the mexican water mouse , mexican fishing mouse or goodwin 's water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus ) , is a species of semiaquatic rodent in the family cricetidae .

it has a restricted range in the state of oaxaca in southern mexico , threatened by deforestation and water pollution , it is listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .

mexican water mouse

the mexican water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae . it is found only in mexico .
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the mexican mouse opossum ( marmosa mexicana ) is a species of central american opossum in the family didelphidae .
threats to the jumping mouse and its habitat include grazing pressure , water management and use , lack of water due to drought / climate change , wildfires , and certain recreation activities .
the mexican water mouse is endemic to the state of oaxaca , mexico , where it is known from only four sites ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
in general , water mice are considered very difficult to capture , and so the exact status of many species is unknown ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . however , the mexican water mouse is believed to be rare and to occupy a limited and severely fragmented range , and has been recorded from only four locations , making it particularly vulnerable ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the main threats to the species are deforestation , which is reported to be occurring throughout its range , and water pollution . the mexican water mouse is reliant on areas of pristine habitat , and any kind of water pollution , including household pollution from the washing of clothes , is a potential threat to its survival ( 1 ) .
mexican vole order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : microtus species : m . mexicanus
good indicator of riparian habitat , permanent water ( hafner , 1995 ) * 36 * .
subspecies differ in their use of plant communities and vegetation structures . there are two main groups of deer mouse : the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group .
mexican gox squirrel order : rodentia family : sciuridae genus : sciurus species : s . nayaritensis
talks between the united states and mexico about an amnesty for the estimated four million mexican illegal immigrants living here stalled . and mexican diplomats began lobbying for acceptance of the matrícula card .
an example of a management practice that will provide habitat for the mouse and continue to provide necessary water for cattle are what the forest service is calling
cattle lanes
. these cattle lanes will be installed in all of their exclosure areas to maintain access to water for cattle grazing on allotments where fencing is being installed . this will allow cattle to get to needed water while protecting the important vegetation the mouse needs .
four different methods of locomotion are used by the mexican spiny pocket mouse . the fastest is a kangaroo - like leaping gait , during which the mouse can cover 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) in a second .
of mexican spiny pocket mouse and there is considerable differences in color and size between different populations . in general it is a medium - sized member of its genus
provide fresh water in a bowl that is deep enough that when the bowl is half filled and the snake goes in to soak , the water will not overflow into the cage . you want a dry cage . if the humidity increases in the cage to where it looks or feels moist , remove the water and only offer it a couple days a week . clean the water bowl as needed .
the new mexico meadow jumping mouse is a unique subspecies of meadow jumping mouse ; it is a water - loving animal that lives only along the banks of southwestern streams . it is semi - aquatic , and its large back feet may assist it with swimming as well as jumping . unlike other subspecies of meadow jumping mouse , it is never found in meadows or grasslands without suitable perennial water and riparian habitat . it is rarely found more than a few feet ( 1 . 8 m ) from running water .
the mexican water mouse is classed as ‘rare’ by the mexican government ( 8 ) , but there are not known to be any specific conservation measures in place for the species . more research is needed to better understand this little - known rodent , and to determine the status of its populations and its specialised habitat , before appropriate conservation measures can be put in place ( 1 ) .
the mexican water mouse is very similar in appearance to crab - eating rats of the genus ichthyomys , but can be distinguished by its smaller size and by having four rather than five pads on the palm of the forefoot ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
mcmullen , s . .
how to grow mexican miniature watermelon
accessed july 08 , 2018 . urltoken
watering - a five gallon container can hold a substantial amount of moisture , so watering should be conducted only when the top couple inches of soil have become dry . water the plants thoroughly , and always allow excess water to drain free . if the plants are left sitting in standing water , they may develop root rot and die !
below are images of just some of the water gaps / lanes near exclosures on the lincoln and santa fe national forests where livestock have full access to water . livestock have been utilizing these gaps extensively with no apparent difficulties .
the mexican spiny pocket mouse feeds on the seeds of hackberry , mesquite , and other shrubs as well as herbaceous plants . these mice have been known to store seeds in burrows .
the mexican spiny pocket mouse has a wide range and is common in suitable habitats within that range . the population size seems to be stable and no particular threats have been identified so the
and there is a report of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity ( another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age ) .
in east chicago , ind . , immigrants with the mexican identification card , known as the matrícula consular , can now borrow library books and arrange city water services . in cincinnati , police officers accept the card from crime victims , witnesses and suspects .
the nm meadow jumping mouse ( jumping mouse ) is a rare subspecies found primarily near streams and wetlands in parts of new mexico , eastern arizona , and southern colorado .
cactus mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : peromyscus species : p . eremicus
brush mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : peromyscus species : p . boylii
the jumping mouse has very specific habitat requirements . it requires perennial or seasonally perennial water and saturated soils that produce tall ( 24 + inch ) herbaceous riparian plants , and intact adjacent uplands ( see image below ) .
arizona pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . amplus
plains pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . flavescens
silky pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . flavus
desert pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . penicillatus
hispid pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . hispidus
western harvest mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : reithrodontomys species : r . megalotis
northern pygmy mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : baiomys species : b . taylori
northern grasshopper mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : onychomys species : o . leucogaster
southern grasshopper mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : onychomys species : o . torridus
meadow jumping mouse order : rodentia family : zapodidae genus : zapus species : z . hudsonius
mcmullen , s . .
how to grow mexican miniature watermelon .
home guides | sf gate , urltoken accessed 08 july 2018 .
the majority of deer mice nest is up high in large hollow trees . the deer mouse nests alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a deer mouse of the opposite sex .
long tailed pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . formosus
applicants for the card must apply in person at their local consulate and provide supporting documents like birth certificates , mexican passports and voting cards . in march 2002 , the mexican government introduced an advanced matrícula card with security features , including invisible coding that can be read only with special detectors .
although very few total acres are excluded from grazing , the majority of currently suitable critical habitat , particularly occupied critical habitat , is excluded from livestock grazing . at the same time , there are still many miles of stream and numerous water lanes that provide access for watering cattle . table 2 below shows the high percent of critical habitat stream miles in exclosures on the lincoln national forest , and the miles of stream access remaining in critical habitat . in addition to water access in critical habitat , there are many perennial stream reaches with water access outside critical habitat . no developed water diversions have been included in exclosures .
macmillen , r . e . 1972 . water economy of nocturnal desert rodents . symp . zool . soc . london . 31 : 147 - 174 .
jenkins , pd , and barnett , aa ( 1997 ) : a new species of water mouse , of the genus chibchanomys ( rodentia , muridae , sigmodontinae ) from ecuador . bulletin of the natural history museum : zoology series 63 , 123 - 128 .
mouse melon vines on a homemade twine trellis . the trellis pictured is hand tied with hemp twine .
bailey ' s pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . baileyi
mcmullen , s . . ( n . d . ) . how to grow mexican miniature watermelon . home guides | sf gate . retrieved from urltoken
very little is known about the biology of the mexican water mouse . like other members of the genus , it has a semi - aquatic lifestyle , foraging for a range of aquatic insects , insect larvae , snails and other aquatic invertebrates , and possibly even small fish ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . other species have been observed to swim with only the head and the tip of the tail protruding above the water , and with the hind feet used for propulsion ( 5 ) . nothing is known about the reproductive behaviour of these rodents .
this species is threatened by human activities within its range , specifically by continued deforestation and water pollution ( ceballos 2014 ) . any type of water pollution , including household pollution from washing clothes , is considered a threat to this species . deforestation is occurring throughout the range of this species , except in steep riparian areas .
encyclopedia of life . marmosa andersoni : anderson’s mouse possum . accessed 14 december 2012 . available from : urltoken
a steady supply of moisture is required for good fruiting in mexican miniature watermelons . provide 1 inch of water every five to seven days during the summer months , wetting the top 6 to 15 inches of soil each time . during very hot , dry weather , increase water to twice weekly . monitor the soil during prolonged periods of foggy , cool weather and water only if the soil dries out in the top 1 inch . in warm inland areas , spread a 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight mulch around each plant , keeping it from the base of the stems . mulch will help regulate moisture loss while keeping weeds at bay .
in laboratory studies it was found that this pocket mouse was unable to maintain its body weight unless it had access to water . reproduction takes place during much of the year but seems to peak between august and november . litter sizes range from two to eight with four young being typical .
the bush administration and congress remain deeply divided over the issue , with some moderate republicans and some officials from the state and treasury departments offering support for the mexican card .
may 2011 - new mexico meadow jumping mouse included in landmark settlement with the u . s . fish and wildlife service
endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; designation of critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse , final rule .
the mexican miniature watermelon ( melothria scabra ) goes by many common names , including mouse melon and cucumelon . with their oblong shape , green speckled skin and petite , 1 - to 2 - inch length , their fruit look like miniature watermelons , hence their common name . mexican miniature watermelons are carefree plants that will thrive despite neglect , drought and cool temperatures . however , the right growing conditions and a little routine care will help them reach their full potential .
below : a new mexico meadow jumping mouse captured within a livestock exclosure on the lincoln nf ( sept . 2016 ) .
the mouse became a candidate for listing under the endangered species act in december 2007 , and was listed in june 2014 .
march 2008 - wildearth guardians requests that the u . s . forest service reduce livestock grazing in jumping mouse ' s range
lindeborg , r . g . 1952 . water requirements of certain rodents from xeric and mesic habitats . contrib . lab . vert . biol . , univ . michigan 58 : 1 - 32 .
unlike many marsupials , female mexican mouse - opossums do not have pouches . instead , females carry their young on their backs . litters can be as large as thirteen , although most do not survive to maturity . mothers generally eat those young that die in order to recapture some of the nutrients that they have invested .
dalquest , w . e . 1953 . mammals of the mexican state of san luis potosi . louisiana state univ . studies , biol . sci . ser . 1 : 1 - 229 .
mexican officials counter that the older cards are being phased out as people renew their cards . they say their computer databases will soon be updated and that additional security features are in the works .
the currently accepted scientific name for deer mouse is peromyscus maniculatus ( wagner ) [ 51 ] . it is in the family cricetidae ( new world mice ) . hall [ 51 ] listed 67 subspecies , describing the species as a series of intergrading populations . subspecies in the same area may be ecologically distinct . subspecies mentioned in this text include [ 51 ] : cloudland deer mouse ( p . m . nubiterrae ) prairie deer mouse ( p . m . bairdii ) forest deer mouse ( p . m . gracilis )
below : in many areas where access to streamside habitat by livestock is restricted ,
lanes
or corridors are left open and allow cattle access to the much needed water found in these riparian areas .
the forest service provided extensive comments to usfws regarding the listing and is actively exploring potential management and monitoring strategies for the jumping mouse .
july 2010 - wildearth guardians files lawsuit challenging u . s . fish and wildlife service’s failure to list the new mexico meadow jumping mouse
in march 2002 , only a handful of cities and banks recognized the matrícula card , mexican officials say . today , more than 100 cities , 900 police departments , 100 financial institutions and 13 states , including indiana , new mexico and utah , accept the cards , which carry the bearer ' s photo , name and address and are issued by mexican consulates to mexicans regardless of their immigration status .
macmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations , and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . univ . california publ . zool . 71 : 1 - 59 . -
on march 16 , 2016 , the usfws designated critical habitat for the jumping mouse , with an effective date of april 15 , 2016 .
balčiauskas , l , and balčiauskenė , l ( 2012 ) : mediterranean water shrew , neomys anomalus cabrera , 1907 – a new mammal species for lithuania north - western journal of zoology 8 , 367 - 369 .
the mexican spiny pocket mouse occurs in central and northeastern mexico and the extreme south of texas . it inhabits a variety of semi - arid brushy or rocky habitats , and is common where it lives . the
pockets
of the pocket mouse are fur - lined cheek pouches , where seeds are carried from the foraging area to the burrow . mexican spiny pocket mice are grayish - brown , with white underparts . on the back , a mixture of stiff spiny hairs and soft ones gives the animal a somewhat coarse appearance . these mice are nocturnal and are active year - round .
links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account
noting those found during focus on nature tours in mexico with an ( * ) tours during the months of march , june , august september , & november . this list of mexican mammals compiled by armas hill
krystufek , b , davison , a , and griffiths , hi ( 2000 ) : evolutionary biogeography of water shrews ( neomys spp . ) in the western palaearctic region . canadian journal of zoology 78 , 1616 - 1625 .
they are populous in the western mountains and live in wooded areas and areas that were previously wooded . the deer mouse is generally a nocturnal creature .
lewis , a . w . 1972 . seasonal population changes in the cactus mouse , peromyscus eremicus . southwestern nat . 17 : 85 - 93 .
macmillen , r . e . 1965 . aestivation in the cactus mouse peromyscus eremicus . comp . biochem . physiol . 16 : 227 - 248 .
is an abundant species , often among the most abundant mouse species of certain areas ( lter 1998 ) . densities can reach 11 mice per acre ( baker 1983 ) . quantity and quality of foods , availability of water , number and distribution of nest sites , architecture of living and dead vegetation , and depth and density of litter are some ecological factors proposed to affect the density of
many nongame mammals in arizona are poorly known . entire species complexes , such as the voles , gophers , and several genera of mice , have yet to be studied using modern genetic science . the ecology and distribution of some of these species is also poorly known . among those in need of field study are the water shrew , jumping mouse , and several species of pocket mice .
officials at the federal bureau of investigation and department of homeland security say this is worrisome because they believe the card is vulnerable to fraud and misuse by criminals and terrorists , a contention that mexican and some american officials dispute .
deer mouse breeding tends to be determined more by food availability rather than by season . in plumas county , california , deer mice bred through december in good
collecting seeds - if you wish to replant mouse melons the next season , the steps for seed collection is quite easy . to collect seeds , allow the mouse melon fruits to become so ripe on the plants that they fall off . the fruit that fall from the plant can then be collected and placed in a warm area in your home to ripen even further for a few more days . after they have fully ripened , cut the fruit open and squeeze the seeds out into a glass of declorinated water . allow the seeds to sit in the water for a few days , or until they begin to fall to the bottom . strain off any excess plant material left behind and allow the seeds to dry on a paper towel . once dry , store them in a paper envelope .
; fungi have the least amount of intake . throughout the year , the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on what is available to eat during that season . during winter months , the arthropods compose of one - fifth of the deer mouse ' s food . these include spiders , caterpillars , and
with its streamlined body , small , almost inconspicuous ears , and large , paddle - shaped hind feet , the mexican water mouse is well adapted to its semi - aquatic lifestyle . the hind feet are also partially webbed and are fringed with hair , giving extra propulsion in the water , and the long , furred tail , which is longer than the length of the head and body , may also aid in swimming ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the short , dense , glossy fur is dark brown on the upperparts , often with a few longer , silvery outer hairs , and silvery white on the underparts , while the tail is also dark above and white below . the muzzle is quite blunt , with thin , stiff whiskers , and the eyes are tiny . juveniles are reported to be slate grey in colour ( 4 ) .
mexican miniature watermelons are grown as annual vegetables in most areas , although they are technically tender perennials like tomatoes ( solanum lycopersicum ) . they require a long growing season with at least 65 to 75 days of warm , frost - free weather and soil temperatures between 75 and 85 degrees fahrenheit to bear fruit . gardeners in cooler areas can grow mexican miniature watermelons in pots and move them indoors to a warm , bright room when nighttime temperatures drop below 50 degrees fahrenheit .
through collaborative efforts , adaptive management measures that provide for the protection of the mouse and the continuation of grazing have been developed and agreed to on 13 of the 14 allotments . the protective measures generally provide for exclusion of livestock grazing in most of the currently occupied critical habitat and a portion of the unoccupied critical habitat , and primarily consist of combinations of riparian exclosures , upland water developments , and other range improvements to reduce grazing pressure on riparian areas . no reductions in permitted numbers or significant change in season of use was required on any allotment . permittees have access to all working facilities and water developments . efforts to reach an approved solution on the final allotment are continuing .
alternatively known as the mexican sour gherkin or cucamelon , the mouse melon is a rarely cultivated member of the cucumber family that is steadily gaining popularity in heirloom gardens . the species melothria scabra is characterized as a prolific vine that produces an ample amount of tiny fruit . although they look like little melons , the fruit taste more like a citrusy cucumber ! since the plants possess a small stature , they are the perfect choice for container gardeners looking to do a little pickling . don ' t let the summer season pass you by , come learn how to grow mouse melons today .
i never heard of mouse melons . they look and sound interesting to try , if they ' re available in your local area or to grow . thanks for sharing .
o’neill , m , nagorsen , d , and baker , r ( 2005 ) : mitochondrial dna variation in water shrews ( sorex palustris , sorex bendirii ) from western north america : implications for taxonomy and phylogeography . canadian journal of zoology 83 , 1469 - 1475 .
do you have a seed source for this mouse melon ? i would love to try it this summer . great hub . voted up , useful , tweet , & pin .
the department ( nmdgf ) should continue to encourage land managers to protect and enhance known or potential areas of meadow jumping mouse occurrence ( nmdgf , 1994 ) * 32 * .
44 - morrison , j . l . 1992 . persistence of the meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius luteus , in new mexico . southwestern naturalist . 37 : 308 - 311 .
tessier , nathalie , sarah noel , and francois lapointe ( 2004 ) .
a new method to discriminate the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) from the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) using species - specific primers in multiplex pcr
. canadian journal of zoology 82 ( 11 ) : 1832–35 . doi : 10 . 1139 / z04 - 173 .
for more than a century , the card was used to ensure that mexican immigrants could receive consular assistance in dealing with american employers and police and help in shipping belongings home or relatives back for burial . the card was not typically used for dealing with american authorities .
given that a majority of the remaining mouse habitat is on federal land , the usfws has been working closely with the usda forest service southwestern region ( usfs ) ( apache - sitgraves national forest , lincoln national forest , and santa fe national forest ) . these two agencies have come together to develop conservation measures that will protect the jumping mouse , continue livestock grazing on usfs lands , and provide those cattle with continued access to needed water . since the final listing announcement there has been much concern voiced by some members of the livestock industry , and it is the goal of the usfs and usfws to work with the livestock industry to address these concerns .
july 11 , 2014 - wildearth guardians warns the u . s . forest service that it will sue the federal agency to require greater protection of the streamside habitat of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse
the deer mouse is small in size , only 3 to 4 inches ( 8 to 10 cm ) long , not including the tail . they have large beady eyes and large ears giving them good
mexican miniature watermelons are light to moderate feeders , depending on their soil . those grown in organically rich soil require no chemical fertilizers . amend lean or porous soil with a 2 - inch layer of compost worked into the top 6 to 8 inches of soil prior to planting . also , add 1 tablespoon of 6 - 10 - 10 analysis fertilizer to each planting hole to improve the soil ' s nutrient content . once established , mexican miniature watermelons need no supplemental feeding apart from a light , 3 - inch side - dressing of compost each month starting roughly two months after planting .
in cactus mice , torpor is mainly circadian ( torpid by day , active by night ) ; ( macmillen , 1972 ) and can be employed anytime their energy supplies become limited ( morhardt and hudson , 1966 ) . macmillen ( 1965 , 1972 ) distinguished between winter ( circadian ) torpor , induced only by food restriction , and summer torpor , which may be circadian or may last two to three months . summer torpor was induced by food restriction or by imposing a negative water balance . according to macmillen ( 1964 , 1965 ) , cactus mice aestivate during the summer to conserve water and prolong food reserves .
deer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and before the birth of the next litter , when they are reaching sexual maturity . occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area , particularly when breeding space is limited .
this month , cincinnati followed suit . officials say the move would be a boon to local economies , encouraging mexican immigrants to pour money into banks and businesses . they also say immigrants with bank accounts will be less vulnerable to criminals who prey on people who carry cash or keep money at home .
churchﬁeld , s ( 2007 ) : habitat use by water shrews , the smallest of amphibious . in n . dunstone , and m . l . gorman ( eds ) : behaviour and ecology of riparian mammals , vol . 71 . cambridge university press , new york , usa , pp . 49 - 69 .
but in recent months , mr . montes de oca and other undocumented immigrants from mexico have begun stepping out of the shadows . this summer , indianapolis and seven other midwestern cities started accepting an identity card issued by the mexican government , offering mexicans who are here illegally a startlingly new sense of legitimacy .
these days , the mexican consul here , sergio aguilera , drives from city to city , making his pitch . this week , he shuttled between east chicago , where he met with the mayor , and indianapolis , where he tried to persuade credit union executives to join the businesses that accept the card .
because the two species are extremely similar in appearance , they are best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype techniques . the deer mouse can also be distinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail .
in a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in colorado and wyoming , the deer mouse had the highest frequency of occurrence ; however , it was not always the most abundant small mammal .
harvesting - once flowering is underway , the tiny mouse melon fruit won ' t be far behind . harvest the fruit when they have reached a nice plump size and are about one to one and half inches in length . pick the first few at a bit of an earlier stage to force more fruit production . after pollination , it takes about 2 - 3 weeks for the mouse melon fruit to reach a harvestable size .
73 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2013 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing determination for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . federal register 78 : 37363 - 37369 . urltoken view document
84 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2016 . endangered and threatened wildlife ; designation of critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . 81 ( 51 ) : 14264 - 14325 . view document
96 - wright , g . and frey , j . 2010 . cool season activity of the meadow jumping mouse in the middle rio grande . share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish . view document
albert g . huntington , the mayor of madison , ind . , agreed . mr . huntington said he could not ignore the needs of the mexican workers who were increasingly filling jobs in his small town . recognition of the matrícula card , he said , was simply a reflection of the demographic changes rippling across the midwest .
below : grazing permittees and the us forest service meet on the santa fe national forest to discuss ways of protecting the jumping mouse and its critical habitat without having to adjust the permitted number of livestock or season of use .
females deer mice can have many litters in a year . in the wild , reproduction may not occur during winter or other unfavorable seasons . females are able to become pregnant again shortly after giving birth . the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is not nursing young lasts from 22 . 4 to 25 . 5 days and the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is nursing young lasts 24 . 1 to 30 . 6 days . deer mice may have litters containing from one to eleven young with typical litters containing four , five , or six babies . litter size increases each time a female deer mouse gives birth until the fifth or sixth litter and decreases afterwards .
is composed of a mixture of stiff spines with soft hairs , but because the hairs lie flat , the spines are the more noticeable part of the coat . the upper parts of the head and body are greyish - brown and the underparts whitish . there is a pinkish or buff lateral line separating the two colors . juveniles are grey and initially lack spines which grow through the coat later . the soles of the feet are haired and the mexican spiny pocket mouse is unique in its genus in possessing five rather than six tubercles on the hind foot .
the new mexico meadow jumping mouse has seen a significant population decline . this decline is mainly due to habitat loss and fragmentation across its range . about 95 percent of the range is found on federal and state lands . based on the further threat of habitat loss , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) designated the new mexico meadow jumping mouse as endangered under the endangered species act ( esa ) on june 9 , 2014 .
' ' they ' re coming , one way or another , ' ' said mr . huntington , who has decided to offer city services to mexican immigrants in his town of 12 , 500 people . ' ' so you have a choice . you can recognize them or you can ignore them and allow problems to develop . ' '
not surprisingly , mouse melons turned out to be one of my most productive patio crops of the 2013 season . the two plants that i grew produced handfuls of the delicious little cucamelons . the majority of them were enjoyed fresh , but i did pickle a jarful to see how they held up . using a rustic dill pickle recipe , the mouse melons turned out great ! although they lose a bit of their crispness , they ' re still very good . in the end , this is one heirloom that will definitely be grown again ! thanks for reading this guide on how to grow mouse melons . as always , please feel free to leave any comments or questions you may have .
full sun and rich , fast - draining soil provide the best conditions for growing mexican miniature watermelons . choose a growing site with full southern exposure and at least 12 square - inches of space for each plant . as vining plants , mexican miniature watermelons need a support structure to keep their stems and fruit off the ground , so install a small trellis or tomato cage for them to grow on . start the seeds indoors three to six weeks before the last spring frost , sowing them in starter pots at a depth of 1 / 2 to 1 inch . transplant the seedlings 12 inches apart after all frost danger has passed and the soil has warmed to 75 degrees fahrenheit .
the usfws and usfs will be establishing three working groups ; media , science / survey monitoring , and management coordination that will address the needs of both the jumping mouse and people who use the national forests for their livelihood or recreation .
80 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2014 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse throughout its range . federal register 79 : 33119 - 33137 . view document
the meadow jumping mouse apparently requires relatively dense vegetation for population persistence , and its scarcity may be related to livestock overgrazing in streamside habitats ( clark and stromberg 1987 ) . periodic severe flooding may also contribute to its rarity ( finch , 1992 )
the card has been issued by the mexican government for more than 100 years to keep track of its citizens in the united states . but across this country cities and states are increasingly recognizing the card , too , as officials seek ways to identify residents in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of sept . 11 , 2001 , and try to better serve immigrants .
deer mice are abundant , often among the most abundant mice of certain areas . densities can reach 11 mice per acre . many factors including availablity of food , water , and nest sites are thought to affect how many deer mice can live in an area . however , only the availability of food has been studied in enough detail to show it has an effect on population density .
83 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2014 . species status assessment report : new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . listing review team , u . s . fish and wildlife service , albuquerque , nm . view document
mouse melons may not require a seasoned gardener to help them grow properly , but they will require a few basic necessities that only the gardener can provide . here ' s a look at what you ' ll need to keep your vines healthy throughout the season .
table 1 : this table presents the number and approximate total acreage of grazing allotments on which critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse occurs for the lincoln and santa fe national forests ( as of july 5 , 2016 , and subject to change ) .
specific forms of management ( e . g . fencing of riparian areas , additional water developments , seasonal restrictions of certain activities , etc . ) have been undertaken to ensure that public - land cattle grazing can continue in close proximity to protected nmmjm habitat . in addition , some nmmjm habitat will continue to be grazed at a level that is likely to provide at least some conservation value for the species .
while mouse melon vines will grow with ease and relatively little care from the gardener , they still need a few things from you ! follow the steps below , and you ' ll be well on your way to harvesting a ton of these tiny cucumbers / melons .
some uses of national forests may affect the jumping mouse or its critical habitat when they occur in or along streams and wetlands , and when they do the usfs is required to enter into esa section 7 consultations with the u . s . fish & wildlife service .
the meadow jumping mouse apparently requires relatively dense vegetation for population persistence , and its scarcity may be related to livestock overgrazing in streamside habitats ( clark and stromberg 1987 ) . periodic severe flooding may also contribute to its rarity ( finch , 1992 ) * 20 * .
mexican miniature watermelons are resilient , attractive and productive plants , but there are drawbacks to consider when growing them . they self - seed readily in warm , frost - free locations , which can create a forest of unwanted seedlings . picking the fruit before it fully ripens and drops will help eliminate unwanted seedlings , as will raking up any fallen fruit before it breaks down and the seeds disseminate .
state wildlife management agencies in arizona , colorado and new mexico have considered the jumping mouse a species of management concern for several years . the state of new mexico listed the species as threatened in 1983 and upgraded it to endangered status in 2006 , where it remains today .
fence construction on national forests lands will be limited to areas that are currently occupied by the mouse . this amounts to less that . 3 % of the 22 allotments where the mouse occurs . in the apache - sitgreaves nf there are 12 allotments totaling approximately 272 , 977 acres , of which only 698 acres ( 0 . 29 % ) is occupied ; the lincoln nf has 4 allotments ( 153 , 903 acres ) of which 272 acres are occupied ; and in the santa fe nf there are 6 allotments ( 180 , 212 acres ) of which only 283 acres are occupied .
is a medium - sized mouse with rough pelage covering the upper body . the hairs are flattened with sharp points and grooves . the upper fur is dark gray with an orange tint . white fur covers the underside of the mouse except for the heel of the hind foot . the tail is covered with sparse hairs and is bicolored , brown above and white below . they possess external , fur lined , cheek pouches . the dental formula is that of a typical heteromyid rodent : i 1 / 1 , c 0 / 0 , pm 1 / 1 , m 3 / 3 . the average weight of
thirty - four arizona mammals are identified as species of greatest conservation need . nine are also federally listed as endangered under the endangered species act . three of these species are extinct , and five have disappeared from arizona , although reintroduction efforts are underway for two ( black - footed ferret and mexican wolf ) . most other imperiled species have very small , local populations that face a variety of threats . some species are tied to riparian or native grassland habitats .
the apache - sitgreaves , santa fe , and lincoln national forests have populations of the jumping mouse and designated critical habitat units . there are approximately 7 , 713 acres ( encompassing approximately 100 stream miles ) among these three forests that are within critical habitat . there are 14 allotments with permitted grazing in critical habitat .
28 - zwank , phillip j . , et al . 1994 . habitat use and population status of the meadow jumping mouse at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge . in : abstracts from presentations at arizona / new mexico chapters of the wildlife society , sierra vista , az . february 4 and 5 , 1994 .
91 - wright , g . and frey , j . 2011 . cool / winter activity of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . final report prepared for the share with wildlife program , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , nm , contract # 11 - 516 - 0000 - 000017 view document
water requirements , body temperature , and metabolism of p . eremicus have been studied in relation to adaptations to desert living by lindeborg ( 1952 ) , murie ( 1961 ) , mcnab and morrison ( 1963 ) , macmillen ( 1964 , 1965 ) , and morhardt and hudson ( 1966 ) . murie ( 1961 ) reported p . eremicus to have a 10 to 20 % lower metabolic rate and to resort to saliva spreading for evaporative cooling at high temperatures less readily than p . maniculatus .
the jumping mouse hibernates for approximately nine months ( around mid - sept to mid - june ) out of the year . therefore , it is only awake and active for about three months per year and must replenish energy , breed , rear young , and then accumulate sufficient fat reserves to sustain them through the next hibernation .
unlike many marsupials , female mouse opossums do not possess a pouch to protect the young as they develop . the young are so undeveloped their eyes do not open until 39 to 40 days . it is likely that the young are completely weaned after around 65 days , and they may have an incredibly short life span of only one year .
on june 10 , 2014 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the jumping mouse as an endangered species , with an effective date of july 10 , 2014 . the need for the listing was attributed to a
significant reduction in occupied localities likely due to cumulative habitat loss and fragmentation across the range
.
60 - morrison , j . l . 1990 . the meadow jumping mouse in new mexico : habitat preferences and management recommendations . pp 136 - 141 . in proceedings of the symposium on managing wildlife in the southwest ( p . r . krausman and n . s . smith eds . ) . arizona chapter , the wildlife society , phoenix .
this mouse lives in dense vegetation and near rocky mountain slopes or stone fences . it has been found in the dense brush along the banks of the rio grande river and beside oxbow lakes , in subtropical palm forests , thickets of prickly pear cactus , and in chaparral . they build burrows that have their opening closed off by vegetation or mounds of dirt .
during the process to determine whether the new mexico meadow jumping mouse should be listed , we sought comments from independent specialists to ensure that our designation is based on scientifically sound data , assumptions , and analyses . we invited these peer reviewers to comment on our listing proposal . we also considered all comments and information received from the public and other sources during the comment period .
fertile & well draining soil - like most other fruiting garden crops , mouse melons will need plenty of nutrition and ample soil drainage to produce at their maximum . the soil that they will be grown in should be amended with compost or aged manure in order to provide nutrition that will last all season . for soil drainage , perlite or small porous lava rocks can be added .
. during the spring months , seeds become available to eat , along with insects , which are consumed in large quantities . leaves are also found in the stomachs of deer mice in the spring seasons . during summer months , the mouse consumes seeds and fruits . during the fall season , the deer mice will slowly change its eating habits to resemble the winter ' s diet .
the mouse melon vine is native to mexico and surrounding central america . these plants grow quickly and produce fruit for a long period throughout the summer season . while the vines can reach lengths in excess of ten feet , they can be easily trained to grow on compact twine trellises . other than their need to grow on something , the vines are relatively low maintenance and disease free !
have remarkable manipulative powers . it uses this ability to burrow in the ground . the burrow can be 30 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length . the mouse - opossum then fills the burrow with leaves to create a nest . more commonly it creates nests in trees especially abandoned bird nests . when threatened it can become aggressive , opening its mouth and hissing or a clicking noise .
five gallon planter - gardeners who plant to grow these in containers will be very happy to hear that they can and will grow just fine ! unlike standard cucumbers that require much larger containers to reach their full potential , the mouse melons will produce heavily in a five gallon container ! for the best results , use a clay or wood container with plenty of holes in the bottom for drainage .
compost tea as a foliar spray - every other week , or after soaking rains , mist the upper and undersides of the mouse melon foliage with a compost tea spray . this natural spray will not only provide extra nutrition for the plant , but it will also create healthier leaves . forming a thin residue on the foliage , the compost tea will also help to create a natural insect barrier !
the forest service is facing a difficult decision . it will have to weigh its mandate to protect the mouse ' s habitat against the needs of local ranchers , recreationists , and other animals . the plaintiffs greatly value their access to the grazing allotments . the surrounding communities greatly value the ranchers and their work . ultimately , the forest service must consider the full panoply of human and environmental impacts .
deer mice occur throughout most of north america and are abundant in most areas . deer mouse is the most widely distributed peromyscus species [ 51 ] . deer mice are distributed from quebec and new brunswick west to yukon territory and southeast alaska ; south to baja california and through the sierra madre to southern mexico ; south in central texas to the gulf of mexico ; and south in the appalachian mountains to northern georgia [ 57 , 127 ] .
pollination - an important part to the production of fruit on the mouse melon vine is proper pollination of the flowers . since the vines produce both male and female flowers on the same plant , they will need some form of insect to properly move pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers . to ensure that pollination is occurring , observe the plant for pollinator activity . if no pollinators are present , you can use a cotton swab to manually pollinate the flowers .
the mouse should leave a lump in the kingsnake a little larger than the snake’s normal diameter mid body . until the snake is established with you , do not handle it until the lump has digested down to normal diameter of the snake . feeding once a week will maintain your california kingsnake , but the snake will grow faster if you feed it twice a week or more , if it will take it . once the kingsnake reaches adult size , avoid obesity . reduce feeding if necessary .
is very altricial at birth but develops quickly . at birth , the deer mouse has a mass of about 1 . 5 g . the young are born hairless with wrinkled , pink skin , closed eyes , and folded over ear pinnae . juvenile hair begins to develop on the second day after birth . on the third day , the pinnae unfold with the ear canal opening on the tenth day . eyes open on the fifteenth day , and the young are weaned between day 25 and 35 .
are seasonally polyestrous with an estrous cycle of about five days . in the wild , reproduction may not occur during winter or other unfavorable seasons ( lter 1998 ) . females exhibit post - partum estrus and are able to become pregnant shortly after giving birth ( baker 1983 ) . the gestation period of a nonlactating female deer mouse lasts from 22 . 4 to 25 . 5 days and 24 . 1 to 30 . 6 days in a lactating female ( kirkland and layne 1989 ) . litter size is highly variable between populations .


rapaninae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family muricidae .

this subfamily was known as thaidinae until 1993 .

rapaninae

global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant . . .
kool sp ( 1993a ) phylogenetic analysis of the rapaninae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) . malacologia 35 : 155–259
global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .
les muricidae d’afrique occidentale : the west african muricidae : ii . ocenebrinae , ergalataxinae , tripterotyphinae , typhinae , trophoninae & rapaninae
vermeij gj , carlson sj ( 2000 ) the muricid gastropod subfamily rapaninae : phylogeny and ecological history . paleobiology 26 : 19–46
global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . - pubmed - ncbi
our analyses indicate that rapaninae are a monophyletic subfamily , and show unequivocally that the ‘ergalataxines’ ( sensu vermeij & carlson , 2000 ) , represented here by morula , ergalatax , muricodrupa and pascula , do not fall within the rapaninae . the ‘ergalataxinae’ are recovered as a monophyletic subfamily in all trees except the bayesian 28s tree . agnewia , considered an ergalataxine by vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) and a rapanine by tan ( 2003 ) , is placed firmly in the rapaninae by our 28s analysis .
to contribute to this debate , we have generated a molecular phylogeny of 29 muricid species , the largest molecular dataset available for this family at present . our main aim was to test the monophyly of the rapaninae , and the inclusion within it of the ‘ergalataxine’ clade ( including morula and ergalatax ) . based on available samples , we also aimed to derive a preliminary genus - level phylogeny for the rapaninae .
some notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaninae ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific
global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores , molecular phylogenetics and evolution | 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2012 . 09 . 014 | deepdyve
claremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . , reid d . g . global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .
martine claremont , david g . reid , suzanne t . williams ; a molecular phylogeny of the rapaninae and ergalataxinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 74 , issue 3 , 1 august 2008 , pages 215–221 , urltoken
claremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . & reid d . g . ( 2013 ) global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 91–102 . [ published online 28 september 2012 ; code - compliant paper version published january 2013 ] [ details ]
the position of drupa morum and d . ricinus within the rapaninae was not resolved in the 28s tree , but in the coi , combined bayesian and combined ml trees there was some support for inclusion of d . ricinus within the thais clade ( coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 91 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ) .
molecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset , 28s plus coi sequences using ( a ) strict mp analysis and ( b ) ml analysis . support values are parsimony bootstrap values . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae .
bayesian molecular phylogenies based on 28s sequences ( a ) , coi sequences ( b ) and combined 28s and coi sequences ( c ) . support values are posterior probabilities . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial and familial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae ; bu , buccinidae .
so far , molecular data have been little used for the resolution of muricid phylogeny . marko & vermeij ( 1999 ) published a molecular phylogeny of mainly eastern pacific ocenebrines , with two rapanines as the outgroup , which supported monophyly of the ocenebrinae . two other molecular studies focused on relationships within the coralliophilinae , but also showed support for a sister relationship between the coralliophilinae and the rapaninae , although fewer than six non - coralliophiline taxa were sampled ( oliverio & mariottini , 2001 ; oliverio , cervelli & mariottini , 2002 ) .
a rapanine clade was recovered in all analyses with moderate to high support ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 88 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bootstrap probability ( bs ) = 78 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 61 % ; figs 2 , 3 ) . the rapaninae clade included the genera agnewia , concholepas , dicathais , drupa , mancinella , menathais , nassa , rapana , semiricinula , stramonita , thais , thalessa and vasula .
the division of rapaninae into two principal clades , as suggested by our molecular results , reflects some aspects of previous morphological phylogenies ( but not that of tan , 2003 ; fig . 1 c ) . kool ( 1993a ) retrieved a clade that included vasula , thais and mancinella , similar to our ‘ thais clade’ , although kool ' s group excluded nassa ( fig . 1 a ) . notably , the inclusion of the type species of thais , t . nodosa , in this clade is only weakly supported in our analyses .
the ocenebrinae ( as represented by nucella , acanthina and , for 28s , eupleura ) are monophyletic in all trees , in agreement with previous morphological ( kool , 1993a , b ; tan , 2003 ) and molecular ( marko & vermeij , 1999 ) results . we found no evidence of a sister relationship between rapaninae and ocenebrinae , in contrast to the results of tan ( 2003 ) . however , all studies on the composition and relationships of this group , including our own , suffer from limited sampling of ingroup and / or outgroup taxa .
there was some support for two principal clades within the rapaninae . one clade consisted of agnewia tritoniformis , concholepas concholepas , dicathais orbita , rapana rapiformis , semiricinula marginatra , thais speciosa and stramonita haemastoma . this clade , referred to here as the ‘ concholepas clade’ , was well supported in the coi bayesian tree ( pp = 100 % , fig . 2 b ) , the combined bayesian tree ( pp = 96 % , fig . 2 c ) and the combined ml tree ( bs = 91 % , fig . 3 b ) , but less well supported in the 28s bayesian tree ( pp = 91 % , fig . 2 a ) and the combined mp tree ( bs = 63 % , fig . 3 a ) . ( note that the coi and combined trees include only a subset of the taxa . )
genus conothais kuroda , 1930 accepted as pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )
genus cuma swainson , 1840 accepted as cymia mörch , 1860 ( invalid : junior homonym of cuma h . milne - edwards , 1828 [ crustacea ] ; cymia and cumopsis are replacement names )
genus planithais bayle in p . fischer , 1884 accepted as tribulus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )
genus provexillum hedley , 1918 accepted as vexilla swainson , 1840 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro vexilla , by hedley treated as a junior homonym of vexillum röding , 1798 )
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
( of thaididae jousseaume , 1888 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
( of concholepadidae perrier , 1897 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]
( of drupinae wenz , 1938 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]
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department of zoology , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk . m . claremont @ urltoken
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londo , n . headland of pemba bay , cabo delgado prov . , mozambique
voucher material is deposited in the collection of the natural history museum , london ( bmnh ) or the australian museum , sydney ( am ) . species are arranged by subfamily as concluded by this study .
abbreviations : f , r , forward and reverse primers , respectively ; fs , rs , forward and reverse primers used for sequencing only .
three datasets were analysed : 28s sequences ( n = 30 ) , coi sequences ( n = 18 ) , and 28s and coi sequences combined , limited to those specimens for which both 28s and coi sequences were available ( n = 18 ) . the buccinid species was used as the outgroup in the 28s analysis . no coi sequence was available for the buccinid , so in the coi and the combined datasets , hexaplex ( muricinae ) was used ( a muricine outgroup was also used in the analysis by kool , 1993a ) .
forward and reverse sequence fragments were assembled , verified and edited using sequencher ( v4 . 6 ; genecodes corporation , ann arbor , michigan ) . clear heterozygous peaks in both the forward and reverse sequence were scored as polymorphism ( e . g . williams & ozawa , 2006 ) . ribosomal ( 28s ) sequences were aligned using clustalx ( v1 . 8 ; thompson et al . , 1997 ) , where ‘delay divergent sequences’ was set to 98 % , the gap - opening penalty was set to 20 and a gap - extension penalty was set to 5 . poorly aligned sites were removed with gblocks ( v . 0 . 91beta ; castresana , 2000 ) , with the minimum number of sequences for a conserved position set to 70 % of the total number of sequences , the minimum number of sequences for a flanking position set to 90 % of the total number of sequences , the maximum number of contiguous non - conserved positions set to three , and the minimum length of a block set to five . no gap positions were allowed . minor adjustments to the resulting alignments were made by eye in macclade ( v4 . 06 osx ; maddison & maddison , 2003 ) .
twenty - four different models of nucleotide substitution were tested for each gene partition ( 28s and coi ) using mrmodeltest ( v . 2 . 2 ; j . nylander , urltoken ) . for 28s and coi , the best model ( as chosen by both the hierarchical ratio test and akaike ' s information criterion ) was gtr + i + g . however , in the case of coi , additional comparisons of log - likelihoods indicated that a model that allowed site - specific rate variation across codon positions was a significantly better fit to the data . further testing identified a different model of nucleotide substitution for each codon partition . therefore , bayesian analysis was performed twice , once using a gtr + ss model over the entire coi partition and once allowing each codon to evolve separately ( position 1 : sym + i ; position 2 : gtr ; position 3 : hky + g ) . the latter resulted in an improved bayes factor , and the resulting bayesian tree was therefore preferred .
congruence of genes within combined datasets was checked by the partition homogeneity test implemented in paup * ( v . 4 . 0b10 ; swofford , 2002 ) , with 1 , 000 replicates . the starting tree was obtained with stepwise addition , and taxa added randomly ( 10 replicates ) . new trees were generated using the tree - bisection - reconnection algorithm ( tbr ) and a heuristic search . gaps were treated as missing and multistate characters were interpreted as polymorphisms . because the validity of the partition homogeneity test has been questioned ( see e . g . quicke , jones & epstein , 2007 ) , individual gene trees were also examined visually to determine whether any strongly supported branches ( posterior probability , pp ≥ 95 % ) were in conflict .
phylogenies were constructed from the three datasets using bayesian inference and the markov chain monte carlo method ( mcmc ) ( mrbayes v . 3 . 1 , huelsenbeck & ronquist , 2001 ) . parameters for each gene were set according to the best model , and were free to vary between gene partitions . any branches with less than 50 % posterior probability support were collapsed . the mcmc analysis ran for 3 , 500 , 000 generations , with a sample frequency of 1 , 000 and a burn - in of 1 , 501 . analyses were performed twice , computing the final tree from a combination of all retained trees .
convergence was first tested by examining the average deviation of the split frequencies of the two runs , in order to determine whether the two runs had converged . the log - likelihood values of the data ( after burn - in ) and the potential scale reduction factor ( psrf ) were also assessed .
in order to compare different analytical methods , analysis of the combined dataset was performed using both unweighted maximum parsimony ( mp ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) in paup * , estimating nodal support by means of bootstrap values . for the parsimony analysis , gaps were treated as missing and multistate taxa were treated as polymorphism . the starting tree was obtained by stepwise addition , taxa were added randomly ( 1 , 000 replicates ) , and a heuristic search was performed . in the ml analysis , a gtr + i + g model was used , with starting values for all parameters estimated from the bayesian tree . in both analyses , bootstrap values were computed using a heuristic search with the 50 % majority consensus rule . the number of bootstrap replicates was 10 , 000 in the mp analysis and 1 , 000 in the ml analysis .
the mitochondrial gene coi was difficult to amplify for some samples , perhaps due to poor preservation . however , we were able to amplify approximately 700 bp of coi in 60 % of the taxa sequenced . after the removal of primer sequences , 658 bases remained for phylogenetic analysis . of these , 246 were phylogenetically informative : 41 in position one , two in position two and 203 in position three . there were no gaps or stop codons within the coi alignment .
the 28s alignment , initially 1 , 521 bp ( after the removal of primer regions ) , was reduced by 9 % to 1 , 332 bp after ambiguously aligned sites were removed . seventy - seven of the remaining sites were phylogenetically informative . results using hexaplex as outgroup and excluding buccinum were consistent with those using the buccinid outgroup ( tree not shown ) .
the results of the partition homogeneity test indicated that there was no significant incongruence between the coi and 28s datasets ( p = 0 . 574 ) . in addition , comparison of the bayesian trees for the independent coi and 28s datasets indicated that no well supported clades ( pp ≥ 95 % ) were in conflict between the gene trees . therefore , the datasets for the 18 taxa represented by both genes were combined . in this combined dataset of 1 , 990 characters , 303 were phylogenetically informative .
average standard deviation of split frequencies converged on zero for all trees recovered by bayesian analysis ( fig . 2 ) and log - likelihood values after burn - in had reached stationarity . psrf values for all runs were 1 . 00 .
the other rapanine clade consisted of mancinella intermedia , nassa serta , thalessa distinguenda , thais nodosa , menathais tuberosa and vasula melones . this clade is referred to here as the ‘ thais clade’ , because it includes the type species , t . nodosa . the thais clade had low to moderate support in all bayesian and ml trees ( 28s tree , pp = 85 % ; coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 72 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ; figs 2 , 3 b ) . a similar clade , including m . intermedia , t . distinguenda and m . tuberosa , but not thais nodosa , received low support in the combined mp tree ( bs = 64 % , fig . 3 a ) .
an ocenebrine clade , represented by acanthina monodon , eupleura nitida and nucella lapillus , was well supported in all analyses ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 100 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 100 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 100 % ; figs 2 , 3 ; eupleura included in 28s tree only ) . the 28s analysis supported a muricine clade of hexaplex trunculus and murex occa ( pp = 100 % ; fig . 2 a ) . a muricopsine clade , represented by favartia alveata and muricopsis schrammi , was well supported in both the combined bayesian and combined parsimony trees ( combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 78 % ; figs 2 c , 3 a ) , but less well supported in the combined ml tree ( bs = 61 % , fig . 3b ) . the phylogenetic relationships among these subfamilies were not well resolved .
our limited sampling of other muricid subfamilies , poor basal resolution and lack of some subfamilies ( such as coralliophilinae , haustrinae and typhinae ) preclude further discussion of relationships among them .
our ‘ concholepas clade’ has not been retrieved as a monophyletic group in previous analyses . nevertheless , concholepas , stramonita and rapana were relatively basal in the rapanine phylogeny of kool ( 1993a ) , as were concholepas , rapana and dicathais in that of vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) , indicating a degree of morphological similarity among these genera ( although this was interpreted as plesiomorphic resemblance within the cladistic analyses ) . our use of the genus thais follows vermeij ( 2001 ) . the appearance of thais speciosa in the concholepas clade , rather than the thais clade , is consistent with vermeij ' s observation that this species is not a typical member of the genus , and indicates that thais ( sensu vermeij , 2001 ) is not monophyletic .
our sampling of ergalataxinae is too limited to draw many conclusions at this stage . the genus morula ( as used by houart , 2004 ) is polyphyletic , if the genera ergalatax , pascula and muricodrupa are accorded generic rank . the generic name habromorula is available for morula spinosa and tenguella for morula granulata ( houart , 2004 ) .
our sampling is too limited to permit more than brief speculation on the biogeography of rapanine muricids . the ‘ concholepas clade’ contains two eastern pacific taxa ( concholepas , thais speciosa ) , one from the atlantic ( stramonita haemastoma ) , two from southern australasia ( agnewia , dicathais ) and two from the tropical indo - west pacific ( rapana , semiricinula ) . this wide distribution could imply an originally tethyan range for this clade , with restriction to refugia ( e . g . wilson & allen , 1987 ) . alternatively , there is a suggestion of a southern high - latitude connection among the genera concholepas , agnewia , dicathais and possibly stramonita ( represented in the south - temperate eastern pacific , as well as in the tropical eastern pacific , and tropical and temperate atlantic ) . the thais clade , on the other hand , appears to be entirely tropical on the basis of our sampling .
we would like to thank the australian museum ( sydney ) for loan of specimens and the following for donation of additional material : p . kuklinski , j . d . taylor , m . a . e . malaquias , e . a . glover , j . a . jara and g . poppe . we are extremely grateful to j . d . taylor , g . j . vermeij and k . s . tan for helpful comments and suggestions . pat dyal and the molecular biology unit at the nhm helped mc with sequencing . this paper was edited by jms associate editor j . d . taylor , and we thank him and two anonymous referees .
review of the recent species of morula ( oppomorus ) , m . ( azumamorula ) and m . ( habromorula ) ( gastropoda : muricidae : ergalataxinae )
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marlo added a link to
stramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )
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stramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )
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it is quite doubtful that the two specimen photos above are s . rustica . see link in my next post .
marlo added a link to
stramonita haemastoma floridana ( conrad , 1837 ) , florida rock shell
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stramonita floridana ( conrad , 1837 )
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marlo added a link to
let ' s talk seashells ! - > stramonita haemastoma canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )
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stramonita canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
description : shell solid , with five spiral rows of nodules on body whorl , with a variable number of scaly ribs between . ( the shell is usually eroded , so this fine sculpture is normally not present ) . outer lip thick , curved , with four teeth internally , more or less the same size . columella thickly calloused , smooth . external colour grey with black nodules ; deep interior of aperture purple - grey , teeth white ; outer lip cream or cream alternating with black or brown .
size : up to 35 mm in length , but usually less than 20 mm .
distribution : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw . ( see comparison below ) .
comparison : there has been debate as to whether this species is distinct from the widespread tropical indo - west pacific species morula granulata ( duclos , 1832 ) . however , the most recent work by tan ( 1995 ) makes a convincing case for it being a distinct species , and presents the following comparison of characters .
morula granulata : entire indo - west pacific region , from eastern africa to the eastern pacific , including northern australia from central western australia to queensland . in queensland , it occurs on the outlying area of the great barrier reef .
morula marginalba : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw , on the coast and continental islands , and other islands of the central indo - west pacific .
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claremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .
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claremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .
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chávez , e . a . ; michel - morfin , j . e .
some notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaniane ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific
results of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) : part 5 . mollusca , gastropoda , muricidae
a mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . wilis , f . r . s . philos
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martine claremont , geerat j vermeij , suzanne t williams , david g reid .
authors : benjamin merget , christian koetschan , thomas hackl , frank förster , thomas dandekar , tobias müller , jörg schultz , matthias wolf .
authors : colin halford , vincent gau , bernard m . churchill , david a . haake .
institutions : veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles , genefluidics , veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles .
electrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes . electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal . signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode . sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme , glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor , or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe . here , we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria . in every case , the probes described here are dna oligonucleotides . this method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal rna ( rrna ) . the capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface , while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) . when a substrate such as 3 , 3 ' , 5 , 5 ' - tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) is added to an electrode with capture - target - detector complexes bound to its surface , the substrate is oxidized by hrp and reduced by the working electrode . this redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to hrp , producing current flow in the electrode .
authors : r . craig stillwell , ian dworkin , alexander w . shingleton , w . anthony frankino .
authors : rangaraj m . rangayyan , shantanu banik , j . e . leo desautels .
authors : peiling yap , thomas fürst , ivan müller , susi kriemler , jürg utzinger , peter steinmann .
institutions : swiss tropical and public health institute , basel , switzerland , university of basel , basel , switzerland .
authors : yanping chen , adena why , gustavo batista , agenor mafra - neto , eamonn keogh .
institutions : university of california , riverside , university of california , riverside , university of são paulo - usp , isca technologies .
authors : jo - ann mcclure - warnier , john m . conly , kunyan zhang .
institutions : alberta health services / calgary laboratory services / university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary .
diffusion tensor imaging ( dti ) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter ( wm ) in vivo . the present applications are designed to investigate differences of wm involvement patterns in different brain diseases , especially neurodegenerative disorders , by use of different dti analyses in comparison with matched controls . dti data analysis is performed in a variate fashion , i . e . voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction - based metrics such as fractional anisotropy ( fa ) , together with fiber tracking ( ft ) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics ( tfas ) at the group level in order to identify differences in fa along wm structures , aiming at the definition of regional patterns of wm alterations at the group level . transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter - dependencies . the present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level . on this basis , ft techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by ft . additionally , application of dti methods , i . e . differences in fa - maps after stereotaxic alignment , in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders . further quality improvement of dti based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels . in summary , dti is used to define a distinct wm pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain - based and tract - based dti analysis .
authors : evan l . pannkuk , thomas s . risch , brett j . savary .
authors : mayandi sivaguru , glenn a . fried , carly a . h . miller , bruce w . fouke .
institutions : university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign .
authors : timothy j . gray , lee thomas , tom olma , david h . mitchell , jon r . iredell , sharon c . a . chen .
an important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection . traditional identification requires the sub - culture of signaled blood culture broth with identification available only after colonies on solid agar have matured . maldi - tof ms is a reliable , rapid method for identification of the majority of clinically relevant bacteria when applied to colonies on solid media . the application of maldi - tof ms directly to blood culture broth is an attractive approach as it has potential to accelerate species identification of bacteria and improve clinical management . however , an important problem to overcome is the pre - analysis removal of interfering resins , proteins and hemoglobin contained in blood culture specimens which , if not removed , interfere with the ms spectra and can result in insufficient or low discrimination identification scores . in addition it is necessary to concentrate bacteria to develop spectra of sufficient quality . the presented method describes the concentration , purification , and extraction of gram negative bacteria allowing for the early identification of bacteria from a signaled blood culture broth .
authors : vladimir a . timoshevskiy , atashi sharma , igor v . sharakhov , maria v . sharakhova .
authors : nikki m . curthoys , michael j . mlodzianoski , dahan kim , samuel t . hess .
high levels of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition . this situation causes oxidation of molecules ( lipid , dna , protein ) and leads to cell death . oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes , retinopathies , neurodegeneration , and cancer . thus , it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms . here , we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress . taking advantage of fluorescent ros probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines , we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo : i ) a “whole embryo ros - detection method” for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii ) a “single - cell ros detection method” for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress . herein , we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods . this protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause - effect relationships of ros in animal models of oxidative stress - related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer .
institutions : barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry , barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry .
high efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria . the genus mycobacterium can be difficult to transform ; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall , but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly - related species such as escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis . in spite of these obstacles , mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and dna transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described . the most successful method for introducing dna into mycobacteria is electroporation . many parameters contribute to successful transformation ; these include the species / strain , the nature of the transforming dna , the selectable marker used , the growth medium , and the conditions for the electroporation pulse . optimized methods for the transformation of both slow - and fast - grower are detailed here . transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported .
microbiology , issue 15 , springer protocols , mycobacteria , electroporation , bacterial transformation , transformation efficiency , bacteria , tuberculosis , m . smegmatis , springer protocols
copyright © jove 2006 - 2015 . all rights reserved . policies | license agreement | issn 1940 - 087x
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worms - world register of marine species - pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 132 [ details ]
n . puillandre , 1 t . f . duda , 2 c . meyer , 3 b . m . olivera , 4 and p . bouchet 5
correspondence : n . puillandre ; e - mail : rf . nhnm @ erdnalliup
copyright © the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved
recently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions . in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae , with four genera (
) . we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms , but not represented in the molecular phylogeny , to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .
simplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions ( coi , 16s , 12s ) and published by puillandre et al . ( 2014 : fig . 2 ) showing the proposed classification . genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles , whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts . posterior probabilities ( > 0 . 95 ) are shown for each node . only ( sub ) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured .
proposing a classification based on a phylogeny mainly consists of ( 1 ) identifying the groups that will be named ; ( 2 ) attributing available names and , if necessary , establishing new ones , for the groups identified in ( 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) ranking these names .
as far as possible , only well supported ( bootstrap probability > 90 % ; bayesian posterior probability > 0 . 95 ) clades ( and single - species lineages ) were linked to names . when several alternatives were possible ( e . g . one supported clade that includes two supported clades , both with available names attributable to them ) , other characters and properties , such as shell morphology , type of prey , bathymetric and / or geographical distribution , were considered in order to identify the most appropriate grouping to minimize within - group variability . overall , a conservative approach was adopted , to minimize the number of supraspecific taxa , both named and unnamed . in two cases ( pyruconus and cylinder ) we attributed a name to a group we recognized to be non - monophyletic ( although this non - monophyly is not supported ) , in order to avoid having to establish new names for many small clades . such polyphyletic , but morphologically consistent , genera may correspond to grades and in future each of the included clades may be shown to deserve its own name .
as far as possible , a genus - group name ( i . e . a genus or subgenus ) was applied based on the position of its type species in the tree . if the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus had not been sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar species used in the molecular analysis . if more than one name was applicable for a clade , the valid name was determined by the rule of priority . in the classification below , od refers to the fixation of type species by original designation , sd by subsequent designation and m by monotypy ( as defined by iczn , 1999 : art . 68 , 69 , respectively ) .
all the 803 species of conidae listed as valid in worms ( 2014 ) were allocated to genera and subgenera , with two levels of confidence . those printed in bold font were placed in the classification based on the dna sequences of puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) . the others were classified based on their shell and / or radula characters , following tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) and , for species not included or considered as synonyms by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) , following petuch ( 2013 ) or the advice of m . tenorio ( personal communication ) .
species sometimes referred to as ‘cone snails’ but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species—which resorb them—may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .
[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]
remarks : conus californicus has always been considered a unique species within cone snails , because of its molecular ( including toxicological : biggs et al . , 2010 ; elliger et al . , 2011 ) and morphological singularities and also because of its diet , since it is able to prey indifferently on fish , molluscs and worms ( kohn , 1966 ) .
remarks : puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) did not sequence the type species of profundiconus ; their sequenced material was identified as p . aff . profundorum . however , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 , 2013 ) found profundiconus to be a morphologically well supported group and we are thus confident in applying this name to the clade containing p . aff . profundorum .
type species : conus pagoda kiener , 1847 ; sd , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 : 140 ) ( under iczn , 1999 : art . 70 . 3 . 2 ) .
[ synonym : duodenticonus tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : asprella memiae habe & kosuge , 1970 ; od ; n . syn . ]
remarks : the species c . kimioi was placed in the subgenus boucheticonus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported .
henriquei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : kermasprella powell , 1958 ; type species : conus raoulensis powell , 1958 ; od . yeddoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus sieboldii reeve , 1848 ; od ]
[ synonyms : bathyconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus orbignyi audouin , 1831 ; od ; n . syn . fumiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus traversianus e . a . smith , 1875 , od ; n . syn . viminiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus vimineus reeve , 1849 ; od ; n . syn . ]
elegans ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) n . comb .
arcuata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) n . comb .
remarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) included both conasprella delesserti and conasprella arcuata in kohniconus . in our analysis , the two species do not cluster together . the name kohniconus could have been applied to the lineage that includes the species c . delessertii , but because of the closer morphological resemblance of conus emarginatus with c . arcuata , we have applied kohniconus to the lineage that includes c . arcuata .
sagei ( korn & g . raybaudi massilia , 1993 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : globiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus tornatus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . jaspidiconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus jaspideus gmelin , 1791 ; od ; n . syn . perplexiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus perplexus g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ; od ; n . syn . ]
arawak ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
baccata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1877 ) n . comb .
berschaueri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
ericmonnieri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
herndli ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
ogum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
perplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) n . comb .
poremskii ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
simonei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
tornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : cucullus röding , 1798 ; type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , 1758 ; sd , winckworth ( 1945 : 139 ) . coronaxis swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus bandanus hwass , 1792 ; m ]
type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 , by typification of replaced name . asprella was established as a substitute name for cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( see below ) . conus asper was not among the 11 species included in asprella by schaufuss ( 1869 : 43–44 ) , and wenz ( 1940 ) cited conus sulcatus bruguière , 1792 ( a species originally included by schaufuss ) as the type species ; conus sulcatus and c . asper are subjective synonyms .
[ synonyms : cylindrella swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 ; subjective synonym of conus sulcatus hwass , 1792 ; m . cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( conidae ) , is a homonym of cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( urocoptidae ) and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn , 1999 : opinion 1030 . sulciconus bielz , 1869 ; type species ( here designated ) : conus sulcatus hwass in bruguière , 1792 , n . syn . the names asprella and sulciconus were both published in 1869 and their exact dates of publication are not known in order to establish priority . under iczn ( 1999 ) : art . 24 . 2 , we act here as first revisers and give precedence to the name asprella over sulciconus . ]
[ possible senior synonym : mamiconus cotton & godfrey , 1932 ; type species : conus superstes hedley , 1911 ; od . the identity of c . superstes is uncertain ; it is listed as a nomen dubium by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) ]