tiller ( foaled 14 april 1974 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse .

racing mainly on turf he won sixteen of his forty races between february 1977 and september 1980 .

he was not a champion , but won many important races and defeated many of the best racehorses of his era including exceller and john henry .

he was unraced as a two-year-old and won three minor races as a three-year-old in 1977 .

in the following year he showed much-improved form , winning seven races including the fort marcy handicap , edgemere handicap , bowling green handicap and tidal handicap as well as finishing second in the washington d c international .

in 1979 he raced in california , winning the san marcos handicap and san antonio handicap on dirt and the san juan capistrano handicap on turf .

he also finished second to affirmed in that year 's santa anita handicap .

as a six-year-old he won the sword dancer invitational handicap and a second tidal handicap before he sustained a career-ending injury in september .

tiller ( horse )

shop for the troy - bilt horse™ ( 20
) 306cc forward rotating rear tine tiller at tillers direct . research rototiller accessories online . find rototiller accessories & troybilt horse garden tiller features and specifications .
the horse garden tiller qualifies for financing ! call 800 - 828 - 5500 for financing details and to apply .
to bring those ideas in your head to life , you need a tiller that works like this horse . the horse garden tiller can do all your heavy duty garden chores , including groundbreaking in new beds or premium soil preparation in existing ones .
does anyone know where i can get a rim or set of rims or a 89 pto horse model tiller ? any leads much appreiciated . thanks ray
aqha members share a passion for the american quarter horse and the vast lifestyle created by the world’s most popular horse .
other notables trained by whiteley included highland blade , tiller , french colonial , instrument landing and bailjumper .
whether you’re a seasoned horse show veteran , a fan of the race track , a backyard horse enthusiast or simply someone dreaming of someday owning a horse , aqha membership will benefit you in countless ways .
asmussen trained curlin to horse of the year honors in 2007 and 2008 and rachel alexandra to the horse of the year title in 2009 .
at 3 : 2nd tiller s . ( bel , 7ft ) , capital city s . ( pen , 8ft )
charles - we have the owner ' s manual for the current model of the horse tiller right on our web site . click on the
spec
tab for the horse tiller horse tiller and you ' ll find the owner ' s manual in the upper right part of the page . you can also get an owner ' s manual right off the troy - bilt web site . make sure you have the serial number of your tiller - you ' ll need it . there is a link on the troy - bilt web site for owner ' s manuals . click on the link , enter your serial number , and you can either download and print off the manual , or order one and have it mailed to you .
maybe horse who revealed his brilliance at epsom . - free online library
miss keller hits wire first in three - horse e . p . taylor photo
watch the american quarter horse journal ' s video interviews with every world champion .
hi roger - the troy - bilt horse garden tiller is only available with a standard recoil start system . troy - bilt does not offer the horse with an optional electric start . the only troy - bilt tiller series that offers an electric start model is the troy - bilt pony . the standard recoil start model is $ 1 , 199 . 99 and the electric start model sell for $ 1 , 329 . 99
harken roller furling , 9 . 9 horse johnson outboard , sails in good condition .
mark , you are a better man than i . . . the reason i bought a tiller was to reduce the need for hand tools .
mike - you may want to take a look at our buyer ' s guide for rear tine tillers . this will answer your question in detail , and give you some other things to think about and look for when choosing the right tiller . just click on this link : pick the perfect tiller
i use my horse to till before planting in spring , and after fall crops have finished producing , and use the honda fg - 100 for cultivating , so the horse doesn ' t get a lot of use . actually , if i didn ' t already own it , i ' d just rent a big tiller twice a year .
adhir says mukul is being used by bjp as troy horse to break tmc to reap benefit .
it is also purdue ' s homecoming . since joe
i am wilford brimley ! i am wilford brimley !
tiller took over in 1997 , purdue has not lost :
fin keel sloop , tiller steering , distinctive jean - marie finot design . fast and seakindly , a joy to sail . well maintained and ready to sail away . details »
i ' m not sure it ' s a horse . it runs and operates though and i like the odds .
the american quarter horse association , located in amarillo , texas , is the world’s largest equine breed registry and membership organization .
randy - troy - bilt no longer assigns a hp rating on any of their engines . this tiller has a 305cc briggs and stratton engine , which probably equates to approximately 7 to 8 hp .
hall of fame finalist lava man was a star older horse in california on all surfaces ( alex evers / horsephotos . com )
if the distance between the tines at the center is more than 4 inches the tiller will not be very effective , new tines give u a distance of 3 inches and cost about 100 dollars , they last about one season or so depending on your soil and amount of use . i have had two horse tillers and sold them both , 8 hp b & s . i hande spade and fork everything now in permanite beds . much better than the tiller and a lot cheaper . i can easily dig 100 sq ft bed in one hour .
just one hand® operation lets you guide your troy - bilt® tiller with literally one hand . because the machine is engineered to be well - balanced and easy to control , it does the work – not you .
today , a stroke of luck and bingo . . . i picked up a decent looking
horse
? for $ 200 . 00
hello , i verified the engine stampings are : hh60 105115h s / n 4033d i agree , i will assume the unit has not been serviced and get the manual and get the tiller all serviced prior to garden work .
xam , the original post in this thread had a pic of a tiller . the third post also had a pic of tiller from different angle . that second pic is what i refered to . your pic also shows the block near the top right and the little wheel is resting below the block as in the second pic . since i have never seen your lever system , gr probably knows something else . however you should still check the block .
13 ' sail boat for sale ! used escape model ' rumba ' in good shape ( worth $ 750 with sail ) moored in springfield nh . includes all rigging ( no sail ) , neat sailing books , boom , mast & tiller .
the official program of the 1956 , monmouth handicap featuring nashua , the 1955 horse of the year . nashua - eddie arcaro -
sunny
fitzsimmons .
good luck with the old tecumseh . i ' ve had nothing but carburetor issues with them . i pulled the tecumseh ( hh80 i think it was ) off my roto - hoe tiller and repowered it with a 10 hp briggs intek and never looked back .
models equipped with honda gx120 , gx160 and gx200 engines hold 0 . 63 quart of oil . when performing general tilling in air temperatures from negative 5 to more than 100 degrees fahrenheit honda recommends using a four - stroke automotive detergent oil that is sae 10w - 30 with an api rating of sj . if you plan to use your tiller for long periods of time when the temperature is above 50 degrees fahrenheit , use sae 30 oil . it is heavier than sae 10w - 30 and will reduce wear on internal parts , especially when breaking up heavily compacted soil . if you have a newer four - speed horse tiller model , it may be equipped with a honda gx engine .
the jockey club of canada announced its 42nd annual sovereign award winners april 14 at the palais royale in toronto , ontario , led by canadian horse of the year caren .
tiller ( nz ) br . m , 1995 { 4 - b } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 6 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : nz $ 200
up for bid is a dec . 24 , 1943 tropical park , miami horse racing program . in good condition . no missing pages or water damage . please ask questions .
the unit ' s serial number : 715545 made in march 1984 . 6 horsepower . but ( hh60 105115h s / n 4033d ) may have engine that was changed look at hh number again on engine that horsepower should be 7hp hh70 = 7hp hh60 = 6hp so on . in 1982 all horses where changed to pto model that means take off tiller shaft with 2 bolts at flange behind transmission . you join the troybilttillerclub at yahoo dot com make that into link to search . you also should have 4 speed which uses one belt gain 3rd 4th speed by moving belt over to next pulley grooves . own mtd site for model use 1 and can use 1 for serial number . one advice if may give is never think your horse tiller every been serviced most never have . i have 1973 2 speed and 1977 just 4 speed they had original air filter in both tillers one so bad pull engine oil up into air filter a dirty air filter cause high crankcase pressure . good luck with tiller and join group file there tell hold story .
– is a well - bred “dark horse” from the john sherriffs barn who makes his us debut after finishing on the board in 7 of 8 starts in france…the wildcard in this race .
zenyatta posted a career mark of 19 - 1 - 0 from 20 starts and earnings of $ 7 , 304 , 580 , was named horse of the year in 2010 and won a total of four eclipse awards in her career . . trained by john shirreffs , zenyatta was named champion older mare in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 along with her horse of the year honor .
tiller dandy ( usa ) br . f , 1957 { 23 - b } dp = 6 - 0 - 8 - 4 - 6 ( 24 ) di = 0 . 71 cd = - 0 . 17 - 53 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 244
in 2008 , tracks across the united states held an “exceller day” to raise awareness and money for the exceller fund . fund - raising efforts included sales of a cocktail named in the horse ' s honor .
what kind of lub and where to lub on a 1970 ' s ( model 2644772 ) 7 hp tuc engine troy bilt horse ? i just got it and want to be sure it stays in good shape .
these are all in solid condition ! featured on the belmont program cover is the great secretariat , 45 years after capturing that legendary triple crown . this was horse racing ' s historical 13th triple crown winning campaign .
clean , good condition , renovated teak interior , new cushions , yanmar 1gm dsl , roller furling , reefing dutchman maim sail , hunter green dodger and bimini , 2burner . propane stove , ice chest , magma grill , jabsco head , many accessories , roomy cushioned cockpit w / tiller , yard kept dingy w / sail kit , 21 / 2hp
i have a 7 hp kohler troy - bilt horse . i love it . the tine / pto clutch doesn ' t fully engage . . . are there any adjustments i can do ? . . . . thanks
rachel alexandra was named horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old filly in 2009 and posted a career record of 13 - 5 - 0 from 19 starts with earnings of $ 3 , 506 , 730 .
this is a video of my friend wally , repairing a rear tine tiller . the gear selector had stopped working recently and the owner was unable to shift the tiller out of gear . i thought some of you might be interested in the process of tearing it down , diagnosing the problem , and then reassembling it . thanks for watching and commenting , we appreciate it ! the background music track is whiskey on the mississippi by kevin macleod . available under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license . download link : urltoken macleod ' s description : genre : blues length : 3 : 15 instruments : guitar , bass , kit , organ , ep tempo : 90 with a jumping bass and off - beat syncopation , this is straight from memphis ' beale street . the hammond organ and electric guitar play together as longtime friends , while the melody changes hands from guitar to organ to electric piano . 011 isrc : us - uan - 11 - 00709 bouncy , grooving 2010 how to repair repairing rear tine tiller rototiller home garden equipment tilling shifting disassemble reassembly fixing mechanic wally ramblinaround rambling vlog hd partner
thanks for all the great thoughts . i was able to locate an old horse bumper . i feel fortunate to get my hands on one . . . i am looking forward to learning more and see a learning curve in my future ! bob
troy ' s third - place prize money from the arc took his total earnings to £450 , 428 , a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , which stood for three years until it was surpassed by glint of gold . [ 17 ]
if you ' ve had to replace the engine on your troy - bilt tiller and it ' s a kohler courage sh265 , keep it running at peak performance at any temperature by filling it with a high - quality sae 10w - 30 oil with a sj api rating . when you want to get a jump on spring tilling while temperatures are below 40 degrees fahrenheit use sae 5w - 30 . it ' s a lighter - weight oil that flows when temperatures are cold , providing better lubrication than heavier oils that tend to thicken in cold temperatures . kohler warns that not changing the oil at recommended intervals can shorten the life of the engine . horse i and ii models sometimes have courage model engines .
rated at 125 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1977 , 1 pound below highweighted majestic light but 2 pounds above american champion turf horse johnny d . ( a 3 - year - old ) . highweighted at 137 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1978 , 1 pound above second - rated tiller and 4 pounds above the official divisional champion , mac diarmida ( a 3 - year - old ) . rated at 126 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1979 , 4 pounds below champion bowl game . earned a maximum timeform rating of 129 pounds while racing in europe .
more photos available please contact .
skon
barberis show 27 . cantieri designed 27ft cruiser racer with standing head room , aft head , tiller steering , main , harken furling genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , safety gear , all equipment you need is on boat . main , harken furler / genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , 2 anchors , sailcover , safety gear , pfds , stove , sink , head with shower , radio , radar reflector , anchor roller , metal toe rail , vented propane locker , boarding ladder , lewmar 30 self tailing winches 2 , lewmar 13 self tailing winches 2 , barberis 113 winch 2 , fenders , sealed keel bolts , plastimo compass , rigid vang all lines led aft . traveler in cockpit teak folding table nav . desk standing head room 6ft diesel engine - yanmar 2g masthead sloop tiller steering / tiller pilot uscg doc . number 697307 hull number saqz704m85i hull type : fin keel w / spade rudder mast / boom aluminum listed sa : 298 ft displacement : 4000 lbs . ballast : 1433 lbs . fiberglass bal . type : lead fin keel est . forestay length . : 32 . 71 ' / 9 . 97m phrf handicap at 195 with 147 % furling genoa please respond with phone number and we will set up viewing > > > > thanks details »
adding the right kind of oil to your troy - bilt tiller ' s engine guards it from damaged parts . knowing which oil to add depends on the engine model and the air temperature when it ' s working . over the years , troy - bilt tillers have been equipped with several different brands of engines , so to be sure you ' re adding the right kind of oil , check the engine ' s owner ' s manual .
sam - son farm ' s homebred southern ring , back home at woodbine after a winter at tampa bay downs , dug in to win the $ 125 , 000 whimsical stakes ( g3 ) april 23 and spoiled the seasonal debut of 2016 canadian horse of the year caren .
kona gold was the eclipse award winner for champion sprinter and runner - up for horse of the year as a 6 - year - old in 2000 , kona gold posted a career record of 14 - 7 - 2 from 30 starts with earnings of $ 2 , 293 , 384 .
1996 laser competition boat which sailed in the 1996 atlanta olympics trials . hull # 158798 . hull in near perfect condition . sailed on the potomac and james river . original sails in good shape with numbers . fully race ready . ( if you want , we can rig it up and take a picture ) the boat comes with : a trailer ( tires need to be replaced ) one race sail # 20 clean spars rigging and lines tiller and extension blades blade bag
update - just put $ down on a ducati , the boat has to go $ 3 , 900 . 2004 precision 185 , garage kept , honda 2 . 5 4strk with low hours , performance trailer with folding tongue so will fit in a 20 ' garage . 38 photos of all components at your request . roller furling , sail and tiller covers , jib sock , mainsail head float ttd equp . cockpit easy for family of 4 . forgiving but fast . std equp listed below .
i have a big magnum kohler k181 . . . # 825981 ( 1986 ? ) it keeps popping out of gear when till i till deep . i have changed roller , changed belt and made numerous adjustment without luck . . . any ideas what else to check ? also : the pto is locked in tiller position and i am unable to move it . . . i read that their was a replacement update parts for this . . . anyone know where to get the parts and are they available ?
analysis : the wise - guy horse . and there always is one in this race . only race at churchill was a second in maiden special weight . was unimpressive in the rebel but came back to romp in the sunland derby . don ' t see the son of street boss as the one for the roses .
baymee , i attached a link showing the tines . . . . they seem to be in decent condition . if / when ( yes sir , i ' m keeping this old work horse ) i buy new / replacement tines , i will buy genuine tines . i just bought a manual . thank you very much !
i have an older ( circa 1970 ) horse model . there ' s a bolt that screws into the bottom of the carburetor , presumably to drain the carburetor bowl . the problem is that gasoline leaks out there after i shut the engine down . has anyone had this experience and how was it fixed ? thanks , john
my 1987 horse is on its 2nd set of tines - the
new
ones are 12 years old , and still in usable condition ; these tines came from the original manufacturer ( garden way ) . i have middling - good soil , no rocks . don ' t know about tines provided by the new troy bilt manufacturer .
after spending the winter in california , native dancer began his 3 - year - old campaign at jamaica in the inaugural running of the gotham stakes . after a perfect 2 - year - old ( 9 for 9 ) season and co - horse of the year honors in 1952 , native dancer made the gotham his 10th consecutive win .
melatonin – is 2 for 2 over this surface and has hit he board in 8 of 10 lifetime starts…takes a huge step up in class but i always respect horses who are consistent and who like the track……… general a rod – pops a big race / win / triple digit speed figure now and again but is far too inconsistent to back with any confidence . good looking horse by roman ruler comes off an enormous race / win at gulfstream ( his favorite track ) but he hardly ever follows up a big race with another big race . nice horse , but he doesn’t appear to me to be in the best of spots , even with this relatively weak field .
we have a blockbuster weekend of horse racing this weekend with our focus primarily being at santa anita park in california . “the great race place” will be hosting four major contests highlighted by the 2016 , $ 1 million santa anita handicap , a mile and a quarter test for four year olds and up . effinex will spearhead the field of nine .
even as bill mott tries to explain that saturday ' s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 westchester is just a prep for to honor and serve to get to next month ' s grade 1 , $ 750 , 000 metropolitan handicap , it ' s hard to believe the hall of fame trainer won ' t have his horse ready for a big effort . and even though the seven - horse field for the westchester includes fellow grade 1 winners boys at tosconova and jersey town – both with recent good form – it ' s hard to believe to honor and serve isn ' t still the horse to beat in the first graded event of the belmont spring / summer meet . the westchester , a one - turn mile , will be to honor and serve ' s first race since he won the grade 1 cigar mile at aqueduct last nov . 26 . it will be to honor and serve ' s first race at belmont since he won a 1 1 / 16 - mile maiden event here by 8 3 / 4 lengths in oct . 2010 . read more
analysis : a major player in this race . have to love the 15 - 1 morning - line odds and do not be surprised if he is shorter than that come post time . the florida derby race is better than it looks . he will be rolling late . the big question is navigating traffic and a trip in a 20 - horse field .
analysis : the absolute horse for the course . mccraken is 3 - for - 3 over churchill downs and the importance of that cannot be understated . draws nicely and has won four of his five starts . the concern ? his third - place finish in the bluegrass was far from impressive . however , his love of this racing strip is a major advantage .
english channel posted a career record of 13 - 4 - 1 from 23 starts and earned $ 5 , 319 , 028 . . trained by todd pletcher and ridden in all but one of his 23 career starts by john velazquez , english channel won the 2007 eclipse award for outstanding turf horse . he was the winner of seven graded stakes , including six grade i events .
he makes his 2016 debut in this spot with a solid line of works and meets a relatively weak field ( for such a big race ) …looks best… . good luck to owner / breeder dr . russell cohen dmv , who has treated some of my horses in the past and is quite the character… . of course , his ex - wife didn’t appreciate him naming this horse .
trainer bill mott ' s team swooped into southern california with ron the greek to snare the $ 750 , 000 santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) in convincing style march 3 . the 3 1 / 2 - length triumph was the first graded stakes win in more than two years for the 5 - year - old son of full mandate owned by jack t . hammer , nils brous , and adam wachtel . the big - striding bay , ridden by jose lezcano , lost ground on the far turn when he was hemmed inside behind traffic by jockey victor espinoza aboard setsuko . but ron the greek would re - gather himself to rally impressivley in the lane , sweeping past setsuko in the middle of the track to score easily as the 7 - 2 third choice .
i didn ' t want to be on the inside so i had to use him the whole way to make him keep going ,
lezcano said .
at the half - mile pole i had a lot of horse , but i had to keep asking my horse . my horse is like a bicycle , you keep asking and he will keep running .
read more
– has been an astounding first or second in nine of 11 career starts including showing a 10 - 4 - 4 - 0 record over this track . that being said , if you look up “horse cycling out of form” in the dictionary , you might see a picture of this guy… . even with the sensational work last week ( 3f - : 34 . 4 ) , he’s still a risky proposition .
even though his horse was the 7 - 5 second choice in the race , trainer chad brown knew the only real chance his last gunfighter had to win saturday ' s grade 2 suburban was if the multiple grade 1 winner flat out was off his game . looking at flat out in the belmont park paddock before the race , brown didn ' t see anything amiss with the favorite .
running against a horse of his quality , as a trainer , i ' m observing him to see if there were any chinks in the armor ,
brown said .
bill [ mott ] had him dead on today . the horse looked great , he acted good in the paddock , and he ran his ‘a ' race .
as he always does at belmont , flat out did run his ‘a ' race , sitting a closer - than - usual second early on under junior alvarado before pulling away from the field in the stretch to win the grade 2 , $ 350 , 000 suburban handicap by 2 1 / 2 lengths at sweaty belmont park . last gunfighter , who had won his last six races , got up by a nose for second over fast falcon . alpha and the pacesetting percussion completed the order of finish . read more
sand cove’s victory here in last sunday’s steady growth boosted his career earnings to $ 1 , 039 , 732 . but , if there is a way to make a million the hard way , sand cove’s workmanlike victory in the $ 125 , 000 steady growth continued a case in point , as the ontario - sired 6 - year - old horse was making his 34th career start and winning his ninth stakes race for trainer roger attfield and owner ralph johnson . “what a tough little campaigner he is , ” said attfield , who had watched sand cove tote highweight of 126 pounds including regular rider richard dos ramos and prevail by a neck over a game j j for dave , who carried 117 pounds . “it’s tough , to give that kind of weight away . i have a lot of admiration for this horse . ” read more
carolyn wilson’s arena elvira won her fourth straight start as she captured the $ 193 , 725 falls city handicap ( g2 ) on thursday at churchill downs . trained by bill mott , arena elvira collared eventual runner - up afleeting lady in the final furlong to win as the even - money favorite under jockey junior alvarado . arena elvira covered 1 1 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 76 on a track rated as fast to win by a neck . “when we turned for home , she switched leads and i knew i had plenty of horse , but when she got real close to [ afleeting lady ] she didn’t really want to go by her , ” alvarado said . “i always thought i had enough horse to get there by the wire , though . she’s a nice filly . she ran great last time and ran well today . ” read more
the debate over the horse - of - the - year title , which inspired such passion at the end of the last two racing seasons , will be muted in the wake of the 2011 breeders ' cup . with the world ' s best thoroughbreds gathered at churchill downs , not a single one could muster a performance that would merit the sport ' s highest honor . while the breeders ' cup was a compelling event , filled with exciting finishes , human drama , and astronomical parimutuel payoffs , it hardly lived up to its purpose of showcasing the american thoroughbred at his best . on a day when several horses had the chance to become the horse of the year by winning the main event , the $ 5 million classic , all of them flopped and finished behind the long - shot drosselmeyer , who had not won a race of consequence in 17 months . read more
in the john mcsorley stakes , varsity broke alertly and set all of the fractions to post a half - length victory over triple e , who rallied late but failed to catch the winner . conditioned by christophe clement , varsity covered 5 ½ furlongs on firm turf in 1 : 00 4 / 5 , just one tick off the course record , and paid $ 4 . 20 , $ 3 and $ 2 . 80 as the even - money favorite in the field of six . triple e completed the $ 43 . 60 exacta and returned $ 8 . 40 and $ 4 . tune me in was another length - and - a - quarter back in third , good for a $ 3 . 20 show mutuel .
this horse is not a typical christophe clement horse . this horse is fast , fast , fast ,
said winning jockey joe bravo .
all i had to do was hold on for the ride and then smile .
the mcsorley victory was the fourth in eight tries and the first stakes win for varsity , a five - year - old son of indian charlie out of the mt . livermore mare tears of joy . the winner ' s share of the purse boosted the gelding ' s lifetime earnings to $ 130 , 675 for owners and breeder diana and bertram firestone .
troy - bilt ' s junior model has a smaller 3 . 5 - horsepower briggs and stratton engine in either the 91000 , 92000 or 94000 series . these models can be run on 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 synthetic oil at any air temperature . if you prefer a detergent oil use , select one with an api rating of sf , sg , sh or sj and use 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 below 40 degrees fahrenheit and sae 30 above 40 degrees fahrenheit . if you plan to operate the tiller all day , check the oil every eight hours . if it has dropped below the
full
mark , top it all with the same weight of oil in the engine .
courtesan , a 2 - year - old daughter of street sense , rallied from near the rear of the 11 - horse field for owner ramona bass and trained christophe clement . graded stakes - placed earlier this year , courtesan was ridden to victory by joe bravo and paid $ 7 . 20 . super fantasy , the tepid 2 - 1 favorite , finished a tiring seventh after taking a run at the leader approaching the stretch . read more
exceller stood 16 hands . a handsome , racy - looking horse , he had long cannons and long , upright pasterns . he was slightly taller than he was long and had a high action but was capable of acting on any surface , though he was at his best on firm going . like most european - trained horses , exceller ran best when covered up early and usually won his races with a blistering turn of foot in the final quarter .
there are times when horse racing can produce maddening , inexplicable results , waved away with a shrug and a common refrain ,
that ' s horse racing .
then there are times when everything comes together as if pre - ordained . the best jockey , on the best horse , prepared by the best trainer , bred by a family that has been competing at the top of racing for generations , wins the kentucky derby . so it was saturday at churchill downs , at the 139th kentucky derby , when orb brought trainer shug mcgaughey , the nation ' s leading rider , joel rosario ; and the families of ogden phipps and stuart janney iii their first derby victory with a convincing , 2 1 / 2 - length win . orb ( $ 12 . 80 ) went off the tepid favorite , the product of coming into the derby with a four - race win streak and the positive impression he made all week here at churchill downs , including a sharp final workout monday . then he went out and ran like he trained . over a track rated sloppy after extensive rain earlier in the day , orb completed 1 1 / 4 miles in 2 : 02 . 89 . the pace was surprisingly fast early – a half - mile in 45 . 33 seconds , six furlongs in 1 : 09 . 80 – and resulted in horses who were well back early sweeping the first three spots . read more
tower of texas stormed up the rail and won the $ 200 , 000 king edward stakes in his turf debut june 21 at woodbine . eurico rosa da silva relaxed off a quick early pace with the 4 - year - old son of street sense , who hugged the rail into the stretch to rally . he overtook dueling front - runners , stacked deck and excaper , midway down the lane and drew off to a 2 3 / 4 - length victory . tower of texas is perfect in three starts this year , all at woodbine , and earned his first stakes win in the king edward , finishing the mile race in 1 : 32 . 45 on a firm turf course . platinum glory was all out to grab second in a three - horse race for the runner - up spot , just a nose in front of stacked deck , who bested 9 - 5 favorite excaper by a head for third in the seven - horse field . read more
courageous cat’s gritty win in saturday’s grade 1 , $ 300 , 000 shoemaker mile at hollywood park left winning jockey patrick valenzuela in a forecasting mood after the race . “this horse is so much better than when i rode him in the shadwell mile , ” valenzuela said , referring to a third - place finish in the grade 1 race at keeneland last fall . “i can almost guarantee he’ll win the breeders’ cup mile , even if they bring that filly over . ” read more
looks like a
horse
to me ! i had a 6 h . p . horse with a tecumseh engine . it did everything it was designed to do . if you have never worked with a troy bilt tiller , be careful that the thing doesn ' t tip too far forward while tilling as it might , and has , broken off the mounting holes and lugs on the engine casting . would be a good idea to try to find the correct
bumper
that bolts on and keeps the breakage to a minimum , if at all . you could even make one . just stay with the tec engine , if it runs ok . note : if you change the transmission oil , the oil must have sulphur in it , to keep the gears in good shape . to fill the tranny , you must remove the handle bar mounting casting . also , down under the handle bars , is a rectangular steel casting , held in the vertical position by one bolt , and being tapered towards the upper end . the roller on the gear shifter arm moves up and down on the tapered block , and adjusting the block will suffice to make it stay in gear . from the pics , it looks to be in good condition , just needs a good clean - up . warning : if you have to remove a wheel , be very careful if it is stuck on . hammering or jacking on it will break some retainers inside the tranny , meaning lots of time to fix it . i got one just like yours , as a trade for two lawn mowers . it had a broken rod . i fixed it and sold it , and the buyer is still using it , after 9 years ! hth : rusty jones
llanarmon ( $ 20 . 40 ) graduated in dramatic style saturday at woodbine in the grade 2 natalma stakes , in which the favored ready to act unseated jockey rajiv maragh , who appeared to escape serious injury . ready to act stalked the front - running unspurned in the one - mile turf route for 2 - year - old fillies before making the lead early in the stretch . ready to act ducked in at the eighth pole , and a trailing horse came over the top of the fallen maragh . ready to act , a new york shipper trained by chad brown , came back fine . meanwhile , llanarmon rallied wide from seventh to prevail by three - quarters of a length over another maiden , spanish flower . appreciating , the 5 - 2 second choice in the eight - horse field , finished a neck farther back in third , a head in front of madly truly . emma - jayne wilson rode llanarmon for harlequin ranches and trainer roger attfield . read more
when point of entry finished fourth in the curlin stakes on the saratoga main track last summer , trainer shug mcgaughey decided it was time for the phipps stable homebred to make the permanent switch to grass .
i thought he was a grass horse ; i was just taking a shot ,
mcgaughey said of the curlin experiment .
if he ' d run good , it might have given us a travers horse . but he just ran o . k . so we went to the turf .
the rest , as they say , is history . since the change of surface , point of entry has won 5 - of - 6 starts , including the last four in a row . the most recent victory came saturday in the $ 600 , 000 sword dancer invitational when the son of dynaformer , sent off as the 7 - 5 favorite , overpowered a solid field of older turfers to win the grade 1 co - feature by four widening lengths . read more
what type of oil you put in a troy - bilt tiller equipped with a briggs and stratton 110000 , 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engine depends on what time of year you plan to use it . a high - quality detergent sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 oil should be used when the air temperature is between zero and 40 degrees fahrenheit , but use sae 30 when the temperature is above 40 degrees fahrenheit . to prevent damaging the engine , use an oil with an american petroleum institute rating of sf , sg , sh or sj listed on the label . if using a synthetic oil , sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 can be used at any temperature . two troy - bilt models models equipped with 110000 and 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engines are the bronco and super bronco .
lava man posted a career record of 17 - 8 - 5 from 47 starts with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 . among california - bred horses , only hall of famers tiznow and best pal have higher career earnings . lava man won three consecutive editions of the hollywood gold cup ( [ g1 ] 2005 - 07 ) , matching a feat hall of famer native diver accomplished from 1965 through 1967 . lava man also won back - to - back runnings of the santa anita h . ( g1 ) in 2006 and 2007 . his other significant wins included the pacific classic ( g1 ) and charles whittingham memorial h . ( g1 ) . with his victory in the whittingham in 2006 , lava man became the first horse since vanlandingham 21 years earlier to win a grade 1 on both dirt and turf in the same year . lava man was also the first horse to win the hollywood gold cup , santa anita h . and pacific classic in the same year ( a feat since equaled by game on dude ) .
espinoza , 43 , a native of tulancingo , mexico , has won 3 , 266 races with earnings of $ 186 , 231 , 530 through march 8 . an eclipse award finalist in 2015 when he rode horse of the year american pharoah to the first triple crown in 37 years , espinoza has a total of seven victories in the triple crown series , including five in the past two years . he has three wins in both the kentucky derby ( amercian pharoah , war emblem and california chrome ) and preakness stakes and one in the belmont .
in the official international classification for 1978 , troy was rated the tenth best two - year - old in europe , seven pounds behind the top - rared tromos . troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent timeform organisation , twelve pounds behind tromos and was described in their annual racehorses of 1978 as
just the type to develop into a high - class three - year - old
. [ 6 ] troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by timeform in 1979 , the fourth highest awarded to a derby winner up to that time , [ 17 ] and was named their horse of the year . in the gilbey racing awards , based on poits accrued in major races troy was named champion racehorse of the year and middle distance champion . the compilers of the international classification was less impressed : he was named the best three - year - colt in europe but was rated a pound behind three troikas . [ 10 ] he was named british horse of the year for 1979 by the racecourse association , taking twenty - seven of the thirty - two votes . [ 17 ]
blue maiden beat whipsaw city by a half - length on thursday in the $ 80 , 750 glowing honor stakes for fillies and mares at belmont park . julien leparoux was aboard for trainer christophe clement as the 5 - year - old got her fourth win in 17 starts , finishing the seven furlongs on turf in 1 : 21 . 51 . blue maiden paid $ 6 . 40 and $ 2 . 70 , and whipsaw city returned $ 2 . 50 . trix in the city was third in the four - horse field ahead of sure route . read more
troy , a big , powerfully built bay horse with three white socks , was bred in county meath , ireland , by the ballymacoll stud , the breeding operation of his owners , industrialist sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock . [ 3 ] he was sired by petingo , the leading english two - year - old of 1967 , and was out of the mare la milo . [ 4 ] la milo had previously produced washington d . c . international winner admetus . troy was sent into training with dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire .
according to priscus , who visited attila’s headquarters on the great hungarian plain along with visiting roman ambassadors in 449 , the hun leader threw a banquet at which he served the guests a luxurious meal on silver plates . attila himself , priscus observed , was served separately . he “ate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher…his cup was of wood , while his guests were given goblets of gold and silver . ” unlike his subordinates , who arrogantly displayed their gold and gems on their horse’s bridle or weaponry , attila’s “dress , too , was quite simple , affecting only to be clean . ”
o ' day 222 in great shape . newer sails ( used 4x ) asymmetrical spinnaker . roller furling . new abs rudder and tiller , all wood susceptible to water replaced with new teak or switched to starboard . porta potty . galvanized double axle trailer . 8hp 2 cycle runs perfectly . cushions in perfect condition . i think the boat is priced fairly for quick sale . have loved and cared for this boat for years but family has outgrown it and switched to a much bigger boat . i can help you rig it and get going for the first few sails if needed . could probably talk my son into delivering it for a fee . this boat holds a ton of people and is fun and easy to sail . everything you need to get going is included : dock lines , anchor / line , pump , extinguisher , cockpit cushion and 4 life jackets . boat is presently on its trailer but can be launched at a moments notice .
za approval , a gray horse whose hair has gone nearly white , usually is not hard to pick out in a race , but so buried was he in traffic saturday at monmouth park during the red bank stakes that the striking coat was difficult to locate . but , finally extricated from trouble at the top of the stretch , there came za approval , running down another light gray horse , tune me in , to win the red bank in a game performance . a 5 - year - old gelding bred and owned by live oak plantation and trained by christophe clement , za approval only graduated from allowance - class racing to stakes this past winter at gulfstream park , but now he has won back - to - back grade 3s , having captured the appleton in his start before the red bank . za approval ' s win in the $ 100 , 000 red bank might well have been his best performance yet , with the ghostzapper gelding forced to overcome multiple spots of traffic before finding space to launch a strong rally under joe bravo . tune me in had put away pacesetting two notch road before turning for home and was clear a furlong from the finish , but he was no match for za approval ' s sharp move . read more
big horse sire tiznow lived up to his nickname once again on saturday when norumbega won a thriller in the $ 500 , 000 brooklyn invitational ( g2 ) at belmont park . the victor became the 50th career stakes winner for tiznow , whose progeny have now earned over $ 3 . 6 million this year , placing him third on the 2014 general sire list . norumbega , a stuart janney iii homebred 4 - year - old , needed every bit of the belmont stretch to earn his first graded stakes win the 1 and 1 / 2 - mile marathon . after breaking fifth with joel rosario aboard , norumbega was three wide in fifth , some five lengths back of the lead , for the first mile before making his move for the front . rosario went between horses on the turn , then set his sights on micromanage , who had spurted clear by about two lengths inside the furlong marker . with one last surge , norumbega powered to the lead in the final strides to win by a neck in 2 : 27 . 13 .
i had a really good trip and my horse ran great ,
added rosario . i was aware they were going too fast in front of me . when i asked him , he had plenty to give .
read more
on a cool , comfortable summer day , to honor and serve found himself back in the winner ' s circle after holding off odds - on choice mucho macho man to take the grade i woodward stakes by a neck saturday . it was quite the contrast to when he last ran on july 7 in the suburban handicap at belmont park , when he finished fourth to mucho macho man on a hot , sultry day , beaten by almost eight lengths .
it was better ,
trainer bill mott said .
he got a little frantic the other day . it seemed like he was very agitated with the heat . it was a 97 , almost 100 - degree day , and i barely made it through the paddock procession myself .
it was just the second win of the year from four starts for the 4 - year - old colt , who earlier won the grade iii westchester handicap .
i knew he had it in him ,
said the hall of fame trainer .
he ' s been training well . he ' s a sound horse and there was no reason for him not to . i think he just threw a real stinker , but he did come back today and proved that he ' s a pretty darn good horse .
read more
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cypraecassis testiculus , common name the reticulated cowry helmet , is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cassidae , the helmet snails and bonnet snails .

there is one subspecies : cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 )

cypraecassis testiculus

a cypraecassis testiculus communal egg mass and eggs are illustrated below ; apparentlyfor the first time .
cassidae » cypraecassis testiculus senegalica , id : 160025 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
( of cypraecassis ( cypraecassis ) testiculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 ) ) rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
predators of e . lucunter include : ruddy turnstones , arenaria interpres ; conchs ; and fish including triggerfish , grunts , jacks and wrasses ( abbott et al . 1974 ) . predation by the reticulate cowrie - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus , has also been documented for individuals in panama ( hendler 1977 ) .
( of cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 ) ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
predators of this urchin include : several species of fish ( randall 1967 ) , shorebirds such as ruddy turnstones , arenaria interpres ( hendler 1977 ) , and herring gulls , larus sp . ( moore et al . 1963 ) ; the reticulate cowrie - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus ( hendler 1977 ) ; and the caribbean helmet , cassis tuberosa ( engstrom 1982 ) .
someone in our group said that it was an emperor ' s helmet and i mentioned that when i sent the pictures to volunteer identifier bea in ontario . soon bea was back saying that the helmet part was right but not the emperor . it ' s the reticulate cowry - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus , a member of the helmet and bonnet snail family , the cassidae .
( of cypraecassis mamillata salmon , 1948 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cypraecassis neglecta verrill , 1949 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cypraecassis minima bernard , 1984 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum senegalicum gmelin , 1791 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of buccinum plicatum gmelin , 1791 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassidea crumena bruguière , 1789 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis mitellapolonica röding , 1798 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis pileolus röding , 1798 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis bicincta bayer , 1935 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
averaging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
this study has confirmed the important findings of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] that the marine gastropods of the western atlantic show a pattern of body size evolution that is analogous to the island rule , with colonists of the deep - sea benthos tending to converge in size in a graded trend ( see also [ 16 ] ) . no evidence was found of phylogenetic heterogeneity in the strength of the observed effect , as results for the neogastropoda alone were indistinguishable from those for the remaining taxa . in contrast , the strength of the effect did increase systematically with range depth , with deeper - sea species showing a stronger tendency to converge in size . nevertheless , the effect is still apparent in species inhabiting the mesopelagic zone ( 200–1000m ) , and so cannot be attributed to unique features of abyssal ecology .
since the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection” , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
schmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .
reyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299–306 .
lomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468–483 .
mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .
duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .
mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .
raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
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verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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haiti . in the bay of cap - haitien . 2 m . circa 1980 .
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gastropod ( 1 shell ) , shell spiral in shape , ovate , tapering towards the bottom , short spire , body whorl takes up most of shell ; color background orangish brown to gray to pink , brown spots or blotches in spiraling rows with lighter color in between blotches ; radiating ribs crossed by widely space , shallow spiraling grooves ; aperture side smooth , lighter colored , an orangish band about 2 / 3 ' s down and orange spot on shoulder ; aperture long , narrow , outer lip of aperture thickened , toothed on inside , dark nearly black spots on back side of lip ; columella ( inner side of aperture ) crenulate ( ridged ) ; siphonal canal short , angled back and upturned .
this helmet has a distinctive color pattern which helps distinguish it from other helmets .
copyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the green sea urchin , lytechinus variegatus . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
lytechinus variegatus covering itself with fragments of algae and other debris . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
please refer to the accompanying glossary for definitions of the descriptive terms used in this report .
the green sea urchin , lytechinus variegatus , is one of several urchin species common to florida and the caribbean . the spines of l . variegatus are characteristically short , and the underlying test is hemispherical with smoothly curving sides adorned with numerous small tubercles ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . tubercles are sparse on the aboral portions of the ambulacra and interambulacra , resulting in naked patches . globiferous pedicellariae are numerous and conspicuous , appearing as stalked and nearly spherical white or pink structures . the color of the test and spines is variable , and has been used to identify subspecies of l . variegatus ( serafy 1973 ) .
l . variegatus is similar in appearance to l . williamsi . however , the latter has purple pedicellariae instead of white or pink , fewer plates in each column of the test , and 12 wedges in the spines compared to the 24 found in l . variegatus ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .
short - spined urchins like l . variegatus have fragile tests , which limit them to low energy areas with minimal wave impact ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . they are most common in quiet waters with rocky and sandy bottoms , and in beds of the turtle grass , thalassia testudinum . l . variegatus is reportedly intolerant of turbid waters with high quantities of suspended silt ( moore et al . 1963 ) .
the range of the green sea urchin extends from beaufort , north carolina southward throughout the caribbean to santos , brazil . l . variegatus atlanticus also occurs in bermuda ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . depths range from zero to 250 meters , although most individuals are found in waters less than 50 m ( serafy 1979 ) .
the distribution of l . variegatus within the irl remains undocumented . however , this urchin is likely most abundant in the southern lagoon , where turtle grass beds are more prevalent .
l . variegatus reaches a total diameter of about 110 mm , with a test diameter of about 85 mm ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .
in turtle grass beds , l . variegatus can reach extremely high numbers . although little information is available concerning the abundance of this speciesin the irl , densities of l . variegatus in other locations have been reported at 636 individuals per square meter ( camp et al . 1973 ) .
the green sea urchin is normally gonochoric . reproduction of hermaphroditic individuals has been linked to abnormally low water temperatures ( moore et al . 1963 ) . the spawning period of the green sea urchin is shorter in northern latitudes ( moore et al . 1963 ) . in tropical locations like panama , l . variegatus is sexually ripe throughout the year ( lessios 1985 , 1991 ) . in florida , reproduction varies with season and environmental conditions ( ernest & blake 1981 ) . mazur & miller ( 1971 ) reported a reproductive season of march to october for florida urchins held in the laboratory . spawning in panama , and possibly other locations , tends to occur during the new and full moons ( lessios 1991 ) .
pearce & cameron ( 1991 ) provide a review of the extensive literature available describing fertilization and early development in l . variegatus . full development from zygote to metamorphosis takes 33 - 43 days in the laboratory ( mazur & miller 1971 ) , and can be accelerated by increasing the water temperature ( petersen & almeida 1976 ) . salinities below 35 ppt result in decreased larval survival and developmental rates , even when the parents are acclimated to such salinities ( roller & stickle 1993 ) . in response to low food supply , larvae can increase their feeding efficiency by enlarging their ciliated bands ( boideron - metairon 1988 ) . after metamorphosis , juveniles can grow to a test diameter of about 15 mm in 6 months , and to 25 mm in 9 months ( pawson & miller 1982 , michel 1984 ) . pearse & cameron ( 1991 ) found some evidence for a difference in the number of chromosomes between male and female urchins .
when population densities are high , l . variegatus can overgraze seagrass beds ( camp et al . 1973 ) . however , studies have shown that the majority of the reported 0 . 6 g dry weight of t . testudinum consumed daily by each urchin consists of dead blades , having a minimal effect on live turtle grass ( vadas et al . 1982 ) .
l . variegatus often covers itself with plant and shell debris , holding the material in place with its tube feet ( mortensen 1943 , millott 1956 , sharp & gray 1962 , kier & grant 1965 ) . millott ( 1956 ) documented a rise in covering behavior in response to increased light levels , suggesting that the collected debris acts to shade the animal from strong light .
the turbellarian , syndisyrinx collongistyla , has been reported to infest the body cavity and intestines of l . variegatus ( nappi & crawford 1984 , hertel et al . 1990 ) . protozoan parasites are also reported for this urchin ( mortensen 1943 ) . the polychaete , podarke obscura , has been listed as an occasional associate ( ruppert & fox 1988 ) .
boideron - metairon if . 1988 . morphological plasticity on laboratory - reared echinoplutei of dendraster excentricus ( eschscholtz ) and lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) in response to food conditions . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 119 : 31 - 41 .
camp dk , cobb s & jf van breeveld . 1973 . overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin , lytechinus variegatus . bioscience 23 : 37 - 38 .
engstrom na . 1982 . immigration as a factor in maintaining populations of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) in seagrass beds on the southwest coast of puerto rico . studies neotrop . fauna environ . 17 : 51 - 60 .
ernest rg & nj blake . 1981 . reproductive patterns within sub - populations of lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 55 : 25 - 37 .
hendler g . 1977 . the differential effects of season stress and predation on the stability of reef - flat echinoid populations . in : taylor dl ( ed . ) . 217 - 223 . proceedings : third international coral reef symposium . volume 1 ( biology ) . rosenstiel school of marine & atmospheric science , university of miami . miami , florida .
hendler g , miller je , pawson dl & pm kier . 1995 . sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean . smithsonian institution press . washington , d . c . 390 pp .
hertel l , duszynski dw & je ubelaker . 1990 . turbellarians ( umagillidae ) from caribbean urchins with a description of syndisyrinx collongistyla , n . sp . trans . amer . microscop . soc . 109 : 272 - 281 .
kier pm & re grant , 1965 . echinoid distribution and habits , kay largo coral reef preserve , florida . smithsonian misc . collect . 149 : 1 - 68 .
lessios ha . 1985 . annual reproductive periodicity in eight echinoid species on the caribbean coast of panama . in : keegan bf & bds o’connor ( eds . ) . 303 - 311 . echinodermata . proceedings of the fifth international echinoderm conference . galway , 24 - 29 september 1984 . belkema , rotterdam .
lessios ha . 1991 . presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight caribbean echinoids off the coast of panama . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 153 : 27 - 47 .
mazur je & jw miller . 1971 . a description of the complex metamorphosis of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus cultured in synthetic sea water . ohio j . sci . 71 : 30 - 36 .
michel hb . 1984 . culture of lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) from egg to young adult . bull . mar . sci . 34 : 312 - 314 .
millot n . 1956 . the covering reaction of sea urchins . 1 . a preliminary account of covering in the tropical echinoid lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) , and its relation to light . j . exp . biol . 33 : 508 - 523 .
moore hb , jutare t , bauer jc & ja jones . 1963 . the biology of lytechinus variegatus . bull . mar . sci . gulf carib . 13 : 23 - 53 .
mortensen t . 1943 . a monograph of the echinoidea . volume iii . ( 3 ) . camarodonta . i . orthopsidae , glyphocyphidae , temnopleuridae and toxopneustidae . ca reitzel , copenhagen . vii + 553 pp . 56 pls .
nappi aj & ja crawford . 1984 . the occurrence and distribution of a syndesmid ( turbellaria : umagillidae ) in jamaican sea urchins . j . parasitol . 70 : 595 - 597 .
pawson dl & je miller . 1982 . studies of genetically controlled phenotypic characters in laboratory - reared lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . in : lawrence jm ( ed . ) . 165 - 171 . echinoderms : proceedings of the international conference . tampa bay , 14 - 17 september 1981 . balkema , rotterdam .
pearse js & ra cameron . 1991 . echinodermata : echinoidea . in : giese ac , pearse js & vb pearse ( eds . ) . 513 - 662 . reproduction of marine invertebrates , volume vi , echinoderms and lophophorates . the boxwood press . pacific grove , ca .
petersen ja & am almeida . 1976 . effects of salinity and temperature on the development and survival of the echinoids arbacia , echinometra and lythechinus . thalassia jugoslavia 12 : 297 - 298 .
randall je . 1967 . food habits of reef fishes of the west indies . inst . mar . sci . univ . miami . studies in tropical oceanog . no . 5 : 665 - 847 .
roller ra & stickle . 1993 . effects of temperature and salinity acclimation of adults on larval survival , physiology , and early development of lytechinus variegatus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 116 : 583 - 591 .
ruppert , ee & rs fox . 1988 . seashore animals of the southeast : a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast . university of sc press . columbia , sc . usa . 429 pp .
serafy dk . 1973 . variation in the polytypic sea urchin lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck , 1816 ) in the western atlantic ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . bull . mar . sci . 23 : 525 - 534 .
serafy dk . 1979 . echinoids ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . memoirs of the hourglass cruises 5 : 1 - 120 .
sharp dt & ie gray . 1962 . studies on factors affecting the local distribution of two sea urchins , arbacia punctulata and lytechinus variegatus . ecology 43 : 309 - 313 .
vadas rl , fenchel t & jc ogden . 1982 . ecological studies on the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus and the algal - seagrass communities of the miskito cays , nicaragua . aquat . botany 14 : 109 - 115 .
the rock - boring urchin , echinometra lucunter . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian institution .
two echinometra lucunter feeding on the floating alga , sargassum . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian institution .
the rock boring urchin , echinometra lucunter , has an elongate oval test with two rows of large tubercles along the ambulacra and interambulacra , pairs of pores arranged in arcs of six , and a large peristome ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . the spines are long and slender , thickened at the base , and sharply pointed at the tips .
on the aboral side , the primary and secondary spines are dark olive green , with greenish violet to purple tips ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . the general color of the spines is blackish , although some specimens may exhibit a reddish color . test and muscle bases of the spines are shades of red - brown . tube feet on the aboral surface are light brown , and the terminal disks are dark brown to blackish . oral spines have a lighter color than aboral ones , light olive green with a violet gradient near the tips . the test and peristome are flecked with creamy brown . the tube feet near the mouth are translucent , with terminal disks that are creamy white in color , lined with a narrow dark brown band , and measuring about twice the size of those on the aboral feet .
as with many intertidal organisms , studies have revealed differences in the structure of e . lucunter from environments with varying wave action . specimens from high - energy areas tend to have tests that are flatter , thicker , smaller , and narrower , and a distinctive pattern of insertion of ocular plates in the apical system ( lewis & storey 1984 ) .
the general shape and size of e . lucunter is similar to that of the reef urchin , e . viridis . however , the latter usually has a more circular test shape and longer spines , a reddish test , pore pairs in arcs of five instead of six , and conspicuously white milled rings around the base of each spine ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .
the rock - boring urchin is commonly found on limestone reef rock in the surf zone ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . it can be very common in shallow , exposed fore reef or reef crest habitats , occupying shallow depressions or borrows created by the abrading action of the urchin’s spines and teeth on the rock surface . the success of e . lucunter in harsh environments may be partially due to its apparent resistance to stresses caused by increased temperature and salinity ( hendler 1977 ) .
the range of e . lucunter extends from beaufort , north carolina and bermuda southward throughout the caribbean and eastern central america to desterra , brazil . populations can also be found in west africa . the subspecies e . lucunter polypora pawson , is common at ascension and st . helena islands ( pawson 1978 ) . the depth range for this species is generally zero to 45 meters ( serafy 1979 ) .
the distribution of e . lucunter within the irl remains undocumented . however , this species appears to be concentrated mostly around rock jetties and other hard structures near inlets ( lh sweat , personal observation ) .
e . lucunter reaches a maximum size of 15 cm , though most individuals are about half that size ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .
the abundance of e . lucunter in the irl is undocumented . however , studies have reported densities elsewhere of up to 129 individuals per square meter ( greenstein 1993 ) .
the annual spawning cycle for the rock - boring urchin has been reported to occur in late summer in the florida keys ( mcpherson 1969 ) , peaks in the fall in puerto rico ( cameron 1986 ) , and occurs variably throughout the year in panama ( lessios 1981 ) . lewis & storey ( 1984 ) documented one spawning event per year in urchins from high - energy environments , and two events annually in urchins from low - energy areas . tennent et al . ( 1931 ) reported that spawning in one individual takes about 15 minutes . fertilization and development are adversely affected by reducing salinity ( petersen & almeida 1976 ) . larvae of this species have been reared through metamorphosis in the laboratory ( e . g . mortensen 1921 ) .
the rock - boring urchin feeds mostly at night from their burrows , consuming clumps of drift algae , or venturing out of the burrow to feed and then usually returning to the same hole ( mcpherson 1969 , abbott et al . 1974 , ogden 1976 ) . in panama , individuals were observed to clear the area around their burrows of all organisms except calcareous algae ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .
antagonistic behaviors among conspecifics have been observed for this urchin . grunbaum et al . ( 1978 ) found that intruding urchins were pushed and bit by the individual originally inhabiting the burrow , and the inhabitant won most altercations . escape responses have been observed in individuals following exposure to chemical extracts from other echinometra spp . ( parker & shulman 1986 ) .
the eulimid gastropod , monogamus minibulla is a parasite of the rock - boring urchin ( warén & moolenbeek 1989 ) . the turbellarian , syndisyrinx collongistyla , has been reported to infest the intestines of e . lucunter in jamaica , s . evelinae has been found in specimens from st . barthélemy ( hertel et al . 1990 ) . protozoans have also been reported to infest e . lucunter ( mortensen 1943 ) . the rock - boring urchin has been observed to share its burrow with several associates , including a goby , a porcelain crab , and a brittle star ( schoppe 1991 ) .
the burrowing behavior of e . lucunter can contribute greatly to the breakdown of coral reefs and intertidal limestone shorelines , especially when urchin population densities are high . hoskin & reed ( 1985 ) estimated that burrows are excavated in approximately 3 years . rates of erosion on coral reefs due to this excavation have been reported at 3 . 9 kg per square meter annually in the virgin islands , 7 . 0 kg per square meter annually in bermuda , and 24 g per urchin per year in barbados ( ogden 1977 ) .
ablanedo et al . ( 1990 ) found that individuals of e . lucunter accumulate certain heavy metals in the gonads , test , spines , and lantern . therefore , they can be used as an indicator species to reflect the level of environmental pollution to which they are exposed .
abbott dp , ogden jc & ia abbott . 1974 . studies on the activity pattern , behavior , and food of the echinoid echinometra lucunter ( linnaeus ) on beachrock and algal reefs in st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . west indies laboratory special publication no . 4 . fairleigh dickinson university . christiansted , st . croix . u . s . virgin islands . iv + 111 pp .
ablanedo n , gonzalez h , ramirez m & i torres . 1990 . evaluación del erizo de mar echinometra lucunter como indictor de contaminación por metales pesados , cuba . aquat . living res . 3 : 113 - 120 .
cameron ra . 1986 . reproduction , larval occurrence and recruitment in caribbean sea urchins . bull . mar . sci . 39 : 332 - 346 .
greenstein bj . 1993 . is the fossil record of regular echinoids really so poor ? a comparison of living and subfossil assemblages . palaios 8 : 587 - 601 .
grunbaum h , bergman g , abbott dp & jc ogden . 1978 . intraspecific agonistic behavior in the rock - boring sea urchin echinometra lucunter ( l . ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . bull . mar . sci . 28 : 181 - 188 .
hoskin cm & jk reed . 1985 . carbonate sediment production by the rock - boring urchin echinometra lucunter and associated endolithic infauna at black rock , little bahama bank . symposia ser . underwater res . 3 : 151 - 161 .
lessios ha . 1981 . reproductive periodicity of the echinoids diadema and echinometra on the two coasts of panama . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 50 : 47 - 61 .
lewis jb & gs storey . 1984 . differences in morphology and life history traits of the echinoid echinometra lucunter from different habitats . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 15 : 207 - 211 .
mcpherson bf . 1969 . studies on the biology of the tropical sea urchins echinometra lucunter and echinometra viridis . bull . mar . sci . 19 : 194 - 213 .
mortensen t . 1921 . studies of the development and larval forms of echinoderms . g . e . c . gad . copenhagen , denmark . xxxiii + 266 pp .
ogden jc . 1976 . some aspects of herbivore - plant relationships on caribbean reefs and seagrass beds . aquat . botany 2 : 103 - 116 .
ogden jc . 1977 . carbonate - sediment production by parrotfish and sea urchins on caribbean reefs . stud . geol . 4 : 281 - 288 .
parker da & mj schulman . 1986 . avoiding predation : alarm responses of caribbean sea urchins to simulated predation on conspecific and heterospecific sea urchins . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 93 : 201 - 208 .
pawson dl . 1978 . the echinoderm fauna of ascension island , south atlantic ocean . smithsonian contrib . mar . sci . 2 . iv + 31 pp .
schoppe s . 1991 . echinometra lucunter ( linnaeus ) ( echinoidea , echinometridae ) als wirt einer komplexen lebensgemeinschaft im karibischen meer . helgoländ . meeresunt . 45 : 373 - 379 .
tennent dh , gardiner ms & de smith . 1931 . a cytological and biochemical study of the ovaries of the sea urchin echinometra lucunter . carnegie institution of washington publication no . 27 . 1 - 46 . pls . 1 - 7 .
warén a & r moolenbeek . 1989 . a new eulimid gastropod , trochostilifer eucidaricola , parasitic on the pencil urchin eucidaris tribuloides from the southern caribbean . proc . biol . soc . wash . 102 : 169 - 175 .
depth : 0 to 60 m ( live 0 . 3 to 3 m )
distribution : usa : north carolina , florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; usa : louisiana , texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; honduras : swan island ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia , venezuela : islas los roques ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , eleuthera , little san salvador , cat island , san salvador ( watling is . ) , long island , mayaguana ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , cienfuegos , santiago de cuba , guantanamo ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . john , st . croix , tortola ; st . barthelemy / st . bartholomew , barbuda ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad ; brazil : ceara , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia
distribution : cuba : pinar del rio , havana province ; puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; eastern atlantic : st . helena
shells of gabon 140 pp . published by the author : libreville , gabon . [ stated date : - - nov 1984 . ]
encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 345 - 757 . panckoucke : paris .
systema naturae per regna tria naturae . editio decima tertia systema naturae , 13th ed . , vol . 1 ( 6 ) 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae .
systema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .
museum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]
our collecting trip to the caribbees , including a list of shells collected mollusca 2 ( 5 ) 1 - 14 , 3 pls . [ numbered as 2 ] . [ stated date : 20 aug 1949 . ]
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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urltoken
maximum reported size : 85 mm . the rounded body whorl is purplish cream overlaid with dark purple brown . often this coloration is arranged spirally in the form of indistinct chevrons . the shell is solid with a long , narrow aperture and is shaped like a small helmet shell . the aperture is bordered with whitish raised lirae which appear as teeth on the inside of the thickened outer lip . the outerlip is crossed by orange bars that coincide with dark brown markings on the dorsal side . the parietal shield is glossy and rounded . it is yellowish and overlaid with three or four orange patches , one of which is always loated at the apical end . sculpture consists of narrow axial ridges that are depressed by shallow spiral grooves to form axially elongate beads .
little information available on this species . . . ripe for further investigation ! poca informacion sobre esta especie que nos lleva a investigar de una manera mas profunda !
redfern , c . 2001 . bahamian seashells . bahamianseashells . com , inc . boca raton , florida . page : 59 . olsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mollusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 nº304
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discussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .
description : f + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !
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