the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus gekko , the true geckos .

it is native to asia and some pacific islands .

the tokay gecko is known as a hokkeng in chakma , takshak in assamese , hankkok in manipuri , tuko in the philippines , tokkae in malaysia , tokek in indonesian/javanese , tắc kè in vietnamese , kokkek in zomi , ตุ๊กแก [ túkkɛː ] in thai , តុកកែ " tokkae " in khmer ( cambodian language ) sawk-khe in hmar and awke in mizo for its characteristic vocalizations .

tokay gecko

tokay gecko gekko gecko . ( l ) established on south water caye , belize
names : tokay gecko , gekko gecko , hokkeng , takshak , hankkok , and awke .
love , b . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . predation . herpetological review 31 : 174 .
means , d . b . 1996a . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 27 : 152 .
a trio tokay geckos arrived on my doorstep . this is a quick introduction to the wonderful world of the tokay gecko .
the tokay was the first gecko to be scientifically named by linnaeus in 1758 .
complete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos .
a male leucistic tokay gecko protects these eggs . both sexes protect eggs in captivity .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : tokay gecko . jpg
.
eating tokay gecko meat is believed to cure various diseases such as cancer and hiv .
©2018 urltoken | love and care for your tokay gecko . design & development by urltoken
tokay gecko does not have many predators apart from large poisonous snakes inhabiting the asian rainforests .
we strongly urge indonesia , and other tokay gecko range countries , to immediately list the tokay gecko in appendix iii of cites and to propose a stronger listing , in appendix ii .
complete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos . - pubmed - ncbi
a tokay gecko typically lives for an average of 10 . 5 years . however , in captivity , tokay geckos can live for much longer .
tokay gecko with a mouthful of winged insects . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn
scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : reptilia order : squamata family : gekkonidae genus : gekko species : g . gecko subspecies : g . gecko gecko g . gecko azhari
butterfield , b . p . , and j . b . hauge . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 31 : 52 .
it is possible to see clear through the head of a tokay gecko through the holes in their ears .
foot of a tokay gecko , showing the subdigital lamellae . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn
lacerta gecko linnaeus , 1758 , java , indonesia . two subspecies are recognized , but some populations currently included in gekko gecko gecko probably are distinct .
tokay geckos are vocal reptiles . during mating season , which can last for 4 - 5 months , male tokay geckos call to attract mates . the advertisement calls of male tokay geckos
for a look at the gecko breeds that make good pets , check out our other gecko profiles .
lalronunga , s . , zirkunga , m . c . , zothansanga , c . & vanlalhlimpuia . 2017 . gecko gecko ( tokay gecko ) death - feigning . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 644 .
a contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .
the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) , the largest species , attains a length of 25 to 35 cm ( 10 to 14 inches ) . it is gray with red and whitish spots and bands . the tokay gecko , native to southeast asia , is frequently sold in pet shops .
in thailand , people regard the cry of the tokay gecko as a sign of good fortune . when the tokay gecko calls during the birth of a child , the people regard it as a blessing ( badger , 2006 ) . indeed , the more times the gecko cries , the better .
here , we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . the genome is 16 , 590 bp in size . its gene arrangement pattern was identical with that of black - spotted tokay gecko . we compared the mitochondrial genome of red - spotted tokay gecko with that of the black - spotted tokay gecko . nucleotide sequence of the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 97 . 99 % similar , and the relatively high similarity seems to indicate that they may be separated at the subspecies level . the information of mitochondrial genome comparison of the two morphological types of tokay gecko is discussed in detail .
rosamma , mathew 2005 . on the occurance of the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ( linn ) ) ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) in meghalaya . cobra 59 : 11 - 12
some believe the tokay gecko can be used to help treat the hiv virus . ( e . r . degginger / getty images )
tokay geckos are the world’s second largest species of gecko , with males reaching lengths of up to 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) .
english : leach ' s giant gecko ; french : gecko géant de leach , caméléon géant ; german : neukaledonischer riesengecko .
bucol , abner and angel alcala . 2013 . tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( sauria : gekkonidae ) predation on juvenile house rats . herpetology notes 6 : 307 - 308 . - get paper here
once tame , this species is reluctant to bite , and it can be handled much like a leopard gecko . a friendly captive tokay gecko is both an accomplishment and proof of your geckokeeping skills .
during the day , your tokay gecko will sleep in a head - down position , but don & apos ; t be fooled into thinking it & apos ; s inactive . at night , tokay geckos get moving .
eschment , j . 1979 . nachzucht von tokehs gecko gecko . sauria 1 ( 1 ) : 21 - 24 - get paper here
has been gutted . in singapore , it is also possible to see dried tokay geckos for sale in traditional chinese medicine stores and markets . recently , there has been a boom in the illegal trade of tokay geckos across south - east asia because of an unfounded claim that the tokay gecko can cure aids .
tokay geckos also have the ability to shed their tails through a process known as autotomy . this serves to distract or confuse potential predators and allows time for the gecko to escape . the gecko then regenerates its tail .
lacerta gecko linnaeus 1758 : 205 gekko verticillatus laurenti 1768 ( fide taylor 1963 ) gekko teres laurenti 1768 lacerta geko müller 1774 : 98 ( nomen illegitimum ) gekko aculeatus houttuyn 1782 ( non gecko aculeatus spix 1825 ) gekko perlatus houttuyn 1782 stellio maculatus schneider 1792 ( fide rösler et al . 2018 ) gekko guttatus daudin 1802 gekko verus merrem 1820 : 42 gekko annulatus kuhl 1820 : 132 platydactylus guttatus — duméril & bibron 1836 : 328 gekko tenuis [ hallowell 1857 ] gekko indicus [ girard 1858 ] gymnodactylus tenuis hallowell 1856 — boulenger 1885 : 22 gecko guttatus — stoliczka 1870 : 160 platydactylus guttatus — brühl 1886 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] — boulenger 1885 : 183 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] — boulenger 1894 : 82 gekko gecko — barbour 1912 gecko verticillatus — de rooij 1915 : 56 gekko gecko — taylor 1922 gekko gecko — taylor 1963 : 799 gekko gecko — kluge 1993 gekko gecko — rösler 1995 : 120 gekko gecko — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 231 gekko gecko — cox et al . 1998 : 82 gekko gecko — ziegler 2002 : 165 gekko df . gecko — jestrzemski et al . 2013 gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 gekko gecko azhari — mahony et a . 2009
rocha - júnior , josé carlos 2015 . occurrence of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko linnaeus 1758 ( squamata , gekkonidae ) , an exotic species in southern brazil . herpetology notes 8 : 8 - 10 - get paper here
peng , q . k . et al . 2010 . genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis . biochemical systematics and ecology 38 : 23–28
the tokay gecko eats mostly insects it ' s considered an insectivorous species . they feed on crickets , locusts , cockroaches , centipedes and even venomous scorpions .
tokay geckoes eat pests such as cockroaches and locusts . they are sold as pets .
male tokay geckos are highly territorial and tend to attack anyone who approaches their territory .
be sure your tank has a secure lid ; tokay geckos are strong and may attempt to escape if the opportunity presents itself . you don & apos ; t want a scared tokay gecko wandering around your house , for its sake and yours .
i have always found the scientific name of the tokay gecko to be somewhat amusing because it is so repetitive . the tokay is classified in the family gekkonidae , subfamily gekkoninae , genus gekko and species gecko . is it just me , or is that kind of humorous ? ( maybe i just need to get out more . )
while tokay geckos are widespread in asia , few if any species could stand this level of off - take . it’s only a matter of time before the tokay gecko becomes yet another species on the long , and ever growing , list of species threatened with extinction .
the effective adhesive energy of the gecko ' s digit in the active dh .
bridging nanocontacts to macroscale gecko adhesion by sliding soft lamellar skin supported setal array .
multiscale modeling and simulation of the deformation and adhesion of a single gecko seta .
the tokay gecko gets its name from the mating calls it makes - a series of characteristic ' to - kay ' or ' geck - oh ' sounds . in fact , the scientific name , gekko gecko , also comes from the calls it makes .
if your nose is sensitive enough to detect this musty smell , it’s a sign that your tokay gecko needs some rest so you must put them back immediately in the terrarium .
the tokay gecko lives in tropical rain forests , on cliffs and trees , and as pets amongst human habitation . they are arboreal ( tree - dwelling and cliff - dwelling ) .
shepherd said the tokay gecko remained poorly protected by national legislation and called for the lizard to be protected under cites , the international convention on endangered species , before it becomes extinct .
aowphol , a . , thirakhupt , k . , nabhitabhata , j . , voris , h . k . ( 2006 ) . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 : 491 - 503 .
the eyes of a tokay gecko allow it to see well even when its pupil is reduced to pinprick size due to tiny holes that focus light on the same area of the retina .
nearly all geckos survive on insectivorous diets . most small species eat only arthropods , but some larger species take small vertebrate prey . tokay geckos ( gekko gecko ) , for example , can
the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is found throughout southeast asia with its range extending from india , nepal , and bangladesh to the philippines , western new guinea , and indonesia . but this lizard species as also been introduced in some areas outside its native range .
adhesion and friction force coupling of gecko seta arrays : implications for structure adhesive surfaces .
but the traffic study found that the exporting companies don’t breed tokay geckos in those commercial numbers—the logistical requirements would be too costly . instead they export wild - caught tokay geckos , dead , for the medicinal and meat trade in numbers far greater than permitted . while there’s no legal trade in dead tokay geckos from indonesia , according to traffic , indonesia exports an estimated 1 . 2 million dried tokay geckos annually .
tokay gecko information . . . the tokay gecko is the 2nd largest gecko in the world growing up to 51 cm long ( 20 inches ) . though human development is reducing it ' s range , this lizard is adapting well to living in man - made structures and it ' s common to see them sticking to the walls and ceilings ridding the place of big bugs and small rodents . tokay gecko mating call . . . tokay is an onomatopoeia for it ' s two syllable mating call
tow - kay .
american soldiers in vietnam heard something different and called it the f - you lizard . luckily that name didn ' t stick . tokay gecko bite . . . tokay geckos are quick to bite when handled and sometimes clamp on tight refusing to let go . large specimens will draw blood however the pain is surprisingly not that bad . i ' ve been bitten hundreds of times by tokay geckos with no serious issues . . . just a little broken skin and the creeps . rinse the wound off with soap and water and you should be fine . despite their eagerness to clamp down on the person that clamps down on them , tokay geckos can be taught to tame down after regular handling and work . thailand superstitions tells that if the tokay geckos call 7 times , it ' s bad luck . luckily this one called 8 .
tokay geckos have different ways to call their owners attention and express what they want . gecko owners must learn to spot these signs of communication from their pets . there are several means by which your gecko can communicate with you ; by creating sounds , body language or body chemicals .
aowphol , anchalee ; thirakhupt , kumthorn ; < br / > nabhitabhata , jarujin ; voris , harold k . 2006 . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 4 ) : 491 - 503 - get paper here
deniz martinez set
portrait
as an exemplar on
gekko gecko linnaeus 1758
.
blurry screengrab from video ' giant tokai gecko , higanteng tuko , real or fake ? ' it ' s obviously fake . poor lizard . not only has the lizard ( a varanid ? ) been given a fake tokay - like head , it ' s also been painted with a tokay - like pattern .
chiu , k . w . and maderson , p . f . a . ( 1980 ) . observations on the interactions between thermal conditions and skin shedding frequency in the tokay ( gekko gecko ) .
there are other fake giant tokay videos online . in this one ( viewable on youtube ) , what is very clearly a varanid with modified head , hands and feet is made out to be another over - sized tokay .
in parts of southeast asia , tokay geckoes are regarded as harbingers of luck , good fortune , and fertility .
one way to determine whether a tokay gecko is healthy enough to adopt is to pick it up . a healthy gecko will dislike this and will bark or attempt to bite you , so be sure your hand is behind its head . if the gecko opens its mouth , it & apos ; s getting ready to bite . do everything you can to avoid getting bitten ; not only is the bite painful , but tokay geckos can lock on and refuse to let go once they sink their teeth in .
their skin is soft and granular with a kind of velvet feel to the touch . the tokay gecko has a cylindrical and stocky body with a rather flat top and a long characteristic semi - prehensile tail .
huang , s . c . ; chen , m . y . & norval , g . 2008 . an attack of a tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) on a palawan ratsnake ( coelognathus philippinus ) on palawan island , philippines . sauria 30 ( 3 ) : 53 - 54 - get paper here
the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko , ranging from northeast india , bhutan , to nepal and bangladesh , throughout southeast asia , philippines to indonesia and western new guinea . its native habitat is rainforest trees and cliffs , and it also frequently adapts to rural human habitations , roaming walls and ceilings at night in search of insect prey . increasing urbanization is reducing its range .
this does not necessarily mean that the tokay is not a good terrarium subject , it just means that those people who like to handle their lizards on a regular basis may prefer a gecko species that is a bit more docile , such as a leopard gecko . however , if you are interested in maintaining a species that is large , colorful and interesting to observe , then a tokay may be right up your ally .
kept as pets in homes around the world , many asian cultures also consider tokay geckos to be good luck charms . these lizards are unfortunately frequent targets of poachers in the wild since tokay geckos are used in some medicinal remedies .
calls of the tokay gecko are used for communication , finding members of the opposite sex during the breeding season , and as a means of defense ( they emit a hissing or croaking noise when being attacked ) .
the tokay gecko is a solitary animal and they are only seen together in the mating season . the breeding season starts in the spring when daylight hours begin to increase and it lasts for 4 to 5 months .
tokay geckoes are one of the largest geckoes alive today with a length of around 35 cm . the body of a
han , de - min & zhou , kai - ya 2005 . complete sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of tokay ( gekko gecko ) . zool . res . 26 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128
kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
gekko gecko linnaeus 1758
.
role of tilted adhesion fibrils ( setae ) in the adhesion and locomotion of gecko - like systems .
norval , gerrut ; simon dieckmann , shao - chang huang , jean - jay mao , hsien - pin chu and stephen r . 2011 . goldberg . does the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko [ linnaeus , 1758 ] ) occur in the wild in taiwan ? herpetology notes 4 : 203 - 205 . - get paper here
: this gecko is native to south and south - eastern asia , including malaysia and the philippines . they can also be found in the indonesian archipelago . the tokay gecko has been introduced into florida , texas , hawaii , some caribbean islands and belize , where it is becoming a threat to several of the local species .
the tokay gecko has no special status and the species has not been evaluated for the iucn red list . they are also not listed in cites , the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora .
krysko , kenneth l . and william b . love 2016 . predation by the nonnative tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( linnaeus 1758 ) , on the native carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) and nonnative cuban treefrog ( osteopilus septentrionalis ) in florida , usa . ircf reptiles & amphibians 23 ( 1 ) : 40–45 - get paper here
don & apos ; t expect a cuddly pet if you choose a tokay gecko . they & apos ; re pretty to look at , but even those that have been in captivity for many years can become aggressive when provoked .
the tokay gecko has been available through the pet trade for decades and is one of the most popular gecko species among beginning hobbyists . because of the tokay ' s wicked temperament , it should not be the first choice for people who want to interact with their animals on a regular basis . however , i think that anyone interested in geckos should eventually try their hand at keeping these beautiful tough guys of the gecko world . as reptiles editor phil samuelson once put it ,
it ' s hard not to admire a small lizard with that much spunk !
when choosing a tokay gecko , look for one with a robust appearance . healthy tokays are bulky animals , and the spine , ribs or pelvic bones should not be visible . if the gecko is resting on the glass , look at the vent area and make sure there are no caked or smeared feces present . safely pick the gecko up and gently examine the lizard ' s body with your free hand , to make sure there are no abnormal bumps or depressions anywhere on the body , because they may indicate an infection or broken bones . when grabbing a tokay , place your hand directly ( and gently ) behind the gecko ' s head to avoid being bitten .
g . g . gecko ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : tropical asia from northeastern india to eastern indonesia .
digital behaviour of the gecko : digital gripping ( counterclockwise arrow ) and active dh ( clockwise arrow ) .
russell , a . p .
a contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .
journal of zoology london 176 , no . 3 ( 1975 ) : 437–476 .
tokay geckos are known for being fierce and aggressive . they will fight until their last breath . they’re very much territorial . that’s why tokay geckos are said to be loners . they are better off alone , unlike leopard geckos which are more docile . tokays bite too hard so if you’re not used to holding tokay or your pet is untamed , make sure to use appropriate gloves .
their name arises from the call they make ; which sounds like
to - kay ! to - kay !
never house male tokay geckos together , and don & apos ; t house your gecko in your bedroom ; their barking may wake you up in the middle of the night . tokay geckos are also able to detach their tails to escape a predator .
the tokay geckoes are known for their quite unique appearance with a very attractive coloration in particular males which are more colorful than females .
demand for the tokay gecko has skyrocketed in recent years after online blogs , newspaper articles and wildlife traders extolled the consumption of the lizard ' s tongue and internal organs as a miracle cure for hiv , traffic southeast asia said in a report .
unlike the more
primitive
geckos ( such as leopard geckos ) that have movable eyelids , the tokay ' s eyes cannot close . instead , the tokay eye has a clear , protective spectacle , much like those of snakes . the gecko keeps the eye lens clean by frequently licking it . the eye has a vertical pupil that is indicative of this species ' nocturnal nature .
in indonesia , the harvest and export of wild - caught tokay geckos are subject to quotas . commercial breeding is allowed , and the government has given permission for six companies to export three million live captive - bred tokay geckos a year , specifically for the pet trade .
gecko’s eyes only see in black and white . because they are nocturnal , they have no need to distinguish colours . tokay geckos are aggressive , solitary animals . easily provoked , their powerful bite is a strong deterrent to other animals , including humans .
when a tokay gecko makes a hissing sound like air escaping out of a balloon or scream in a high pitched sound , this could mean that they are threatened . this is apparent especially to young tokay geckos which are not yet used to being handled . you must put them back on their terrarium before they become hysterical . they bite really hard so release them before they do so .
the tokay gecko is adapted to a primarily arboreal existence and possesses enlarged toe pads equipped with lamellae to aid in gripping . these adaptions allow the tokay gecko to climb virtually any surface with ease , including glass . the limbs are short and stocky , and the tail is semi - prehensile to aid in balance and maneuvering . the tail also serves as a means of defense and can be autotomized , or dropped , when the gecko feels threatened . a new tail will eventually grow back to replace the missing appendage . if the gecko feels threatened and cannot escape , it will gape its mouth , and may attempt to attack and bite a perceived aggressor . a bite can be a traumatic experience for both the lizard and the handler .
regardless of its reputation for fierceness , the tokay gecko ' s beauty , hardy nature and modest price have made it a popular
pet store
lizard . with the large numbers of imported specimens entering the united states every year , the tokay is one of the most frequently encountered gecko species in the pet market . many pet stores across the nation , even those that don ' t specialize in
exotic
animals , may have a terrarium with a few specimens for sale at any given time .
the strange eye of a tokay gecko can see only in black and white . the gecko hunts mainly by night , so has no great need for colour vision . photographed in bright light the gecko ' s vertical pupil has closed down to a narrow slit to prevent the high light intensity damaging its sensitive retina , but a series of small holes remains open . it is thought that light passes through these holes to be focused on the same area of the retina , allowing the gecko to see well even when it ' s dim .
( foy and oxford scientific films 1982 : 11 )
tokay geckoes are found in southeast asia and the malayan isles . they live in tropical rain forests , and are tree or cliff dwellers .
the tokay gecko , which has distinct orange - spotted , blue - grey skin , can grow up to 15 . 7 inches ( 40 centimeters ) in length . the reptiles feed on insects and worms , helping to regulate pests and maintain the ecosystem .
the gecko ' s call is responsible also for a slang name given to it by u . s . soldiers in
this gecko preys on dune - dwelling spiders and beetles . all water is obtained from condensed fog or from prey .
nearly all geckos have a voice , ranging from a small squeak to the deafening whistles of the african whistling gecko .
needless to say , any gecko this size would be a record - holder . the largest known gecko – the recently extinct delcourt’s giant gecko hoplodactylus delcourti ( generally thought to be endemic to new zealand , though this has been questioned ) – has / had a total length of c 60 cm , and the satria animal is more than twice as long .
as mentioned above , tokay geckos are not docile pets and may not be the best option for newbies . if you & apos ; re up to the task , you & apos ; ll want to choose a tokay gecko whose ribs and pelvic bones aren & apos ; t visible ; these are sturdy animals whose skin should be free of bumps , which may indicate a skin infection or a broken bone .
the tokay gecko is primarily a forest gecko with an arboreal lifestyle ( das , 2011 ) , but it is also closely associated with human settlements ( grismer , 2011 ) . it is a nocturnal species and has been documented to feed on insects , spiders , other geckos , and even small mammals and birds ( flower , 1899 ) . it tends to be a sit and wait forager , though it will be more active if prey abundance is high ( aowphol , 2006 ) . it is a highly territorial species and will not hesitate to bite when threatened . when tokay geckos bite , they clamp their jaws in earnest and will hold on for an extended period of time ( look at video below ) . the tokay gecko ' s defensive display involves gaping jaws which are often accompanied by warning ' barks ' . tokay geckos also moult to grow bigger , and shedding cycles are shorter if the surrounding temperature is higher ( chiu and maderson , 1980 ) .
tokay geckoes are insectivorous . in captivity , they usually feed on springtails , mealworms , cockroaches , crickets , grasshoppers , pink mice , and locusts .
pretty much like the roosters trying to outcry each other in the morning , tokay geckos do the same at dusk . it is rarely observable in captive conditions since there is not much threat of competition or threat . there may be some competition but can easily be managed or they have very little control over it so tokay geckos rarely do their distinctive vocalization . tokay geckos vocalize their “to - ko” or “to - kay” sound when declaring or marking their territory for the rest of tokay kingdom to know it is theirs . they do so to shout their might and often outcry the other barking tokay geckos in the area . this gesture secures them of territory for food supply and mate guarantee . it is also their means of courtship announcing their location to females . female tokay geckos can produce the same sound but they rarely do it . only matured tokay geckos cry this signature cry that they make , and until they could , male juveniles evade the bigger and more mature ones’ territories or at least stay out of their hunting range for the night .
while in captivity tokay geckos can live up to 18 years , but in the wild , their average lifespan is about 7 to 10 years .
zhang , q . q . ; tang , y . z . ; huang , y . c . ; and zeng , f . h . 1997 . investigation on the geographic variance of tokay , gekko gecko l . chinese journal of zoology 32 : 44 - 46 .
although there are more than 20 species of geckos listed by the iucn , the tokay gecko is not among them . they are abundant in most parts of their range , but because of their use in chinese medicine , they have declined in south china , vietnam and thailand .
inspired by the patterns of millions of nanoscale setae on the tokay gecko’s toes , bioengineer jeffrey m . karp has received patents and awards for the biodegradable , biocompatible , elastic tissue adhesive . since 2008 , karp lab of harvard - mit science and technology and bwh has been perfecting this noninvasive alternative to stitches and sutures for closing and sealing wounds and incisions . also , this surgical tape will be able to release drugs to help tissues heal . for years many other scientists have mimiced the gecko toe hairs to make gecko tape and robots that can climb . one polymer scientist using carbon nanotubes remarked , “a gecko’s foot is like a perfect post - it . ”
the ears can be seen on the outside of the gecko as small holes on both sides of the head . it is possible to see straight through the head of these geckoes through their ears . tokay geckoes have a hearing range from about 300 hertz to 10 , 000 hertz .
il mio tokay canta allegro e spensierato p . s . un mi piace non fa male . . . . giving thumbs up wouldn ' t be bad
the feet of gecko self - clean due to energetic equilibrium - - its foot has less physical attraction to dust than most surfaces .
mebert , konrad and andrew m . durso . 2014 . when predation and defense intermingle - a predation attempt by a flying snake on a tokay gecko interrupted . wenn jagdverhalten und verteidigung sich vermischen - ein unterbrochener beuteversuch einer schmuchbaumnatter auf einen tokeh . sauria 36 ( 3 ) : 41 - 46
named during the vietnam war , as the lizard ' s cry could be heard as fuck you . the fuck sound is quite clear and short in duration , followed by a pause of about half a second and the elongated you . the same sound could also be heard as tokay ( as in tokay gecko ) , as tokeh ( as in tokeh - tokeh ) , or as tuctoo , all of which are other english names of the lizard .
mckeown , sean . and zaworski , jim . 1997 . general care and maintenance of tokay geckos and related species . advanced vivarium systems . santee , ca .
an unfounded claim giving tokay geckoes the ability to cure aids also had a negative impact on the species . their natural habitat is also increasingly threatened by urbanization .
the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is known for its extraordinary climbing ability [ 1 – 6 ] . the strong adhesion is mainly due to the van der waals force enhanced by the hierarchical adhesive system from the nanoscale to the macroscale . the gecko can also perform a fast transition from attachment to detachment or vice versa in around 50 ms [ 5 ] . extensive studies have been carried out to understand the strong adhesion and easy detaching mechanism of the gecko ' s adhesion system in order to fabricate biomimetic dry adhesives . these bioinspired materials have potential applications in wall - climbing robots [ 7 – 9 ] , adhesive medical skin patches [ 10 ] , adhesive clamps [ 11 ] , etc .
because tokay geckos aren’t listed under the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , their international trade isn’t subject to regulation .
the vibrant and unusual - looking tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a well - known , but poorly understood , species . heavy - bodied and nocturnal , these tropical animals have a reputation for being aggressive , hard to handle and apt to bite . however , they can be the ideal captive for a patient geckokeeper . they are fascinating to observe , and with a little invested time , they can be tamed into tractable little beasts .
hemidactylus frenatus : one specimen seen on a coconut tree , several heard . the gecko phyllodactylus tuberculosus could not be reconfirmed during this visit .
the phylogenetic tree above shows the possible evolutionary relationships of various species of gecko , as tested by brown et al . ( 2012 ) .
hansen wr ; autumn k . 2005 . evidence for self - cleaning in gecko setae . 102 ( 2 ) : 385 - 389 .
although not listed by the iucn , the san diego banded gecko ( c . v . abbotti ) is of special concern in california .
the above work has addressed well the issues in the gecko ' s adhesion under static / quasi - static conditions . however , the previous models failed to explain the frictional adhesion feature , which was observed in the real gecko ' s movement . furthermore , the gecko detaches with digits peeled from the distalmost end to the proximal ( named active dh ) , and attaches with digits gripped towards the surface ( named dg ) while acting repeatedly on inverted surfaces . this behaviour cannot be fully understood based on previous models . argument exists in that if the gecko can lower the pull - off force by lowering the friction and vice versa , why are the active dh and dg needed ? therefore , it is necessary to understand the mechanical behaviour of the gecko ' s adhesive system from the dynamic scenario of the gecko ' s movement .
tokay geckos are vocal , making a unique croaking or barking noise to attract mates , are arboreal , and according to some myths , are said to bring good luck .
males are very territorial , and will attack other male tokays as well as other gecko species , as well as anything else in their territory . they are solitary and only meet during the mating season . females lay clutches of one or two hard shelled eggs which are guarded until they hatch . tokay geckos feed on
a tape measure is applied to the giant ' gecko ' in satria ' s video . the animal is said to be 138 cm long .
note the long , slender tail , the five - toed foot , five - fingered hand , and the blunt tips to the digits . the animal ' s right eye might be visible in this shot . it ' s gecko - like , but not like any gecko we know .
grossmann , w . 2006 . der tokeh , gekko gecko . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 64 pp . - get paper here
tokay geckos are not the simple lizards some herpkeepers may think they are . seemingly aware of their surroundings and circumstances , they have proven to be high - strung due to above - average intelligence . to me , tokay geckos are similar to reticulated pythons : known to be aggressive , they are alert , high - strung and challenging to keep .
in contrast to this , if a deceased specimen is found it is often considered a sign of bad luck . injuring or killing a tokay gecko is also considered bad luck in many areas throughout its range , and the species is a welcome guest in people ' s homes because it eats pest insects such as roaches .
tokay geckos aren & apos ; t as commonly seen as pets as leopard geckos , but they are just as interesting as their cousins . they are the second - largest kind of gecko and are known for their vibrant colors and spots . they are usually a blue - gray color with bright orange and blue spots .
temperament : it is ideal to keep just one gecko in a tank due to their territorial nature . it is never recommended to keep more than one male gecko in a single tank when housing them in groups . two or more males in one tank tend to fight and kill each other .
if you have a mature tokay gecko pet , it would make the same repeated sounds at random intervals within the day . a crackling sound followed by a “to - kay” sound could mean that they are looking for a mate . this strong sound they create can be heard from a distance to call for possible nearby mates .
geckos are one of the most successful lizards around today . from gekkonidae alone , nearly 1200 species have been described , and they range throughout subtropical and tropical regions , stretching even into temperate zones ( vitt & caldwell , 2009 ) . in singapore , at least 15 species of gecko have been recorded ( ng et al . , 2011 ) . among these , the tokay gecko is one of the largest and is also one of the most distinctive . this gecko is also the best known species in the group , and studies on it have contributed much to our knowledge of general reptile biology ( rosler , 2011 ) .
mertens , r . 1955 . über eine eigenartige rasse des tokehs ( gekko gecko ) aus ost - pakistan . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 21 - 24
over the last several days a consortium of people interested in herpetology , weird animals , animal lore , and special effects have worked together to help resolve an incredible and bizarre ‘mystery’ * . people in indonesia ( and perhaps elsewhere in tropical asia ) are modifying live monitor lizards to make them look like gargantuan tokay geckos gekko gecko .
tokay geckos may be harvested from the wild in indonesia under a quota system . however , if they are farmed , they don’t fall under that quota system . any harvest of tokay geckos from the wild outside the quota system is illegal . note that the quota in indonesia for wild - caught tokay geckos stipulates that the animals are exported live , for pets , not kiln - dried . unfortunately , tokay geckos aren’t listed in the appendices of cites , and therefore international trade isn’t regulated . we strongly recommend the species be listed in appendix ii , which wouldn’t stop trade but would put in place a mechanism through which the trade could be monitored and regulated . to do so is in the interest of conservation and sustainable trade .
rösler , h . 2001 . studien am tokeh : 1 . gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 ( sauria : gekkonidae ) . gekkota 3 : 33 - 46
ter borg , jur 2004 . de tokkeh , gekko gecko - een eenvoudige handleiding . lacerta 62 ( 6 ) : 256 - 260 - get paper here
corl , j . 1999 .
gekko gecko
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 12 , 2008 at [ 1 ]
while it’s often argued that captive breeding relieves pressure on endangered species by providing an alternative source for trade , the report , adding up the numbers : an investigation into commercial breeding of tokay geckos in indonesia , demonstrates that the opposite is true . rather , it finds that wild - caught tokay geckos are regularly laundered through indonesia’s captive - breeding facilities on a massive scale .
because of their ready availability and low cost , the tokay is often the first gecko that many people purchase . unfortunately , many first - time owners are rudely awakened when the lizard that the pet store staff labeled
a good beginner ' s gecko
turns out to be an animal with a personality that is pure evil ! while its true that these lizards are easy to maintain , their willingness to bite any hand that dares enter their domain should exclude them from the
pet
lizard label .
the tokay gecko has a geographic distribution extending from eastern india , nepal , bangladesh , east to southern china and south - east asia , to the philippines . it has also been introduced into florida , hawaii , martinique in the west indies , and madagascar ( das , 2001 ) . it is unclear if the lizard is native to singapore , though it has been suggested that it probably is not ( flower , 1899 ) . this gecko is uncommon in singapore ( lim & lim , 1992 ) .
global gecko association . 4920 chester street , spencer , oklahoma 73084 - 2560 usa . web site : < http : / / www . gekkota . com >
gecko guy bitten by the tokay gecko feeding video the first animal is a leopard gecko ! the tokay appears later in the video . heres a quick video of my animals being fed . please note i do not have many of these animals anymore tokay gecko care : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - social links - facebook page : urltoken instagram : g3ckoguy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gaming channel : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
tokay geckos exhibit great variation in color in the wild , and are known to match their body color with the substrate they are on . the time of the day can also lighten and darken
in its natural range , the tokay is found from northeast india across to southern china , throughout the malay peninsula , the andamans , the philippines and throughout much of indonesia . feral populations have also become established in sections of southern florida , hawaii and the island of martinique . they adapt well to secondary , or disturbed , environments , especially around homes , buildings and other human structures . because of their close contact with humans , they have become the objects of many superstitious beliefs . in various sections of its native range , the tokay gecko is regarded as a messenger of omens , both good and bad . depending on the situation , a tokay ' s presence or vocalization can mean good luck and prosperity for a family or individual .
tokay gecko is often erroneously believed to be venomous . but , in truth its bite is not poisonous , even though it is quite painful . however , researches show them to carry various bacteria that can cause serious health problems . so , it is crucial to take care of the bite wound as soon as possible , especially if has penetrated the skin .
: geckos are lizards , and ( due to the structure of their vertebrae ) they are considered quite primitive on the evolutionary scale . geckos are small animals with a flattened appearance . tokay geckos are one of the larger species , measuring up to 40 cm in length . tokay males are larger and more colourful than the females . they all have large eyes covered by transparent scales that act as protective lenses . a gecko seen licking its eyes after a meal of insects is actually cleaning these scales . being a nocturnal species , they have slit pupils which , in dim light , expand to fill most of their eyes . all geckos have the ability to change colour , lighter by day and darker during the night . the tokay gecko does the reverse : the colour is dark grey with orange - red spots when in light surroundings , changing to light grey with bluish spots when they are in the dark .
annandale , n . 1907 . the occurrence of the taukte lizard ( gecko verticillatus ) in calcutta . records of the indian museum 1 : 171 - get paper here
autumn k , sitti m , liang ya , peattie am , hansen wr , et al . ( 2002 ) . evidence for van der waals adhesion in gecko setae
another important feature of the tokay is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and later regenerate a new one . the cast off part will continue to move for several minutes , giving the gecko time to escape . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .
as i stated before , these geckos are cantankerous , and when touched , a healthy tokay will gape its mouth and more than likely try to bite you . it may also let out a loud bark or scream in protest . if the gecko is limp , weak , or indifferent , pass on the animal and choose a different one . while it is true that there is the occasional specimen that does not seem to mind being handled , the vast majority of tokay geckos never really tame down enough to allow a handling session to be an enjoyable experience .
an important characteristic of the tokay gecko is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and regenerate a new one . the part of the tail that has been cast off will continue to move violently for several minutes until it slows down and stops , thus giving the gecko fair time to escape . the tail has several sections on it where it can break off at any given moment . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .
from traffic’s southeast asia office , in malaysia , chris shepherd , coauthor of the report , explains that it’s low - profile species like tokay geckos that are often hardest hit by illegal , unsustainable trade .
to cite this page : corl , j . 1999 .
gekko gecko
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
tokays are one of the easiest species of gecko to keep and breed in captivity , but , ironically , most specimens offered for sale are wild - collected animals . by the time these geckos reach your neighborhood pet store , they have been captured , held in an exporter ' s facilities for days or weeks , shipped over oceans and possibly exposed to disease or parasites along the way . these stressful situations can cause a gecko to become more prone to infections or illness , so it is important to know what to look for when selecting a tokay .
the tokay gecko is the second largest gecko species , attaining lengths of about 11–20 inches ( 28–51 cm ) for males , and 7–19 inches ( 18–48 cm ) for females , with weights of only 150–400 grams ( 5 . 3–14 . 1 oz ) . they are distinctive in appearance , with a bluish or grayish body , sporting spots ranging from light yellow to bright red . the male is more brightly colored than the female . they have large eyes with a vertical slit pupil . eyes are brown to greenish brown and can be orange or yellow .
based on all of these bits of data , we seem to be seeing a lizard that has been kitted out to look like a giant tokay . it’s a lizard in some sort of ‘gecko suit’ . i must point out that this was my immediately favoured option . within a few seconds of watching the footage , and having ruled out the other contenders that came to mind ( giant salamander or genuine fat - headed giant gecko ) , i was immediately thinking “non - gekkotan lizard kitted out to look like a giant tokay” . and i’m hardly the first , or only , person to come up with this suggestion , as you can see if you look at the comments attached to the original video ( sorry , only available on facebook and not shared here ) .
tokay geckos have the ability to walk on different surfaces . a closer look at the gecko ' s foot reveals a structural hierarchy consisting of subdigital lamellae , setae and spatulas . it is postulated that the adhesion provided by the numerous spatulas works primarily through van der waals forces ( autumn et al . , 2002 ) , and capillary forces ( huber et al . , 2005 ) .
many geckos are relatively solitary , though bibron ' s gecko ( pachydactylus bibronii ) and some other species can reach very high densities and may share retreat sites . these geckos have
tokay geckos are not the easiest lizards to sex . they should have adequate conditioning first . the lizards tend to writhe and wiggle when restrained , so accurate sexing is difficult if one is unfamiliar with the process .


gracilidris pombero is a species of ant in the genus gracilidris .

described by wild and cuezzo in 2006 , the species is endemic to the south american countries of argentina , brazil and paraguay .

gracilidris pombero

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see gracilidris pombero for further details
gracilidris pombero occurs in open areas , and is typically collected in places with some degree of human disturbance .
the only extant member of the genus ; see the gracilidris identification section for characters that separate this ant from other genera .
abstract : the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris and its sole species , g . pombero , are recorded for the first time for colombia from populations from the foothills of the colombian amazon basin . comments and hypotheses about the biogeography of the genus are discussed .
resumen : el género dolicoderino de hormigas gracilidris y su única especie , g . pombero , son registrados por primera vez para colombia , de poblaciones provenientes del piedemonte de la cuenca amazónica colombiana . algunos comentarios e hipótesis sobre la biogeografía del género son discutidos .
in guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour .
in guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour . [ 1 ]
the records of gracilidris for rio grande do sul represent the southernmost register of the genus in the neotropics and the first for the pampa biome .
pombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guaraní folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .
etymology pombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guarani folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .
natural history : the colombian specimens of gracilidris pombero came from the western foothills of the colombian amazon basin . all specimens of g . pombero were collected in mixed environments highly disturbed by man , as a result of logging and the introduction of livestock grazing . puerto arango sites are open grassland areas ( traditional grazing system ) where the vegetation is predominantly brachiaria humidicola ( rendle ) schweick ( poaceae alt . gramineae ) ; san juan del barro sites are for silvopastoral systems consisting primarily of pasture with scattered shrubs .
material examined : gracilidris pombero . 9 workers ( w ) . colombia : caquetá : florencia . municipio puerto arango . 1°30’29 . 4”n 75°32’57 . 3”w . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg ( 8w ) ; san juan del barro . 1°25’43 . 3”n 75°29’30 . 3”w . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg . ( 1w ) .
wild and cuezzo ( 2006 ) - body proportions and color vary geographically among populations of g . pombero . in particular , specimens from paraguay and argentina are darker and have relatively shorter appendages than brazilian specimens .
guerrero , r . j . ; sanabria , c . 2011 . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . revista colombiana de entomología 37 : 159 - 161 . pdf
guerrero , r . j . & sanabria , c . ( 2011 ) . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . rev . colomb . entomol . , 37 : 159 - 161 .
the collection records of gracilidris pombero indicate that it inhabits low scrub forests of the type found in cerrado and chaco habitats . the specimens from maranhão were collected at a sardine bait in cerrado scrub forest near the edge of a soybean field . the specimen from bahia , brazil was collected in a small primary forest fragment in a cocoa plantation . the mato grosso , brazil collection was from grazed cerrado , and the paraguayan type series came from a lightly grazed copernicia alba palm forest in the humid chaco .
feitosa , r . m . , dröse , w . , podgaiski , l . r . & mendonça , m . s . jr . 2015 . first record of the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris wild & cuezzo ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from southern brazil . sociobiology 62 , 296 - 299 ( doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i2 . 296 - 299 ) .
gracilidris ants are probably nocturnal , which may partly explain their rarity in collections . at the type locality , single foraging workers were collected at dusk and after dark on two separate nights , and visual searches and baits during the day at the same location did not yield any workers . in the field , workers appear elongate , their gaster held horizontally , and their movements are smooth and deliberate .
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
wild & cuezzo , 2006 : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . ) paraguay .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
others ( n = 14 ) : hl 0 . 80–0 . 93 , hw 0 . 62–0 . 71 , sl 0 . 89–1 . 08 , fl 0 . 72–0 . 99 , lht 0 . 89 - 1 . 14 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 57 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 46 , oi 4 . 0 - 6 . 9 , si 138 - 154 , ci 76 - 81 .
head in full frontal view longer than broad ( ci 76–81 ) and quadrate - oval in shape . lateral margins evenly convex and the head no wider posterior to than anterior to the eyes . compound eyes large ( oi 4 . 0–6 . 9 ) , consisting of 130–150 ommatidia , situated near the longitudinal midpoint of the head in full frontal view . anterior clypeal margin usually bearing a single straight , short , forward - projecting median seta , a longer pair of setae just lateral of the midline that are about half the length of the masticatory margin of the mandibles , and an irregular number ( 2–6 ) of small setae lateral to these . mandibular dentition variable but usually as follows : strong apical tooth , a smaller subapical tooth , a small third tooth , a strong fourth tooth , and the remaining 3 teeth small , spaced more or less evenly along the masticatory margin and separated from each other by 1 - 3 denticles . basal angle of the mandible indistinct and bearing 2 - 4 denticles .
dorsal surfaces of ant head , mesosoma , and metasoma devoid of erect setae , except abdominal segment 6 which bears a pair of setae oriented posteriorad . entire surface of body including legs , antennal scapes , and the proximal half of the mandibles covered in a dense , fine pubescence . pubescence also contains fine appressed hairs twice as long as the adjacent hairs , and evenly spaced about as far apart as their length over the body and appendages . these can be difficult to see without the correct lighting , and are most visible on the gaster . ventral surfaces of the mesosoma , coxae , and metasoma with a few erect setae . integument shagreened , ant appearing dull to lightly shining but never opaque .
color varying from body and appendages dark brown ( paraguay , bahia , maranhão ) , to head and gaster light brown with the mesosoma and petiole testaceous ( sao paulo , mato grosso ) . trochanters , tarsi and ventrum of petiole lighter than body , light brown to almost white .
holotype . worker . paraguay , pte . hayes : 5k se pozo colorado . 140m . 23º33 . 129’ s 58º45 . 853’ w , 5 . xii . 2002 , a . l . wild acc . no . # 1766 ( ibnp ) .
paratypes . series of 20 workers , same data as holotype , acc . nos . # 1734 , 1736 , 1766 ( alwc , the natural history museum , california academy of sciences , ifml , los angeles county museum of natural history , museum of comparative zoology , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo , university of california , davis , national museum of natural history ) .
meurer , e . , l . d . battirola , j . h . c . delabie , and m . i . marques . 2015 . influence of the vegetation mosaic on ant ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) distributions in the northern brazilian pantanal . sociobiology . 62 : 382 - 388 . doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i3 . 359
wild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . pdf
this page was last modified on 17 october 2017 , at 13 : 42 .
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wild & cuezzo , 2006 pdf : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . )
wild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . , 2006 , rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . , zootaxa 1142 , pp . 57 - 68 : 62 - 66 , ( download )
wild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 24 , ( download )
2 times found in humid chaco , 0 times found in cerrado , 0 times found in pantanal .
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rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america .
additional material examined argentina : santiago del estero : copo national parq . ( 5 w , ifml ) . brazil : bahia : ilheus , cepec , specimen not directly examined , ( photographic internet record , # 4830 : http : / / research . amnh . org / entomology / social _ insects / tempcepecline . html , available in 2002 and apparently offline as of august 2005 ) . maranhao : balsas , gerais de balsas 08 ° 34 ’ s 46 ° 42 . 6 ’ w xi . 1999 - iii . 2000 , brandao et al ( 2 w , mzsp ) . mato grosso : mpio . varzea grande , souza lima , 25 . i . 1985 , j . c . trager ( 3 w , mzsp ) . sao paulo : agudos , xii . 1957 , c . gilbert ( 2 w , mzsp ) .
1 biologist . grupo de investigación en insectos neotropicales . instituto de investigaciones tropicales - intropic . universidad del magdalena . carrera 32 n° 22 - 08 , santa marta , magdalena , colombia . current address : programa de doctorado en zoología . instituto de zoología y ecología tropical . universidad central de venezuela . caracas , venezuela . robertojoseguerreroflorez @ urltoken . corresponding author .
2 biologist . grupo biología , ecología y manejo de hormigas . facultad de ciencias . departamento de biología . universidad del valle . campus universitario meléndez , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia .
key words : ants . biodiversity . caquetá . colombian amazon . grazing systems .
palabras clave : hormigas . biodiversidad . caquetá . amazonas colombiano . pasturas ganaderas .
vouchers were deposited in the following collections and institutions ( abbreviations in parentheses ) : california academy of sciences , san francisco , california , u . s . a . ( casc ) ; instituto de ciencias naturales , universidad nacional de colombia , bogotá d . c . , colombia ( icn ) ; museo de entomología de la universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia ( meuv ) .
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dubovikoff , d . a . ; longino , j . t . 2004 . a new species of the genus bothriomyrmex emery , 1869 ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from costa rica . zootaxa 776 : 1 - 10 . [
fernández , f . ; sendoya , s . 2004 . list of neotropical ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . biota colombiana 5 : 3 - 109 . [
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ward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . 2009 . rediscovery of the ant genus amyrmex kusnezov ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) and its transfer from dolichoderinae to leptanilloidinae . zootaxa 2063 : 46 - 54 [
ward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . ; fisher , b . l . ; schultz , t . r . 2010 . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . systematic biology 59 : 342 - 362 . [
wild , a . l . ; cuezzo , f . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . [
( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . university of california publications in entomology 126 : 1 - 151 . [
wilson , e . o . 1985 . ants of the dominican amber . 3 . the subfamily dolichoderinae . psyche 92 : 17 - 37 . [
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rodrigo m . feitosa , william drose , luciana regina podgaiski , milton mendonça jr .
costa - milanez , c . b . , lourenço - silva , g . , castro , p . t . a . , majer , j . d . & ribeiro , s . p . ( 2014 ) . are ant assemblages of brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type ? braz . j . biol . , 74 : 89 - 99 . doi : 10 . 1590 / 1519 - 6984 . 17612
instituto brasileiro de geografia e estatística [ ibge ] . 2004 . mapa de biomas e de vegetação . retrieved from : urltoken ( accessed date : 23 january , 2015 ) .
overbeck , g . e . , müller , s . c . , fidelis , a . , pfadenhauer , j . , pillar , v . d . , blanco , c . c . boldrini , i . i . , both , r . & forneck , e . d . ( 2007 ) . brazil’s neglected biome : the south brazilian campos . perspect . plant ecol . evol . syst . , 9 : 101 - 116 .
pillar , v . p . , müller , s . c . , castilhos , z . m . s . & jaques , a . v . a . ( 2009 ) . campos sulinos - conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade . brasília : ministério do meio ambiente , 403 p .
prado , d . e . & gibbs , p . e . ( 1993 ) . patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of south america . ann . mo . bot . gard . , 80 : 902 - 927 .
ward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2010 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . syst . biol . , 59 : 342 - 362 .
wild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . ( 2006 ) . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa , 1142 : 57 - 68 .
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wild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . issn : 1175 - 5334 pdf
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animals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom animalia ( also called metazoa ) . all animals are motile , meaning they can move spontaneously and independently , at some point in their lives . their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop , although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives . all animals are heterotrophs : they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance .
most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the cambrian explosion , about 542 million years ago . animals are divided into various sub - groups , some of which are : vertebrates ( birds , mammals , amphibians , reptiles , fish ) ; molluscs ( clams , oysters , octopuses , squid , snails ) ; arthropods ( millipedes , centipedes , insects , spiders , scorpions , crabs , lobsters , shrimp ) ; annelids ( earthworms , leeches ) ; sponges ; and jellyfish .
a noun ( from latin nōmen , literally meaning
name
) is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things , such as living creatures , objects , places , actions , qualities , states of existence , or ideas . linguistically , a noun is a member of a large , open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause , the object of a verb , or the object of a preposition .
lexical categories ( parts of speech ) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions . the syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language . in english , nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase .
word classes ( parts of speech ) were described by sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century bc . in yāska ' s nirukta , the noun ( nāma ) is one of the four main categories of words defined .
the ancient greek equivalent was ónoma ( ὄνομα ) , referred to by plato in the cratylus dialog , and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in the art of grammar , attributed to dionysius thrax ( 2nd century bc ) . the term used in latin grammar was nōmen . all of these terms for
noun
were also words meaning
name
. the english word noun is derived from the latin term , through the anglo - norman noun .