heikegani ( 平家蟹 , ヘイケガニ , heikeopsis japonica ) is a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face which many believed to be the face of an angry samurai hence the nickname samurai crab .

it is locally believed that these crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors defeated at the battle of dan-no-ura as told in the tale of the heike .

heikegani

artist’s impression of a heikegani . remarkably , it’s pretty close to the reality .
heikegani crab , japan crab with a human like face on it ' s shell . it is believed that a heikegani is the reincarnation of heike warriors defeated at… | pinteres…
the heikegani crab ( heikeopsis japonica ) and a stylize kabuki samurai face . image source .
two times per day as a swift action , a heikegani can challenge a foe to combat .
each time the heikegani molts , its new shell comes to more closely resemble an angry demonic face .
[ … ] sources : andrew kincaid . “heikegani – the samurai crab . ” ( 2013 ) [ … ]
heikegani
was premiered in april 1912 in ďsaka at the naniwaza , starring onoe baik˘ vi and sawamura s˘jűr˘ vii .
heikegani
is made up of 1 act , divided into 2 scenes , which runs for just over an hour .
but the legend of the samurai crabs has turned them into souvenirs for the historically - minded travel . and the heikegani’s shells certain do look like angry samurai faces . maybe the vengeful ghosts of the heike are expressing themselves through the snarling shells of the heikegani .
heikegani has become a popular image in japanese tattooing , though the face on the shell is exaggerated for dramatic effect . a tattoo that works great as a japanese themed gap filler , heikegani tattoos are the funkiest of all crab tattoos and offer some awesome crustacean inspiration .
once per day when the heikegani is about to attempt a saving throw or skill check , it can call upon the resolve it held to in its prior life , gaining a + 4 bonus on the roll . the heikegani must decide to use this ability before the roll is made .
until either that foe is rendered unconscious , or the combat ends , the heikegani gains a + 4 bonus on damage rolls against that enemy , and takes a –2 penalty to ac except against attacks made by the challenged foe . the heikegani gains dr 2 / — against attacks made by the target of its challenge .
dan - no - ura tatakai no zu ( ‘battle of dannoura’ ) . the heikegani crabs can be seen in the lower half of the painting . image source .
the soul of a heikegani has very few of its memories from life , but retains its single - minded sense of purpose and honor , and is quick to challenge those it meets to mortal combat . a heikegani believes it has been reincarnated , but in reality it never passed on to be judged . the unnatural genesis of a heikegani causes it great agony , and the dangerous crustacean scuttles along the shores , seeking foes that it can defeat in honorable combat so its soul can finally be put to rest .
according to the japanese legend , the ghosts or souls of the heike samurais were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their angry faces now shown on the shells of the crabs . to this day , it is said that the heikegani crabs roam the depths of the oceans around japan , searching for the lost heirlooms of their empire .
as a full - round action , a heikegani can stand on its rear legs and display its facelike carapace , snapping its pincers in a threatening display . the heikegani can attempt an intimidate check to demoralize all foes within 30 feet that can see its display , as if it had used the dazzling display feat . it doesn’t take penalties on this check for being smaller than its targets .
featured image : ‘the ghost of taira tomomori’ by utagawa kuniyoshi – depicts the ghost of taira tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with , and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers . image source .
a resounding battle cry for many vegetarians is : “i don’t eat food with a face” , and luckily for the heikegani crabs , the inhabitants of the inland sea have taken that gustatory sentiment to heart .
after that battle start appeared heikegani , the so - called “samurai crab” . it was a unique species of crab , with a shell that bore a pattern resembling the face of an angry samurai . the superstitious believed these crabs were reincarnated souls from toshigoku , the realm of slaughter , and it was considered unlucky to eat the plentiful heikegani from the region , for to do so was to invite the sin of familial betrayal into one ' s heart . [ 1 ]
to see more traditional japanese body art and perhaps a few more disgruntled samurai crabs , visit these tattooists’ instagrams . should you want a piece of irezumi featuring heikegani for yourself , have one of them design a tiny clawed crustaceans just for you .
i’ve read carl sagan’s take on heikegani before . just imagining thousands of angry faced crabs scurrying in mass under the water , it sends shivers down my spine 😫 why crab ? it’s also reind me the scene from the film “the thing”… too creepy 😱
a species of crab native to japan heikegani is widely recognized for its bizarre shell . the shell of heikegani has numerous myths and legends surrounding it , but the most common is that the shell shows the face of an angry samurai slain in battle . they are also known as the samurai crab . in certain regions of japan a more detailed explanation is offered , it is believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors , who were defeated at the battle of dan - no - ura in 1185 .
for the heike samurai , surrender to the enemy was never an option . those that were not slain in battle , committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor . their bodies became food for the heikegani crabs who lay in wait on the sea floor .
during an episode of the pbs science show , ‘cosmos : a personal voyage’ , carl sagon expounded on a theory put forward by julian huxley in 1952 , to explain the strange face - like characteristics of the heikegani crab shell . huxley theorized that the crab’s samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
but , while it certainly is an interesting theory , it’s likely only a bit of scientific folklore . the snarling samurai face on the heikegani’s shells is the result of nothing more than the natural site of muscle attachments . the crabs are only around four centimeters and not used for food , making the theory that fishermen threw samurai face - bearing heikegani back while keeping those without extremely unlikely . other crabs with human - like shells have also been found throughout the world , even appearing in the fossil record , lending even less credit to the still fascinating theory .
magic is always involved , either because the death happened in a high - magic environment or because the samurai was dealt a magical deathblow . a heikegani is especially vicious when young , and kills other crabs and marine creatures it encounters until it develops the ability to travel onto land .
the problem with this theory is that the heikegani crabs , which have a maximum length of 1 . 2 inches , are too small to be eaten , so it is unlikely they were ever caught for food in the first place . furthermore , analysis of the shells has shown that the face - like patterns are simply the result of connection points for muscle and ligament tissue . finally , heikegani crabs are not the only crabs with a human - looking face on the shell . a variety of crabs from the family dorippidae all appear to have human faces on their backs .
carl sagan theorized that the crabs’ samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
in the aftermath of the battle , the leader of the genji , minamoto yoritomo , became the first shogun to realize complete military control of japan . the fate of the remaining heike was execution–this time without exception . it’s said the heike samurais’ angry spirits were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their scowling faces now marking their carapaces .
the heikegani crab has inspired reverence to ancient legends , as well as scientific investigation into the power of selection . while many believe the angry samurai face in the crab’s shell is simply the result of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia , others believe that the grimaced faces are the heike samurai warriors , who were reborn and are still , somehow , watching over them .
famous american astronomer and author carl sagan once speculated that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . sagan proposed that the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike tribe . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
a far more plausible theory is that any resemblance of a human face seen in the shells of the heikegani crabs is the result of pareidolia , the human brain’s innate ability to recognize faces and human forms in a set of random stimuli . common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds , the virgin mary on toast , and the man in the moon .
the battle of dan - no - ura was preceded by an immense struggle between the imperial rulers of japan , the taira clan ( later known as heike ) , who the heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto clan ( genji ) , who were fighting for control of the throne at the end of the 12th century in the genpei war ( 1180 - 1185 ) .
while it sounds good and it does fit the mold for how selective pressures tend to work , there’s a problem–nobody eats heikegani . they’re too small . plus , crabs with this kind of shell pattern aren’t confined to only that small bay , but they can be found all over the bay of japan . and there are other species of crabs with similar patterns , although maybe not as pronounced .
a japanese crab , the heikegani , has a shell closely resembling a samurai’s face . legend says the crabs are the souls of the fallen heike samurai who died in a massive battle over the japanese imperial throne . the battle of dannoura , immortalized in the heike monogatari ( the tale of heike , ) was a pivotal moment in japan’s history that both established the first shogunate and killed a child emperor .
heikegani or heike crabs ( heikeopsis japonica ) are a species of crab native to japan many of who share a distinctive feature : strange markings on their carapace that have a striking resemblance to the face of an angry samurai . the crabs get their name from a japanese epic : the tale of the heike s , an epic prose tale about a battle that was fought in japan’s inland sea , which is where these crabs are found .
the reason people see a face in the crabs is because of a psychological phenomena called pareidolia , which makes vague or random things seem significant . seeing a samurai face in the shells of crabs–even the japanese heikegani–is like how we see shapes in the clouds or a man in the moon . ( i’ve never quite been able to see a man in the moon , by the way . i tend to side with the japanese , who say it’s a rabbit . )
the battle of dan - no - ura gave rise to many legends , the strangest of which involves a crab . this crab has a distinctive shell with a pattern that vaguely resembles the angry face of a samurai . the story goes that when the heike warriors died and sank , their souls were transferred to the crabs and their gnarled faces were forever etched onto the crab ' s back . the crab is called heikegani or the heike crab . sometimes , it’s also called the samurai crab .
because of their fascinating backstory , heikegani have skittered their way out of the history books and traditional japanese art into popular culture . one can’t help but faintly see their vestige in anthropomorphic arthropods like dr . zoidberg from futurama , crabby a la pokemon , or the subterranean “crab people” in south park . even carl sagan cited the angry - looking crustaceans as evidence of artificial selection in the second episode of cosmos , but beyond the shores of japan , tattoos are where they’re most commonly found , grimacing amidst the waves and wind bars of irezumi .
the heikegani crab’s legend finds its roots from the two rival families’ involvement in japan’s government , which eventually toppled the imperial courts’ power . after a fierce battle between the two opposing samurai factions , the heike seized control of japan . their leader though , kiyomori taira , was in love with his rival’s , yoshitomo minamoto , concubine . at her behest he showed an uncharacteristic degree of mercy by sparing her and minamoto’s sons . though it might be considered noble by modern standards–especially since killing them was legally permitted–it was ultimately a mistake that would later put and end to the heike samurai .
samurai are renowned for their resolve , but sometimes a samurai becomes so obsessed with her purpose that her soul can’t depart from the material plane upon her death . unable to seek eternal rest , and unwilling to become undead in the pursuit of vengeance , the samurai soul instead finds a suitable host in which to continue its existence . a heikegani is the effect of such a joining : a tragic , furious symbiosis of the soul of a dead samurai and the body of a crustacean . this usually occurs when the samurai dies near a crab habitat and her soul imprints upon a newly hatched crab zoea .
the mythos surrounding heikegani originates from a military conflict between two feuding japanese clans back in the 12th century . following a five - year power struggle known as the genpei war , the taira ( later referred to as the heike ) and minamoto clashed in a final battle at a small bay called dan - no - ura on april 25 , 1185 . the taira were severely outnumbered , and during the fighting , their child emperor — antoku — drowned . as the tide turned in their enemy’s favor , the samurai , rather than dying in dishonor , took their own lives , leaping into the frigid sea .
years later those very sons led an uprising against him after he installed his own grandson as the new child emperor . genji forces drove the heike out of the capital and proclaimed their own emperor . their forces pursued the fleeing heike samurai and the rival emperor to the shimonoseki straight , were a final , decisive naval battle ensued . the heike were outnumbered three to one , and the battle was quickly over . the emperor was drowned by his grandmother , who promised him a new kingdom under the sea . the heiki samurai were either killed or committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor–their dead bodies food for the heikegani crabs .
okamoto wrote
heikegani
at age 39 from childhood memories of a popular edo picture book in which a young fisherwoman encounters the spirit of tamamushi , a heike court lady from the heian period ( 794 ~ 1185 ) . inspired by the illustrations of tamamushi in the book , the playwright created the character of a proud , modern woman who is unwilling to passively accept others ' choices and is prepared to use violence to achieve her ends . yet tamamushi ' s passion drives her to madness , causing her to kill her own sister and the man her sister wants to marry . ultimately , it leads her to her own self - annihilation .
( sasaguchi rei )
the heian imperial court was simultaneously the high and low point of japan’s aristocracy . it had reached the height of its refinement , but at the cost of alienating the ruling class from the people they supposedly governed . there was an explosion in literature . poetry flourished , dress was extravagant , and the tale of genji , one of the world’s first novels , arose from the heian court . japan also discovered buddhism during this time . unfortunately , the court’s preoccupation with the arts allowed lower - ranking officials and their families to gain the real control over japan . the two largest families were the taira ( later known as heike , ) who the fated heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto , later called the genji .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
on 24 the april , 1185 ad , the two powerful samurai clans fought to the death on the dan - no - ura bay of japan’s inland sea . the ruling taira clan ( heike ) , was led by their child - emperor , antoku , and his grandmother . the heike had ruled for many decades , but now , massively outnumbered , they faced defeat at the hands of the minamoto .
during the battle , a member of the royal household took the seven - year - old emperor antoku and plunged with him into the water in the shimonoseki straits , drowning the child emperor , rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces . his mother and grandmother followed him in their grief . antoku came to be worshipped as mizu - no - kami (
god of water” ) .
this crucial battle was a cultural and political turning point in japanese history : minamoto yoritomo became the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan . dan - no - ura marked the beginning of seven centuries , in which japan was ruled by warriors and shoguns instead of emperors and aristocrats .
defeated heike warriors are turned into crabs as they are tossed from their ships . painting by kuniyoshi . image source .
pareidolia is the brain’s innate ability to see faces in a set of random stimuli .
april holloway is a co - owner , editor and writer of ancient origins . for privacy reasons , she has previously written on ancient origins under the pen name april holloway , but is now choosing to use her real name , joanna gillan .
i think the idea that the fishermen throw back the crabs with the samurai faces out of respect for the samurai therefore making the samurai crabs dominant is highly plausible .
i think it’s a quaint idea but i doubt there’s any truth in it , especially since the crabs are too small to be eaten and other crabs have similar markings .
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hansik of the day ( ep . 3 ) gejang ( fermented crab ) _ full episode
clip from carl sagan , cosmos , episode 2 on artificial selection and heike crabs .
carl sagan , stephen hawking and arthur c . clarke - god , the universe and everything else ( 1988 )
the carapace of this large crab resembles a scowling face , its eyes seething with an ancient fury .
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haha , “the thing ? ” you’re giving me shivers now . a sheet of angry samurai faces crawling along the ocean floor is pretty creepy now that you mention it though…
[ … ] fuente : introvert japan / japan powered / wikipedia / japan hoppers . [ … ]
the crabs that these traditional japanese tattoos are based on are believed to embody the souls of dead samurai .
the downfall of the taira ushered in an era of shogunate rule that lasted for nearly 700 years , during which the art of traditional japanese tattoos rose to prominence among the merchant class . to this very day , the descendants of the heike gather on april 24th at the akama shrine near the sea where their ancestors perished to honor the memory . in the age - old ceremony , people cast nets to catch crabs , throwing the ones with faces on their backs into the water , because they are believed to contain the souls of the doomed samurai .
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the famous story of the genji warrior nasu no yoichi in the fierce 1185 battle of yashima between the genji and heike clans : nasu no yoichi shot an arrow through a fan held by tamamushi , so foretelling the fall of the heike clan at dan - no - ura ( the inland sea ) the following month .
heikeopsis japonica , a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face .
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the year was 1185 , the place a tiny bay called dan - no - ura . two great fleets faced one another ; on once side , the heike clan , imperial rulers of japan , and on the other the minamoto , upstarts fighting to control the throne . at stake was control of all japan . after a half - day of fighting , the heike were routed , and their 6 - year old emperor drowned to keep him out of minamoto hands . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .
a strange story arose in the wake of the battle . locals told a legend about crabs in the area with strange patterns on their shells , said to resemble samurai masks . legend held that the crabs were the reincarnations of samurai slain at the battle of dan - no - ura .
the crabs do bear an uncanny resemblance to samurai masks . carl sagan speculated in his show cosmos that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . basically , people would throw back crabs that resembled samurai masks , and eat the ones that didn’t . so that put selection pressure on the population to grow shells that resembled masks .
the folds and creases are points where muscles attach to the carapace . humans just happen to think they look like faces–or masks–because of a phenomena called pareidolia , where we see faces in random patterns . it’s not quite as cool as reincarnated samurai ghosts , but then again , not many things are .
[ … ] just learned about heike crabs a month ago when crystal from gomineko books posted about them . the legend behind them is super [ … ]
if you like japanese folklore , a fairly new series called “folktales from japan” has sprung up on crunchyroll . co . uk . its a collection of the best of japanese folktales come to life and is mostly presented in a way that makes you think its target audience must be older children . still , i watched a few over time and last night watched episode number 18 and completely out of the blue they have put a terrifying horror story called left behind in as the second story . if you have time you really should watch it , its psychologically very scary and definitely not the type of thing i’d show to a child . also i was wondering how anyone in japan manages to find the courage to fish if this tale is common place . i thought maybe i might have a low threshold for horror since i don’t watch it , but there’s a few comments under that video and the fact that it was so mind bogglingly out of the blue and scary seems to be the general consensus .
thanks for the tip ! it sounds interesting . often the psychological is more terrifying than gore .
hey thanks for the link ! i watched left behind . the ghost in the show is called a noppero _ bo , which will be the subject of a future post . it was a pretty creepy story !
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carl sagan 222 success secrets - 222 most asked questions on carl sagan - what you need to know edition by evelyn gonzales and publisher emereo publishing . save up to 80 % by choosing the etextbook option for isbn : 9781488572159 , 1488572151 . the print version of this textbook is isbn : 9781488543609 , 1488543607 .
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the epic recounts the genpei war , an event that radically changed japanese history in the late 12th century . the war involved the imperial taira clan ( later known as heike ) and the warrior minamoto clan as they struggled for control of the imperial throne . the minamoto’s final victory ended the reign of imperial rule in japan and heralded the event of the shogun rule with minamoto yoritomo , the first military ruler .
the final battle in this story is the battle of dan - no - ura . while the taira had retained power through the child emperor antoku , years of fighting had left the taira weak , and their numbers dwindled . the taira had retreated to their fortress on the island of yashima , and were holed up there protecting the seven year old emperor . the minamoto’s landed a small force on the rear of the island , lighting bonfires and making it look like they were staging a full attack . the taira , thinking the armies were behind them , and worried that the fortress would be breached took to the water , escaping in a number of boats . the attack had been a ruse , and the main forces of minamoto’s army were waiting for them in a flotilla of ships . while the taira were easily outnumbered , their skillful archers put in a valiant effort and the forces seemed to be evenly matched .
unfortunately for the taira , bad omens started occurring ; a white banner unfurled itself from the heavens upon a minamoto boat , and a number of dolphins swam towards the taira . these omens all portended to the defeat of the taira , and so a number of their allies deserted and betrayed them . knowing that they were facing certain defeat , the emperor’s grandmother took the young child in her arms and slipped quietly off the boat , preferring drowning over capture . many of the taira samurai followed suit , leading to a minamoto victory .
the crabs , which are native to the inland sea ( the location of the battle ) are thought to be the re - incarnation of the many samurai who died that day . the locals refuse to eat the crabs that are marked with faces ( not all are ) , throwing them back into the sea . carl sagan famously did a piece on his show cosmos on the crabs , claiming that they were a perfect example of artificial selection ; after all , not being eaten makes spreading one’s genes easier . while sagan’s theory has garnered criticism , one thing is certain :
the battle of dannoura resulted in the destruction of the crab village of dannoura .
two twins from the yasuki family , grew apart in the years after the first yasuki war . yasuki heike remained with the crane and was fostered into the daidoji , but he kept his original family name . his brother yasuki taira joined the crab and was given command of the coastal village of dannoura . [ 1 ]
no one was certain what prompted the battle between brothers , but the result was the death of both along with hundreds of their men , while dannoura burned to the ground . [ 1 ]
this battle related article is a stub . that means that it has been started , but is incomplete . you can help by expanding this article .
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in a small seaside park near the kanmonkyo bridge , in the japanese city of shimonoseki , stands two bronze statues depicting two samurai warriors locked in mortal combat . the statues are flanked by replicas of cannons and ships . the monument commemorate a historic battle that took place in this area more than eight centuries ago .
the year was 1185 . two powerful fleets , one consisting of the heike clan , the imperial rulers of japan , and the other consisting of the minamoto , who were fighting for control of the throne , faced each other one april morning on tiny bay called dan - no - ura in japan’s inland sea . in the fierce battle that followed , hundreds of samurai warriors lost their lives and their bodies slipped between the waves to the bottom of the sea . at the end of the day , the minamoto came out victorious ; the heike were routed and their 6 - year old emperor was drowned by his grandmother to prevent his capture . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .
however , the heike crabs are tiny—about four centimeters— and nobody actually ate them , and so the fishermen used to throw them from the nets . besides , crabs with human - like shells have been found all throughout the world .
the folds and creases that resembles a snarling samurai face are actually the points where muscles attach to the carapace . they just happen to look like the face of an angry samurai , thanks to our innate ability to find faces in random objects—a phenomena called pareidolia .
the sculptures at mimosusogawa park in shimonoseki . photo credit : hidetsugu tonomura / flickr
crab tattoos are always a funky design that look even better with a japanese twist .


planes minutus is a species of pelagic crab that lives in the north atlantic ocean .

it is typically less than 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) long across the back , and is variable in colouration , to match its background .

it may have been the crab seen by christopher columbus on sargassum weed in the sargasso sea in 1492 .

planes minutus

a cleaning association between the oceanic crab planes minutus and the loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an in . . .
observations on the ecology , behaviour , swimming mechanism and energetics of the neustonic crab , planes minutus .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) .
first finding of the pelagic crab planes marinus ( decapoda : grapsidae ) in the southwestern atlantic .
“a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) . this crab is known to prey upon other sea turtles epibionts . ”
planes is
found in all tropical and temperate seas .
[ chace , 1951 , p . 77 ] .
planes minutus is omnivorous when symbiotic with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles . the diet of p . minutus presented here probably represents a combination of epibionts of host turtles , pelagic and neustonic organisms captured near turtles , and food particles seized by crabs while turtles are feeding . ours is the first in - depth analysis of the diet of p . minutus when symbiotic with c . caretta . studies are needed that quantify prey items of columbus crabs from other animate flotsam ( e . g . , pelagic snails , colonial cnidarians ) . the foraging ecology and other aspects of the life history of p . minutus may well vary with respect to substrate type .
several studies have investigated the association between p . minutus and young loggerhead turtles ( see frick et al . , 2000 ) . however , little is known of the foraging ecology and fecundity of columbus crabs , and there are no studies that quantify the diet and number of eggs of p . minutus . we identify and quantify the food items consumed by 71 p . minutus from loggerhead turtles captured near the azores . we also report dietary data from 14 p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam near the azores . the size and number of eggs of p . minutus were determined and compared between crabs collected from loggerhead turtles and those collected from flotsam .
citation :
sargassum crabs , planes minutus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 21 / 2014 6 : 10 : 45 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
small oceanic crabs lead a cozy life . planes minutus often snuggle into the space between loggerhead turtles ' shells and tails , a spot that ' s just big enough for a mating pair . but if their aquatic apartments were larger , would they broaden their sex lives to include more partners ?
planes minutus arrives here on driftwood and other flotsam from the tropics . the crab does not survive here because of the colder waters around our coast . if found they will happily live indoors at room temperature in a saltwater aquarium , and can be fed on live prey or pieces of white fish or shellfish .
grapsid crabs of the genus planes are colloquially known as columbus crabs , apparently due to the discovery of a crab , likely a planes , from “floating weed” during christopher columbus’ voyage to the new world . like other members of its genus , planes minutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a relatively small pelagic species that is dependent upon flotsam for survival ( chace , 1951 ) , occupying a variety of flotsam types as clinging substratum , including oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from the eastern north atlantic ( dellinger et al . , 1997 ; frick et al . , 2003 ) .
planes minutus is found in the north atlantic ocean , between the scopes of 11degree n and 32degree n , and furthermore from the west shoreline of africa , the mediterranean and the indian ocean . once in a while the crab has been recorded on the cornish drift , the primary distribute record was at falmouth in 1845 by william pennington cocks . others examples took after , for example , in 1848 ( falmouth ) and 1899 on the manacles . the most recent occurred in 2015 . related species , for example , planes major ( earlier p . cyaneus ) and planes marinus , happen in different parts of the world ' s seas .
diet composition of p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam ( buoy and wood ) . cirriped material ( * ) was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids
michael g . frick , kristina l . williams , alan b . bolten , karen a . bjorndal , helen r . martins ; diet and fecundity of columbus crabs , planes minutus , associated with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta , and inanimate flotsam , journal of crustacean biology , volume 24 , issue 2 , 1 april 2004 , pages 350–355 , urltoken
( of planes testudinum ( roux , 1828 ) ) froglia , carlo ( 2006 ) . decapoda , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adult crabs confined to the same turtle fed on similar prey types and quantities of each type ( table 2 ) . there are no studies that investigate the foraging behavior of p . minutus when sharing a substrate with conspecifics . the presence of competitors may alter the observed foraging behavior of p . minutus ( davenport 1992 ) . crabs may lose portions of captured prey in disputes with other crabs sharing the same substrate , which could contribute to the similarity in diets between adult crab pairs . laboratory studies would help to determine the foraging behavior of multiple p . minutus when sharing the same substrate .
agonistic behavior in p . minutus is suggested by the presence of conspecifics within stomach contents . the size of the conspecific fragments encountered suggests that large juvenile crabs , similar in size to those reported from this study , were consumed by p . minutus . conspecifics were only consumed by adult crabs collected from turtles also hosting juvenile specimens . moulted crab exuvia could be a possible source of conspecific fragments .
gastropods ( janthina sp . ) were represented in the diet of p . minutus as minute shell fragments and egg capsules . janthina sp . are pelagic snails that create bubble rafts of air trapped in mucus to remain afloat and on which they lay their eggs . columbus crabs would undoubtedly be capable of capturing janthina and associated eggs while hunting from c . caretta . however , janthina is a reported food item of young loggerheads from the azores ( van nierop and den hartog , 1984 ) , so p . minutus may consume fragments of prey items initially captured and crushed for consumption by host turtles . during the initial stages of food consumption , scraps of food often drift out of and away from the mouth the turtle . planes minutus may retrieve food particles released by their host turtles , possibly accounting for similarities between the diets of columbus crabs and oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles .
diet composition for p . minutus collected from loggerhead turtles . data are number of points totaled for each food type present with percent composition in parentheses . see text for generic or specific designation of selected ( * ) food types
research planes minutus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
were encountered in december , january february , march and april 2002 and 2003 . as previously mentioned , columbus crabs cling to most anything that floats . physically and physiologically , planes are surface - water specialists and these aspects are likely attributable to the colonization of other grapsid species into supra - littoral habitats and maritime forests ( williams 1984 ) .
( of cancer minutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of planes clypeatus bowdich , 1825 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
laboratory studies by davenport ( 1992 ) represent the only information on prey capture and food handling in adult p . minutus . the crabs observed by davenport ( 1992 ) obtained some food items via grazing flotsam that was placed into tanks , but crabs would also lunge or swim into the water column to obtain prey items ( salps , postlarval flying fish , juvenile puffer fish , pilot fish , euphausids , isopods , or small squid ) . some crabs would carry surplus prey using the dactyl spines of the walking legs for up to 24 hours before the item was consumed .
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( mf , kw ) caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia 31412 , u . s . a .
( ab , kb ) archie carr center for sea turtle research , department of zoology , university of florida , p . o . box 118525 , gainesville , florida 32611 , u . s . a .
, and inanimate flotsam near the azores . the numbers of eggs carried by ovigerous crabs
are also presented . numbers of eggs between turtle crabs and flotsam crabs were similar . dietary analysis yielded 11 food types from
. crabs from turtles contained a higher diversity of food items than crabs from inanimate flotsam . the diet of
was composed primarily of neustonic invertebrates and algae—similar to prey items found from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles in past studies . the types of food consumed by
suggest that crabs may obtain food by consuming other epibionts , by hunting neuston from their substrate , or by capturing food particles expelled by host turtles .
turtles were captured using dipnets near the azores from 1986 through 1994 during the months march–november . curved carapace length
of each turtle was measured from the anterior point at midline ( nuchal scute ) to the posterior notch at midline between the supracaudals with a flexible fiberglass tape measure . turtles were released soon after capture .
were also removed from inanimate flotsam during the same period . crabs were assigned to gender and maturity following
. maximum carapace length and width were recorded from crabs in millimeters ( mm ) using vernier calipers . species determination was made by comparing the combined lengths of the three distal segments of the second walking leg with the carapace length ( see
) . stomach contents and digesta strings were then identified to the lowest taxon possible . the composition of the diet for each crab was recorded using a points system developed by
in which 20 points are assigned to a full stomach , 10 to a half full stomach , etc . these points are then allocated among the diet items in the digestive tract according to their volume . the points allocated to each type of food are summed for all crabs and expressed as a percentage of the total number of points , giving the composition of the diet as percent of volume .
and counted to determine fecundity . pleopods bearing eggs were cut from the female’s abdomen with a scalpel , placed in a sodium solution and shaken until the eggs separated from the pleopods . egg counts were made under light microscopy ( magnification up to
square was counted and multiplied by the number of squares containing eggs . the diameters of 10 randomly chosen eggs per ovigerous crab were recorded in microns using a computer interfaced digital stereomicroscope / micrometer .
was collected from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles near the azores , usually in the space above the tail and beneath the carapace ( upper shell ) of the host turtle . however , two
sp . ) on the host’s carapace . fifty - six crabs were collected from 38 individual turtles . these turtles hosted crabs as singletons (
) . in addition , 15 crabs were collected from an unknown number of turtles with no supporting host data . of the crabs collected , 65 were adults ( 35 females and 30 males ) and 6 were juveniles ( 4 males and 2 females ) . juvenile crabs always occurred in association with adult crabs ; no turtle hosted only juvenile crabs .
$ $ ( 10 - 19 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 03 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; n = 30 ) $ $
$ $ 9 . 25 - 13 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 11 . 34 ) $ $
$ $ 6 - 8 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 6 . 63 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 11 - 22 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 17 . 32 ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 5 - 18 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 35 ; n = 15 ) $ $
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles . stage 2 eggs , eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk , and stage 3 eggs , eggs containing pigmented eyespots , represented
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles , respectively . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs . the diameters of the
piece of wood ) . of these crabs , 4 were adult males and 10 were adult females . a single heterosexual pair was collected from wood flotsam , and the remainder of the sample of crabs from flotsam was taken from the buoy . the mean carapace widths of adult male and female
eight female crabs from flotsam were ovigerous . the mean carapace width of ovigerous crabs from flotsam was greater
$ $ ( 16 . 7 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 15 . 75 - 17 . 75 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 9 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 13 . 75 - 14 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
and between ovigerous and nonovigerous crabs from inanimate flotsam . ovigerous females collected from flotsam carried an average of 8907 eggs ( range :
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from the buoy , respectively . stage 4 and 5 eggs were also absent from ovigerous females inhabiting flotsam . stage 1 eggs from crabs taken from flotsam were smaller in diameter (
) of food regardless of sex , reproductive condition ( ovigerous or nonovigerous ) , or mean carapace width ( which varied significantly between some crab groups ) . of the material that could be identified , diatoms composed the highest percentage
, which was consistent across the three groups of adults . juvenile crab diets were composed of more algae than those of adult crabs , and juvenile male crabs consumed more animal material than did juvenile females . the cirriped material from juvenile male crabs was represented solely by
the diets of crabs that occurred on the same host turtles as heterosexual pairs are compared in table 2 . overall , there appears to be no marked gender - based resource partitioning occurring between adults that , theoretically , have access to the same food resources on a shared host .
crabs from flotsam consumed fewer types of food than crabs from turtles ( table 3 ) . unidentified algae represented the bulk of the diets observed from those crabs . male crabs from flotsam contained only algae . conspecifics and cirriped material were only found in female crabs . the cirriped material from female crabs from flotsam was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids .
although few juvenile crabs were available for stomach contents analysis , it is apparent that algae are important in the diet of immature crabs . the presence of animal material in the diets of juvenile male crabs
could be an artifact of sample size . the lower diversity of prey items consumed by juvenile
compared with adults may be real or an artifact of the small sample size . perhaps juvenile
lack the ability to capture motile or floating prey , or adults may steal high quality prey captured by juveniles . additional studies on the diets of juvenile
are needed to evaluate differences in diet selection between juvenile males and females and between juveniles and adults .
the mean adult sizes of crabs from turtles and crabs from flotsam were not significantly different , and ovigerous crabs from flotsam carried similar amounts and sizes of eggs . therefore , type of substrate does not appear to be related to egg production . however , columbus crabs may benefit by association with loggerhead turtles because agonistic interactions with other
seem to be more uncommon on turtles than on inanimate flotsam . conspecifics were more common in the diets of crabs on flotsam than in crabs on turtles ,
reported that agonistic interactions were more common in crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam than those found on turtles . increased agonistic interactions between
would decrease survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries . larger sample sizes of crabs from a variety of substrate types are necessary for evaluation of effects of substrate on the demography of columbus crabs .
this project would not have been possible without the support of our colleagues at the department of oceanography and fisheries , university of the azores . for assistance in turtle capture and crab collection , we thank j . and g . franck ( shanghai ) , j . gordon ( song of the whale ) , international fund for animal welfare , l . steiner , s . viallelle , b . herbert , and w . thompson .
this work was funded by the marine entanglement research program of the u . s . national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) to kab and abb . all necessary permits were obtained . all animal care was in full compliance with the university of florida institutional animal care and use committee . the padi foundation provided funds for the microscopy equipment used in this study . mgf thanks arnold ross , scripps institution of oceanography , for his guidance and comments .
the templeton crocker expedition , iii : brachygnathous crabs from the gulf of california and the west coast of lower california .
comparisons of social structure of columbus crabs living on loggerhead sea turtles and inanimate flotsam .
additional evidence supporting a cleaning association between epibiotic crabs and sea turtles : how will the harvest of sargassum seaweed impact this relationship ? .
the food of the freshwater sticklebacks ( gasterosteus aculeatus and pygosteus pungitius ) with a review of methods used in the study of the food of fishes .
a study on the gut contents of five juvenile loggerhead turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia , cheloniidae ) , from the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean , with emphasis on coelenterate identification .
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linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans . . .
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris . [ details ]
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from . . .
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
pohle , g . w . ( 1990 ) . a guide to decapod crustacea from the canadian atlantic : anomura and brachyura . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science . 1771 . 29 p . [ details ]
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286 [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cancer pusillus fabricius , 1775 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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a collection of crabs from bermuda rarely seen in the uk have washed up on the shores of the south west .
they live on floating objects and have been carried by atlantic currents and storms , experts said .
the marine conservation society ( mcs ) said the first uk sighting of the crabs was reported in 2007 and it could be happening more due to changing weather patterns .
richard harrington , from the society , said :
columbus crabs live amongst goose barnacles so they live on floating material in the ocean . they wash up , particularly on westerly coasts , very occasionally . they ' re quite unusual .
measure around four centimetres and have quite large claws which they use to hold on to floating objects .
also known as the gulfweed crab , it gets its common name from the belief it was identified by christopher columbus on his first voyage to the new world .
usually spend their lives drifting on weed , driftwood , buoys or even attached to turtles in the open ocean .
mr harrington said marine life including crabs , mauve stingers and by - the - wind - sailors had been carried over
for a number of years
on currents that come from the caribbean and america , but it appears the number of sightings is increasing .
he said :
weather patterns certainly come into it . we are seeing quite a lot of westerly and south - westerly storms and gales along with the currents that drift over the atlantic towards us .
steve trewhella , who has been beachcombing in cornwall for 30 years , said he believed it was also down to an
astonishing amount of debris and litter going into the sea , creating artificial habitats for these species to come over .
mr harrington said there is no evidence of that but it was a
plausible theory
and more research was needed .
theresa may moves to shore up her position after a day of high profile resignations over her brexit strategy .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) description : carapace dorsally convex ; frontal region broad , margin sometimes faintly bibbed , orbits wide , eyes conspicuous ; outer epibranchial , meso - and metabranchial regions with faint , obliquely placed carinae . antero - lateral margins of carapace sometimes with a faint notch . chelipeds equal in size , distal inner margins of merus serrate ; merus of third to fifth pereiopods broad , lower margins of propodus and of dactylus of second to fifth with spines . size : carapace length up to 10 ( 17 . 5 ) mm . habitat : depth range ; reported as pelagic and inhabiting sargassum weed , also on bottoms of ships and among lepas on floating timber . breeding march - october , occasionally other months . distribution :
moyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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specimens above were found on a fishing buoy that was washed - up from the americas at marazion , cornwall . 26 . 12 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at perranporth , cornwall . 25 . 11 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at praa sands , , cornwall . 02 . 12 . 15 .
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people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
taken at male on a floating cuttle - bone .
( borradaile , 1903 )
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spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp .
restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris .
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286
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for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4c75 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4d67 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324badbf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324bb28c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3681f81f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
ng p . k . l . & davie p . ( 2018 ) . worms brachyura : world list of marine brachyura ( version 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 04d605c1 - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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it needs to confirm the presence of this species in the black sea . presumably it penetrates to
this water area from time to time . it is not possible to find the species in museum black sea’s
czerniavsky from odessa , black sea : “mus . zool . univ . odess . ( prof . marcusen ) . ”
prevalence of flotsam or of floating or swimming organisms to which the crabs may cling .
north atlantic than in any other part of the world . records of their occurrence in other areas
america , florida to bahamas ; west indies . ” [ abele & kim , 1986 , p . 63 ] .
size of carapace . up to 19 mm ( length ) . [ chace , 1951 , p . 68 ] .
a columbus crab , living on a loggerhead sea turtle . room for two ?
researchers joseph pfaller at the university of florida and michael gil at the university of california sought the answer in their study published in biology letters . they found that as long as a dwelling - - whether it was a turtle shell or a piece of flotsam - - was small enough to be manageably defended by two crabs , they kept it monogamous . but once the spaces got larger , the pair recruited new crabs to mate with and to help hold down the fort .
a crab might not have much choice on dwelling - size , as turtles and floating debris are typically spread out - - and these crabs aren ' t good at swimming to the next available home . the polyamory arises from a need to make the most of what they have at the moment : a crab pleasure palace , or a little love bungalow .
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caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia , usa . ( e - mail :
from oceanic - stage loggerheads from uruguay . the remaining recognized species of columbus crab ,
and neritic - stage ( subadult and adult ) sea turtles . that is , such observations simply report the occurrence of
as an epibiont with no supporting biological or ecological information regarding the observed relationship . here , we report the occurrence of
as an epibiont of large , immature and adult loggerhead turtles from st . lucie county , florida , usa . we also report behavioral , ecological and physical data from
from this population of turtles can be used to elucidate some aspects of the behavior of loggerheads from florida during the winter and early spring .
collections for this study began in march of 2002 and ended in april 2003 . loggerheads that hosted
were encountered from march - april 2002 , and from december 2002  april 2003 , after turtles were incidentally entrained into intake canals at the st . lucie nuclear power plant ( slnpp ) . the slnpp is located on hutchinson island in st . lucie county , florida and draws cooling water from the atlantic ocean through three large diameter pipes ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 m ) . cooling water then flows into a 1500 m long intake canal . the structures housing the intake pipes are 365 m offshore in approximately 7 m of water . the pipe openings are vertically oriented and are situated 3 m above the ocean floor . a large velocity cap sits approximately 2 m above each pipe opening and extends more than 3 m beyond the pipe diameter . turtles encountering these structures are often transported into the intake canal where they are captured with tangle nets , dipnets and by scuba divers . morphometric data are collected from each turtle , tags are applied to both front flippers and turtles are returned to the ocean approximately 750 m north of the canal .
from march 2002 through april 2003 594 loggerheads were captured at the slnpp . of these turtles , 22 individual loggerheads ( mean straight carapace length ( scl ) = 74 . 6 ± 3 . 4sd cm , range = 65  105 . 6 cm ) hosted 28 crabs ( 3 . 7 % occurrence of
is likely much higher ; as crabs can be dislodged or flee host turtles during entrainment and hand - capture .
of the crabs collected , all were adults ( 15 males , 13 females ) . six turtles hosted heterosexual crab pairs ( 27 . 3 % ) and 16 turtles hosted crabs as singletons ( 72 . 7 % ) . only one female crab was not ovigerous . ovigerous crabs carried eggs pertaining to stages 1 ( 50 % ) , 2 ( 16 . 7 % ) and 3 ( 33 . 3 % ) as defined by hartnoll ( 1963 ) where stage 1 eggs are eggs of uniform color and even yolk distribution , stage 2 eggs are eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk and stage 3 eggs are eggs containing pigmented eyespots . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs .
male crabs and female crabs were similar in size . the average straight carapace widths ( scw ) of males and females , including range , were 11 . 9 mm ( 9 . 1  16 . 5 mm ) and 12 . 9 mm ( 9 . 8  18 . 9 mm ) , respectively . a single non - ovigerous crab , included within the above average for females , was 18 . 9 mm scw .
previous agonistic interactions were apparent in 7 specimens ( 3 males , 4 females ; 25 % of the crabs encountered ) . injuries resulting from these interactions included missing chelipeds and walking legs ; however , none of these injuries were severe as all crabs had developed leg buds and no crab was missing more than a single appendage . four injured crabs occurred as singletons upon their respective host turtle and three injured crabs were from heterosexual pairings . no heterosexual pair contained more than one injured crab .
a few points concerning aspects of the natural history of both host loggerheads and columbus crabs can be gleaned from our data . the morphometric data we present for ovigerous
contain some of the smallest specimens reported for females with eggs . data from other studies presenting similar information suggest that crabs approximately 11 mm scw and smaller are juveniles and most often found as
associates ( see chace 1951 ) . these crabs then emigrate to flotsam and turtles at the onset of sexual maturity . although sexually immature
are capable of attaining sexual maturity as small as 9 . 1 mm scw . moreover , it is possible that juvenile crabs collected from flotsam and turtles in other studies represent sub - adult specimens undergoing the initial stages of sexual maturity .
. ( 2004 ) for crabs from loggerhead turtles . the same studies also found that
from turtles suffered markedly fewer instances of missing appendages when compared to collections obtained from inanimate flotsam and jetsam . additionally , the large proportion of ovigerous crabs from our collection coincides with data from dellinger
. ( 1997 ) , one from turtles and the other from inanimate flotsam , demonstrate that female crabs from turtles were brooding eggs more often ( 71 % ) than female crabs from inanimate flotsam ( 21 % ) . dellinger
. ( 1997 ) suggest that , given their reported data , turtles appear to offer a substantially better platform for egg brooding and , likely , production than inanimate flotsam . these authors speculate that the higher instances of egg - brooding observed in
from turtles could be attributed to the fact that turtle crabs are likely exposed to better food or a larger variety of food items than those clinging to inanimate flotsam .
. ( 2004 ) determined that turtle crabs do feed upon a larger variety of food items than crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . however , the same study found that crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam contained similar amounts of food , albeit a lower diversity of prey types , as crabs from loggerhead turtles . moreover , crabs from inanimate flotsam produced similar sizes and numbers of eggs as those from turtles . yet , frick
. ( 1997 ) . therefore , the former study could not offer any supporting evidence that a higher proportion of turtle crabs were brooding eggs when compared to crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . instead , a higher proportion of ovigerous crabs and , consequently , an increased chance of encountering ovigerous crabs from turtles than from inanimate flotsam suggest that multiple annual broods produced by crabs from turtles might be occurring with greater frequency than from crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . because agonistic interactions between crabs on turtles are proportionately lower than agonistic interactions between crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam ( dellinger
. 2004 ) , crabs from inanimate flotsam would likely experience decreased survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries .
from neritic - stage loggerhead turtles suggests that these turtles were exhibiting a great deal of surface - oriented or pelagic behavior prior to their entrainment at the slnpp ; particularly during the winter and early spring . loggerhead turtles are captured at the slnpp year - round and turtles that hosted
although loggerhead turtles inhabiting the western north atlantic , particularly the southeastern us , are most often referred to as largely benthic - associated animals , dietary studies reveal that some prey items consumed by neritic - stage loggerheads are actually largely pelagic species ( i . e . aurelia aurita and physalia physalis ; bjorndal 1997 ; frick
)  a turtle species that is well - documented to spend a great deal of time in the pelagic environment ( bolten 2003 ) . such observations might indicate why the turtles encountered during the present study hosted a pelagic species such as
. 2000 ) might explain why large adult - sized turtles ( > 80 cm scl for atlantic u . s .
; dodd 1988 ) sampled during this study ( n = 5 ; 22 . 7 % ) hosted
during their first decade of life loggerheads are highly pelagic , particularly within oceanic habitats ( water masses away from the continental shelf ≥ 200 m deep ; hedgpeth 1957 ; bolten 2003 ) . such behavior decreases in frequency as turtles migrate from their nursery habitats to the neritic habitats that will support them for the remainder of their life ( musick & limpus 1997 ) . however , it appears from data collected during epibiont and dietary studies that , while benthic habitats are heavily utilized by neritic stage loggerheads , the pelagic environment still represents an important habitat for loggerheads as they mature , even into adulthood ( frick
we thank the padi foundation for providing the microscopy equipment used in this study and the florida power and light company for continuing to support sea turtle research at the st . lucie power plant . we also thank m . godfrey , l . campbell and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript .


the taiwanese gray shrew ( crocidura tanakae ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .

previously believed to be endemic to taiwan , it is now also known to occur in vietnam .

taiwanese gray shrew

crocidura grandis miller , 1911 – greater mindanao shrew , mount malindang shrew , mt . malindang shrew
crocidura religiosa ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) – egyptian pygmy shrew
crocidura viaria ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1834 ) – savanna path shrew
crocidura flavescens ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) – greater red musk shrew
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bones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additio . . . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
bones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additional new species .
pmid : 23840165 pmcid : pmc3701231 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 313 . 4823
geographical distribution of sampling localities in vietnam : 1 lao cai province , ngai tio 2 lao cai province , sa pa district 3 lao cai province , van ban district 4 lao cai province , thai nien 5 lao cai province , pa kha 6 ha giang province , mt . tay con linh ii 7 tuyen quang province 8 vinh phu province , tam dao 9 hai phong province , cat ba island 10 ha tinh province , huong son district 11 quang binh province , phong nha - ke bang national park 12 quang tri province , huong hoa nature reserve 13 quang nam – da nang provinces , ba na nature reserve 14 kon tum province , ngoc linh mt . 15 kon tum province , dak to 16 lam dong province , da lat 17 lam dong province , bi doup - nui ba nature reserve 18 khanh hoa province , hon ba mt .
comparison of crania of crocidura wuchihensis ( amnh 274153 ) , crocidura sapaensis ( zin 96433 ) and crocidura indochinensis ( zin 97668 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis .
occlusal ( left ) and lingual ( right ) views of right lower third molar to show differences in development of the talonid . upper row left crocidura wuchihensis amnh 274168 ; upper row right crocidura sapaensis zin 96439 ; lower row crocidura indochinensis zin 97671 . scale equals 1 mm .
bivariate plot to show differences in skull size and relative tail length . horizontal axis : condyloincisive length ; vertical axis : ratio of tail length to condyloincisive length .
comparison of crania of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91190 ) and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274152 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata .
above : occlusal view of left upper premolar of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91205 ) left and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274232 ) right . below : palatal sutures of the same specimens in the same order . scales equal 1 mm .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its fairly wide distribution in south china and indochina , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it occupies grassland , secondary forest , bamboo thickets and pastures ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
there are no known conservation measures in place for this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed , as c . attenuata , as least concern ( wang and xie 2004 ) . this species is found in many protected areas in vietnam including tam dao national park , phong nha - ke bang national park , bi doup - nui ba national park , ba vi national park , huong hoa nature reserve , and bu gia map nature reserve ( a . v . abramov pers . comm . ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is endemic to taiwan , province of china ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it occupies elevations from sea level up to 2 , 200 m asl ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
katja schulz merged another page with < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 .
katja schulz moved the classifications by ncbi taxonomy from < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 to crocidura .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
comments : eurasian species revised by jenkins ( 1976 ) , indomalayan and philippine species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) and ruedi ( 1995 ) , chinese species by jiang and hoffmann ( 2001 ) . phenetic and phylogenetic relationships of african and palearctic species studied by butler et al . ( 1989 ) , maddalena ( 1990 ) and mclellan ( 1994 ) , and of asian and indomalayan species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) , ruedi ( 1996 ) , and ruedi et al . ( 1998 ) . karyotypes of se asian species described by ruedi and vogel ( 1995 ) , those of . . .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
© 2002–2012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . © 2012–2018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488