eastern cougar or eastern puma ( puma concolor couguar ) refers to the extinct subspecies or extirpated population of cougars that once lived in northeastern north america .

the eastern cougars were deemed extinct by a u.s. fish and wildlife service ( fws ) evaluation in 2011 , while a parallel canadian organization has taken no position on the question .

eastern cougar

eastern cougar foundation ( ecf ) . 2006 . about eastern cougars . eastern cougar foundation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
eastern cougar sightings - information about reporting a sighting of an eastern cougar and false internet rumors of sightings in new york state .
the last confirmed eastern cougar was trapped in the late 1930s , the agency said .
the eastern cougar has been declared extinct almost eight decades after it was last seen .
report any eastern cougar sightings to the canadian wildlife service and your provincial department of wildlife .
most significantly , no evidence whatsoever has been found to show that either individual eastern pumas or any relic populations of the eastern puma subspecies remain extant in eastern north america .
with the headline : federal fish and wildlife service declares the eastern cougar extinct , with an asterisk .
“we recognize that many people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar , ” said the service’s northeast region chief of endangered species martin miller . “however , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar . ”
extinct eastern cougar subspecies proposed for removal from endangered species list | u . s . fish & wildlife service
the service’s proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , another cougar subspecies listed as endangered .
the eastern cougar network ( ecn ) has been formed to document cougar confirmations in the eastern half of north america . nearly a year in the making , the exciting results of the group’s comprehensive research project can be found at
the animal would likely not be an elusive eastern cougar , whose existence is controversial for a number of reasons .
western cougar cubs . their eastern cougar cousins have not been sighted since 1938 according to a us fish and wildlife service review . photograph : kevin schafer / getty images
many people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar ,
said martin miller , the northeast regional chief of endangered species for the usfws , in 2011 .
however , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar .
what does the loss of the eastern cougar mean ? michael robinson of the center for biological diversity gives the bad news .
for sometime now we’ve recognized two distinct subspecies of cougar in north america - the western and eastern populations . although the western population is still very much alive and kicking , the past , present and future of the eastern cougar is hopelessly unclear .
the service completed the formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 . during the review , the service examined the best available scientific and historic information , queried 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and reviewed hundreds of reports from the public . no states or provinces provided evidence of the existence of an eastern cougar population .
the eastern cougar is the only 7 foot long , 200 pound wildcat that may or may not be living in your backyard .
during the review , the service received 573 responses to a request for scientific information about the possible existence of the eastern cougar subspecies ; conducted an extensive review of u . s . and canadian scientific literature ; and requested information from the 21 states within the historical range of the subspecies . no states expressed a belief in the existence of an eastern cougar population . according to dr . mark mccollough , the service’s lead scientist for the eastern cougar , the subspecies of eastern cougar has likely been extinct since the 1930s .
on march 2 , 2011 , the united states fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) officially extinct .
this western cougar is spotted in a tree in colorado . the western cougar’s cousin , the eastern cougar has been though to be among the nova scotian forests , however experts have found no trace of the animal after extensive searches . ( justin shoemaker )
department of environmental conservation ( dec ) , new york . 2008 . eastern cougar fact sheet ( felis concolor cougar ) . new york state department of environmental conservation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
download printable pdf version u . s . fish and wildlife service concludes eastern cougar extinct ( march 2 , 2011 ) ( pdf 25k )
the eastern cougar subspecies was listed as endangered in 1973 . however , accounts suggest that most eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s as european immigrants killed cougars to protect themselves and their livestock , as forests were harvested , and as white - tailed deer , the cougar’s primary prey , nearly went extinct in eastern north america . the last records of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine ( 1938 ) and new brunswick ( 1932 ) .
scientists are moving toward the conclusion that the eastern cougar was erroneously classified as a separate subspecies in the first place . as a result of a genetic study conducted in 2000 , most biologists now believe there is no real difference between the western and eastern branches of the cougar family .
they are so wrong we have seen them here in eastern nc many times .
additional information about eastern cougars , including frequently asked questions and cougar sightings , is at : urltoken . find information about endangered species at urltoken .
“we recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in the eastern u . s . , ” said martin miller , the service’s northeast region chief of endangered species . “those cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . ”
either way , the “eastern” cougar as such is no longer with us . any recent sightings in the cougar’s historic range , which stretched from eastern ontario and michigan eastward to maine and southward to georgia , tennessee and missouri , were actually sightings of its relatives , the fish and wildlife service said .
the decision comes almost 80 years after an eastern cougar was trapped and killed by a hunter in maine in 1938 . none have been seen since .
' we recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in eastern u . s . , ' said martin miller , the usfws northeast region chief of endangered species . ' those cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . '
in the dense hardwood forests of eastern canada , the cougar prowls – or might prowl . it is uncertain whether there are any eastern cougars left in canada . this beautiful wild cat is gravely endangered in the near north of eastern canada , where it once traveled the rough , hilly and swampy lands surrounded by forest .
“i’ve never seen a cougar , but i have gone out on cougar calls where i believe people did see a cougar , ” he said . “i can’t explain how someone would make that mistake . ”
the proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , which will remain listed as endangered .
hey people . the article is about the subspecies of the cougar – the eastern puma . you may have seen cougars in your area but not the subspecies of that cougar member . yes we have plenty of cougar ( aka puma ) here in oregon and other places but , again , so it’s clear , the eastern puma is hat the article is talking about . read !
going by official records , the last known eastern cougars were killed in new brunswick in 1932 and in maine in 1938 . bureaucracy moves slowly and it wasn’t until 1973 that the eastern cougar , by then already extinct , was recognized as endangered .
the us fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) began a formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 , 36 years after it was first classified as endangered .
in eastern north america at the time of european contact , the puma ranged from florida to southern quebec and remained abundant through much of eastern north america during the colonial era . despite its apparent early abundance , however , only 26 historical specimens of eastern pumas , from seven eastern states and one canadian province within the subspecies ' historical range , reside in museums or other collections .
cougar management guidelines working group . cougar management guidelines . first edition . washington , dc : wiley , on behalf of the wildlife society ; 2005 .
information gathered from : keeping track , vermont public radio , cougar net , the new york times , mountain lion : an unnatural history of pumas and people , by chris bolgiano , and the eastern cougar , edited by chris bolgiano and jerry roberts .
did you read the article ? ! “the eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . ” they also said , “the eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction” , so what you think you saw was not an actual eastern puma .
although the eastern cougar has been on the endangered species list since 1973 , its existence has long been questioned . the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) conducted a formal review of the available information and , in a report issued today , concludes the eastern cougar is extinct and recommends the subspecies be removed from the endangered species list .
eastern cougars were once found across michigan , southern ontario , eastern canada and maine , and as far south as south carolina and tennessee , in a variety of habitats including marshes , mountains and forests .
1 . a relic population of pumas has survived in eastern north america . although some hypothesize that the eastern puma has survived in eastern north america since colonial times , the continued existence of a puma population in eastern north america is not corroborated by the historical record , the history of white - tailed deer , or our current understanding of puma ecology ( usfws 2011 , pp . 43 - 46 ) .
although the eastern cougar has been declared extinct , the florida and western subspecies populations have grown in recent decades , and some are expanding their range into their extinct cousins ' terrain .
the so - called eastern cougar was designated as endangered in 1973 , only to be redesignated
data deficient
in 1998 due to an absence of scientific proof . last year , the u . s . fish and wildlife service proposed removing the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , declaring that the cougars have likely been extinct for at least 70 years .
cougar , photographed in the arizona - sonora desert museum , tucson , arizona .
there is little evidence that sport hunting is of any benefit to cougar populations .
despite the large number of contemporary eastern puma accounts , few of the surveys and investigations of puma reports have provided verifiable evidence of the presence of pumas , irrespective of origin , in eastern north america , and even fewer have provided irrefutable proof of a wild puma . nonetheless , verified puma occurrences have occurred with enough frequency in eastern north america ( approximately 15 puma carcasses have been documented in eastern north america north of florida since 1950 ) to encourage a widespread belief that a cryptic eastern puma population continues to persist .
seven decades after the last reported sighting of the eastern cougar , the federal fish and wildlife service declared it extinct wednesday and recommended that it be removed from the nation’s endangered species list .
the eastern mountain lion’s official designation with the u . s . fish and wildlife service is “endangered” ; however , the service considers the species extinct . the agency is now reviewing the eastern cougar’s status in maine and 20 other states and whether they are the same species as more common western lions .
in fact a considerable number of people claim the eastern cougar still walks among us , its survival attested to by the thousands of sightings across nova scotia and new brunswick in the past century .
a western cougar in grand teton national park , wyoming . ( national park service )
big cat fans are mourning the extinction of the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) after the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced it is removing the big cat from the endangered species list because it hasn’t found any credible evidence of the existence of one in at least 70 years . those cougars being spotted in eastern north america are most likely western cougars or mountain lions ( puma concolor ) that have extended their range or escaped from negligent pet owners . what happened to the eastern cougar ?
orange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available :
cougars are found wherever there is enough prey , enough forest cover , and a minimum of human disturbance . logging in the eastern forests , human settlement , and habitat disturbance from activities like mining are responsible for the sharp drop in cougar populations . if the eastern cougar does still exist , it is possible the population may recover if deer populations increase and forests grow again on the existing logged land .
summary : overall , we find that pumas ( except for single transients ) are reasonably detectable , that no contemporary puma sightings in eastern north america have been verified as the eastern puma subspecies since 1938 , and that it is extremely unlikely that either individuals or eastern puma populations could have survived the long period during which most of their habitat was lost and their primary prey base was nearly extirpated . we therefore determine the eastern puma subspecies to be extinct .
photo : biologist bruce wright with the mounted specimen of what is believed to be the last eastern cougar , which was trapped in maine in 1938 . courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service .
due to persecution following the european colonization of the americas , and continuing human development of cougar habitat , populations have dropped in many parts of its historical range . in particular , the cougar was extirpated in eastern north america , except an isolated sub - population in florida ; the animal may be recolonizing parts of its former eastern territory . with its vast range , the cougar has dozens of common names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous peoples of the americas and in contemporary culture .
the last documented cougar taken in eastern north america was trapped in maine near the quebec border in 1938 . the last killed in new brunswick was in kent county , 1932 . since then we have had only tantalizing glimpses into the lives of cougars inhabiting our coast . in canada , the eastern cougar was listed as endangered in 1978 , but lost that classification in 1998 and was relabeled “data deficient . ” this photo is of a western cougar in the grand teton national park , wyoming . national park serv
of all the folklore composing the cultures of atlantic canada , no tale is more compelling to me than that of the eastern cougar , a supposed subspecies which once roamed the forests of nova scotia and beyond .
in 2011 , the fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars .
utah division of wildlife resources ( udwr ) , cougar discussion group . 1999 . utah cougar management plan ( draft ) . utah division of wildlife resources . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
the focal area of this study includes the santa ana mountains and the eastern peninsular range . inset shows location within california .
orange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available : urltoken .
the usfws concluded in 2011 that there was no evidence of the eastern cougar living within its once enormous habitat . experts suggest the cougars’ decline began when european immigrants starting killing the animals to protect their families and livestock .
harper , d . 2001a . cougar . online etymology dictionary . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
a captive cougar feeding . cougars are ambush predators , feeding mostly on deer and other mammals .
the eastern cougar has been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . according to news reports , scientists had held out hope , based on scattered reports , that a few eastern cougars remained . those sightings turned out to be other subspecies from the western united states , or captive animals that were freed or had escaped .
the declaration of the eastern cougar ' s extinction raised hackles from numerous people and organizations , including ontario ' s ministry of natural resources , which said there is conclusive evidence—including paw prints and feces—that cougars do still live in the canadian state . the last confirmed eastern cougar in ontario was killed in 1884 , and none have been photographed since then . ( the ministry does acknowledge the possibility that the cougars might not be native to the area . )
“it’s a rare case — almost nonexistent — that we find evidence that it was a cougar , ” said wally jakubas , who receives most cougar reports as head of dif & w’s mammal division .
“if somebody sees a cougar and it turns out to be a cougar , the first thing that i would suspect is that it was captive and either escaped or was released , ” jakubas said .
the cougar network has documented a significant amount of cougar activity in this sub - region . the incidents in arkansas and louisiana take on greater significance when viewed in conjunction with those from east texas .
©2006 - 2016 cougar rewilding foundation ~ easterncougar . org , urltoken ~ web site maintained by cougar rewilding foundation web site design by keto gyekis - urltoken ~ header photo : copyright susan c . morse
once the top predator across north america , the demise of all cougars and particularly the eastern cougar coincided with the arrival of european settlers the eastern cougars were hunted because of their real and perceived threats to livestock but the drive to extinction was hastened by the killing of white - tail deer , their real food , and the deforestation of its habitats .
mccollough says the fws ' s recently published review ( pdf ) of the eastern cougar ( mandated every five years for all species protected under the endangered species act ) examined all evidence that would have led scientists to conclude that the cat still existed in the northeast . after finding no tracks , bodies , den sites or photographs ,
we came to the conclusion that the eastern cougar is likely extinct , probably since the 1930s ,
he says .
the 140 - pound cougar that was spotted last month among the estates of greenwich — and was later struck and killed on the wilbur cross parkway — has been the talk of southern connecticut . new england , along with most of the eastern united states , hasn’t been cougar country since the 19th century , when the animals were exterminated by a killing campaign that started in colonial times . so where had this cougar come from ?
the cougar network has documented lions establishing new populations in the dakotas and individual lions’ presence farther east .
learn about the cougar and share your knowledge with others to stimulate concern for this beautiful endangered animal .
in the southern portion of its range , the cougar and jaguar share overlapping territory ( hamdig 2006 ) . the jaguar tends to take larger prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap , reducing the cougar ' s size ( iriarte et al . 1990 ) . of the two felines , the cougar appears best able to exploit a broader prey niche and smaller prey ( nuanaez et al . 2000 ) .
officers found the cougar in the downtown , where it climbed a tree near ecole rocky elementary school .
john lutz , direct of the eastern puma research network , a group dedicated to finding evidence of the cougar ' s continued existence , told pennsylvania ' s times leader that they have collected 11 , 000 reports of cougar sightings since 1965 .
there will be more reports to prove [ the fws ] wrong ,
he said .
on january 29 , 2007 , we published a federal register notice announcing a 5 - year review specific to the eastern puma and nine other species , and we requested information from the public concerning the eastern puma ( 72 fr 4018 ) . the assessment of the eastern puma ' s current status , completed on january 28 , 2011 ( usfws 2011 ) , found no evidence of the existence of either an extant population or individual eastern pumas , and concluded , therefore , the subspecies should be considered extinct . the assessment thus concluded that the eastern puma does not meet the definition of either an endangered species or a threatened species under section 3 of the act .
november 11 is crane festival day at gangtey monastery in eastern bhutan . the main performers are school kids who enact a . . .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service lists the florida panther , the costa rican puma and the eastern puma as endangered .
south florida harbors the only documented remnant population of cougars in the east . aside from this well - known and high profile population , the cougar network has not documented significant cougar activity from this sub - region .
in recognizing the eastern puma as a valid subspecies , and thus a valid listed entity , we next evaluate whether the subspecies should be determined extinct . it is important to note that assessing the biological status of the eastern puma as a subspecies does not preclude eventual taxonomic revision .
it was originally thought the eastern cougar had been driven to extinction and to this day it’s still considered extinct in the united states . it might have received a similar designation in canada were it not for persistent sightings across new brunswick and nova scotia , with hundreds recorded between 1948 - 1971 . from 1977 to 1992 the canadian wildlife service recorded 425 sightings in those same regions . unfortunately , no concrete evidence of a living eastern cougar came from any of these encounters , even if some stories were compelling .
( for updated information , see mlfs 2006 study on the affects of cougar sport hunting in mlfs library . )
the fws now plans to seek the removal of the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , because extinct animals can no longer be protected . the move would not affect the florida panther , which remains , for now , listed as its own subspecies .
the eastern cougar or eastern puma is ( or , as of now , was ) a subspecies of the mountain lion . its range was from canada ( southeastern ontario , new brunswick , southern quebec ) south to south carolina and west to illinois and michigan . its southern ranged stopped at what was once the northern range of the florida panther , of which today only about 160 exist in florida .
the eastern puma’s range contracted from the 1790s to the 1890s due to human persecution abetted by the extirpation , through hunting , of its primary prey , white - tailed deer . the last three eastern pumas were killed in 1930 in tennessee , 1932 in new brunswick and 1938 in maine .
a surge in reported sightings followed in the 1960s and 1970s , again coincident with publications claiming that a relic population of pumas from the northeastern united states and eastern canada was repopulating eastern north america . although based mostly on questionable evidence , many—including wildlife biologists—accepted this hypothesis without critical scientific review .
3 . pumas in eastern north america are dispersers from breeding populations to the west and south . breeding puma populations in proximity to the eastern puma ' s historical range occur in manitoba , north dakota , south dakota , possibly nebraska and oklahoma , and florida . the service ' s 5 - year review discusses the likelihood of immigration of pumas to eastern north america from these populations ( usfws 2011 , pp . 51 - 56 ) .
the eastern cougar — known variously as the mountain lion , puma , panther or catamount — once roamed from canada to south carolina and as far west as michigan . male cougars can weigh up to 200 pounds and are distinguished by their long , thick tails .
mr . miller said in an interview that no regulations or restrictions were ever imposed in an effort to help the eastern cougar recover , although a recovery plan drafted in 1982 “held out hope , expressed the possibility that a population still existed in remote areas . ”
the eastern cougar recovery plan was approved in 1982 ( usfws 1982 ) . during plan preparation , r . l . downing conducted field surveys and investigated sighting reports and concluded that “no breeding cougar populations have been substantiated within the former range of f . c . couguar since the 1920s . ” nonetheless , the recovery plan states that the eastern cougar could be reclassified from endangered to threatened when one population containing at least 50 breeding adults was found or established . it further states that the eastern cougar could be removed from the list when at least three populations were found or established , with each containing more than 50 breeding adults . since the plan ' s approval , no breeding populations have been found , nor have any individual pumas known to be f . c . couguar ( such individuals would form the basis of a founder population ) . thus , neither of the recovery criteria was ever met .
biology and life history : there is little basis for believing that the ecology of eastern pumas was significantly different from puma ecology elsewhere on the continent . our biological understanding of the eastern puma , therefore , is derived from studies conducted in various regions of north america and , to the extent possible , from eastern puma historical records and museum specimens . this information is detailed in the status review ( usfws 2011 ) on pages 6 through 8 .
does the eastern cougar really exist ? did it ever exist ? these are questions that wildlife scientists grapple with as they track this elusive animal . hundreds of unofficial sightings of this stealthy cat have helped build a mythology around its presence in eastern canada . while the
evidence
is very compelling , biologists have yet to find any scientific proof that it exists . cbc reporter cynthia kent talks to the experts .
the last confirmed sightings of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine in 1938 and in new brunswick in 1932 . the u . s . fish and wildlife service now says cougars in eastern parts of canada and the u . s . have been extinct for 70 years . ( craig pamplin )
this uncertainty has been recognized by canadian authorities . the canadian federal agency called committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada rates its current data as
insufficient
to draw conclusions regarding the eastern cougar ' s survival , and says on its web site
despite many sightings in the past two decades from eastern canada , there are insufficient data to evaluate the taxonomy or assign a status to this cougar .
notwithstanding numerous reported sightings in ontario , quebec , new brunswick and nova scotia , it has been said that the evidence is inconclusive :
. . . there may not be a distinct ' eastern ' subspecies , and some sightings may be of escaped pets .
the eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction . overall the endangered species act has been 99 percent successful at saving species from extinction .
until there is confirmation that the eastern cougar still survives , no direct recovery actions will take place for this species . cougars are protected from hunting and killing in nova scotia , new brunswick and ontario . despite this , their population does not seem to have increased .
when a cougar is shot outside winnipeg on christmas eve , benard bloom looks into the legend of this mysterious animal .
police say they shot and killed a cougar that had climbed a tree near a school in west - central alberta .
panthera is in the earliest stages of developing the east bay regional parks cougar project , a collaborative effort with east bay regional parks near san francisco . the state of california covers more than 99 million acres ( 400 , 000 km 2 ) . of that , approximately half of the state is considered occupied cougar habitat , where they compete with a growing population of more than 37 million people . current cougar conservation imperatives in california include understanding cougar ecology in suburban and urban areas , where cougar populations are increasingly coming into conflict with people . this project would be a comprehensive look at cougar ecology in the east bay and be instrumental in aiding public agencies and private individuals understand and live with america’s big cat .
you have to appreciate this cat’s sense of irony , too . the cougar showed up in the east just three months after the fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar extinct , a move that would exempt the officially nonexistent subspecies of the big cat from federal protection . perhaps this red - state cougar traveled east to send a message to washington : the federal government can make pronouncements about where cougars are not supposed to be found , but a cat’s going to go where a cat wants to go .
“it’s really not a good way to decide where a species or subspecies begins and ends , ” said mark . he then invoked the work of dr melanie culver from the early 1990s . using the more precise science of molecular dna , she compared the separate subspecies suggested by taxonomy and found that several weren’t subspecies at all . the dna doesn’t lie — from the west coast to the east , it would appear , a cougar is a cougar is a cougar . the fabled eastern subspecies was a myth .
for the better part of a year i’ve been gathering the facts behind the folklore , speaking first to mark elderkin , a species at risk biologist with nova scotia’s department of natural resources . he told me our initial belief in an eastern subspecies of cougar came from taxonomy , as the bones and skulls of cougars caught nearby in the new england states were measured against specimens from elsewhere in north america . the new england skulls appeared unique , superficially , and so the eastern cougar was born , but we’ve since learned that taxonomy makes for shaky evidence .
the four - year study used information from 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and scoured hundreds of reports of sightings dating as far back as 1900 .
five year moving average of pumas killed secondary to vehicle collisions or depredation permits ( n = 174 ) in the santa ana mountains and eastern peninsular ranges .
the principal factors leading to the listing of the eastern puma were widespread persecution ( poisoning , trapping , hunting , and bounties ) , decline of forested habitat , and near - extirpation of white - tailed deer populations during the 1800s . these impacts led to the extirpation of most eastern puma populations by 1900 .
indeed , if a cougar can walk from south dakota to connecticut , a cougar could show up anywhere . vermont . tennessee . queens . ( don’t laugh : in 2008 , another cougar from the black hills found its way to chicago , where it was shot and killed by the police . ) for years , a relative handful of people throughout the eastern united states have claimed to see cougars , claims that the authorities have generally taken as seriously as sasquatch sightings . now , those sightings can’t be so easily dismissed .
this proposal , if made final , would revise 50 cfr 17 . 11 to remove the eastern puma from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife due to extinction . the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the act would no longer apply to this subspecies . there is no designated critical habitat for the eastern puma .
conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened under the act include recognition , recovery actions , requirements for federal protection , and prohibitions against certain practices . however , since the service has determined the eastern cougar to be extinct , this proposed rule , if made final , would remove any federal conservation measures for any individual pumas ( except dispersing florida panthers ) that may subsequently be found within the historical range of the eastern puma .
eastern cougars that once roamed north america from canada to south carolina are extinct and no longer warrant federal endangered species act protections , us wildlife managers have said .
government wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s with the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .
government wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s after the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .
there ' s one other bit of debate going on that ' s important to note : many scientists say that the eastern cougar subspecies does not exist , not because it went extinct , but because it never really existed at all . a study published in the journal of heredity in 2000 revealed that previously recognized north american cougar / puma / panther / mountain lion subspecies may actually all be the same species .
by 1929 , eastern pumas were believed to be “virtually extinct , ” and young and goldman ( 1946 ) concurred that “they became extinct many years ago . ” on the other hand , puma records from new brunswick in 1932 and maine in 1938 suggest that a population may have persisted in northernmost new england and eastern canada .
this information , along with the total absence of verified contemporary eastern puma records , suggests that a remnant population of eastern pumas is highly unlikely to have survived two centuries of intense human exploitation and persecution , habitat changes , and near - eradication of its primary prey . further , were a relic puma population to have survived , the rebounding of deer populations along with protections from take under the act would have likely resulted in a corresponding increase in documentation of eastern puma presence and increased likelihood of deterction . given the lack of verified contemporary records , we therefore find no evidence to support the hypothesis that an undetected relic population of eastern pumas remains extant .
it is notable that areas in eastern north america that still support extant populations of native pumas ( e . g . , florida and manitoba ) have had a long and continuous record of confirmed occurrences . in contrast , a long - term record of verified puma occurrences is lacking in regions of eastern north america outside florida .
mahaffy , j . 2004 . behavior of cougar in iowa and the midwest . dordt college . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
_ _ _ _ . 1961 . notes on cougar productivity and life history . journal of mammalogy 42 : 204 - 217 .
the cougar is canada’s largest and most powerful cat . cougars were once found all over north america . they still survive in western canada but no one knows how many , if any , eastern cougars remain . their range is thought to be the most extensive range of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere – a range that is almost the same as that of the white - tailed deer , the cougar’s main prey .
michael robinson of the center for biological diversity said the extinction of eastern cougars has disrupted the forest ecosystem and allowed large populations of white - tailed deer to thrive .
we further conclude that although there have been thousands of puma sightings in eastern north america since the 1950s , most are a case of mistaken identity . we acknowledge that a small number of pumas are occasionally encountered in the wild in eastern north america within the historical range of the listed eastern puma . based on the best available scientific evidence , however , we conclude that these are escaped or released captive animals , or dispersers from western puma populations , not the eastern puma subspecies . breeding of escaped or released individuals , if it occurs , appears to be an extremely rare event , and there is no evidence of any population established from escaped or released captive animals .
elusive as unicorns and howling like devils , cougars did not stand much of a chance in the face of settlers imaginations . the damned thing , a short story written by ambrose pierce in 1893 , casts the cougar as an invisible killer , unseen to the human eye , detectable only as it passes through grass . aggressive hunting of cougars and their prey , along with deforestation of cougar habitat , decimated cougar populations in the eastern united states , extirpating them by 1881 . like exorcising an evil spirit from the body , european settlers eliminated what they could not comprehend .
taxonomy and genetics : the eastern puma 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 29 - 35 ) provides a full discussion of the taxonomic history of this subspecies . as indicated in that review , the current practice is to refer to the species as puma concolor ( linnaeus 1771 ) and the eastern subspecies as puma concolor couguar .
the service initiated the review as part of its obligations under the endangered species act . the service will prepare a proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , since extinct animals are not eligible for protection under the endangered species act . the proposal will be made available for public comment .
click to enlarge this image . ( 83kb ) click to enlarge this image . ( 21kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 195kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 188kb )
“we actually have no historical evidence that the cougar ever occurred here , ” he told me . “well , very little evidence . ”
front paw print of a cougar . an adult paw print is approximately 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long ( esd 1991 ) .
california set a new precedent in 1990 when residents passed a referendum giving the cougar complete protection from sport hunting ( proposition 117 ) .
ironically , the animal that causes more human deaths than any other is not the cougar , but the cougars primary prey : deer .
rcmp say they responded to a 911 call early friday in rocky mountain house about a cougar that was spotted walking down main street .
contemporary accounts of pumas in eastern north america as evidence of the continuing existence of the subspecies : as discussed in the 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 36 - 38 ) , renewed interest in puma conservation over the past 60 years has resulted not only in a profusion of reported sightings by the public but also efforts by scientists to determine the presence of pumas in eastern north america . we summarize these accounts below and discuss whether they constitute a basis for concluding that the eastern puma remains extant .
washington— the u . s . fish and wildlife service today declared the eastern puma extinct and removed it from the list of protected wildlife and plants under the endangered species act . the eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . it once roamed as far north as southeastern ontario , southern quebec and new brunswick in canada , south to south carolina and west to kentucky , illinois and michigan .
extinct animals and plants cannot be protected under the endangered species act , which is meant to recover imperiled species and their habitats . additionally , under law , the eastern cougar listing cannot be used as a method to protect other cougar subspecies . the proposal is available for public inspection june 16 at urltoken . from june 17 to august 17 , 2015 , the proposal will be available for review and comment at urltoken under docket no . fws–r5–es–2015–0001 .
the cougar network has documented three louisiana 2008 confirmations , one resulting in the killing of the animal and the other two being trail camera pictures , and one confirmation from 2002 . in april 2002 , state biologist mike carloss had a visual sighting of a cougar in lake fausse pointe state park . scat was subsequently found which tested positive for cougar dna . also , an interesting sighting report occurred in july 2000 . louisiana department of wildlife and fisheries ( ldw & f ) biologist john stacy and two others had a good visual sighting of a cougar in sabine national wildlife refuge , near the texas border . this area has been a hotbed for credible cougar reports in recent years .
the deer population in new brunswick is high enough to support 140 - 250 cougars . however , logging , mining , and other activities have driven cougars away in search of areas that are free from human disturbance . in order for the eastern cougar to survive , areas of land must be protected from human activity .
yattaw said he had his own cougar encounter last august while he was driving through owls head on his way into work early one morning .
large species that are highly mobile and occur at low densities under the best of conditions are lost . again , the cougar is representative .
mccarthy said it ' s possible that if the test comes back positive for cougar hair , the animal could have been an escaped pet .
the fish and wildlife service in 2011 opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars , cousins to mountain lions that still roam western us states and the imperilled florida panthers .
he also shrugs off conspiracy theories . despite what many people believe , his agency nor any other wildlife department in the eastern united states , has released mountain lions in recent history .
the world conservation union ( iucn ) currently lists the cougar as a
least concern
species . the cougar is regulated under appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , rendering illegal international trade in specimens or parts .
last verifiably seen in 1938 , when the final
ghost cat
was shot and killed in maine , the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) has now been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . but that may not stop many people from believing that it still exists .
the puma ' s range throughout southern ontario and manitoba . the eastern subspecies is not stipulated in scott ' s ( 1998 ) range description ; indeed , the review questioned whether the eastern puma was ever a valid subspecies . other authors have also discussed the past distribution of pumas in canada without acknowledging them as the eastern subspecies . rosette ( 2011 ) asserts that native , free - roaming pumas of unknown origin may continue to survive in ontario while conceding that no evidence of their presence has been documented for almost 100 years . in manitoba , on the other hand , several authors have documented a relatively consistent record of pumas , but there is no evidence that these are eastern pumas or that the subspecies ever occurred that far west .
given evidence of growing puma populations in the west , increased dispersal , and availability of dispersal corridors and prey in the midwest , we conclude that wild - origin pumas ( primarily males ) will continue to disperse into the midwestern states and into the historical range of the eastern puma and are the likely source of any wild pumas that currently exist in eastern north america .
beier , p . 1991 . cougar attacks on humans in the united states and canada . wildlife society bulletin , 19 : 403 - 412 .
to me , there would be a lot more evidence .
evidence such as more conclusive dna proof , cougar tracks and eyewitness photos .
the eastern subspecies , known variously as ghost cat , catamount , puma , painter , panther , mountain lion , and cougar , originally hunted from southern canada to the tip of south america . once the most widely distributed land mammal in the western hemisphere , cougars have been eliminated from about two - thirds of their original range .
eastern cougars , which were known as the ' ghost cat ' because of their reclusive nature , grew up to 8ft long - including their tails - with males weighing up to 150lb .
few research studies have monitored cougar populations over periods longer than a few years , and experts are reluctant to apply findings to cougar populations in different areas , given the cats recognized adaptability and subsequent behavioral variation . lack of standardized research methods make it difficult for researchers to share and apply information . as a result , wildlife administrators too frequently face the task of designing cougar management programs based on research data that is both scant and questionable .
it is those illicit cougar keepers who dif & w officials and biologists say are likely to blame for many of the credible sightings around the state . officials suspect that some cougar owners release the cats after they become too large or too costly to keep because of their ravenous appetite for meat .
“the distribution of the eastern cougar in canada and the validity of considering it a subspecies have been questioned . during the twentieth century , cougars were reported in ontario , quebec , new brunswick , and nova scotia , but some of the sightings proved to be encounters with cougars from other areas that had escaped from captivity . there is no objective evidence ( actual cougar specimens or other unequivocal confirmation ) of the continuous presence of cougars in eastern canada since the nineteenth century . for example , since that time , no cougars have been reported killed in ontario , and the one animal killed in quebec , in 1992 , had escaped from captivity . ” ( hinterland who’s who )
cougars are considered big game in many of the western states . there are limited legal harvests in these areas that do not threaten local cougar populations .
wild cougar populations in the west have been expanding their range eastward in the last two decades , with individual cougars confirmed throughout the midwest . evidence of wild cougars dispersing farther east is extremely rare . in 2011 , a solitary young male cougar traveled about 2 , 000 miles from south dakota through minnesota , wisconsin and new york , and was killed on a connecticut highway . a cougar of unknown origin was also killed in kentucky in december 2014 .
according to these standards , we must determine whether the eastern puma is a valid subspecies and whether the subspecies is still extant in order to determine its appropriate listing status . the following sections thus examine the biological and legal information considered to be most germane to the status of the eastern puma as a valid , extant subspecies before looking at factors that may affect the its continued existence .


abraximorpha is a small asian genus of skippers .

species in abraximorpha are abraximorpha davidii ( mabille , 1876 ) abraximorpha esta evans , 1949 abraximorpha heringi liu & gu , 1994 abraximorpha pieridoides mell , 1922

abraximorpha

establishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) .
establishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) . - pubmed - ncbi
[ vietnam ] abraximorpha heringi ; devyatkin , 2012 ; 151 , figs . 1♂ ( as daimio tethys roona ) , 2♂ ( un , as daimio tethys roona ) . ( n : lao cai , van ban / c : thua thien hue , bach ma ) abraximorpha heringi ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 75 . ( n : cao ca : van ban / c : thua thien hue : bach ma )
on : abraximorpha heringi mell , 1922 od : deut . ent . zeit . 1922 : 120 - 121 . tl : drachenkopf , nordkuangtung , china . ( ♀ ) distribution : n . vietnam , china .
a new hesperiid genus , albiphasma gen . nov . , is described with abraximorpha heringi as the type species . the new genus consists of two species : al . heringi comb . nov . and al . pieridoides comb . nov . the genitalia and hair tuft on the hind tibiae suggest that the new genus is related to the genus pintara rather than the genus abraximorpha to which the two species have been assigned . the geographic distribution is currently restricted to southern china and vietnam . the adult , hind leg , wing venation and male genitalia of al . heringi as well as relevant species are illustrated .
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huang zf 1 , chiba h 2 , wang m 1 , fan xl 3 .
department of entomology , college of agriculture , south china agricultural university , guangzhou 510640 , china ; email : unknown .
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department of entomology , college of agriculture , south china agricultural university , guangzhou 510640 , china ; email : fanxiaol66 @ scau . edu . cn .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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salaria pavo , the peacock blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the eastern atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas , introduced to the suez canal .

this species reaches a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) tl .

peacock blenny

the effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo .
the brackish tank • peacock blenny genus : salarias species : s . pavo . . .
the effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . - pubmed - ncbi
peacock blenny can grow up to 13 cm what is approximately 5 inches . in general , 1 specimen requires at least 1560cm
peacock blenny .
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the effect of nest aggregation in courtship behaviour was tested experimentally in an ecologically constrained , sex - role reversed population of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . mixed sex groups of eight males and eight females were tested in experimental tanks , containing eight potential nests either aggregated or dispersed . in the aggregated treatment , males spent more time inside their nests and monopolized other potential nests , causing a female - biased operational sex ratio ( osr ) . in the aggregated treatment , females also expressed more courtship behaviour . the results in general support the prediction that the aggregation of nests promotes male monopolization of potential nests , resulting in fewer nest - holding males and therefore a female - biased osr that leads to the reversal of sex roles .
marine ; brackish ; demersal . subtropical ; 51°n - 20°n , 18°w - 42°e
eastern atlantic : atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas and in the suez canal .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5981 )
mature males with well - developed head - crest and anal gland in the first two anal - fin rays . sneaker males much smaller than nesting males and do not display male secondary sexual characters ( ref . 94108 ) .
adults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .
males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( ref . 5981 ) though this event is rarely done by the males , more or less adopting a passive role in the courtship ( ref 94113 ) . additionally , males don ' t defend a territory around the nest ( ref . 94113 ) though they guard eggs from several females ( ref . 5981 , 94113 ) .
zander , c . d . , 1986 . blenniidae . p . 1096 - 1112 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 5981 )
) : 15 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 . 8 ( based on 615 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00569 - 0 . 01758 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 50 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
justification : global assessment : this species is widespread and there are no major threats to it . there is no specific population information for this species although the population is thought to be stable . this species is listed as least concern . european regional assessment : salaria pavo is widespread in the eastern atlantic from france to morocco , including the mediterranean and black sea . although there is no specific population information for s . pavo , the population is thought to be stable . there are no known major threats . therefore , s . pavo is assessed as least concern .
salaria pavo is known from the eastern atlantic , from france to morocco ( zander 1986 ) . it is also present in the mediterranean and western black sea in suitable habitat , though it is not known from libya . it has invaded suez canal and northern red sea . salaria pavo is typically found in the intertidal zone and very shallow bottoms , from 0 to 2 m ( zander 1986 ) .
this is a common species throughout most of its range , but is less common in the east mediterranean sea .
this species occurs in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( zander 1986 ) . this species is tolerant to different salinities ( euryhaline ) and is more commonly found in brackish waters down to 5ppt ( zander 1986 ) . it inhabits crevices or piddock holes ; males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( zander 1986 ) . this species feeds on benthic invertebrates , mainly molluscs , and algae ( zander 1986 ) . it is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . it has been reared in captivity ( patzner and brandstaetter 1989 ) . males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( zander 1986 ) . the male guards eggs from several females ( zander 1986 ) .
. however , its range may overlap with several marine protected areas ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .
antonio di natale , murat bilecenoglu , michel bariche , can bizsel , enric massuti , jeffrey williams , matthew craig . 2014 .
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a la familia blenniidae ( blenidos ) pertenecen un grupo de peces teleósteos que se caracterizan principalmente por la ausencia de escamas , cuerpo aplastado y alargado lateralmente , cabeza achatada y diformismo sexual bien marcado . suelen vivir en el bentos marina ya que los adultos carecen de vejiga natatoria . the blenniidae ( blennies ) family are a group of teleost fish that are mainly characterized by the absence of scales , laterally flattened and elongated body , flat head , well marked sexual dimorphism . they live in the marine benthos because adults lack a swim bladder .
beginner ' s aquarium guide ep . 1 - blennies ( + nano news )
also known as coral blennies , reef blennies , rock blennies . found singly in brackish waters over shallow protected intertidal areas over pebble , rock and sand bottoms hiding in crevices and holes . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and molluscs . length - 13cm depth - 0 - 8m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean coombtooth blennies are the largest of bennies , found in both tropical and subtropical waters and freshwater habitats , as the name suggests they have comb like teeth lining their jaws . reef and rock blennies are usually territorial and have their own areas of rock pools which they skip and jump over , scraping algae from the surface of dead corals . some male blennies have small harems of arguing females . males and females often have different colouring and features
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of water surface which is approximately 241 square inch . this species will require to be kept in a tank that is medium . (
) medium aquariums have at least 113 litres ( 30 us gallons ) . large aquariums have at least 265 litres ( 70 us gallons ) . very large aquariums have at least 700 litres ( 185 us gallons ) .
) the specific gravity ( sg ) should be between 1 , 020 and 1 , 025 , the temperature between 23°c ( 73 . 4°f ) and 26°c ( 78 . 8°f ) . the recommended ph level is between 8 . 0 and 8 . 3 since marine fish are used to these levels in general .
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adults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .
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blennies are often sensitive to low oxygen conditions . high tank turnover ( 6 - 10 times tank volume per hour ) and keeping the temperature from going too high should prevent any issues . while they may breed in the aquarium , the larvae are planktonic and require specific salinity requirements and thus is unlikely to be duplicated in the home aquarium .
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