cephalotes pallidoides is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes pallidoides

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes pallidoides for further details
anterior border of the frontal carinae with three or four pairs of clubbed hairs . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidoides
richness of cephalotes species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cephalotes species or for valid names only see cephalotes species .
cheeks completely without hairs . colombia and brazil . . . . . cephalotes duckei
gaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . curaçao . . . . . cephalotes emeryi
postpetiolar spines longer than their maximum length . brazil . . . . . cephalotes frigidus
first gastral sternite almost completely longitudinally striate . brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallidicephalus
frontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . peru . . . . . cephalotes peruviensis
the workers of cephalotes klugi and cephalotes prodigiosus are not included in the key since they are still unknown . the remaining species can be identified by means of the following key .
mesonotum with irregular longitudinal rugosities , body opaque . mexico . . . . . cephalotes toltecus
mesonotum unarmed . trinidad , colombia to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes spinosus
ventral face of the head with longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes notatus
gaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . venezuela , colombia . . . . . cephalotes crenaticeps
gaster with rare erect clubbed hairs only posteriorly . colombia . . . . . cephalotes patei
propodeum almost destitute of pilosity . gaster orange . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes flavigaster
appressed hairs of the first gastral tergite very sparse . mexico . . . . . cephalotes insularis
mesonotum with regular longitudinal rugosities ; body superficially shining . mexico . . . . . cephalotes wheeleri
fore femora with ventral crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes maya
gaster with semimembranous anterior lobes . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes incertus
gaster anteriorly with a narrow , well visible crest . ecuador . . . . . cephalotes ecuadorialis
colour light brown . membranaceous expansions of the body semitransparent . brazil . . . . . cephalotes membranaceus
outer face of the fore femora with longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes mompox
body sculpture impressed . ci ≤ 114 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes dieteri
body sculpture superficial . ci ≥ 120 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes integerrimus
colour dark brown to black . membranaceous expansions of the body whitish . brazil . . . . . cephalotes ustus
vertexal angles rounded . propodeum simply angulate , without teeth or spines . brazil . . . . . cephalotes solidus
gaster extremely globose ( fig . 252 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes ventriosus
first gastral tergite unicoiour . mesosoma without rugosities . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes bloosi
head and mesosoma strongly convex , the convexity very evident also in dorsal view ( fig . 310 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes quadratus . . . . . also see the newly described ( 2014 ) cephalotes specularis
more research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .
gaster , ventrally , densely covered with pointed hairs . guyanas , colombia , brazil . . . . . cephalotes marginatus
ventral face of the head with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . arizona and north mexico . . . . . cephalotes rohweri
sides of the frontal carinae bearing a row of long , pointed hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes supercilii
ci ≤ 122 . frontal carinae not covering completely the genae . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes alfaroi
first gastral tergite orange with a black spot in the middle . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes unimaculatus
body shining . colour yellow . trinidad & tobago , from colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes clypeatus
propodeum , laterally , without denticles . ppel > 155 . pppl > 173 . jamaica . . . . . cephalotes jamaicensis
propodeal sides , posteriorly , with one or two pairs of incisions . mexico to brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallens
lateral membranaceous expansions of the propodeum straight and narrowing backwards . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes caribicus
second pair of propodeal teeth separate from the declivous face . mexico to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes minutus
pronotum broader than the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . gaster completely black . colombia . . . . . cephalotes palta
gaster with many erect clubbed hairs on its whole surface . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes alveolatus
pi ≥ 103 . colombia , french guyana , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . . . cephalotes cordatus
promesonotal suture impressed . propodeal suture deeply impressed . mesosoma with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes nilpiei
first gastral tergite reticulate and with superimposed thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes femoralis
pilosity dense ; on the gaster the space between two hairs subequal to hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes inaequalis
body shining . foveae sparse . propodeum with reduced , rounded lateral expansions . mexico to guatemala . . . . . cephalotes biguttatus
basal face of the propodeum densely covered by appressed , canaliculate hairs hiding the sculpture . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes auricomus
hbai ≥ 40 . pronotal lateral expansions much more narrow and obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes serratus
maximum diameter of the eyes ≥ 0 . 35 of the median head length . mexico to paraguay . . . . . cephalotes maculatus
sides of the first gastral tergite with very fine , longitudinal rugosities . propodeal suture superficial . colombia . . . . . cephalotes coffeae
ppei ≥ 205 . pppl ≥ 184 . sides of the propodeum with a triangular expansion . mexico . . . . . cephalotes goniodontus
body opaque . foveae denser . propodeum with projecting triangular expansions . mexico , costa rica and panama . . . . . cephalotes multispinosus
propodeal spines much longer than the basal face of the propodeum . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes placidus
membranaceous expansions of the gaster flat , not bent dorsally neither concave . costa rica to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes grandinosus
the pair of spines between basal and declivous face of the propodeum longer than the basal face . peru . . . . . cephalotes inca
sides of the first gastral tergite reticulate . propodeal suture well marked . costa rica , panama , colombia . . . . . cephalotes setulifer
propodeum densely hairy ; the pilosity covering the sculpture . gaster light brown . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes taino
frontal carinae strongly upturned over and behind the eyes , with a clearly upraised external border . brazil , argentina . . . . . cephalotes bruchi
the following key to cephalotes workers is based on de andrade , m . l . & baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 .
gaster sub opaque . eyes more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes lanuginosus
foveae on the head dorsum very deep and irregular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster bent dorsally and concave . brazil . . . . . cephalotes liepini
ventral part of the first gastral tergite shining and with few hairs . colombia to brazil , peru , and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes complanatus
pilosity sparse ; on the gaster the space between two hairs twice or more broader than the hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes laminatus
first gastral tergite orange to light brown , with a black lozenge in the middle . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )
mid and hind basitarsi abruptly narrowing distally in lateral view . frontal carinae strongly crenulate . body opaque . brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes serraticeps
gaster , ventrally , with sparse , pointed hairs . from costa rica to argentina , belize ? , virgin islands ? . . . . . cephalotes atratus
posterior fourth of the head dorsum with sparse , thin hairs . gaster covered with thick , appressed pilosity . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes argentiventris
first gastral tergite bearing , in addition to sub erect hairs , a dense covering of long , appressed hairs . mexico . . . . . cephalotes hirsutus
erect , truncate hairs sparse ( < 50 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae superficial . brazil , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes guayaki
hbai < 35 . pronotum , laterally , with a pair of projecting , angular expansions . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes jansei
gaster completely shining . eyes never more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes liogaster
anterior border of the frontal carinae without or at most with one pair of clubbed hairs . brazil , bolivia and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pellans
frontal carinae only slightly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with narrow expansions . mexico , belize , costa rica ? . . . . . cephalotes kukulcan
posterior face of the femora without thick longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite without rugosities . ? guatemala . . . . . cephalotes sobrius
declivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes basalis
foveae on the head dorsum dense and deep . posterior third of the propodeum with longitudinal rugosities and few hairs . brazil . . . . . cephalotes betoi
frontal carinae almost concolour with the head . vertexal angles with two pairs of small denticles . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes borgmeieri
hbai ( hind basitarsal index ) > 42 . external border of the pronotal lamella continuous . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes squamosus
ci ≥ 128 . pi ≤ 100 . dorsum of the propodeum passing into the lateral faces with a marked ridge . brazil . . . . . cephalotes oculatus
propodeum , laterally , with two or three pairs of denticles . ppei < 138 . pppl < 149 . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes porrasi
posterior face of the femora with thick , longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite with longitudinal rugosities . honduras . . . . . cephalotes lenca
body more or less shining . sculpture very supedicial . propodeum with only one pair of spines . brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes cordiae
declivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite superficially reticulate and without rugosities . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes cordiventris
second pair of propodeal teeth continuing into the declivous face as a lamella . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes simillimus
rugosities of the first gastral tergite confined to the articulation area with the postpetiole , otherwise smooth . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes resinae
first gastral tergite with sparse , thick , appressed hairs on the whole surface . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma deeply impressed . mexico . . . . . cephalotes chacmul
erect , truncate hairs dense ( > 100 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae impressed . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes fiebrigi
hbai ( hind basitarsal index ) = 61 . 5 . fore femora with a narrow dorsal crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes olmecus
body hairs very broad , almost triangular and appressed , entirely contained in the foveae ( fig . 205 ) . brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes persimplex
body opaque . sculpture impressed . propodeum with two or three pairs of teeth . colombia , ecuador , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes ramiphilus
spines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at maximum as long as the basal face . panama , colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes christopherseni
ci ≥ 137 . pppi > 226 . foveae on the mesosoma dense . first gastral tergite with deep reticulation . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes columbicus
vertex without denticles . dorsum of the propodeum largely covered by hairs . propodeal suture superficial . venezuela to bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes depressus
ci = 142 . head and mesosoma of the usual shape . anterior border of the pronotum curved . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes hispaniolicus
body opaque . lobes of the first gastral tergite strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length subequal to the maximum width . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes decolor
petiolar dorsum unarmed . lateral expansions of the postpetiole round . postpetiole without dorsal carina . vertexal angles with broad , transparent lamellae . brazil . . . . . cephalotes goeldii
frontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with a pair of broad , round expansions . mexico to colombia , venezuela and ecuador . . . . . cephalotes scutulatus
ci ≤ 133 . pppi < 209 . foveae on the mesosoma sparser . first gastral tergite with superficial reticulation . colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pusillus
first gastral tergite orange to light brown and with a black lozenge in the middle . body sculpture very superficial . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )
first gastral tergite with a dark spot in the middle . mesosoma with thin , irregular rugosities between the foveae . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes sucinus
first gastral tergite longitudinally rugose over its entire anterior fourth . at most the gastral lobes can be smooth in some specimens . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes hamulus
head ( mandibles excluded ) longer than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with more than 40 appressed , canaliculate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes pileini
ventral face of the head with thick , regular , longitudinal striae . sides of the first gastral sternite with thick , curved striae . costa rica . . . . . cephalotes curvistriatus
foveae on the head dorsum sparse and shallow . posterior third of the propodeum superficially reticulate and without hairs . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes pavonii
ci = 183 . head and mesosoma greatly flattened and with broad lamellar expansions . anterior border of the pronotum straight . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes poinari
body superficially shining . lobes of the first gastral tergite not strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length much shorter than their width . haiti , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes decoloratus
body hairs less broad and simply curved , clearly projecting over the dorsal surface of the head ( fig . 201 ) . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes persimilis
vertex with a pair of small denticles . dorsum of the propodeum with hairs only on the two anterior thirds . propodeal suture impressed . mexico to colombia . . . . . cephalotes cristatus
first gastral tergite with dense , thick , appressed hairs missing only on a pair of longitudinal , posterior stripes . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma superficial . mexico . . . . . cephalotes auriger
propodeum with only one pair of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole shorter than half of the maximum length of the respective segment . mexico . . . . . cephalotes bimaculatus
body foveae deep and dense , contiguous to each other , their interspaces narrower than the foveae themselves ( fig . 254 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes obscurus
dorsum of the mid and hind femora only with sparse , appressed hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar lateral expansions with strongly crenulate borders . mexico to peru and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes umbraculatus
promesonotal suture almost invisible . propodeal suture visible only as a difference in sculpturation . longitudinal rugosities of the mesosoma distinguishable only in the propodeal area . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pinelii
ventral face of the head with thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities only . sides of the first gastral sternite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . texas , north mexico . . . . . cephalotes texanus
sides of the frontal carinae , dorsum of the mesosoma , of the pedicel and posterior part of the first gastral tergite with erect , short , sub truncate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes fossithorax
maximum diameter of the eyes less than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae without teeth and anteriorly obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes brevispineus
petiole anteriorly truncate . postpetiole with a superficial v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite surpassing abundantly the anterior half of the tergite backwards . brazil and argentina . . . . . cephalotes angustus
pilosity dense over entire body . gaster opaque . cephalic foveae dense and small , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 5 the maximum eye length . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pilosus
dorsum of the mesosoma , erect of the pedicel and of the gaster , and legs with abundant erect hairs ( fig . 158 ) . brazil , bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes eduarduli
ci < 126 . pi ≥ 104 . transition between the dorsal and lateral faces of the propodeum simply round . colombia , venezuela , guyanas , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes opacus
propodeum with a pair of lateral teeth or denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole truncate and shorter than the maximum length of the petiole . florida , bahamas , cuba , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes varians
border of the frontal carinae weakly crenulate , only with few clavate hairs ( fig . 215 ) . ventral face of the head reticulate and with superimposed irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes patellaris
maximum diameter of the eyes more than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae with three pairs of teeth . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes manni
first gastral sternite shining , the reticulation very superficial . head , mesosoma and pedicel with impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma dense and deep ( fig . 318 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes bivestitus
border of the frontal carinae strongly crenulate , with several standing , clavate hairs ( fig . 218 ) . ventral face of the head simply reticulate . guyana , surinam , brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidus
head , mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs only very superficially foveolate ; the foveae almost indistinguishable on the first gastral tergite . ( fig . 291 ) . hbal ≥ 30 . argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes bohlsi
first gastral sternite reticulate and opaque . head , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster with less impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma sparse and shallow ( fig . 292 ) . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes jheringi
pronotum , laterally , with a pair of continuous lamellae not fused with a spine . body foveae deep , the foveae bearing palm leaf - shaped hairs ( fig . 389 ) . panama , peru , colombia , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes foliaceus
petiole anteriorly oblique . postpetiole with a well marked v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite not surpassing the anterior half of the tergite posteriorly . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes targionii
cephalotes is a broad genus of ants . they are heavily armoured – it makes you wonder just how formidalble they would look if we were the same size . the amazing thing about many of them is the head – used to plug a gap as it were . above is an ant of the species
a member of the pallens clade differing from its sister species cephalotes pallidus by the following apomorphies : in the worker , soldier and gyne , sculpture less impressed , femora more inflate , and hbai ≥ 50 and , in the gyne only , disc with shallower and more regular foveae . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 480 , figs . 222 - 224 soldier , worker , queen , male described )
the ants live in trees in the forest areas of the new world tropics and the subtropics . some cephalotes species can even glide back to the tree if they are knocked from it . most of them are what is known as polymorphic which means that they have various castes that have a specific use and purpose in the colony . above is another example of
the proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .
to put it simply the flat head is a plug – nothing more nothing less . the cephalotes have a habit of using old holes in trees in which they will make the entrance to their nest . now , sometimes other creatures will have the same thing in mind , particularly the crematogaster acrobat ant . above is another species that demonstrates the same features ( we prefer the colors too ) , which is
the behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they
fly
towards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .
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worker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .
mature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
de andrade , in de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 480 , figs . 222 - 224 ( s . w . q . m . ) brazil .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
border of the frontal carinae and of the membranaceous expansions of the mesosoma weakly crenulate . femora much more incrassate . mid and hind femora angulate . mid and hind basitarsi flat , shorter and broader .
sculpture . head and mesosoma with shallower foveae , dense or sparse on the frontal carinae , with thin rugosities between the foveae in some specimens only . ventral part of the head with or without small , irregular foveae separate by short , longitudinal rugosities . propodeum and pleurae without longitudinal rugosities . anterior third and sides of the first gastral tergite with shallower foveae . first gastral sternite and legs with more superficial reticulation and foveae .
pilosity . as in pallidus but with the hairs on the border of the frontal carinae sparser and thinner some specimens with less short , erect , pointed , hairs on the gastral sternites .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 79 - 4 . 44 ; hl 0 . 90 - 1 . 00 ; hw 1 . 00 - 1 . 20 ; el 0 . 23 - 0 . 26 ; pw 0 . 90 - 1 . 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 65 - 0 . 77 ; ppw 0 . 53 - 0 . 70 ; hbal 0 . 20 - 0 . 26 ; hbaw 0 . 11 - 0 . 13 ; ci 111 . 1 - 122 . 2 ; pi 111 . 1 - 123 . 9 ; ppei 124 . 3 - 147 . 8 ; pppi 140 . 0 - 192 . 4 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 9 .
border of the cephalic disc less crenulate . disc flat to gently convex medially . vertexal angles and pronotal carina less crenulate . sides of the basal face of the propodeum with two pairs of slightly round swellings . gastral lobes less protruding . femora more incrassate . mid and hind femora dorsally more angulate .
sculpture . body foveae more regular . foveae of the head dorsum approaching more the borders of the disc . internal border of the disc with a narrow punctate area without rugosities . some specimens with the head completely covered by a thick layer of probable camouflage material . sides of the head more regularly foveolate . ventral part of the head with thinner rugosities . mesosoma , pleurae and pedicel with less impressed punctures and foveae . gaster and legs with more superficial reticulation , foveae and rugosities .
pilosity . sides of the head disc , pronotum , pedicel , gaster and legs with sparser , clubbed hairs . each fovea of the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs with an appressed hair . gastral sternites with less , short , erect , pointed , hairs .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 08 - 5 . 64 ; hl 1 . 36 - 1 . 56 ; hw 1 . 22 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 31 - 0 . 34 ; pw 1 . 16 - 1 . 34 ; pew 0 . 64 - 0 . 75 ; ppw 0 . 60 - 0 . 71 ; hbal 0 . 23 - 0 . 25 ; hbaw 0 . 13 - 0 . 14 ; ci 89 . 7 - 97 . 4 ; pi 105 . 2 - 114 . 5 ; ppei 181 . 2 - 194 . 2 ; pppi 174 . 6 - 212 . 7 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 5 .
differing from the soldier in the following characters . floor of the disc flat posteriorly , declivous and with raised border anteriorly . vertexal depression deeper . humeral angles obtuse . pronotal carina lower . pronotum , mesonotum and scutellum flat . sides of the basal face of the propodeum anteriorly convex and posteriorly with a pair of minute denticles slightly diverging externally .
anterior face of the petiole more oblique and gently concave medially . petiolar sides with a pair of small denticles . postpetiolar sides with a pair of expansions variably developed , round apically or , sometimes , bearing a pair of minute denticles pointed backwards .
sculpture . as in the soldier but the foveae cover the whole disc . foveae on the mesosoma variably impressed . foveae on the propodeum slightly smaller . upper mesopleurae and center of the lower mesopleurae foveolate , the foveae denser and deeper on the upper mesopleurae .
pilosity . as in the soldier except for the slightly denser clubbed hairs on the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster , and legs .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 22 - 7 . 84 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 32 - 1 . 52 ; el 0 . 36 - 0 . 39 ; pw 1 . 32 - 1 . 48 ; pew 0 . 52 - 0 . 66 ; ppw 0 . 62 - 0 . 74 ; hbal 0 . 32 - 0 . 37 ; hbaw 0 . 18 - 0 . 20 ; ci 89 . 2 - 92 . 7 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 212 . 9 - 253 . 8 ; pppi 180 . 1 - 212 . 9 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 59 . 4 .
differing from pallidus in the following characters . frontal carinae lower . clypeus convex posteriorly , straight or with a superficial incision anteriorly . pronotum in dorsal view with the sides diverging backwards ; lateral margination of the pronotum variably developed .
sculpture . head dorsum minutely reticulate ; posterior third of the head dorsum irregularly foveolate - rugose ; frons with sparse , small foveae and thin , longitudinal rugosities . sides of the head in front of the eyes and area between the scapes with thin , transversal rugosities . ventral part of the head , mesosoma and pedicel as in pallidus except for the presence of longitudinal rugosities on the declivous face of the propodeum ; rugosities on the mesopleurae more impressed . gaster subopaque to shining .
colour . black with lighter pedicel and gaster . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora brown . remaining parts of the legs dark yellow .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 46 - 5 . 17 ; hl 0 . 71 - 0 . 75 ; hw 0 . 88 - 0 . 96 ; el 0 . 35 - 0 . 40 ; pw 0 . 88 ; pew 0 . 39 ; ppw 0 . 43 - 0 . 47 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 46 ; hbaw 0 . 07 - 0 . 08 ; ci 123 . 9 - 12 8 . 0 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 225 . 6 ; pppi 187 . 2 - 204 . 6 ; hbai 17 . 4 - 17 . 9 .
holotype soldier from brazil labeled : utiariti ( 325 m ) , rio papagaio , mato grosso , brasil , vii . 1961 , k . lenko . paratypes : 8 workers , 1 male , same data as the holotype , all museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo .
this page was last modified on 22 june 2015 , at 06 : 41 .
this page was last modified on 13 november 2017 , at 22 : 40 .
basal and declivous faces of the propodeum forming an angle of 90° and separated by a pair of spines . pronotum with a pair of lateral spines
propodeum without distinct basal and declivous faces , i . e . , inclined , or , if angulate , the two faces never separate by a pair of spines . pronotum , laterally , at most denticulate , but never with spines
posterior fourth of the head dorsum with curved , thick hairs . gaster pilosity thinner and much sparser
body covering with hairs of different types , but never long , pointed and flexuous . a few pointed hairs may be present on the external border of the frontal carinae and on the sides of the meso - and metasoma , of the petiole , of the postpetiole and on the gaster
body pilosity sparser . gaster superficially or completely shining . cephalic foveae sparse and larger , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 4 the maximum eye length
first gastral tergite with massive anterior lobes concolorous with the rest of the gaster . body colour reddish brown , dark brown or black . hind femora never angulate
first gastral tergite without expansions , or with anterior lamellaceous or membranaceous expansions paler than the rest of the gaster . if semimembranaceous lobes are present ( incertus ) then , colour ferruginous or yellowish brown and hind femora angulate
sides of the frontal carinae with sub clavate or clavate hairs . dorsum of the mesosoma and of the pedicel never with erect , short , sub truncate hairs
at least head and mesosoma with deep foveae ; foveae of the first gastral tergite always well visible ( figs . 292 , 318 ) . hbal ≤ 27
pronotum , laterally , with a pair of broad lamellaceous expansions fused with a spine visible in transparency . body foveae absent to superficial ; hairs simple to broad
propodeum differently shaped , either without denticles or with two or three pairs of denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole spiniform and as long as or longer than the maximum length of the petiole
head , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster deeply sculptured ; the foveae with thick border , irregular , contiguous and deep ( figs . 215 , 218 ) ; first gastral tergite with well recognisable sculpture over its whole surface
sides of the pronotum generally without denticles and broadly expanded . if the pronotal expansions are weakly denticulate ( kukulcan , scutulatus , incertus , caribicus ) and narrow ( incertus , caribicus , kukulcan ) , the hind femora are angulate
sides of the pronotum with a narrow , denticulate lamella . if the pronotum is only weakly denticulate ( bimaculatus ) , the hind femora are not angulate
petiole without membranaceous expansions and with a pair of lateral spines . propodeum laterally incised
petiole with broad membranaceous lateral expansions , never with true spines . propodeal sides never incised
foveae on the head dorsum shallower and more regular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster flat
head ( mandibles excluded ) shorter than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with less than 25 appressed , canaliculate hairs
propodeum with three pairs of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole longer than the maximum length of the respective segment
second pair of pronotal teeth in shape of triangular lobes and directed upwards . hind femora not angulate . postpetiole with long spines
spines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at least 1 . 5 times longer than the basal face
first gastral tergite black with or without a transversal strip or with a pair of variably developed coloured spots . body sculpture impressed
petiolar dorsum with a minute pair of denticles . lateral expansions of the postpetiole pointed or obtuse . postpetiole with traces of a v - shaped carina . vertexal angles without or simply with narrow lamellae
body foveae more superficial and sparse , their interspace much broader than the maximum fovea diameter ( figs . 253 , 258 )
dorsum of the mid and hind femora densely covered with hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar expansions spiniform or round , never crenulate
propodeal sides with a pair of spines followed by a pair of teeth ( figs . 158 , 147 )
frontal carinae yellow and semitransparent , not concolour with the head . vertexal angles never denticulate , with a yellowish , lamellaceous border
hbai ( hind basitarsal index ) < 32 . external border of the pronotal lamella incised
this page was last modified on 28 january 2016 , at 21 : 02 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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tropheops modestus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .

this species can reach a length of 6.4 centimetres ( 2.5 in ) sl .

tropheops modestus

the following term was not found in genome : tropheops modestus [ orgn ] .
tropheops
elongatus bar ,
photographed underwater at maleri island . konings ( 1995c : 71 ) believes this entity is t . modestus . from plate 6i of ribbink et al . , 1983 ; reproduced by permission of the zoological society of southern africa .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
africa : known from the type locality , waters off makanjila , lake malawi .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5684 )
konings , a . , 2007 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . 4th edition . cichlid press , el paso , usa . 424p . ( ref . 79521 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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iucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 14 september 2017 ) .
johnson , d . s . 1974 . three new cichlids from lake malawi . today ' s aquarist 1 ( 3 ) : 38–42 .
konings , a . 1990 . konings ' s book of cichlids and all the other fishes of lake malawi . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city new jersey .
konings , a . 1995 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . second edition . cichlid press , st . leon - rot , germany .
( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61172a117850934 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
last update : 6 november 2010 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


boninena callistoderma is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family enidae .

this species is currently only endemic to haha-jima and ane-jima in the ogasawara islands ( japan ) , having been extirpated from other parts of this archipelago .

boninena callistoderma

boninena leptostraca ( p . b . schmacker & o . böttger , 1891 )
boninena warburgi ( p . b . schmacker & o . böttger , 1891 )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : boninena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )
html public
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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- - - - - - family : enidae b . b . woodward , 1903 ( land ) db counters : genus = 65 , subgenus = 16 , species = 452 , subspecies = 68 ( 225 species and 40 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 5 , subspecies = 0
genus : borlumastus a . örstan & m . z . yildirim , 2004 ( db : 1 sp )
genus : coniconapaeus i . abbes , s . nouira & e . neubert , 2009 ( db : 3 sp )
palaeomastus complanatus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 † ) ( fossil )
palaeomastus filocinctus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 † ) ( fossil )
palaeomastus hassiacus ( w . a . wenz , 1919 † ) ( fossil )
subfamily : andronakiinae - genus : andronakia w . a . lindholm , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : adzharia p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : amimopina t . iredale , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : buliminus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 19 sp )
buliminus djurdjurensis c . m . f . ancey in c . a . westerlund , 1892
subfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : buliminus ( pene ) p . m . pallary , 1929 ( db : 5 sp )
buliminus ( pene ) sidoniensis ( j . g . f . de charpentier , 1847 )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : clausilioides w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : coccoderma o . f . von möllendorff , 1901 ( db : 10 sp )
coccoderma abbreviata ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1915 )
coccoderma clausiliaeformis ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )
coccoderma corti ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )
coccoderma messageri ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1900 )
coccoderma scaber ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )
coccoderma tonkiniana ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )
coccoderma varians ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : luchuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )
luchuena nesiotica ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : mirus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 18 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : omphaloconus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( cirna ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( kabylia ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( mauronapaeus ) w . kobelt , 1899 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : pupinidius o . f . von möllendorff , 1901 ( db : 8 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : pupinidius ( petraeomastus ) o . f . von möllendorff , 1901 ( db : 4 sp )
pupinidius ( petraeomastus ) breviculus ( o . f . von möllendorff , 1902 )
pupinidius ( petraeomastus ) qii s . y . wang & min wu , 2013
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : serina p . v . gredler , 1898 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : sesteria j . r . bourguignat , 1884 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : buliminusinae - genus : yakuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : chondrulopsininae - genus : chondrulopsina w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )
siraphoroides moltschanovi ( i . m . likharev & e . s . rammelmeyer , 1952 )
subfamily : eninae - genus : chondrula h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 23 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : chondrus g . l . c . f . d . cuvier , 1817 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : ena w . e . leach in w . h . turton , 1831 ( db : 15 sp )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( caucasicola ) p . hesse , 1917 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( paramastus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( peristoma ) i . krynicki , 1833 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : georginapaeus a . a . schileyko , 1998 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : imparietula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : jaminia a . risso , 1826 ( db : 11 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : mastus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 29 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : meijeriella r . a . bank , 1985 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : multidentula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )
subfamily : eninae - genus : napaeus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 73 sp )
napaeus badiosus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
napaeus helvolus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
napaeus lajaensis r . garcia del castillo , y . yanes , m . r . alonso & c . m . ibáñez , 2006
napaeus myosotis ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
napaeus roccellicola ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
napaeus terverianus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
napaeus variatus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : napaeus ( napaeinus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 9 sp )
napaeus ( napaeinus ) bechi m . r . alonso & c . m . ibáñez , 1993
napaeus ( napaeinus ) esbeltus c . m . ibáñez & m . r . alonso , 1995
subfamily : eninae - genus : zebrina f . held , 1837 ( db : 15 sp )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( brephulopsis ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )
zebrina ( brephulopsis ) konovalovae n . gural - sverlova & r . i . gural , 2010
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( napaeopsis ) r . sturany & a . wagner , 1914 ( db : 5 sp )
zebrina ( napaeopsis ) minimus r . a . bank & h . p . m . g . menkhorst , 1992
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( ramusculus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( thoanteus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )
subfamily : euchondrinae - genus : euchondrus o . böttger , 1883 ( db : 16 sp )
subfamily : euchondrinae - genus : improvisa a . a . schileyko , 1978 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : euchondrinae - genus : pentadentula a . n . suvorov , 2006 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : euchondrinae - genus : senaridenta a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : merdigerinae - genus : merdigera f . held , 1837 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : akramovskiella a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : differena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : geminula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )
geminula isseliana ( j . r . bourguignat in a . issel , 1865 )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : laevozebrinus w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ljudmilena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : mastoides c . a . westerlund , 1896 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : nepaliena a . a . schileyko & a . frank , 1994 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ottorosenia i . v . muratov , 1992 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudochondrula p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 6 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudonapaeus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 33 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( aridenus ) a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( siraphorus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : spaniodonta w . kobelt , 1902 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : subzebrinus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 17 sp )
subzebrinus hazarica ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1914 )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : turanena w . a . lindholm , 1922 ( db : 15 sp )
subfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : turanena ( asuranena ) a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995 ( db : 11 sp )
turanena ( asuranena ) conicula ( e . c . von martens , 1882 )
turanena ( asuranena ) inversa a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995
turanena ( asuranena ) margaritae ( a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1989 )
turanena ( asuranena ) martensiana ( e . c . von martens , 1874 )
subfamily : retowskiinae - genus : retowskia o . böttger , 1881 ( db : 1 sp )
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hahajima - oki ; しんかわな - | urltoken | | | creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0
view from hahajima - island and the minamizaki tokyo , japan ; しんかわな - | urltoken | | | attribution - sharealike 3 . 0
is the second - largest island of the ogasawara islands or bonin islands south of the japanese main island chain . it is about 21 km
the highest points are chibusayama , ( literally
breast mountain
) , approximately 462 metres ( 1 , 516 ft ) , and sakaigatake , 443 metres ( 1 , 453 ft ) . the largest island of the group , chichijima is located approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) to the north . together with nearby smaller islands like anejima and imōtojima and mukōjima , hahajima forms the hahajima rettō ( 母島列島 ) , or in former times , the
baily group
.
the island is within the political boundaries of ogasawara village , ogasawara subprefecture , tokyo , japan .
the first european discovery of the bonin islands is said to have taken place in 1543 , by the spanish explorer , bernardo de la torre . hahajima was originally called coffin island or hillsborough island and settled by europeans before becoming part of japan . in world war ii , the japanese government removed the locals and fortified the island ; it was the target of several attacks by us forces during world war ii . what is left of the defense works is now one of the tourist attractions of the island . the island can be reached by ferry in about two hours from chichijima . the economy of hahajima is based on commercial fishing , as well as a state - run rum distillery .
today hahajima has a population of 450 , but the population was 1546 in 1904 and 1905 in 1940 . there is one road from the ( now - abandoned ) village of kitamura ( 北村 ) at the north end of the island to the village of okimura ( 沖村 ) - formerly
newport
at the southern end of the island , where the harbor is located . ogasawara village operates the island ' s public elementary and junior high schools . tokyo metropolitan government board of education operates ogasawara high school1 on nearby chichijima .
hahajima is of considerable interest to malacologists because of its endemic land snail fauna , including the eponymous lamprocystis hahajimana . due to the widespread presence of invasive species including goats ( which destroy habitat ) and rodents , flatworms and the rosy wolfsnail ( which eat the native snails ) , it was feared that many of the endemics had become extinct .
but most if not all of the endemic land snail species seem to persist on the remote higashizaki peninsula on the eastern coast . this is a quite pristine expanse of ground , scenic but very hard to reach ( one has to climb mt . chibusa before descending to the peninsula ) . it consists of sheer seacliffs surrounding a plateau with chinese fan palm ( livistona chinensis ) , pandanus and broadleaf ( e . g . persea kobu , a wild avocado ) forest , and appears to be untouched by invasive species at present . it has been proposed that access to the area should be monitored , so that visitors will not inadvertently contribute to destroying this unique area .
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- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
how can i put and write and define boning in a sentence and how is the word boning used in a sentence and examples ? 用boning造句 , 用boning造句 , 用boning造句 , boning meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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gegeneophis primus is a species of caecilian discovered in wynad district in the western ghats of kerala , india .

the species was described in 2012 by ramachandran kotharambath , mark wilkinson , and colleagues .

gegeneophis primus

gegeneophis primus belongs to the indotyphlidae family comprising african , seychellean and indian varieties .
gegeneophis primus belongs to the indotyphlidae family comprising african , seychellean and indian varieties . it is the first new species of gegeneophis reported from kerala since1964 . the species were collected from the sugandhagiri cardamom estate neighbouring an evergreen forest at vythiri in the northern district of wayanad .
according to the researchers , specimens of the novel caecilian - named gegeneophis primus - were collected during field works in two consecutive monsoons , first in october 2010 and then in august 2011 .
gegeneophis primus is the scientific name of a caecilian ( limbless ) amphibian reported from kerala . a team of scientists from the university of kerala ; central university , kasaragod ; and natural history museum , london , have reported this discovery from the southern region of the western ghats in kerala .
g . primus is only the third indotyphlid caecilian species reported from kerala after g . carnosus , described by beddome in 1870 and g . ramaswami by taylor in 1964 .
gegeneophis primus kotharambath , gower , oommen , and wilkinson , 2012 , zootaxa , 3272 : 27 . holotype : bnhs 5536 , by original designation . type locality :
sugandhagiri cardamom estate , near vythiri , pozhuthana gramapanchayath , vythiri taluk , wayanad district , kerala ( n 11° 33′ e 076° 00′ , 850 m a . s . l . )
.
species description : kotharambath r , gower dj , oommen ov , wilkinson m 2012 a third species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona ; indotyphlidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves . zootaxa 3272 : 26 - 34 .
giri , v . , gower , d . j . , gaikwad , k . , & wilkinson , m . ( 2011 ) .
a second species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona : caeciliidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves .
zootaxa 2815 : 49 - 58 .
kotharambath , r . , gower , d . j . , oommen , o . v . , & wilkinson , m . ( 2012 ) .
a third species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona : indotyphlidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves .
zootaxa 3272 : 26 - 34 .
the team , including k . ramachandran from the university of kerala , oommen v . oommen from the central university and david j . gower and mark wilkinson from the natural history museum found that the species , unlike other gegeneophis , lacked scales and secondary annular grooves , as well as a well - developed terminal shield .
it is the first new species of gegeneophis reported from kerala since1964 . the species were collected from the sugandhagiri cardamom estate neighbouring an evergreen forest at vythiri in the northern district of wayanad . measuring approximately 168 mm in length and pink in colour , the specimens were dug out from moist soil along the shrub - covered banks of a stream under a dense canopy .
the paper notes that the population of g . primus at the locality from where it was found was not likely to be under threat as long as the habitat was maintained . the team has proposed that the conservation status of the species be classified as data deficient under the iucn red list criteria . the paper suggests the common name of malabar cardamom geg for the species , indicating the northern part of the state and the cardamom estate from where it was discovered .
a uk - indian team of scientists have announced the discovery of a new species of limbless amphibian .
the animal was identified by accident in the western ghats area in the state of kerala , south india .
the specimens were found inside moist soil after digging the shrub - covered bank of a mountain stream .
the creature - about 168mm in length and pink in colour - belongs to an enigmatic , limbless group of amphibians known as the caecilians .
ramachandran kotharambath , lead author of the report , told the bbc tamil service that the animal was identified as a new species following extensive comparisons with other , similar examples from this amphibian group .
they were discovered at a valley on a plantation in the wynad district of kerala .
the new finding was made as part of a longstanding research collaboration between the department of zoology at the university of kerala and london ' s natural history museum . the central university at kasargod in kerala also contributed to of the discovery .
the finding has been reported in the latest edition of the academic journal zootaxa .
the wider distribution , natural history and habitat preferences of the species are yet to be determined .
the discovery of this species indicates that the caecilian amphibians might have great diversity all along the western ghats area said mr ramachandran .
the new species do not face any immediate threat as long as the habitat structure is maintained , according to the scientists .
they also say that they need to know how far and wide this species is distributed and what are the habitat requirements .
co - author dr oommen says the discovery was significant since the finding ended a hiatus of almost half - a - century .
it highlights the fact that the knowledge of caecilian amphibians of the western ghats remains incomplete and in need of further study .
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semi - brexit
.
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known only from the type locality ( sugandhagiri cardamom estate , near vythiri , pozhuthana gramapanchayath , vythiri taluk , wayanad district , kerala , india ) .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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a team of scientists from the university of kerala ; central university , kasaragod ; and natural history museum , london , have reported the discovery of a new species of caecilian ( limbless ) amphibian from the southern region of the western ghats in kerala .
measuring approximately 168 mm in length and pink in colour , the specimens were dug out from moist soil along the shrub - covered banks of a stream under a dense canopy .
the researchers stumbled upon the new species while on the trail of another caecilian spotted in kerala 142 years ago . after a second collection from the same location , the identification was confirmed by scientists at the natural history museum .
the finding has been reported in the latest edition of zootaxa , an international journal for zoological taxonomists . the wider distribution , natural history and habitat preferences of the species are yet to be determined .
dr . oommen said the discovery was significant since the finding ended a hiatus of almost half - a - century . “it highlights the fact that the knowledge of caecilian amphibians of the western ghats remains incomplete and in need of further study . ”
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 27 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .