the squirrel cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) is a large and active species of cuckoo found in wooded habitats from northwestern mexico to northern argentina and uruguay , and on trinidad .

some authorities have split off the western mexican form as the mexican squirrel-cuckoo ( piaya mexicana ) .

squirrel cuckoo

squirrel cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .
flight : squirrel cuckoo is able to catch flying insects , performing short fluttering flights . when foraging in trees , among foliage , it crosses open spaces between trees by gliding . squirrel cuckoo is able to perform sustained flights .
average lifespan : the lifespan of this squirrel cuckoo can’t be determined as the accurate one . but , normally the cuckoo birds can live from 4 - 6 years .
weight : the large squirrel cuckoo weighs around 95 - 120 grams ( 3 . 4 - 4 . 2 oz )
range : squirrel cuckoo lives in mexico and central america , and in south america from peru to north argentina and uruguay .
yes ! i once saw a squirrel cuckoo hopping in a tree in ecuador and will never forget it . a magical bird !
click the button below to add the schneider 1 day bird leaf and squirrel cuckoo clock - 89 / 11 to your wish list .
squirrel cuckoo appears to be quite tolerant among human disturbances , untill the wooden land remains . this type of cuckoo is treated as the bold and conspicuous one compare to other cuckoos all over the world .
all these colors make the squirrel cuckoo as the colorful bird . because of this reason most of the tourists of costa rica prefers to see this bird when they visit . the color variation and the plumage separate this species into 14 subspecies . two main subspecies of squirrel cuckoo are ,
1 - day bird , leaf and squirrel cuckoo clock with hand carved squirrels , rugula 25 movement with a cuckoo call on the full and half hours , manual shut - off switch for strike and call , dial hands and cuckoo in wood . height is 9 inches ( 23 cm )
protection / threats / status : squirrel cuckoo’s populations are not globally threatened . this species is common or very common in most parts of its wide range .
the squirrel cuckoo is the most common and widespread of all new world cuckoos . wherever this cuckoo occurs , it never fails to be center of attention , even for those who don’t pay much attention to nature and birds .
mangrove cuckoo : call is a thick , throaty , and squirrel - like
gah - gah - gah
or
qua - qua - qua .
seeing a squirrel cuckoo on your next trip south of the border is nearly guaranteed . seeing one fly across a clearing in the forest is an image to remember !
its feeding behaviour makes it very similar to red squirrel . squirrel cuckoo hops along branches , through foliage , in bounding leaps . it hops from branch to branch ; it also runs along limbs as a squirrel , and glides with bursts of shallow wing beats for crossing open spaces . it forages in foliage , gleaning insects on leaves . it can also catch flying insects with fluttering flight . squirrel cuckoo is resident in its range . it is not brood parasite of other bird’s species . it builds a nest and rears its young .
folia parasitologica : cucolepis cincta gen . n . et sp . n . ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from the squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana lesson ( aves : cuculiformes ) from paraguay
although cuckoo spends almost nine months in africa , it never sings while there .
cuckoo does not build its own nests , because it is a brood parasite . that means that female cuckoo uses nests of other birds to lay her own eggs .
diet : squirrel cuckoo feeds mainly on large insects , cicadas , wasps and caterpillars ( green or with hair or spines ) , and sometimes spiders and small lizards . it rarely takes fruits .
squirrel cuckoos are large arboreal cuckoos with a very long , graduated tail . the upperparts are rufous brown ; the throat and breast are buffy ; and the belly is light gray . the long tail is rufous above but the undersides of the rectrices are blackish , with broad white tips . the name ' squirrel cuckoo ' comes from their coloration and the fact that their movements in trees resemble those of a squirrel at first glance .
emily , it is due to the long tail . the bird with that long tail looks like a squirrel in a tree .
low guttural gaw - gaw - gaw - gaw - gaw , almost like a soft bark or the scolding of a squirrel .
20 % of cuckoo ' s eggs will be recognized as foreign eggs and eliminated from the nest .
mangrove cuckoo : yellow - billed and black - billed cuckoos have white underparts and lack black masks .
breeding / reproduction : the breeding season of squirrel cuckoo varies depending on the place . the first thing is to build the nest . both the male and female birds involve in forming the nest . they make the nest probably with fresh leaves or with sticks and leaves . the foundation of nest is made by sticks and twigs . the male squirrel cuckoo is responsible for bringing the things needed for forming the nest and the female bird forms the nest according to the convenient .
the squirrel cuckoos ( piaya cayana ) - also known as chestnut cuckoos or chestnut - billed cuckoos - are endemic to the americas .
behaviour : squirrel cuckoo feeds mainly on large insects which it takes off the foliage . it gleans in canopy and sub canopy , often in pairs , sometimes alone or in mixed groups . occasionally , it can follow army - ants swarms .
cuckoo has long and pointed wings and long and thin beak . while flying , it resembles to hawk .
we can find two similar species : black - bellied cuckoo , with grey head , red bill , yellow lores and blackish belly and vent ; little cuckoo , smaller , with cinnamon - chestnut underparts and shorter tail .
because of this if you visit costa rica next time , and then don’t forget to visit the national parks to get the pleasant moments of your life along with the squirrel cuckoo . they will rejuvenate your spirit and will bring happiness in your mood .
mangrove cuckoo : eats caterpillars , grasshoppers , moths , flies , and other insects ; forages in trees and shrubs .
diet : when you consider about this squirrel cuckoo it normally gets the prey as foliage one by quick lunge . it usually feeds on insects like wasps , cicadas and caterpillars including the one with stinging heads and wings . it occasionally eats spiders and lizards available in the forest . it rarely eats fruit and it catches the wasps by air through the excellent flight capacity of it . the group of squirrel cuckoo tries to attack the ants - column and takes off with the flushed prey of ants . sometimes they also search forage by roaming the forest .
squirrel cuckoo is the bird along with long tail and plumage that normally remembers the red squirrel , when it jumps over the tree . both sexes are similar in the shape and color . but the adult one has some different shapes and different colors . it has upper parts of the chestnuts as the rich one and the tail is tipped black and white . chin and throat of the adult squirrel cuckoo will be pale reddish on the lower parts . eyes have the bare yellow - green skin as the eye ring and with red in color . belly and breast of the bird are grey in color and there is black under tail coverts . legs and feet of this bird are pale bluish - grey .
the squirrel cuckoo is more often seen as it flies from tree to tree or across a clearing in the forest . it does not do this more frequently than other birds , but its long black tail and rufous wing seen in the air are such an attention - gette .
timing of the hatching is very important and female cuckoo closely observes routine and behavior of other birds . cuckoo ' s eggs need to hatch before other eggs so that the young cuckoos gain advantage over other chicks and ensure enough food for development .
size : this extremely long - tailed cuckoo is 40 . 5 - 50 centimeters ( 15 . 9 - 20 inches ) long
the cosmopolitan family cuculidae includes old and new world cuckoos . many of the old world cuckoos are brood parasites , laying their eggs in other birds nest . most new world cuckoos , including the squirrel cuckoo , are not brood parasites and build a nest and rear their young like most other birds .
mf de vasconcelos , urban environment utilization by the squirrel cuckoo , piaya cayana : the importance of urban trees : ciencia e cultura ( sao paulo ) [ cienc . cult . ( sao paulo ) ] , vol . 50 , no . 6 , pp . 462 - 464 , dec 1998 .
cuckoo travels to africa each september to avoid cold periods and lack of food during the winter in temperate areas of europe and asia .
squirrel cuckoos primarily feed on insects , including caterpillars , walking sticks , grasshoppers , beetles , wasps , bees , army ants , cicadas , hemipteras , odonates and spiders .
squirrel cuckoos are common across most of their natural range , and they have adapted well to human - altered habitats . therefore , they are not currently at risk of extinction .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto squirrel cuckoo utters explosive “chik” followed by gruff “whrrr” . it also gives variations such as “chik - chik” , nasal “chek - e - rehr” , and loud “ch’kaow” . song is a prolonged series of sharp notes “pee’uk pee’uk…” or whistled notes “wheek wheek wheek…” mainly uttered in april - august .
they somewhat resemble the black - bellied cuckoo ( piaya melanogaster ) found in lowlands areas of northern and central south america east of the andes . however , the black - bellied cuckoo has a grey crown , red ( not greenish yellow ) bill , blue eye rings and blackish abdomen .
female cuckoo lays one egg in each nest . she usually lays between 12 and 22 eggs per season ( in 12 to 22 different nests ) .
cuckoos are named after onomatopoeic sound which they produce : ' cuck - oo , cuck - oo ' . even thought the whole family is named by this unique sound , only one cuckoo species ( common cuckoo ) is able to produce this sound . other species communicate by producing different types of sounds .
more than 120 species of birds can be tricked to raise young cuckoos as their own chicks , but 90 % of cuckoo ' s eggs are laid in the nests of reed warbler , meadow pipit and dunnock birds . cuckoo chooses nests with eggs that are the most similar to eggs that she is producing .
phillips , a . j . , mariaux , j . , & georgiev , b . b . ( 2012 ) . cucolepis cincta gen . n . et sp . n . ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from the squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana lesson ( aves : cuculiformes ) from paraguay . folia parasitologica , 59 ( 4 ) , 287 - 294 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2012 . 040 .
habitat : squirrel cuckoo lives in forests and woodlands , in canopy and edges . tropical forests can be evergreen , deciduous , old secondary , gallery , flooded evergreen forest , and mangroves . it also frequents coffee plantations , shrubbery , pastures with trees , areas along watercourses in dry regions , and also residential areas . this species can be found from sea level to 2700 metres of elevation . however , it avoids too dense forests .
payne , r . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . common squirrel - cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
cuckoo is a bird of the cuculidae family . there are 54 species of cuckoo that can be found in the europe , asia , africa and australasia . only 2 of 54 species live in europe . cuckoo inhabits open areas , such as marshes , meadows and fields , but it can be also found in woodlands and alpine areas . they are not listed as endangered , but their number in certain areas declined as a result of habitat loss , decrease in number of birds which act as foster parents to young cuckoos and because of the climate changes ( which affect their migratory patterns and availability of food ) .
when you visit costa rica with your family or with your companion , then it would be better to watch the activities of this bird from the nationalized parks available in costa rica . you can find the bird in monteverde cloud forrest reserve , braulio carrillo national park , juan castro bianco national park and chirripo national park . if you go through these parks , then you can enjoy with your family because of the natural sceneries and the presence of squirrel cuckoo bird .
hughes j . m . 2006 : phylogeny of the cuckoo genus coccyzus ( aves : cuculidae ) : a test of monophyly . syst . biodiv . 4 : 483 - 488 go to original source . . .
this cuckoo is also the most habitat generalist . it is found mature humid forest in amazonia , the humid foothill of the andes , dry and deciduous forests , second growth , coffee plantations , and just about any type of standing forest from mexico to argentina . it has several regional names and is the center of tales , but the most used name is sicua or shicua ; an onomatopoeic name after the cuckoo’s most common call .
description : squirrel cuckoo resembles red squirrel when moving along branches with its rufous plumage and its long tail . adult male has rich chestnut upperparts . long dark chestnut tail is tipped black and white . on the underparts , chin and throat are pale reddish . breast and belly are grey , darker on belly and flanks . undertail coverts are black . undertail is dark chestnut with white - tipped feathers . head is chestnut . down - curved , strong bill is yellow - green . eyes are red , with bare yellow - green skin as eye - ring . legs and feet are pale bluish - grey . both sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adults , but it is paler , and central tail feathers lack black tips above . bill is greyish . eyes are brown .
range : the squirrel cuckoo is mostly found in the neotropic eco zone of the world . the bird occurs from north to southern sonora and southern tamaulipas of north mexico , panama and costa rica of center american countries , south america , peru , south to northern argentina and east of the andes . this bird has very broad elevational distribution among these countries . other than america you can’t find this bird because it is endemic to america . among all these places , costa rica is treated as the best place to see this bird because of the best tourist infrastructure of this country .
mangrove cuckoo : two to three light blue eggs are laid in a nest made of twigs and leaves , and built from 8 to 10 feet above the ground in a mangrove tree or shrub . incubation ranges from 9 to 11 days and is carried out by both parents .
birders who seek the mangrove cuckoo in florida may have to contend with heat , humidity , mosquitoes , and long hours of searching . this bird is a shy denizen of dense mangrove swamps , living in impenetrable tangles , where its presence is often betrayed only by its throaty calls .
johnson k . p . , goodman s . m . , lanyon s . m . 2000 : a phylogenetic study of the malagasy couas with insights into cuckoo relationships . mol . phylogenet . evol . 14 : 436 - 444 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
sorenson m . d . , payne r . b . 2005 : molecular systematics : cuckoo phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences . in : r . b . payne ( ed . ) , bird families of the world : cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , usa , pp . 68 - 94
mangrove cuckoo : found in in mangrove forests in the united states , part of its range , as well as in some tropical hardwood species . in the tropical range , it is found in mangroves , but also in other types of woodlands . not always found near water in the tropics , with some birds nesting far from water sources . considered a permanent resident throughout its tropical range .
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a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124
a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
there are 14 subspecies varying in coloration and plumage pattern . main subspecies are : p . c . mexicanus , from w mexico , is brighter and paler ; p . c . thermophila , from e mexico and central america , is darker overall with black undertail broadly tipped white .
reproduction : breeding season varies , according to the place . both adults build the cup - shaped nest in dense shrubbery or in trees . it is a shallow platform made with leaves , or also with sticks and fresh leaves . sticks and twigs are used as foundations . nest is well concealed in dense vegetation , on large branch . female lays 2 to 3 white eggs . incubation lasts about 18 to 20 days , shared by both parents . each turn lasts about 6 to 8 hours . chicks are covered with down at hatching . they are fed and cared by both parents . they are fed with large insects . they leave the nest relatively soon after hatching , and before they can fly , at about 8 to 10 days of age . if disturbed , they can climb around the nest . this species can produce several broods per year .
authors : jenny fitzgerald , thomas s . schulenberg , and glenn f . seeholzer
fitzgerald , j . , t . s . schulenberg , and g . f . seeholzer ( 2011 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , stefan behrens , pieter de groot boersma , pere sugranyes , max roth , keith and lynn youngs , greg baker , daniêl jimenez , martin manassero , thore noernberg , keith blomerley , nelsonlage , virgilio yábar calderón , robert schaefer , antonio silveira , yoël jimenez , paul molina abril , agustin carrasco , manakincarmelo , jacob . wijpkema .
joe klaiber , peter boesman , josep del hoyo , noé eiterer , ciro albano .
until recently treated as conspecific with p . mexicana . proposed race stirtoni ( from sw guatemala to nw costa rica ) is synonymized with thermophila , inexpectata ( w venezuela ) with mehleri , cearae ( ceará , in ne brazil ) with pallescens , and boliviana ( c peru to n bolivia ) with obscura . thirteen subspecies recognized .
– e mexico ( e san luis potosí and s tamaulipas s to veracruz , yucatán and isthmus of tehuantepec on gulf coast s to near tehuantepec city ) through central america to panama and nw colombia .
– w colombia ( occurring e to slopes of c andes ) , w ecuador , and nw peru ( tumbes ) .
bonaparte , 1850 – ne colombia e of gulf of urabá to magdalena valley and along w slope of e andes , e in coastal venezuela to paria peninsula .
– e & s venezuela through the guianas and s to n bank of lower amazon .
( cabanis & heine , 1863 ) – colombia e of andes , e ecuador , and ne peru ( n of r marañón ) .
e . snethlage , 1908 – c brazil s of amazon from r juruá e to r tapajós and s to upper ji - paraná , e peru and n bolivia .
pinto , 1938 – brazil s of amazon from santarem e to mouth of amazon , and coast of n maranhão .
j . a . allen , 1893 – sc brazil ( c mato grosso and goiás to n são paulo ) .
a three - note dry rolling “hic - a - ro” or “geep - kareer” , a “chick - kaw . . .
tropical lowland evergreen forest , tropical deciduous forest , old secondary forest , gallery forest . . .
breeds in costa rica in both dry and wet seasons , jan–aug but mainly apr–jun ; in panama may–jun ; in colombia jan– . . .
not globally threatened . generally common to very common throughout most of its extensive range , e . g . common in many parts of guatemala , costa rica , colombia , ecuador , brazil . . .
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came very close , marginally over - recorded a couple of times , but some good stretches , e . g . , after 0 : 45 ; several types of call ;
individual bird calling from a magnolia sp . tree . garden in suburbial neighborhood .
natural vocalization ; calls from a bird perched high in a tall tree in dense thorn forest .
natural vocalization ; calls from a bird perched fairly high in a tall tree in dense thorn forest on a steep slope .
song and several call types in response to playback from a bird perched at mid - level in tall , dense thornscrub .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
piaya cayana and p . mexicana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . cayana following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimated the total population ( prior to the split of p . mexicanus ) to number 5 , 000 , 000 - 50 , 000 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61418830a118860996 .
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habitat : it is the bird that mostly lives in the forested habitats of countries throughout the america . you can find them in the humid forest , semi humid forest , plantations , deciduous forest , forest edges and even on the scattered trees of an open country . normally it makes the residence in the tree as hidden dense vegetation of 1 - 12 m high .
in most of the countries it lives over some high . in mexico it can live up to 2000 m from the sea level , up to 2450 m in costa rica , regularly 1500 m in ecuador countries , over 1800 m in panama , usually below 1200 m in the north orinoco and 2500 m in venezuela .
they probably build two nests in the shape of cup . one nest sizes as 17 . 8 cm wide by 6 . 4 cm deep . another nest measures as an outer depth and inner diameter as 8 . 9 cm and outer diameter as 15 . 2 - 17 . 8 cm . the female bird normally lays 2 to 3 eggs , which are unmarked and chalky white in color . both birds would take care of the incubation over the period of 18 - 19 days . each takes the turn as 6 - 8 hours to incubate . they also take care of the cleaning of nests . every day they replace the leaves of nest by fresh leaves .
both parents would take care of feeding to their children . after eight days of incubation , the young one started to surround the branches of tree and then it get back to the nest .
• p . c . thermophila , which is available in costa rica of central america and eastern mexico . it is normally darkened overall with black and tipped with white in under tail
apart from these two subspecies , you can also find some subspecies in northern south america and western south america . these subspecies has the yellow eye ring that doesn’t remain in other subspecies available in other parts of south america .
if you think about the voice of this bird , there are different sounds you can hear from it . it explores the prolonged whistle notes in the voice normally in the season of april to august . it is also treated as the melodious voice that gives pleasant feeling to the people . this would also make the environment of parks of the costa rica as the best and enjoyable one .
alfredo lives in florida but grew up alongside peruvian meadowlarks and marvelous spatuletails in peru . trained as wildlife biologist , he divides his time between south florida and the tropics where he spends a fair amount of time . alfredo founded surbound , a blog on mission to connect the birds , wildlife , people , and magnificent landscapes in the americas .
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adult : sexes similar . upperparts chestnut to rufous - chestnut , usually paler on the crown . remiges tipped with grayish brown . tail long , graduated . rectrices rufous - chestnut above with a broad white terminal spot and a black subterminal bar ; the underside of the rectrices primarily brownish - black , with a broad terminal white spot . throat and breast cinnamon . belly gray , shading to slate to slaty black on the flanks , crissum , and undertail coverts . underwing coverts light gray ; underside of remiges cinnamon - buff .
immature ( formative plumage ) : similar to adult , but rectrices ( retained from the juvenile or first basic plumage ) are narrower , with more pointed tips , and ( especially on the central pair ) the white tips and the black subterminal bar are reduced in size .
juvenile ( first basic plumage ) : similar to adult , but the plumages is more lax and fluffy , and the throat is a little grayer . the rectrices are narrower , with more pointed tips , and ( especially on the central pair ) the white tips and the black subterminal bar are reduced in size .
definitive basic plumage is acquired by a complete prebasic molt . in el salvador , the onset of this molt is variable , but the molt primarily is july - september .
prealternate molt , which in el salvador occurs in feburary - march , is incomplete . the extent of this molt is not documented . the first prealternate molt also is described as more extensive than the definitive prealternate molt .
formative plumage is acquired by an incomplete preformative molt . juvenile ( first basic ) rectrices and remiges are retained .
iris : carmine red , dark red ( ridgway 1916 , haverschmidt 1968 , wetmore 1968 ) .
the color of the bare orbital skin is geographically variable ; generally , the eyering is yellowish green from mexico south to northern and northwestern south america , and is red from northern south america , east of the andes , south to south central south america . the eyering is yellowish green to light olive - green from mexico south to northwestern south america west of the andes ( subspecies mexicana , thermophila , and nigricrissa ; ridgway 1916 , wetmore 1968 , howell and webb 1995 , ridgely and greenfield 2001b , schulenberg et al . 2007 ) . the eyering color in northern colombia and northwestern and northern venezuela ( subspecies mehleri , circe ) apparently also is yellow ( restall et al . 2006 ) , as it in trindidad ( insulana ; ffrench 1991 ) . from venezuela south of the orinoco , apparently south to the southern end of the distribution , the bare orbital skin is crimson ( haverschmidt 1968 , wetmore 1968 , belton 1984 , hilty and brown 1986 , ridgely and greenfield 2001b , hilty 2003 , schulenberg et al . 2007 ) .
total length : 40 - 46 cm ( wetmore 1968 ) , 40 . 5 - 46 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001b ) , 40 . 5 - 50 cm ( howell and webb 1995 ) , 43 cm ( hilty and brown 1986 , hilty 2003 )
mass : male , mean 104 . 0 g ( range 73 . 0 - 137 . 0 , n = 33 , taxa not specified ; payne 2005 ) ; female , mean 100 . 3 g ( range 76 . 0 - 129 . 4 g , n = 28 , taxa not specified ; payne 2005 )
subspecies thermophila : males , mean 99 . 4 g ( ± 9 . 0 g , range 89 . 2 - 111 g , n = 7 ; belize , russell 1964 ) ; female , 103 g ( belize , russell 1964 ) .
subspecies insulata : males , mean 92 . 8 g ( range 90 - 95 . 5 g , n = 2 ; junge and mees 1958 ) ; females , mean 97 g ( range 94 - 100 g , n = 2 ; junge and mees 1958 ) .
these birds were named for their similarities with squirrels - both in their body color as well as their movement in trees that resemble those of squirrels moving up and down the trunk of trees .
the subspecies vary in the coloration of their underparts , throats , tails and eye - rings ( red in the more northern populations and yellow in southern parts ) .
range : northeastern colombia east of the gulf of urabá to magdalena valley and along the western slope of east andes , east in coastal venezuela to the paria peninsula .
range : brazil south of the amazon , from santarem to the amazon delta , and coast of northern maranhão .
these birds are quite distinctive throughout their range and are unlikely to be confused , except by the casual observers .
they also resemble the little cuckoos , but those are smaller in size and have darker throats .
there is one report of one bird killing a frog , but then abandoned it - maybe because of its large size .
they typically forage in the mid - story and canopy . flying insects may be caught in mid - air .
chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : kukacka guyanská , kuka ? ka vever ? í . . . danish : egerngøg . . . dutch : eekhoornkoekoek . . . estonian : oravkägu ( hallkõht - oravkägu ) . . . finnish : oravakäki . . . french : piaye écureuil . . . german : cayenne - fuchskuckuck , cayennekuckuck , eichhornkuckuck . . . guarani : tingasu . . . italian : cuculo scoiattolo , cuculo scoiattolo della cayenna . . . japanese : haimunerisukakkou , risukakkou . . . norwegian : ekorngjøk . . . polish : rudzianka wielka . . . portuguese : alma - de - caboclo , alma - de - gato , atingaú , chincoã , crocoió , maria - caraíba , meia - pataca , oraca , pataca , pato - pataca , rabilonga , rabo - de - escrivão , rabo - de - palha , ticoã , tincoã , tinguaçu , uirá - pagé . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : kukavka krovinná , kukavka krovinová . . . spanish : alma de gato canela , cuclillo canela , cuco ardilla , cuco ardilla común , cuco - ardilla común , pajáro león , pirincho de monte , tingazú , urraca canela . . . swedish : ekorrgök
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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tambor , cóbano , puntarenas , 100m east and 75m north from local public school , on beachfront . local : + 506 2683 - 0011 info @ urltoken
mount of a small bird with body arched backwards and both wings held opened . head is held up and tail is held down . both wings are widely opened and feet are paralell and held in natural standing position .
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cuckoos are birds of the medium size . they can reach 12 . 6 to 14 . 1 inches in length and weight up to 2 . 1 ounces .
males and females can be distinguished by the color of their feathers . upper parts of the males are bluish to gray , and their white bellies are intersected with dark lines . some females may look like males , except that they have buff colored breast with dark lines . other types of females are reddish brown or covered with dark bars completely . young cuckoos are slate - gray and reddish brown in color .
characteristic ' cuck - oo , cuck - oo ' sound is produced only by males . females produce bubbling sound , which resembles the sound of the water that is running out of the tub after removing the plug .
young cuckoos are very aggressive toward other chicks in the nest and they will often remove them from the nest as soon as they hatch . when they are several weeks old , young cuckoos are ready to fly to africa along with their parents .
( rio juruá to rio tapajós . c brazil s of the amazon . , e peru , n bolivia )
( rio tapajós to the amazon delta . ne brazil s of the amazon . )
international journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .
department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 n . eagleville road , storrs , ct 06269 - 3043 , usa
baczynska h . 1914 : etudes anatomiques et histologiques sur quelque nouvelles especes de cestodes d ' oiseaux . bull . soc . neuchatel . sci . nat . 40 : 187 - 239
bona f . v . , bosco m . c . , maffi a . 1986 : tre nuove specie del genera paruterina ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) in trogoniformi ( aves ) neotropicali . boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . 4 : 1 - 61
bona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1984a : la estructura del genero paruterina fuhrm . , 1906 y consideraciones sobre los generos biuterina fuhrm . , 1902 , proparuterina fuhrm . , 1911 y sphaeruterina johnston , 1914 ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) . mus . reg . sci . nat . boll . ( torino ) 2 : 411 - 443
bona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1984b : paruterina similita n . sp . ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) en cuculidae ( aves ) del norte de argentina . mus . reg . sci . nat . boll . ( torino ) 2 : 181 - 198
bona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1985 : redescripcion y variabilidad de paruterina similis ( ransom , 1909 ) ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) , recolectada en un neuvo hospedador , coccyzus melacoryphus ( cuculiformes ) en el norte de argentina . riv . parassitol . 2 ( 46 ) : 115 - 139
bona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1987 : los paruterinidae ( cestoda ) con ganchos de patron
rectanguloide
. parte i . observaciones sobre los ganchos rectanguloides y revision de la literatura . boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . 5 : 455 - 489 .
fuhrmann o . 1906 : die taenien der raubvoegel . zbl . bakt . hyg . i . abt . orig . 41 : 440 - 452
fuhrmann o . 1907 : bekannte und neue arten und genera von vogeltaenien . zbl . bakt . hyg . i . abt . orig . 45 : 516 - 536
fuhrmann o . 1908 : nouveaux taenias d ' oiseaux . rev . suisse zool . 16 : 27 - 73
fuhrmann o . 1927 : brasilianische cestoden aus reptilien und vogeln . abh . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . 40 : 389 - 401
georgiev b . b . , gibson d . i . 2006 : description of triaenorhina burti n . sp . ( cestoda : paruterinidae ) from the malabar trogon harpactes fasciatus ( pennant ) ( aves : trogoniformes : trogonidae ) in sri lanka . syst . parasitol . 63 : 53 - 60 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
georgiev b . b . , kornyushin v . v . 1994 : family paruterinidae fuhrmann , 1907 ( sensu lato ) . in : l . f . khalil , a . jones and r . a . bray ( eds . ) , keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates . cab international , wallingform , uk , pp . 559 - 584
georgiev b . b . , vaucher c . 2001 : revision of the genus parvirostrum fuhrmann , 1908 ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea : paruterinidae ) . syst . parasitol . 50 : 13 - 29 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
gill f . , donsker d . ( e ds . ) 2012 : ioc world bird names ( v . 2 . 11 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 13 / 2 / 2012 ]
hughes j . m . 1996 : phylogenetic analysis of the cuculidae ( aves , cuculiformes ) using behavioral and ecological characters . the auk 113 : 10 - 22 go to original source . . .
hughes j . m . 2000 : monophyly and phylogeny of cuckoos ( aves , cuculidae ) inferred from osteological characters . zool . j . linn . soc . 130 : 263 - 307 go to original source . . .
von linstow o . f . b . 1906 : helminthes from the collection of the columbo museum . spolia zeylanica 3 : 163 - 188
macko j . k . , rysavy b . 1982 : vitta crotophagae sp . n . ( cestoda : dilepididae ) , a new cestode species from crotophaga ani l . in cuba . folia parasitol . 29 : 297 - 301
mahon j . 1957 : deltokeras synallaxis sp . nov . ( dilepididae ) from synallaxis rutilans temm . can . j . zool . 35 : 441 - 447 go to original source . . .
mariaux j . , vaucher c . 1990 : a new genus of dilepididae ( cestoda ) of the yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus ( cuculidae ) from the ivory coast . j . parasitol . 76 : 22 - 26 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
mascarenhas c . s . , kreuger c . , meuller g . 2009 : the helminth fauna of the red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) passeriformes : emberizidae in brazil . parasitol . res . 105 : 1359 - 1363 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
posso s . r . , donatelli r . j . 2006 : analise filogenetica e implicacoes sistematicas e evolutivas nos cuculiformes ( aves ) com base na osteologia , comportamento e ecologia . rev . bras . zool . 23 : 608 - 629 go to original source . . .
posso s . r . , donatelli r . j . 2010 : when decisions on homologous structures cause ambiguous taxa relationships : the neomorphinae ( aves , cuculidae ) example . braz . j . biol . 70 : 195 - 204 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
rausch r . l . , morgan b . b . 1947 : the genus anonchotaenia ( cestoda : dilepididae ) from north american birds , with the description of a new species . trans . am . microsc . soc . 66 : 203 - 211 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
rudolphi c . a . 1819 : entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi . sumtibus augusti ruecker , berlin , 811 pp
scholz t . , kuchta r . , salgado - maldonado g . 2002 : cestodes of the family dilepididae ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from fisheating birds in mexico . syst . parasitol . 52 : 171 - 182 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
southwell t . 1922 : cestodes from indian birds with a note on ligula intestinalis . ann . trop . med . parasitol . 16 : 355 - 382 go to original source . . .
spasskii a . a . , shumilo r . p . 1965 : [ the phenomenon of the postlarval development of the rostellum and the hooks in the cestodes of the genus triaenorhina , n . gen . ( paruterinidae ) . ] . doklady akademii nauk sssr 164 : 1436 - 1438 . ( in russian )
vasileva g . p . , georgiev b . b . , genov t . 2000 : palaearctic species of the genus confluaria ablasov ( cestoda , hymenolepididae ) : redescriptions of c . podicipina ( szymanski , 1905 ) and c . furcifera ( krabbe , 1869 ) , description of c . pseudofurcifera n . sp . , a key and final comments . syst . parasitol . 45 : 109 - 130 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
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probably declining in florida keys as habitat is lost to development , but may be expanding north slightly along coast . still widespread in caribbean and elsewhere in tropics .
in our area , mostly in mangroves . in florida , lives in mangrove swamps and in groves of tropical hardwoods on the keys and the southern mainland . elsewhere in range , found in mangroves and in various kinds of scrubby woods , including dry forest far from water .
forages rather slowly and deliberately among mangroves or other dense growth , peering about , sometimes making short leaps or flutters to take insects from the foliage .
2 , sometimes 3 . pale blue - green , fading to greenish yellow . incubation is probably by both parents ; incubation period not well known . young : development of young and age at first flight not well known . probably fed by both parents , as in other cuckoos .
development of young and age at first flight not well known . probably fed by both parents , as in other cuckoos .
mostly insects . diet not known in detail . as with other cuckoos , seems to eat many caterpillars . also feeds on grasshoppers , praying mantises , moths , flies , and other insects ; also some spiders and small frogs , and probably some berries and small fruits .
breeding behavior is not well known . male gives low , throaty song in spring , presumably to defend territory and attract a mate . nest : so far as known , site is in mangrove or other low tree , usually fairly low over the water or ground ( probably lower than 10 ' in most cases ) , among dense foliage . nest is a flimsy platform of sticks .
migratory status in florida uncertain . recorded at all seasons and thought to be permanent resident , but more conspicuous in summer . rare stray from mexico north into texas and gulf coast .
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in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
yebicu _ 1 . c - c - c - kowlpoutbursts3examples _ vale _ 1 . mp3
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
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this metadata record is the intellectual property of csa / proquest , and was licensed for use under a contract with the usgs to support scientific research and understanding . as such , this copyrighted material should not be electronically reproduced or shared outside of sciencebase .
ciencia e cultura ( sao paulo ) [ cienc . cult . ( sao paulo ) ] , vol . 50 , no . 6 , pp . 462 - 464 , dec 1998
tail is long and dark with six large white spots underneath , each with a dark spot . decurved bill is dark above and yellow below with a dark tip . sexes are similar .
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consists of soft , loose - webbed feathers on the side of the bird ' s head below and behind the eyes .


the abyssal grenadier , coryphaenoides armatus , is an abyssal fish of the genus coryphaenoides , found in all the world 's oceans , at depths between 800 and 4,000 m. its adult length is 20 to 40 cm , although fishbase gives lengths up to 1 m .

the abyssal grenadier 's body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays , which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column .

it has no anal spines , but has 115 anal soft rays along its body .

the head and eyes of this fish are very large , while the mouth is very small .

the color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen , which is bluish .

abyssal grenadier

when they are brought up from the depths , gases in their bladders expand , popping the fish ' s stomachs and making their eyes bug out . no abyssal grenadier has ever been kept in captivity .
distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography
distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography - sciencedirect
the abyssal plains , covering more than half the earth ' s surface , are the world ' s largest habitat .
amazingly , while many fish species are suffering , the abyssal grenadier populations are booming ! they live so far down that they aren ' t affected by the fishing industry , and between 1989 and 2004 they doubled in number . scientists don ' t know much else about them though . their reproductive habits are unknown , and they have never been kept in captivity .
most experts agree that abyssal grenadiers are slow - growing animals , but estimates of their life spans vary from 6 to 60 years .
the scavenging fish communities at abyssal depths of the pacific ocean are dominated by two species of macrourids ; the rough abyssal grenadier coryphaenoides yaquinae iwamoto and stein , 1974 and the abyssal grenadier c . armatus ( hector , 1875 ) . these two species are morphologically very similar , and in the absence of physical specimens are notoriously difficult to distinguish from photographic data . in an era of increasing reliance on imaging technology in the deep sea , we provide an analysis of images of the two species from around the pacific rim with supplementary data from the atlantic and southern oceans . our results show that image - specific morphometric characters are inadequate to distinguish the two species . however , the way in which artificial illumination is reflected from the body is both sufficient , and consistently different to distinguish between the two species . the results are also corroborated by known geographic and bathymetric distributions . this analysis is intended to provide a reliable method of identification from deep - sea imaging systems in the absence of standard fishing techniques .
these fish live in the abyssal plains , flat expanses of the ocean floor at depths of 10 , 000 to 20 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 to 6 , 000 meters ) . abyssal grenadiers , for example , have more than doubled in number between 1989 and 2004 , according to a new study .
today ' s animal is one of those deep sea fish that we so uncommonly see alive . even though they live in all of the world ' s oceans , the abyssal grenadiers normally hang out between 1 , 000 and
european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) coryphaenoides armatus is a common species in the bathypelagic of the most ocean basins on the abyssal plain . it lives at depths too great to be of commercial interest , and there are no known major known threats . therefore , c . armatus is assessed as least concern .
abyssal grenadiers have a very distinct look to them . they have large heads ( featuring large eyes ) but bodies that taper out into a tail that completely lacks a caudal fin , along with spined fins that run down both their dorsal and central sides . these fish are known to be very slow - growing , and live as long as 60 years .
abyssal grenadier fish coryphaenoides yaquinae were coryphaenoides armatus and observed arriving at baits deployed within view of a free - fall video vehicle ( fvv ) camera on the sea floor at two stations in the north pacific , sta . f 32°50′n , 124°w , 4400 m deep in the vicinity of the california current and sta . cnp 31°n , 159°w , a 5900 m deep oligotrophic station . included within each bait deployment were one or two ingestible acoustic transmitters . a total of 23 fish at sta . f and 13 fish at sta . cnp ingested transmitters and were tracked using an acoustic tracking system ( atex ) . the number of fish within view of the camera increased to a mean maximum of 4 . 7 at 60 min at sta . f and 11 . 8 by 400 min at sta . cnp , a paradox in view of presumed lower fish population density at sta . cnp . fish that ingested transmitters moved away at radial velocities between 1 and 15 cm s −1 , reaching a mean radius of 233 m by 370 min at sta . f and 622 min at sta . cnp .
the estimated combined abundance of coryphaenoides armatus and c . yaquinae increased by 275 % ( from an annual average abundance of 7 . 5 ind / ha in 1989 to 28 . 1 ind / ha in 2004 ) via towed cameras between 1989 and 2004 at approximately 4100 m depth at station m ( bailey et al . 2006 ) . station m is located in the abyssal northeast pacific about 220 km west of point conception , california . the abundance was not reported by species , so it is unclear whether the increase is attributable to c . armatus . coryphaenoides armatus was the most abundant macrourid sampled by long - line in the mid - atlantic ridge ( fossen et al . 2008 ) .
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socialized medicine publicly administered system of national health care . the term is used to describe programs that range from government operation of medical facilities to national health - insurance plans . in 1948 , great britain passed the national health service act that provided free physician and hospital services for all citizens .
afghanistan , officially islamic republic of afghanistan , republic ( 2005 est . pop . 29 , 929 , 000 ) , 249 , 999 sq mi ( 647 , 497 sq km ) , s central asia . afghanistan is bordered by iran on the west , by pakistan on the east and south , and by turkmenistan , uzbekistan , and tajikistan on the north ; a narrow strip , the vakhan ( wakhan ) , extends in the northeast along pakistan to the xinjiang uygur autonomous region of china . the capital and largest city is kabul .
global warming the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth ' s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution . the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth ' s surface is warmed through a natural process called the greenhouse effect .
immigration entrance of a person ( an alien ) into a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence . motives for immigration , like those for migration generally , are often economic , although religious or political factors may be very important . high rates of immigration are frequently accompanied by militant , and sometimes violent , calls for immigration restriction or deportation by nationalist groups . see also naturalization .
french revolution political upheaval of world importance in france that began in 1789 . origins of the revolution historians disagree in evaluating the factors that brought about the revolution . to some extent at least , it came not because france was backward , but because the country ' s economic and intellectual development was not matched by social and political change .
united nations ( un ) , international organization established immediately after world war ii . it replaced the league of nations . in 1945 , when the un was founded , there were 51 members ; 192 nations are now members of the organization ( see table entitled united nations members ) . organization and principles the charter of the united nations comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles .
federal reserve system central banking system of the united states . established in 1913 , it began to operate in nov . , 1914 . its setup , although somewhat altered since its establishment , particularly by the banking act of 1935 , has remained substantially the same . structure the federal reserve act created 12 regional federal reserve banks , supervised by a federal reserve board . each reserve bank is the central bank for its district .
food adulteration act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient . the greek and roman classics contain allusions to wine makers and dealers who colored and flavored their wine .
tiananmen square large public square in beijing , china , on the southern edge of the inner or tatar city . the square , named for its gate of heavenly peace ( tiananmen ) , contains the monument to the heroes of the revolution , the great hall of the people , the museum of history and revolution , and the chairman mao zedong memorial hall ( with mao ' s embalmed body ) . mao zedong proclaimed the founding of the people ' s republic in the square on oct . 1 , 1949 , an anniversary still observed there .
greek , koryphaina = dolphin fish + suffix oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )
from ' cyklos ' meaning circle and ' lepis ' meaning scale ( ref . 6885 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 282 - 5180 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 65°n - 61°s , 180°w - 180°e ( ref . 1371 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 102 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 123 - 124 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 115 . the head is large ; the eyes also large . the snout is elongated , somewhat conical ; the mouth is small and inferior . the body tapers from behind the first dorsal fin . the light organ extends past midway between the anal origin and the ventral insertion . color is uniformly brownish , except for the abdomen which is bluish .
a deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 1 . 9 - 5 . 1 , mean 3 . 3 ( based on 3307 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
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coryphaenoides armatus is common to the deep waters of most oceans , between 2000 and 4700 m ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . in the northeastern atlantic , c . armatus is found from southern iceland and ireland to madeira and the canary islands . it is likely more widely distributed than what is known . it is found at depths ranging from 2000 to 4700 m .
iceland ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain , northern ireland )
coryphaenoides armatus is a deep - slope , upper continental rise species found between 2000 and 4700 m . the diet of c . armatus changes ontogenetically , from benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . examination of the stomach contents of c . armatu s collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon provided evidence that a major portion of the diet comes from the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . the largest c . armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon in 1973 was 102 cm total length ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . it has been suggested that c . armatus is semelparous , as few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected ( stein and pearcy 1982 , drazen 2001 ) .
coryphaenoides armatus is large and taken in moderate numbers by oceanographic research vessels , but lives at depths too great to be of commercial potential ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .
coryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species , however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries ( priede et al . 2010 )
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► in situ images of coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus were compared . ► image - specific morphometric characters were inadequate to distinguish species . ► reflection of artificial light off the body revealed interspecific differences . ► reflection characteristics were sufficiently consistent to differentiate the species . ► these data were corroborated by known bathymetric and geographic distributions .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
fish appear to be active foragers with no evidence for a “sit and wait” foraging strategy . grenadiers generally remained near the sea floor as they dispersed . only one vertical movement to an altitude of
25 m was recorded and this comprised less than 0 . 2 % of tracking time . the number of fish present at the bait was found to correspond to the following relationship :
is the bait decay constant . in accordance with optimal foraging theory staying time ( β ) is longer at sta . cnp .
a deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .
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although many fish populations are declining , a few species appear to be increasing their numbers , in particular those beyond the reach of fishing fleets .
the fish also called rattails or deep - sea grenadiersgrow to about 2 feet ( 60 centimeters ) long and are long - lived . but almost nothing is known about their reproductive habits .
david bailey , a research fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography in la jolla , california , is the lead author of the new study . he sees two reasons for the species flourishing .
first ,
bailey said ,
natural climatic and oceanographic changes have increased food supply to the seafloor , triggering an increase in deep - sea fish abundances .
second , the absence of direct fishing pressure on the deep - sea fish has allowed these changes .
the report appears in the march issue of the journal
the researchers used a camera sleda camera - equipped rig towed behind and below a shipto survey the depths .
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these fish are abundant in the dark depths of the oceans . as adults they can grow nearly a meter in length , though smaller sizes are more common . they feed on other fish , sea urchins , crustaceans , and cephalopods .
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litoprosopus is a genus of moths formerly of the noctuidae family .

the noctuidae family of moths are mostly classified in the family erebidae now , along with all of the former members of the families arctiidae and lymantriidae .

this re-classification has not yet met with general consensus , and many resources and publications still follow the older classification scheme ( e.g. ) .

litoprosopus

species litoprosopus futilis - palmetto borer moth - hodges # 8556 - bugguide . net
species litoprosopus coachella - palm flower moth - hodges # 8558 - bugguide . net
jennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from litoprosopus to their own page .
litoprosopus grote , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 309 ; ts : noctua hatuey poey
litoprosopus puncticosta ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 69
litoprosopus futilis ( grote & robinson , 1868 ) ; new comb . in grote trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 308
palmetto borer moth ( litoprosopus futilis ) forewing is dark brown , hindwing has single large black spot near anal angle , and the species doesn ' t occur west of texas .
dekle , g . w . 1999 ( rev . 2005 ) cabbage palm caterpillar , litoprosopus futilis ( g . & r . ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : noctuidae : ophiderinae ) . eeny - 095 pp . 1 - 4
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13240 genus : litoprosopus species : coachella sex : location : hanford county : kings collector : buckett & amp ; bauer coll . coll _ date : aug 14 6 . . . more
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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kitching , i . j . and j . e . rawlins . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pages 355 - 401 in : lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology vol . iv , part 35 . n . p . kristensen , ed . de gruyter , berlin and new york .
miller , j . s . 1991 . cladistics and classification of the notodontidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) based on larval and adult morphology . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 204 : 1 - 230 .
mitchell , a . , c . mitter , and j . c . regier . 2000 . more taxa or more characters revisited : combining data from nuclear protein - encoding genes for phylogenetic analyses of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 49 ( 2 ) : 202 - 224 .
speidel , w . , h . fanger , and c . m . naumann . 1996 . the phylogeny of the noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology 21 ( 3 ) : 219 - 251 .
speidel , w . and c . m . naumann . 2004 . a survey of family - group names in noctuoid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 2 ) : 191 - 221 .
weller , s . j . , d . p . pashley , j . a . martin , and j . l . constable . 1994 . phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes . systematic biology 43 ( 2 ) : 194 - 211 .
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tree of life web project . 2009 . noctuoidea . version 10 august 2009 ( temporary ) .
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
xin , zhao - zhe liu , yu zhang , dai - zhen wang , zheng - fei tang , bo - ping zhang , hua - bin zhou , chun - lin chai , xin - yue and liu , qiu - ning 2018 . comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of spilarctia subcarnea and other noctuid insects . international journal of biological macromolecules , vol . 107 , issue . , p . 121 .
sivasankaran , kuppusamy mathew , pratheesh anand , sekar ceasar , stanislaus antony mariapackiam , soosaimanikam and ignacimuthu , savarimuthu 2017 . complete mitochondrial genome sequence of fruit - piercing moth eudocima phalonia ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) . genomics data , vol . 14 , issue . , p . 66 .
todd , jacqui h . barratt , barbara i . p . withers , toni m . berndt , lisa a . gresham , belinda avila , gonzalo a . and malone , louise a . 2017 . a comparison of methods for selecting non - target species for risk assessment of the biological control agent cotesia urabae . biocontrol , vol . 62 , issue . 1 , p . 39 .
hernández - baz , fernando quiroz gamboa , john alveiro tabares duque , maría eugenia guzmán cabrera , sebastián alfonso reyna , marytania montañez and gonzález , jorge m . 2017 . wasp moths ( lepidoptera : erebidae : ctenuchina - euchromiina ) of the entomological museum “francisco luis gallego” ( meflg ) , medellin , antioquia , colombia . journal of the lepidopterists’ society , vol . 71 , issue . 2 , p . 69 .
regier , jerome c . mitter , charles mitter , kim cummings , michael p . bazinet , adam l . hallwachs , winifred janzen , daniel h . and zwick , andreas 2017 . further progress on the phylogeny of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) using an expanded gene sample . systematic entomology , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .
rota , jadranka zacharczenko , brigette v . wahlberg , niklas zahiri , reza schmidt , b . c . and wagner , david l . 2016 . phylogenetic relationships of acronictinae with discussion of the abdominal courtship brush in noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , vol . 41 , issue . 2 , p . 416 .
zanuncio , josé cola tavares , wagner de souza ramalho , francisco de sousa leite , germano leão demolin and serrão , josé eduardo 2016 . sarsina violascens spatial and temporal distributions affected by native vegetation strips in eucalyptus plantations . pesquisa agropecuária brasileira , vol . 51 , issue . 6 , p . 703 .
sun , yu tian , sen qian , cen sun , yu - xuan abbas , muhammad n . kausar , saima wang , lei wei , guoqing zhu , bao - jian and liu , chao - liang 2016 . characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of spilarctia robusta ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . european journal of entomology , vol . 113 , issue . , p . 558 .
xue , shuang hu , yan - qing and hua , bao - zhen 2016 . morphological comparison of proboscis sensilla between plusiinae and noctuinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology , vol . 263 , issue . , p . 75 .
avila , g . a . withers , t . m . and holwell , g . i . 2016 . retrospective risk assessment reveals likelihood of potential non - target attack and parasitism by cotesia urabae ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field - cage testing results . biological control , vol . 103 , issue . , p . 108 .
lee , ga - eun han , taeman park , haechul and kim , joon - bum 2015 . morphological and molecular identification ofconilepia nigricosta , new to korea , andlithosia quadrawith their phylogenetic placements within tribe lithosiina ( lepidoptera : erebidae : arctiinae ) . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 1 , p . 16 .
wang , houshuai wahlberg , niklas holloway , jeremy d . bergsten , johannes fan , xiaoling janzen , daniel h . hallwachs , winnie wen , lijun wang , min and nylin , sӧren 2015 . molecular phylogeny of lymantriinae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea , erebidae ) inferred from eight gene regions . cladistics , vol . 31 , issue . 6 , p . 579 .
wu , zhi - guang and han , hui - lin 2015 . two new records of genus nudaria haworth , 1809 ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae , lithosiini ) from china . journal of asia - pacific biodiversity , vol . 8 , issue . 3 , p . 230 .
yang , xiushuai cameron , stephen l . lees , david c . xue , dayong and han , hongxiang 2015 . a mitochondrial genome phylogeny of owlet moths ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) , and examination of the utility of mitochondrial genomes for lepidopteran phylogenetics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 85 , issue . , p . 230 .
lee , kwang - su kang , tae hwa jeong , ji woong ryu , dong pyo and lee , heung - sik 2015 . taxonomic review of the genus l ymantria ( lepidoptera : erebidae : lymantriinae ) in korea . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 5 , p . 225 .
san blas , germán 2015 . a morphological phylogeny ofagrotisochsenheimer ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) , with emphasis on the south american species . zoologica scripta , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 153 .
vincent , benoît and laguerre , michel 2014 . catalogue of the neotropical arctiini leach , [ 1815 ] ( except ctenuchina kirby , 1837 and euchromiina butler , 1876 ) ( insecta , lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae ) . zoosystema , vol . 36 , issue . 2 , p . 137 .
sohn , jae - cheon and cho , soowon 2014 . two newly recorded and two little known species of erebidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) in korea . animal systematics , evolution and diversity , vol . 30 , issue . 3 , p . 176 .
kim , min jee wang , ah rha park , jeong sun and kim , iksoo 2014 . complete mitochondrial genomes of five skippers ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) and phylogenetic reconstruction of lepidoptera . gene , vol . 549 , issue . 1 , p . 97 .
canadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby building , central experimental farm , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6
nous révisons la classification supérieure des familles de noctuoidea possédant une aile antérieure quadrifide ( nolidae , strepsimanidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae , erebidae et noctuidae ) à la lumière de classifications récentes et des répartitions actuelles des états dérivés des caractères . d ' après des études morphologiques et moléculaires récentes , nous proposons une définition plus compréhensive de la famille des noctuidae qui ajoute les sous - familles nolinae , strepsimaninae , arctiinae , lymantriinae et erebinae à celles qui sont plus traditionnellement incluses dans les noctuidae . la superfamille des noctuoidea comprend donc les familles oenosandridae , doidae , notodontidae , micronoctuidae et noctuidae . la tribu des cosmiini , présentement dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est réduite au niveau de sous - tribu des cosmiina et placée dans la tribu des xylenini . la tribu des balsini , couramment placée dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est élevée au rang de sous - famille des balsinae . la tribu phosphilini est transférée de la sous - famille des psaphidinae à xyleninae .
die larven der europäischen noctuidae . vol . 1–4 . text ( 1 ) ; illustrations ( 2–4 ) . herbipolitana
lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . vol . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie
. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae , ( part — agrotini ) .
. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae ( part ) .
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the agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more
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original combination dyops futilis grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 202
illustrated overview including common name reference [ cabbage palm caterpillar ; larva ] , description , foodplants , damage , control methods , references ( g . w . dekle , u . of florida
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cannibalism in large larvae article abstract ( raymond semlitsch and carolyn west , oecologia , 1998 , springerlink . com )
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adult : forewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .
adults have two flights from may to june and again from august to september in southern california .
larvae feed on flowers of washington fan palm ( washingtonia robusta ) and other palm species .
larvae may sometimes enter homes and use bits of carpet or rug to build a cocoon . the larvae normally pupate at the base of fronds in palm trees . larvae are eaten by gila woodpeckers and northern mockingbirds .
hill , c . a . 1921 . a new noctuid from california ( lep . , noctuidae ) . entomological news , and proceedings of the entomological section of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia 32 ( 4 ) : 105 .
. university of california press . pl . 43 , fig . 24 ; p . 257 .
presence in california ; list of 14 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )
common name reference [ palm budworm ; larva ] ( palm - tree . net )
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forewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .
noctua hatuey poey , 1832 ; centurie lèpid . cuba : pl . [ 6 ]
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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brown , j . w . ( usda , systematic entomology laboratory , washington , dc . )
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
a location where the species occurs , or has occurred , where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . for almost all species the minimum criteria would be an actual specimen associated with suitable habitat , which includes a substantial amount of one or more larval foodplants . for almost all species an occurrence ranked higher than d should contain a persistent viable population or metapopulation .
if the habitat corresponds to a mappable natural community or other feature consider the boundaries of this feature the eo boundaries . in general eos need not include more than the breeding habitat and a minimum amount of buffer . in general the larval foodplant should be present on most hectares of the habitat treated as suitable . if this is not approximately true then greater care may need to be taken in defining suitable habitat and actual foodplant stands may need to be considered .
in practice for species in this group the inferred extent is usually all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat which will usually be a few tens to hundreds of hectares . occurrences are always based on populations which will at least over time occupy available habitat and generally will in any given year . however some arbitrary upper limit is needed with species that typically occupy large habitats . therefore it is suggested that with really large habitats ( usually forests , woodland , brushland ) ie be capped at 1 km radius . the resulting 400 hectare area would be a fairly small occurrence for most forest or woodland species . presence should be inferred only in suitable habitat within this radius .
these specs should generally be applied to non - forest trifid subfamilies , non - migratory plusiinae , and many catocalinae whose larvae are either generalists or feed on one or several widely distributed plants . a few other apparently wide ranging species are included .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
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lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :
taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .
many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .
acrolophus inquinatus ,
which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .
a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13241 genus : catocala species : jessica sex : location : le moura ( lemoore ) county : kings collector : coll _ date : in sep specimen _ loc : cdfa ur . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13239 genus : hyphantria species : cunea sex : location : kirkland county : kings collector : r . f . wilkey coll _ date : jun 15 62 specimen _ loc : ucd . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 364 genus : notarctia species : proxima sex : f location : bull slough , 4 mi n kern co line county : kings collector : k . richers coll _ date : jun . . . more
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 18 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of kings
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced