elaphoidella is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family canthocamptidae .

it contains over 200 species , including three classified as vulnerable species by the iucn – three endemic to slovenia ( elaphoidella franci , elaphoidella jeanneli and elaphoidella slovenica ) and one endemic to the united states ( elaphoidella amabilis ) .

in total , the genus elaphoidella contains the following species : elaphoidella aberrans chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella affinis chappuis , 1933 elaphoidella africana ( cottarelli & bruno , 1994 ) elaphoidella aioii chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella algeriensis rouch , 1987 elaphoidella amabilis ishida in reid & ishida , 1993 elaphoidella anatolica chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella angelovi mikhailova-neikova , 1969 elaphoidella angirmii löffler , 1968 elaphoidella apicata chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella apostolovi wells , 2007 elaphoidella aprutina pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella arambourgi chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella armata ( delachaux , 1918 ) elaphoidella balcanica apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella balkanica apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella bidens ( schmeil , 1894 ) elaphoidella birsteini borutsky , 1948 elaphoidella bisetosa apostolov , 1985 elaphoidella bispina dussart , 1984 elaphoidella borutzkyi mikhailova-neikova , 1972 elaphoidella botosaneanui petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella boui rouch , 1988 elaphoidella bouilloni rouch , 1964 elaphoidella brehieri apostolov , 2002 elaphoidella brevicaudata apostolov , 2002 elaphoidella brevifurcata chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella brevipes chappuis , 1935 elaphoidella bromeliaecola ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella bryophila chappuis , 1928 elaphoidella bulbifera chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella bulbiseta ( apostolov , 1998 ) elaphoidella bulgarica ( apostolov , 1991 ) elaphoidella cabezasi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella caeca miura , 1964 elaphoidella californica m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella calypsonis chappuis & rouch , 1959 elaphoidella capiteradiata brehm , 1951 elaphoidella carterae reid in reid & ishida , 1993 elaphoidella cavatica chappuis , 1957 elaphoidella cavernicola apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella cavicola shen & tai , 1965 elaphoidella chappuisi rouch , 1970 elaphoidella charon chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella claudboui apostolov , 2003 elaphoidella cliffordi chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella coiffaiti chappuis & kiefer , 1952 elaphoidella colombiana gaviria , 1993 elaphoidella cornuta chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella coronata ( g. o. sars , 1904 ) elaphoidella cottarellii pesce & de laurentiis , 1996 elaphoidella crassa chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella crassicaudis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella crenobia petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella croatica petkovski , 1959 elaphoidella cuspidata chappuis , 1941 elaphoidella cvetkae petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella cvetkovi mikhailova-neikova , 1967 elaphoidella czerkessica borutsky , 1972 elaphoidella damasi chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella damianae wells , 2007 elaphoidella decorata ( daday , 1901 ) elaphoidella denticulata chappuis , 1929 elaphoidella derjugini ( rylov , 1932 ) elaphoidella dispersa chappuis , 1934 elaphoidella einslei petkovski , 1981 elaphoidella elaphoides ( chappuis , 1923 ) elaphoidella elegans chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella elegantula ( chappuis , 1931 ) elaphoidella elgonensis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella elongata chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella eucharis chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella federicae pesce & galassi , 1988 elaphoidella femurata basamakov , 1987 elaphoidella fluviusherbae bruno & reid in bruno et al. , 2000 elaphoidella fonticola chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella franci petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella ganeshi reid , 1998 elaphoidella garbetensis rouch , 1980 elaphoidella gordani karanovic , 1998 elaphoidella gracilis ( g. o. sars , 1863 ) elaphoidella grandidieri ( guerne & richard , 1893 ) elaphoidella hallensis kiefer , 1963 elaphoidella helenae chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella hellmichi löffler , 1968 elaphoidella hirsuta chappuis , 1945 elaphoidella humboldti löffler , 1963 elaphoidella humphreysi karanovic , 2006 elaphoidella hyalina chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella incerta chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella infernalis rouch , 1970 elaphoidella insularis chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella intermedia chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella iskrecensis apostolov , 1997 elaphoidella italica pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella jakobii m. h. nogueira , 1959 elaphoidella janas cottarelli & bruno , 1993 elaphoidella jasonis chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella javaensis ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella jeanneli ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella jochenmartensi dumont & maas , 1988 elaphoidella jojoi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella juxtaputealis damian & botosaneanu , 1954 elaphoidella karamani chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella karllangi petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella kenyensis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella kodiakensis m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella labani löffler , 1973 elaphoidella laciniata ( douwe , 1911 ) elaphoidella laevis chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella leruthi chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella limnobia chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella lindbergi chappuis , 1941 elaphoidella longifurcata chappuis & kiefer , 1952 elaphoidella longipedis chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella longiseta chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella mabelae galassi & pesce , 1991 elaphoidella madiracensis apostolov , 1998 elaphoidella malayica ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella margaritae pesce & apostolov , 1985 elaphoidella marjoryae bruno & reid in bruno et al. , 2000 elaphoidella massai chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella mauro chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella michailovae basamakov , 1970 elaphoidella millennii brancelj , 2009 elaphoidella minos chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella miurai chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella montenegrina karanovic , 1997 elaphoidella moreae pesce , 1982 elaphoidella necessaria kiefer , 1933 elaphoidella negroensis kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella neoarmata petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella neotropica petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella nepalensis ishida , 1994 elaphoidella nuragica pesce & galassi , 1986 elaphoidella nyongi roen , 1956 elaphoidella pandurskyi apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella pani por , 1983 elaphoidella paraelaphoides pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella parajakobii reid & josé , 1987 elaphoidella paraplesia kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella parapostolovi wells , 2007 elaphoidella parelaphoides pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella parvifurcata petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella pectinata ( delachaux , 1924 ) elaphoidella pescei apostolov , 1986 elaphoidella petrovae apostolov , 1986 elaphoidella phreatica ( chappuis , 1925 ) elaphoidella pintoae reid & josé , 1987 elaphoidella plesai pesce & galassi , 1994 elaphoidella plutonis chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella prohumboldti petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella propedamasi defaye & heymer , 1996 elaphoidella proserpina chappuis , 1934 elaphoidella pseudocornuta dumont & maas , 1988 elaphoidella pseudojeanelli pónyi , 1956 elaphoidella pseudophreatica sterba , 1956 elaphoidella putealis ( chappuis , 1925 ) elaphoidella pyrenaica rouch , 1970 elaphoidella quadrispinosa chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella quemadoi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella radkei reid , 1987 elaphoidella reducta rouch , 1964 elaphoidella reedi m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella rodriguensis borutsky , 1969 elaphoidella romanica kulhavy , 1969 elaphoidella rossellae pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella sabanillae petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella salvadorica ebert , 1976 elaphoidella schubarti chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella serbica petkovski & brancelj , 1988 elaphoidella sewelli ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella shawangunkensis strayer , 1989 elaphoidella silverii pesce , 1985 elaphoidella silvestris m. h. lewis , 1972 elaphoidella similis chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella simplex chappuis , 1944 elaphoidella siolii kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella slovenica wells , 2007 elaphoidella spinosa chappuis , 1952 elaphoidella stammeri chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella striblingi reid , 1990 elaphoidella stygia ( apostolov , 1989 ) elaphoidella suarezi reid , 1987 elaphoidella subcrenobia petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella subgracilis ( willey , 1934 ) elaphoidella subplutonis pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella subterranea ( apostolov , 1991 ) elaphoidella superpedalis shen & tai , 1964 elaphoidella surinamensis ( delachaux , 1924 ) elaphoidella synjakobii petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella tarmani brancelj , 2009 elaphoidella taroi chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella tenera chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella thienemanni chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella trisetosa chappuis , 1933 elaphoidella turgisetosa petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella uenoi chappuis , 1958 elaphoidella unica kiefer , 1931 elaphoidella unidens ( menzel , 1916 ) elaphoidella uva karanovic , 2001 elaphoidella vaga chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella valkanovi basamakov , 1973 elaphoidella vandeli chappuis & rouch , 1958 elaphoidella varians chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella vasiconica rouch , 1970 elaphoidella vietnamica borutsky , 1967 elaphoidella wilsonae hunt , 1979 elaphoidella winkleri ( chappuis , 1928 )

elaphoidella

elaphoidella slovenica wells , 2007 ( sin . elaphoidella kieferi petkovski & brancelj , 1985 )
elaphoidella damianae wells , 2007 [ syn . elaphoidella dubia damian , 1959 ( italy , romania ; ground waters ) ]
species elaphoidella coronata ( sars g . o . , 1904 ) accepted as elaphoidella bidens coronata ( sars g . o . , 1904 )
elaphoidella shawangunkensis strayer , 1988 [ u . s . a . ; interstitial ]
, and stygoelaphoidella bulbiseta apostolov , 1998 , both from ground waters of bulgaria , are preoccupied by elaphoidella intermedia chappuis , 1931 and elaphoidella bulbiseta apostolov , 1998 respectively .
elaphoidella namnaoensis brancelj et al . , 2010 [ thailand ; fresh waters ] [ pdf ]
elaphoidella jaesornensis watiroyrami et al . , 2015 [ thailand ; caves ] [ pdf - summary ]
elaphoidella thailandensis watiroyrami et al . , 2015 [ thailand ; caves ] [ pdf - summary ]
elaphoidella grandidieri ( harpacticoida : copepoda ) : demographic characteristics and possible use as live prey in aquaculture .
elaphoidella grandidieri ( harpacticoida : copepoda ) : demographic characteristics and possible use as live prey in aquaculture . - pubmed - ncbi
elaphoidella gracilis gracilis ( g . o . sars , 1863 ) [ europe , israel , usa ; ponds , lakes ] ( 3 )
the genus elaphoidella s . l . , with about 250 described species and subspecis , is , after parastenocaris , the largest and more widespread copepod genus .
pending a comprehensive review of the genus elaphoidella , as well as of the family canthocamptidae , and sharing reid ' s ( 1990 ) objections , the name elaphoidella s . l . is provisionally proposed for all the species in the genus , as well as the above synonynies will not considered in the following list .
apostolov ( 1985 , 1988 ) , according to the oligomerization of the swimming legs and the setation of the antennal exopodite , splitted the genus elaphoidella into five genera , viz . elaphoidella s . str . , elaphoidellopsis , stygoelaphoidella , neoelaphoidella and praelaphoidella , suggesting as well the subdivision of elaphoidella s . str . into two morphological groups , viz . gracilis - group and simplex - group , embracing species characterized by 6 or 4 / 5 setae on the distal article of the exopodite of leg 4 , respectively .
hamond ( 1987 ) observed that old species descriptions and drawings of canthocamptidae do not always agree with modern description standards and , in many cases , such defective descriptions could greatly confuse the status of some genera and subgenera in this family ; in the same occasion , returned many genera within the family canthocamptidae , including elaphoidella s . str . to subgeneric status of the genus canthocamptus westwood . hamond ' s statement has been recently supported by hishida ( 1994 ) who described a new elaphoidella from nepal showing transitional characteristics between elaphoidella and attheyella , confirming as well the need of a world revision of the genera within the family canthocamptidae .
species elaphoidella siolii kiefer , 1967 accepted as attheyella siolii ( kiefer , 1967 ) represented as attheyella ( canthosella ) siolii ( kiefer , 1967 ) ( only male known . characters fit with attheyella ( canthosella ) )
elaphoidella paraaffinis sp . nov . and e . ligorae sp . nov . are described from phra kayang and khao plu caves respectively in southern thailand . they both belong to group i sensu lang ( 1948 ) . elaphoidella paraaffinis and e . ligorae are similar to e . affinis chappuis , 1933 and e . cabezasi petkovski , 1982 respectively . elaphoidella paraaffinis differs from e . affinis by ( 1 ) its larger sized setae on exp p5 , ( 2 ) the absence of an inner seta on endp p1–p4 , ( 3 ) fewer setae on p3 endp - 2 , and ( 4 ) a larger number of ventral spinules on its anal segment . elaphoidella ligorae differs from e . cabezasi by ( 1 ) its serrated posterior margins of urosomites , ( 2 ) the presence of strong inner spinules on its caudal ramus , ( 3 ) larger sized and a lower number of ventral spinules on its anal segment in male and female respectively , ( 4 ) larger sized setae on p5 in female , ( 5 ) the presence of an inner seta on endp - 1 p2 , and ( 6 ) a larger number of setae on endp - 2 p2 in male . an identification key to the southeast asian species of the genus elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 is provided .
3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - elaphoidella 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - elaphoidellopsis ( from synonym elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - stygoelaphoidella ( from synonym stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) to genbank to itis
recently , karanovic ( 2001 ) presented a key to the gracils - group of species , as well as established new synonyms of elaphoidella phreatica , [ e . pseudophreatica ( partim ) , e . pseudojeanneli , e . cavatica . e . croatica , e . oglasae , e . italica ] .
( of elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) apostolov , a . ( 1985 ) . étude sur quelques copépodes harpacticoïdes du genre elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 de bulgarie avec une rèvision du genre . acta musei macedonici scientiarum naturalium , skopje 17 ( 7 / 145 ) : 133 - 163 , figs . 1 - 6 . ( 20 - viii - 1985 , english and serbo - croatian summaries ) . [ details ]
( of stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) apostolov , a . ( 1985 ) . étude sur quelques copépodes harpacticoïdes du genre elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 de bulgarie avec une rèvision du genre . acta musei macedonici scientiarum naturalium , skopje 17 ( 7 / 145 ) : 133 - 163 , figs . 1 - 6 . ( 20 - viii - 1985 , english and serbo - croatian summaries ) . [ details ]
( 6 ) chappuis ( 1936 ) described this species as e . pectinata brevifurcata , from brazil ; later on the name went through various vicissitudes , including being synonymized with elaphoidella pectinata s . str . by lang ( 1948 ) . it was raised to species rank by apostolov ( 1985 ) , although he used it twice in different ways and mispelling it once , as neoelaphoidella brevifurca and as neoelaphoidella pectinata brevifurcata .
ty - jour ti - new species and new records of the genus elaphoidella ( crustacea : copepoda : harpacticoida ) from the united states t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 106 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1993 sp - 137 ep - 146 sn - 0006 - 324x au - reid , j w au - ishida , t er -
the separation of the nominate genera has been critically discussed by reid ( 1990 ) , who pointed out mutual inconsistencies in the diagnosis of the new proposed genera , as well as several omissions and blunders in apostolov ' s world key of the genus , and later on by karanovic ( 1998 ; 2001 ) who considers that made by apostolov
one unsuccessful attempt of revision of the genus elaphoidella
( left : e . bidens bidens ) .
@ article { bhlpart44942 , title = { new species and new records of the genus elaphoidella ( crustacea : copepoda : harpacticoida ) from the united states } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 106 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { reid , j w and ishida , t } , year = { 1993 } , pages = { 137 - - 146 } , }
in freshwater ecosystems , rotifers and cladocerans are ideal prey for fish larvae whereas copepods , due to their purported low growth rate and predatory tendency , are not . we recently isolated the parthenogenetic elaphoidella grandidieri ( gueme et richard , 1893 ) a benthic freshwater harpacticoid , from a fish farm in the state of morelos , central mexico and tested its potential as a live prey organism for larval vertebrates . population growth and life table demography experiments were conducted , in 100 ml recipients with 50 ml of test medium on a diet of scenedesmus acutus at a density of 1 . 0 x 10 ( 6 ) cell ml ( - 1 ) ; the former on live algae alone while the latter on live algae as well as detritus . we also conducted experiments to document the prey preference for this copepod by the larval ameca splendens ( pisces : goodeidae ) and ambystoma mexicanum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) , fed the rotifer plationus patulus , the ostracod heterocypris incongruens , and the cladocerans moina macrocopa and daphnia pulex . elaphoidella grandidieri is relatively easy to maintain under laboratory conditions , reaching densities ( copepodites and adults ) of more than 10 , 000 l ( - 1 ) . the generation time ranged between 30 - 45 days , depending on the diet . the net reproductive rate was as high as 60 nauplii female ( - 1 ) day ( 1 ) . population growth rates ranged between 0 . 03 and 0 . 11 d ( - 1 ) , live algae being the superior diet compared to detritus . both predators showed no preference for e . grandidieri , but in the absence of alternate prey they consumed 80 % of the harpacticoids offered . the data have been discussed in relation to the potential of e . grandidierias live food for aquaculture .
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chappuis , p . a . ( 1929 ) . révision du genre canthocamptus westwood ( note préliminaire ) . buletinul societatii de stiinte din cluj . 4 ( 2 ) : 41 - 50 . ( 27 - i - 1929 ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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the genus is distributed worldwide with species inhabiting various habitats in both epigean and hypogean environments throughout different zoogeographic regions . the genus is characterized by a large number of stygobiotic taxa ( boxshall & defaye 2008 ; mori & brancelj 2008 ; galassi et al . 2009 ) , many of them common in percolating water from unsaturated karstic habitats ( i . e . epikarst ) in the temperate zone ( brancelj 2009 ) .
[ = neoelaphoidella kieferi apostolov , in litt . ( dussart & defaye , 1990 ) ]
[ transferred to attheyella ( canthosella ) by janetzky et al . , 1996 ]
( 3 ) syn . e . subgracilis ( willey , 1934 ) ? bruno et al . ( 2000 ) do not share this synonymy .
( 5 ) reid ( 1998 ) proposed this nomen novum for e . brevifurcata chappuis , 1954 from india
( 9 ) synonym of e . valkanovi basamakov , 1973 ( karanovic , 2001 )
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first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .
ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .
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the panamint kangaroo rat ( dipodomys panamintinus ) is a species of rodent in the family heteromyidae .

it is endemic to the mojave desert in eastern california and western nevada , in the united states .

panamint kangaroo rat

different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other , as is the case for the banner - tailed kangaroo rat and the merriam kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges .
giant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat is the largest of all kangaroo rats and has a body length ranging from 15 to 20 cm and a tail length of 18 to 21 .
com : similar species giant kangaroo rat is usually larger , with longer hindfoot .
endangered status the giant kangaroo rat is on the u . ( full text )
dipodomys merriami / d . ordii —merriam ' s or ord ' s kangaroo rat
the house rock valley kangaroo rat ( d . microps leucotis ) is vulnerable .
the merriam kangaroo rat lives in stony soils including clays gravel and rocks , which is harder than soils preferred by some other species like the banner - tail kangaroo rat .
the giant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is a rodent named because of its tendency to move by jumping on its hind legs . ( full text )
giant kangaroo rats are distinguished from the similar san joaquin kangaroo rats ( d .
spatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens .
grinnell , j . : habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
seasonal variation in various blood indices of the kangaroo rat , dipodomys panamintinus . - pubmed - ncbi
tappe , d . t . : natural history of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 ± 1 . 0 × 10 6 and 9 . 2 ± 0 . 2 × 10 6 / mm 3 respectively .
the burrows of merriam kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner - tailed kangaroo rats . banner - tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows , unlike merriam kangaroo rats .
the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered rodent species endemic to california . ( wiki )
kenagy , g . j . : saltbush leaves : excision of hypersaline tissue by a kangaroo rat . science
spatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens . - pubmed - ncbi
fitch , h . s . : habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
culbertson , a . e . : observations on the natural history of the fresno kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
the kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .
the kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .
home range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
, merriam ' s kangaroo rat , is a rodent found in the arid regions of the southwest united states and mexico .
reynolds , h . g . : life history notes on merriam ' s kangaroo rat in southern arizona . j . mammal .
) are a group of burrowing north american rodents specialized for seed - eating . they are named for their hopping locomotion and have large hind feet , long tails , and short front limbs used mainly for gathering seeds , which are carried in fur - lined external cheek pouches . all kangaroo rats closely resemble each other , but vary considerably in body size . this is the panamint kangaroo rat
has a whopping 4 cubic centimeters per pouch . in spite of the large capacity of their cheek pouches , these kangaroo rats are slower at filling them than are other species of kangaroo rat .
when the outside temperature is too hot , a kangaroo rat stays in its cool , humid burrow and leaves it only at night .
shaw , w . t . : the ability of the giant kangaroo rat as a harvester and storer of seeds . j . mammal .
kangaroo rats stay in one place bipedally . the merriam kangaroo rat can leap 7 - 8 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly , which minimizes energy costs and predation risks ( schroder 1979 ) . it will also go into a “move - freeze” mode which may reduce predation at night .
fitch , h . s . 1948 . habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . journal of mammalogy 29 : 5 - 35 .
to provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur , which allows the kangaroo rate to accumulate a small pocket of moist air ( lidicker 1960 ) .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather .
a young / baby of a giant kangaroo rat is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a giant kangaroo rat group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
the burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment . to maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows , kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day .
currently listed as endangered in the state of california , the giant kangaroo rat is in danger because of development and population expansion . ( full text )
all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather ( howard 1994 ) .
anderson , a . o . , allred , d . m . : kangaroo rat burrows at the nevada test site . gt . basin nat .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft . home range size can vary within species with merriam ' s kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
description the giant kangaroo rat is , as its name would suggest , a small rodent that moves by hopping on its back legs . ( full text )
can leap 7–8 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly which minimizes energy costs and predation risks .
to provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air .
merriam ' s kangaroo rat is an arid - land species essentially limited to lower sonoran habitats . it tends to prefer firmer soils than ord ' s kangaroo rat . however , there may be overlap in habitat usage , and at times both of these smaller species may be taken in the same trap line .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats .
lidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .
lidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .
schroder , g . d . 1979 . foraging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat . ecology 60 ( 4 ) : 657 - 665 .
this woodrat has the closest resemblance to the house rat and is often confused with it .
the diet of merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost exclusively plant seeds ( they are granivorous ) . the bulk of their diet consists of the seeds of desert and grassland plants . they rarely drink water . rather , they obtain water through metabolic processes augmented by the moisture content of their food . ( see kangaroo rat )
banner - tailed kangaroo rats generally live in grasslands and scrublands . they live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam ' s kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather . kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in europe , norway rats were captured and used for food during times of famine . rat - catchers were hired to exterminate rats and capture live ones for rat fights , rat coursing , and rat pits . rat - catchers captured and housed wild rats in cages as well ( matthews 1898 ) . during this time , naturally occurring albino , black , and hooded norway rats may have preferentially captured or chosen from litters of captive rats for their distinctive appearance
the fur is soft and silky in kangaroo rats , kangaroo mice , and silky pocket mice , and more coarse and spiny in the spiny pocket mice .
schroder , g . d . 1979 .
foraging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat .
ecology . ( 60 ) : 4 657 - 665 .
the desert kangaroo rat is one of the larger of the genus . distribution today is the western great basin and south into the sonoran desert of southwestern arizona and northern mexico .
kangaroo rats are a common prey items for many other desert animals . typical predators of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat include barn owls , great horned owls , coyotes , foxes , badgers , bobcats , and several snake species including sidewinders and glossy snakes .
1998 ( pdf ) description : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is the largest of more than 20 species in the genus dipodomys , which is in the family heteromyidae .
htm research projects : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent .
they have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches .
kangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible .
the diet of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost entirely seeds . they feed primarily on the seeds of mesquite , creosote bush , ocotillo , purslane , and grama grass . one study of
the chisel - toothed kangaroo rat is a desert dweller . it is found in mountains at elevations between 1 , 000 and 3 , 500 m . its abundance is primarily associated with two plants :
the spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food . kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200 - 300 ft and rarely 600 ft ( howard 1994 ) . home range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent carrizo and elkhorn plains and the cuyama valley .
giant kangaroo rats are nocturnal and are away from the safety of their burrows as possible .
giant kangaroo rats are territorial , in the sense that they will protect their food stores .
the kangaroo mouse features significantly in the best - selling science fiction novel dune . the protagonist , paul atreides , is called muad ' dib , a fremen word for kangaroo mouse .
reynolds , h . g . 1958 . the ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona . ecological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .
the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . another notable feature of kangaroo rats are their fur lined cheek pouches which are used for storing food . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species .
giant kangaroo rats are curious and bold inhabitants of the most arid , southwestern edge of central .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies .
reynolds , h . g . 1958 .
the ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona .
ecological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .
when on foraging trips , kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find . it is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed , at least at one point in the year , as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources .
merriam kangaroo rats live in hot and dry areas , conserve water , and only use metabolic sources .
kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .
forages above ground at night . during the day , these kangaroo rats engage in coprophagy below ground .
csuti , b . a . : karyotypes of kangaroo rats from southern california . j . mammal .
kangaroo mouse is the common name for any member of the genus dipodomys . kangaroo rats are six - toed endotherms with large hind legs , small front legs and relatively large heads . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species ( howard 1994 ) . there is also some variation in length with one of the largest species , the banner - tail kangaroo rat being six inches in body length and a tail length of eight inches ( howard 1994 ) . sexual dimorphism exists in all species , with males being larger than females .
the roof rat prefers warmer climates regions . this allows the norway rat to dominate the other climate regions . the rats can be found throughout the u . s . but it is more common to find them in their preferred regions as shown in the figure above .
thomas , j . r . , jr . 1975 . distribution , population densities , and home range requirements of the stephens ' kangaroo rat ( dipodomys stephensi ) . m . s . thesis , california state polytechnic university , ponoma . 64pp .
are sand - dwelling mammals that inhabit arid regions of the southwestern united states and mexico . habitat requirements of merriam ' s kangaroo rats are less strict than most other species of kangaroo rats . they can live equally well in sandy soils , clays , gravels , and among rocks . urltoken ) . compared to other kangaroo rats ,
which retain some grass or other vegetation . their diet includes seeds , leaves , stems , buds , some fruit , and insects . most kangaroo rat species use their burrows and buried caches nearby to store food against the possibility of bad seasons . the
brylski , p . dark kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .
brylski , p . pale kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .
all kangaroo rats apparetnly cache food in their burrows . cheek pouches help the rats carry food to the burrow .
kangaroo rats move bipedally . kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 6 feet , and reportedly up to 9 feet ( 2 . 75 m ) at speeds up to almost 10 feet / sec , or 10 kph ( 6 mph ) . they can quickly change their direction between jumps . the rapid locomotion of the banner - tailed kangaroo rat may minimize energy cost and predation risk . its use of a
move - freeze
mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat is enough larger than d . merriami and d . ordii as to usually be identifiable on size alone in the eastern part of the region . the current northern limits of distribution is near the four - corners area of new mexico .
1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 + / - 1 . 0 x 10 ( 6 ) and 9 . 2 + / - 0 . 2 x 10 ( 6 ) / mm3 respectively . 2 . the mean cell hemoglobin during winter and summer averaged 25 + / - 10 . 8 pg and 18 . 6 + / - 3 . 7 pg respectively . 3 . these fluctuations may reveal a rapid rate of red blood cell destruction during winter in combination with a change in diet , concomitant to this , is an increase in mean cell hemoglobin of the surviving red blood cells .
the roof rat species is from the asian tropics where they spread into the european colonies that eventually spread throughout the world through various trade routes and explorations .
grinnell , j . : a geographic study of the kangaroo rats of california . u . cal . publ . zool .
kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems . the burrows have separate chambers for specific proposes like sleeping , living and food storage .
the young are born in a fur - lined nest in the burrows . they are born blind and hairless . for the first week , young merriam kangaroo rats crawl , and develop their hind legs in their second or third week . at this time , the young become independent . banner - tailed kangaroo rat are weaned between 22–25 days . offspring remain in the mound for 1 - 6 more months in the maternal caches .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft .
kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system . their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls ( waser and jones 1991 ) .
the kangaroo rats ( diplodomys sp . ) and kangaroo mice ( microdipodops sp . ) have elongated hind limbs and feet and move bipedally in long jumps , as with kangaroos . they also have tails that are long and have white tips or tufts on the end . the front legs are relatively small and the heads are relatively large . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads .
also has fur lined external cheek pouches which it carries seeds in . the belly of merriam ' s kangaroo rat bears white , silky pelage . the hind feet , bearing four toes , are very large , ( 39 mm ) , with hairy soles . these hairy soles aid the kangaroo rat in jumping through loose sand . the forelegs are retrogressed . the ears are small and hairless , and the eyes are large and luminous , similar to the eyes of other nocturnal mammals . the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 20 . ( vaughn , 1999 ) .
the roof rat favors the warmer climates and heavily populates them . they are far more dominant in the tropical climates throughout the world than the norway rats . the roof rat is far more modified and adapted to survive the warmer climates only , making it less frequent in colder locations . the norway rat takes to burrowing and the colder climates throughout the world and is far more numerous . the northern us is almost free of roof rats do to the colder climate . they are more likely to inhabit ships in the northern climates .
the roof rat species prefers the elevated habitat over the grounds like the norway rat . in the spring and summer , the habitats they choose are riverbanks , streams , parks , natural ponds , artificial ponds , reservoirs , gardens , rice fields , sugarcane fields , citrus groves , apple orchards , poultry farms , and other heavy favored thriving food sources .
the rat phylogeny and history dates back to over thirteen million years ago in the family murinae . the family continued to slightly transform over several millions of years until major speciation event occurred with the family the first at around 3 million years . at this point in time , speciation gave rise to the rattus genus or the rats . the rattus genus then began to split once again into two distinct species rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus . the species rattus norvegicus is known as the norway rat , and rattus rattus being the roof rat .
which are suitable for burrowing . they can , however , vary in both geographic range and habitat . in particular , the merriam kangaroo rat ranges through southern california , utah , southwest new mexico , arizona , and northern mexico and live in areas of low rainfall and humidity , and high summer temperature and evaporation rates .
it is actually common to have both the norway and roof rat inhabiting the same building . the roof rat will gain access through the roof with utility lines . they will inhabit and make a home in the attic or top floor . the norway rats will come in through the ground level and remain there establishing a nest in the basement or ground floor .
bartholomew , g . a . , caswell , h . h . : locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . j . mammal .
because of its food caching behavior , this species likely disperses seeds . it is also a small mammal , and probably forms an important part of the diet of local predators . because it potentially has as many as 4 sympatric congenerics in some parts of its range , the chisel - toothed kangaroo rat plays a role in regulating congener populations .
ghiselin , j . 1970 . edaphic control of habitat selection by kangaroo mice ( microdipodops ) in three nevada populations . oecologia 4 : 248 - 261 .
nader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rate : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization . kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship . they do cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males . linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals .
kangaroo rats , genus dipodomys , are small rodents native to north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form : as they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , although they are not related . it has been noted that they are not properly characterized as
rats
at all .
these cute little rodents are possibly the most attractive and distinct species characterized by silky golden fur , large eyes , white stripes or markings , and long furry crested tails . the kangaroo rats cannot be mistaken to be any other rodent relative . the kangaroo mouse is the only closest resembling cousin of the rodent order .
randall , j . a . 2004 . pocket mice , kangaroo rats , and kangaroo mice ( heteromyidae ) . pages 199 to 210 in b . grzimek et al . , grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd ed . , vol . 16 . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657921 .
is a medium sized , 5 - toed kangaroo rat with a narrow face , small ears and ever - growing cheekteeth . its incisors are flat on the anterior side and less incurved than other members of the genus . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats are about 270 mm long and weigh about 55 g . the body without the tail is about 112 mm in length . tail length adds about 158 mm . males are slightly larger than females on average . the fur is brown and gray above with a
gunmetal hue .
presence of kangaroo rats in our region is taken to indicate presence of open areas basically free of vegetation ( though with bushes or other vegetation nearby for cover ) .
kangaroo rats , small rodents of genus dipodomys , are native to western north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form . they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , but developed this mode of locomotion independently , like several other clades of rodents ( e . g . dipodids and hopping mice ) .
the rat is capable of having an average of 3 to 8 young every litter . the offspring are born around 20 - 21 days after conception . they become adults in as little as 5 to 6 weeks .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats produce up to three litters per year , with an average of four pups in each litter . weaning of young occurs 24–33 days after birth .
nader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rats : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press . isbn 0252006585 .
kangaroo rats lose water mainly by evaporation during gas exchange , and so have developed a behavioural adaptation to prevent this loss . as they spend a lot of time within their burrows to escape the heat of the day , the burrows become much more humid than the air outside ( due to evaporative loss ) . when collecting seeds , they store them in the burrows rather than eating them straight away . this causes the moisture in the air to be absorbed by the seeds , and the kangaroo rat regains the water it has previously lost when it then consumes them .
norway rats are ground burrowers , so they will nest deep in the underground channels they have created . the average female norway rat has 4 to 6 liters per year and can successfully wean 20 or more offspring annually .
the rat is the first of the twelve animals of the chinese zodiac . people born in this year are thought to possess characteristics which are associated with rats , namely : creativity , intelligence , honesty , ambition and generosity
shier , debra m . ; randall , jan a . ( 2004 ) .
spacing as a predictor of social organization in kangaroo rats ( dipodomys heermanni arenae )
.
bartholomew , g . a . , and h . h . caswell . 1951 . locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . journal of mammalogy 32 : 155 - 169 .
the roof rat’s eating habits resemble the diet of tree squirrels . the diet persists of a variety of fruits and nuts . though the rats like fruits and nuts they will also eat any vegetative part of ornamental and native plants .
dipodomys insularis is among the smallest of the kangaroo rats . compared to other dipodomys merriami , dipodomys insularis has larger ears , a grayer coloration , and a more robust appearance . it has a lower bullar index and a lower cranial index of any of the dipodomys merriami sub - species . d . insularis also differs from its closest geographic relatives d . m . brunensis and d . m . melanurus by being larger in most respects , by being paler in coloration , and having considerably larger ears . [ 4 ] this nocturnal kangaroo rat is a granivore , feeding on seeds and shrubs . [ 5 ]
fleming , t . 1984 . pocket mice and kangaroo rats . pages 632 - 633 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters ( morgan 1992 ) . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at certain times of the year and some insects ( howard 1994 ) . they have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches ( reynolds 1958 ) . this caching behavior has an impact on the rangeland and croplands where the animals live ( howard 1994 ) . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible ( morgan and price 1992 ) . they need to decrease the time away from their burrows as they are cool and dry . in addition , being away from their burrows also makes them vulnerable to predators . ( morgan and price 1992 ) .
these links lead to images of stephens ' , dulzura , merriam ' s , ord ' s , short - nosed , and giant kangaroo rats , and the related great basin pocket mouse .
white , l . d . , allred , d . m . : range of kangaroo rats in areas affected by atomic detonations . proc . utah acad . sci . , arts , letters
waser , p . m . , and t . w . jones . 1991 . survival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats . ecology 72 ( 3 ) : 771 - 777 .
baumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1994 . patterns of interspecific morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) . journal of mammalogy 75 : 203 - 211 .
reproduction happens anywhere from three to five times a year , and varies between habitats . the number of litters a female can have depends on if the area has suitable habitat needs in which the rats can thrive . the factors that make up a habitat are climatic range , food sources , and number of total rat populations in the area . the last major factor that affects litters is how old the female is . on average the female rat will have anywhere from 3 - 5 litters in a single year .
waser , p . m . and t . w . jones . 1991 .
survival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats .
ecology . ( 72 ) : 3 771 - 777 .
jenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 . food hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses . ecology 76 ( 8 ) : 2470 - 2481 .
the common house rats are known for taking care of one another , sleeping together , and developing a group to work together . the rats are like wolves they establish leaders and places of rank in the pack . there is always an alpha rat in each pack .
to take advantage of the water content and nutrition in the leaves while maintaining water balance . none of the kangaroo rats needs to drink much , because this genus is able to use the water in their foods .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies ( howard 1994 ) . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among kangaroo rats with males competing for access to females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . there appears to be linear dominance hierarchies among males but it is not known if this is the case for females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active ones .
merriam , c . h . , 1894 . preliminary descriptions of eleven new kangaroo rats of the genera dipodomys and perodipus , p . 114 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 9 : 109 - 116 .
jenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 .
food hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses .
ecology ( 76 ) : 8 2470 - 2481 .
, kangaroo rats have highly developed hind legs , live in deep burrows which shelter them from the worst of the desert heat , and rarely drink water . instead , they have a highly water - efficient metabolisim ( their
le rat kangourou dipodomys panamintinus a 4 sous - espèces . le représentatif karyotype de 4 des sousespèces a 17 métacentriques et 14 chromosomes acrocentriques . dipodomys panamintinus caudatus , géographiquement isolé des autres , a 16 métacentriques et 15 chromosomes acrocentriques . le nombre fondamental est 96 pour les espèces .
kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at some times of the year and some insects , too . they have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches . this caching behavior affects the range - land and croplands where the animals live . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible . to conserve energy and water , they minimize their time away from their cool , dry burrows . in addition , maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators .
baumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1993 . morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) and its relationship to selected abiotic variables . journal of mammalogy 74 : 69 - 85 .
modes of communication include olfactory and acoustic . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats sandbathe to spread their scent and use foot drumming , possibly as territorial behavior . aggressive encounters are also used as a form of communication in this species .
the average lifespan is 4 . 9 month , but this , is of course , misleading . many kangaroo rats die young , and those who make it to adulthood can live a very long time . although maximum lifespan for
newmark , j . e . , and s . h . jenkins . 2000 . sex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) . american midland naturalist ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .
kangaroo rats construct burrows for protection , usually with several openings to the burrow system . as with their relatives , the pocket gophers , they tend to be antisocial except during the breeding season , but two or three species may occur sympatrically .
. size varies from 100 to 200 mm , with a tail of equal or slightly greater length ; weight can be anywhere between 35 and 180 grams . the most distinctive feature of the kangaroo rats is their very long , hind legs .
the norway rat or rattus norvegieus is the larger of the two . norway rats are light brown in color , stocky , and borrowing capable rodents . they are found in homes or buildings on the ground level , basements , or in crawl spaces . this species is common to all 48 contiguous states .
roof rats prefer to nest in locations off the ground and rarely dig burrows for living quarters if above - ground sites exist . the average number of litters a female roof rat has per year depends on many factors , but generally it is 3 to 5 with 3 to 8 young in each litter .
newmark , j . e . and s . h . jenkins . 2000 .
sex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) .
american midland naturalist . ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats have an average total length of 247 mm . the tail is rather long , about 144 mm in length , with an end tassle . it is usually more than 130 % of the the length of the head and body . (
leaves are eaten whole , but as salinity builds up in the outer parts of the leaves in summer and fall , these kangaroo rats use their incisors to access the nutritious and less saline inner parts of the leaves . avoiding the salty parts of the plants enables
rats are found in all of the contiguous 48 states . they are also known to inhabit every land mass . they are known to be found at every departure point and various research stations in antarctica . the rat species is the most prolific invasive species worldwide . there are estimated reports that state there are over 5 - 6 billion rats , if not more , worldwide . there is said to be over two billion in china alone . in britain , the rat population matches the amount of people . the french report estimates four rats to one person , and a population of rats at eight million . the true number of rats worldwide is expanding too swiftly too count and is difficult to determine .
male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely become the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males .
rats are the vertebrate masters of adaptation . a highly intelligent rodent that is capable of remembering each path it takes , carrying for others , and working in teams , the rat is one of the most well - known invasive species in the world . they inhabit every ecosystem in the world . they are master scavengers and will eat any food and water resource they can .
has a high reproductive rate . breeding for the merriam ' s kangaroo rat begins in early february and continues into the spring , at least through may . the gestation period is approximately 28 to 32 days . between one and six young are born in each litter , with an average of three . when young are born they weigh between 3 and 8 grams . the young are weaned after 15 - 25 days , and sexual maturity is reached between 60 - 84 days . they can live up to 9 . 8 years . average territory size for males is 67 , 300 square feet , less than one acre . average female territories are 4000 square feet . ( grzimek , 1990 , urltoken )
the species in the four genera of pocket mice use quadrupedal locomotion . the silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) and coarse - hared pocket mice ( chaetodipus ) has species with relatively long feet , but these still use standard quadrupedal locomotion . the spiny pocket mice ( liomys ) and forest spiny pocket mice ( heteromys ) have a generalized body shape that is more rat - like ( randall 2004 ) .
as for the other species the roof rat is the smaller of the two popular species . roof rats or rattus rattus are black or dark brown in color , and have long tails as long as their body . the species likes to climb and nest outside in trees , shrubs , bushes , and any high structures . in the home they can act the same way choosing to nest in the walls an attic spaces .
the overall colour of the kangaroo rats can be anywhere between pale sandy yellow and dark brown , with a white underside and often with white banding across the thighs . tails tend to be dark with white sides and a tuft of longer hairs . facial markings vary from one species to another , but all have an oil gland between the shoulders .
kangaroo rats received their name because of similarities of locomotion and the morphology that goes with it between these rodents and the marsupials . the hind limbs are massively developed for the size of the animal and the forelimbs diminutive . other characteristics include huge feet , a very long tail for balance , and an oversized head , thanks to the greatly enlarged bullae .
most heteromyids live in complex burrows within the deserts and grasslands of western north america , though species within the heteromys and liomys genera are also found in forests . kangaroo mice are largely in sandy habitats , while desert pocket mice tend to be more in arid habitats ( sage brush , desert shrub , rocky hillsides , sand , chaparral , grass ( randall 2004 ) .
san josé island kangaroo rats utilize burrows for food storage , protection from the sun and predators , breeding , and shelter . dipodomys insularis creates burrows that are underground tunnels networked together with one or more entrance points . they each use 1 or 2 burrows and no more than 2 rodents inhabit each burrow . burrows containing the opposite sex are usually found closer in distance than those that contain d . insularis of same sex . most often , during breeding season , a male and female share a burrow . after giving birth the females were found sharing their burrows with their offspring as well . adult san josé island kangaroo rats seem less prone to sharing burrows than do subadults , unless it is with the opposite sex during mating season . [ 7 ]
, kangaroo rats have large cheek pouches that open on either side of the mouth and extend back to the shoulders . they fill the pouches with food or nesting material ready for transport back to the burrow , then empty them by turning them inside out , like pockets , with their forpaws . there is a special muscle that , once the pouch is empty and clean , pulls it back in again .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats live individually within a maze of underground burrows . males and females each establish individual territories . they defend their territories against other male and female merriami , primarily to protect often scarce food resources . it is typical that they locate multiple entrances to their burrow complex at the base of shrubs near the middle of their territory . this allows more opportunities for them to escape from predators .
these rats span from the family neotoma . they resemble larger versions of deer mice . the difference between woodrats and house rats is that they are well - haired and have a bicolored tail . this nocturnal or cloudy rainy day species likes to forage in the cover of darkness like the rest of its relatives . the woodrats create large nests or large houses of sticks characterized by all sorts of junk . this is where the term “pack rat” comes from , and they fit the description . the woodrat is also a solitary species not known for large groups .
most species of heteromyidae are solitary species , with individuals living alone in individual burrow , with the exception of the new mothers with their young . males tend to have home ranges that overlap with other males and females , while the females tend to have ranges exclusive from other females , although in some , like the kangaroo rats dipodomys spectabilis , d . deserti , and d . ingens , both males and femals have exclusive territories ( randall 2004 ) .
norway rats are omnivorous like most rodents , but will eat anything to survive . they like to forage in food packaging plants and storage facilities . the only thing different from the roof rat is that its diet is far less controlled and they will eat any food that they can get ahold of . though they may have preferences , it varies from pack to pack . they enjoy eating feed for domestic animals like , chickens , dogs , cats , horses , cattle , and swine . there is often a draw to dog food for most rats , so pet food and outdoor pets attract norway rats .
the heteromyids range in size from 1 . 7 inches to 14 . 6 inches in total length ( 4 . 2 - 37cm ) and weigh from 0 . 2 to 6 . 9 ounces ( 5 - 195g ) ( randall 2004 ) . the smaller members of the family are the desert pocket mice in perognathus , which range in weight from 5 to 31 grams , and the kangaroo mice in microdipodops , which range from 10 - 17 grams ( randall 2004 ) . members of the genus chaetodipus range in size from 8 . 0 - 12 . 5 centimeters ( head and body ) and weigh 15 - 47 grams ( nowak 1999 ) . members of heteromys commonly range from 37 to 85 grams , while the members of liomys range from 34 - 50 grams ( randall 2004 ) . adult kangaroo rats , on the other hand , are larger and typically weigh between 70 - 170 grams ( nader 1978 ) , with the larger ranging up to 195 grams ( randall 2004 ) .
the silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) are small animals with soft pelage , long tails , and small feet compared to other heteromyids . they have long claws which are used for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds . they have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats ' dens . they store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches . they are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats . they are not true hibernators , but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time .
rats will eat anything available to them from seed , fruits , vegetables , nuts , grains , insects , worms , spiders , and various meats . rat activity begins in the cover of darkness or cloudy dark conditions . all of the rodent species prefer to forage in the cover of night fall . they will work together to move large quantities of food to safe locations to be eaten . rats will also collect and store the spoils of the foraging trips . they will hoard numerous amounts of trash and solid foods to be eaten at a later date . house rats will store these items in wood piles , wall voids , attics , boxes , and other coverings where they feel safe .
roof rats will trail over 100 meters to find food from their nests . they will also stay with other rats on their foraging journey to exploit certain food sources . they will travel from tree to tree , and even climb power lines or fence lines to travel safely . they will make nests in trees near gardens or near the food sources they value . they favor palm trees and other high elevated locations . roof rats are smart and will avoid changes to their environment and are scared of them . they are neophobic , which is the fear of new things or experiences . talk about creatures of habit . neophobia is more distinct in roof rats than in the close cousin norway rats . some roof rat packs will even modify trails and routes to avoid frequently disturbed paths and areas .
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elachista telcharella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california .

elachista telcharella

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) » grass miner moths ( elachistidae ) » elachistinae » elachista » bifasciella species group ( elachista bifasciella species group ) » elachista telcharella - hodges # 1107 . 3 ( elachista telcharella )
elachista telcharella kaila , 1999 , n . sp . , acta zool . fennica , v . 211 , p . 1 - 235 .
lauri kaila 1999 : a revision of the nearctic species of the genus elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) .  acta zool . fennica 211 .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 6 . 10m ; p . 73 . book review and ordering
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groups are revised , described , and illustrated . a total of 69 species are recognised , of which the following species are described as new :