it is the only genus in the order skaracarida , and contains three species : skara anulata müller , 1983 skara minuta müller & walossek , 1985 skara huanensis liu & dong , 2007 the feeding system of skara resembles those of copepods and derocheilocaris , and the three taxa are accordingly grouped together as the clade copepodoida .

skara is likely to have scraped or brushed the substrate to release food .

skaracarida

skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of vastergotland , sweden : klaus j . muller : 9788200074984
müller , klaus j . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of västergötland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget , 1985 .
müller , klaus j . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of västergötland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget , 1985 . print .
müller , klaus j . ( 1985 ) . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of västergötland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget ,
müller kj , walossek d ( 1985 ) skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of västergötland , sweden . fossils and strata 17 : 1–65 .
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citation : eriksson me , terfelt f , elofsson r , marone f ( 2012 ) internal soft - tissue anatomy of cambrian ‘orsten’ arthropods as revealed by synchrotron x - ray tomographic microscopy . plos one 7 ( 8 ) : e42582 . urltoken
editor : richard j . butler , ludwig - maximilians - universität münchen , germany
copyright : © eriksson et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was financed by grants to mee and ft from the swedish research council , the royal physiographic society , lund , and the faculty of science , lund university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the ‘orsten’ lagerstätte from kinnekulle , on the southern border of lake vänern , sweden , contains remarkably well - preserved minute fossils from bituminous limestones ( ‘orsten’ ) of uppermost mid - cambrian through furongian ( upper cambrian ) age ( e . g . [ 1 ] – [ 6 ] ) . the discovery of these remarkable fossils in the mid - 1970s has been followed by a sequence of investigations revealing , among other things , morphological details of exceptional interest for understanding the evolution of , and relationships among , early arthropods . the famous ‘orsten’ taxa have provided significant insights into the cambrian biota and early phanerozoic metazoan evolution .
the ‘orsten’ metazoans are represented by ecdysozoans ( moulting animals ) , including the scalidophoran nemathelminths and arthropods , all in the size range of 2 mm or less ( e . g . [ 3 ] – [ 5 ] , [ 7 ] ) . most of the fossils are arthropods ; they include lobopodians , tardigrades , pentastomids , chelicerates , agnostoids , phosphatocopines and skaracarids [ 4 ] .
by contrast to the phosphatised ‘orsten’ taxa , the conventional record of shelly fossils in the uppermost mid - cambrian through furongian of sweden is dominated by agnostoids and polymerid ( in particular olenid ) trilobites ( e . g . [ 8 ] – [ 11 ] ) , commonly occurring in great abundance in shales and limestones . although approximately one hundred fairly well - preserved , juvenile specimens of the agnostoid agnostus pisiformis have been recovered in ‘orsten’ - type preservation [ 2 ] , only one specimen interpreted as a polymerid trilobite hypostome with associated soft tissues has hitherto been discovered [ 12 ] . this collectively suggests that the arthropod faunas of this age are taphonomically biased and that the dominance of polymerids and agnostoids in the conventional fossil record does not necessarily represent the true , original faunal composition of arthropods .
the external morphology of the ‘orsten’ species has been thoroughly described ( e . g . [ 1 ] – [ 7 ] and references therein ) . however , the internal organs and tissues ( such as intestines and muscles ) of these fossils have rarely been addressed [ 4 ] . müller and walossek ( [ 13 ] : pl . 1 , fig . 8 ) noted that a preserved ‘steinkern’ of skara might represent the gut , an assumption that is confirmed in the present investigation . moreover , maas et al . ( [ 4 ] : fig . 4e , f ) noted the preservation of guts , which they observed in skaracarids with a cracked - open cuticula . in the same paper , maas et al . documented a pentastomid arthropod with exposed muscle strands in the head region ( [ 4 ] : fig . 4g ) , which they referred to as the only known example of unequivocally internal matter in ‘orsten’ - type preservation .
the limited knowledge of internal anatomy is a tantalizing drawback of the ‘orsten’ fossils and limits the extent to which palaeobiological conclusions can be drawn . the present investigation provides , by using synchrotron radiation x - ray tomographic microscopy ( srxtm ) , a chance to at least partly overcome that problem . our use of srxtm and 3d - rendering techniques applied to specimens of well known ‘orsten’ taxa from the cambrian of sweden has enabled internal structures to be revealed , a task that would be difficult with conventional techniques such as scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) . moreover , being a non - invasive technique , srxtm allows for internal structures of unique fossils to be studied without destroying the specimens . our work therefore provides a promising approach to understand the internal anatomy and functional morphology of these exceptionally well - preserved microscopic animals .
mount kinnekulle is an erosional outlier in the province of västergötland , south - central sweden , comprising cambrian to silurian strata capped by dolerite intruded as sills during carboniferous through permian times [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . the uppermost middle cambrian through furongian ( uppermost cambrian ) strata of mount kinnekulle crop out in a few natural exposures and a number of abandoned alum shale quarries ( e . g . [ 3 ] : fig . 2 ; [ 8 ] : fig . 18 ; [ 16 ] : fig . 2 ) . these strata consist of interfingering beds and layers of black alum shale and bituminous limestone ( colloquially referred to as ‘stinkstone’ or ‘orsten’ ) . agnostoids and polymerid trilobites , predominantly olenids , occur frequently in the succession . biostratigraphically , the exposed succession spans the lejopyge laevigata zone through the peltura lobata zone of the alum shale formation [ 17 ] ; however , several stratigraphic gaps occur within the succession [ 14 ] .
the material reported herein was collected from the ‘transformatorstationen’ locality at blomberg , on the southwestern part of mount kinnekulle ( n58°32 . 558′ ; e13°19 . 910′ ) . this locality exposes less than 2 m of bituminous limestones with a few , thin alum shale beds . all ‘orsten’ samples were collected from the lowermost part of the exposure and belong to the agnostus pisiformis zone ( guzhangian stage , or uppermost mid - cambrian ) . the required permits for the described field studies were obtained from the land owner .
in the search for phosphatised ‘orsten’ fossils we followed the results of maeda et al . [ 6 ] and targeted coprolite - rich beds . slabs of such lithology , weighing approximately 0 . 5–4 kg each , were digested in ph - monitored buffered acetic acid , following the techniques described by jeppsson et al . [ 18 ] . the ph was adjusted to > 3 . 6 in order to avoid corrosion of phosphatic fossils . after digestion the resulting residue was rinsed through a 63 µm sieve cloth . subsequently , the residue was gently washed into a glass vial with deionized water in order to prevent growth of mould and algae . the residue was carefully investigated for exceptionally preserved microfossils under a binocular light microscope . specimens of interest were handpicked using a fine brush and stored submerged in water , to avoid damage prior to analyses .
the ’orsten’ arthropods analysed and discussed herein include one specimen ( the only one recovered from our sample residues ) of skara minuta , two phosphatocopines assigned to hesslandona sp . , and one phosphatocopine assigned to hesslandona trituberculata ( see [ 3 ] ) . approximately 15 phosphatocopines with ventral body details were recovered from our residues . for this pilot study , the three most complete and well - preserved specimens were selected for analysis , in order to increase the chance of finding internal soft - tissue structures .
all figured ‘orsten’ specimens are stored at the department of geology , lund university , lund , sweden , with repository number lo ( for lund original ) .
the transmission electron microscope ( tem ) micrographs of the extant mystacocarid derocheilocaris typica were prepared at the department of biology , lund university , sweden , using the procedure described in detail by elofsson and hessler [ 19 ] . the scanning electron microscope ( sem ) methods , including fixation techniques , and set - up for the same extant crustaceans were described by elofsson and hessler [ 20 ] . complementary sem studies of fossil specimens were performed using a hitachi s - 3400n instrument at the department of geology , lund university , sweden .
diagenetic phosphatisation can produce a variety of shapes and textures that may be mistaken for fossilised soft tissues [ 24 ] – [ 26 ] . herein , criteria such as symmetry , position within the body cavity , continuity and , perhaps most importantly , comparisons with equivalent structures in extant crustaceans with a similar degree of development , have formed the basis for our assessments and allowed structures to be distinguished from taphonomic and / or diagenetic artefacts ( cf . [ 4 ] , [ 13 ] ) .
the skara minuta specimen ( lo 11408t ) measures 400 µm in length ( note , however , that the posterior portion is lacking ) and 130 µm in width and is preserved in minute detail ( fig . 1a–e ) . in addition to the cephalothorax and the first two thoracic segments , the specimen includes the proximal portions of the first and second antennae , mandibles , first and second maxillae , and maxillipeds ( fig . 1b , c , e ) . for a detailed description of s . minuta , as well as the other known skaracarid species from sweden , skara anulata , see müller and walossek [ 13 ] . herein , we focus on the preserved internal tissues .
( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , ( c ) anterior , ( d ) posterior , and ( e ) ventral views . abbreviations : a1 , first antenna ; a2 , second antenna ; am , arthrodial membrane ; ct , cephalothorax ; la , labrum ; md , mandible ; mx1 , first maxilla ; mx2 , second maxilla ; mxp , maxilliped ; r , rostrum ; som , site of mouth ; ts1 , first thoracic segment ; ts2 , second thoracic segment .
the central space of the animal contains structures interpreted as the digestive system , which is composed of the oesophagus ( or foregut ) and the midgut ( figs . 1d , 2a–c ) . the oesophagus is a uniform structure approximately 100 µm long and 20 µm in diameter . it has a fairly straight course from the mouth to the midgut due to the forwardly positioned and ventrally directed mouth ( figs . 1e , 2a ) . the short transition zone from oesophagus to midgut is indistinct ( collapsed ) in our specimen and we cannot establish whether it is an oesophagus telescoping into the midgut ( see below ) or a widened portion of the posterior oesophagus . therefore , the simplified schematic drawing ( fig . 3 ) merely shows the transition zone as a simple tube . on the other hand , the midgut appears rather well preserved in the animal and distinct from the oesophagus , as judged also by the size and similarity to those structures in extant crustaceans . the midgut is approximately 40 µm in diameter and the irregular lumen is clearly visible in cross - section ( fig . 2b , c ) . midgut glands are not observed in our specimen .
( a ) ventral view ( cropped isosurface ) showing the oesophagus , parts of the midgut and a dorsal transverse tendon . ( b ) transverse cross - section ( cropped volrender ) showing the midgut and dorsal transverse tendon . ( c ) transverse cross - section ( cropped volrender ) showing the midgut and gut lumen . ( d ) ventral view ( volrender ) showing the internal plate and muscles extending into the appendages . ( e ) dorsal view ( volrender ) showing the prominent second antennal muscles . ( f ) anterior view ( cropped isosurface ) showing the second antennal muscle and its insertion on the inner wall of the antennal coxa . ( g ) isosurface in outer lateral view of the second antennal coxa showing the corresponding muscle scar . ( h ) isosurface of right mandible with its protruding muscle exposed . ( i ) cropped isosurface in ventral view of the labrum showing the prominent labral muscle and the approximate site of the mouth . abbreviations : a2 , second antenna ; ac , antennal coxa ; dtt , dorsal transverse tendons ; gl , gut lumen ; m , muscle ; md , mandible ; mg , midgut ; ms , muscle scar ; oe , oesophagus ; som , site of mouth .
interpretation of the general architecture of the digestive ( green ) and muscular systems ( red ) .
ventrally within the cephalothorax , below the digestive system , tissues from the antennae , mandibles and the two maxillae connect to form a plate , which follows the slanting contour of the ventral face of the animal ( fig . 2a , d , e ) . these tissues are here interpreted as phosphatised muscles and endoskeleton . the muscles of the thin first antenna leading to the plate are somewhat indistinct . by contrast , the muscles to each of the second antennae are prominent and fan out from the antero - lateral rim of the plate and enter the hollow entrance to the second antennae ( fig . 2a , e ) . one of the second antennal muscles can be followed to its insertion on the inner wall of the antennal coxa ( fig . 2f ) . the corresponding muscle scar on the outside is clearly visible ( fig . 2g ) . further posteriorly , muscles to the mandibles and maxillae project from the plate to these appendages ( fig . 2d , h ) . the endoskeleton , serving as the internal insertion of the muscle tissue , cannot be separated from the muscles in our specimen . they are , however , not formed as cuticular ingrowths .
there is no doubt that longitudinal muscles span the length of the thorax and abdomen both ventrally and dorsally in fossil crustaceans , as well as in living relatives [ 27 ] . these muscles insert on tendons on the segmental borders . in the analysed specimen of s . minuta , c . 15 µm thick rod - like structures occur in the dorsal part of the body cavity below the arthrodial membranes . they follow the outline of , and appear to be associated with , the segment borders ( fig . 2a , b ) .
within the labrum , along the inner walls , we observed c . 8 µm thick strings identified as prominent labral muscles ( fig . 2i ) . they attach at the base of the labrum and can be followed along its inner wall .
( a ) ventral view ( isosurface ) of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11409 t ) showing the internal anatomy . ( b–d ) close - up ( isosurface ) of labrum of the same specimen , showing external surface ( b ) and labral muscle bundles in different views ; c in same view as b , d with apex of labrum pointing upwards ( see also video s1 ) . ( e , f ) isosurface in antero - ventral ( f ) and ventral ( g ) views of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11410 t ) . ( g ) close - up and cross section of labrum of that same specimen , revealing the labral muscles . apex of labrum pointing downwards and muscles viewed from the posterior . ( h ) specimen lo 11410 t showing the plane of orientation ( y - plane ) . ( i ) sem - micrograph of hesslandona trituberculata ( lo 11411 t ) . ( j ) 3d - rendering of a tomographic dataset ( cropped isosurface ) showing the internal anatomy and labrum of the same specimen . ( k ) internal virtual cross - section ( cropped volrender ) of the same specimen , showing numerous structures . ( l ) close - up of the labrum of the same specimen , showing the labral muscles . abbreviations : a1 , first antenna ; a2 , second antenna ; la , labrum ; m , muscle ; me , median eye ; ps , paragnaths ; st , sternum .
the fossils of the ‘orsten’ konservat - lagerstätte are preserved by means of phosphate encrustation and impregnation of both external and , as shown in this study , internal organs of animals during early diagenesis , producing pristine three - dimensional preservation of fossils ( [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] and references therein ) . the ‘orsten’ type preservation can be expected to vary between different samples , but also between specimens and different structures within a single specimen . the fixation of histological preparations of extant arthropods provides an interesting analogue . the requirements for a good fixation of internal structures depend on a number of variables , a crucial one being rapid penetration of the tissues by suitable chemicals . an external cuticle delays the absorption of fixation liquids . in the case described here , the cuticle was probably partly ripped up and the animal was rapidly submerged in phosphate - rich fluids .
our results indicate that some internal structures preserve fairly well whereas others deteriorate fast . those which seem to withstand destruction best are the muscles and tendons . their cell content of a “skeleton” of myosin and actin fibres ( fig . 5 ) probably contributes to the resistance to decay . in the same way , tight units of microvilli and cells may resist deterioration better . the remaining tissue is probably attached to the more resistant organs as an amorphous substance , giving them a fuzzy appearance and also contributing to a slight increase in size . the sometimes coarse , ‘bubble - like’ appearance of the internal matter could also result from diagenetic overgrowth and / or bacterially - mediated remnants of soft tissue [ 4 ] .
( a ) sem micrograph showing the external morphology of d . typica in lateral view . ( b ) tem micrograph showing the ventral endoskeletal - muscle plate in the mandibular region in high magnification . the asterisk ( * ) labels the tendinous muscle attachment . muscle cells approach the tendon from different directions . muscle fibers are sectioned longitudinally ( l ) and transversely ( t ) . note that the muscle fibers fill most of the muscle cells . the ventral nerve chain is labelled ( n ) . anterior is to the left . ( c ) tem micrograph ; midsagittal section through the telescoping transition between oesophagus ( oe ) and the midgut ( m ) . the dashed blue line follows the contour of the midgut whereas the red dashed line follows that of the oesophagus . the oesophagus ends inside the midgut with a valve ( v ) .
considering that the few specimens analysed herein contain remains of internal tissues and organs , albeit in variable detail and state of preservation , our results suggest that internal soft - tissue preservation in ‘orsten’ fossils is more common than previously thought and demonstrate significant potential for future studies .
skaracarids are maxillopod crustaceans , closely related to the extant copepoda and mystacocarida ( figure 5 ) [ 28 ] , whereas phosphatocopines are regarded as the sister - group of the eucrustacea within the labrophora sensu siveter et al . [ 29 ] ( see also [ 3 ] , [ 30 ] ) . the internal structures in our specimens are compared to similar relevant structures in extant crustacean relatives .
dahl [ 31 ] investigated the topography of the crustacean head . in crustaceans filtering food particles from a current produced by the appendages , the mouth opening is ventral and directed backwards and the oesophagus makes a curve in the back of the head to meet the midgut . with other modes of feeding , exemplified as browsing and gnawing , the mouth is more anterior in position and the oesophagus is more or less straight . dahl [ 31 ] concluded that there is a correlation between the mode of feeding and the topography of the anterior head region . he also postulated that filter - feeding was the ancestral feeding mode of crustaceans .
the simplest form of intestine in crustaceans , such as cephalocarids and mystacocarids ( fig . 5 ) , consists of an oesophagus that joins the midgut without intervening structures [ 19 ] , [ 33 ] , a condition normally occurring in filter - feeding animals . skara minuta has a similarly simple structure although in this case with a presumed alternative mode of feeding .
müller and walossek ( [ 13 ] : 22 ) noted that numerous external muscle scars observed on various parts of the body of skara indicate a great number of muscles . however , because no internal structures were preserved , müller and walossek [ 13 ] found it speculative to reconstruct or interpret internal features based only on the muscle scars . in this study , we are able to address some of these issues .
arthropods develop specific internal attachments for muscles . in extant taxa they are connective , i . e . formed by muscle tendons ( figure 5 ) , or cuticular formed by invaginations from the cuticle ( apodemes ) , or a combination of both . the attachment sites can detach from the cuticle and epidermis and form an internal skeleton . the endoskeletal variation is considerable within arthropod taxa [ 34 ] . the attachment sites can be both intersegmental and intrasegmental . trunk segments are usually equipped with dorsal and ventral transverse structures for the insertion of dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles as well as dorso - ventral and extrinsic limb muscles ( e . g . [ 27 ] ) . more complicated endoskeletal bars and plates are found in the head region where intersegmental and intrasegmental elements coalesce . the latter are situated above and close to the ventral nerve cord .
in the s . minuta specimen analysed , two structures are interpreted as endoskeletal remains . dorsally , in the trunk segments below the arthrodial membrane ( fig . 1d ) , transverse thickenings , or tendons ( fig . 2a , b ) , indicate longitudinal muscles of a size that would allow great flexibility , similar to those of the highly movable cephalocarids [ 27 ] .
the head plate consists of a combination of endoskeleton and muscles . the fossil material does not allow a separation between the two . since no apodemes were found in our specimen it is likely that the endoskeletal structures were tendon - like and thus not particularly elaborate . the muscles to the head appendages are large , especially those associated with the second antennae and mandibles . this indicates muscle strength and a good capacity to handle food in a mode described above .
the labral muscle equipment has been investigated in some extant crustaceans . a highly movable labrum was described for species belonging to the conchostracan phyllopod genus caenesteriella by larink [ 35 ] . six pairs of essentially dorso - ventral muscles line up along the long axis of the labrum . the distal swelling of the labrum contains a network of muscles . a pair of longitudinal muscles insert proximally in the ventral portion of the labrum and in the head behind the compound eyes . the dorso - ventral muscles flatten the labrum and the longitudinal muscles open the buccal cavity . together , these two functions aid in the collection of food .
similar functions are found in the cephalocarid crustacean hutchinsoniella macracantha [ 32 ] . two groups of dorso - ventral muscles widen the labrum and the buccal cavity . one longitudinal muscle pair spans the ventral length of the labrum and one other muscle pair , which is dorso - ventrally inserted into the ventral labral surface and into the dorsal head - shield , opens the buccal cavity . a transverse muscle pair counters the movement of the dorso - ventral muscles .
the functional pattern is repeated in the mystacocarid crustacean derocheilocaris remanei [ 33 ] which has three pairs of dorso - ventral muscles inside the labrum and two pairs for operating the labrum . one pair inserts longitudinally into the middle of the dorsal surface of the labrum and into the head , and the other pair extends from the labrum to the dorsal head capsule .
the musculature of the labrum of extant crustaceans can serve as a template only in a functional context . a strict morphological pattern serving all crustacean taxa is not present .
the longitudinal muscle pair found in the phosphatocopine specimens fulfils one of the above - discussed functions , namely moving the labrum up and down , thus opening the buccal cavity . a speculative explanation for the appearance of musculature in the labrum from an evolutionary point of view is that opening of the buccal cavity could take preference over a more sophisticated armament , allowing also a flattening of the labrum . the lack of dorso - ventral muscles in the investigated phosphatocopines may imply that these muscles appeared at a later stage in the evolution of crustaceans ; however , it could also simply be a preservational artefact .
video clip showing the labrum of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11409 t ) . rotation showing the internal labral muscles .
we would like to dedicate this work to dieter waloszek , who has worked intensively on the ‘orsten’ fossils of sweden . his achievement has opened a highway to the understanding of arthropod evolution . we owe robert r . hessler thanks for valuable discussions and loren e . babcock for critically reading a draft of the manuscript . andreas maas and one anonymous referee significantly improved the manuscript . carsten tell helped with picking the residues for ‘orsten’ fossils . we are grateful also to landowner arne jönsson for permitting the field work . srxtm analyses were performed on the tomcat beamline , the swiss light source , psi , switzerland , and we are particularly grateful to beamline manager marco stampanoni .
conceived and designed the experiments : mee ft . performed the experiments : mee ft fm . analyzed the data : mee ft re . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mee ft fm . wrote the paper : mee ft re .
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urltoken
skara is a genus of maxillopod crustacean known from the upper cambrian orsten deposit of sweden and similarly aged deposits in china .
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the red whip snake or collared dwarf racer ( platyceps collaris ) is a species of snake in the family colubridae .

native to the middle east , its natural habitats are mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation , rocky areas , arable land , pastureland , plantations , and rural gardens .

red whip snake

also known as : red whip snake , brown whip snake , keel bellied whip snake , keel bellied vine snake .
coachwhip snake , eastern coachwhip , lined coachwhip , prairie runner , red coachwhip , red racer , san joaquin coachwhip , san joaquin whip snake , sonoran coachwhip , western coachwhip .
red - bellied black snake ( pseudechis porphyriacus ) 2 . 52 2 . 53
the rufous or red whip snake ( demansia rufescens ) is restricted to the pilbara region of western australia . this one is from karratha
search red whip snake and thousands of other words in english cobuild dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english cobuild dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
common names : green tree snake , yellow - belied black snake , grass snake .
search red whip snake and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
reticulated whip snake ( demansia reticulata reticulata ) . this individual from jurien , western australia
head of yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis , showing distinctive facial markings .
the yellow - faced whip snake is fast and alert and is active by day .
if someone whips a person or animal , they beat them or hit them with a whip or something like a whip .
dryophiops rubescens – brown whip snake . rear fanged . not dangerous to humans . relatively rare .
the coachwhip is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
notes : these are really beautiful snakes resembling the ahaetulla prasina in body morphology and gunther’s whip snake . studied closely you’d be amazed at the pattern in the body of the snake . both of ours were brown whip snakes ( we are guessing – there are few photos in the lit ) , there are also red - colored species of this snake .
the yellow - faced whip snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs , frogs and other small snakes .
to bring , train , etc . , forcefully into a desired condition ( esp . in the phrases whip into line and whip into shape )
this snake is superficially similar to the green tree snake , dendrelaphis punctulata , which lacks markings around the eyes and the reddish tinge seen on the neck of the yellow - faced whip snake .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t61449a86246670 .
the small - eyed snake ( maximum length 1 . 2m ) looks similar to a red - bellied black snake , with a steely - black skin and pink belly scales that are just visible on the lower sides of the snake .
here is a whip snake that was a bit of a mystery for a while , it was finally identified by an american expat snake researcher in bangkok – michael cota .
during winter the yellow - faced whip snake may shelter beneath rocks , and has been observed aggregating with several other individuals on occasion .
coppertail , two - toned snake , green whip snake are all common names applied to this northwestern australian species ( demansia reticulata cupreiceps ) . this individual from whim creek , western australia
description : uniform glossy black along whole body . belly has red or pink flush brighter on the sides and paler in the middle . hind edge of belly scales is black , creating an even red and black striped appearance . belly colour is visible along flanks and sides .
the black - necked whip snake ( demansia calodera ) is restricted to the central west coast . this individual is from carnarvon , wa .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the yellow - faced whip snake is widespread over a large portion of mainland australia and is found in open forests , farmland and suburban gardens .
if you have the whip hand , you have power over someone else in a particular situation .
any of various other birds , such as pachycephala pectoralis and p . rufiventris ( mock whip bird )
any of several birds of the genus psophodes , esp . p . olivaceus ( eastern whip bird ) and p . nigrogularis ( black - throated whip bird ) , having a whistle ending in a whipcrack note
at snake catchers adelaide we offer toolbox talks for information , prevention and safety on snake awareness in the workplace or community .
if you whip people into an emotional state , you deliberately cause and encourage them to be in that state .
these days the shopper has the whip hand , and will not buy if stores fail to lower their prices .
the yellow - faced whip snake is a slender and fast - moving snake , active during the day . it is common and widespread across many areas of australia . it is often confused with the eastern brown snake , and it is hard to observe closely , being alert and fleeing quickly when disturbed .
, also referred to as the whip snake , endemic to the united states and the northern half of mexico . the coachwhip is one of the largest native snakes found in north america .
however ; some people take different reactions to a bite from a yellow faced whip snake , so medical advice should be sought if the bite victim has unusual symptoms or doesn’t feel well .
a very fast and agile snake encountered quite frequently by brisbane residents , usually in their gardens . the yellow - faced whip snake is easy to identify by the comma marking around the eyes . they are non aggressive and will flee at the first chance .
it is thought that the coachwhip gets its name from the pattern on its tail , which looks like a braided whip .
most of 1300 catch it’s call outs for yellow - faced whip snakes are around the north lakes and mango hill area .
the yellow - faced whip snake feeds mainly on small diurnal lizards , as well as frogs and lizard eggs . they have good eyesight , and can chase and capture lizards on the run .
the yellow - faced whip snake is a venomous snake , but is not considered dangerous . however , a bite could be extremely painful , with much local swelling . some instances of increasing severity of bites after multiple exposure have been anecdotally reported for this species .
accident - unavoidable without exceptional awareness . herp - herpetologist bitten while handling snake . kill - bitten while killing snake . mis id - bitten while handling venomous snake believing it to be harmless . trod - bitten after treading on snake . ? - insufficient data to determine cause .
fyfe , g . & booth , p . 1984 . ' some notes on the habits of the little whip snake , unechis flagellum . herpetofauna 6 ( 2 ) . pp 16 - 21 .
when you whip something liquid such as cream or an egg , you stir it very fast until it is thick or stiff .
the yellow - faced whip snake has a large distribution . eastern populations occur from townsville down along the east coast and ranges , extending inland through the nsw semi - arid zone and into eastern sa .
red - bellied blacks are active during the day and night , and are often found near swamps , lagoons , streams and wet forests of eastern queensland . growing to 2m in length , they are iridescent black above with bright red or pink scales along the edge of the belly , fading to pink to white towards the middle belly . this species is generally shy and will only defend itself if cornered .
the western populations , sometimes referred to as a subspecies ( demansia psammophis cupreiceps ) occupy a large portion of the arid interior . their range includes most of western sa , the southern nt and much of the interior of wa up into the pilbara region . the closely related reticulate whip snake ( demansia reticulata ) . sometimes considered a sub - species of the yellow - faced whip snake , inhabits the south - east coast of wa .
a snake will not make a deliberate move towards you unless it is provoked .
reevesby island tiger snake ( notechis ater niger ) 0 . 131 0 . 099
western mainland tiger snake ( notechis scutatus occidentalis ) 0 . 194 0 . 124
chappell island tiger snake ( notechis ater serventyi ) 0 . 338 0 . 271
stephens ' s banded snake ( hoplocephalus stephensii ) 1 . 36 1 . 44
the elapids consist of 23 species of sea snakes and 51 species of land snakes , including some of the world ' s most venomous land snakes such as the taipan , brown snake and king brown snake ( also known as mulga snake ) .
tree snakes belong to the group of snakes known as colubrids . three main species that are regularly encountered by people are the brown tree snake ( boiga irregularis ) , common tree snake ( dendrelaphis punctulata ) and northern tree snake ( dendrelaphis calligastra ) .
if you need help with a snake , call mr gilbert on 0409 536 000 .
eastern mainland tiger snake ( notechis s . scutatus ) 0 . 118 0 . 118
do not try to handle the snake . injured snakes are particularly aggressive . call the rspca qld to obtain details for a rehabilitation permit holder to come and collect the snake .
a whip is a long thin piece of material such as leather or rope , fastened to a stiff handle . it is used for hitting people or animals .
snake catcher richie gilbert has seen it all in more than 13 years on the job .
this snake is known to exist in several protected areas . no conservation actions are recommended .
a three - line whip is a situation where the mps in a political party are ordered to attend parliament and vote in a particular way on a particular issue .
if there is a chance that a snake could find its way into your home you should have the number of a commercial snake catcher on hand . snakes found on your premises can be removed and relocated by snake catchers authorised under the nature conservation act 1992 . contact details of local snake catchers can be obtained through the yellow pages or via the internet . it is important to remember that snakes are an important part of the environment and the relocated snake is often replaced by another living nearby . the best approach is to snake - proof your house .
covecevich , j . & limpus , c . 1972 . ' observations on community egglaying in the yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis . ( schlegel ) 1837 . ( squamata ; elapidae ) . herpetologica , 28 ( 3 ) pp 208 - 210 .
this snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs but will also eat frogs and other snakes .
danger : highly venomous . accounts for more fatalities than any other australian snake . a nervous , ready biter it will defend itself if threatened . the second most toxic land snake in the world .
hi , i have many whipped snake in captivity myself , and i have the one u show one of the video , howevr these snake is not poisonous . . and they move very fast…they will bites once threatened . . but will not sore or pain , , some smalller whip will not even leave a tooth hole after the bites , nice work , like the way u show on video
peter rankin ( pers . comm . ) documented a case involving an adult female red - bellied black snake at a gully in suburban sydney . the female apparently had a territory that she inhabited and never wandered out of . this snake only utilised a few particular resting places . the snake was observed closely by rankin for some time . an adult male specimen was seen to enter the territory and later mate with the female . the male ' loitered ' around the female for some time ( over a week ) , mating with her more than once , before vacating the territory , never to be seen again .
if the snake is in a place away from electricity and valuable items , try directing a gentle jet of water from the garden hose or squirt bottle towards the snake to encourage it to move away . remember that snakes on the move will naturally try to find shelter , so hosing the snake may not always work .
if someone whips up an emotion , especially a dangerous one such as hatred , or if they whip people up into an emotional state , they deliberately cause and encourage people to feel that emotion .
when a group of people have a whip - round , money is collected from each person so that it can be used to buy something for all of them or for someone they all know .
this snake was found in krabi province , and far north of where other instances of this snake have been found in thailand . there were a couple found in the southernmost provinces – near narathiwat – near the malaysian border .
it is important that you never try to kill the snake . not only is it illegal to kill a native animal , but it places you at a higher risk of being bitten if you force the snake to defend itself .
a whip is a member of a political party in a parliament or legislature who is responsible for making sure that party members are present to vote on important issues and that they vote in the appropriate way .
and with 20 snake species living here , it is common for them to pop up in the most unlikely places .
any of various other slender nonvenomous snakes , such as masticophis flagellum ( coachwhip snake ) of the u . s .
description : the head of this snake is more brown than any other part of the body . keep in mind there are red and brown varieties . the head is elongated and has a ridge between the eye and snout . pupils are set horizontally . the body of the snake is slender – ideal for climbing through vines and light growth . the snake is measured in grams , not exceeding 300 grams for the largest of them . scales on top of the body are smooth . the underside scales are keeled and are excellent for climbing . the whip snake i caught yesterday was able to climb up a smooth plastic water jug and grip it tightly . i was quite surprised . the head is brown , the neck and first half of the body is silver / grey and mottled with some black and dark grey . the belly is pale yellow under the head and neck , and toward the tail gets a coloration very similar to the top – heavily mottled and darker brown moving posteriorly . these snakes are more thin than my smallest finger .
to learn more , go to urltoken or follow the facebook page for tips , videos , identification and general snake education .
an agile , fast - moving snake , the coachwhip can move at top speeds of up to four miles per hour .
the yellow - faced whip snake lays eggs in early summer in the south of its range , with clutches of 5 - 20 eggs ( the average is six ) being recorded . communal egg - laying of up to 200 eggs , in deep soil or rock crevices , has also been reported , possibly deposited over multiple years , as evidenced by old egg shells .
australia ' s most venomous ( yield ) snake is the king brown ( pseudechis australis ) . believed involved in very few fatalities .
about half the deaths are due to bites from the brown snake and the rest are mostly from tiger snakes , taipans and death adders .
the most toxic snake venom on mice ( of the species tested ) is the inland taipan ( oxyuranus microlepidotus ) . see figure 3 .
description : very slender snake with long , thin whip - like tail . large prominent eyes . colour generally pale olive or bluish - grey , often with rusty flush or longitudinal stripes along front - third of body . belly grayish - green , often yellowish under tail . distinctive face markings . obvious pale cream or yellow rim around eye , with dark comma - shaped marking curving back below eye .
description : large , heavy bodied snake with a highly variable , mottled and blocked pattern and colour . mostly white to cream on the underside .
figure 4 . comparative frequency of fatalities relative to the five species - groups of snake believed involve for the 24 year period 1980 - 2004 .
de vis ' banded snake , denisonia devisi . in late august 1975 , colin fitzgerald and myself undertook two full days of collecting adjacent to a swamp between nevertire and nyngan , n . s . w . . on the first day the only snakes we caught were a single adult male eastern brown snake , pseudonala textilis , and an adult male de vis ' banded snake , d . devisi , which was caught inside a log .
so he has put together a handy guide to every snake that can be found on the sunshine coast - from the nice to the particularly nasty .
snake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .
is that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !
info here .
the descriptions below will help you to become familiar with some common snakes you may encounter . a variety of books and the queensland museum website provide additional information . even snake skins that have been shed can be identified by matching them to descriptions of scale patterns and scale counts given in snake identification guides .
no . the fastest snake in the world is the black mamba of africa and it can travel at around 12km / hr . humans can easily run faster than this . snakes soon tire , as moving rapidly uses their stored energy . the likelihood that a snake will give a persistent chase is small .
there is no hard - and - fast rule to distinguish a dangerous snake from a harmless one . for the untrained observer in particular , it can often be difficult to make a positive identification of different types of snakes . the general rule is always to be cautious and avoid coming into contact with any snake .
snake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .
is that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !
info here . view all posts by vern
no . it is impossible for venomous and non - venomous species of snake to interbreed . even closely related species are extremely unlikely to interbreed in the wild .
no . snake skin is very smooth and soft , similar to supple leather . snake skin is often thought to be slimy as the skin often has a shiny appearance . water pythons ( liasis mackloti ) have a waxy layer protecting the scales , adding to their shiny appearance and the perception that they are slimy animals .
those educators specialising in reptiles must definitely do all in their power to improve the snake ' s image . rather than promote the negatives , emphasise the positives !
five species of colubrid snakes , including the brown tree snake , produce weak venom delivered through fangs at the back of the mouth . venom delivery is poor and these snakes do not pose a threat to human life . five other species of colubrid snakes , including the common tree snake , do not have fangs or venom .
hoser , r . 1980 . ' further records of aggregations of various species of australian snake ' . herpetofauna , 12 ( 1 ) , pp 16 - 22 .
plate 1 ; yellow - faced whip snakes , demansia psammophis . these snakes were caught as a pair under a rock , at west head , n . s . w . photo by author . see the book australian reptiles and frogs for photos of named species and the habitats in which they occur .
the yellow - faced whip snake grows up to one hundred centimeters and is very slender . typical colors are pale bluish grey to light olive green with a greenish - grey belly . a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back is often present . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring with a black , comma - shaped marking beneath . a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout runs between the nostrils .
in australia there are about 300 snake bites every year , with 200 - 500 victims receiving anti - venom . on average , two or three bites will prove fatal .
on a rainy day in august 1975 , alex dudley and myself caught eight yellow - faced whip snakes under scattered slabs of sandstone , near rock outcrops within a few hundred metres of mona vale road , at terry hills , n . s . w . the snakes appeared inactive and the air temperature was about 15c .
it can be distinguished from the eastern brown snake ( pseudonaja textilis ) by its facial markings , smaller size and slimmer shape and through its less patterned belly ( lacking orange blotches ) .
it is pale grey to brown in colour , with a reddish or yellowish head and tail , and often a red stripe down the centre of the back , which when present is stronger toward the front of the body . the belly is grey - green to yellowish . a dark comma - shaped streak runs from the eye to the corner of the mouth , bordered by a distinct white margin . the face is usually but not always yellowish , with a narrow yellow - edged dark bar around the front of the snout from nostril to nostril .
is it true that dangerous snakes such as taipans etc . are interbreeding with pythons , and producing ' venomous pythons ' ? does the taipan cross with the king brown to produce a fierce snake ?
we tailor to your needs for time and placement and there aren’t any minimum requirements on how many people attend . sessions are very informative and may even change the way you feel regarding either a fear of snakes or not understanding the behaviour of these misunderstood animals . what is covered in the sessions ? well , we can cater to your needs if you have specific information required , or , we cover venomous snake behaviour and understanding of the animal , snake identification , situations to avoid , what to do if you are bitten , initial first aid for snake bite , and q & a .
most sessions are required for us to bring along venomous snakes which is a great way of learning their behaviour and understanding they are not evil creatures like some are lead to believe and also for snake identification – it’s great for people to see them up close as some people have never seen a snake in the wild before and can only go on to relate to what they see or hear .
the yellow - faced whip snake is very slender and is pale bluish grey to light olive green . it typically has a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring . there is a black , comma - shaped marking beneath the eye and a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout running between the nostrils . the belly is usually greenish - grey . this species grows to 1 m . midbody scale rows 15 ; ventrals 165–230 ; anal and subcaudals divided .
range : literature has this snake occurring only in thailand’s deep south , but , this is the second instance of one found in krabi province – so , obviously the range includes this province as well .
pairing of this snake has also been observed in sydney ' s north shore , although it seems less common there . the three areas referred to above are substantially colder then sydney ' s north shore .
most snakes have the potential to bite a human , but will generally only bite as a last resort . not all snake bites are harmful . pythons do not have venom and colubrids ( rear - fanged snakes ) either have a weak venom or lack venom altogether . bites from venomous elapids ( front - fanged snakes ) should be taken seriously and treated appropriately . read more about avoiding and treating snake bites .
this arboreal , diurnal snake inhabits primary and secondary lowland tropical wet forest where it can be found in thick vegetation ( david and vogel 1996 ) . it has also been found in shrubs in gardens ( cox
there are a number of species of brown snakes in queensland . the one that is most commonly seen is the common or eastern brown snake . this snake occurs over all but the western - most parts of queensland and across a wide range of habitats ( the other species of brown snake occur in western and central queensland ) . like all brown snakes , the eastern brown is fast - moving and sun - loving , and is generally active during the day . it is particularly lively when the weather is extremely hot and is often found around houses and sheds where it searches for prey including rats , mice and lizards .
don ' t panic . back away to a safe distance and allow the snake to move away . snakes often want to escape when disturbed . remember , all native wildlife , including snakes , is protected .
to increase people ' s awareness and improve the snake ' s image in australia much more positive information must be available in any educational session . maybe this will encourage people ' s want to conserve them .
the brown tree snake , sometimes referred to as a ' doll ' s - eye ' or ' night tiger ' lives in coastal areas of the state and cape york peninsula , across a range of habitats from rainforest , mangroves and wet and dry sclerophyll forests , through to paperbark swamps and coastal heaths . it is a distinctive snake with large eyes , a broad head and thin neck and long slender body . its body colour is brown to bright reddish - brown with many irregular , dark cross - bands . its belly is cream to salmon - coloured . the brown tree snake grows to an average length of 1 . 5 metres ( m ) , reaching a maximum of 2m . at night , this snake mostly forages in trees but will also hunt on the ground for small mammals , birds and their eggs , and lizards .
general : most commonly encountered snake in the region . often lives in ceilings . active day and night . large specimens can devour small pets such as dogs , cats and chickens , with smaller specimens taking caged birds .
there are several recognised subspecies of coachwhip ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) , ranging in colour from black or red to yellow - tan and even pink ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . for instance , the western coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum testaceus ) is typically light tan ( 2 ) to dark brown ( 9 ) , with uniform colouration across its entire body ( 2 ) . this subspecies is found in three forms , one of which has virtually no markings . in the other two forms , one is marked with narrow bands , and the other with broad bands ( 9 ) .
it is also locally threatened by accidental mortality on roads , occasional persecution , and also by accidental poisoning through the use of agrochemicals . in north africa , it is increasingly captured for use by snake charmers in local markets .
no . under no circumstances can you keep a snake that you have found in the wild . all wildlife in queensland is protected under the nature conservation act 1992 . it is an offence to keep wild animals , and fines and penalties may apply . if you want to keep a snake as a pet , you can legally acquire an animal that has been bred in captivity from an authorised reptile dealer . you will also need to obtain a wildlife licence from qpws to keep the snake . even if you have a wildlife permit , it cannot be used to take additional snakes from the wild . for more information about wildlife licences and permits visit permit and licence management .
description : solidly - built snake but not as large as the coastal carpet python . fawn or pale - brown ground colour with contrasting dark , chocolatey - brown mottled and blotched pattern and colour . mostly cream on the underside .
this snake is potentially dangerous and should be treated with caution . the symptoms are usually local . if bitten , apply first aid and seek urgent medical attention . first aid procedure for any snakebite from the australian venom research unit .
see snake identification for pictures and information about these and other snakes that live near you . find out what snakes occur in your area by requesting a species list of wildlife ( including snakes ) that have been recorded in your area .
this snake is found in dry , stony areas of the sahara with sparse vegetation . it can be found in open scrubland , semi - desert , steppe areas , arable land , olive groves , dry ditches , stone walls , and old buildings ( including ruins ) . the female lays eggs . it is a fast - moving diurnal snake that basks for long periods in the morning sun , and actively hunts lizards , rodents , and occasionally birds ( trape and mané 2006 ) .
the brown tree snake is a regular visitor to aviaries and houses in both urban and bushland environments , often seen hunting for geckos around the window sills at night and taking refuge in roofs , walls and on exposed rafters during the day . the brown tree snake is not considered dangerous to people as it is weakly venomous and rear fanged . nevertheless , it can become very aggressive when disturbed and will often rear up into a series of s - shaped loops before delivering rapid and accurate strikes .
on a later solo collecting trip to this area , scenlon had his activities cut short after being bitten by a brown snake , pseudonaja spp . , that he was capturing . he was rushed to hospital after less than five minutes in the field .
the guide below outlines characteristics of the most commonly encountered snakes in queensland . this information should only be used as a general guide and should not be relied upon to provide positive snake identification . never approach snakes and never assume that they are non - venomous .
houses and yards can also be used by snakes for shelter . carpet pythons are regularly found curled up in ceilings , enjoying the security and warmth . a variety of snake species is often encountered in places such as timber piles and under sheets of corrugated iron .
many people make an erroneous distinction between tiger snake ' s ( notechis scutatus ) fangs and coastal taipan ' s ( oxyuranus scutellatus ) , saying the former differ by being grooved . the only distinction is the length , in both species they are effectively hollow .
aggregation in a number of australian snake species has been recorded , aggregation is defined here as three or more snakes being located at a single site , excluding cases where it consists of a single female and newborn young . species of australian snakes known to aggregate include ;
close the internal doors in the house and open the external doors and windows . block the gaps underneath internal doors with rolled up towels . place chairs and boxes under windows to make it easier for snakes to climb out . keep everyone well clear of the snake .
a long , slender species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , the coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum ) is one of the largest native snakes in north america ( 3 ) . the scales on the upperparts of this species are smooth ( 3 ) ( 4 ) and overlap each other ( 4 ) , and it is thought that the coachwhip gets its common name from the pattern on its tail , which resembles a braided whip ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
the yellow - faced whip snake is found in a wide range of habitats from the coast inland to semi - arid areas , though it is largely absent from northern australia , it does reach as far north as townsville on the east coast . though it ranges well into the semi - arid zone it is mostly restricted to areas with some amount of tree cover and low vegetation , though it may opportunistically range into dry open deserts after rain boom periods . it is sun - loving and is mainly absent from very closed dark forests in which it cannot find much opportunity to bask . in this respect it is most common in open forests such as dry - sclerophyll , but will occupy any open sunny area with an abundance of its preferred prey , skinks .
i was walking at kit karson park when i saw something slither at first i thought i was imagining i saw a snake but no then i saw it was two . part of me was scared . but then they told me it isn ' t so i relaxed a little
some reptile texts , ( which i am unable to locate at present ) , state that for most snake species a male , by his wanderings during the breeding season , will hopefully find a receptive female , mate with her , and then part ways . observations by myself of wild specimens of many species , and of captive specimens , tend to refute the above idea in at least some species . i propose that for many snake species the male will ' trail ' a female for some period during the mating season , possibly mating with her more than once .
all aspects of a snake ' s life rely on this external heat to function , whether it is to feed , find a mate , fight off disease and infection , or even just to pump blood around its body . as a result , they are not very active during winter .
snake activity patterns change dramatically over the course of a year . throughout the cool months , snakes and other reptiles are relatively inactive . reptiles gain body warmth using external heat sources , either by basking in the sun or in warm places including rocks , near roads and even under the fridge !
it is rare for snakes to be found copulating in the wild . however , it is common to find pairs of snake together . snakes do not need to stay in pairs in order to survive threats from climate or predators , so it must be concluded that pairing is only for breeding purposes .
setting a good example around wildlife is also something adults can do . if a child sees an adult kill a snake , they are more likely to show the same behaviour in a similar situation . it is important that children learn to respect snakes and are taught the correct way to behave around them .
the northern and common tree snakes are active during the day , spending most of their lives in trees or shrubs , but hunt on the ground for frogs , birds , reptiles and occasionally small mammals . they are slender and agile snakes with whip - like tails , often encountered by humans in the bush and around the house , but will usually quickly retreat . these snakes are completely harmless and will only bite as a last resort . they often emit an unpleasant smell when threatened . unfortunately , they are sometimes killed when mistaken for venomous black snakes .
if this is a concern , it is important that steps are taken to minimise the chances of snakes being in your yard . see living with snakes for helpful advice . it is important that parents , teachers and childcare providers are aware of snakes and correct first aid in the event of a snake bite .
those in a position of authority perpetuate many myths unknowingly . for example , some diving instructors continue to incorrectly refer to the
small mouth and rear fangs
in sea snakes . they often comment that sea snakes can only bite between the fingers or on the ear lobes . this is far from the truth ( see limpus , 1987 pg 198 or bush ' s article on fangs ) . zimmerman ( 1988 ) relates an experience where a stokes sea snake ( astrotia stokesii ) bites both a camera ' s strobe arm and a diving flipper thrust towards it . however , there are no documented fatalities in australia from sea snake bite .
the world ' s deadliest snake , based on documented deaths , is probably the saw - scaled viper ( echis carinatus ) especially in sri lanka . the deaths of nearly fifty people per million from snakebite occur there each year . today in australia we have 0 . 13 / million deaths each year . see figure 1 .
you should not try to identify snakes by their colour alone . snakes vary greatly in their colour and patterns between species and within species . some experts can identify snakes by sight but the most accurate way is by looking at physical characteristics like the number of scales around the mid - body , types of scales on the head and the types of teeth . catching a snake to identify it can be extremely dangerous and is illegal . if a photograph can be safely taken it can be compared with the snake identification pictures on this website or by going to the queensland museum website . if this doesn ' t provide an answer , the picture can be forwarded to the queensland museum for identification .
taipans have the unenviable reputation of being australia ' s most deadly snakes . the longest venomous snake in the country , the coastal taipan reaches an average length of 2 . 5m , with a maximum length of 3 . 35m . the head of a coastal taipan is large , rectangular - shaped and distinct from its narrow neck . the eye is a reddish colour . adult coastal taipans have a uniformly light or dark - brown colouration above with a creamy - yellow belly that usually has reddish or pink spots towards the front . these spots are not as distinct as on the brown snake . they mainly eat rats and mice , and taipans are commonly encountered by humans in sheds , farm buildings and waste heaps .
pythons may coil around their eggs to protect them , aiding incubation . female pythons will even ' shiver ' to generate heat to keep the eggs warm . young snakes emerge from eggs with the use of their egg tooth—a projection on the top of the snout . the tooth is used to make slits in the shell through which the young snake can emerge .
description : variable colouring but typically shades of grey , brown or olive with irregular , broken cross - bands or flecks of darker brown and flecks of paler creamy colour . belly surfaces cream or pale rusty colour with dark scale edges . feature is each scale has a distinct raised longitudinal ridge , giving the snake an appearance of parallel ridges down the length of the body .
no mating activity was noticed in captivity between these two or other specimens of the same species held in a single cage by myself . however , on 30th may 1979 two eggs were produced , followed by two more on 6th july 1979 , and twelve more on 15th july 1979 . all were apparently hard and infertile , the snake having been ' egg - bound ' for some time .
pairing of this species has been well documented by fyfe and booth , 1984 . they reported pairing behaviour in this species , and report it as being more common to find specimens in groups of two or more , then singly . the winter ' aggregations ' averaged 3 snakes per rock ( presumably including single snake finds in the just quoted statistic ) , whilst summer aggregations averaged two snakes .
this slender bodies colubrid snake is adapted to vertical substrates , and occurs in a wide variety of arid , dry and rocky habitats . it is very adaptable to modified habitats , commonly found in scrubland , coastal plains , arable land , pastures , vineyards , almond and olive groves , rural gardens , villages and cities in and around buildings . the females lay clutches of up to 11 eggs .
pairing behaviour is defined here as
when a male and female specimen of the same species are found within close or immediate proximity
. this could be under the same piece of ground cover , or within a few metres of each other . species of snake that engage in pairing behaviour probably also aggregate in large numbers when circumstances allow , and both behavioural patterns must be regarded as essentially similar .
you can take measures to reduce the attractiveness of your yard or house to snakes . if you have a rock wall or other structure that has the potential to house frogs and rats , and in turn attract snakes , discourage these animals by blocking holes . avoid creating habitat for snakes by keeping a tidy , well - maintained yard and shed . actively discourage rats and mice , and snake - proof your aviaries and poultry pens .
as the months become warmer , particularly around september , snakes become active and are frequently encountered by people . this is the breeding and feeding season for snakes . a good guide to when a snake is likely to be active is if the species that it feeds on are active and abundant at that particular time and place . for example , frog - eating snakes are likely to be active on warm , humid nights near streams when frogs are breeding .
adult eastern brown snakes are usually uniform in colour , being light brown , orange or black , with a slender streamlined body and small head . when they hatch a young brown snake usually has a black head ( except for a brown snout ) and a black band across its neck . some hatchlings will have black bands across the entire length of their bodies . this species grows to an average length of about 1 . 5m but can reach a length of 2 . 4m .
coastal taipans occupy a wide range of habitats from tropical wet sclerophyll to dry forests and woodland . they are usually active during the day , but can be active at night during very hot weather . this is not a naturally aggressive snake and if disturbed , it will generally retreat . humans are rarely bitten but , if a taipan is cornered or attacked , it will viciously defend itself , striking repeatedly with speed and accuracy . taipans have very keen senses and are extremely alert .
when provoked , the snake curves itself into an s - shape to strike , raising its head from the ground and displaying orange spots on its belly . eastern brown snakes can strike with extreme speed and ferocity , especially if cornered , and often a series of bites are inflicted in these situations . if bitten , the initial effects of the venom appear quickly - a severe headache develops within 15 minutes . paralysis develops very slowly and the majority of patients receive antivenin before paralysis has occurred .
i have heard it said many times by people i believe should know better that this or that australian snake is
more deadly
,
more toxic
or
more venomous
than the indian cobra ( naja naja ) . this is a misrepresentation of the facts and gains little support from the evidence available concerning humans . these types of statements have no place in education if positive results are the goal . all venomous snakes have the potential to be dangerous because of the variable sensitivity between individual people to venoms . however , first a bite has to occur .
on other continents humans have existed for hundreds of thousands of years . therefore , has the cobra evolved the hood , elevated stance and , in some species , the ability to
spit
venom as a direct response to human predation ? what about the snakes that play dead ? the rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) , one of a few
cobras
capable of spitting , also plays dead . this behaviour would have little effect in deterring a predator looking for a feed , but it may deter a passing human from taking up a club and clobbering the snake into lifeless pulp .
the common tree snake is widespread along the east coast of queensland and cape york peninsula across a range of coastal , rainforest , wet and dry sclerophyll forests , and riverine environments . their colours vary in different areas from grey to olive - green through various shades of brown to almost black or even blue above . the head of lighter - coloured specimens is often grey or brown , contrasting strongly with their body colour . the belly is usually lemon - yellow , varying from white to olive , yellow , green or even bluish . the species reaches an average length of 1 . 2m but can grow to 2m .
the coachwhip is a diurnal species , meaning that it is active during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . it is thought to take shelter in crevices or animal burrows at night , and may also use such retreats in the winter ( 2 ) . this species is typically active from march to october , or even until november in the warmer parts of its range ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . an agile , fast - moving snake ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , the coachwhip can reach top speeds of about four miles per hour on the ground ( 2 ) , and is also reported to be an excellent climber ( 3 ) .
justification : has a limited distribution ( extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 18 , 755 km 2 [ b1 ] ) in a region that is characterised by high levels of habitat transformation . average habitat transformation within the cape floristic region is estimated at approximately 30 % , while certain vegetation types ( e . g . renosterveld ) in which this species is known to occur have been reduced by up to 80 % in extent ( rouget et al . 2003 ) [ b1b ( iii ) ] . habitat transformation is expected to increase ( rouget et al . 2003 ) . additionally , remaining habitats within the range are likely to be severely fragmented [ b1a ] . there are very few large tracts of undisturbed habitat remaining for this species , which occurs in few protected areas . it is likely that the majority of subpopulations are isolated and although this snake is capable of long distance movement , altered habitats and roads will act as barriers .
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plesiocystiscus gutta is a species of minute sea snail , a marine gastropod in the family marginellidae , sometimes instead placed in the eponymous family cystiscidae .

this species is sometimes known simply as cystiscus gutta .

plesiocystiscus gutta

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how can i put and write and define plesiocystiscus gutta in a sentence and how is the word plesiocystiscus gutta used in a sentence and examples ? 用plesiocystiscus gutta造句 , 用plesiocystiscus gutta造句 , 用plesiocystiscus gutta造句 , plesiocystiscus gutta meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : plesiocystiscus gutta ( s . gofas & f . fernandes , 1988 ) - id : 2030451745
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
gofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of são tomé , west africa . journal of conchology 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 . page ( s ) : 16 - 19 , pl . 2a [ details ]
coovert g . a . & coovert h . k . ( 1995 ) revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . the nautilus 109 ( 2 - 3 ) : 43 - 110 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]
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gofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of são tomé , west africa . < i > journal of conchology < / i > 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 .
coovert g . a . & coovert h . k . ( 1995 ) revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . < i > the nautilus < / i > 109 ( 2 - 3 ) : 43 - 110 .
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two new species of teretia ( gastropoda : raphitomidae ) from west africa . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 15 with 9 figs . offprint from iberus 35 ( 2 )
a new genus of the family tornidae ( gastropoda : truncatelloidea ) with the description of eight new species . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 18 with 9 figs . offprint from iberus 34 ( 2 )
taxonomic notes on the alvania dictyophora complex with the description of alvania desabatae spec . nov . ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) from the mediterranean sea . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 18 with 5 figs ( 2 in color ) . offprint from iberus 34 ( 2 )
gastropods collected along the continental slope of the colombian carribean during the invemar - macrofauna campaigns ( 1998 - 2001 ) . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 33 , with 56 figs . offprint from iberus 22 ( 1 )
books llc , wiki series , 2011 . condition : new . this item is printed on demand for shipment within 3 working days .
circuitus , a new genus of the family tornidae ( gastropoda , truncatelloidea ) with the description of six new species . in 8vo , broch . , pp . 16 with 7 figs . extract from iberus 35 ( 1 ) .
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