tropidurus is a genus of reptiles .

the genus tropidurus includes many species of neotropical ground lizards ( subfamily tropidurinae ) .

tropidurus is the type genus of the subfamily tropidurinae , which is a subfamily of iguanid lizards .

tropidurus

stellio torquatus wied - neuwied 1820 : 106 agama operculata — lichtenstein 1822 agama brasiliensis — raddi 1823 : 59 tropidurus torquatus — wied 1824 agama hispida sive tuberculata spix 1825 ( fide rodrigues 1987 ) tropidurus torquatus — wied - neuwied 1825 taraguira darwinii gray 1845 : 220 ( fide boulenger 1885 ) steironotus ( strobilurus ) sp . — fitzinger 1843 tropidurus torquatus — boulenger 1885 : 176 tropidurus torquatus — frost 1992 tropidurus hispida ( fide burt & burt 1930 ) tropidurus hygomi ( fide burt & burt 1931 ) tropidurus torquatus — harvey gutberlet 2000 tropidurus torquatus — kunz & borges - martins 2013
the limited range of tropidurus lagunablanca means the species may already be in dire straits .
locomotor performance of closely related tropidurus species : relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence .
key words : activity times , habitat use , home range , total range , tropidurus .
first records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops ( reptilia : squamata : tropiduridae ) in brazil
palabras clave : area de vida , dominio vital , horarios de actividad , tropidurus , utilización del habitat .
locomotor performance of closely related tropidurus species : relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence . - pubmed - ncbi
kunz , tobias saraiva & márcio borges - martins 2013 . a new microendemic species of tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) from southern brazil and revalidation of tropidurus catalanensis gudynas & skuk , 1983 . zootaxa 3681 : 413–439 - get paper here
carpenter , c . 1977 . the aggressive displays of three species of south american iguanid lizards of the genus tropidurus .
phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the tropidurus group of lizards ( iguania , tropiduridae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3033
first records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops ( reptilia : squamata : tropiduridae ) in brazil | morais | check list
prieto , a . , j . leon , o . lara . 1976 . reproduction in the tropical lizard , tropidurus hispidus .
three new species of the tropidurus spinulosus group ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from eastern paraguay . ( american museum novitates , no . 3853 )
yellow dots represent collection points of tropidurus confirmed through the analysis of voucher specimens and literature ( for additional information see ref . [ 5 ] ) .
after analyzing the evolutionary relationships of tropidurus , carvalho was able to identify several new species , four of which are discussed in the recent publications . in the caatinga , he discovered tropidurus sertanejo . he named it for the people who live in the sertão , the region where he found the lizard .
minden pictures stock photos - marine iguana ( amblyrhynchus cristatus ) with lava lizards ( tropidurus albemarlensis ) on head and back , cape douglas , fe . . .
kohlsdorf t , garland t jr , navas ca ( 2001 ) limb and tail lengths in relation to substrate usage in tropidurus lizards . j morphol 248 : 151–164 .
stebbins , r . , j . lowenstein , n . cohen . 1967 . a field study of the lava lizard ( tropidurus albemarlensis ) in the galapagos islands .
van sluys , m . 1998 . growth and body condition of the saxicolous lizard tropidurus itambere in southeastern brazil . journal of herpetology 32 ( 3 ) : 359–365 .
kunz , t . s . and m . borges - martins . 2013 . a new microendemic species of tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) from southern brazil and revalidation of tropidurus catalanensis gudynas & skuk , 1983 . zootaxa 3681 ( 4 ) : 413–439 ( doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3681 . 4 . 6 ) .
van sluys , m . 1993 . the reproductive cycle of tropidurus itambere ( sauria , tropiduridae ) in southeastern brazil . journal of herpetology 27 ( 1 ) : 28–32 .
luttermann , j . 2011 . haltung und vermehrung des halsband - kielschwanzleguans , tropidurus torquatus . reptilia ( münster ) 16 ( 92 ) : 60 - 63 - get paper here
justification : tropidurus torquatus has been assessed as least concern because it has a large distribution and is not being impacted by any major widespread threats , or undergoing significant population declines .
ribeiro , l . b . and e . m . x . freire . 2011 . trophic ecology and foraging behavior of tropidurus hispidus and tropidurus semitaeniatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a caatinga area of northeastern brazil . iheringia , série zoologia , porto alegre 101 ( 3 ) : 225–232 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s0073 - 47212011000200010 ) .
van sluys , m . , h . m . a . mendes , v . b . assis and m . c . kiefer . 2002 . reproduction of tropidurus montanus rodrigues , 1987 ( tropiduridae ) , a lizard from a seasonal habitat of south - eastern brazil , and a comparison with other tropidurus species . herpetological journal 12 ( 3 ) : 89–97 .
frost , darrel r . 1992 . phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the tropidurus group of lizards ( iguania : tropidurudae ) . american museum novitates ( 3033 ) : 1 - 68 - get paper here
gudynas e ; skuk g 1983 . a new species of the iguanid lizard genus tropidurus from temperate south america ( lacertilia : iguanidae ) . centro educativo don orione contribuciones en biologia 10 : 1 - 10
veríssimo , c . j . , d’agostino , s . m . & katiki , l . m . 2017 . tropidurus torquatus ( amazon lava lizard ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 663 .
carvalho , andré luiz gomes de 2013 . on the distribution and conservation of the south american lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa 3640 ( 1 ) : 042–056 - get paper here
rodrigues m t 1987 . sistematica , ecologia e zoogeografia dos tropidurus do grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arquivos de zoologia 31 ( 3 ) 1987 : 105 - 230 - get paper here
vanzolini , p . e . & gomes , n . 1979 . on tropidurus hygomi : redescription , ecological notes , distribution and history ( sauria , iguanidae ) . pap . avuls . zool . 32 : 243 - 260
rand , a . stanley ; rand , patricia j . 1966 . aspects of the ecology of the iguanid lizard tropidurus torquatus at belém , pará . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 151 ( 2 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here
domingos fmcb , colli gr , lemmon a , lemmon em , beheregaray lb ( 2016 ) data from : in the shadows : phylogenomics and coalescent species delimitation unveil cryptic diversity in a cerrado endemic lizard ( squamata : tropidurus ) .
van sluys , m . 2000 . population dynamics of the saxicolous lizard tropidurus itambere ( tropiduridae ) in a seasonal habitat of southeastern brazil . herpetologica 56 ( 1 ) : 55–62 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 3893127 ) .
da silva , josé nilton , silva - soares , thiago and de azevedo , cristiano schetini 2016 . ameivula nativo ( linhare ' s lizard ) and tropidurus torquatus ( amazon lava lizard ) predation herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 664
kohlsdorf t . ; ribeiro j . m . & navas c . a . 2006 . territory quality and male dominance in tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 109 - 118 - get paper here
koski , diogo andrade 2015 . predation on tropidurus torquatus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) by the guira cuckoo guira guira ( cuculiformes : aves ) in state of espírito santo , southeastern brazil herpetology notes 8 : 35 - 37 - get paper here
vitt , l . j . and s . r . goldberg . 1983 . reproductive ecology of two tropical iguanid lizards : tropidurus torquatus and platynotus semitaeniatus . copeia ( 1 ) : 131–141 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 1444707 ) .
embert , d . and l . dirksen . 2010 . tropidurus chromatops . iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . accessible at http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . captured on 12 april 2014 .
“ tropidurus sertanejo is differentiated from other species by its magnificent coloration , ” carvalho said . “the people are like the lizard – colorful , brave , and thriving . i admire them greatly and named the beautiful species in this way to honor them . ”
vitt , l . j . 1993 . ecology of isolated open - formation tropidurus ( reptilia : tropiduridae ) in amazonian lowland rain forest . canadian journal of zoology 71 ( 12 ) : 2370–2390 ( doi : 10 . 1139 / z93 - 333 ) .
domingos fmcb , colli gr , lemmon a , lemmon em , beheregaray lb ( 2017 ) in the shadows : phylogenomics and coalescent species delimitation unveil cryptic diversity in a cerrado endemic lizard ( squamata : tropidurus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 107 : 455–465 . urltoken
passos , d . c . , d . c . lima and d . m . borges - nojosa . 2011 . a new species of tropidurus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) of the semitaeniatus group from a semiarid area in northeastern brazil . zootaxa 2930 : 60–68 urltoken
pinto , adriana c . s . ; wiederhecker , helga c . ; colli , guarino r . 2005 . sexual dimorphism in the neotropical lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) . amphibia - reptilia 26 ( 2 ) : 127 - 137 - get paper here
we present the first records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops in brazil , at parque estadual serra ricardo franco , mato grosso . the two species are largely syntopic and associated with rock outcrops on the plateaus of the serranía de huanchaca , bolivia and brazil . tropidurus callathelys is more abundant , more heliophilous and uses vertical surfaces more often than t . chromatops . in brazil , they are apparently restricted to serra de ricardo franco , a protected area threatened by cattle raising , logging and agriculture , still in need of demarcation and a management plan .
justification : tropidurus semitaeniatus has been assessed as least concern as the species has a large distribution with no known widespread threats . the species may , however , be locally threatened by agricultural expansion which is causing degradation of the caatinga habitat . no conservation measures are recommended at present .
kasahara , sanae ; pelligrino , kßtia cristina machado ; rodrigues , miguel trefaut ; yonenaga - yassuda , y . 1996 . comparative cytogenetic studies of eleven species of the tropidurus torquatus group ( sauria , tropiduridae ) with banding patterns . hereditas 125 : 37 - 46 - get paper here
citation : de carvalho alg , de britto mr , fernandes ds ( 2013 ) biogeography of the lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) : distribution , endemism , and area relationships in south america . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e59736 . urltoken
justification : although tropidurus chromatops has a small distribution , this species is not under any major threat and cannot be considered threatened . this species is known to occur within protected areas and is reported to be common within its range . the species has therefore been assessed as least concern .
vitt , l . j . , p . a . zani and j . p . caldwell . 1996 . behavioural ecology of tropidurus hispidus on isolated rock outcrops in amazonia . journal of tropical ecology 12 ( 1 ) : 81–101 ( doi : 10 . 1017 / s0266467400009329 ) .
wiederhecker , h . c . , a . c . s . pinto and g . r . colli . 2002 . reproductive ecology of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) in the highly seasonal cerrado biome of central brazil . journal of herpetology 36 ( 1 ) : 82–91 .
carvalho , a . l . g . 2013 . on the distribution and conservation of the south american lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa 3640 ( 1 ) : 42–56 ( doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3640 . 1 . 3 ) .
colli , g . r . , a . f . b . de araújo , r . da silveira and f . roma . 1992 . niche partitioning and morphology of two syntopic tropidurus ( sauria : tropiduridae ) in mato grosso , brazil . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 66–69 .
rodrigues , m . t . 1987 . sistemática , ecologia e zoogeografia dos tropidurus do grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arquivos de zoologia 31 ( 3 ) : 105–230 ( doi : 10 . 11606 / issn . 2176 - 7793 . v31i3p105 - 230 ) .
wiederhecker , h . c . , a . c . s . pinto , m . s . paiva and g . r . colli . 2003 . the demography of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a highly seasonal neotropical savanna . phyllomedusa 2 ( 1 ) : 9–19 urltoken
sena - santos , arthur de ; afonso santiago de oliveira meneses , gabriel de freitas horta , pedro guilherme alves rodrigues , reuber albuquerque brandão 2017 . predation attempt of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) on phalotris matogrossensis ( serpentes , dipsadidae ) herpetology notes 10 : 341 - 343 - get paper here
van sluys , monique ; martelotte , sandra b . ; kiefer , mara cíntia ; rocha , carlos f . d . 2010 . reproduction in neotropical tropidurus lizards ( tropiduridae ) : evaluating the effect of environmental factors on t . torquatus . amphibia - reptilia 31 : 117 - 126 - get paper here
cardoso - vieira , renata ; jéssica francine felappi , rodrigo caruccio , and laura verrastro 2012 . population dynamics of tropidurus torquatus ( wied , 1820 ) ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in southern brazil . south american j . herp . 6 ( 3 ) : 215 - 222 [ 2011 ] - get paper here
freitas , a . m . , r . l . teixeira & r . b . ferreira 2012 . food partitioning between the sympatric lizards tropidurus torquatus and ameiva ameiva in the atlantic rainforest , northeastern brazil . pp . 63 - 70 . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 63 - 70 - get paper here
faria , r . g . and a . f . b . araujo . 2004 . sintopy of two tropidurus lizard species ( squamata : tropiduridae ) in a rocky cerrado habitat in central brazil . brazilian journal of biology 64 ( 4 ) : 775–786 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s1519 - 69842004000500007 ) .
matos , naiana brito de ; milena ferreira , fernando de jesus silva , miguel trefaut rodrigues , elinaira santos da silva , and caroline garcia 2016 . taxonomy and evolution of tropidurus ( iguania , tropiduridae ) based on chromosomal and dna barcoding analysis journal of herpetology 50 ( 2 ) : 316 - 326 - get paper here
vieira , gustavo h . c . ; helga c . wiederhecker , guarino r . colli , sônia n . báo 2001 . spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in the cerrado of central brazil . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 2 ) : 217 - 233 - get paper here
gandolfi , s . m . and c . f . d . rocha . 1998 . orientation of thermoregulating tropidurus torquatus ( sauria : tropiduridae ) on termite mounds in an open area of south - eastern brazil . amphibia - reptilia 19 ( 3 ) : 319– 323 ( doi : 10 . 1163 / 156853898x00223 ) .
rocha , c . f . d . and h . g . bergallo . 1990 . thermal biology and flight distance of tropidurus oreadicus ( sauria , iguanidae ) in an area of amazonian brazil . ethology ecology & evolution 2 ( 3 ) : 263–268 ( doi : 10 . 1080 / 08927014 . 1990 . 9525411 ) .
wiederhecker , h . c . ; pinto , a . c . s . ; paiva , m . s . & colli , g . r . 2003 . the demography of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a highly seasonal neotropical savanna . phyllomedusa 2 ( 1 ) : 9 - 20 - get paper here
harvey , m . b . and r . l . gutberlet . 1998 . lizards of the genus tropidurus ( iguania : tropiduridae ) from the serrania de huanchaca , bolivia : new species , natural history , and a key to the genus . herpetologica 54 ( 4 ) : 493–520 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 3893443 ) .
rodrigues , m . t . 1988 . distribution of lizards of the genus tropidurus in brazil ( sauria , iguanidae ) ; pp . 305–315 , in : w . r . heyer and p . e . vanzolini ( ed . ) . proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ciências .
frost , darrel r . , miguel t . rodrigues , taran grant , and tom a . titus 2001 . phylogenetics of the lizard genus tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 352–371 - get paper here
ribeiro , l . b . , s . c . gomides , a . o . santos and b . m . sousa . 2008 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herpetological conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 63–70 urltoken pdf ) .
van sluys , m . , c . f . d . rocha , d . vrcibradic , c . aleksander , b . galdino and a . f . fontes . 2004 . diet , activity and microhabitat use of two syntopic tropidurus species ( lacertilia : tropiduridae ) in minas gerais , brazil . journal of herpetology 38 ( 4 ) : 606–611 .
ribeiro , l . b . , s . c . gomides , a . o . santos , and b . m . sousa . 2008 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herp . cons . biol . 3 : 63 - 70 - get paper here
tropidurus bogerti is endemic to auyantepui , bolívar state , venezuela . it has an elevation range between 1 , 700 and 2 , 200 m . the elevation of 1 , 100 cited for the holotype may be an error , because no other specimen of the species has been collected at this altitude ( myers and donnelly 2008 , rivas et al . 2012 ) .
bergallo , h . g . and c . f . d . rocha . 1994 . spatial and trophic niche differentiation in two sympatric lizards ( tropidurus torquatus and cnemidophorus ocellifer ) with different foraging tactics . australian journal of ecology 19 ( 1 ) : 72–75 ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1442 - 9993 . 1994 . tb01545 . x ) .
ribeiro , l . b . ; gomides , s . c . ; santos , a . o . & sousa , b . m . 2007 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herp . cons . biol . 3 ( 1 ) : 63 - 70 - get paper here
kiefer , m . c . , m . van sluys and c . f . d . rocha . 2005 . body temperatures of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from coastal populations : do body temperatures vary along their geographic range ? journal of thermal biology 30 ( 6 ) : 449–456 ( doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jtherbio . 2005 . 05 . 004 ) .
kiefer , m . c . , m . van sluys and c . f . d . rocha . 2007 . thermoregulatory behaviour in tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from brazilian coastal populations : an estimate of passive and active thermoregulation in lizards . acta zoologica 88 ( 1 ) : 81–87 ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6395 . 2007 . 00254 . x ) .
frost , d . r . , m . t . rodrigues , t . grant and t . a . titus . 2001 . phylogenetics of the lizard genus tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 352–371 ( doi : 10 . 1006 / mpev . 2001 . 1015 ) .
tropidurus callathelys and t . xanthochilus are not directly related phylogenetically and display distinct ecologies [ 4 ] , [ 9 ] . the first species inhabits rock outcrops in the serranía de huanchaca , while the second is arboricolous and associated with seasonally dry forests [ 4 ] , [ 121 ] . tropidurus xanthochilus and its sister species widely distributed in the chaco , t . spinulosus , were previously suggested to have parapatric distribution where the forests of the tarvo and paraguá rivers intergrade with the semideciduous chiquitano dry forest [ 4 ] . however , the closest known populations of t . spinulosus is located 350 km south of the type locality of t . xanthochilus [ 4 ] , and despite the distributional data are scarce , the range of these species as currently known still define allopatric distributions [ 5 ] . tropidurus callathelys is also allopatric in relation to its sister species , t . melanopleurus , which occupies the andean foothills from northern argentina to southern peru [ 5 ] . indeed , the distribution and phylogenetic relationships of both species pairs effectively suggest a single vicariant event as responsible for the origin of the species endemic to huanchaca . however , no data is currently available to provide an effective test of the temporal congruence between speciation events . to assess the timing of these events is not only essential to properly test the hypothesis of a common diversification history , but also to identify the vicariant processes involved .
carvalho , a . l . g . , h . r . silva , a . f . b . araújo , r . alves - silva and r . r . silva - leite . 2007 . feeding ecology of tropidurus torquatus ( wied ) ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in two areas with different degrees of conservation in marambaia island , rio de janeiro , southeastern brazil . revista brasileira de zoologia 24 ( 1 ) : 222–227 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s0101 - 81752007000100029 ) .
justification : tropidurus erythrocephalus has been assessed as near threatened . it is restricted to the northern section of the serra do espinhaco , in bahia state . its quality of habitat is continually being degraded because of urban expansion and agricultural expansion . its extent of occurrence is estimated to be approximately 25 , 500 km² and it is found in less than ten locations . therefore an assessment of near threatened has been made as this species almost meets the requirements for listing as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) .
nous avons étudié quelques paramètres du parasitisme par les larves de l’acarien eutrombicula alfreddugesi sur quatre espèces sympatriques de lézards du genre tropidurus à morro do chapéu , état de bahia , brésil : t . hispidus , t . cocorobensis , t . semitaeniatus et t . erythrocephalus . pour chaque espèce , nous avons étudié les types d’infestation et leur variation parmi les hôtes . nous avons calculé l’amplitude de la niche spatiale de l’acarien sur les hôtes , l’intensité d’infestation et les microhabitats préférés de l’acarien sur le corps des lézards . toutes les espèces de lézard étudiées étaient parasitées , avec des fréquences élevées ( 97 - 100 % ) . la taille du corps des lézards explique l’intensité parasitaire pour toutes les espèces , à l’exception de t . erythrocephalus . les régions de plus grande intensité parasitaire , sur les quatre espèces de lézards , étaient les bourses des acariens . la largeur de la niche spatiale des acariens varie entre les quatre espèces de lézard étudiées , plus grande sur le corps de t . erytrocephalus et mineure sur le corps de t . cocorobensis . nous concluons que la distribution et l’intensité avec laquelle les lézards du genre tropidurus sont infestés par les larves d’ eutrombicula alfreddugesi résultent de l’interaction entre des aspects de la morphologie et de l’écologie des lézards .
aunque tropidurus es un género de lagarto extensamente distribuido en sudamérica y en las islas galápagos , son escasos los estudios sobre uso del espacio y distribución espacial . en este trabajo se estudió la organización espacial del lagarto saxícola tropidurus torquatus basado en la población interiorana de uno afloramiento rocoso en el estado de minas gerais , sudeste del brasil . los lagartos fueron individualmente marcados y observados durante las estaciones reproductiva y no reproductiva . con el método del mínimo polígono convexo fue encontrado que el tamaño promedio del dominio vital de los machos durante la estación reproductiva fue más grande que el de las hembras y en la estación no reproductiva hembras y machos mantuvieron dominios vitales similares en el tamaño . el método de la media armónica mostró que el tamaño promedio del area de vida de machos fue mayor que el area de las hembras en ambas estaciones . como esperado para una especie poligínica , el número medio de machos con dominios vitales sobrepuestos a los de las hembras tendió a ser más grande en la estación reproductiva . intrasexualmente , el número de hembras con sus dominios vitales asociados a los de otras hembras también fue mayor en la estación reproductiva . para los machos , este número permaneció bajo en ambas estaciones , lo que sugiere que los machos usan areas más exclusivas , mientras los dominios vitales más pequeños de las hembras al parecer sostengan una mayor densidad de individuos durante la estación reproductiva . la frecuencia de uso de los microhábitats relacionados a la vegetación aumentó en la estación no reproductiva y el padrón de actividad de los lagartos cambió del bimodal en la estación reproductiva ( período lluvioso ) para unimodal en la no reproductiva ( período seco ) . así la organización espacial , la utilización de los microhábitats y los padrones de actividad de t . torquatus aquí observados fueron todos influenciados por el período de tiempo afectando la ecología espacial de los lagartos .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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brazil ( rio grande do sul , goias , mato grosso , minas gerais , pernambuco , espírito santo , rio de janeiro , são paulo , bahia ) , guyana , suriname , french guiana , colombia [ castro , f . ( pers . comm . ) ] , bolivia ? , argentina ( corrientes etc . )
type locality : brazil , rio de janeiro , lagoa do paulista [ neotype locality ] . lat - 22 . 2352 , - 41 . 5481 .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
neotypes : mzusp 54907 ( rodrigues 1987 ) ; original description doesn’t mention type specimens .
avila , l . j . ; martinez , l . e . ; morando , m . 2010 . lista de las lagartijas y anfisbaenas de argentina : una actualización [ en línea ] . ver . 1 . 0 . 1 diciembre 2010 [ checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of argentina : an update ] . centro nacional patagónico cenpat - conicet . puerto madryn , chubut , argentina . - get paper here
avila , luciano javier ; lorena elizabeth martinez & mariana morando 2013 . checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of argentina : an update . zootaxa 3616 ( 3 ) : 201–238
bertolotto , c . e . v . ; k . c . m . pellegrino and y . yonenaga - yassuda 2004 . occurrence of b chromosomes in lizards : a review . cytogenet genome res 106 : 243–246
boulenger , g . a . 1888 . on some reptiles and batrachians from iguarasse , pernambuco . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 2 : 40—43 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
caldeira costa , h . ; dias fernandes , v . ; castro rodrigues , a . & neves feio , r . 2009 . lizards and amphisbaenians , municipality of viçosa , state of minas gerais , southeastern brazil . check list 5 ( 3 ) : 732–745 - get paper here
carvalho ribas , s . et al . 2004 . structure of claws and toes of two tropidurid lizard species of restinga from southeastern brazil : adaptations to the vertical use of the habitat . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 599 - 606
cei , j . m . 1993 . reptiles del noroeste , nordeste y este de la argentina . museo regionale sci . naturale torino , monografie 14 : 1 - 949
cei , j . m . 2003 . specific supraocular scutellation patterns as significant diagnostic characters : a taxonomic inter and intrageneric
finger - print
in lacertilia . facena 19 : 129 - 135 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1837 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 4 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 570 pp . - get paper here
dutra , guilherme f ; carla c siqueira , davor vrcibradic , mara c kiefer , and carlos frederico d rocha 2010 . plant consumption of insular and mainland populations of a tropical lizard . herpetologica 67 ( 1 ) : 32 - 45 . - get paper here
etheridge , richard 1968 . a review of the iguanid lizard genera uracentron and strobilurus . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology 17 ( 2 ) : 47 - 64 - get paper here
feio , r . n . & caramaschi , u . 2003 . contribuição ao conhecimento da herpetofauna do nordeste do estado de minas gerais , brasil . phyllomedusa 1 ( 2 ) : 105 - 111 [ 2002 ] - get paper here
freitas , marco antonio de 2014 . squamate reptiles of the atlantic forest of northern bahia , brazil . check list 10 ( 5 ) : 1020 - 1030 - get paper here
gravenhorst , j . l . c . 1838 . beiträge zur genaueren kenntniss einiger eidechsengattungen . nova acta acad . caes . leop . - carol . 18 : 712 - 784 [ 1837 ]
gray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here
harvey , michael b . & ronald l . gutberlet jr 2000 . a phylogenetic analysis of the tropidurine lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) , including new characters of squamation and epidermal microstructure . zoological journal of the linnean society 128 : 189–233 .
hummelinck , p . w . 1940 . studies on the fauna of curacao , aruba , bonaire and the venezuelan islands : no . 2 . a survey of the mammals , lizards and mollusks . [ ' gymnophthalmus laevicaudus : 80 ] . studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands . 1 : 59—108
ingaramo , maría del rosario ; marangoni , federico ; cajade , rodrigo 2015 . herpetofauna de la reserva paleontológica del arroyo toropí , bella vista , corrientes , argentina . cuad . herpetol . 29 ( 1 ) : - get paper here
oliveira lula salles , r . de & silva - soares , t . 2010 . répteis do município de duque de caxias , baixada fluminense , rio de janeiro , sudeste do brasil . biotemas , 23 ( 2 ) : 135 - 144
oliveira lula salles , r . de ; weber , l . n . & silva - soares , t . 2010 . reptiles , squamata , parque natural municipal da taquara , municipality of duque de caxias , state of rio de janeiro , southeastern brazil . check list 6 ( 2 ) : 280 - 286 - get paper here
raddi , g . 1823 . continuazione della descrizione dei rettili brasiliani . accademia nazionale dei quaranta , memorie delle società italiana scienze , modena , italy , 19 : 58—73 . - get paper here
rocha , carlos frederico d . ; helena g . bergallo , josé p . pombal jr . , lena geise , monique van sluys , ronaldo fernandes , ulisses caramaschi 2004 . fauna de anfíbios , répteis e mamíferos do estado do rio de janeiro , sudeste do brasil publ . avul . mus . nac . , rio de janeiro ( 104 ) : 3 - 23 - get paper here
santos , d . l . ; s . p . andrade ; e . p . victor - jr . ; w . vaz - silva 2014 . amphibians and reptiles from southeastern goiás , central brazil . check list 10 ( 1 ) : 131 - 148 - get paper here
siebenrock , friedrich 1892 . ueber wirbelassimilation bei den sauriern . annalen des königlichen kaiserlichen naturhistorischen hofmuseum in wien 7 : 373 - 378
silva , m . c . da , r . h . de oliveira , d . h . morais , r . a . kawashita - ribeiro , e . s . de brito & r . w . ávila 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of a cerrado area in primavera do leste municipality , mato grosso state , central brazil . salamandra 51 ( 2 ) : 187 - 194 - get paper here
silva - soares , t . ; r . b . ferreira ; r . o . l . salles ; c . f . d . rocha . 2011 . continental , insular and coastal marine reptiles from the municipality of vitória , state of espírito santo , southeastern brazil . check list 7 ( 3 ) : 290 - 298 - get paper here
vanzolini , p . e . 1974 . ecological and geographical distribution of lizards in pernambuco , northeastern brasil ( sauria ) . papeis avulsos de zool . 28 ( 4 ) : 61 - 90 .
wied - neuwied , m . 1824 . verzeichniss der amphibien , welche im zweyten bande der naturgeschichte brasiliens vom prinz max von neuwied werden beschrieben werden . isis von oken 14 : 661—673 [ columns ] - get paper here
wied - neuwied , m . prinz zu 1820 . reise nach brasilien in den jahren 1815 bis 1817 . vol . 1 . heinrich ludwig bronner , frankfurt . - get paper here
zaracho , víctor hugo ; ingaramo , maría del rosario ; semhan , romina valeria ; etchepare , eduardo ; acosta , josé luis ; falcione , ana camila ; álvarez , blanca 2014 . herpetofauna de la reserva natural provincial isla apipé grande ( corrientes , argentina ) cuad . herpetol . 28 ( 2 ) : 153 - 160 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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copyright : © 2013 carvalho et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was partially supported by a doctoral fellowship from the national council for scientific and technological development - brazil ( cnpq process 200798 / 2010 - 3 ) to algc . the funding agency had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
in addition to the investigation of patterns of area relationships , pae is a biogeographical method able to detect areas of endemism [ 45 ] . these areas represent hypotheses of natural entities essentially adopted as operational geographic units during historical biogeographic reconstructions [ 45 ] – [ 48 ] . areas of endemism originate through the fragmentation of an ancestral biota by the appearance of a geographic barrier that promotes spatially concordant events of allopatric speciation in different groups of organisms , responsible for the emergence of two new biotas [ 48 ] – [ 54 ] . similar responses of different taxa to the same vicariant event generate similar phylogenetic patterns . it is then expected that organisms composing the same biota , subjected to the same vicariant events , display congruent phylogenetic patterns [ 49 ] – [ 52 ] , [ 55 ] – [ 56 ] . therefore , through the analysis of the levels of distributional and phylogenetic congruence among different taxa , it is possible to reconstruct the history of diversification ( in a spatial and temporal perspective ) of the areas occupied by these organisms .
[ 9 ] ) with hypothetical ancestors ( represented by numbers 1–19 ) defined for implementation of bpa ( see also table 3 ) .
tree searches were carried out in tnt version 3 . 1 [ 69 ] . traditional heuristic searches were based on 100 replicates and 10 , 000 trees were saved per replicate , using the stepwise addition algorithm and rearrangement of branches through tree bisection - reconnection [ 70 ] . all analyses were repeated using new technologies to improve the exploration of tree space and to guarantee the robustness of the results previously found using tbr . sectorial search [ 71 ] , ratchet [ 72 ] , and tree fusing [ 71 ] were associated under driven search , with initial addseqs = 10 , until the best scoring tree was found 100 , 000 times .
the area of endemism located within the quadrat 24 ( enlarged in figure 4 ) comprises the noel kempf mercado national park ( including the serranía de huanchaca ) and el refugio biological station , in the department of santa cruz , eastern bolivia , and was supported by the occurrence of t . callathelys ( yellow star ) , t . chromatops ( red triangles ) , and t . xanthochilus ( black cross ) . the area of endemism located within the quadrat 28 ( enlarged ) comprises the southern portion of the caatinga province , northeastern brazil , and was supported by the endemics t . erythrocephalus ( yellow dots ) , t . mucujensis ( orange dot ) , and t . psammonastes ( white dots ) .
consensus of the area cladograms generated by ( a ) parsimony analysis of endemicity ( 15 trees , l = 38 steps , ci = 0 . 605 , ri = 0 . 643 ) and ( b ) brooks parsimony analysis ( 2 trees , l = 69 steps , ci = 0 . 565 , ri = 0 . 694 ) based on the distribution
contributed with edits to the to manuscript : mrb dsf . conceived and designed the experiments : alc mrb dsf . performed the experiments : alc . analyzed the data : alc . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : alc mrb . wrote the paper : alc .
do grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arq zool 31 : 105–230 .
in brazil ( sauria , iguanidae ) . in : vanzolini pe , heyer wr , editors . proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ciências . 305–315 .
ávila - pires tcs ( 1995 ) lizards of brazilian amazonia ( reptilia : squamata ) . zool verhand 299 : 1–706 .
( iguania : tropiduridae ) from the serrania de huanchaca , bolivia : new species , natural history , and a key to the genus . herpetologica 54 : 493–520 .
wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa : in press .
group of lizards ( iguania : tropidurudae ) . am mus novit 3033 : 1–68 .
harvey mb , gutberlet rl jr ( 2000 ) a phylogenetic analysis of the tropidurine lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) , including new characters of squamation and epidermal microstructure . biol j linn soc 128 : 189–233 .
( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . mol phyl evol 21 : 352–371 .
haffer j ( 1969 ) speciation in amazonian forest birds . science 165 : 131–137 .
vanzolini pe , williams ee ( 1981 ) the vanishing refuge : a mechanism for ecogeographic speciation . pap avul zool 34 : 251–255 .
prance gt ( 1973 ) phytogeographic support for the theory of pleistocene forest refuges in the amazon basin , based on evidence from distribution patterns in caryocaraceae , chrysobalanaceae , dichapetalaceae and lecythidaceae . acta amazon 3 : 5–25 .
bigarella jj , lima da , richs pj ( 1975 ) considerações a respeito das mudanças paleoambientais na distribuição de algumas espécies vegetais e animais do brasil . an acad bras cienc 47 ( supl . ) : 411–464 .
brown ks , ab’saber na ( 1979 ) ice - age forest refuges and evolution in neotropics : correlation of paleoclimatological , geomorphological and pedological data with biological endemism . paleoclimas 5 : 1–30 .
haffer j , prance gt ( 2001 ) climatic forcing of evolution in amazonia during the cenozoic : on the refuge theory of biotic differentiation . amazoniana 16 : 579–608 .
knapp s , mallet j ( 2003 ) refuting refugia ? science 300 ( 5616 ) : 71–72 .
bush mb , oliveira pe ( 2006 ) the rise and fall of the refugial hypothesis of amazonian speciation : a paleoecological perspective . biota neotrop 6 : 1 .
vanzolini pe , heyer wr ( 1988 ) proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ciências . 488 p .
gainsbury am , colli gr ( 2003 ) lizard assemblages from natural cerrado enclaves in southwestern amazonia : the role of stochastic extinctions and isolation . biotropica 35 : 503–519 .
de vivo m , carmignotto ap ( 2004 ) holocene vegetation change and the mammal faunas of south america and africa . j biogeogr 31 : 943–957 .
borges - nojosa dm , caramaschi u ( 2005 ) composição e análise comparativa da diversidade e das afinidades biogeográficas dos lagartos e anfisbenídeos ( squamata ) dos brejos nordestinos . in : araújo , fs , rodal , mjn , barbosa , mrv , editors . análise das variações da biodiversidade do bioma caatinga : suporte a estratégias regionais de conservação . brasília : ministério do meio ambiente . 463–512 .
werneck fp , colli gr ( 2006 ) the lizard assemblage from seasonally dry tropical forest enclaves in the cerrado biome , brazil , and its association with the pleistocenic arc . j biogeogr 33 : 1983–1992 .
( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) : implications for the biogeography of an endemic genus of the open / dry biomes of south america . mol phyl evol 42 : 449–466 .
lundberg jg , marshall lg , guerrero j , horton b , malabarba mcsl , et al . . ( 1998 ) the stage for neotropical fish diversification : a history of tropical south american rivers . in : malabarba lr , reis re , vari rp , lucena zm , lucena cas , editors . phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . porto alegre : editora puc rio grande do sul . 13–48 .
cortés - ortiz l , bermingham e , rico c , rodríguez - luna e , sampaio i , et al . ( 2003 ) molecular systematics and biogeography of the neotropical monkey genus
rull v ( 2008 ) speciation timing and neotropical biodiversity : the tertiary - quaternary debate in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence . mol ecol 17 : 2722–2729 .
antonelli a , quijada - mascareñas a , crawford aj , bates jm , velazco pm , et al . . ( 2010 ) molecular studies and phylogeography of amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models . in : hoorn c , wesselingh fp , editors . amazonia , landscapes and species evolution : a look into the past . 1st ed . oxford : blackwell . 386–404 .
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leptomyrmex fragilis is a species of ant in the genus leptomyrmex .

described by smith in 1859 , the species is endemic to indonesia and new guinea and the philippines .

leptomyrmex fragilis

senior synonym of leptomyrmex gracillimus : baroni urbani & wilson , 1987 : 2 ; of leptomyrmex femoratus , leptomyrmex maculatus , leptomyrmex wheeleri : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 34 .
senior synonym of leptomyrmex quadricolor : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 50 .
no one has contributed data records for leptomyrmex rufipes yet . learn how to contribute .
tree of life web project . 2004 . leptomyrmex . version 06 september 2004 ( temporary ) .
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emery , 1897 : 571 ( m . ) ; stitz , 1912 pdf : 507 ( m . ) ; lucvky & ward , 2010 : 36 ( ergatoid q . ) .
20 times found in rainforest , 7 times found in lowland rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in primary forest , 1 times found in lowland secondary rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest edge , 1 times found in secondary forest , 1 times found in secondary rainforest .
9 times ground nest , 9 times ground forager ( s ) , 2 times under log , nest a , 2 times ex rotten log , 2 times ground strays rainforest , 2 times ground strays , 1 times ex coffee plantation , 1 times on low vegn . , 1 times on ground and foliage , 1 times leaf litter foragers , 1 times hole in ground , . . .
54 times malaise trap , 2 times # 1061 , 2 times hg - vapor light , 2 times pan trap - yellow , 1 times flying in forest , 1 times fogging , 1 times hand aspirator , 1 times hg vapor light , 1 times pt - yellow , 1 times sweeping , 0 times yellow pan trap , . . .
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lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 52 ( ergatoid q . , m . ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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