chromodoris magnifica is a sea slug , a species of nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

it is the type species of the genus chromodoris .

chromodoris magnifica

michael wunderli marked
sea slug chromodoris magnifica
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
michael wunderli marked
red sea nudibranch - chromodoris magnifica
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
what type of species is chromodoris magnifica ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the chromodoris magnifica species belongs to .
7 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) grows to at least 6cm in length .
which photographers have photos of chromodoris magnifica species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species chromodoris magnifica .
chromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : franca wermuth , august 16 , 2007
chromodoris magnifica vs c . magnifa from : erwin kodiat , december 6 , 2005
1 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) is a tropical opisthobranch species that belongs to the nudibranch family chromodorididae .
how to identify chromodoris magnifica marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica are marked in green .
nick hope added the english common name
magnificent chromodoris
to
chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard 1832 )
.
colour form of chromodoris magnifica from : asther m . lau , september 12 , 2003
chromodoris magnifica from w . australia from : clay bryce . , april 26 , 1999
also known as nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifa , magnifa sea slug , magnificent chromodoris .
re : chromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : nerida wilson , august 20 , 2007
where is chromodoris magnifica found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species chromodoris magnifica can be found .
chromodoris quadricolor or c . magnifica ( 2 ) from : marina poddubetskaia , march 10 , 2003
michael wunderli marked
slug on mushroom algae
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
it ' s strange , but chromodoris magnifica ( red band , back and white body ) is still alive through all this .
follow - up : the orange one is chromodoris quadricolor ( blue instead of white under actinics ) . food for nudibranches in compiled here . food habits of nudibranchs for chromodoris quadricolor it is sponge latrunculia magnifica .
chromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( additional source ) chromodoris albolineata bergh , 1879 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris annae bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris boucheti rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris burni rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris clavata risbec , 1928 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris colemani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris elisabethina bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris elisabethina var . africana eliot , 1904 accepted as chromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( basis of record ) chromodoris funerea collingwood , 1881 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris hamiltoni rudman , 1977 ( additional source ) chromodoris kuiteri rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris lineolata bergh , 1874 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris lochi rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard , 1832 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris strigata rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( additional source ) chromodoris willani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) doris lineolata van hasselt , 1824 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris maritima baba , 1949 accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris westraliensis o ' donoghue , 1924 accepted as chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris nigrolineata ( eliot , 1904 ) ( additional source ) hypselodoris regina ev . marcus & er . marcus , 1970 ( additional source )
dear bill , here is a chromodoris magnifica feeding on red sponge . found at the very edge of the reef facing the flat sandy bottom in lankayan island .
chromodoris africana or c . quadricolor from : umut tural , february 10 , 2006
anybody - looking for in - depth info ( good articles , personal experiences at forums ) on keeping sea slug chromodoris magnifica . best i could find is sea slug forum .
citation :
magnificent chromodoris nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifica ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
3 . it is closely related to two other species with similar colour patterns : chromodoris kuiteri , from the north east coast of australia and chromodoris africana , from the western indian ocean .
described as chromodoris ? lineata var . nigrolineata eliot , 1904 sensu rudman ( 1982 ) [ details ]
in my specimens the orange band can be said submarginal and they seem to fit a little the description of chromodoris magnifica . so , the confusion persists . so , i’d like to have your opinion on these new photos . thank you in advance .
rudman 1998 - 2010 . chromodoris kuiteri , factsheet & related messages , sea slug forum , australian museum , sydney .
the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups
6 . similar to other members of the chromodoris genus this species is known to feed on sponges . in the philippines it has been observed feeding on an orange sponge .
distinguishing characteristics none of the species of chromodoris of the mediterranean sea has a pattern of black and whitish - blue band , with orange rhinophores , gills and mantle edge .
rudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups .
dear marina , i hope as more photos are added that we can alleviate any confusion . in c . magnifica there is a distinct white outer band on the mantle while in c . quadricolor there can be a thin whitish edge to the mantle . usually its translucent or uncoloured and i think the way it appears in photos is dependent on the way it is lit when photographed . in general terms the mantle in c . quadricolor is more elongate , with a relatively narrow mantle skirt while in c . magnifica the mantle is more ovate with a relatively wide mantle skirt .
rudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 76 : 183 - 241 . page ( s ) : 216 [ details ]
also , being very close relatives , they had different reactions on touch the porites ( christmas tree rock ) : the now dead one cruised over it without any problems ( very light touch , when going over dusters , they didn ' t closed ) , and the c . magnifica sharply moved back twice , as after touching very hot water , then didn ' t repeated the try .
dear bill , i’m just back from southern red sea diving cruise , near brothers islands . i saw there many more sharks than nudibranchs , but somehow i found some species . i would like to reopen the discussion about the specimens of chromodoris quadricolor i found a year ago in the northern red sea . i think , the specimens i found in the south are the same and they seem to be quite common also . but now , my photos are better .
rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 131 [ details ]
gosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; valdés , á . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 204 [ details ]
debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]
johnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]
johnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 9 nucleotides ; 15 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
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known only from indonesia , papua new guinea and eastern australia . also the philippines ( in messages below ) .
heron island , great barrier reef , queensland , september 1983 . photo : bill rudman .
locality : lankayan island , north east off the coast of sabah , malaysia , sulu sea . depth : 23 - 25 meters . length : 3 - 5 cm . april 2003 . edge of the reef close to flat sandy bottom . photographer : sergey parinov
thanks very much for this . it is another record of the many striped form of this species and is only the second record we have of this species feeding [ see #
. in you upper photo the buccal bulb can be clearly seen everted onto the sponge .
i will need to check the identification but we seem to be building up evidence for some of these black - lined species feeding on red poecilosclerid sponges .
like snails and other sea slugs , the magnificent sea slug is a gastropod . most gastropods have a hard shell outside ( not the magnificent sea slug , though ) and a muscular foot that they use to move around .
though it can’t see , it has two tentacles on its head called rhinophores and two near its mouth called oral tentacles , which allow it to smell , taste , and feel its way around the reef . the feathery parts on the back of its body are gills that it uses to breathe in water .
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2 . it can be found occurring throughout the indo - western pacific region and has been found in the warm tropical waters of indonesia , malayasia , philippines , papua new guinea and queensland in australia .
4 . this species can be recognised by the orange mantle edge which has a thin white stripe at the edge , the pale blue colouration in the middle of the mantle and the dark blue / black stripes . the gills and rhinophores are both coloured orange .
5 . this species can be found living on coral reefs from depths of 5 metres to at least 30 metres .
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is one of several , very similarly striped chromodorids bearing black , white and orange , or blue , black , white and orange longitudinal bands . this bright coloration is thought to be aposomatic , or warning coloration . these species are warning wanton predators that they maintain a highly effective chemical defense system . these chemical metabolites and the role of aposomatism as both an offensive and defensive strategy have recently been meticulously reviewed by
as one might expect , others species of reef invertebrates have , over millions of years , been selected for survival by mimicking animals with such a warning / defense system . looking very similar to a toxic model gains you protection from predators that have all ready made the mistake of tasting the nasty one , and learned to avoid it . notably , there are three species of polyclad flatworm , one shown above with its
model , that are believed to use their mimic coloration for defense . photographs of both are also found on page 157 of
although it has not been determined if these three flatworms might also defend themselves chemically , like other flatworms that have been studied , we know from cimino & ghiselin that chromodorids in this color group contain chemical metabolites called rearranged spongiane diterpenoids , which are produced by bacterial symbionts in the sponges they feed on . if you would like more detailed information about the specific metabolites and the sponges they come from , i refer you to the monograph cited above
presently again live in their native country , the netherlands . they started diving during the 14 years that they lived in china and korea . marcel has bsac instructor diving level . diving took them pretty much all over asia and many other places . nudibranchs became their main interest after several trips to the philippines and indonesia . marion is “spotter” for the nudibranchs and marcel is taking the pictures .
is retired from us airways after 27 years as a pilot . . . , flying captain on an airbus 330 internationally .
diving since 1970 . . . with over 5200 dives logged . shoots nikon d - 300 in subal housing with ikelite strobes . macro mate on 105mm for supermacro
jim ' s photography has been featured in a number of books and publications including helmut debelius ' nudibranchs and sea snails of gosliner , behrens and williams coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . a photo of jim petting a shark in
sleeping shark caves
off isla mujeres island , mexico , taken by amy foster his significant other , recently appeared in dave behrens ' diving guide to cozumel , cancun & the riviera maja .
jim has been a solid supporter of the slug site since day one . his countless contributions put him near the top of the list of photographers who have greatly expanded our knowledge of sea slugs . there are a lot of kids in the formative stage of their education who are getting their first introduction to our sea slug friends via the great photographs jim and other contributors have made to the site . my hat is off to jim for making this presentation possible !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2010 . all rights reserved .
i ' ll continue web search , but - just in case if somebody already have this knowledge - post it , please .
hmm i ' ve heard as long as you are feeding them nudi ' s are quite easy to keep . cover the intakes and you should be allright . make sure to keep aggressive fish away from it . if it dies it probably releases some toxin .
if you are thinking of keeping one i say go for it if you can provide it the right types of sponges . looks like a beautiful critter .
a little more details , please - what are right types of sponges ? i had seen photos of it on the red sponges , but all i could see in lfs are only orange ones , tree and ball .
i don ' t really know a lot about them really . i ' ve seen red ball sponges which i hear they eat but haven ' t seen it first hand so i can ' t really tell you . sometimes it ' s not only 1 species of sponge it will eat , it is many types . i think the purple ones eat a bunch of sponges . not sure about these ones . ask the lfs to feed it or something ? lol .
i don ' t think it will eat corals . probably a sponge only feeder . these guys are from japan ( and other parts of asia ) i think so maybe take a look at what sponges are available from that area ?
i had bought all the sponges available locally in trade - they are not interested at all . browsing lr and a glass for now .
yesterday was alive , couldn ' t see it earlier because they browsed inside the lr caves . have to watch the other one more frequently .
- all sponges i could find in lfs were bought for their potential feeding nov 17 . blue one was with a white necrotic patch .
- blue sponge continued to die , removed from the tank nov22 , partial water changes and big bag of new carbon . no visible changes in the overall tank health .
- nov 24 - tank looks bad , first reacted lps and serpent stars , lps closed and expelled a lot of mucus , stars are looking for escape , cucumbers closed , water started look slightly cloudy . then was found the dead sea slug . did water change 30 % , more new carbon and dosed prime . water continue to become more cloudy , condition of the tank habitants worsened , fish is affected too ( looks like they have allergies ) . one more 30 % water change in the evening ( aged water from the bigger tanks with healthy habitants ) .
- nov25 - very bad , water is slightly cloudy , everything is closed tightly , mucus everywhere , mandarin is blind ( white irises ) , bit no signs of acute suffering , chromises have reddened eyes and nasal cavities , all breathing hard . while preparing emergency new water , sand - siffting sea cucumber ( silver - gray ) expelled it ' s viscera . noticed and removed pretty fast . then - the end of the world . chromises ' eyes reddened even more , bulged as in the
total recall
, really scary .
tank was disassembled , everything was washed in the new water before being put in the temporary tanks with the aged water from the big tank . aragonite and water were disposed . macroalgae is still alive , but died in the pico with the blue sponge frags .
evening - 2 cucumbers that left have severe skin lesions , but nobody else eviscerated . golden sand sifting cucumber was put asleep . pink is pretty bad but holds onto the life . sps are bleached , suspected to be dead . condylatris anemone still alive through all of this and two sucking into the power filter grid half of year before .
if i still had my conditioning
no suffering
as the primary and not relaxed to the
keeping alive at all costs ( including suffering )
, i should put to sleep all fish except scooter blenny , who is pale , but relatively active and even eating . now is too late , to catch them have to disassemble the new tank . just hoped somehow that being in the good water will reverse bulging or the white eyes .
what provoked what - hard to say , but result was as of a potent military chemical weapon . never again .
that sounds like total chaos . sorry to hear of the melt down . i find it insane that they only eat that one sponge . i was under the guidance that they would eat more than just the one .
is that the sponge they eat ? i ' ve seen something very much like it before . if i ever stumble across it again i ' ll let ya know . at least you aren ' t the only one who learns from this lesson 0 _ o .
most likely , the last one will be finished during this week - looks not good and expels chemical , that cause stars and cukes die , and corals to close pretty fast . placed it alone in cycled 2 . 5g tank .
this list is an attempt to compile all of the published food data for nudibranchs . more than 4 , 600 nudibranch papers were perused in an effort to find as much of the published food data as possible .
seaslugforum lists id species with links to the discussions with the people who tried to keep them , pity that no follow - ups how it ended .
what i tried : orange ball sponge ( cinachyra sp . ) , orange tree sponge ( ptilocaulis sp . ) , spiny orange sponge ( acanthella acuta ) , blue sponge ( haliclona sp . ) and htchhikers sponges . no interest at all .
- sps ( birdsnest , elkhorn stylophora , 2 christmas tree rock porites ) - are dead , smelly , continue removing deal tissue and daily water changes . worms are alive , but lost featheriness ( main branches were not lost ) , general look of the wet hen .
- large lps ( flat tank ) : open brains / donuts - all alive , works in trachyphillia .
- main , now 10g tank , all is in good shape - with lr , 2 babies tridacna ( amasingly ok ) , condylatris anemone , lobos , candycanes , yellow polyps , white xenia and white lemnalia , hitchhiker sea squrts and sponges . scooter blenny and 1 chromis of 3 are alive and relatively well , no visible damage .
- sea slug removed in separate quarters , reacts badly on a small temperature drop during rearranging tanks .
- sps corals set separately for die - off ( as lr curing ) , nothing more in this tank - high ammonia and nitrites . sponges went there too ( out of hardware ) .
- will be dead in hours - cucumbers and all serpent stars . mostly breathing apparatus and skin lesions . golden spiky sand - sifting cucumber and pink - green filter feeder pentacta anceps will nor expell guts , silver - grey sand - sifting one - will .
- most sensitive and indicative is cynarina lacrimalis ( translucent brain ) , when the 2nd good - looking sea slug was temporarily places in their tank - closed in minutes .
- not affected at all ( visibly ) - crustaceans : mintrax crabs , sexy shrimps , mysiids , gammarus - like pods .
water changes , adding bacteria for cycling , fresh carbon daily , purigen , daily filter floss changes . testing for ammonia and nitrites .
this is so sad , but it was such a good read ! like reading a straight - up horror novel . the zombie genre has nothing on this thread !
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diversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover
a survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce
sea slugs , also called nudibranchs or butterflies of the ocean , ingest toxic chemicals from the sponges they eat and store away the single most noxious compound to use against their predators later on . by preventing certain cellular processes , latrunculin a is highly toxic to fish , fungus , and even some cancer cell lines . the findings are published in plos one this week .
a team led by karen cheney from the university of queensland studied five closely - related nudibranch molluscs ( pictured below ) collected by scuba divers in the great barrier reef and from south east queensland in australia . the team dissected each nudibranch into two or three parts : internal organs , the mantle ( the back surface ) , and in some cases , the mantle rim , where the defensive mantle dermal formations are located . ( the mantle rim is that yellow , orange , or pink border . )
only latrunculin a was present in the storage reservoirs of the mantle rim ; a variety of other compounds were found in the internal organs . that means the sea slugs selected just one toxic chemical weapon to sequester and accumulate in a part of their mantle that’s the most exposed to would - be predators .
many products used to make drugs are molecules that plants and animals use to protect themselves . studying marine molluscs has already led to the discovery of many biologically potent chemicals with analgesic , anti - inflammatory , antiviral , and anticancer activity .
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orange band around the mantle is some distance from the edge , black longitudinal lines and translucent red rhinophores and gills .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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is a large species and one of a group of similarly coloured and patterned nudibranchs .
the primary mantle colour is black . there are four white or very pale blue longitudinal lines . these are narrow and most usually form an inner and outer loop . the innermost loop passes from forward of and between the rhinophores posteriorly to encircle the gills and then continues as a single line . the outer loop runs sub - marginally around the whole mantle . both loops are contained entirely within the basal black colour . these lines are usually continuous but may be broken or even overlapping . the mantle margin carries a wide orange band and the border between black and orange is not distinct but is instead rather diffuse . the colours and pattern upon the foot are much similar .
the lamellate rhinophores and large gills are also orange but can sometimes be of a darker ( richer ) shade compared to the mantle margin .
the spawn is pale orange and is laid as a flat spiral . there is no extra - capsular yoke .
we normally sight this species in the 50 to 70 mm range but we have recorded one large specimen at 120 mm in length . it is common at certain sites in our survey area .
( no black diffusing into the orange , a very thin white marginal band and the black appears to be arranged into three broad bands ) . these last two species have an east african , red sea and western indian ocean distribution . the first impression received on sighting
is that of a predominately black species and that , combined with the diffusion of the black into the orange margin usually helps to settle any confusion .
distribution is limited to the coastal waters and offshore reefs of queensland and new south wales , eastern australia and also lord howe island . we are not entirely convinced that a few reports from western australia represent this species .
marshall & willan 1999 . nudibranchs of heron island , great barrier reef , backhuys publishers .
wilson n . 2002 . egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs , malacologia , 2002 , 44 ( 2 ) : 289 - 305 .
yonow n . 2008 . sea slugs of the red sea , pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
and seen and embraced a host of changes and developments in diving and underwater photographic equipment and practices since then . he dived the great barrier reef , australia for many many years however for the past ten years he has focused his efforts almost entirely upon the
documenting the sea slugs of the region . to adequately survey the area he operates both a 5 metre rib on the sunshine coast and a 10 metre powercat out of scarborough on moreton bay . together with
he has retired from his engineering business and recently taken on the critter id column in sportdiving magazine ( formerly by the late & great neville coleman ) with the assistance of several world - renowned experts . visit his website : urltoken and use the critter id portal there to have your critters identified or confirmed and published in the magazine .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2013 . all rights reserved .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
date : february 08 , 2003 location : safaga , egypt , red sea site : tobia iv depth : 11m . size : about 55mm photos : marina poddubetskaia - nembro website
the photos in your second message are also c . quadricolor . best wishes , bill rudman
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this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .
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short description body smooth and dorso - ventrally flattened , brightly colored . mantle ovate with a broad overhang of the edge , and the posterior end of the foot extending beyond the mantle when the animal is crawling . rhinophores lamellated and the branchial plume located mid - dorsally in the posterior part of the notum .
color : notum with two whitish - blue bands and three wider black ones . all around there is a white band , followed by another wider of orange color , and a white edge . rhinophores and gills darker orange than the band in the mantle edge .
common size : usually 40 - 50 mm ; the mediterranean specimen measured 20 mm .
biology / ecology this species , like other species of the family chromodorididae , feeds on sponges .
habitat : the single specimen recorded in the mediterranean was found at 30 m in depth , in a place close to several submarine springs ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) . in the red sea c . quadricolor can be found on coral reefs a few meters deep .
distribution worldwide : restricted to the red sea and the eastern african coast . mediterranean : only known from one specimen collected in 1982 in capo martola , imperia , ligurian sea , italy ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) .
barash a . and zenziper z . , 1994 . notes on opisthobranchia from the red sea . part iii .
cattaneo vietti r . , chemello r . and giannuzzi - savelli r . , 1990 . atlas of mediterranean nudibranchs . la conchiglia , roma , 264 p .
rudman w . b . , 1977 . chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zoological journal of the linnean society , 52 ( 3 ) : 175 - 199 .
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did ask shop what they ate and she said he was an alage eater . . . . . . . . . .
posts : 4 , 269 likes received : 0 location : rhondda valley south wales .
sorry for the bad news but they won ' t eat algae of any description . they feed on certain types of small encrusting sponges that as far as i know can ' t be kept successfully in aquariums .
as they are slowly starving to death anyway i ' d be inclined to remove them . if they die in your tank they ' ll take everything with them as they release toxins . also don ' t touch one with bare hands as a guy in a local lfs became very ill after removing a live one from a tank and poking it out of a net with his finger . the toxin they release can be directly absorbed through the skin .
take it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience .
also you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .
take it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience . also you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .
in all fairness he did ask at the shop didnt he ! ! ! if we cant take advice from our lfs the so called experts who can we . im sure weve all gone into a lfs seen something asked there advice and took them to there word
razer , i think foo was just pointing out that it ' s better to do your own research than taking advice from someone who has a financial gain from the answer . i like many others have fallen foul of the advice from the
so called experts
and now don ' t buy on impulse but have a good read up or google beforehand .
one thing i would just like to add is that the lfs that i now use have books on marine fish , corals and inverts all ready to you to look through and read up on any livestock within the shop befor you buy them .
inpulse buying is a nightmare to which i have fallen victim many times . da you should take the nudibranch back to the shop and ask for a refund and hopefully they should take it back . let us know how you get on dude
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asemonea tenuipes is a species of salticidae ( jumping spiders ) which can be found on andaman islands and in such countries as burma , india , sri lanka , and thailand .

it is commonly referred to as tailed jumper .

asemonea tenuipes

asemonea tenuipes ( ♂ , ♀ ) ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 )
asemonea tenuipes ( pickard - cambridge o . , 1869 ) | species | india biodiversity portal
lyssomanes tenuipes o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 65 , pl . 5 , f . 50 - 52 ( d m ) . asemonea tenuipes peckham & peckham , 1886 : 340 . asemonea tenuipes peckham , peckham & wheeler , 1889 : 243 , pl . 12 , f . 5 , 19 ( m , d f ) . asemonea cingulata thorell , 1895 : 314 ( d m ) . asemonea tenuipes simon , 1901a : 399 , f . 399 - 400 , 412 ( m ) . lyssomanes andamanensis tikader , 1977a : 205 , f . 25a - c ( d m f ) . lyssomanes bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1978 : 259 , f . 4 - 6 ( d f ) . asemonea tenuipes wanless , 1980d : 240 , f . 2d ; 18a - i ( m , s f ) . lyssomanes bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 107 , text - f . 21 - 23 ( f ) . lyssomanes andamanensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 109 , f . 201 - 203 ( m f ) . asemonea tenuipes prószyński , 1984a : 3 ( f ) . asemonea tenuipes roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 23 , f . 19a - e , 25h , 27q ( f ) . asemonea tenuipes prószyński , 2017b : 125 , f . 54h - i , 55a ( m f ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . asemonea tenuipes ( pickard - cambridge o . , 1869 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
a revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 39 ( 4 ) : 213 - 257
asemonea tenuipes ( male ) photographed at karnala . a little more than 1 cm long . canon eos 500d , canon 100mm macro usm lens aperture - priority ae tv 1 / 60 av 9 . 0 ec 0 iso 1600 hand held cropped and did a little bit of nr in lightroom 3 . ( no significant detail loss due to the nr ) also tried a vertical crop , but it looked a little tight for my taste . thanks , c & c awaited .
wanless , f . r . ( 1980d ) . a revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zool . ) 39 : 213 - 257 . - - show included taxa
the main id characteristic of the genus asemonea is the pair of elongated spinnerets ( of the male ) that give it a
tailed
appearance . also , the eye arrangement is peculiar to the genus , the most notable feature being that the front of the head is occupied by only the pair of very large anterior median eyes . will also share an image of a female of this species shortly .
no . xxxx sri lanka , india , andaman is . , burma , thailand
lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 032356 ]
peckham , g . w . & peckham , e . g . ( 1886 ) . genera of the family attidae : with a partial synonymy . transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences , arts and letters 6 : 255 - 342 . - - show included taxa
peckham , g . w . , peckham , e . g . & wheeler , w . h . ( 1889 ) . spiders of the subfamily lyssomanae . transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences , arts and letters 7 : 222 - 256 . - - show included taxa
pickard - cambridge , o . ( 1869c ) . descriptions and sketches of some new species of araneida , with characters of a new genus . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 3 : 52 - 74 . - - show included taxa
prószyński , j . ( 1984a ) . atlas rysunków diagnostycznych mniej znanych salticidae ( araneae ) . wyższa szkola rolniczo - pedagogiczna , siedlcach 2 : 1 - 177 . - - show included taxa
prószyński , j . ( 2017b ) . pragmatic classification of the world ' s salticidae ( araneae ) . ecologica montenegrina 12 : 1 - 133 . - - show included taxa
roy , t . k . , saha , s . & raychaudhuri , d . ( 2016 ) . a treatise on the jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) of tea ecosystem of dooars , west bengal , india . world scientific news 53 ( 1 ) : 1 - 66 . - - show included taxa
simon , e . ( 1901a ) . histoire naturelle des araignées . paris 2 , 381 - 668 . - - show included taxa
thorell , t . ( 1895 ) . descriptive catalogue of the spiders of burma . london , pp . 1 - 406 . - - show included taxa
tikader , b . k . ( 1977a ) . studies on spider fauna of andaman and nicobar islands , indian ocean . records of the zoological survey of india 72 : 153 - 212 . - - show included taxa
tikader , b . k . & biswas , b . ( 1978 ) . two new species of spiders of the family lyssomanidae from india . proceedings of the indian academy of science 87 ( b ) : 257 - 260 . - - show included taxa
tikader , b . k . & biswas , b . ( 1981 ) . spider fauna of calcutta and vicinity : part - i . records of the zoological survey of india , occasional paper 30 : 1 - 149 . - - show included taxa
as external resources , the world spider catalog links here to species pages of other databases . they may contain further information for the given species . the databases , listed as external resources , however , are not managed by world spider catalog and the information given there is not necessarily in agreement with the world spider catalog . all responsibility for such data is with the external database .
prószyński , j . ( 2016 ) . monograph of salticidae ( araneae ) of the world 1995 - 2015 . part ii . global species database of salticidae ( araneae ) . version may 5th , 2016 , online at urltoken .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
cephalothorax oval shaped . median eyes prominent . thick yellow band in the mid dorsum of the cephalothorax and blackish cover laterally . abdomen cylindrical . ends with an extended spinnerets ventrally . spinnerets modified as a tail like outgrowth . abdomen is black colored anteriorly . a yellow mark lies near the posterior end . legs are positioned straight during rest . less chitinized . possess hairs
gupta , r . , devi , o . s . & islam , m . ( eds . ) 2015 . common spiders from select protected areas of upper assam . assam state biodiversity board . guwahati . pp . 189 .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
cephalothorax elongate with elevated ocular region . cephalothorax is black with a yellow band in the mid - dorsal area and orange coloured ocular region in males . females are uniformly cream coloured . eight eyes are arranged in four rows , anterior lateral eyes and posterior median eyes are present on distinct tubercles . ocular area covered with yellow - white hairs . abdomen of male is elongated , yellow coloured with an orange patch and a white mark near the tip . females have cream coloured abdomen . distinct tail like slender spinnerets present . legs are long , slender , cream coloured and covered with spines
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
active hunter . rest under irregular build web . caring the eggs is displayed among both the sexes
relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment . variables of interest to ecologists include the composition , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , number , and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
prefer habitats of slightly hilly areas . seen generally under broad leaves of short heighted trees
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
this is a very first attempt to compile a checklist of spiders from gujarat . it is a result of prim . . .
a total of 86 species of spiders belonging to 56 genera of 20 families have been recorded from the . . .
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spiders of the sub - family lyssomaninae . trans . wisconsin acad . sci . arts . lett . , madison , wisconsin 7 : 222 - 256 , pl . xi - xii
histoire naturelle des araignees . deuxieme edition . paris ( roret ) 2 ( 3 ) : 381 - 668
descriptions and sketches of some new species of araneida , with characters of a new genus . ann . mag . nat . hist . , london 4 ( 3 ) : 52 - 74
atlas rysunkow diagnostcznych mniej znanych salticidae ( araneae ) [ atlas of drawings of less known salticidae ( araneae ) ] . wsrp , siedlce 1 - 177
two new species of spiders of the family lyssomanidae from india . proc . indian acad . sci . 87 ( b ) : 257 - 260
spider fauna of calcutta and vicinity . part - i . rec . zool . sur . india 1 - 149
i found this tiny spider under the leaves of jamaica cherry ( muntingia calabura ) tree . the spider was hardly 2mm in size . this shy and reclusive spider tried hiding from my view by going around the leaf in circles . i was able to capture it with lot of difficulty . here are five photos i could manage …
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lovely composition . the different shades of green look nice . the clean background adds to the composition . good details . thanks for sharing .
not sure about id . it is exciting to view images of such small creatures . slightly more space between the leaf edge and the right frame would have been better . thanks for sharing . cheers , sabyasachi
hi . . abhisehek nice shot . i like the plane bg . and nice eye contact . i think , not sure . . this is tutelina elegans jumping spider . you can check video of tutelina elegans male and female . urltoken
bhavya , it ' s not tutelina elegans . thanks all the same for your help . i found a few pages on the net showing this spider . . . but none of them have identified it beyond
jumping spider
. will update this thread with the id if i find it .
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great to know the difference between the male and female of the species . the water drop effectively conveys the size . thanks for sharing . cheers , sabyasachi
yes . . nice to see the difference between male and female . . from which site did you find the id . ? ?
thanks bhavya , i got the id from a friend who is documenting spiders . will send you a link to his page if you are interested .
looks like more than a record image to me . the water droplet helps to compare the size . how do you sight these in the field , as these being so small wont be seen easily . would like to know the technique you use . thanks for sharing the information . look forward to more .
thank you mrudul , glad that you appreciate it . this ( and the male ) was found in the garden of my place near karnala , so i had a smaller area to search in . searching for the same spider in a large forest would have been far more difficult . in any case , there is no specific technique as such . using a macro lens for a few months gets one into the habit of looking for subjects under every leaf , rock , etc . in fact i would not recommend macro lenses for you people who specialise in mammals and birds , since you might end up searching only under leaves and rocks , and neglecting the larger animals
using a macro lens for a few months gets one into the habit of looking for subjects under every leaf , rock , etc . in fact i would not recommend macro lenses for you people who specialise in mammals and birds , since you might end up searching only under leaves and rocks , . . .
with my considerable bulk , twisting and turning to get the right angle to click these fellows under a leaf or rock . . . nah . . . i leave that to you , joshi , bhargava and others . . .
that would be tough abhishek ! with my considerable bulk , twisting and turning to get the right angle to click these fellows under a leaf or rock . . . nah . . . i leave that to you , joshi , bhargava and others . . .
you , mrudul , praveen , bhargava and others are wonderful at shooting tigers , other mammals , birds etc . i am perfectly happy with you guys continuing to focus on those , and will always look forward to your contributions in those fields .
copyright © for the photos by r . r . jackson , 2000 . copyright © for the page by j . proszynski , 2000 .


the grass goby ( zosterisessor ophiocephalus ) is a species of goby native to the mediterranean sea , the sea of azov and the black sea .

it is currently the only known member of its genus .

grass goby

reproductive cycle and life history traits of the grass goby , zosterisessor ophiocephalus ( gobiidae ) . . .
age and growth of the grass goby zosterisessor ophiocephalus pallas , 1811 in the gulf of gabes ( tuni . . .
scaggiante m , mazzoldi c , petersen cw , rasotto mb ( 1999 ) . sperm competition and mode of fertilization in the grass goby
mazzoldi c , scaggiante m , ambrosin e , rasotto mb ( 2000 ) . mating system and alternative male mating tactics in the grass goby
ota d , marchesan m , ferrero ea ( 1996 ) sperm release behavior and fertilization in the grass goby . j fish biol 49 : 246–256
in the marbled and grass gobies ) we can consider it as an occasional infestation .
a list is presented of metazoan parasites that infect seven gobiid fishes ( the toad goby mesogobius batrachocephalus , monkey goby neogobius fluviatilis , racer goby n . gymnotrachelus , bighead goby n . kessleri , round goby n . melanostomus , ratan goby n . ratan , and syrman goby n . syrman ) from the dniester estuary ( black sea ) . infections by thirteen species of metazoa parasites , including four . . . [ show full abstract ]
marbled goby was rather rare ( 5 , 7 and 8 fishes respectively ) .
. mode of sexual selection determined by resource abundance in two sand goby populations .
. parental behaviour in relation to the occurrence of sneaking in the common goby .
co - immigration of the marbled goby and its specific parasites to the black sea .
pujolar jm , locatello l , zane l , mazzoldi c ( 2012 ) . body size correlates with fertilization success but not gonad size in grass goby territorial males . plos one 7 ( 10 ) , 46711 .
fauna of this goby . so , the core species in the parasite component community are most -
marbled goby is annual small - sized fish ) was completed . it was a cause of successful
. the influence of oxygen stress on female choice for male nest structure in the common goby .
experiments were performed from 24 april to 23 may 2002 for the grass goby and from 4 july to 7 august for the black goby . aquaria used for the experiments ( 60 × 36 × 40 cm high , 70 l ) were divided in two equal sections by a glass partition , attached to the bottom and sides with silicone , to prevent water and sperm flow across sections ( figure 1 ) . every aquarium was provided with a sandy bottom , water temperature was kept at 16°c for grass goby and 22°c for black goby , and water was renewed daily . the artificial light regimen followed natural conditions , and fish were fed once a day with fresh black mussel meat .
skolbekken r , utne - palm ac ( 2001 ) . parental investment of male two - spotted goby
reproductive biology of the rock goby , gobius paganellus ( actinopterygii : perciformes : gobiidae ) , on . . .
size distribution of male and female two - spotted goby in early ( may ) and late ( july ) reproductive season .
magnhagen c ( 1998 ) . alternative reproductive tactic and courtship in the common goby . j fish biol 53 : 130–137 .
actually , it ' s more like eat and be eaten for most organisms . while plants and some bacteria can make their own food , other organisms must eat living things to survive . this makes them predators . you might not think of a grass - munching cow as much of a predator , but cows are indeed the predators of their grass prey .
feeding habits of the black goby , gobius niger ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in the gulf of gabes ( southern tuni . . .
similar to the ones of other gobiid species in the black sea , is typical for the marbled goby ( kvach , 2005 a ) .
immler s , mazzoldi c , rasotto mb ( 2004 ) . from sneaker to parental male : change of reproductive traits in the black goby ,
forsgren e , kvarnemo c , lindström k ( 1996 ) . mode of sexual selection determined by resource abundance in two sand goby populations . evolution 50 : 646–654 .
) . this result basically implies a change in mating tactic among the smaller males . the sperm seen in the sdgs of small and intermediate sized males in the late breeding season could be sperm left over from a time when the sdgs functioned primarily for sperm storage ( an earlier sneaking period ) , or that the sdgs continue to be used as sperm storage as well as mucin producers . the grass goby ,
[ … ] in biology makes sense ! , amy dapper writes about one consequence of sex , among grass gobies : “sneaker” males with specialized sperm . and jeremy yoder ( yours truly ) takes a look at daisies that attract pollinators by fooling them [ … ]
as an added bonus , i ( bravely ) searched youtube for videos of goby mating behavior and found this lovely video of a pair of trimma gobies , set to adele’s crazy for you .
of course , the cows themselves are prey to other animals , like humans and coyotes . now we have a simple food chain , with grass plants making food at the bottom , cows as middle predators , and then humans and coyotes as
top predators .
mobley kb , amundsen t , forsgren e , svensson pa , jones ag ( 2009 ) . multiple mating and a low incidence of cuckoldry for nest - holding males in the two - spotted goby ,
. sexual selection and sex roles in the sand goby . in : behaviour and conservation of littoral fishes ( almada vc , oliveira rf , gonçalves ej , eds ) . lisboa : ispa ; 249–274 .
benthic , inshore , brackish water , estuaries and lagoons , on mud and eel - grass meadows . commercial in the black sea and in sivash ( ref . 2058 ) . occasionally recorded in freshwater , but there are no documented records of actual occurrence in european freshwaters ( ref . 59043 ) .
the researchers , part of the rasotta lab group at the university of padova , studied the mating behavior and sperm competition strategies of the grass gobies that inhabit the venetian lagoon . grass gobies exhibit alternative mating strategies . the larger males directly compete for access to , and guard , female mates . in contrast , less competitive males avoid direct competition and instead sneak copulations with females already guarded by other males . this variation in behavioral strategies allowed locatello et al . to ask whether guarding and sneaking males may also employ alternative sperm competition strategies . they hypothesized that the two types of males may differ in the degree to which they invest in high quality seminal fluid or high quality sperm .
citation : utne - palm ac , eduard k , jensen kh , mayer i , jakobsen pj ( 2015 ) size dependent male reproductive tactic in the two - spotted goby ( gobiusculus flavescens ) . plos one 10 ( 12 ) : e0143487 . urltoken
territorial males spent more time patrolling the territory ( time out of the nest ) when one and four sneakers were present rather than in the absence of sneakers ( table 1 , figure 2a ) . attacks ( rapid movements toward the sneaker compartment ) were observed only when sneakers were present ( table 1 , figure 3a ) . considering only the trials in which sneakers were present , territorial males performed more attacks when there were four sneakers compared to a single sneaker in the black goby ( f 1 , 20 = 6 . 12 , p = . 022 ) but not in the grass goby ( f 1 , 11 = 0 . 21 , p = . 66 ) . after the female was introduced , territorial males decreased the time spent patrolling the territory and attacking the sneakers , and male territorial behavior did not differ according to the number of sneakers ( table 1 , figures 2b and 3b ) .
to test how territorial males respond to the presence of sneakers , we measured the behavior and sperm output of territorial males facing different levels of sperm competition in the grass and black gobies . our aim was to investigate whether territorial males adjust their sperm output to the number of sneaker males attending the spawn and to test whether they respond to the presence of sneakers by increasing their mate guarding and courtship rate .
] . ontogeny could to some extent explain why we find predominantly small sized , presumably younger males ( born late in season ) , with sneaker type gonads early in the breeding season , but which develop a more dominant gonad structure with older age later in the season . in a laboratory study on the black goby (
in the two - spotted goby , nest defence , brood care and courtship are energetically demanding [ 22 ] , which probably causes increasing mortality rates of nest holding males over the season . thus one should expect to find smaller males using a sneaking strategy , especially early in the breeding season when male—male competition is at its highest .
] the two - spotted goby exhibits sexual size dimorphism , where males are on average larger than females . however , in the presented studied population on the west norwegian coast ( bergen ) this size dimorphism is reversed as average female size is slightly larger than average male size , caused by a large proportion of very small males (
the results of the experiments demonstrated that , while both ‘guard’ and ‘sneaker’ sperm performed equally well in seminal fluid from males with the same behavioral strategy , the sperm of sneaker males had increased performance in the seminal fluid of guarding males . conversely , the sperm of guarding males had reduced preformance in the seminal fluid of sneaking males . furthermore , when sperm was exposed to a mixture of seminal fluid from both types of males , the sperm of ‘sneaker’ males again outperformed that of ‘guard’ males . all together , these results indicate that grass goby males also exhibit alternative sperm competition strategies , such that ‘guard’ males invest in higher quality seminal fluid at the expense of sperm quality ( measured by swimming speed ) and that ‘sneaker’ males invest in higher quality sperm at the expense of seminal fluid quality .
] . however , the authors of this study speculate that the tendency to observe fewer small colourless males late in the breeding season could be because these smaller males have changed mating tactics , from sneaker to the more colourful territorial males . also the presented findings somewhat contradict a study of cuckoldry reported in a two - spotted goby population on the west coast of sweden [
the diet of the black goby , gobius niger in the gulf of gabes ( southern tunisia ) was described from analysis of stomach contents of 1055 specimens . samples were collected monthly by trawls from february 2009 to january 2010 . in the laboratory , the total length ( tl ) was measured and prey items in the stomach contents were identified to large taxonomic groups . overall , 654 stomachs were empty . . . [ show full abstract ]
three different sampling locations on the west coast of norway were selected in order to obtain samples as representative as possible of the habitat of the two - spotted goby . these locations were the inner and outer fanafjord and the kvalen raunefjord , all located north of bergen , which differed in terms of exposure , temperature and salinity . fish used in the histological studies where captured by beach seine in may and july 2008 at the kvalen raunefjord location .
gobies are the most diverse fish family on the reef , with more than 200 species described . with their generally small sizes and ability to adapt to a wide variety of specialized habitats , gobies have become the most diverse marine fish family in the world . this does not mean they are always successful at avoiding predators , though . for instance , the blueband goby ( valenciennia strigata ) is eaten by a variety of predators , including the venomous coneshell .
coneshells ( conus spp . ) are gastropod mollusks , closely related to the more familiar and harmless land snails . with beautiful , ornately designed shells , coneshells are highly sought - after by shell collectors . these gastropods have evolved as deadly predators , however ; a single puncture from their venomous radula ( modified tooth ) can rapidly paralyze and even kill a human . of course , coneshells evolved not to defend themselves against collectors , but to efficiently kill prey , such as the blueband goby .
the rock goby gobius paganellus is one of the most common gobiid fish on the southern tunisian coast and this study provides the first detailed information on its reproductive biology in the gulf of gabes . a total of 356 males ( 8 . 9 - 14 cm total length , tl ) and 273 females ( 9 . 1 - 14 . 3 cm tl ) were analyzed . specimens were dissected and their gonads and livers were removed . mean size at sexual . . . [ show full abstract ]
] ) , females now resort to courting smaller males ( several females were seen courting small males in the late breeding season ( july ) , while early in the breeding season ( may ) we only observed males courting females . pers . obs . a . c . utne - palm and m . hordnes during a transect snorkeling survey at the same study sites , 2008 ) . in contrast , such a size related tactic change over the breeding season was not found in the sand goby (
grass gobies are external fertilizers , meaning that both sexes release their gametes into the aquatic environment where fertilization takes place . this characteristic allowed the researchers to separate sperm and seminal fluid and set up a reciprocal experimental design in which sperm performance is tested in different seminal fluid environments ( table 1 ) . using this design , they tested sperm performance ( swimming speed ) in the presence of a single type of seminal fluid from either males with the same or different mating strategies . they also performed a second experiment in which sperm from either ‘guard’ or ‘sneaker’ males was exposed to a mixture of seminal fluid from both type of males , which more closely mimics the environment of competing sperm .
in birds , traits associated with good genes and those associated with paternal care are not necessarily the same ( møller and jennions , 2001 ; soler et al . , 1998a ) . in the sand goby , females do not invite sneaker males to sneak ( svensson , 2004 ) , and they probably have no control over parasitic fertilizations . therefore , in contrast to many birds , indirect benefits such as good genes or genetic compatibility have to be provided by the same individual as the direct benefits . this abolishes the potential intersexual conflict between females and nest - holding males over simultaneous parasitic spawnings .
male behaviors used in the statistical analyses are the time the males spent ( 1 ) completely inside the nest , ( 2 ) with head visible in nest opening , ( 3 ) outside the nest , ( 4 ) fanning ( with head visible in nest opening ) , and ( 5 ) displaying toward female ( outside the nest ) ; as well as the number of bouts the males performed ( 6 ) nest building from the inside of the nest , ( 7 ) nest building from the outside of the nest , and ( 8 ) rubbing the anal - urogenital area toward the ceiling inside the nest . the sand goby male prepares mucus trails by rubbing the anal - urogenital area ( personal observation ) .
a study from the west coast of sweden , [ 19 ] ( where we find the traditionally reported size dimorphism ♂ > ♀ ) previously showed that over the short breeding season of the two - spotted goby there was a transition from a strong male–male competition with intensive courting males in the beginning of the season to a strong female–female competition with actively courting females towards the end of the season . this observation has recently been supported by further studies in the same location ( gullmarsfjorden , west coast of sweden ) , reporting that i ) the size of nest holding males decreased over the season—indicating a decrease in male—male competition [ 20 ] , and ii ) courtship is typically initiated by males and terminated by females early in the season , while the opposite pattern is found late in the season [ 21 ] .
in svensson and kvarnemo ( 2003 ) , sand goby males built much smaller nest openings in the presence of sneaker males , suggesting that the nest opening may work as a defense or camouflage against sneaker males . however , we have found no behavioral or genetic support for this to be true ( svensson , 2004 ) . similarly , in the azorean rock - pool blenny , parablennius sanguinolentus parvicornis , nests in the field with associated satellite males did not have larger openings than nests without satellites . on the other hand , nests with two openings had an associate satellite male much more often than nests with one ( oliveira et al . , 2002 ) . in the present study , we hypothesized that males should be more engaged in nest building when experiencing a sneaker male compared to when not , which was not the case .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 30 - ? m ( ref . 2058 ) . subtropical ; 47°n - 28°n , 6°w - 42°e
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 29 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 115022 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 4696 )
iteroparous , females produce more than one batch of eggs within the breeding season ( ref . 50965 ) .
miller , p . j . , 1979 . gobiidae . p . 483 - 515 . in j . c . hureau and th . monod ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4345 )
) : 14 - 20 . 1 , mean 17 . 1 ( based on 26 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00495 - 0 . 01335 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ; fec > 5 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 55 , 2 sd range = 0 . 29 - 1 . 04 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 6 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .
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bulgaria ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; libya ; monaco ; romania ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; slovenia ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine ( krym , ukraine ( main part ) )
the species is locally abundant and assumed to have a stable population , although harvested in some parts of its range .
this species is harvested for food in some parts of its range . the species has commercial importance in parts of its range , including in the black sea and in sivash ( berg 1965 ) . miller ( 1986 ) documents tissue contaminants ( pcbs , ddt etc . ) and heavy metal concentrations in fish from greek and italian habitats , which may affect consumers .
the species habitat may be impacted locally but there are no known widespread threats .
. however , it likely occurs in marine protected areas . it was assessed globally as data deficient in 1996 and as least concern in the mediterranean ( abdul malak
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aegean sea : 22700 - 787 ( 1 spc . ) , may 2000 , bozcaada island , 9 m , l . eryilmaz . inland water : 22700 - 626 ( 1 spc . ) , 1975 , bueyuekcekmece lagoon , istanbul , n . meriç .
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making sense of life as we know it , in the light of evolution .
however , sperm constitute only a small portion of the male ejaculate transferred to females during mating . the rest , up to 90 % , is composed of a myriad of proteins and other compounds that constitute the seminal fluid . in addition to being produced in abundance , seminal fluid proteins are also diverse . for example , scientists have found that males , of many species , produce dozens , if not hundreds , of different types of seminal fluid proteins . so , what then , do all these proteins do ? it turns out that these protein are involved in many different processes that indirectly influence male reproductive success , including influencing female physiology and interacting with a male’s own , as well as rival , sperm .
these fascinating results suggest many exciting avenues for future research . for example , from a mechanistic perspective : how exactly does seminal fluid composition vary between ‘guard’ and ‘sneaker’ males ? do many different proteins to differ in presence or concentration ? or does variation in one or very few seminal fluid proteins produce the observed differences in sperm performance ? furthermore , from an evolutionary perspective , we can ask : why do the males differ at all ? what constraints keep males from producing both high quality sperm , like the ‘sneakers’ , and high quality seminal fluid , like the ‘guards’ ?
locatello , l . , f . poli , and m . b . rasotto ( 2013 ) tactic - specific differences in seminal fluid influence sperm performance . proc r soc b 280 : 20122891 .
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this study was supported by m . u . r . s . t . 60 % .
fagen rm , young dy ( 1978 ) temporal patterns of behaviors : durations , intervals , latencies , and sequences . in : colgan pw ( ed ) quantitative ethology . wiley , new york , pp 79–114
haccou p , meelis e ( 1992 ) statistical analysis of behavioral data . oxford university press , oxford
kemadjou nijwa jr , muller p , klein r ( 2004 ) variations of sperm release in three batches of zebrafish . j fish biol 64 : 475–482
pall . ( pisces , gobiidae ) in laguna di venezia e osservazioni sulle caratteristiche dei riproduttori . lav soc ven sc nat 27 : 47–56
marconato a , rasotto mb , mazzoldi c ( 1996 ) on the mechanism of sperm release in three gobiid fishes ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . environ biol fish 46 : 321–327
parker ga ( 1990 ) sperm competition games : raffles and roles . proc royal soc lond b 242 : 121–126
scaggiante m , rasotto mb , romualdi c , pilastro a ( 2005 ) territorial male gobies respond aggressively to sneakers but do not ad just their sperm expenditure . behav ecol 16 : 1001–1007
siegel s , castellan nj ( 1992 ) statistica non parametrica . mcgraw - hill , new york , p 477
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry , 3rd edn . freeman , new york , p 880
stoltz ja , neff bd ( 2006 ) sperm competition in a fish with external fertilization : the contribution of sperm number , speed and length . j evol biol , 1873–1871
malavasi , s . , lugli , m . , torricelli , p . et al . environ biol fish ( 2008 ) 82 : 279 . urltoken
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it is characterized by a squat body , swollen cheeks and big lips . it has not swimming - bladder , thus it can not do long moving and lives on the bottom , to which it sticks by the pelvic fin . the eyes are shifted to the top of the head , to allow a complete vision , even if it is covered with sand .
male looks after the eggs : it oxygenates them with its fins , defends from predators , and it cleans them with a germicidal mucus .
it lives in brackish environment , estuary and lagoons , on the muddy bottoms or in phanerogames prairies .
female goes in the den and lays the eggs sticking them to the stones that constitute the vault of the deg . hatching happens 5 - 6 days after fertilization .
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dipartimento di biologia , università di padova , viale g . colombo 3 , 35131 padova , italy e - mail : rasotto @ urltoken tel . : + 39 - 49 - 8276191 ; fax : + 39 - 49 - 8276199
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address correspondence to a . pilastro . e - mail : andrea . pilastro @ urltoken .
instead of adjusting sperm expenditure ( evans et al . , 2003 ; pilastro et al . , 2002 ; simmons and kvarnemo , 1997 ) , males could alternatively respond to the presence of competing males by guarding the mate or the nest ( alonzo and warner , 2000a ; birkhead and møller , 1992 ; komdeur , 2001 ; zamudio and sinervo , 2000 ) or making the nest less accessible to sneakers ( svensson and kvarnemo , 2003 ) . evidence of a trade - off between mate guarding and sperm expenditure has been found in some fish species , suggesting that both strategies are expensive in terms of time and / or energy ( candolin and reynolds , 2002 ; henson and warner , 1997 ; marconato et al . , 1996 ; warner et al . , 1995 ) .
fish were housed at chioggia hydrobiological station of the university of padova . at the end of the experiments they were released back into the wild . housing and experimental procedures have been conducted in accordance with italian national law ( dl116 / 92 ) .
plan view of the experimental tank ( 60 × 36 × 40–cm height ) . the tank was divided in two equal - sized compartments : the compartment of the territorial male contained a plastic nest ( 20 - cm long and with a diameter of 15 cm ) and a ripe female confined into a transparent plexiglas tube . the sneaker compartment contained zero , one , or four competitor sneakers , according to the treatment .
we tested all distributions for normality using shapiro - wilks test . some behavioral observations were not normally distributed , and we therefore used log transformation when appropriate . we compared territorial male behavior and sperm expenditure under three conditions , that is , with zero , one , and four sneakers , using a generalized linear model ( glm ) model in which territorial male behavior and sperm expenditure were the dependent variables , number of attending sneakers was the fixed factor , and identity of territorial male was the random factor ( to control for repeated observations ) . the test was repeated for each of the two phases of the experiment ( before and after female introduction ) . probabilities are two tailed . where not otherwise stated , mean ± se is reported . statistical analyses were performed using spss 12 .
time spent patrolling the territory ( time out of the nest , s ) by the territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) and the phase of the experiment . ( a ) after the introduction of the sneakers and before the introduction of the female ( s out of nest 20 min −1 ) ; ( b ) after the introduction of the female ( s out of nest 20 min −1 ) . data were log transformed .
time spent attacking the sneakers ( i . e . , hitting the transparent divider , s ) by the territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) and the phase of the experiment . ( a ) after the introduction of the sneakers and before the introduction of the female ( s of attack 20 min −1 ) ; ( b ) after the introduction of the female ( s of attack 20 min −1 ) . data were log transformed .
the results of glm in which territorial male behavior was the dependent variable , the number of attending sneakers the fixed factor , and territorial male identity the random factor are shown . interactions were nonsignificant and were removed from the model .
courtship behavior and sperm released of territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) . ( a ) courtship rate of territorial male ( seconds of display 20 min −1 ) ; ( b ) sperm release ( log of sperm concentration , sperm per milliliter ) by the territorial male . data were log transformed .
each territorial male was tested in the three conditions ( with zero , one , and four attending sneakers ) .
we wish to thank the staff of the chioggia hydrobiological station for their kind support during the experiments and chris petersen , tommaso pizzari , and three anonymous referees for commenting on various versions of the manuscript . this study has been partially supported by institutional research grants ( ex60 % ) from the university of padova and grants from the italian ministry for research and university ( cofin2000 ) to a . p . and m . b . r .
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adepartment of biology , university of padova , via u . bassi 58 / b , i - 35131 padova , italy
bcribi biotechnology centre , university of padova , via u . bassi 58 / b , i - 35131 padova , italy
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this study aims to extend the current knowledge on biology aspects , such as age and growth , to the gulf of gabes ( southeast of tunisia ) . the determination of the von bertalanffy growth parameters of…
[ more ]
diet shifts of gobius paganellus ( teleostei , gobiidae ) from the gulf of gabes ( central mediterranean . . .
the aim of this paper is to describe the diet of the population of gobius paganellus from the gulf of gabes , looking at seasonal and ontogenetic shifts and identifying the main preys . this species is an intertidal fish sparsely distributed on the tunisian coast . a total of 629 specimens with total lengths ranging from 8 . 9 to 14 . 3 cm were captured on the gulf of gabes . in the laboratory , the tl . . . [ show full abstract ]
zosterisessor ophiocephalus is currently an important component of the eastern mediterranean inshore fisheries . in tunisia it was recorded for the first time in the gulf of gabes in 1993 , where it is now an important fished species . in this study age and growth parameters were determined in the gulf of gabes ( southeast of tunisia ) based on otolith analysis of 824 specimens caught between . . . [ show full abstract ]
the retinal vascularization of zosterisessor ophiocephalus is described by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts . the retina is vascularized sclerad by the choroidal body and the choriocapillaris , and vitread by the lentiform body and by a dense network of hyaloid vessels . in the bodies there is a parallel arrangement of capillaries indicating a counter current exchange mechanism . the well developed vascularization and its correlation with the hypoxic conditions of the muddy habitat of the species are discussed .
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ota , d . & lahnsteiner , f . environ biol fish ( 1996 ) 45 : 319 . urltoken
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contributed equally to this work with : a . c . utne - palm , k . eduard
copyright : © 2015 utne - palm et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : the data are all contained within the paper and its supporting information files .
funding : this study was funded by the university of bergen through the contributing work of a master student .
in common with most teleost fishes displaying alternative mating tactics , a conditional tactic seems to be most common in species of the family gobidae . in gobies , larger males usually adopt the dominant mating tactic ( territorial nest holders ) , while the smaller males adopt the parasitic tactic ( sneakers ) [ 12 – 14 ] . even more drastically , some gobies change their sex and hence their reproductive tactic completely [ 15 ] .
to make it easier to distinguish between the lines in cases where they overlap , the lines for early and late season are placed 0 . 015 units to the left and right on the x - axis , respectively . average lengths related to season are marked with arrows . sample size females n = 600 , males n = 533 .
the present study was undertaken to determine firstly , whether the small males discovered in the bergen population display a parasitic spawning tactic . secondly , if so we wanted to determine whether the prevalence of this spawning tactic changes over the course of the breeding season .
fish samples were collected during the early ( may ) and late ( july ) breeding season in 2006 and 2008 , using a beach seine ( 30 m long , 3 m high , mesh size 3–5 mm in the catch area ) . some modifications were made to the seine to ensure that it followed the topography without lifting off the bottom by the macro algae ; this included additional weights to the bottom line and floaters on the top line . to ensure that a true representative sample of nest holding males was collected ( hiding in their nest on the bottom ) one seine net was first set to effectively enclose our sampling area , after which the enclosed area was sampled twice with a second beach seine , before finally the outer seine was hauled in .
all statistics and plots were performed using r version 3 . 2 . 2 ( r development core team 2015 , urltoken ) . fish size was compared between sex and season by using a linear mixed effects model ( lme ) with the predictor total length of the fish ( cm ) and the two categorical predictors season and sex . station was set as a random effect factor . sample sizes for males and females were 533 and 600 , respectively . demography was investigated by making simple frequency plots of fish lengths depending on sex and season . additionally , for each sex we made size - frequency distributions over early and late season for the 25 % smallest and largest fish , respectively . this allowed us to get a clearer picture of eventual demographic differences between males and females over the season .
for male fish , the investment in seminal duct gland ( sdg ) and testes were compared between early and late season , i . e , may vs july . we did this by using five different models to cover the most commonly used methods from earlier studies e . g . [ 24 , 33 ] .
model a , gsi : the response variable was the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) and the two predictors were total length and season .
model b , sdgi : the response variable was the seminal duct gland index ( sdgi ) and the two predictors were total length and season .
model c , testis mass : the response variable was log ( testis weight ) and the predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .
model d , sdg : the response variable was log ( seminal duct gland weight ) and the two predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .
model e , relative investment in sdg : the response variable was log ( seminal duct gland weight / testes weight ) and the two predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .
in the models about sdg and testes investment the sample size was reduced from 533 to 506 as we were lacking sdg and testes measurements for 27 of the fish ( due to problems separating the testes and sdg during dissection ) .
condition factor was analysed for females and males in one model , allowing for a three way interaction between the predictors ; total length of the fish , season and sex . we used an lme for this purpose and the random effect factor was the same as explained in the models above .
based on histological findings on whether the sdgs contained sperm or not we divided the males into either “sneakers” ( size range with sperm in sdg ) and “territorial” males ( size range without sperm in sdg ) for early and late season . finally , we performed a linear regression ( log ( y ) = log ( a ) + b * log ( x ) , where y refers to sdg and testes weight and x to soma weight ) , to look at possible difference in “b” ( slope ) between groups ( sneakers and territorial ) and season [ 33 , 36 , 37 ] .
all aspects of this study , including field sampling , fish transportation , and killing of fish ( by overdose of ms222 ) , were approved in advance by the animal care committee at the university of bergen . this committee closely follows the strict regulations of the european commission directive for animal used for scientific purposes . collection of fish along the norwegian coast does not require permission . the field collections did not involve endangered or protected species .
the comparison of fish size depending on sex and season revealed no interaction between the two predictors , i . e . the change in size when going from early to late season is the same for the two sexes ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 1 . 385 , p = 0 . 240 ) . however , there was a significant effect of both sex and season , where the mean size of males is significantly smaller than females ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 98 . 185 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 1 ) and mean size is significantly smaller in the early compared to the late breeding season ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 22 . 087 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 1 ) . among all male fish sampled in this study , the ones belonging to the size range representing the 25 % smallest males are more represented in the early compared to the late breeding season , with 100 and 33 small males sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively . the same trend was also observed for the 25 % largest males with 82 and 51 large males in the early and late breeding season , respectively . for females , the 25 % smallest individuals were represented with 92 and 58 females sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively , while the 25 % largest females , were represented with 66 and 84 females sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively . thus , our results indicate a higher mortality or a different growth rate among larger males compared to females in the late breeding season .
the model for gsi showed a significant interaction between the two predictors total length ( including second order polynomial ) and season ( lme ; f 2 , 498 = 21 . 763 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 2 ) . this indicates that the relationship between gsi and fish length changes from early to late in the breeding season . fig 2 shows that this is mainly due to the high proportion of small fish having high gsi values in the early compared to the late breeding season . this is supported by the treatment contrasts from the model ( the summary output of r ) : early season has significantly higher mean than late season ( contrast between mean of early and late season ; t 498 = 14 . 256 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and the relative decrease in gsi depending on total length is steeper in early compared to late season ( contrasts between first order polynomials of early vs late season ; t 498 = 6 . 483 , p < 0 . 001 ) . the untransformed mean gsi in early and late season is 1 . 981 ( se = 0 . 084 ) and 0 . 778 ( se = 0 . 026 ) , respectively . for a complete list of results from the model see supporting information material ( model a in s1 file ) .
scatterplots showing gonadosomatic index gsi ( gsi = ( testes weight + sdg weight ) / body weight * 100 ) related to total length for early and late reproductive season .
the solid lines represent the mixed effect model . the grey horizontal lines represent the average of the full dataset—independent of season and soma mass . early season has significant higher mean than late season and the relative decrease in gsi depending on total length is steeper in early compared to late season ( for more details see results ) . n = 506 .