in some religions , an unclean animal is an animal whose consumption or handling is taboo .

according to these religions , persons who handle such animals may need to ritually purify themselves to get rid of their uncleanliness .

unclean animal

: if an animal was considered unclean , one obviously could not eat it . yet additionally , one could not touch an unclean animal , whether living or dead .
water is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .
and every creeping animal that flieth is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .
seed grain is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .
, are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .
38 but if you put water on some seeds and a dead , unclean animal falls on them , they are unclean for you .
36 “‘a spring or well that collects water will stay clean , but anyone who touches the dead body of any unclean animal will become unclean .
40 anyone who eats meat from this animal’s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . anyone who picks up the animal’s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .
33 if the dead , unclean animal falls into a clay bowl , anything in the bowl will become unclean , and you must break the bowl .
35 if any dead , unclean animal falls on something , it becomes unclean . if it is a clay oven or a clay baking pan , it must be broken into pieces . these things will be unclean ; they are unclean for you .
43 do not make yourself unclean by these animals ; you must not become unclean by them .
38 but seeds that are soaking in water become unclean , if the dead animal is found in the water .
37 if a dead , unclean animal falls on a seed to be planted , that seed is still clean .
34 if water from the unclean clay bowl gets on any food , that food will become unclean .
26 every animal that parts the hoof but is not cloven - footed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . everyone who touches them shall be unclean .
24 “and by these you shall become unclean . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,
39 if an animal that may be eaten happens to die , and you touch it , you become unclean until evening .
there are some who believe what an animal eats makes it clean or unclean . while it is true that birds of prey are all unclean , an animal’s diet doesn’t provide a complete definition of whether it is clean or unclean . from studying the lists in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we can conclude that it’s how god made an animal , fish or bird that makes it clean or unclean ( unfit for human consumption ) .
or if a soul touch any unclean thing , whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast , or a carcase of unclean cattle , or the carcase of unclean creeping things , and if it be hidden from him ; he also shall be unclean , and guilty .
39 “‘also , if an animal which you use for food dies , anyone who touches its body will be unclean until evening .
the pig is considered an unclean animal as food in judaism and islam and some christian denominations . ( photo credit : wikipedia )
and for these ye shall be unclean : whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even .
31 these crawling animals are unclean for you ; anyone who touches their dead bodies will be unclean until evening .
32 “‘if an unclean animal dies and falls on something , that item will also become unclean . this includes anything made from wood , cloth , leather , or rough cloth , regardless of its use . whatever the animal falls on must be washed with water and be unclean until evening ; then it will become clean again .
14 i know , and am persuaded by the lord jesus , that there is nothing unclean of itself : but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean , to him it is unclean . { unclean : gr . common }
not all parts of the animal may be eaten . certain fats , known as
3 any animal that has divided hoofs and chews the cud . [ a ]
god has prophesied in detail about the fate of those who are eating unclean animals and following unclean practices when jesus returns to establish god ' s kingdom . first let god establish that a mouse is an unclean animal , and then we will look at the prophecy .
36 a spring or a cistern where one of these dead animals is found is still clean , but anyone who touches the animal becomes unclean .
28 and he who carries their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening ; they are unclean to you .
unclean : in the old testament “clean” and “unclean” refer to whatever makes a person , animal , or object acceptable or unacceptable to god . for example , a person became unclean by eating certain foods , touching certain objects , and having certain kinds of diseases or bodily discharges .
35 and everything on which any part of their carcass falls shall be unclean . whether oven or stove , it shall be broken in pieces . they are unclean and shall remain unclean for you .
‘and if any animal which you may eat dies , he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening . he who eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . he also who carries its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .
touching the carcass of such an animal , even unknowingly , renders a person impure .
) , occasioned the rise of animal sacrifices . the rare occurrence of slaying an animal was turned into a festival , which was celebrated with sacrifices . among the earliest hebrews
he is a leprous man , he is unclean : the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean ; his plague is in his head .
and every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean : every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean .
31 these are unclean to you among all that swarm . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until the evening .
28 anyone who picks up their dead bodies must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening ; these animals are unclean for you .
‘by these you shall become unclean ; whoever touches the carcass of any of them shall be unclean until evening ; whoever carries part of the carcass of any of them shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening : the carcass of any animal which divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud , is unclean to you . everyone who touches it shall be unclean . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , those are unclean to you . whoever touches any such carcass shall be unclean until evening . whoever carries any such carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . it is unclean to you .
and he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : they are unclean unto you .
every bed , whereon he lieth that hath the issue , is unclean : and every thing , whereon he sitteth , shall be unclean .
34 if you pour water from this pot on any food , that food becomes unclean , and anything drinkable in the pot becomes unclean .
24 those insects will make you unclean , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these insects will become unclean until evening .
so , is it permissible to touch an unclean animal that is living ( e . g . , having a pet pig , snake , etc . ) ?
12 you must hate any animal in the water that does not have fins and scales .
the first thing we need to know is that there is a direct command in the new covenant for us to avoid unclean things . if we are not to even touch an unclean thing , such as flesh cut from an unclean animal , it is obvious that we are not to eat it either :
these are unclean to you among all that creep : whosoever doth touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .
these are unclean to you among all that creep : whoever does touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .
and every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean ; whether it be oven , or ranges for pots , they shall be broken down : for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you .
says , to be permitted for eating , an animal must have cloven hooves and chew its cud . an animal which chews its cud has no front teeth in its upper jaw . according to maimonides , the only animal that chews the cud but does not have cloven hooves is the camel ; the only animal that has cloven hooves but does not chew its cud is the pig .
never used in their products . they stated to look for animal free products to be safe .
3 you may eat any animal that has split hoofs completely divided and that chews the cud .
cover ' witness ' and ' record ' long before the animal usage becomes significant . of those associations that are animal related the two dominant ones are ' whelps ' and ' lion ' .
and the priest shall see the raw flesh , and pronounce him to be unclean : for the raw flesh is unclean : it is a leprosy .
and whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean , and shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .
a : from the food laws given in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we understand how to define clean and unclean animals for eating ; furthermore , the bible is very clear in forbidding touching unclean animal carcasses ( see deut . 14 : 8 ) .
41 “‘every animal that crawls on the ground is to be hated ; it must not be eaten .
, in the list of the unclean quadrupeds . several species live in palestine :
and what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall be unclean .
: there is no rule given to determine if a bird is clean or unclean ; only specific birds ( twenty in all ) are mentioned as being unclean .
1 . ( 24 - 28 ) disposal of the carcasses of unclean animals .
3 . ( 31 - 38 ) the transmission of uncleanness from unclean animals .
and all winged insects are unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .
all winged creeping things are unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .
and every winged insect is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .
therefore a person who was unclean had to change their clothes and wash himself .
which are 70 different categories of injuries , diseases or abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non - kosher .
the one area that may cause concern for vegetarians is the use of animal parts for ritual purposes . the
two of every kind of bird and animal and crawling creature will come to you to be kept alive .
that every animal offered up shall be without blemish ( lev . 22 : 21 ) ( affirmative ) .
israel could eat
any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud .
human and animal organs sometimes seem to lend credence to the evolutionary theory . what ' s the truth ?
,
whatsoever goes upon his paws ,
such as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .
the bible talks about clean and unclean animals , and tells people not to eat the meat of unclean animals . but does god really care what meats we eat ?
- when used of unclean animals , etc as in leviticus and deuteronomy it means permanently unclean by nature , unable to be cleansed , not fit for human food .
27 and whatsoever goeth upon its paws , among all beasts that go on all fours , they are unclean unto you ; whoso toucheth their carcass shall be unclean until the even . 28 and he that beareth the carcass of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even ; they are unclean unto you .
it is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh , and the priest shall pronounce him unclean , and shall not shut him up : for he is unclean .
all birds that eat other animals and do not have a crop are considered unclean .
all winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .
any winged , swarming insect is unclean to you . they must not be eaten .
and all winged swarming things are unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .
and all winged creeping things are unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .
a person could become unclean by doing anything that rendered them unfit to worship god .
then in verses 41 - 43 , moses returns to the description of unclean animals .
every month , there were seven or more days during which she was ritually unclean .
of animals that are fit for pastoralists to consume . as a result , they are excluded from the realm of propriety and are deemed “unclean . ” people who eat food that is unclean and “out of place” are themselves unclean and are prohibited from approaching the
from cover to cover , from genesis to revelation , nowhere in the bible do we find an example of a servant of god or follower of jesus christ eating the flesh of an unclean animal .
how many animal myths do you believe ? find out in our popular column the truth about animals . featuring :
would view the animal very differently . at the very least it is almost certain that the use of animal imagery in an agrarian society would have conveyed significantly less feeling of mysticism than it does in our mechanized society today .
animal abuse , cruelty , and / or neglect form part of the many social ills plaguing the muslim community .
of all meat which may be eaten , that on which such water cometh shall be unclean : and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean .
rav kook , to the contrary , believed that after moshiach comes we will not eat animal flesh at all . reply
and every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .
the carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof , and is not clovenfooted , nor cheweth the cud , are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .
27 and all that walk on their paws , among the animals that go on all fours , are unclean to you . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,
34 any food in it that could be eaten , on which water comes , shall be unclean . and all drink that could be drunk from every such vessel shall be unclean .
40 and whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening . and whoever carries the carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .
29 - 30 moles , rats , mice , and all kinds of lizards are unclean .
2 . ( 29 - 30 ) more unclean animals : reptiles and other creeping things .
every swarming , winged insect is also unclean for you . they must never be eaten .
and every serpent that flies shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .
and every creeping thing that flies is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .
and every winged crawling thing shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .
so note the following four scriptures to help you remember what foods are clean and unclean .
 any bed she lies on in this state will be unclean ; any seat she sits on will be unclean . anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothing and wash himself and will be unclean until evening . if there is anything on the bed or on the chair on which she sat , anyone who touches it will be unclean until evening .
hi david , just to comment on the piece you mention about sacrificing animals for our sins . how does the animal who the one who is sacrificing , atone for our sins , as we ' re not sacrificing anything ? it ' s the animal who suffers , not us . why does g - d even need or want an animal dead ? reply
god never tells israel why something is clean or unclean . he never gives a reason for the definition of clean or unclean . for centuries , men have tried to give reasons for these definitions of clean and unclean , and wenham’s commentary outlines four , which i think are worthy of mentioning . why is one kind of food clean and another kind of food unclean ?
in jewish orthodox terminology , an animal is clean if it is edible . if the animal in question has four legs , it must have split hooves and chew its cud . since dogs do neither , they are unclean and , therefore , inedible . i don’t believe that means that an orthodox jew is not allowed to have a dog for a pet : many jews definitely kept equally unclean horses in not so distant past .
and whatsoever goeth upon his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean unto you : whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even .
and if any man lie with her at all , and her flowers be upon him , he shall be unclean seven days ; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean .
not to slaughter an animal and its young on the same day ( lev . 22 : 28 ) ( ccn108 ) .
and whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat ; it is unclean unto you .
“and all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .
also every swarming thing that flies is unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .
ye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .
fourth , there is the category of dead animals which are unclean . essentially , any dead animal other than an animal which has been killed through the sacrificial process in the front of the door of the tent of meeting is unclean . there are unclean animals that will defile in their death , and there are clean animals that will defile man in their death , if their death is not a sacrificial death . the carcasses are that which can contaminate , therefore if a person eats a cow which has just been killed by a wolf , that person would be ceremonially unclean even though he could eat the meat if it were sacrificed to god .
' this is the law of the beasts and the birds and every living soul that moves in the waters , and of every living soul that creeps on the earth , to distinguish between the unclean and the clean , and between the animal that may be eaten and the animal that may not be eaten . '
leviticus 11 : 45 to 47
birds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean (
according to leviticus 11 : 27 ,
whatsoever goes upon his paws ,
such as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .
are the non - meat parts of a non - kosher ( i . e . impure / tameh ) animal ossur min hatorah
it’s not the only animal on the unkosher list , but it gets the worst treatment of any of them . some examples :
food borne illness is on the increase worldwide . in most cases , animal products are implicated as the main source of infection .
this article originally appeared in animal voice , published by compassion in world farming , south africa . visit urltoken for more information .
moreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing , as the uncleanness of man , or any unclean beast , or any abominable unclean thing , and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings , which pertain unto the lord , even that soul shall be cut off from his people .
31 anyone who touches their dead bodies or anything touched by their dead bodies becomes unclean until evening .
( articles in the jewish encyclopedia under “poultry” and “clean and unclean animals” provide additional helpful information . )
and all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .
israel had to learn to distinguish between the clean and the unclean , the holy and the unholy .
 if a man sleeps with her , he will be affected by the uncleanness of her monthly periods . he shall be unclean for seven days . any bed he lies on will be unclean .
dogs are unclean according to islam . so are dogs really dirty and should be away from humans ?
first , in chapter 11 , cleanness and uncleanness has to do principally with food . it deals secondarily with cleanness or uncleanness that is the result of contact with a dead animal , but it seems the reason the dead animal is called unclean is because we couldn’t eat it . even a clean animal , a bull or a sheep , could not be eaten if it were not killed in a sacrificially prescribed way . so it has to do with food or that which is touched when dead .
the carcass of any animal that divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . . . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , these are unclean to you .
( leviticus 11 : 26 - 28 )
if you study all the unclean of the list in the bible they all eat an animal or bird as food as well as other things as a main part of their diet . they are 2nd , 3rd and 4th order consumers .
being that the animal has paws precludes us from eating it . but then we see that when it comes to touching these animals the verse clarifies that anyone that who touches their carcass will be unclean until the even ( evening , dusk , end of the day ) . the use of the word ' carcass ' deals with the body of the animal being dead .
and the leper in whom the plague is , his clothes shall be rent , and his head bare , and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip , and shall cry , unclean , unclean .
the torah gave signs to distinguish between ritually clean and unclean beasts , fish , and vermin . the torah also gave a list of unclean birds , to teach us that all other birds were ritually clean .
so we see that romans 14 is talking about defiled food rather than flesh taken from an animal that god has declared to be unclean . as we have already talked about defiled hands , let ' s look at food offered to idols :
in the torah , humanity is given dominion over animals ( gen . 1 : 26 ) , which gives us the right to use animals for legitimate needs . animal flesh can be consumed for food ; animal skins can be used for clothing . the torah itself must be written on parchment ( animal hides ) , as must the scrolls for mezuzot and tefillin , and tefillin must be made out of leather .
to teach when it is unclean , and when it is clean : this is the law of leprosy .
25 and whoever carries any part of their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .
43 if you eat any of them , you will become just as disgusting and unclean as they are .
those fish that do not have fins and scales are either scavengers or pure carnivores , and are unclean .
and whatever goes on his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean to you : whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the even . american king james version ×
it is beyond the scope of this short explanation to enumerate every possible example of clean and unclean animals .
god also lists birds and other flying creatures that are unclean for consumption ( verses 13 - 19 ) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .
below are two more reasons some people argue that ducks or geese are unclean ( unsuitable for food ) .
deuteronomy 14 : 19 all winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .
all winged insects that walk along the ground are ceremonially unclean for you and may not be eaten .
every thing that creepeth , and hath little wings , shall be unclean , and shall not be eaten .
6 the rabbit chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .
25 anyone who picks up one of these dead insects must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .
27 of all the animals that walk on four feet , the animals that walk on their paws are unclean for you . anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean until evening .
that foods become defiled by contact with unclean things ( lev . 11 : 34 ) ( affirmative ) .
that a leper is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 2 - 46 ) ( affirmative ) .
if some jewish christian thinks of certain foods as unclean , don ' t make a stink about it .
leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 contain god ' s commandment to israel concerning clean and unclean meats . in these passages , either he lists specific animals that are clean or unclean or he provides us with instructions about how to determine if an animal is clean or unclean . for instance , he tells us specifically that the camel , the hyrax ( rock badger ) , the hare , and the swine are unclean ( leviticus 11 : 4 - 8 ) , but regarding fish he instructs us to determine if a species possesses both fins and scales ( verse 9 ) .
some sources consider pets are considered to be muktzeh , within the category of objects that cannot be handled on shabbat . i haven ' t been able to get a clear idea of what exactly is and is not permitted with an animal on shabbat . i have seen several sources say that walking a dog is permitted , but if an animal runs away on shabbat , it is not permitted to trap the animal .
by jewish law a jew must not own “a bad dog” i . e , a dangerous animal . all other dogs are happy companions .
and yet the dog’s present - day position as a decent , noble animal has been hard won . in ancient israel the dog was considered an unclean animal . several verses in the bible know the usefulness of watchdogs and sheep dogs , but for the most part we only read of half - wild , half - starving scavengers that prowl the city by night . the dog lived on the refuse of the streets or on the terephah —one of the flock which has been torn by a wild animal and therefore unfit for human food .
and he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .
when i mention the clean and unclean list of what we are to eat or not to eat , christians remind me of the account of peter’s vision of the sheet coming down with clean and unclean animals in it .
, far from being unicorn , was a two - horned animal , is suggested by ps . , xxi , 22 , and forcibly evidenced by
for the curious , my caveat was to exclude cases such as using an animal as a wall in a house which gets tzara ' at .
9 “‘of the animals that live in the sea or in a river , if the animal has fins and scales , you may eat it .
and whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .
and whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be unclean until the even : and he that beareth any of those things shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .
the purpose of the unclean animals in this world are to be elevated by the compassion we show them . reply
5 the rock badger chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .
not to eat of holy things that have become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( negative ) .
that a leprous garment is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 47 - 49 ) ( affirmative ) .
but peter said ,
not so , lord ! for i have never eaten anything defiled or unclean .
these are unclean to you among all that creep . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening . anything on which any of them falls , when they are dead shall be unclean , whether it is any item of wood or clothing or skin or sack , whatever item it is , in which any work is done , it must be put in water . and it shall be unclean until evening ; then it shall be clean . any earthen vessel into which any of them falls you shall break ; and whatever is in it shall be unclean : in such a vessel , any edible food upon which water falls becomes unclean , and any drink that may be drunk from it becomes unclean . and everything on which a part of any such carcass falls shall be unclean ; whether it is an oven or cooking stove , it shall be broken down ; for they are unclean , and shall be unclean to you . nevertheless a spring or a cistern , in which there is plenty of water , shall be clean , but whatever touches any such carcass becomes unclean . and if a part of any such carcass falls on any planting seed which is to be sown , it remains clean . but if water is put on the seed , and if a part of any such carcass falls on it , it becomes unclean to you .
you shall therefore put a difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and you shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creeps on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .
( leviticus 20 : 25 )
birds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean ( verses 20 - 23 ) .
5 . it is cruel , and therefore haraam , to keep any animal in a cage so small that it cannot behave in a natural way .
see : amraad al - hayawaanaat allati tuseeb al - insaan ( animal diseases that affect humans ) by dr . ‘ali ismaa’eel ‘ubayd al - snaafi .
the camel has no split or cloven hoof , making it unclean . however , this animal has a similar digestive system to the clean animals ; so what is the problem ? the camel had to adapt to a desert environment in order to survive . it underwent a
; it must , nevertheless , very probably be reckoned among the unclean animals indicated under the general name of mouse .
and the coney , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .
and the hare , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .
of their flesh shall ye not eat , and their carcase shall ye not touch ; they are unclean to you .
moreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean until the even .
6 and the hare , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .
and the coney , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .
and the hare , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .
of their flesh shall you not eat , and their carcass shall you not touch ; they are unclean to you .
) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .
: unclean animals , when dead , couldn’t just be left in the community to rot ; they had to be disposed of . but the people who disposed of the unclean animals had to remedy their uncleanness by washing and a brief (
26 “‘some animals have split hoofs , but the hoofs are not completely divided ; others do not chew the cud . they are unclean for you , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean .
to burn meat of the holy sacrifice that has become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( affirmative ) .
that a menstruating woman is unclean and defiles others ( lev . 15 : 19 - 24 ) ( affirmative ) .
god is concerned with the health of all his creatures : human and animal . are the dietary laws god set out thousands of years ago still relevant ?
in refusing to consume any meat or animal by - product . for such patients , even medications that are produced using animals are likely to be problematic .
the appeal goes out to those muslims : please do not abuse or neglect any animal . this gives a distorted picture to others who are not muslim .
speak unto the children of israel , saying , if a woman have conceived seed , and born a man child : then she shall be unclean seven days ; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean .
thus even among adventists who eat meat , these unclean meats are avoided . nineteenth - century adventists , however , did not generally accept this distinction between clean and unclean meats based on levitical law , even though they clearly condemned pork . 1
, where it is left untranslated and considered as a proper name , it indicates a particular animal . the description of this animal has long puzzled the commentators . many of them now admit that it represents the hippopotamus , so well known to the ancient egyptians ; it might possibly correspond as well to the rhinoceros .
the method of this paper is based upon the belief that the best interpreter of the bible is the bible itself . thus for each animal found within revelation a search will be made to show other biblical passages that mention the same animal ; then an attempt will be made to find a consensus view of the passages to see what characteristics of the animal are normal in view when it is used in a biblical setting . additionally a number of bible dictionaries will be consulted to ascertain other physical facts about the palestinian animal in question to see if that sheds further light upon the subject matter . use will also be made of a
with this in mind rev 13 : 2 because relatively easy if scary to interpret . the animal in question is inherently a watchful , secretive animal but it carries the lethal weaponry of the two more violent predators of scripture and is possibly motivated by blind fury and a regal determination that it will not be thwarted .
many people have misconceptions about the biblical teaching on clean and unclean meats . what does scripture really reveal on this subject ?
and if it spread much abroad in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a plague .
and whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .
and whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .
5 and the rock badger , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .
according to the torah , a person became unclean if he or she touched something unclean . as long as he or she was unclean he or she was not allowed to come in contact with clean people or objects . in some cases uncleanness disappeared by itself after a determined period of time had elapsed ; sometimes to become clean one was required to offer a sacrifice and / or perform ritual washing . typical sources of uncleanness were bodily secretions , corpses , unclean animals and wrongly prepared food .
: the common thread through most of these birds is that they are either predators or scavengers ; these were considered unclean .
as for the sheet coming down from heaven in peter’s dream , it was not about clean and unclean animals , it was about clean and unclean men . here is the rest of that story . did peter really say all things are clean ?
8 you must not eat the meat from these animals or even touch their dead bodies ; they are unclean for you .
monuments teach us that this animal was used for threshing wheat ; finally , we repeatedly read in the o . t . of asses hitched to a plough (
, which , indicates an animal dwelling in ruins , and may generally be rendered by jackal . no other resemblance than a verbal one should be sought between this
based on this , some authorities permit gelatin from unkosher animals , since during the process the animal extract becomes unfit for even a dog . rabbi moshe feinstein ,
they don ' t have a list of vegetarian products nor are any products certified kosher . contact them at 800 / 762 - 4675 for animal free items .
clean and unclean animals we saw that eating animals like swine ( pig , hog , pork ) and that which is made from this unclean animal ( bacon , ham , lard , most sausage and pepperoni ) do not conform or promote yehovah’s image in the earth and are therefore considered unclean [ tamei ] because they do not chew their cud and have split hooves . having these two characteristics is what yehovah uses to delineate between animals which are clean [ tahor ] and do represent his image in the earth , from those that don’t .
. when the different clans or divisions of a tribe partook at the communal meal of the sacred animal ( totem ) which represented their god and ancestors , they believed that by this meal they participated in the divine life of the animal itself . sacrifice in the sense of offering gifts to the deity , the symbolic replacing of
verse 14 is a proof text used by the world to conclude that all meat is now fine to eat :
i know and am convinced by the lord jesus that there is nothing unclean of itself ; but to him who considers anything to be unclean , to him it is unclean .
this is another verse that has been poorly translated to conform to preconceived notions .
third , cleanness is that which is defined by god and declared by the priests . clean or unclean is clean or unclean by the definition , and the definition for the clean and unclean creatures is given in leviticus 11 . it is declared by the priests , which will become more and more important as we get into skin disorders . it is the priest who must say , this person or this disease is clean or unclean . it is god’s definition ; it is the declaration the priests will make .
used commercially on sheep and goats effective and induces instantaneous insensibility a minimum of 1 . 25 amps must be passed through the animal ' s brain to reliably induce insensibility
8 you shall not eat any of their flesh , and you shall not touch their carcasses ; they are unclean to you .
in fact , all the scriptures we have reviewed confirm that the law concerning clean and unclean meats is still in effect today .
you shall therefore distinguish between clean animals and unclean , between unclean birds and clean , and you shall not make yourselves abominable by beast or by bird , or by any kind of living thing that creeps on the ground . . . ( leviticus 20 )
unclean birds will devour their food in the air or press it down with their feet and tear it apart with their bills as they have a different digestive system . birds who lack any of the specifications for clean birds , fall into the unclean category .
your god . keep yourselves holy for me because i am holy . don’t make yourselves unclean with any of these crawling animals .
not to eat unclean fish ( lev . 11 : 11 ) ( ccn95 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .
not to eat unclean fowl ( lev . 11 : 13 ) ( ccn94 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .
many of the unclean animals traditionally have not been regarded as food in western nations . as these nations were partly built on a heritage of biblical principles this should not be a surprise . unclean meats which have been commonly consumed are rabbits , pigs , shark and shellfish . today it is becoming fashionable to eat many other unclean meats such as crocodile , snake , ostrich and octopus as well .
there is probably no animal as disgusting to jewish sensitivities as the pig . it’s not just because it may not be eaten : there are plenty of other animals that aren’t
● avoiding its name : many call the animal davar acher , “another thing , ” rather than by its proper name . this practice goes back to the talmud . 5
compared to the lion the leopard is a much less significant animal both within the bible in general and within revelation in particular . the bible has six references to the leopard
of men were due to jahweh , it was expressly provided that these latter should be redeemed , not sacrificed . the offering of the blood of an animal instead of a
alhamdulillaa , during this ramadaan , there has been a significant reduction in the number of muslims who have gone to animal welfare organizations to have their animals put to death .
pigs aren’t mentioned in the quran because they are somehow special , but rather because they are arguably the only domesticated animal that didn’t meet islamic criterion that was commonly consumed .
muslims refrain from eating pork and pork products because god has forbidden it . however a little investigation into the anatomy and lifestyle of the pig reveals that it is certainly an unclean animal . those interested in consuming healthy , natural , and pure foods would do well to abstain from pork and pork products .
some people believe that certain new testament scriptures remove all distinctions between clean and unclean meats . but what do these passages really say ?
and every earthen vessel , whereinto any of them falleth , whatsoever is in it shall be unclean ; and ye shall break it .
36 nevertheless , a spring or a cistern holding water shall be clean , but whoever touches a carcass in them shall be unclean .
38 but if water is put on the seed and any part of their carcass falls on it , it is unclean to you .
the pig , since it has hooves which are split , but it does not chew its cud—it is therefore unclean for you . 1
clean means something different when we come to the definition of clean versus unclean in leviticus . it is important for us to understand the meaning of clean and unclean , as it is used in the old testament , and its application for us in the new testament .
so the common denominator of many animals that god says are unclean is that they often eat flesh that would kill or sicken humans .
that a person who is unclean shall not eat of things that are holy ( lev . 7 : 20 ) ( negative ) .
jackson , wayne .
mark 7 : 19 - unclean meats .
urltoken . access date : july 9 , 2018 . urltoken
1 ) every animal has some form of worms or virus . not only pig . so the answer that it contains worms or viruses that can harm humans is not valid .
i . among the animals , most considered unclean fell into one of three categories : predators ( unclean because they ate both the flesh and the blood of animals ) , scavengers ( unclean because they were carriers of disease , and they regularly contacted dead bodies ) , or potentially poisonous or dangerous foods such as shellfish and the like . eliminating these from the diet of israel no doubt had a healthy effect !


the african yellow bat ( scotophilus dinganii ) is a species of bat in the family vespertilionidae , the vesper bats .

other common names include african yellow house bat , yellow-bellied house bat , and dingan 's bat .

it is one of fifteen species in the genus scotophilus .

african yellow bat

a young / baby of a african yellow bat is called a ' pup ' . a african yellow bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
african yellow bat - scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
the names and classifications of the yellow house bats have changed over the years and what was the yellow house bats are now know as the yellow bats . there are numerous species of yellow bats in african and around the world .
vaughan , t . , r . vaughan . 1986 . seasonality and the behavior of the african yellow - winged bat .
vaughan , t . , r . vaughan . may 26 , 1987 . parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat .
african bat researchers and conservationists joined together february 15 to create bat conservation africa , an network dedicated to conserving bats throughout the vast continent . bat conservation africa was launched by 30 bat specialists from 19 african nations during the first african bat conservation summit in naivasha , kenya .
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is often referred to as the african yellow - winged bat . its ears , like its wings , are reddish yellow . the ears contain a divided tragus that is relatively spiky . the eyes are quite large . in fact ,
the african yellow bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
is found throughout middle africa . this yellow - winged bat can be seen from gambia to ethiopia and from southern to northern zambia .
the east african little collared fruit bat is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
pool of roundleaf bat ( hipposideros sp . ) and horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus sp . )
larger than the lesser yellow house bat , but smaller than the giant yellow house bat . this is an attractive bat with a dog - like face . total body length averages 130 mm and weighs 27 gr . the adults ' belly is covered with bright yellow fur . the back is covered with brown tinged , short , sleek fur . wings are either olive , grey or red . the interfemoral membrane is brown and translucent .
terry a . vaughan , rosemary p . vaughan ; parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat ( lavia frons ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 68 , issue 2 , 26 may 1987 , pages 217–223 , urltoken
activity patterns , habitat use , and prey selection by some african insectivorous bats .
we first checked the bat house where the one yellow house bat had been seen on my previous visit . to my surprise this bat house was again occupied with a colony of angolan free - tailed bats – perhaps 150 of them . then we went to the bat house where we hoped to find out what type of yellow house bats had caused me such confusion the last time i was there .
hen suddenly at about 18 . 45 hrs – about 25 minutes after the emergence of the angolan free - tailed bat from other bat houses , there was a sudden thump into the upper mist net and we were confident that we indeed had something unusual on account of size alone . i rushed to remove the bat from the mist net in case it might free itself . with the light available from our torches i could see that it was a yellow house bat and that this would not be the normal yellow house bat on account of the much greater size . we had , indeed , captured the first giant yellow house bat ,
the straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) is the second largest bat on the african continent ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . despite its name , this bat is not a consistent straw - yellow colour , instead ranging from pale yellow to dark brownish - grey ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the fur on the rump and legs is often darker than on the more yellowish shoulders , and the underparts are lighter than the upperparts ( 4 ) .
it is believed that a mosaic of open country and forest patches are the preferred habitat of the east african little collared fruit bat ( 4 ) . the first described east african little collared fruit bat was caught in an area of big thorn trees and fig trees near a river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it has not been caught in the east african savannas despite considerable fruit bat collecting activities in this region ( 2 ) .
we had our first stall at the monthly farmers market at woodlands , lilongwe this morning , selling wooden bat boxes and bat guano to be used as fertiliser . each bat box has been carefully hand - made for african bat conservation by a local carpenter in lilongwe , using sustainable , non - native timber .
last week our urban bat team caught epomops dobsonii ( dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat ) in lilongwe nature sanctuary . dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat is a massive bat weighing 150g and with a forearm length of 91cm !
the yellow house bat is associated with woodland savannas . distribution in south africa from the northern province , mpumalanga , the eastern districts of swaziland , kwazulu - natal and the eastern cape .
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a little - known fruit bat , the east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta ) was only described as recently as 1980 ( 2 ) . named after the ‘collar’ of coarse hair around the neck of the male , the east african little collared fruit bat has light reddish - brown fur on the body , which is slightly lighter on the underparts . the large wings are dark brown ( 2 ) .
the colour of the body of an aardwolf varies from yellow - brown to dull yellow , with ± 5 distinct vertical black stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . it has a long dark tipped mane on the back which bristles when the animal is frightened . . .
but by having now supplied the transvaal museum with a specimen of the species of the giant yellow house bat , there is now no necessity for another of this species to be collected from that same region .
the east african little collared fruit bat has been found in the shimba hills in southeast kenya , the usambara and nguru mountains in tanzania , and in eastern zimbabwe ( 1 ) .
intriguing evidence for infection with a henipavirus in african bats was presented by hayman et al . ( 2008 ) who reported finding antibody to henipaviruses in african straw - coloured fruit bats from ghana . as a follow - up , drexler et al . ( 2009 ) detected henipaviral rna in an african straw - coloured fruit bat . clearly , information regarding the geographic distribution and medical and veterinary importance of the henipaviruses and their relationship with bats is not nearly complete .
a new book on african bats has been published . bats of southern and central africa ( 2010 ) is authored by african bat experts ara mondajem , peter taylor , woody cotterill , and corrie schoeman . it includes chapters on the evolution , biogeography , ecology and echolocation of bats , and provides accounts for the 116 bat species known to occur in southern and central africa . pick up your copy here .
color : they have a gray to snow - white fur with a yellow or amber leaf - shaped nose and ears , a black membrane on the wings .
african bat conservation conducts research on bats in the urban environment of lilongwe as part of or urban wildlife project . we conduct bat monitoring and research ( mist netting , roost surveys and bat box programmes ) in lilongwe and community outreach visits to respond to calls for assistance with human - bat conflict , providing advice and practical human - bat conflict mitigation . we are currently recruiting for an urban bat research and conservation assistant based at our research office in lilongwe , to conduct the field research and outreach in partnership with our community outreach workers under the supervision of dr emma stone .
the african civet , inhabits the savannahs and the forests of southern and central africa . the african civet is rarely found in arid regions , however , it can be found along river systems that project into the arid areas of niger , mali , and chad .
the east african little collared fruit bat has relatively large , pointed ears ( 2 ) but , like most fruits bats , these are unlikely to be used for echolocation . instead , this bat relies on smell and its large , well - developed eyes to find food ( 3 ) .
the photo on the left shows a dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat on the left and wahlberg ' s epauletted fruit bat on the right for comparison .
we are offering a fully funded phd using landscape genetics to assess the effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on bats in malawi with african bat conservation and university of southampton . click here to find out more and apply .
virtually nothing is known of the biology or behaviour of the east african little collared fruit bat , except that individuals are usually captured singularly ( 5 ) , which suggests it is a solitary species ( 2 ) .
harvester termites and beetles constitute 80 % of a bat - eared fox’s diet .
top right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis © ]
but the whole story started on 12th october 2004 when i was doing some work in the komatipoort area in preparation for a documentary on a breeding colony of sundevall’s leaf - nosed bats . in a moment of spare time i was checking on some bat houses that i had previously supplied to a time - share resort . i was concerned that while these bat houses had been occupied by well - established colonies of angolan free - tailed bats , mops condylurus , it now seemed that these bats may have left these bat houses . so when checking in one bat house i could only find a single yellow house bat tucked in high up between the crevices within the bat house .
richter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2008 ) first application of satellite telemetry to track african straw - coloured fruit bat migration . journal of zoology , 275 ( 2 ) : 172 - 176 .
the straw - coloured fruit bat forms huge colonies that may number into the millions .
like other fruit bats , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation .
as implied by the popular name , the lesser yellow house bat is similar in general appearance to its sister species , but is slightly smaller and leaner with a total head - to - tail length of 120 mm and a body mass of about 16 gr . . .
an inhabitant of woodland savannas , large herds of african buffalo are encountered in the kruger national park , with smaller herds in zululand and the eastern cape .
the african wildlife foundation ( awf ) is excited to announce the release of a new children’s book whose message people of all ages can get . . .
the honduran white bat may be preyed upon by owls , snakes , possums and raptors .
the honduran white bat is classified under the ‘near threatened’ category of the iucn red list .
after commencing the standardised trapping surveys in ernest , the abc team have quickly discovered a new bat species for malawi . the beautiful white - bellied house bat ( scotophilus leucogaster ) .
the klipspringer is a small antelope with a thick spiny coat providing protection against injury when it bumps against the rocks . the colour varies from yellow to grey - brown to dull grey . . .
although little is known about the east african little collared fruit bat , it is likely to be affected by the ongoing loss of its habitat , as a result of logging , harvesting of firewood and the conversion of forest to farmland ( 1 ) .
join african wildlife foundation as a member for just $ 25 . your partnership is vital to our mission to protect africa’s most precious - and imperiled - creatures .
is an average - sized bat with the female slightly larger than the male . the weight of
my first check was in dr peter taylor’s book , bats of southern africa . there i could find just two paragraphs on the bat that i suspected it to be . then i consulted dr reay smither’s , the mammals of the southern african subregion . and here i found a little more information with a map showing the limited amount of findings of this bat and virtually no information on the bat’s biology and habits , but enough on the size and weight of the species to increase my belief that something very interesting had been seen in the bat house .
the lupani school in the sekute community hosts 105 students and five trained teachers . african wildlife foundation relies on partners and donors to help ensure schools remain open and thriving .
skinner , j . d . and chimimba , c . t . ( 2005 ) the mammals of the southern african subregion . third edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .
l . angolensis is known to have a range across the central african rainforests and it is predicted to occur in northern malawi , but not as far south as the highlands .
is distinctive in that it is enveloped by a pointed spike . other physical characteristics include glands on males that secrete a yellow substance that discolors the lower back and a pair of false nipples near the anus of females .
and then i went to check another of the same type of bat house , and when i opened the bottom cleaning door , i saw the rapid shuffling away and up into the crevices of several yellow house bats that just looked very unusual to me as they seemed larger than usual . but i did not have any reference literature with me and it was frustrating to not be able to search for some explanation on what i had just seen . i was aware , though , from memory , that there was another larger species of yellow house bat , but i would have to wait until i returned to gauteng to consult the literature .
the leaf - shaped nose of this creature gives it the unofficial moniker , ‘leaf - nosed bat’ .
the trail will raise awareness of bat ecology and ecosystem services and demonstrate habitat characteristics important to bats .
to escape from predators , the bat - eared fox relies on speed and its incredible dodging ability .
the serval is a large , leggy and elegant , tawny - yellow wild cat richly marked with large , rather widely - spaced solid black spots which tend to run in the form of bars along the back . . .
there are no direct conservation measures in place for the east african little collared fruit bat . it has been found in the haroni and rusitu protected areas in zimbabwe , although as deforestation has still been taking place in these areas , their protected status seems to mean little in practice ( 1 ) .
approximately 20 days after the young bat begins flying alone , weaning begins . for 30 more days , the young
several species of fruit bats are the main pollinators of african baobab . the large flowers are well - suited to bat pollination because they are large enough to support a bat while it laps nectar . the flowers grow on long stalks at the end of branches , where bats can reach them easily . because few flowers are open at one time , bats must move from tree to tree , which promotes cross - pollination .
leopards have black spots arranged in rosettes , contrasted on a yellow - golden background . their head and body length is 1 . 6 - 2 . 1 m , and the tail is 0 . 68 - 1 . 1 m . . .
distribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
this month we received funding from the british ecological society outreach grants scheme to build an interpretative bat trail and bat box monitoring programme in lilongwe . this will be installed at lilongwe wildlife centre in partnership with lilongwe wildlife trust and will include interpretative signage to inform the public of the importance and ecology of bats . the trail will also include a bat box with a digital camera installed to allow the public to remotely observe the behaviour of the bat residents inside .
the adult black backed jackal is brownish black all over , except for a white spot above and below the eye . the centre of the chest and throat are white , with a broad black median streak . the eyes are brilliant yellow . . .
the diet of the east african little collared fruit bat is also unknown , but it has been found in areas containing fig trees ( 2 ) and fruit bats in captivity are capable of eating a variety of soft fruits ( 6 ) . unlike many bats , it apparently does not roost in caves ( 4 ) .
three subspecies of straw - coloured fruit bat are sometimes recognised ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , with eidolon helvum helvum occurring on the african mainland , eidolon helvum dupreanum occurring in madagascar , and eidolon helvum sabaeum being known only from yemen and saudi arabia ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . however , the populations on madagascar are now generally considered to be a separate species , the madagascan fruit bat ( eidolon dupreanum ) ( 1 ) .
glauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description
bat - eared foxes are primarily nocturnal . they emerge from their underground dens at dusk to feed during the night .
wilson de 1973 . bat faunas : a trophic comparison . syst zool 22 : 14 - 29 . [ links ]
the african giant rat has a long tail , which is bare with a white tip . the body is covered with a buffy - grey , relatively long fur whereas the underparts are slightly paler . . .
do you live in lilongwe and want to buy a bat box and help bats ? some of our specially made bat boxes will be appearing very soon at four seasons nursery in lilongwe . alternatively , you can always place an order for boxes or some of our bat guano fertiliser by getting in touch through our facebook page , or by visiting our website urltoken
african wildlife foundation recruits , equips , and trains scouts . these community members monitor wildlife , mitigate human - wildlife conflict , and work with local authorities to ensure the safety and security of wildlife in their area .
the straw - coloured fruit bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
bat - eared foxes are found in short - grass plains—and areas where termites and beetles are found—in east and southern africa .
as its name indicates , the bat - eared fox has unusually enormous ears in proportion to its head , like those of many bats . its body is generally yellow - brown with a pale throat and under parts . the outsides of the ears , the raccoon - like “face mask , ” lower legs , feet , and tail tip are all black . its legs are relatively short .
have a bluish gray body with some members having a lower back that is somewhat brownish or green . the wings are broad and the wingspan is about 14 inches ( rosevear , 1965 ) . the color of its wings is a mixture of red and yellow and hence ,
the warthog is the most commonly seen wild pig of the african bush . it is a dull grey colour and has a naked skin which is sparsely covered with a few tiny bristles along the back and flanks . . .
a strong flier , the straw - coloured fruit bat has long , pointed wings which are built for endurance rather than agility .
when sunlight filters through the green leaves , the white to whitish coat of the honduran white bat helps render it nigh invisible .
demspey , j . l . and crissey , s . d . ( 1995 ) nutrition . in : fascione , n . ( ed . ) fruit bat husbandry manual . aza bat taxon advisory group , the lubee foundation inc , gainesville , florida .
the banana bat is a tiny bat which is 77 mm long and weighs 4 . 0 grams . the dense fur on the back can be various shades of brown , whereas the undersides are always of a lighter shade than the dorsal colouration . . .
witte ej 1954 . bat rabies in pennsylvania . am j public health nations health 44 : 186 - 187 . [ links ]
hayman dt , suu - ire r , breed ac , mceachern ja , wang l , wood jl , cunningham aa 2008 . evidence of henipavirus infection in west african fruit bats . plos one 3 : e2739 . [ links ]
the straw - coloured fruit bat has a wide distribution across equatorial and sub - saharan africa , from senegal in the west to ethiopia in the east , and south to south africa . it also occurs in the extreme southwest of the arabian peninsula and on several islands off the african coast , including zanzibar and pemba ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the distribution of the straw - coloured fruit bat at the northern and southern extremes of its range is somewhat patchy and erratic ( 1 ) .
i could quickly tell that they were powerful creatures from the strength in their wings . they also needed to be respected , as would most other mammals of that size , as they indubitably had strong jaws and a good set of teeth in line with all species of yellow house bats .
described it being among the bat species with the highest aspect ratio ( wing length / wing width ) and the longest wing tips . wing size and shape represent a compromise between different ( and often conflicting ) selective forces and the kinematics of bat flight are complex (
this large bat has been recorded from sea level up to elevations of about 2 , 000 metres ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
kupferschmidt k 2013 . link to mers virus underscores bat ' s puzzling threat . science 341 : 948 - 949 . [ links ]
a large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of bulls characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved . . .
the honduran white bat lives in the evergreen tropical rainforests from sea level up to about 2 , 300 ft abundant with heliconia flowering plants .
with your help , awf can work on critical initiatives like providing sustainable agricultural training and working with wildlife scouts to protect the bat - eared fox . donate for a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the bat - eared fox does not become an endangered species .
a large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved horns .
the colour of african civet is whitish - grey with indistinct spots on the front quarters and regular black spots , which merge to stripes , on the hindquarters . there is a black stripe down the back starting from between the ears . . .
hangs from its mother and practices flapping its wings until it begins flying by itself . at that point , the young bat is left alone .
the straw - coloured fruit bat usually gives birth to a single young each year ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , typically in a ‘maternity colony’ consisting of clusters of females ( 2 ) . the young bat is carried by the female until able to fend for itself ( 4 ) .
koopman kf 1984 . a synopsis of the families of bats , part vii . bat research news 25 : 25 - 29 . [ links ]
hippos are highly valued for their fatty meat and ivory tusks , putting them in the crosshairs of hunters and poachers . the zambia wildlife authority and the lower zambezi natural park rely on african wildlife foundation ' s support to secure the park and protect hippos .
potential predators of the straw - coloured fruit bat include snakes , carnivorous birds such as owls , crows and buzzards , and mammals ( 2 ) .
with loss of habitat and prey , carnivores—like cheetahs and wild dogs—are hunting community livestock . as a result , farmers are forced to kill these species . african wildlife foundation needs support training scouts and funding bomas to protect livestock as well as negotiating buffer zones for wildlife .
a slender built animal resembling the grey housecat . the colour of african wild cat varies from grey to dark grey with ± 6 reddish to blackish - red vertical stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . in some cases these stripes are very faint . . .
i debated in my mind the best way to check out my hunch . i concluded that it would be essential to have some companions with me who were active bat workers with good knowledge to help out . i contacted lientjie cohen and koos de wet , who regularly work with us on bat outings and who do a lot of bat work within their department duties . we agreed to meet at ngwenya lodge , near komatipoort , in the late afternoon of monday 25th october .
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in general , the straw - coloured fruit bat is common , widespread and adaptable , and there are currently no major threats to this species ( 1 ) . however , deforestation and hunting are beginning to cause significant declines in some areas . for example , in west and central africa , the straw - coloured fruit bat is the most heavily harvested bat for the bushmeat trade . it is additionally harvested for medicinal use , and is considered to be a pest in some regions ( 1 ) .
the honduran white bat is the only species belonging to the genus ectophylla and is one of only a few species of bats from latin america to roost in tents .
rose and i returned to gauteng with the one female giant yellow house bat . she became a bit of a celebrity over the next three weeks as keen members wished to view the bat , take photographs and try to get some echolocation records . the bat , called ‘girlie’ over that period , performed wonderfully by impressing visitors with her rugged ability to decimate the biggest and hardest beetles available . for the 3 to 3 . 5gm rhino beetles and similar sized scarabs , she would ambush them in her cage with rapid powerful chomps with her well developed mouthful of incisors and molars . with these large beetles she would seize the prey in her teeth , then hang up by her thumbs on the cage mesh and devour the beetle with noisy chewing within the chamber formed by her interfemoral membrane . she was able to consume five standard size chafer beetles every thirty seconds .
drexler jf , corman vm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , annan a , ipsen a , kruppa t , müller ma , kalko ek , adu - sarkodie y , oppong s , drosten c 2009 . henipavirus rna in african bats . plos one 4 : e6367 . [ links ]
sazima i , vogel s , sazima m 1989 . bat pollitation of encholirium glaziovii , a terrestrial bromeliad . plant syst evol 168 : 167 - 179 . [ links ]
mating occurs between march and may . gestation period is 330 days . single calves are born between january and april , with a distinct peak in february . african buffalo are strongly gregarious . stable herds of up to several hundred are often observed , but which fragment into smaller herds in times of drought .
shares the territory of its parents ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . after this 30 day time period , the young bat is no longer solely dependent on its parents .
the bats had been known to the estate for decades , but only since abc started the research have they been confirmed to be a lissonycteris species . until dna results are confirmed , we’re not yet sure if the species is l . angolensis , the angolian soft - furred fruit bat , or l . goliath , harrison’s soft - furred fruit bat .
adult straw - coloured fruit bats usually have a bright orange , yellow or brownish collar of longer hairs on the throat , which extends upwards onto the back of the neck ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . this collar overlies glands on the skin that secrete a musky - smelling fluid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , and is brighter and more pronounced in males ( 2 ) .
but we welcome matt town , who has already been carrying on the research in satemwa for 8 weeks and is about to relocate to liwonde to lead the hot dry season bat surveying .
we are lucky enough to be catching plenty of fruit bats here in liwonde , including some little epauletted fruit bats . there are plenty around bat camp most evenings , making surveys much easier !
a single bat - eared fox can eat up to 1 . 15 million termites each year—this is about 80 % of their diets . in addition to termites , bat - eared foxes also eat other insects and arthropods , small rodents , lizards , the eggs and chicks of birds , and plant matter . they obtain much of their water from the body fluid of the insects they consume .
pawan jl 1936 . the transmission of paralytic rabies in trinidad by the vampire bat ( desmodus rotundus murinus wagner , 1840 ) . ann trop med parasitol 30 : 101 - 129 . [ links ]
podlutsky aj , khritankov am , ovodov nd , austad sn 2005 . a new field record for bat longevity . j gerontol a biol sci med sci 60 : 1366 - 1368 . [ links ]
simmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf 2008 . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . nature 451 : 818 - 821 . [ links ]
length of the 2 nd phalanx ( 2pl ) of the 3 rd digit vs . the 1 st phalanx ( 1pl ) of the 3 rd digit . several species of glauconycteris are shown ( closed diamond ) , as is niumbaha superba ( open diamond ) , and for comparison , two species of scotophilus ( open triangle ; a ‘typical’ african vespertilionid bat ) . the ratio of 2pl / 1pl is significantly greater in glauconycteris than in niumbaha ( with a theoretical 1 : 1 ratio indicated by the dashed line ) . data as reported in table 2 .
is distinctive among african vespertilionids in possessing an extremely shortened but broad muzzle in which the nostrils open more or less to the side from a transverse , thick subcylindrical naked pad . on the underlip is found a thickened pair of pads and the lower lip near the corner of the mouth has a fleshy lappet or fold that can be made to extend horizontally (
the cuteness of this bat makes it somewhat popular as pets , but having one would entail intensive care on the part of the owner to replicate its natural environment , failing which would lead to health problems .
we are very happy to wrap up work in the city for christmas having caught 15 bat species in the city since the project began in september 2016 . here ' s to more success in 2017 too !
sugar plum ( uapaka kirkiana ; phyllanthaceae ) with bat tooth marks on fruits husks , zambia . courtesy of jakob fahr ( max planck institute for ornithology , germany ) , the copyright holder of the image .
simon r , holderied mw , koch cu , von helversen o 2011 . floral acoustics : conspicuous echoes of a dish - shaped leaf attract bat pollinators . science 333 : 631 - 633 . [ links ]
springer ms , teeling ec , madsen o , stanhope mj , jong ww 2001 . integrating fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation . proc natl acad sci usa 98 : 6241 - 6246 . [ links ]
simmons nb 1998 . a reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats . in th kunz , pa racey , bat biology and conservation , smithsonian institution press , washington dc , p . 3 - 26 . [ links ]
while there is limited information regarding the mating and reproduction patterns of honduran white bat , the timing of their mating season is such that the offspring is born during spring . the gestation period lasts for a few weeks .
with lientjie , koos and me were my wife , rose , who was also our photographer , and adam palmer , who was again kindly helping us with ladders and other logistics . koos looked up at the bat house and noticed that a large lizard was in the bat house with it’s head sticking out . this dampened our spirits , as we were worried that something unexpected may be interfering with our hopes to make a strange finding .
the female straw - coloured fruit bat is only slightly smaller than the male and often appears lighter in colour . juvenile straw - coloured fruit bats are generally darker than the adults , and lack a collar ( 2 ) .
sazima m , buzato s , sazima i 2003 . dyssochroma viridiflorum ( solanaceae ) , a reproductively bat - dependent , epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil . annals of botany 92 : 725 - 730 . [ links ]
the name is the zande word for ‘rare / unusual’ . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .
the straw - coloured fruit bat feeds on fruiting and flowering trees , starting its foraging at sunset and ending after sunrise ( 2 ) . it feeds on a range of sweet , juicy fruits , including dates , figs and palm fruits , as well as on flowers , buds and even young leaves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like other pteropodidae species , the straw - coloured fruit bat mashes fruit between its teeth , sucking out the juices and spitting out the rest as dry pellets . this species also chews into soft wood to obtain moisture . despite its sometimes destructive feeding habits , the straw - coloured fruit bat is an important pollinator of flowering plants ( 2 ) .
after birth , a young bat adheres to its mother by attaching its mouth to a pair of false nipples located near the mother ' s tail . to further insure attachment to the mother , the young bat wraps its legs around the back of its mother ' s neck . despite the added weight of the offspring , the mother continues to forage . for roughly three months , the mother and its offspring stay in close proximity . during this time , grooming generally occurs with the mother eating the metabolic wastes of the baby in an apparent water conservation mechanism ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . in addition , the young bat observes the foraging and hunting techniques of its parents . the young
bergmans , w . m . ( 1980 ) a new fruit bat of the genus myonycteris matschie , 1899 , from eastern kenya and tanzania ( mammalia , megachiroptera ) . zoologische mededelingen , 55 ( 14 ) : 171 - 181 .
the bat - eared fox has a shoulder height of only 30cm , a length of about 75cm and weighs less than 5 kilograms . it has a beautiful silver - gray fluffy coat with a black - tipped bushy tail . . .
however , we erected our mist nets as we had intended and were happy that the weather conditions were very favourable . we were ready by 18 . 00hrs ( 6pm ) and settled in for a wait . the large lizard had retreated out of sight into the bat house . at about 18 . 20hrs many angolan free - tailed bats were overhead commencing their evening foraging on a variety of agricultural pest moths and beetles . we noticed two much larger bats than usual fly over the bat house – we were sure these were not fruit bats - and a few minutes later another flew over in the cross direction . but still there was no sign of bats from the bat house that we watched so intently .
only a small part of the migratory route of the kasanka colony is currently protected ( 6 ) , and a better understanding of the straw - coloured fruit bat’s migratory patterns may be needed to aid conservation efforts for this species ( 1 ) .
richter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2006 ) food availability and annual migration of the straw - colored fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) . journal of zoology , 268 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44 .
in typical manner girlie devoured a full meal of scarab and dung beetles on the evening of 17th november , and then i returned her into the bat house from which she had been captured 22 days earlier . we were always conscious that we did not want to take a female bat that was likely to be pregnant at that time of the year as a scientific voucher for museum records . by the time that girlie was released , there was every indication that she was indeed well pregnant .
this species is a strong flier , with wings that are built for endurance rather than agility ( 3 ) . its flight is slow and steady ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , interspersed with short glides , and the straw - coloured fruit bat is also able to clamber around branches and cling to trees using the strong , hooked claw on its first finger ( 4 ) . like other species in the pteropodidae family , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation ( 5 ) .
barr ja , smith c , marsh ga , field h , wang l - f 2012 . evidence of bat origin for menangle virus , a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs . j gen virol 93 : 2590 - 2594 . [ links ]
african civets live both in the forest and in open country , but they seem to require a covering of tall grasses or thicket to provide safety in the daytime . they rarely can be found in arid regions of africa . instead , they are usually found close to permanent water systems . it seems to use a permanent burrow or nest only to bear young . it is nocturnal and almost completely terrestrial but takes to water readily and swims well .
mimetillus thomasi has been confirmed as the species found at two survey sites in liwonde national park during the 2015 cold dry and hot dry season . this bat is in the vespertilionidae family and has a distinctive broad flattened skull as well as translucent finger membranes .
like all so - called ' free - tailed ' bats , the distal portion of the tail of the ansorgi ' s free - tailed bat is not encased in the interfemoral membrane , and thus presents as a protrusion above the flying membrane . . .
o ' shea tj , cryan pm , cunningham aa , fooks ar , hayman dts , luis ad , peel aj , plowright rk , wood jln 2014 . bat flight and zoonotic viruses . emerg infect dis 20 : 741 - 745 . [ links ]
shaw ti , srivastava a , chou wc , liu l , hawkinson a , glenn tc , adams r , schountz t 2012 . transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the jamaican fruit bat ( artibeus jamaicensis ) . plos one 7 : e48472 . [ links ]
simmons nb , geisler jh 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of icaronycteris , archaeonycteris , hassianycteris and palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in microchiroptera . b am mus nat hist 235 : 1 - 182 . [ links ]
simmons nb 1995 . bat relationships and the origin of flight . in pa racey , sm swift , ecology , evolution and behavior of bats , zoological society of london symposia 67 , oxford university press , oxford , p . 27 - 43 . [ links ]
wacharapluesadee s , lumlertdacha b , boongird k , wanghongsa s , chanhome l , rollin p , stockton p , rupprecht ce , ksiazek tg , hemachudha t 2005 . bat nipah virus , thailand . emerg infect dis 11 : 1949 - 1951 . [ links ]
a novel filovirus , provisionally named lloviu virus ( the only virus in the genus cuevovirus ) , was detected during the investigation of bat die - offs in cueva del lloviu in spain in 2002 . lloviu virus is genetically distinct from marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa . whereas infections of bats with marburgviruses and ebolaviruses do not appear to be associated with disease in the bats , lloviu virus was detected in a dead schreibers ' s long - fingered bat .
luckett wp 1980 . the use of fetal membrane data in assessing chiropteran phylogeny . in de wilson , al gardner ( eds . ) , proceedings of the fifth international bat research conference , texas tech press , lubbock , p . 245 - 265 . [ links ]
she proved to be a voracious feeder on stink bugs , twig wilters , chafer beetles ( ie rose or christmas beetles ) , long horn beetles , cicadas , katydids , mole crickets and dung beetles of various species , and those dreadful smelly yellow and black beetles that eat flowers and soft fruit like peaches . in fact , she was a very thorough entomologist , as she knew her diet items well as ground living beetles such a toktokkie beetles were not part of the diet . she did not find any type of moth acceptable and one mantid was partly chewed before being spat out .
the straw - coloured fruit bat has long , dark blackish - brown wings which are quite narrow and pointed . when the bat is at rest , the tips of the wings are folded inwards ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the tail membrane is narrow , running along the insides of the thighs , while the tail itself is short and projects beyond the membrane for about half its length . the first finger on the forearm is long and has a strong , curved claw , which is used for climbing among tree branches ( 4 ) .
drexler jf , corman vm , wegner t , tateno af , zerbinati rm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , müller ma , drosten c 2011 . amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony . emerg infect dis 17 : 449 - 456 . [ links ]
australian bottle tree ( adansonia gregorii ) is the single species of baobab native to australia . it is very similar to african baobab genetically , but its flowers are long and cylindrical rather than round and pendulous . although bats visit australian bottle tree and feed on its flowers ' nectar , hawk moths are the tree ' s primary pollinators . the cylindrical shape of the flowers are more suited to moths and other insects than to bats . australian bottle tree is hardy in usda zone 11 .
the conservation of lowland forest throughout much of east africa is essential for the future of this bat and many other species ( 1 ) . fortunately , there are a number of conservation organisations working to conserve the forest habitat in the region , including wwf tanzania ( 7 ) .
hibernation also may allow not only virus persistence in the bat , but trans - seasonal persistence as well , allowing virus to amplify and re - emerge when conditions are more amenable to transmission , such as seasonally for arthropod - borne viruses , colony formation and movement to maternity caves .
agnelli p , maltagliati g , ducci l , cannicci s 2011 . artificial roosts for bats : education and research . the
be a bat ' s friend
project of the natural history museum of the university of florence . hystrix 22 : 215 - 223 . [ links ]
near - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .
it was a fantastic morning and a good turn out ! the bat boxes proved very popular and generated a lot of interest . it was wonderful to chat to people about the work we do , and to let people know how to help bats by putting up boxes in their garden . with so much deforestation and increased development taking place , bats are losing their homes at an alarming rate . a wooden bat box can provide a suitable alternative resting place for bats and encourage them into areas where there are few natural roosting opportunities such as crevices in tree s and buildings .
we say a sad goodbye to our research assistant catherine , who helped to set up the bats and farms research at satemwa tea and coffee estate , and for the past month led the bat surveying in liwonde np . all the abc team wish catherine the best in her future research work !
ithete nl , stoffberg s , corman vm , cottontail vm , richards lr , schoeman mc , drosten c , drexler jf , preiser w 2013 . close relative of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat , south africa . emerg infect dis 19 : 1697 - 1699 . [ links ]
rodriguez , r . m . , hoffmann , f . , porter , c . a . and baker , r . ( 2006 ) the bat community of the rabi oil field in the gamba complex of protected areas . bulletin of the biological society of washington , 12 : 365 - 370 .
the straw - coloured fruit bat is an adaptable species that occurs in a wide variety of habitats . it is found primarily in moist and dry tropical rainforests , including evergreen forest , riverine and coastal forests and mangroves , as well as in moist and dry savanna and even urban areas ( 1 ) .
finally , can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses ? no , or not yet , is the qualified answer based on the evidence available . only integrative and organised field and laboratory research , using ecological and epidemiological approaches conducted by bat biologists and medical researchers , will provide a useful and satisfactory solution .
then on monday 25th october 2004 we had a major breakthrough in the positive finding of a species of bat that had never been located before in south africa . in fact , it is a very poorly known species throughout it’s distribution range almost throughout sub saharan africa . so the species is only recorded from isolated spots , with nine known records from nine different countries . these separate records are from senegal , ghana , nigeria , sudan , eastern congo , malawi , zimbabwe , mozambique and now south africa . but in some of those discoveries more than a single bat of the species was encountered but only at single localities .