of the year in 1954 was native dancer , who was out of the discovery mare geisha .
once the penny dropped ruler of the world showed a good turn of foot to wear down manalapan in the three - year - old maiden and give aidan and joseph o’brien a double at the curragh .
unlike the bevy of blue - blooded gallopers entering australia’s stallion ranks this season , jungle ruler never won a group 1 race . in fact , he never won a black - type race full stop .
in the next of the classics it was a different story . at pimlico , bold ruler beat the kentucky derby winner and won the preakness stakes by two lengths . then came the belmont stakes , where gallant man avenged his own derby loss by winning in 2 : 26 3 / 5 . bold ruler ran a game third , and it was later discovered that the effort had strained his heart muscle .
federal hill gained the lead at the break , and held it until the top of the stretch , where iron leige took over . federal hill faded to fifth , passed by round table and bold ruler as gallant man moved past iron leige . then came the famous incident in which bill shoemaker misjudged the churchill downs finish line and began to rise in the stirrups . he realized his error instantly , but it was too late . he threw off gallant man ' s momentum just enough for iron leige to nose them out . bold ruler was fourth behind round table , the horse foaled only a half hour before him in the broodmare barn at claiborne .
while he may not have the glamorous cv some of his hunter valley counterparts boast , bruechert said that as a victorian stallion , jungle ruler’s vobis eligibility gave him an edge on his new south wales counterparts .
employed by the ruler of dubai ' s prestigious godolphin operation - - sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum - - trainer mahmood al zarooni has been summoned to attend a disciplinary hearing in central london on thursday .
there ' s excitement and nerves in the air . o ' brien , whose four derby winners include last year ' s hero ruler of the world , has indicated australia is the best he has trained .
the third traditional sport , horse racing , is in many ways the most exciting . young boys and girls race cross - country over various distances up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) , depending on the ages of their mares and geldings . …
when x - rays were taken , it was discovered that bold ruler had been running with a two and a half inch bone splinter lodged in his tendon , and had probably been in a great deal of pain for some time . he had also suffered arthritis , nerve problems , torn back muscles , and a heart problem during his career . when the bone splinter was detected , the game horse was sent back to his birthplace to begin his stud career .
bold ruler led the american general sire list eight times ( 1963 - 1969 and 1973 ) , more than any other stallion in the 20th century ; he also led the juvenile sire list a record six times .
. horse racing , both of chariots and of mounted riders , was a well - organized public entertainment in the roman empire . the history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established . presumably , organized racing began in such countries as
as you approach the stud from the small nearby town of fethard , the hedges begin to take on a more manicured look . the navy blue branding of the coolmore empire is everywhere - from the staff ' s jackets to the horse lorries and water buckets .
ruler of france showed no ills effects of his defeat at killarney yesterday when winning the the celtic steps the show at killarney racecourse rated race at killarney today , under an enterprising front - running ride from jockey leigh roche .
connor king continues to chip away through his claim and the former champion apprentice moved to within seven winners of that 95 winners mark when steering the paddy twomey trained ruler of france to win the leopardstown handicap at leopardstown today .
once upon a time there was a brave young prince named bold ruler , who became the greatest stallion of his time . he led the american sire lists for eight years in the 1960s and ’70s , and his sons and grandsons dominated until new fashion pushed them aside . with the rise of a . p . indy as a sire of sires , this male line has rebounded after four generations , but bold ruler survived in other important ways .
bold ruler pops up in other prominent spots , too . besides bold reasoning , boldnesian sired canadian leading sire bold ruckus , as well as the dams of smile and skywalker . raja baba got is it true , who sired
mrs . phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there . and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds , and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand , and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap , and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn ' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still . it was one of the most amazing sights i ' ve ever seen . it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot ! - you ' d have had to snatch him or he ' d throw you off your feet or step all over you . but not with her . for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt . he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines , ducked down his head and held out his chin , and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .
sundridge . he is a full brother to stakes winner nasco and the good steeplechaser independence . bold ruler ' s half sister foolish one ( by tom fool ) is the second dam of 1982 st . leger stakes ( eng -
bold ruler died of a tumor on june 12 , 1971 , after cancer treatments failed , and was buried near nasrullah and miss disco in the claiborne farm cemetery . his obituary began
the king is dead . . .
bold ruler is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world ( 2006 , the australian bloodhorse review ) , a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill , andrew reichard and byron rogers .
in which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management . the pari - mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator , a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools . it displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools . the customary pools are win , place , and show , and there are such specialty wagers as the
winning racehorses has always been best expressed as “breed the best to the best and hope for the best . ” the performance of a breeding horse’s progeny is the real test , but , for horses untried at stud , the qualifications are pedigree , racing ability , and physical conformation . what breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses . if , for example , one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed , interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring .
the same historical progression was followed for wagers , with the bets in early ( two - horse ) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses ( win , place , and show ) . from private bets , wagering was extended in the 19th century to
…against children , were replaced by horse races in which fleeter steeds were handicapped , a notion of equality that led eventually to age and weight classes ( though not to height classes ) in many modern sports . although the traditional sport of boxing flourished throughout the 18th century , it was not until 1743…
stallion groom robert broderick says :
galileo is a very quiet horse , he ' s very easy to handle . he ' s very professional in his job - that ' s what makes him so good in my eyes . he ' s just a gentleman to have anything to do with .
bold ruler was the sixth and last of jockey eddie arcaro ' s record six preakness stakes winners . the others were whirlaway ( 1941 ) , citation ( 1948 ) , hill prince ( 1950 ) , bold ( 1951 ) and nashua ( 1955 ) .
now , however , there are indications that bold ruler ' s successor as a sire may have arrived in the form of a great - grandson who brought a bid of only $ 17 , 000 when sold as a yearling in 1975 . outstanding racing career
it was a case of déjà vu as ruler of france repeated the front running tactics that carried him to a narrow success at killarney last week when again coming out on the right side of a short - head verdict in the featured urltoken handicap at ballinrobe .
owner : wheatley stable breeder : wheatley stable winnings : 33 starts : 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) . ( close )
during bold ruler ' s first two years of life , he developed a reputation for being accident prone , and bull hancock had such a hard time keeping him in good condition that he was kept in a back paddock so that farm visitors wouldn ' t see him . as a yearling , bold ruler came close to losing his tongue in a barn accident , and as a result , he always had a sensitive mouth . not long after that , he just missed breaking a leg in a tangle with a water trough .
he was built similarly to his sire , being a big , leggy horse , standing 16 . 1 hands with a great shoulder , powerful hindquarter , and a distinctive long , sloping hip going down to a straight hind leg . this conformation still appears in the gene pool , especially through the seattle slew line .
a champion horse can earn millions in prize money . but that ' s nothing compared with what it can make at stud . as sea the stars - one of the greatest thoroughbreds of all time - retires at the peak of his career to an irish stud farm , what does the future hold for him ?
jack kennedy had some formidable forces in the saddle in conor hoban and sean corby chasing him down , but the kerry teenager again displayed his strength and skill to get ruler of france home by a head and a neck in the urltoken kateappleby apprentice handicap at ballinrobe .
a . p . indy was a suitable scion to bold ruler , being inbred 4x3 to him through boldnesian and secretariat . secretariat wasn’t such a genetic dud after all , becoming a vastly influential broodmare sire through a . p . indy , storm cat , gone west ,
so while a . p . indy brings this male line back to prominence , it doesn’t mean that bold ruler’s influence was nearly extinct . his great genes were weaving their way down through the generations , passing on the brilliant speed and gameness that make a true thoroughbred .
notable are the horse - racing venues at laurel , bowie , and pimlico , the latter the home of the annual preakness stakes ( may ) . baltimore has a professional baseball team , the orioles , and gridiron football team , the ravens . restaurants present a plethora of cuisines , but the traditional gastronomy of maryland tends to…
color : br ( usa ) breeder / owner : wheatley stable 33 - 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 . won : futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) , u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) , u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) , leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) ( close )
bold ruler made his first season in 1959 at claiborne alongside nasrullah , who died that may . he was an immediate success , topping the leading sire list first in 1963 , through 1969 , and picking it up again in 1973 when his son secretariat won the triple crown .
after a brief fertility scare , secretariat produced a first crop of 28 foals . he got off to a good start when his first crop included the g1 winner dactylographer ( william hill futurity ) . secretariat’s 16 crops included 22 graded winners , including champions risen star ( belmont stakes ) and lady’s secret ( horse of the year ) .
the group of three year olds that were aimed at the kentucky derby in 1957 are considered to be one of the most talented group of colts in modern history . they included gallant man , gen . duke , bold ruler , round table , clem , barbizon , and federal hill .
named foals . he was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that did not train on or stay despite siring bold bidder , gamely , lamb chop , secretariat and wajima , all champions at 3 or older and all winners of major races at 1¼ miles or more . bold ruler is a
fusaichi ruler ( usa ) gr / r . c , 2003 { 4 - r } dp = 13 - 4 - 17 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced
some of bold ruler ' s other sons , notably bold bidder , raja baba and what a pleasure , have been outstanding sires , but have fallen short of capturing all the brilliance and dominating influence of their father , whose offspring made him the leading sire in the country eight times between 1963 and 1973 .
you can pick the bold rulers out on their conformation . i see the same musculature as nasrullah . they all had an extra layer of muscle beside their tail running down to their hocks . it is a good sign when you see it in a bold ruler . it means strength and speed .
road ruler ( usa ) gr . h , 2002 { 1 - x } dp = 5 - 8 - 6 - 3 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 2 . 00 cd = 0 . 46 - 15 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 81 , 596
legondary ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . m , 1998 { 11 } dp = 10 - 5 - 15 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 83 - 9 starts , 1 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 050
universal ruler ( aus ) b . h , 2004 { 3 - i } dp = 6 - 0 - 7 - 5 - 0 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 12 cd = 0 . 39 - 12 starts , 6 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : a $ 306 , 950
bold ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1954 { 8 - d } dp = 26 - 8 - 8 - 11 - 1 ( 54 ) di = 2 . 38 cd = 0 . 87 - 33 starts , 23 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 764 , 204
unfortunately , none of these grandsons made a strong mark at stud , and their role was taken over by raise a native’s sons mr . prospector and exclusive native , and others . nothing did more to push bold ruler’s male line out of favor than the stud career of secretariat , which was below his lofty expectations .
alomas ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1979 { 9 - h } dp = 13 - 10 - 6 - 1 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 6 . 50 cd = 1 . 17 - 13 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 498 , 883
it is a depressing town in many ways , where stable staff on the minimum wage service horses worth hundreds of thousands for men ( and i suppose a few women ) worth millions , or billions in the case of sheikh mohammed , ruler of dubai . in one sense , he is ruler of newmarket , too , with his vast darley stud farm and clutch of subsidiary studs , stretching across 2 , 000 - plus acres . he has just spent £600 , 000 on a new cricket pavilion close to the gallops , and his subjects are grateful . without sheikh mo ' s millions , newmarket would be far more bedraggled than it is .
in 2007 and 2008 , suspensory ligament problems thwarted the stayer from winning the cox plate . pompeii ruler ran third to fields of omagh in the 2006 cox plate and went on to win twice at group 1 level , in the 2007 australian cup , run that year at caulfield , and the 2009 queen elizabeth stakes at randwick .
roman ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 2002 { 8 - h } dp = 12 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 4 . 45 cd = 1 . 03 - 10 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 220 , 800
classic sire roman ruler died in argentina on monday , reports urltoken . the 15 - year - old from the first crop of fusaichi pegasus developed laminitis after severe colic , and was unable to be saved . the grade 1 haskell winner had stood at haras vacacion in buenos aires since 2015 , resultant of his success as a shuttle stallion in that country .
the winner with a dramatic finish was ruler of the world , a half - brother to the international racing star duke of marmalade ( by danehill ) , who won g1 races in england , france , and ireland . he comes from a top - class family made famous at lane ' s end by leading sires a . p . indy and summer squall .
the line faded with one major exception . in 1977 boldnesian’s grandson seattle slew , by bold reasoning , won the triple crown and went on to sire greatness . he led the sire list in 1984 , when his son swale won the derby and belmont . in 1992 his son a . p . indy was horse of the year and reigned as leading sire in 2003 and ’06 . a . p . indy’s top sons and grandsons include
hat an odd town newmarket is . a town that runs on expensive horseflesh and cheap alcohol . a town of nightclubs and early - morning gallops , with the same very thin men sometimes managing to attend both .
a one - horse town with 3 , 000 horses ,
as residents like to say . and certainly the only place where i have ever seen , in a bookshop in the high street , a calendar devoted to ferrets .
as racing became big business , governments entered wagering with offtrack betting , which was very beneficial to racing in australia , new zealand , and france and less so in england and new york city . in the united states , illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime . legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing’s popularity .
his first crop of offspring are 2 - year - olds this year . only eight of them have raced , but they have earned more than $ 650 , 000 , getting seattle slew off to the richest start of any first - crop sire in thoroughbed history . three of them - landaluce , slewpy and slew o ' gold - have prompted these early comparisons to bold ruler .
bold ruler stands at the head of one of two three - generation chains of preakness stakes winners in american racing history . after winning the preakness in 1957 , he sired 1973 winner secretariat , who in turn sired 1988 winner risen star . the other such chain begins with 1945 preakness winner polynesian , who sired 1953 winner native dancer , in turn the sire of 1966 winner kauai king .
7 . contrary to popular myth , catherine died a fairly mundane , uneventful death . given the empress’ shocking reputation , it’s perhaps not surprising that gossip followed her wherever she went , even to the grave . after her death on november 17 , 1796 , her enemies at court began spreading various rumors about catherine’s final days . some claimed that the all - powerful ruler had died while on the toilet . others took their lurid storytelling even further , perpetuating a myth that has endured for centuries : that catherine , whose lustful life was an open secret , had died while engaging in a sex act with an animal , usually believed to be a horse . of course , there is no truth to this rumor . though her enemies would have hoped for a scandalous end , the simple truth is that catherine suffered a stroke and died quietly in her bed the following day .


the lipstick darter ( etheostoma chuckwachatte ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states , where it occurs in the tallapoosa river drainage above the fall line in alabama and georgia .

it inhabits rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers .

lipstick darter

this darter occurs throughout the tallapoosa river system above the fall line in alabama and georgia ( wood and mayden 1993 , storey et al . 2003 , boschung and mayden 2004 , page and burr 2011 ) .
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justification : extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 sq km , but listed as least concern because the species occurs in more than 10 locations , does not have a severely fragmented distribution , and appears to have a relatively stable trend .
habitat includes rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) . adults typically occur in riffles and shallow runs of medium - sized to large streams with moderate to strong current and substrates of sand , gravel , cobble , and boulders , often where river - weed and water - willow are present ( wood and mayden 1993 , boschung and mayden 2004 ) . in georgia , storey et al . ( 2003 ) found this species in third to fifth order streams .
this species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on trend .
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the scaly-sided merganser or chinese merganser ( mergus squamatus ) is an endangered typical merganser ( genus mergus ) .

it lives in temperate east asia , breeding in the north and wintering in the south .

scaly - sided merganser

scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) or chinese merganser bird flapping its wings .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) yet .
s1 dataset . historical occurrence dataset for wintering scaly - sided merganser in china .
summary of selected candidate predictor variables and their relevance to scaly - sided merganser .
zhengjie z , zhengjie p . the foraging behaviour of the scaly - sided merganser
response curves of environmental variables with highest contribution to occurrence of scaly - sided merganser .
birdskorea ( 2013 ) scaly - sided merganser in the republic of korea . available :
scaly - sided merganser , daily travel distance , mergus squamatus , daily home range , group characteristics .
east asian - australasian flyway partnership . 2016 . scaly - sided merganser task force . available at : urltoken
distribution of scaly - sided merganser flocks and gravel bar patches in the 36 km river section of the lower yuanjiang river .
genetic diversity of the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in the wintering habitat of central - southern china .
surveys in main rivers in distribution areas and population density of scaly - sided mergansers .
> 0 . 05 ) of scaly - sided merganser among forenoon , noon and afternoon during overall wintering period . in addition , no significant differences were found in the travel distance and home range of scaly - sided merganser among forenoon ( f = 2 . 489 ,
since 2000 , wildlife biologists from russia and china have been studying the globally endangered scaly - sided merganser . this species has limited distribution and is found exclusively in isolated areas of russia , china , and korea . the decline of the worldwide population of the scaly - sided merganser and concern for its survival led to the formation of the scaly - sided merganser task force , dedicated to the conservation of the species .
shokhrin v , solovyeva d ( 2003 ) scaly - sided merganser breeding population increase in far east russia . twsg news 14 : 43–51 .
fenqi h , jiansheng l , bin y , hangdong j , haohui z . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser
cranswick , p . 2010 . conservation of the scaly - sided merganser in far east russia . wwt conservation report 2008 - 2009 : 33 .
solovyera , d . 2013 . real stories of poaching of the scaly - sided merganser . twsg news 16 , december : 38 - 39 .
genetic diversity of the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in the wintering habitat of central - southern china . - pubmed - ncbi
scaly - sided merganser is an endangered species and existing populations contain few individuals . therefore , using launchers to measure the home range of this species involves a high risk to these populations . scaly - sided merganser has a relatively small home range during the entire wintering period , so this provides an opportunity to monitor the travel distance and home range of these birds without using launchers . the overall home range of scaly - sided merganser was about 0 . 2 km
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )
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arkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )
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arkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )
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arkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development
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arkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development
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arkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development
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time budgets provide important information for the study of animal behavior . the present study analyzed the daily travel distance , home range and group characteristics of scaly - sided merganser
shao m , zeng b , tim h , chen l , you c , et al . ( 2012 ) winter ecology and conservation threats of scaly - sided merganser
zhiru w , jihong s , yankuo l , xiaobin t , daojiang j , et al . ( 2010 ) wintering distribution and population size of scaly - sided merganser
shao m , zeng b , tim h , chen l , you c , wang h , et al . winter ecology and conservation threats of scaly - sided merganser
solovyeva d . foraging behaviour and daily time budget of scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus breeding on iman river , russia . wildfowl . 2002 ; 53 : 205–14 .
the globally - threatened scaly - sided merganser is one of the rarest seaducks in the old world , found in remote parts of far - east russia and china .
solovyeva dv , liu p , antonov ai , averin aa , pronkevich vv , et al . ( 2014 ) the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser
solovyeva dv , liu p , antonov ai , averin aa , pronkevich vv , shokhrin vp , et al . the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser
the average daily travel distance of scaly - sided merganser was 3100 ± 1313 m with no significant difference in the daily travel distance between different months ( f = 0 . 658 ,
solovieva d , shokhrin v , vartanyan s , dondua a , vartanyan n ( 2006 ) scaly - sided merganser surveys in primorye , russia , 2003–05 . twsg news 15 : 60–69 .
. the sex ratio of scaly - sided merganser was also different in different months . the sex ratio we observed in february was similar to the results reported as 1 : 0 . 61 by
the map of potential habitat shows that highly suitable habitats for scaly - side merganser are located in the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river ( fig . 2 ) , especially in jiangxi , hunan and hubei provinces . sichuan , chongqing , and henan province also have areas of high importance for scaly - sided merganser .
liu , y . , yang , z . j . , zuo , b . and yi , g . d . , 2008 . wintering distribution and population size of scaly - sided merganser (
he fq , melville d , gui xj , hong yh , liu zy ( 2002 ) status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds 25 : 462–464 .
large flocks of scaly - sided merganser were less frequently observed than small flocks . being in small flocks may reduce competition among individuals and ensure that every individual acquires the largest possible benefit from flocking behavior (
shao , m . q . , shi , w . j . , zeng , b . b . and jiang , j . h . , 2014 . diving behavior of scaly - sided merganser ,
the scaly - sided merganser usually forages in small groups of up to three birds and feeds on small fish as well as insect larvae , shrimps , crayfish and beetles , taken from the river ( 5 ) .
solovyeva dv , afanasiev v , fox jw , shokhrin v , fox ad ( 2012 ) use of geolocators reveals previously unknown chinese and korean scaly - sided merganser wintering sites . endangered species research 17 : 217–225 .
solovyeva , d . , vartanyan , s . , & vartanyan , n . 2013 . artificial nest sites for scaly - sided merganser – a way to breeding habitat restoration . amurian zoological journal 5 : 201–207 .
) . in recent years , the population of scaly - sided merganser has shown obvious declines caused by very high levels of habitat loss . currently , the breeding population in china is estimated to be only 200–250 pairs (
fenqi h , jiansheng l , bin y , hangdong j , haohui z ( 2006 ) current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus in china . chinese journal of zoology 41 : 52–56 .
he f , melville d , gui x , hong y , liu z . status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds . 2002 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 462–64 .
we observed the endangered duck persistently preferred some river sections over others within the same river reach in its known wintering distribution [ 14 ] . the study is therefore designed to investigate why scaly - sided mergansers choose particular habitats , and aims to test the hypotheses that more gravel bars support high occurrence probability of scaly - sided merganser , and that occurrence probability is also influenced by human disturbance .
barter m , zhuang x , wang x , cao l , lei j , et al . ( 2014 ) abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers
barter m , zhuang x , wang x , cao l , lei j , solovyeva d , et al . abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers
) , which could markedly reduce foraging time . to meet daily energy requirements , scaly - sided merganser has to fly to areas where there is less human activity , which unavoidably leads to longer flushing distances , daily travel distances and home ranges (
the red dots indicate 127 scaly - sided merganser flocks recorded over three winters . green points represent houses along the river within a 50 m buffer zone . areas in dark grey are gravel bars in river and area in light grey are islands .
he , f . q . , li , j . s . , yang , b . , jiang , h . d . and zhang , h . h . , 2006 . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser (
solovyeva , d . v . and pearce , j . m . 2011 . comparative mitochondrial genetics of north american and eurasian mergansers with an emphasis on the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . conservation genetics 12 : 839 - 844 .
solovyeva , d . ; shokhrin , v . ; vartanyan , s . ; dondua , a . ; vartanyan , n . 2006 . scaly - sided merganser surveys in primorye , russia , 2003 - 05 . twsg news : 60 - 69 .
solovyeva , d . v . , afanasiev , v . , fox , j . w . , shokhrin , v . and fox , a . d . in press . previously unknown chinese and korean scaly - sided merganser wintering sites revealed by geolocators .
partnership for the east asian - australasian flyway . 2008 . scaly - sided merganser . available at : file : / / / w : / 3 % 20species % 20new % 20info / mergus % 20squamatus / mergus % 20squamatus % 20eaafp % 20mar13 . htm .
duckworth , j . & kim c . scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus on the lower chongchon river , central korea . wildfowl ( 2005 ) 55 : 135 - 144 .
duckworth , j . w . ; kim chol . 2005 . scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus on the lower chongchon river , central korea . wildfowl 55 : 133 - 141 .
citation : zeng q , zhang y , sun g , duo h , wen l , lei g ( 2015 ) using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117307 . urltoken
] , length was considered to the most suitable to calculate population density for rivers . we estimated the potential scaly - sided merganser population by projecting these observed population densities in the main known habitat , the middle reaches of yangtze river with reference to the entire modelled distribution area [
zeng q , zhang y , sun g , duo h , wen l , lei g . using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 2015 ; 10 ( 2 ) : e0117307 . pmid : 25646969
) . throughout the day , the group size of scaly - sided merganser showed extremely significant differences , which were inseparable from its ecological habits , such as dispersed foraging , collective maintenance and rest . scaly - sided merganser was found foraging in small dispersed flocks at 7 : 00–9 : 00 . large flocks were recorded while resting and loafing at 12 : 00–13 : 00 and 16 : 00–17 : 00 . foraging in small flocks can reduce the competition among different individuals . and rest in large flocks can reduce the alert time and the probability to be predated (
citation : zeng q , shi l , wen l , chen j , duo h , lei g ( 2015 ) gravel bars can be critical for biodiversity conservation : a case study on scaly - sided merganser in south china . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0127387 . urltoken
he fen - qi . ; melville , d . ; gui xau - jie . ; hong yuan - hua . ; liu , zhi - yong . 2002 . status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds 25 : 462 - 464 .
zeng , q . , zhang , j . , li , h . , lu , k . , and lei , g . 2013 . the first record of a ringed scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus at a wintering site in southern china . birdingasia 19 : 57 - 58 .
: scaly - sided merganser , scimitar babblers , short - tailed parrotbill , dusky fulvetta , chinese bamboo partridge , and other forest birds including pied falconet , red - billed leiothrix , red - billed starling , red - billed blue magpie , chestnut bulbul , grey - headed parrotbill etc .
recent phylogenetic study found this species to be basal to m . merganser # r . monotypic .
. 2015 ) . the scaly - sided merganser project has been running in primorye since 2000 and has collated information on the threats facing the species ( solovyera 2013 ) . in 2010 a task force was formed to develop a species action plan ( east asian - australasian flyway partnership 2016 ) .
in yihuang and wuyuan counties , jiangxi province , china , from december 2012 to march 2013 and december 2015 to march 2016 . results showed that the daily travel distance of scaly - sided merganser was 3100 ± 1313 m ; the daily home range was 122 , 460 ± 42 , 019 m
zeng , q . , zhang , y . , sun , g . , duo , h . , wen , l . and lei , g . 2015 . using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 10 : e0117307 .
a total of 456 flocks of scaly - sided merganser were recorded between december 2012 and march 2013 . the average group size was 3 . 91 ± 2 . 94 individuals and highly significant differences were found in group size between different times of day ( kruskal - wallis h : f = 25 . 540 ,
peiqi liu ; feng li ; huidong song ; qiang wang ; yuwen song ; yusen liu ; zhengji piao . 2010 . a survey to the distribution of the scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in changbai mountain range ( china side ) . chinese birds 1 ( 2 ) : 148 - 155 .
cao , l . and barter , m . 2008 . non - breeding season survey for scaly - sided mergansers in fujian , guangdong and jiangxi provinces . university of science and technology of china , hefei .
classed as endangered on the iucn red list owing to its small and declining population , the scaly - sided merganser breeds in a restricted area in southeast russia and northeast china , primarily in the primorye region of far - east russia . it winters in china and north korea , although its distribution is poorly known .
solovyeva , d . , newton , j . , hobson , k . , fox , j . w . , afanasyev , v . and fox , a . d . 2014b . marine moult migration of the freshwater scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus revealed by stable isotopes and geolocators . ibis 156 : 466–471 .
fen - qi , h . , jian - sheng , l . , bin , y . , hang - dong , j . and ho - fai , c . 2006 . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus in china . chinese journal of zoology 41 : 52 - 56 .
) . however , we did not find any data on daily travel distance and home range for this endangered species . thus , the objective of this study was to analyze the daily travel distance , home range and grouping characteristics of scaly - sided merganser in yihuang and wuyuan counties , jiangxi , china for future conservation efforts .
during the whole 24 surveys ( 2011–2013 ) , we counted 514 scaly - sided mergansers , belonging to 127 flocks in total ( fig 2 ) . the number of individual in a flock varied from 1 to 20 .
when the group was encountered we also record their sex composition . before sexual maturity a male scaly - sided merganser cannot be differentiated from a mature female in the field . therefore , birds recorded as “female” in this paper actually include females and juveniles and the sex ratio was the ratio of ( females + juveniles ) to males (
cao , l . & barter , m . 2013 . non - breeding season surveys for scaly - sided mergansers in anhui , fujian , guangdong and jiangxi provinces , china . twsg news 16 december : 35 - 37 .
chinese merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . it lives in east asia , status - this species is considered endangered .
the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser had significantly positive relationship with contig _ am . the significantly positive relationship was consistence across all the plausible glms although their estimation varied ( i . e . the coefficients are 1 . 09 , 4 . 11 , 3 . 55 , and 3 . 26 for models 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 respectively , table 3 ) . the significant level of positive relationship between scaly - sided merganser presence and contig _ am was verified by bayesian inference ( i . e . the 95 % intervals were all positive and 0 was not included , table 3 and fig 4 ) . the mcmc estimates were consistently higher across the models ( table 3 ) .
shao , m . q . , zhang , r . , dai , n . h . , guo , y . r . , gan , w . l . , tong , l . f . , jian , m . f . and tu , y . l . , 2010 . preliminary study on behaviors of wintering scaly - sided merganser .
> 0 . 05 ) . the significant correlation between daily home range and daily minimum temperature may be related to energy requirements or prey activities . the average group size of the scaly - sided merganser was 3 . 91 ± 2 . 94 individuals , and extremely significant differences existed at different time of day ( f = 25 . 540 , df = 11 ,
studies suggested that 500 individuals were required to maintain the evolutionary potential of the species [ 4 , 63 ] and an overall population of 5 , 000 individuals would be required to prevent the loss of quantitative genetic variation in a species [ 64 ] . thus , our findings indicated that the scaly - sided merganser was still endangered and the survival of the species requires conservation efforts on an international scale .
the scaly - sided merganser breeds in south - east russia , north korea and north - east china . some birds spend the winter in south - east russia , but most are thought to winter in central and southern china . small numbers winter in japan , north korea , south korea and taiwan ( china ) , and a handful of records exist from myanmar , thailand and northern vietnam ( 5 ) .
the partial response curves of the four highly influential variables were presented in fig . 4 . the strong non - linear relationships between the probability of scaly - side merganser occurrence and predictor variables are evident . the most suitable habitat for scaly - side mergansers are areas with annual mean temperature around 17°c , mean temperature in winter around 6°c minimum temperature in coldest month around 2°c , and winter precipitation around 170 mm .
wang , z . r . , shan , j . h . , li , y . k . , tu , x . b . , jia , d . j . , hao , y . , song , y . z . , ying , q . , sun , z . y . and zhao , j . , 2010 . winter population status and endangered factors of scaly - sided merganser (
solovyeva , d . v . , liu , p . , antonov , a . i . , averin , a . a . , pronkevich , v . v . , shokhrin , v . p . , vartanyan , s . l . and cranswick , p . a . 2014 . the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus . bird conserv . int . 24 : 393 - 405 .
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
annual mean temperature , mean temperature of coldest quarter , minimum temperature of coldest month and precipitation of driest quarter are the most important variables in the scaly - sided mergansers occurrence ( fig . 3 ) . stream density , human influence and land cover are factors of lesser importance ( fig . 3 ) .
the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser was significantly negatively affected by bld , and this was consistent for both the glm estimates ( table 3 ) and the bayesian inferred posterior density distribution ( table 3 and fig 4b ) . in addition , the glm estimation of - 2 . 02 was close the medium of - 2 . 88 from mcmc posterior sampling for the model which included bld as main factor only ( i . e . model 2 ) .
titman , r . d . ( 1999 ) red - breasted merganser ( mergus serrator ) . cornell lab of ornithology . birds of north america online .
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based on the fitted glms , para _ am negatively affects the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser although the coefficient in model 2 and model 4 was considerably higher than in model 3 . furthermore , the bayesian estimates were higher for models 2 and 4 , but lower for model 3 . in addition , the 95 % intervals included 0 for model 3 and 4 ( table 3 ) although the distribution density was heavily skewed to the left ( negative ) ( fig 4 ) .
food selection , food - seeking patterns and hunting success of captive goosanders mergus merganser and red - breasted mergansers m . serrator in relation to the behaviour of their prey
larger gravel bars could improve the function of river section as possible roosting sites . the incessant , strongly turbulent flow requires strong rooting to resist , or significant expenditure of energy to withstand [ 32 ] . scaly - sided merganser uses gravel bars to roost and preen , which could minimize the necessary expenditure of energy to maintain position for other activities such as feeding and social interaction . these resting and maintenance behaviors could account for 39 % and 24 % of time budget in male and female during days [ 13 ] .
the posterior mcmc showed a strong positive relationship between np and the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser ( fig 4d and table 3 ) . the coefficient was 1 . 85 and 4 . 83 based on glm and bayesian estimation , respectively . for nlsi , although the glm indicated a significantly positive effect , the bayesian posterior inference was not conclusive ( table 3 ) : the 95 % internals were - 0 . 94 and 1 . 72 , and the distribution density was slightly skewed to the positive range ( fig 4c ) .
barter , m . , zhuang , x . , wang , x . , cao , l . , lei , j . , solovyeva , d . , and fox , a . d . abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus in china : where are the missing birds ? bird conserv . int . 24 : 406 - 415 .
a specific threshold is needed to transform the model results of logistic occurrence probabilities or suitability index to presences / absences [ 35 ] . however , the fixed threshold approach ( e . g . 0 . 5 [ 36 ] , 0 . 3 [ 37 ] , 0 . 05 [ 38 ] ) is arbitrary and lacks ecological basis [ 39 ] . average predicted probability was used as it is considered a more robust approach [ 40 ] . areas with an occurrence probability above the threshold are regarded as modelled distribution areas for scaly - sided merganser .
yu chang - hao ; sun zhi - yong ; wang zhi - ru . 2008 . winter distribution of chinese merganser in jiangxi . china crane news 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 .
field data were collected in three winters ( 2010 / 2011 , 2011 / 2012 , 2012 / 2013 ) when scaly - sided mergansers arrived for wintering . winter is the low water season , and the river is very stable in terms of water level fluctuation . field survey were conducted every second week from november to february ( when the bird population was relatively stable ) , resulting in a total of 24 surveys .
. 2007 , 2008 ) . logging of river sources and adjacent slopes has led to reduced spring water levels and changes in fish abundance ; since logging began on the avvakumovka river in 2004 , spring water levels and merganser populations have undergone continuous declines ( d . solovieva
shao , m . q . , zeng , b . b . , shang , x . l . , chen , l . x . , you , c . y . and dai , n . h . , 2012 . group characteristics of chinese merganser (
striking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts . male red - breasted merganser m . serrator has white collar and rufous breast and lacks heavy scaling on flanks . female also lacks scaling .
52 - 58 cm . striking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts . < similar species > male red - breasted merganser m . serrator has white collar and rufous breast and lacks heavy scaling on flanks . female also lacks scaling .
the red - breasted merganser breeds along the wooded shorelines of deep lakes , rivers and streams , as well as shallow bays and estuaries with a sandy bottom , preferring narrow channels with small rocky islands and grassy banks rather than large , open expanses of water . at other times of the year , it is largely found at sea , inhabiting deeper offshore waters as well as inshore areas ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
52 - 58 cm . striking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
barter , m . , cao , l . , he , f . , hughes , b . , peiqi , l . , solovyeva , d . & fen - qi , h .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , chan , s . , crosby , m . , peet , n . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , allinson , t , north , a . , martin , r
justification : this species has a very small population which is suspected to be undergoing a continuing and rapid decline as a result of habitat loss , illegal hunting and disturbance . it is therefore listed as endangered . this species may warrant a downlisting in the future but this will depend on a robust understanding of the threats on the status of the breeding population .
. it had been suggested that there could be around 10 , 000 mature individuals or more globally ( d . solovyeva
most breed in russia where , in the early 1980s , there were c . 1 , 000 pairs in primorye and c . 100 pairs in khabarovsk but , by 2012 , the total number in these areas was estimated at c . 448 pairs ( solovyeva
the breeding population in china was estimated at 150 - 200 pairs from 2008 and 2009 surveys ( peiqi liu et al . 2010 ) and 166 pairs in 2012 ( the majority of which are found in the chingbai mountains [ 155 pairs ] , with a small number of breeding pairs in the lesser xingan mountains [ 11 pairs ] ) ( solovyeva
in 2003 , a population of c . 40 individuals was found on the lower chongchon river in central korea ( duckworth and chol 2005 ) . a total of 300 individuals ( including one flock of 80 birds ) were recorded on a stretch of river not more than 3 km long , at song jiang he in jilin province , china , representing a post - breeding congregation prior to migration ( peiqi liu
. 2007 , 2008 ) . surveys of c . 1 , 000 km of rivers and 11 reservoirs in south - east china in the winters of 2006 and 2008 found a total of 71 individuals ( 31 and 40 respectively ) ( cao and barter 2008 ) , and wintering birds at four sites in northern jiangxi during 2002 - 2007 included a peak of 88 on a 22 - km stretch of xinjiang river ( yu chang - hao
in russia , c . 1 , 643 pairs nest in sikhote - alin ( solovyeva
2014 ) , with just 11 pairs estimated to nest north of the amur river . in china , 155 pairs breed in the changbai mountains and 11 pairs in lesser xingan ( solovyeva
2014 ) . pair densities were found to be highest on the fuerhe river in the chinese changbai mountains ( 0 . 918 pairs / km ) and on the pavlovka river in sikhote - alin ( 0 . 63 pairs / km ) ( solovyeva
2014 ) . there are , however , other estimates of perhaps several thousand pairs ( b . hughes
( 2010 ) . this is roughly equivalent to 3 , 600 - 6 , 800 individuals in total . further research is required in order to verify this .
a rapid and on - going population decline is suspected ( see birdlife international 2001 ) . the density of breeding pairs more than doubled since the 1960s / 1970s in the species ' s stronghold in russia , but has since stabilised ( solovieva
. 2006 ) . the changbai ( china ) breeding population may be increasing , but the western population ( found in xingan , china and zeya - bureya , russia ) has declined rapidly .
2015 ) . flocks of up to 20 individuals have been noted on passage or in winter ( duckworth and chol 2005 ) . in russia , they moult on a range of water bodies within the breeding range and north and east of breeding range , including rivers , estuaries and the sea but the stable isotope analysis confirmed that the species is predominately confined to freshwater habitat ( solovyeva
. 2014b ) . a satellite tracking study of individuals breeding in the lesser xingan mountains found migration to last on average 42 days , stopping at several sites on route . this study was however based on a very small sample size and so may not necessarily be representative of the population as a whole ( dong - ping
. 2007 , 2008 ) . other major threats within the breeding range include illegal hunting ( solovyera 2013 ) , drowning in fishing nets ( a major cause of mortality at russian breeding sites in 2003 - 2007 [ d . solovieva
. 2007 , 2008 ] ) , disturbance from motor boats during the breeding season , river pollution and natural predators . increased hunting of waterfowl for sport together with poor regulation of the spring hunting season ( which is intended to coincide with passage migration and avoid targeting locally breeding birds ) is a significant and increasing threat ; large numbers were reportedly shot in the kievka river basin , southern primorye , in spring 2008 ( d . solovieva
. 2010 ) , despite environmental arguments against the project . in south korea , the species is impacted by increased river turbidity due to construction and dredging , bridge - building activities , river - bank strengthening and road - widening schemes ( moores
. other significant aspects of habitat modification will include the deepening of rivers and the removal of boulders and islands , which are used for roosting . many stretches of river are expected to be rendered unusable for the species owing to habitat degradation and disturbance ( moores
. 2010 ) . the species has low genetic diversity ( solovyeva and pearce 2011 ) . high levels of heavy metals , especially as and hg , were reported in females and their eggs after wintering in the yangtze catchment ( solovyeva
2012 ) . poor egg hatchability recorded within sikhote - alin population could be a result of pollution on the wintering grounds .
cms appendix ii . primary forest is protected at some breeding localities in china and at the most important breeding site in north korea . small proportions of its breeding and non - breeding populations occur inside protected areas , notably sikhote - alin ' state biosphere reserve , lazovskiy state reserve and botchinskiy state reserve ( russia ) ( d . solovyeva
. 2007 , 2008 ) , and changbai shan nature reserve ( china ) . an artificial nest programme in russia , involving the provision of over 200 nest boxes ( partnership for the east asian - australasian flyway 2008 ) , has shown positive results , increasing habitat capacity along rivers with logged flood - plains ( d . solovieva
. the programme involves the continued maintenance of artificial nests , liaison with hunters and fishers and collaboration with local communities , including information and education activities and the construction of a research and visitor centre ( d . solovyeva
. 2007 , 2008 ; anon . 2009 ) . this has already resulted in a change in fishing practices by local people . it has also facilitated the capture of females for tagging with geolocators , allowing the identification of staging and wintering sites ( cranswick 2010 , solovyeva
. collaboration with general motors has resulted in the re - use of chevrolet volt battery covers as successful nesting boxes in the changbai mountain national nature reserve in china ( general motors green 2015 ) . in 2015 , 11 ducklings hatched from the chinese nest box programme ( cranswick
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680488a118860238 .
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this species has a very small population which is suspected to be undergoing a continuing and rapid decline as a result of habitat loss , illegal hunting and disturbance . it is therefore listed as endangered . this species may warrant a downlisting in the future but this will depend on a robust understanding of the threats on the status of the breeding population .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mergus squamatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
breeding occurs along the middle reaches of well - forested , fast - flowing mountain rivers and rapid streams , below around 900 metres above sea level , where the bird is largely confined to primary forests with an abundance of potential nest holes ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the non - breeding season is spent on larger lakes and more sluggish rivers and lagoons ( 6 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 3 ) .
birdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
information authenticated ( 02 / 05 / 07 ) by dr baz hughes , head of species conservation , wildfowl and wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk . urltoken
phillips , j . c . ( 1986 ) a natural history of the ducks . vols 3 & 4 . courier dover publications , uk .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world – ostrich to ducks . vol . 1 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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breeds in extreme se siberia , ne china and n korea . winters mainly in c & s china ( especially in r yangtze catchment ) ; also in se russia , korea , japan , occasionally taiwan , myanmar and thailand .
52–62 cm ; male 1125–1400 g , female 870–1100 g ; wingspan 70–86 cm . structurally intermediate between
during breeding season , inhabits well - forested , clear , fast - flowing mountain rivers and rapid . . .
until recently few data available , but several studies have now elucidated the species’ diet and foraging behaviour . diurnal feeder , . . .
little known until recently . during local spring : arrives on breeding grounds late mar / early apr , initially frequents lakes and larger . . .
migratory ( though true extent still not entirely known ) , mainly present on breeding grounds between . . .
endangered . fully protected in all range states . poorly known , population probably quite small , but has been suggested that perhaps as many as 10 , 000 individuals survive , . . .
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a male performing alarm movements rising the beak close to its mate and finally both taking off .
a fermale having a bath and joining a male on a river , then both preening on the water .
a pair on a river , preening and showing well the fine black scales at the flanks and the long drooping crest , characteristic of this species .
josep del hoyo , tomasz doroń , markmaddock , jonathan , pthompson234 , john breugelmans .
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the nest boxes have also enabled us to fit data loggers to individual birds , giving us valuable insights into their movements during migration and in winter .
in 2010 , wwt organised a workshop in vladivostok , bringing together experts from russia , china , north and south korea , australia and the uk to develop an international conservation action plan . new relationships were forged and plans for collaborative surveys developed . the action plan is the first to be developed under the east asian - australian flyway partnership .
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birds korea would like to thank participating surveyors and ed keeble for financial support of the february 2012 survey .
austin , o . l . , jr 1948 . the birds of korea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university 101 : 1 - 301 .
ministry of environment . 2000 - 2012 . annual reports of the winter bird census ( in korean ) .
moores , n . 2002 . wetlands : korea’s most threatened habitat . oriental bird club bulletin 36 : 54 - 60 .
moores , n . , kim , a . , park m - n . , & kim s - n . 2010 . the anticipated impacts of the four rivers project ( republic of korea ) on waterbirds . birds korea preliminary report , published by birds korea . march 2010 .
park , j - y . 2002 . current status and distribution of birds in korea . department of biology , kyung hee university , seoul ( unpublished thesis , in korean ) .
copyright 2002 - present urltoken all rights reserved birds korea 1108 ho , 3 dong , samick tower apt . , 148 - 22 , namcheon - dong , su - young - gu busan , 618 - 762 republic of korea
the representative cheek teeth of the siwalik cervids from the middle siwaliks of pakistan .
during the wintering period . no significant difference was detected in the daily travel distance between different months ( f = 0 . 658 ,
> 0 . 05 ) . significant differences were detected in the daily home rang between january and february , and between february and march . no significant correlation was observed between daily travel distance and home range ( r = 0 . 256 , n = 12 ,
< 0 . 01 ) . the largest group size ( 5 . 22 ± 5 individuals ) appeared at 16 : 00–17 : 00 , and the smallest at 08 : 00–09 : 00 ( 2 . 6 ± 1 . 12 individuals ) , similar results obtained between december 2015 and march 2016 , which was related to the daily habits of this species , such as dispersed foraging , collective maintenance and rest . group size peaked in february ( 5 . 07 ± 4 . 166 individuals ) and was smallest ( 2 . 91 ± 1 . 354 individuals ) in december with significantly different group sizes in all months ( f = 35 . 351 ,
< 0 . 01 ) . a total of 57 . 98 % of all groups had a majority of females . a large difference in sex ratios was observed among different months . the actual ratio of [ ( adult + sub - adult male ) : ( adult + sub - adult female ) ] was 1 : 1 . 44 ( n = 22 ) in february . future studies are necessary , and the main goal should be focused on sex ratio , mortality and sex ratio at birth .
ms and pc designed the study , ms , bc , bz and jj collected and analyzed the field data . ms , bc wrote the manuscript . ms and pc gave the suggestions and revised paper .
aily travel distance affects the time budget of animal behaviors , such as foraging and social activities . therefore , travel distance has an important influence on individual energy expenditure and nutrient balance , and may affect survival and reproduction (
) . an animal’s home range is related to its daily travel distance . home range is the region within which animal actively carries out essential daily behaviors , such as foraging , mating and the rearing of offsprings (
) . home range externally reflects the intensity of animals’ territorial behavior . both the area of a home range and changes in the home range are important parameters for evaluating habitat quality , estimating habitat load and determining the spatial extent of habitat required to protect a minimum viable population . hence , home range is an important part in the study of animal behavior and ecology (
) . the size of the home range of many bird species varies widely in different seasons . for instance , owing to an uneven distribution of food resources in different seasons , temminck’s tragopan
group formation is one of the most important behavioral adaptations in birds , especially during the entire wintering period for migratory birds . living in groups can reduce the risks from predators for individual prey , reduce their alert time and allow the individuals to spend more time on other activities to enhance their fitness for survival (
) . the studies on animal groups usually centered on group type , group size and ecological factors influencing the group . animals may have an optimal group size in a specific environment (
) while the area in the north of jiangxi province provides one of the main wintering grounds for this species in china . this population is mainly distributed along the xinjiang , fuhe , raohe and xiuhe rivers and their tributaries in jiangxi (
two study sites were selected , one each in yihuang and wuyuan counties . yihuang county lies in the upper reaches of the fuhe river in northern jiangxi province and has a humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature between 16 and 18 °c . the average annual precipitation is 1749 . 4 mm (
) . wuyuan county is located in the northeastern part of jiangxi province and has a humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature 16 . 7 °c . the average annual precipitation is 1816 mm . the second study site is along the leanhe river in wuyuan county ( n : 29°9’ 24″ ~ 29° 11’ 15″ , e : 117°50’ 01″ ~ 117° 51’ 06″ ) (
lists the sympatric waterfowl species of mergansers in this region that typically feed while swimming .
at yihuang in different time of a day from 2012 - 2013 ( unit / m ) .
were used to confirm the flock positions and google earth software was used to mark real - time locations and measure travel distance and river width . the travel distance was the linear distance the flock center moved every half hour . daily travel distance was the sum of the travel distances measured throughout the day (
) . daily home range was the product of the average river width in the range of movement and the distance between the two farthest daily activity sites .
) . the largest flock size was used to calculate the sex ratio in the current month .
< 0 . 05 was considered significant . all statistical analyses were carried out in excel 2010 and spss 22 . 0 .
during the wintering period . significant differences were found in the daily home range between january and february ( f = 2 . 502 ,
< 0 . 05 ) , and february and march ( f = 2 . 754 ,
no significant correlation was observed between daily travel distance and home range ( r = 0 . 256 , n = 12 ,