the comet or marine betta ( calloplesiops altivelis ) is a species of reef-associated tropical marine fish in the longfin family plesiopidae , most commonly found between 3 and 50 m deep .

it is native to the indo-pacific ocean .

it can reach a maximum length of 20 cm .

comet ( fish )

hybridization ( fish ) , to specifically label dna sequences of interest . comet - fish exists in two versions , based on the neutral and the alkaline comet assays . a detailed description of the comet assay is given in
identification : any goldfish with the characteristic comet tail is classed as a comet , be it metallic orange , red and white or calico .
i have a beautiful white comet / koi fish that i immediately removed from the tank where it was attacked by one of the other fish - possibly a tin foil barb - in the tank . the comet / koi is recovering but i ' m worried about the eyes of this fish ; it seems the tin foil barb bit / destroyed the eyes of the comet / koi fish . can the comet / koi fish ' s eyes grow back ? it ' s such a beautiful fish ! ! !
comet - fish with strand - specific probes reveals transcription - coupled repair of 8 - oxoguanine in human cells .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
one key to successful comet husbandry is to provide plenty of suitable caves and crevices for this fish to hide in .
popular is the red and white pond fish known as sarasa comet . having deep red and pure white coloration , they are attractive , hardy and large fish .
, 15 years as a serious fish keeper , with 3 tanks and 15 fish .
i started a fish aquarium with 5 gold comet fish in a 10 gallon aquarium filled with tap water and a filter , but they died with in an hour . how do i start a fish aquarium ?
hi , i have one moor gold fish and one comet goldfish , can i know the best way to breed them .
the adult comet is a sight to behold ! not only is it beautiful , it is also a durable aquarium fish .
i started a fish aquarium with 5 gold comet fish in a 10 gallon aquarium filled with tap water and a filter , but they died with in an hour . how do i start a fish aquarium ? - quora
i have two comet fish . can someone tell me how to give care to them ? and when they will give babies etc ?
comet - fish with strand - specific probes reveals transcription - coupled repair of 8 - oxoguanine in human cells . - pubmed - ncbi
if you have any additional information about the comet grouper please leave us a comment below .
the correct comet tail should be forked and well spread , and not droop or overlap .
as long as the pellets are for fish , it should be ok . you should not feed anything to your fish that is not fish food .
betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
the comet is the most popular coldwater fish and will be found in many ponds and aquariums across australia , its ability to adapt to a variety of water temperatures makes it a wonderful pond fish .
boumis , robert .
care instructions for comet goldfish
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
just for starters , you had way too many fish in an aquarium of that size . “gold comet fish” are goldfish . they need a minimum of 8 gallons of water per fish . they don ' t stay little , they can grow fairly large .
does the fish look sick at all ? they often exhibit that behavior when one of the fish are sick .
other types of comet goldfish include the sarasa comet . this variety has long flowing fins and is characterized by a red - and - white coloration that holds a resemblance to a koi color pattern called ' kohaku . ' the tancho single - tail comet is a silver variety with a red patch on its head .
although these fish are very durable , comet keeping is not without some drawbacks . when initially introduced into an aquarium , these fish are very shy . your new comet may hide for a week or more before you even catch a fleeting glimpse of it . their timid nature can present a problem when feeding time rolls around , especially when included in a tank with more aggressive tankmates . the comet is a rather meticulous stalking predator . if it is with fish that quickly dash in and ingest introduced food , the comet may never have a chance to fill its belly . this can be particularly problematic if the comet is kept in a tank that lacks live substrate ( more on this later ) .
other types of comet include the sarasa comet . this variety has long flowing fins and is characterized by a red - and - white coloration that holds a resemblance to a koi color pattern called ' kohaku . ' additionally , the tancho single - tail comet is a silver variety with a red patch on its head .
the comet is an incredibly hardy aquarium fish . i have had several individuals that survived otherwise total tank wipe outs caused by parasitic infections . in fact , i have yet to see a comet with a severe case of saltwater ich ( cryptocaryon irritans ) , even in aquaria where every other fish was covered with cysts !
the comet goldfish is also called the comet - tail goldfish or pond comet . this fish was the first variety of single - tail goldfish to be developed with a long caudal ( tail ) fin . it was developed in the united states from the common goldfish in the early 19th century , presumably by hugo mullert of philadelphia , who then introduced them in quantity into the market .
boumis , robert .
care instructions for comet goldfish .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / care - instructions - comet - goldfish - 4397 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
being a further development of the common goldfish , the comet is sometimes confused for its close relative . the comet goldfish and common goldfish have an almost identical body shape . however , the fins on the comet goldfish are much longer , especially the caudal ( tail ) fin . its caudal fin is also more deeply forked . on both these fish , the caudal fin is held fully erect .
peaceful - although rarely aggressive , comet goldfish are very active and might annoy tankmates that prefer a peaceful environment .
boumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . care instructions for comet goldfish . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / care - instructions - comet - goldfish - 4397 . html
comets have few options in terms of tank mates . most fish sold at pet shops are tropical fish , which require warmer water than goldfish . thus , either the goldfish will be stressed from increased temperature or the tropical fish will get stressed from the low temperature . however , any temperate - water fish that will not pick on a comet can share a tank or pond . koi may work , so long as they are not large enough to eat the comet .
i just got 2 comet fish 2 days ago and right now they are in a 1 gallon fish bowl . they are small right now but i know they will get bigger . what size tank should i . . . ( more ) anonymous
i just got 2 comet fish 2 days ago and right now they are in a 1 gallon fish bowl . they are small right now but i know they will get bigger . what size tank should i get so that they can grow bigger ? and i also want to add more fish with them . what ' s some good options of different fish to add ?
the comet acts as a predator on smaller fish and crustaceans in the reef environment ( field and field , 1998 ) . it also serves as a source of food for larger predators .
cotelle , s . and ferard , j . f . ( 1999 ) comet assay in genetic ecotoxicology : a review .
– is your fish big enough to eat pellets ? some pellets can be too big to fit in the mouths of young fish .
one of the hardiest of the goldfish varieties , comet goldfish are recommended for beginners . they are an easy fish to keep as they are not picky and will readily eat what is offered .
menke , m . , angelis , k . j . , and schubert , i . ( 2000 ) detection of specific dna lesions by a combination of comet assay and fish in plants .
for juveniles a general rule of thumb is 1 inch of fish ( 2 . 54 cm ) per 1 gallon of water . however , this rule only applies to young fish . larger gold fish consume much more oxygen than young fish so maintaining this formula for growing fish will stunt them and could contribute to disease and even death .
my comet goldfish , pam , looking good in her tank at night . she comes to the surface for a quick snack .
the comet has been successfully bred and raised in captivity ( this little beauty is from c - quest in puerto rico ) . note that there are larger and fewer spots on this juvenile fish .
welcome to the fish index ! we are maintaining a growing encyclopedia of fish species listed from a - z ! choose from our categories or browse the fish featured along the sides by clicking their pictures . each fish includes detailed information , pictures , video and user comments ! with over 30 , 000 different species in the world , our team of fish experts are constantly being challenged to discover new species . sample
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my parents are looking to get some comet goldfish to put in their small pond outside . what are the first steps to take ?
i want to have 3 comet goldfish . do i need a filter as well as the pump ? and is that enough space ?
hi i have a pond with one red comet and 2 koi . the red comet seems to have become really fat the past 3 days it has not come up to eat iether . could it be laying eggs and if so can those eggs get fertilised by the koi ?
, so readers who are not familiar with this technique can work directly with the protocol described here , without referring to additional protocols reported elsewhere . the neutral version of the comet assay detects double - strand breaks , while the alkaline version detects both double - and single - strand breaks as well as abasic sites or sites of incomplete repair . this chapter also details cell preparation and production of the hybridization probes adapted to the comet - fish technique . finally , microscopic analysis of comet - fish results is described , and possible procedures of quantification of the specific dna damage are presented .
the comet - fish technique described in this protocol is a tool to detect genome region - specific dna damage and repair . it is a combination of two established techniques , the comet assay ( or single - cell gel electrophoresis , or the single - cell gel test ) , to separate highly fragmented from moderately or nonfragmented dna and to measure it , and fluorescence
i am going to get a couple of comet goldfish and could they live without a bubbler / filter ? i have not enough for one .
the adult size of the comet goldfish is also smaller than the common goldfish . yet they are every bit as durable and can be kept in either an aquarium or outdoor pond . both fish are inexpensive and readily available .
hello dave . thanks for reaching out . in the world of fish , the goldfish and koi are probably the worst parental fish out there so the hiding is certainly not any protective measure by the fish . good luck ! - mike
with time and conditioning , your comet will spend more time in view . some individuals will even beg for food when you approach the aquarium . in general , a comet is more likely to spend time in the open in tanks with dim - lighting or when light levels are reduced ( this makes sense when you consider that they are nocturnal fish ) . but do not expect your comet to constantly swim about at the front of the aquarium and entertain your guests - this is not the nature of this beast .
sasaki , y . f . , sekihashi , k . , izumiyama , f . , et al . ( 2000 ) the comet assay with multiple mouse organs : comparison of comet assay results and carcinogenicity with 208 chemicals selected from the iarc monographs and u . s . ntp carcinogenicity database .
frieauff , w . , hartmann , a . , and suter , w . ( 2001 ) automatic analysis of slides processed in the comet assay .
baez , j . 1998 . breeding the marine comet : a challenge for the best . sea scope 15 ( summer ) : 1 , 3 .
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
when first acquired , the comet will usually only eat live food . try adding feeder mollies , guppies , ghost shrimp , or brine shrimp to entice you comet . if this does not elicit a feeding response try dimming the lights and then adding the food . acquaint yourself with your comet ' s preferred hide outs and attempt to present the food near these areas . although these fish may only accept live food at first , they can be weaned onto frozen preparations ( e . g . , lifeline foods ) , frozen mysid shrimp , and chopped seafoods . one way to dupe your comet into accepting these substitutes is to place the food in the current produced by a water pump .
hi , i have a white comet about 10 cm . long it started changing into orange , is it normal chance of color or is sick ? ?
the comet is generally more reddish orange in color while the common goldfish is more orange . while the comet goldfish is typically a reddish orange , this fish is also available in yellow , orange , white , and red . they can also be found as a bi - color red / white combination , and occasionally they are available with nacreous ( pearly ) scales , giving them a variegated color .
geoff rogers , nick fletcher , focus on freshwater aquarium fish , firefly books . 2004
please , please , don ' t get anymore fish until you ' ve done the necessary research , and have aquired the proper equipment to maintain happy , healthy fish .
rapp , a . , bock , c . , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 1999 ) comet - fish used to detect uv - a sensitive regions in the whole human genome and on chromosome 8 .
keep watch over the relationship between your goldfish and any other tank mates . some species of fish are much more aggressive than others , and your goldfish may become victim to other fish in the tank . goldfish , unlike other families of fish , should actually be kept in goldfish - only tanks rather than mixed with tropicals or other types of fish .
unfortunately , that is too small for comet goldfish . i would recommend going with mosquitofish or rosy red minnows . the goldfish will outgrow that size within a season .
when it is threatened , the comet often enters a crevice headfirst , leaving its tail exposed . the tail is thought to mimic the head of a moray eel .
the comet is an incredibly hardy aquarium fish . i have had several individuals that survived otherwise total tank wipe outs caused by parasitic infections . in fact , i have yet to see a comet with a severe case of saltwater ich ( cryptocaryon irritans ) , even in aquaria where every other fish was covered with cysts ! during attempts to extract several of these fish from aquariums , i have had them tear their fins up and scales off after they wedged themselves between pieces of live rock . these wounds healed quickly without any signs of bacterial infection . yes , i am convinced these fish are almost indestructible ! the only malady i have seen comet’s suffering from , and only on rare occasions , is lateral line and fin erosion . this can typically be prevented or even reversed by feeding a varied diet , soaking the fish’s food in selco or by using a ecosystem filtration system ( a . k . a . miracle mud filter ) .
the comet goldfish is one of the oldest and best known variants of the common goldfish . it was first bred in the late 1800’s in the united states , and has since become one of the best known and most widespread fish in the aquarium hobby .
i have one comet goldfish and would like to get another – but all the ones i see at the pet store are much smaller – i’m afraid it will be attacked . is that a misconception or should i keep looking for a similarly sized fish ?
david alderton , encyclopedia of aquarium and pond fish , dk publishing , inc . , 2005
price : £1 each upwards , though a lot more for larger and high quality fish .
rapp , a . , bock , c , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 2000 ) uv - a breakage sensitivity of human chromosomes as measured by comet - fish depends on gene density and not on the chromosome size .
bocker , w . , bauch , t . , muller , w . u . , and streffer , c . ( 1997 ) image analysis of comet assay measurements .
fairbairn , d . w . , olive , p . l . , and o’neill , k . l . ( 1995 ) the comet assay : a comprehensive review .
rapp a . , hausmann m . , greulich k . o . ( 2005 ) the comet - fish technique . in : keohavong p . , grant s . g . ( eds ) molecular toxicology protocols . methods in molecular biology™ , vol 291 . humana press
hi mike i have a 40 litre fish tank with 4 lion head gold fish . have noticed the water becoming very murky there was a bit of aggression over the one fish at one point and now this particular fish continues to lay still on the floor of the tank and every now and then swims quickly to the surface and settles back down on the floor . the other fish are now quite sedate and swim around normally . is this a sign of spawning ?
wassink , h . 1990 . a successful cultivation of the comet calloplesiops altivelis ( steindachner , 1903 ) . sea scope 7 ( spring ) : 1 , 2 , 3 .
hello . i have a question . i have two comet goldfish , both are orange . one of them , is chasing the other around my tank should i be concerned with this behaviour ? i’ve been told that they can attack other fish but i’m not entirely sure .
common goldfish , comet crosses , 5 to 8 cm babies , straight from the pond . the olive coloured youngsters will still colour up to orange or gold . these fish grow large ! only to pond owners please ! contact doerte via whatsapp 0846589928 or email sacrebleurabbits @ urltoken
there ' s so much you need to learn before a second attempt . please , please don ' t try keeping fish again until you ' ve learned the very basics of fish care .
small fish tankmates are also at some risk when introduced in with a resident comet . i had a large individual that persistently stalked small dottybacks and shrimp gobies . fortunately , it never succeeded in capturing either of its more diminutive tankmates . usually comets are a minimal danger to piscine tankmates that are established residents . however , any fish that can be ingested is potential prey .
like most cold - water fish , comet goldfish require a trigger to start spawning . the easiest way to do this is to lower the temperature for a period of around one month , and to reduce the light period to less than 8 hours a day for the tank .
bock , c . , monajembashi , s . , rapp , a . , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 1999 ) localisation of specific sequences and dna single strand breaks in individual uv - a irradiated human lymphocytes observed by comet fish .
aquarium industries has been supplying live aquarium fish since 1968 and we are proud to house australia ' s largest range of freshwater and marine aquarium fish . we also provide a range of fresh and frozen food products for reptiles , turtles and fish . click here to find out more about aquarium industries .
collins , a . , dusinska , m . , franklin , m . , et al . ( 1997 ) comet assay in human biomonitoring studies : reliability , validation , and applications .
take the dead fish out . leave the filter running for a few days . then , change 50 % of the water and get some new fish . change 50 % of the water once a week . done ! eventually every fish in an aquarium will die - besides swim its what they do !
the comet is found throughout the indo - west pacific . in australia it is found around north - western coast of western australia , western northern territory and the great barrier reef , queensland .
speit , g . and hartmann , a . ( 1999 ) the comet assay ( single - cell gel test ) . a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of dna damage and repair .
a good rule of thumb is one inch of fish per square foot of pond surface area . so you may have to do a little bit of math to figure out how many fish you can have . it’s also a good idea to use the maximum size as a guideline , and not the size the fish currently are . with the massive size of comet goldfish though , you’re not going to be able to have a lot . probably somewhere in the neighbourhood of a half dozen or slightly more .
good quality young comet goldfish for sale colours : bronze , red , white , yellow and combinations 1cm : 50 for r100 2 - 3cm : 50 for r250 4 - 5cm : 20 for r150 5 - 7cm fully coloured : 10 for r100 all fish are randomly selected and sold per batch .
getting comet goldfish to accept food is not difficult – they will eat nearly anything that will fit in their mouth . with that being said , feeding them properly is what can be more difficult .
angelis , k . j . , mcguffie , m . , menke , m . , and schubert , i . ( 2000 ) adaptation to alkylation damage in dna measured by the comet assay .
weekly - goldfish produce more waste than most other freshwater fish and benefit greatly from more frequent water changes .
unfortunately goldfish tend to get aggressive with each other and start nipping at other fish when they are stressed .
thank you for this info . had a pond over 10 years and never seen this activity . i was pretty worried about 1 fish beaching itself in the weed then getting good trapped beaten bitten poked etc by another one and then sandwiched between two fish literally squashing it . i now know it’s a lady fish being attacked by the bad guys . is it usual for lady fish to be catatonic like state for a while ?
mixed koi for sale - 12 to 32 cmonly 22 fish left in stock and best prices offered . red comet goldfish x 5 available - 15 to 25 cm . whatsapp stefan on - 074 311 9962based in amanzimtoticontact me for your aquaponics related species as well , i breed and supply hybrid o . m .
hey i’m building a aquaponics system for my classroom , and i was wondering what plant would be a good choice to balance life between the comet goldfish and the plant , and keep them both alive .
i think you could probably get away with 40 gallons , but 29 is too small for a comet goldfish . the water is very difficult to keep clean and you usually end up with some stunting .
if both fish are healthy , it could be that the goldfish are competing for space . they tend to get very aggressive when the tanks are too small for them , and they’re trying to drive the other fish so they can get more space – but there’s no where for the other fish to go in the aquarium .
because of its extremely prolific nature , comet goldfish are usually sold for mere pennies and can often be found in crowded feeder tanks or in tiny prize bags at fairs and carnivals . these terrible conditions lead to shortened life - spans , and often result in the fish suffering from any number of parasites and diseases .
notes : comets are now the world’s most common goldfish variety , as many standard single - tail goldfish we buy for tanks and ponds have an elongated , comet tail . they are large fish , regularly reaching 30cm / 12” in length , and so are best kept in filtered outdoor ponds or very large aquaria .
the comet is a wide - ranging species , having been reported from the red sea east to the line islands , north to southern japan and south to the great barrier reef and tonga . it is a medium - sized fish , attaining a maximum length of 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in . ) .
a goldfish personality can vary from fish to fish . i have owned timid goldfish as well as some very outgoing . let me tell you this : goldfish are typically non aggressive to goldfish or any other fish , but as weird as it sounds they love to eat their own eggs if these are not removed from the aquarium .
olive , p . l . and banath , j . p . ( 1995 ) radiation - induced dna double - strand breaks produced in histone - depleted tumor cell nuclei measured using the neutral comet assay .
if the fish lived a few days to a few weeks it could be diseases or or ammonia build ups .
the comet goldfish was the first variety of the single - tail goldfish to be developed with a long caudal ( tail ) fin . it was developed in the united states from the common goldfish in the early 19th century , presumably by hugo mullert of philadelphia , who then introduced them in quantity into the market . the comet goldfish is one of more than 125 captive - bred varieties of goldfish that have been developed .
goldfish food contains less protein and more carbohydrates than other fish food ( such as tropical fish food ) . manufacturers of goldfish food have produced food with the specific dietary requirements of goldfish in mind , so you shouldn’t just pick up a tub of generic “fish food” . your goldfish need to eat proper goldfish food that meets their specific needs .
adding some high quality foods to their diet can also help to condition the comet goldfish for breeding , and frozen or live foods should be fed daily in addition to the usual vegetables and herbivore flakes and pellets .
tice , r . r . , agurell , e . , anderson , d . , et al . ( 2000 ) single cell gel / comet assay : guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing .
but if you can find a healthy comet goldfish , they can grow up to 13 inches in length , with some being reported much larger . they will also live up to 15 years if provided with a proper housing and food – a far cry from the month or two that most will survive when kept in cramped fish bowl .
fish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .
shrimp and worms from the pet store will live longer than their wild counterparts before you feed them to your fish .
automatic fish feeders are also available . visit your local pet store to learn more about these feeders . [ 17 ]
mind . i now know a lot of dos and don ' ts . thanks , what an interesting fish !
if the fish don ' t have enough oxygen in the water ( no air pump , or too small an air pump , or too many fish ) , they ' ll gasp at the surface like they are trying to feed .
buy a bigger pump and make sure you ' re diffusing enough of the oxygen for the fish to use it .
hello , we had ducks in our pond and bought 10 feeder gold fish to see if the ducks liked them . they didn’t ? ? ? ? . that was last summer . now we have … . umh maybe 150 mixed colored gold fish . not sure what to do now , but i have been feeding the fish since the water temp reached 50 degrees . my husband’s now laughs cause i chase the ducks out of the pond so they don’t eat the fish .
since comet goldfish require coldwater , they should never be kept with tropical fish , as the tank will either be too warm for the goldfish , or too cold for the tropical fish . some good tank mates are gold barbs , dojo loaches and some people have had success with zebra danios . but the danios will nip at the goldfish if they aren’t kept in a school of at least six , and some are nippers regardless , so add danios with caution .
the comet is a dark brown or black coloured fish with many small white or pale blue spots . it has an eye shaped spot at the base of the last 3 rays of the dorsal fin . the tail is diamond shaped . the comet is nocturnal and hides in rock crevices during the day . when disturbed it darts head first into the coral , leaving the back end of the body exposed . the false eye on the dorsal fin and the pointed tail give it the appearance of a moray eel . the fins are dark orange - brown , with small blue spots .
mccosker , j . 1977 . fright posture of the plesiopid fish * calloplesiops altivelis * : an example of batesian mimicry .
as for the algae there isn’t many rocks and a smallish - medium plant and some lily pads . the fake owl is a good idea – but the fish come up to eat the floating food – won’t that scare the fish to eat ?
also your fish is very large i hope he is in a large tank . about 60 gallon tank or a pond .
avoid fish with blood visible in fins as this may be a result of poor water quality and / or poor health .
it is never a pleasant experience to look in one’s goldfish tank after finally perfecting the water quality , watching that last bout of illness disappear and becoming attached to a beautiful fish only to find them tearing at the other fish’s fins , pursuing the others around the tank , and generally wreaking havoc . observing a hostile fish in action is always sure to cause feelings of frustration and helplessness as a fish keeper . while goldfish are by far one of the most peaceful fish to keep and are generally good tempered , there are sometimes situations that will arise due to various fluctuations in its environment or other contributing factors .
but , it could be temperature difference and failure to acclimate the fish , or it could be a vastly different ph too . fish will dart around a lot too if the ph is vastly different ( it ' s irritating their skin ) .
i ' m thinking of buying an aquarium and gold fish . about how much should a small aquarium in delhi cost ?
this fish exhibits a series of unique motor patterns when stalking its prey . when it hunts benthic prey , it tips its body forward , erects its huge pelvic fins , and curls its tail to one side . the comet then propels itself towards its potential victim by undulating the pectoral fins . this hunting behavior appears awkward and conspicuous to the human observer , but it may be that this exaggerated approach distracts the comet ' s victim and the extended pelvics and laterally directed tail form a barrier to impede the prey items escape ( similar in function to the lionfish’s enlarged pectoral fins ) .
goldfish can become incredibly contentious when a sick or injured fish is displaying signs of weakness and ruthlessly attack such a fish , sometimes even banding together to tear at the fins and pursue the sick fish around the tank . this behavior is a very natural response and is nature’s way of trying to protect the other fish in the community from coming down with the problem . putting the ailing goldfish in a quarantine tank is the best way to prevent it from getting stressed or killed . it is also much easier to treat such a fish in a smaller volume of water where the others will not be able to harm it .
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
you shouldn ' t put fish in until the tank has cycled like this and the other factors above are taken care of .
comet - fish with strand - specific probes . ( a ) after dna - damaging treatment , cells are lysed , incubated with endonucleases or glycosylases and subjected to electrophoresis . hybridization of strand - specific probes to the termini of the dna segments of interest permits the quantification of tcr ; staining the bulk of the dna allows the analysis of ggr . ( b ) schematic representation of comet - fish . adjacent green and red probe signals indicate an intact dna strand with no lesions within the segment ; separated green and red probe signals suggest a damaged dna strand with a lesion within the segment . representative comet - fish images of a cell damaged with uv showing ( c ) the bulk dna stained with dapi , ( d ) alexa 488 - labeled probes targeting the 3′ regions of the transcribed atm strands , ( e ) alexa 594 - labeled probes targeting the 5′ regions of the transcribed atm strands and ( f ) an overlay of c , d and e ( scale bars , 5 µm ) ; ( g ) , ( h ) and ( i ) show enlargements of the probes signals from panel f .
some breeds of fish can be more aggressive than others . the ryukin goldfish has a more pointed head shape than other varieties , equipping them to more effectively pick on others . such fish should not be housed with more docile ones , such as the telescope eye , lest the former prevent the delicate fish from getting their share of food and attempt to assert its dominance through physical means .
fifteen gallons is the absolute minimum required to house a comet goldfish . it ' s best to start with a 20 - 30 gallon tank for your first goldfish and then increase the size of the tank by 10 gallons for each additional goldfish . providing a large amount of water per fish will help dilute the amount of waste and reduce the number of water changes needed .
breeding comet goldfish in the home aquarium is difficult and should generally only be done in outdoor ponds . if you do plan on breeding them in an aquarium , then a separate tank must be set up to separate the parents from the eggs .
it depends on your filtering system , but in general , the water will become clogged with by - products of the fish digestion , including ammonia , which can lead to bacteria and algae overgrowth and the fish will become sick . if there is no filter , the fish will die . the recommendation is to change 1 / 4 of the water once a week for tanks with filtration system .
most fancy goldfish will thrive in both freshwater and tropical aquariums as long as there are no aggressive or territorial fish in the tank . some good tankmates for fancy goldfish are the chinese blue bitterling and the northern redbelly dace . comet goldfish can be kept with other varieties of elongated goldfish , such as the common goldfish and the shubunkin , and they also do fine with koi .
i would recommend feeding the fish lightly boiled and shelled peas for the next few days . quite often , this will fix a swim bladder problem in fish . i would also try more vegetables like zucchini in its diet for to help it clear out its system .
having trouble with your fish ? ask a professional veterinarian and get answers in minutes . use the box below to start the conversation .
hello joe . sorry to hear about the fish loss . its hard for me to say why the fish have died since there are lots of possible reasons for fish to die , especially in spawning season . females will typically die from stress and exhaustion since the males are relentless during spawning time . i wish i could give you a better answer but i’m missing information ! good luck . - mike
is a relatively shy fish and during the day is primarily found dwelling in reefs and caves , yet has been spotted showing activity in poorly lit areas ( field and field , 1998 ; randall , 1986 ) . beginning at twilight and throughout the night the fish is active in its search for food ( field and field , 1998 ) . the comet is a stalking predator that often approaches its prey with a sideways swim using the pectoral fins . when close enough it will lunge forward ( michael , 2002 ) .
the comet goldfish can grow up to a foot long . in light of this , they need a larger aquarium . a 55 gallon aquarium will accommodate them , though ponds work best . in either a pond or an aquarium , plants are important . plants provide cover , which makes the fish feel safe . live plants also provide a bit of a meal , as goldfish are known to nibble on them for extra nutrition . temperate fish comets do not require additional heating in most of the united states and europe .
the stocking level of the pond is critical to the health of your fish . too many fish leads to decreased oxygen levels and the extra fish waste leads to ammonia and nitrite build - up . to a certain degree , your fish load can vary based on your level of filtration . a pond with an undersized filter will not be able to keep as many fish , while an oversized filter will allow you a few extra fish . with an average - sized filter , your preferred stocking level will be based on surface area of the pond . for goldfish you can keep one average size fish for every 3 - 4 square feet of surface area . for koi , it should be limited to one fish for every 10 square feet of surface area . for example ; a 10 x 10 pond will have a surface area of 100 square feet ( assuming that it is a perfect rectangle ) . with an average filter this pond could house up to 30 goldfish or 10 koi . of course , keeping fewer than this would make keeping good water quality even easier .
comet goldfish are some of the hardier species of goldfish . they are very undemanding of water quality and temperature . they can do well in a goldfish aquarium or even a pond as long as the environment is safe and their tankmates are not competitive .
hi traci . yes , try to catch them if you’d like to tank raise them , otherwise just let them be . most baby fish will probably need to be around a full inch or so before the bigger fish may ignore them as a possible snack . – mike
4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - comet goldfish housed in small aquariums will have stunted growth that will limit their size to four inches . in larger aquariums , they will reach about eight inches and up to twelve in a pond .
centuries of selective breeding have produced a huge amount of variation in goldfish . one variety is the comet . this goldfish has a slender body , with long , flowing fins and a forked tail fin . they are not as inbred as many variates of fancy goldfish , so they are more robust fish . while they are hardier than some goldfish , they also grow larger and require more space .
very helpful , the instructions are very clear and easy to understand . now i know how and what to feed my fish .
ashby , j . , tinwell , h . , lefevre , p . a . , and browne , m . a . ( 1995 ) the single cell gel electrophoresis assay for induced dna damage ( comet assay ) : measurement of tail length and moment .
hi ! i have around a 4400 litre pond outdoors – we currently have 1 9yo large comet in it with a smaller fish which i’m not sure of the breed , would you be able to tell me how many we could have . i’ve found over the years that a lot of fish tend to eat them , which is a bit annoying but i guess that’s nature ! so , i guess any tips for training the fish to avoid the birds or should i just leave them to learn to be quick ? also – one other question , how clear should the pond be ? we change the water well , but it’s really quite green – we tried algae remover by the way !
hello mike , i live in orlando , florida and i think i have some comet goldfish fry in my backyard pond . generally , i would go outside to see the pond everyday but lately , i had been busy and hadn’t seen it for about 3 days . i came back and the water did smell a bit fishy and i saw little fry looking things . i also saw some black dots on plants that were submerged in the water . also , i see that the adult comets seem kind of isolated , under the waterfall and not swimming around / being as energetic in a school as they used to . do you think my comet gold fish may have spawned ?
here is a video of my comet goldfish , awaiting new home and bigger filter . . ive had them for nearly 2 years and there great fish with there own unique characters . . i also have 2 recent additions , a pair of hong kong plecos called waldorf & statler . they are quite shy just now , but will upload a video of them when the new aquarium is up and running . .
in his book aquarium care of goldfish , david boruchowitz states , “a fish without food for a week is just hungry , not starved . ”
, the white - spotted moray eel , which is much more dangerous to the would - be predators , and they often leave the comet alone ( froese and pauly , 2002 ; michael , 2002 ; randall , 1997 ; randall , 1986 ; wood , 1945 ) .
the comet ' s eye - spots might also serve another function . because many predators go for the head in order to incapacitate their prey , the eye - spots on the posterior part of the body may serve to deflect such attacks to the less vulnerable tail region .
please visit urltoken for aquarium and fish information as well as information on breeding fish . thank you for viewing my video . please don ' t forget to subscribe to my channel for tons of aquarium information . here are some products that i love and use . if your looking to set up a tank come view this equipment . fluval fx6 filter : urltoken fluval fx4 filter : urltoken finnex titanium heater : urltoken northfin fish food krill : urltoken prime water conditioner : urltoken hydor powerhead : urltoken digital thermometer : urltoken current usa led light : urltoken floramax substrate : urltoken floramax light : urltoken fluval co2 system : urltoken aquaclear 50 : urltoken industrial air pump : urltoken check out urltoken it ' s like a magazine subscription you can use . sign up for your box today ! ! learn how to breed comet goldfish . learn what to look for when looking to get a male and female goldfish . comet goldfish can be easy as long as given the right age and size . urltoken
goldfish are a cold water fish and will do best at temperatures between 65 - 72° f ( 18° - 22° c ) . the comet goldfish are one of the most hardy varieties and can tolerate temperatures a few degrees above freezing , as long as the cooling drops only a few degrees a day . a quick temperature drop can kill them , so if you live in a very cold climate , a heater is advisable .
it may take a bit of time , but you could take individual fish out of the tank and into a smaller container to feed them separately .
an overcrowded tank can cause goldfish to become more edgy and feel as if they have to compete for space . check to make sure the water volume is sufficient to sustain the amount of fish in the tank . the general rule of thumb is 20 gallons of water for the first fish , then 10 gallons for each additional fish . if the tank is too small it would be in the fishes’ best interest to upgrade , both for their health and the aquarist’s nerves . goldfish may also develop aggressive behavior when a new fish is introduced into the tank and disrupts the “balance” of the social hierarchy .
goldfish are a species of a carp , and while they won’t grow to the same monstrous size in the photo , they can grow absolutely huge in an outdoor pond . and comet goldfish are the same as common goldfish , with the exception of the tail shape and other minor differences .
to line breed for finnage and colour these fish must be selected and culled where necessary to prevent them reverting back to olive green , wild type goldfish .
goldfish are fairly social fish , and are also credited with the ability to learn by association . unless they are in competition with each other for food , even goldfish of different sizes and ages will rarely behave aggressively towards each other , and will come to recognize the other fish in their tank over time .
this happens when they are not eating well , don ' t have enough room to move about and it rarely happens to pick on other sick fish .
customer says : “hey my fish are fighting and it looks like mr . bubble may have fallen into my pond . the pond kinda smells a bit too…”
hello janice . your fish should have not problem carrying the eggs during winter months , but they may also “reabsorb” the eggs during those months . - mike
kuiter , r . h . and h . debelius . 1994 . southeast asia tropical fish guide . ikan , frankfurt , germany , pp . 321 .
determining what and how often to feed your fish depends primarily on water temperature . in warmer water ( 60 - 85 degrees ) the metabolism of the fish is high and they can be fed 2 - 4 times per day . at this time you should be feeding a food with a high protein level such as legacy variety mix . if the water rises to 90 degrees or above you should stop feeding . in spring and fall when your water temperatures fall to 50 - 60 degrees , you should reduce feeding to once every 1 - 2 days and feed a low protein food such as legacy cold weather food . when the temperatures drop to below 50 degrees stop feeding the fish . on warm days the fish may become active and
beg
for food . don ' t be fooled . stay strong and do not feed . if the fish do need a little food , they will find enough growing in the pond . the algae that coats the pond liner is all they need . these cold temperatures slow the metabolism of your fish and food will not be properly digested . it can take 3 - 4 days for the fish to digest the food . it ' s not worth the fish ' s life to give it food .


hexachaeta is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family tephritidae .

the species in hexachaeta are : hexachaeta abscura hexachaeta amabilis hexachaeta bifurcata hexachaeta bondari hexachaeta colombiana hexachaeta cronia hexachaeta dinia hexachaeta ecuatoriana hexachaeta enderleini hexachaeta eximia hexachaeta fallax hexachaeta guatemalensis hexachaeta homalura hexachaeta isshikii hexachaeta itatiaiensis hexachaeta leptofasciata hexachaeta major hexachaeta monoctigma hexachaeta monostigma hexachaeta nigripes hexachaeta nigriventris hexachaeta oblita hexachaeta obscura hexachaeta parva hexachaeta pulchella hexachaeta rupta hexachaeta seabrai hexachaeta shannoni hexachaeta spitzi hexachaeta valida hexachaeta venezuelana hexachaeta zeteki

hexachaeta

hexachaeta colombiana is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus hexachaeta of the family tephritidae . urltoken please support this channel and help me upload more videos . become one of my patreons at urltoken
in preparing a catalog of the tephritidae of north america ( foote 1965 ) , i overlooked a few texas records of hexachaeta loew reported by lima ( 1953a , b , 1954 ) . this unfortunate oversight is corrected here .
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norrbom , a . l . , l . e . carroll , f . c . thompson , i . m . white and a . freidberg / f . c . thompson , ed .
fruit fly expert identification system and systematic information database . myia , vol . 9
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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trematocara kufferathi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .

this species can reach a length of 6.8 centimetres ( 2.7 in ) tl .

trematocara kufferathi

maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . trematocara . p . 511 - 514 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5708 )
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
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a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
greek , trematos = hole + greek , kara = head , face ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5708 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .
habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .
diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .
temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .
difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake tanganyika where it is thought to be widespread with no major widespread threats identified .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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nomada lusca , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .

it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines .

nomada lusca

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phor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brullé , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .
centrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .
cephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .
gnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .
holonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .
nomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .
with over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic
cuckoo bees
. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .
xanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .
the species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .
hypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .
nomadita mocsáry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocsáry , 1894 , monobasic .
lamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .
nomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .
polybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .
cameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )
nurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )
morawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
morawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
panzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
morawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )
meade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )
[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .
by the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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eurypygimorphae is a clade of birds that contains the orders phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) and eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) recovered by genome analysis the relationship was first identified in 2013 based on their nuclear genes .

historically these birds were placed at different parts of the tree , with tropicbirds in pelecaniformes and the kagu and sunbittern in gruiformes , though in the last decade various genetic analysis had found in the almost obsolete clade metaves of uncertain placement within that group .

their sister taxon is possibly aequornithes .

eurypygimorphae

this is the place for eurypygimorphae definition . you find here eurypygimorphae meaning , synonyms of eurypygimorphae and images for eurypygimorphae copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word eurypygimorphae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word eurypygimorphae and , of course , eurypygimorphae synonyms and on the right images related to the word eurypygimorphae .
how can i put and write and define eurypygimorphae in a sentence and how is the word eurypygimorphae used in a sentence and examples ? 用eurypygimorphae造句 , 用eurypygimorphae造句 , 用eurypygimorphae造句 , eurypygimorphae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
ardeae is a clade that of birds that contains eurypygimorphae and aequornithes , named in 2014 by genome analysis . initially members of eurypygimorphae were originally classified in the obsolete group metaves , and aequornithes were classified as the sister taxon to musophagiformes or gruiformes .
' ardeae
' is a clade that of birds that contains eurypygimorphae and aequornithes , named in 2014 by genome analysis .
it contains the clades charadriiformes ( waders and shorebirds ) , mirandornithes ( flamingos and grebes ) and ardeae ( eurypygimorphae and aequornithes ) .
initially members of eurypygimorphae were originally classified in the obsolete group metaves , and aequornithes were classified as the sister taxon to musophagiformes or gruiformes .
' eurypygimorphae
' is a clade of birds that contains the orders phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) and eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) recovered by genome analysis the relationship was first identified in 2013 based on their nuclear genes .
based on a whole - genome analysis of the bird orders , the kagu and sunbittern ( eurypygiformes ) and the three species of tropicbirds ( phaethontiformes ) together styled as the eurypygimorphae are the closest sister group of the aequornithes in the clade ardeae .
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yuri , t . ; kimball , r . t . ; harshman , j . ; bowie , r . c . k . ; braun , m . j . ; chojnowski , j . l . ; han , k . - l . ; hackett , s . j . ; huddleston , c . j . ; moore , w . s . ; reddy , s . ; sheldon , f . h . ; steadman , d . w . ; witt , c . c . ; braun , e . l . parsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals . biology 2013 , 2 , 419 - 444 .
yuri t , kimball rt , harshman j , bowie rck , braun mj , chojnowski jl , han k - l , hackett sj , huddleston cj , moore ws , reddy s , sheldon fh , steadman dw , witt cc , braun el . parsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals . biology . 2013 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 419 - 444 .
yuri , tamaki ; kimball , rebecca t . ; harshman , john ; bowie , rauri c . k . ; braun , michael j . ; chojnowski , jena l . ; han , kin - lan ; hackett , shannon j . ; huddleston , christopher j . ; moore , william s . ; reddy , sushma ; sheldon , frederick h . ; steadman , david w . ; witt , christopher c . ; braun , edward l . 2013 .
parsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals .
biology 2 , no . 1 : 419 - 444 .
1 department of neurobiology , howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) , and duke university medical center , durham , nc 27710 , usa .
2 department of computer science , the university of texas at austin , austin , tx 78712 , usa .
3 scientific computing group , heidelberg institute for theoretical studies , heidelberg , germany .
5 college of medicine and forensics , xi’an jiaotong university xi’an 710061 , china .
6 centre for geogenetics , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , øster voldgade 5 - 7 , 1350 copenhagen , denmark .
7 department of biology , new mexico state university , las cruces , nm 88003 , usa .
8 school of biological sciences , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .
9 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california , los angeles , ca 90095 , usa .
10 department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .
11 cnrs umr 5554 , institut des sciences de l’evolution de montpellier , université montpellier ii montpellier , france .
12 department of evolutionary biology , evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university , se - 752 36 uppsala sweden .
13 biodiversity and biocomplexity unit , okinawa institute of science and technology onna - son , okinawa 904 - 0495 , japan .
14 department of statistics and institute of bioinformatics , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .
15 laboratoire de biométrie et biologie evolutive , centre national de la recherche scientifique , université de lyon , f - 69622 villeurbanne , france .
16 environmental futures research institute , griffith university , nathan , queensland 4111 , australia .
17 bioinformatics and genomics programme , centre for genomic regulation , dr . aiguader 88 , 08003 barcelona , spain .
20 joint institute for computational sciences , the university of tennessee , oak ridge national laboratory , oak ridge , tn 37831 , usa .
21 bioinformatics research centre , aarhus university , dk - 8000 aarhus c , denmark .
22 the genome institute , washington university school of medicine , st louis , mi 63108 , usa .
23 department of biochemistry , molecular biology , entomology and plant pathology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .
24 institute for genomics , biocomputing and biotechnology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .
25 department of biological sciences , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 , usa .
26 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california santa cruz ( ucsc ) , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .
27 organisms and environment division , cardiff school of biosciences , cardiff university cardiff cf10 3ax , wales , uk .
28 key laboratory of animal ecology and conservation biology , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .
30 college of medicine and forensics , xi’an jiaotong university xi’an , 710061 , china .
31 state key laboratory for agrobiotechnology , china agricultural university , beijing 100094 , china .
32 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , tulane university , new orleans , la 70118 , usa .
33 museum of natural science and department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .
34 center for zoo and wild animal health , copenhagen zoo roskildevej 38 , dk - 2000 frederiksberg , denmark .
35 department of behavioral neuroscience , oregon health and science university , portland , or 97239 , usa .
36 brazilian avian genome consortium ( cnpq / fapespa - sisbio aves ) , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .
37 institute of biological sciences , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .
38 institute of medical biochemistry leopoldo de meis , federal university of rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro rj 21941 - 902 , brazil .
39 centre for biological sequence analysis , department of systems biology , technical university of denmark kemitorvet 208 , 2800 kgs lyngby , denmark .
43 trace and environmental dna laboratory department of environment and agriculture , curtin university , perth , western australia 6102 , australia .
44 department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .
45 laboratory of genomic diversity , national cancer institute frederick , md 21702 , usa .
46 institute of molecular and cellular biology , sb ras and novosibirsk state university , novosibirsk , russia .
47 smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa .
49 department of biological sciences , national university of singapore , republic of singapore .
50 department of vertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian suitland , md 20746 , usa .
51 center for macroecology , evolution and climate , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen ø , denmark .
52 bell museum of natural history , university of minnesota , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .
53 department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .
54 department of life sciences , imperial college london , silwood park campus , ascot sl5 7py , uk .
55 smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , front royal , va 22630 , usa .
56 smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , washington , dc 20008 , usa .
57 theodosius dobzhansky center for genome bioinformatics , st . petersburg state university , st . petersburg , russia 199004 .
58 oceanographic center , nova southeastern university , ft lauderdale , fl 33004 , usa .
59 center for biomolecular science and engineering , ucsc , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .
60 san diego zoo institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .
61 department of vertebrate zoology , mrc - 116 , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20013 , usa .
62 department of environmental health science , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .
63 moore laboratory of zoology and department of biology , occidental college , los angeles , ca 90041 , usa .
64 department of genomics and genetics , the roslin institute and royal ( dick ) school of veterinary studies , university of edinburgh , easter bush campus , midlothian eh25 9rg , uk .
65 swedish species information centre , swedish university of agricultural sciences box 7007 , se - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .
66 key laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .
67 department of organismic and evolutionary biology and museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , ma 02138 , usa .
68 institute of theoretical informatics , department of informatics , karlsruhe institute of technology , d - 76131 karlsruhe , germany .
69 department of biochemistry and biophysics , university of california , san francisco , ca 94158 , usa .
70 department of ornithology , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .
71 department of biology and genetics institute , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 , usa .
72 departments of bioengineering and computer science , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , urbana , il 61801 , usa .
73 department of biology , university of copenhagen , ole maaløes vej 5 , 2200 copenhagen , denmark .
74 princess al jawhara center of excellence in the research of hereditary disorders , king abdulaziz university , jeddah 21589 , saudi arabia .
75 macau university of science and technology , avenida wai long , taipa , macau 999078 , china .
77 centre for social evolution , department of biology , universitetsparken 15 , university of copenhagen , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .
science 12 dec 2014 : vol . 346 , issue 6215 , pp . 1320 - 1331 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1253451
department of neurobiology , howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) , and duke university medical center , durham , nc 27710 , usa .
for correspondence : jarvis @ neuro . duke . edutandywarnow @ gmail . commtpgilbert @ gmail . comwangj @ urltoken zhanggj @ urltoken
department of computer science , the university of texas at austin , austin , tx 78712 , usa .
centre for geogenetics , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , øster voldgade 5 - 7 , 1350 copenhagen , denmark .
department of biology , new mexico state university , las cruces , nm 88003 , usa .
school of biological sciences , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .
department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california , los angeles , ca 90095 , usa .
department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .
cnrs umr 5554 , institut des sciences de l’evolution de montpellier , université montpellier ii montpellier , france .
department of evolutionary biology , evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university , se - 752 36 uppsala sweden .
biodiversity and biocomplexity unit , okinawa institute of science and technology onna - son , okinawa 904 - 0495 , japan .
department of statistics and institute of bioinformatics , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .
laboratoire de biométrie et biologie evolutive , centre national de la recherche scientifique , université de lyon , f - 69622 villeurbanne , france .
environmental futures research institute , griffith university , nathan , queensland 4111 , australia .
bioinformatics and genomics programme , centre for genomic regulation , dr . aiguader 88 , 08003 barcelona , spain .
joint institute for computational sciences , the university of tennessee , oak ridge national laboratory , oak ridge , tn 37831 , usa .
bioinformatics research centre , aarhus university , dk - 8000 aarhus c , denmark .
the genome institute , washington university school of medicine , st louis , mi 63108 , usa .
department of biochemistry , molecular biology , entomology and plant pathology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .
institute for genomics , biocomputing and biotechnology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .
department of biological sciences , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 , usa .
department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california santa cruz ( ucsc ) , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .
organisms and environment division , cardiff school of biosciences , cardiff university cardiff cf10 3ax , wales , uk .
key laboratory of animal ecology and conservation biology , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .
college of medicine and forensics , xi’an jiaotong university xi’an , 710061 , china .
state key laboratory for agrobiotechnology , china agricultural university , beijing 100094 , china .
department of ecology and evolutionary biology , tulane university , new orleans , la 70118 , usa .
museum of natural science and department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .
center for zoo and wild animal health , copenhagen zoo roskildevej 38 , dk - 2000 frederiksberg , denmark .
department of behavioral neuroscience , oregon health and science university , portland , or 97239 , usa .
brazilian avian genome consortium ( cnpq / fapespa - sisbio aves ) , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .
institute of biological sciences , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .
institute of medical biochemistry leopoldo de meis , federal university of rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro rj 21941 - 902 , brazil .
centre for biological sequence analysis , department of systems biology , technical university of denmark kemitorvet 208 , 2800 kgs lyngby , denmark .
trace and environmental dna laboratory department of environment and agriculture , curtin university , perth , western australia 6102 , australia .
department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .
laboratory of genomic diversity , national cancer institute frederick , md 21702 , usa .
institute of molecular and cellular biology , sb ras and novosibirsk state university , novosibirsk , russia .
smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa .
department of vertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian suitland , md 20746 , usa .
center for macroecology , evolution and climate , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen ø , denmark .
bell museum of natural history , university of minnesota , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .
department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .
department of life sciences , imperial college london , silwood park campus , ascot sl5 7py , uk .
smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , front royal , va 22630 , usa .
smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , washington , dc 20008 , usa .
theodosius dobzhansky center for genome bioinformatics , st . petersburg state university , st . petersburg , russia 199004 .
oceanographic center , nova southeastern university , ft lauderdale , fl 33004 , usa .
center for biomolecular science and engineering , ucsc , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .
san diego zoo institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .
department of vertebrate zoology , mrc - 116 , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20013 , usa .
department of environmental health science , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .
moore laboratory of zoology and department of biology , occidental college , los angeles , ca 90041 , usa .
department of genomics and genetics , the roslin institute and royal ( dick ) school of veterinary studies , university of edinburgh , easter bush campus , midlothian eh25 9rg , uk .
swedish species information centre , swedish university of agricultural sciences box 7007 , se - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .
key laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .
department of organismic and evolutionary biology and museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , ma 02138 , usa .
institute of theoretical informatics , department of informatics , karlsruhe institute of technology , d - 76131 karlsruhe , germany .
department of biochemistry and biophysics , university of california , san francisco , ca 94158 , usa .
department of ornithology , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .
department of biology and genetics institute , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 , usa .
departments of bioengineering and computer science , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , urbana , il 61801 , usa .
department of biology , university of copenhagen , ole maaløes vej 5 , 2200 copenhagen , denmark .
princess al jawhara center of excellence in the research of hereditary disorders , king abdulaziz university , jeddah 21589 , saudi arabia .
macau university of science and technology , avenida wai long , taipa , macau 999078 , china .
centre for social evolution , department of biology , universitetsparken 15 , university of copenhagen , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .
to better determine the history of modern birds , we performed a genome - scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome - scale data . we recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships . we identified the first divergence in neoaves , two groups we named passerea and columbea , representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species . among passerea , we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning . among columbea , we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades . even with whole genomes , some of the earliest branches in neoaves proved challenging to resolve , which was best explained by massive protein - coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the cretaceous - paleogene mass extinction event about 66 million years ago .
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stegastes pelicieri , commonly known as the mauritian gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .

it is native to the islands of mauritius and réunion in the western indian ocean where it is found at depths between two and twenty metres ( seven to sixty-five feet ) .

it lives on rocky reefs in areas with little coral but plenty of holes and crevices .

stegastes pelicieri

the following term was not found in genome : stegastes pelicieri [ orgn ] .
allen , g . r . and a . r . emery , 1985 . a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific , with descriptions of two new species . indo - pac . fish . ( 3 ) : 31 . ( ref . 510 )
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 2 - 20 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 15°s - 25°s
western indian ocean : mauritius ( ref . 510 ) and reunion ( ref . 53568 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 14 - 15 . generally brown to charcoal or blackish . dusky gray lips ; narrow golden margin on pupil . blackish scale margins ; scales with bluish centers on suborbital series and opercular bones ; small sheath scales with bluish centers on basal portion of anal fin . pectoral fins translucent with brown rays , base of uppermost ray bright blue . scales on ventral surface of head cycloid , the rest ctenoid .
adults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
) : 25 . 4 - 26 . 8 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 28 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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adults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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