bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .

the diploid chromosome number of bithynia sp. from egypt is 2n = 32 .

bithynia ( gastropod )

new freshwater gastropod species of the iran ( gastropoda : stenothyridae , bithyniidae , hydrobiidae ) .
» species bithynia ( digoniostoma ) lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 ) represented as bithynia lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 )
bithynia hambergerae reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry
species bithynia tryoni e . a . smith , 1887 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( unnecessary replacement name for bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 )
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
during a recent survey of gastropod fauna of skadar lake one new hydrobiid genus was discovered and described in the present paper . therewith , we aim to provide faunal information on skadar lake system gastropod diversity and endemism with relevance to conservation efforts .
calow , p . , 1973 . gastropod associations within malham tarn , yorkshire . freshwat . biol . 3 : 521–534 .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry | springerlink
species bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
subgenus bithynia ( hydrobia ) w . hartmann , 1821 accepted as hydrobia w . hartmann , 1821
ein nachtrag zur kenntnis der bithynia - arten von montenegro ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : bythiniidae ) .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
species bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( invalid : secondary homonym of gabbia australis tryon , 1865 ; bithynia smithii and b . tryoni are replacement names )
comparative morphology of shell and penis in bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 ( a–b ) bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) ( c–d ) and bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 ( e–f ) : a , c , e = shell , b , d , f = penis .
lodge , d . m . , 1986 . selective grazing on periphyton : a determinant of freshwater gastropod microdistributions . freshwat . biol . 16 : 831–841 .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – i part . a vinodolia matjasici ( bole , 1961 ) b radomaniola curta curta ( küster , 1852 ) c vinodolia scutarica ( radoman , 1973 ) d radomaniola montana ( radoman , 1973 ) e radomaniola elongata ( radoman , 1973 ) f radomaniola lacustris ( radoman , 1983 ) g bracenica spiridoni radoman , 1973 h valvata montenegrina glöer & pešić , 2008 i bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 j bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 k karucia sublacustrina n . gen . n . sp . l bithynia zeta glöer & pešić , 2007 m bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) n bithynia skadarskii glöer & pešić , 2007 o viviparus mamillatus küster , 1852 .
species bithynia robusta h . adams , 1870 accepted as gabbia robusta ( h . adams , 1870 ) ( original combination )
the bithynia species from skadar lake ( montenegro ) ( gastropoda , bithyniidae ) . mollusca 25 ( 1 ) , 85–91 .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
lodge , d . m . , 1985 . macrophyte - gastropod associations : observations and experiments on macrophyte choice by gastropods . freshwat . biol . 15 : 695–708 .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
) we get the index of gastropod endemism of 0 . 478 . with this relatively high value , skadar lake exceeds such famous lakes as malawi and titicaca ( see :
this species was originally considered to be a population of the more widespread species , bithynia leachii , and gloer and georgiev ( 2012 ) separated the the populations noting that
we do not believe that bithynia leachii occurs in turkey
( yıldırım et al . 2006 ) . bithynia leachii is distributed in the lowlands of western europe towards russia , and the southernmost records known are from hungary ( glöer and fehér 2004 ) .
( of bithynia ( bithynia ) leach , 1818 ) glöer p . & pešić v . ( 2012 ) the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of iran , with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species . zookeys 219 : 11–61 . [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]
comparing the efficacy of morphologic and dna - based taxonomy in the freshwater gastropod genus radix ( basommatophora , pulmonata ) . biomedcentral evolutionary biology 14 pp . bmc evolutionary biology2006 , 6 : 100
species bithynia affinis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia affinis ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )
species bithynia stanleyi e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as gabbiella stanleyi ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
vincent , b . , h . rioux , and m . harvey . 1981 . factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the st . lawrence river ( quebec , canada ) . hydrobiologia 220 : 57 - 71 .
young , j . o . 1975 . preliminary field and laboratory studies on the survival and spawning of several species of gastropod in calcium poor and calcium rich waters . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 41 : 429–437 .
desy , j . c . , j . f . archambault , b . pinel - alloul , j . hubert , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . relationships between total mercury in sediments and methyl mercury in the freshwater gastropod prosobranch
on the identity of bithynia graeca gen . n . ( westerlund , 1879 ) with the description of three new pseudobithynia irana n . gen species from iran and greece ( gastropoda : bithyniidae ) .
a dry old stillwater channel near the river crnojevića ( september , 2012 ) , sampling site of bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) b lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) from božaj , montenegro .
species bithynia scalaris fuchs , 1877 † accepted as bythinella megarensis bukowski , 1896 † ( secondary homonym of bythinella scalaris ( slavík , 1869 ) ; bukowski ( 1896 ) invented b . megarensis as replacement name )
where the faucet snail has been observed in lake champlain , it generally dominates gastropod assemblages ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) . this species has been known to infest municipal water supplies in abundance ( ingram 1956 ; mackie and claudi 2010 ) .
glöer , p . and georgiev , d . 2012 . redescription of gyraulus argaeicus ( sturany 1904 ) with the description of two new gastropod species from turkey ( mollusca : gastropoda : bithyniidae , planorbidae ) . journal of conchology 41 ( 2 ) : 167 - 172 .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
lilly , m . m . 1953 . the mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 30 : 87–109 .
the skadar lake system is a well - known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity ( pešić et al . 2009 ) and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . research of gastropod biodiversity on the skadar lake has a relatively long tradition since the first records were published by küster ( 1843 ) . the history of research of the skadar lake gastropod fauna was reviewed by glöer and pešić ( 2008a ) . as in many of the balkan lakes , the endemic gastropod species of skadar lake were not described until some decades ago . the last recent account of freshwater gastropods of skadar lake gave 40 species by number ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . however , modern phylogenetic evaluations are still scarce ( e . g . albrecht et al . 2007 , falniowski et al . 2012 ) and the lack of such studies hampers discussions on the origin and biogeographical relationships of skadar lake mollusc fauna .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – ii part . a gyraulus meierbrooki glöer & pešić , 2007 b gyraulus ioanis glöer & pešić , 2007 c gyraulus shasi glöer & pešić , 2007 d planorbis vitojensis glöer & pešić , 2010 e radix skutaris glöer & pešić , 2007 f lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) .
the on - site molluscan species diversity in the investigated area ranged from one to 14 species , with the highest diversity in the sublacustrine springs . compared to the other investigated habitats of skadar lake lacustrine systems , karuč was species rich . we found a subset of 14 gastropod species , including eight out of 19 proposed endemic taxa .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
pinel - alloul , b . & magnin , e . 1971 . cycle vital et croissance de bithynia tentaculata l . ( mollusca , gastropoda , prosobranchia ) du lac st . louis près de montréal . can . j . zool . , 49 : 759–766 .
( of digoniostoma annandale , 1920 ) annandale n . & seymour sewell r . b . ( 1920 ) . progress report on a survey of the freshwater gastropod molluscs of the indian empire and of their trematode parasites . indian journal of medical research . 8 : 93 - 124 . page ( s ) : 103 , 104 [ details ]
von proschwitz , t . 1997 . bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) in norway – a rare species on the edge of its western distribution , and some notes on the dispersal of freshwater snails . fauna ( oslo ) 50 ( 3 ) : 102 - 107 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of bithynia tentaculata are found here .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
ménard , l . , and m . e . scott . 1987 . seasonal occurrence of cyathocotyle bushiensis khan , 1962 ( digenea : cyathocotylidae ) metacercariae in the intermediate host bithynia tentaculata l . ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) . canadian journal of zoology 65 ( 12 ) : 2980 - 2992 .
( of bithynia ( pseudemmericia ) schlickum , 1968 † ) schlickum , w . r . ( 1968 ) . die gattungen briardia munier - chalmas und nystia tournouer . archiv für molluskenkunde . 98 : 39 - 51 . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
these circumstances and the reported decline in endemic gastropod diversity , should trigger efforts to save this sensitive lake ecosystem . the iucn red list of threatened species ( cuttelod et al . 2011 ) includes 21 endemic species from the skadar lake basin . six of them are assessed as critically endangered , 9 as endangered , 3 as data deficient and 3 as least concern in the iucn red list of endangered species ( see :
the faunal relationships of malacofauna among the balkan’s lakes were analysed by albrecht et al . ( 2009 ) . they show that at the species - level , lakes skadar and pamvotis ( greece ) are clustered as sister group to lakes trichonis and lysimachia ( both in greece ) . its worth to note that lake skadar , inhabited by five bithynia spp . ( glöer and pešić 2008 , reischütz et al . 2008 ) is turned out to be a hot spot of bithynia evolution . it’s very likely that the absence of major hydrobioid radiations in some ancient lakes like skadar , pamvotis or trichonis could have triggered diversification in bithyniids ( glöer et al . 2007 ) .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro , 2018 , bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 17 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
( of bithynia ( opisthorchophorus ) beriozkina , levina & starobogatov , 1995 ) vinarski m . v . & kantor y . i . ( 2016 ) . analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science . 544 pp . [ details ]
some authors ( e . g subba rao 1989 , nesemann et al . 2007 ) mention gabbia as a genus . however , it seems not possible to distinguish the genera of the bithyniidae by the shape of opercula ( mandahl - barth 1968 ) and / or by shell forms , because these characters are found to be variable . on the other hand , the examined material of the family of bithyniidae can be easily separated by the characteristics of penis morphology ( having a penial appendix : bithynia leach 1818 ; or lacking a penial appendix : pseudobithynia glöer & pešić 2006 ) . in our study , we tentatively use the name gabbia as a subgenus for small bithynia species with a globular shell , originating from india .
( of bithynia ( digoniostoma ) annandale , 1920 ) glöer , p . ; bössneck , u . ( 2013 ) . freshwater molluscs from nepal and north india with the description of seven new species ( gastropoda : bithyniidae , lymnaeidae , planorbidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde . 142 ( 1 ) : 137 - 156 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
sauer , j . s . , r . a . cole , and j . m . nissen . 2007 . finding the exotic faucet snail ( bithynia tentaculata ) : investigation of waterbird die - offs on the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge . u . s . geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1065 . u . s . geological survey , reston , va , 3 pp . available : urltoken
comparative species list and type of endemism of gastropods occurring in skadar lake basin . levels of endemicity : e skadar – endemic to skadar lake basin ; e montenegro – endemic to the southern and central part of montenegro ; e montenegro + albania - endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro and albania ; e mont . + alb . + gre . – endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro , albania and mainland greece . spatial scales of gastropod diversity : lh – species collected in skadar lake and its sublacustrine springs , adjacent pools and mouths of the surrounding tributaries ( including its downstream part ) , sh – species collected in the surrounding spring habitat , gh – species living in the subterranean habitat ( spr . – found in spring ) .
the ecology of the aquatic gastropods bithynia tentaculata , gyraulus albus , planorbis planorbis and lymnaea peregra in north west england was investigated over 13 months at sites chosen for their wide range of water chemistry . multiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance to the mollusc distributions of a variety of physico - chemical factors . biotic factors were not considered . the species had similar life cycles , with little difference between populations within a species . b . tentaculata could live for over a year , and the major water chemistry variable was potassium ( + ) , where the sign is that of the regression coefficient . g . albus could also survive into a second year and the major variable was mud substratum type ( + ) . rock substratum type ( - ) was the most important factor for p . planorbis . there was a slight difference in the life cycles of l . peregra in hard and medium compared with soft waters and the major water chemistry variable was magnesium ( - ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
van damme , d . , do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & allen , d .
the species has a wide distribution . there is no information on threats to the species , but it is found in anthropogenic habitats and is assessed as least concern .
1985 , kim 2008 ) and to western taiwan ( province of china ) . the species has been recorded from viet nam ( bến tre province ) and china ( yuyao (
and chiangshan ( shandong province ) ) . in taiwan it is recorded from hsiaoliouchyou island on the western coast ( chao
found in pools , ponds and paddy fields and other slow - moving waters . it is also an intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
» species bythinia ( hydrobia ) proximoides capellini , 1880 † accepted as pseudamnicola proximoides ( capellini , 1880 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )
( of paludina ( bythinia ) stein , 1850 ) rolle , f . ( 1860 ) . die lignit - ablagerung des beckens von schönstein in unter - steiermark und ihre fossilien . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe . 41 ( 1 ) , 7 - 46 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
( of bulimus scopoli , 1777 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
, which seem to be closely related . numerous synonyms have been described ( brandt 1974 ) .
do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & van damme , d .
justification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution . it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing as threatened .
the species has a wide distribution from eastern myanmar ( from mandalay southwards ) , in all parts of thailand to peninsular malaysia , lao pdr , cambodia , north and south viet nam , and perhaps into southern china ( brandt 1974 , sri - aroon 2007 ) .
this species is found in a wide variety of usually shallow water bodies , including slow - flowing rivers , streams , ponds , and other anthropogenic habitats , such as irrigated fields . from lao pdr it is known that the species occurs in ponds , trenches and in quiet parts of the mekong .
is the first intermediate host of this parasite . it is also known as vector for garrison ' s fluke infection ( echinostomiasis ) .
the species is unlikely to be impacted by natural wetland loss as it can be found widely in anthropogenic habitats .
garcía , n . , van damme , d . , do , v . & tran , l .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand . it is apparently widespread and although further information is needed into the species ' threats , it is considered least concern at present . a record from peninsular malaysia requires confirmation .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand ( e . g . , chiang mai ( ngern - klun
without more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .
aho , j . 1966 . ecological basis of the distribution of the littoral freshwater molluscs in the vicinity of tampere , south finland . annls . zool . fenn . , 3 : 287–322 .
atkins , w . g . & lebour , m . v . 1924 . the habitats of lymnaea truncalata and lymnaea peregra in relation to hydrogen ion concentration . sci . proc . of roy . dublin soc . , 17 : 327–331 .
boycott , a . e . 1936 . the habitats of freshwater mollusca in britain . j . anim . ecol . , 5 : 116–186 .
bryant , a . 1936 . an experimental investigation into the ph ranges of various species of lymnaea . proc . trans . lpool . biol . soc . , 49 : 8–16 .
cridland , c . c . 1957 . ecological factors affecting the number of snails in permanent bodies of water . j . trop . med . hyg . , 60 : 250–256 .
deschiens , r . 1957 . les facteurs conditionnant l ' habitat des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses et leurs incidence épidémiologiques . ann . l ' inst . pasteur , 92 : 711–763 .
dussart , g . b . j . 1976 . the ecology of freshwater molluscs in north west england in relation to water chemistry . j . moll . stud . , 42 : 181–198 .
ellis , a . e . 1941 . the mollusca of a norfolk broad . j . conchol . , 21 : 224–243 .
harrison , a . d . , williams , n . v . & grieg , g . 1970 . studies on the effects of calcium bicarbonate concentrations on the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda ; pulmonata ) . hydrobiologia , 36 : 317–327 .
harrison , a . d . & shiff , c . j . 1966 . factors affecting the distribution of some species of aquatic snails . s . afr . j . sci . , 62 : 253–258 .
hubendick , b . 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of freshwater snails . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 1072–1080 .
hunter , w . russel - 1961 . annual variations in growth and density in natural populations of freshwater snails in the west of scotland . proc . zool . soc . lond . , 136 : 219–253 .
litalien , f . & deschiens , r . 1954 . comportement des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses en présence de nitrates et de nitrites alcalins . bull . soc . path . exot . , 47 : 525–531 .
malec , e . abdel - 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of bilharziasis - intermediate hosts of the family planorbidae . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 785–818 .
macan , t . t . 1950 . ecology of freshwater mollusca in the english lake district . j . anim . ecol . , 19 : 124–146 .
mckillop , w . b . & harrison , a . d . 1972 . distribution of aquatic gastropods across an interface between the canadian shield and limestone formations , can . j . zool . , 50 : 1433–1445 .
nduku , w . k . & harrison , a . d . 1976 . calcium as a limiting factor in the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) . hydrobiologia , 49 : 143–170 .
ökland , j . 1969 . distribution and ecology of the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of norway . malacologia , 9 : 143–151 .
say , p . j . , diaz , b . m . & whitton , b . a . 1977 . influence of zinc on lotic plants . i . tolerance of hormidium species to zinc . freshwat . biol . , 7 : 357–377 .
sutcliffe , d . w . & carrick , t . r . 1973 . studies on mountain streams in the english lake district . i . ph , calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the river duddon . freshwat . biol . , 3 : 437–463 .
thomas , j . d . , benjamin , m . , lough , a . & aram , r . h . 1974 . the effects of calcium in the external environment on the growth and natality rates of biomphalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 839–860 .
thomas , j . d . & lough , a . 1974 . the effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by biophalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 861–871 .
williams , n . v . 1970a . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . i . field distribution in relation to water chemistry . malacologia , 10 : 153–164 .
williams , n . v . 1970b . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . 2 . experimental investigation of field distribution patterns . malacologia , 10 : 165–180 .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the faucet snail has a shiny pale brown shell , oval in shape , with a relatively large and rounded spire consisting of 5–6 somewhat flattened whorls , no umbilicus , and a very thick lip ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ) . the aperture is less than half the height of the shell ( clarke 1981 ) . adult
possess a white , calcareous , tear - drop to oval - shaped operculum with distinct concentric rings ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ) . the operculum of juveniles , however , is spirally marked ( jokinen 1992 ) . the operculum is always located very close to the aperture of the shell ( jokinen 1992 ) . the animal itself has pointed , long tentacles and a simple foot with the right cervical lobe acting as a channel for water ( jokinen 1992 ) .
shell is usually no larger than 12–15 mm ; the snail is sexually mature by the time it reaches 8 mm in size ( jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ; pennak 1989 )
au gres - rifle ; black - macatawa ; brevoort - millecoquins ; carp - pine ; detroit ; kalamazoo ; kawkawlin - pine ; keweenaw peninsula ; lake erie ; lake huron ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lone lake - ocqueoc ; manistee ; muskegon ; ottawa - stony ; pere marquette - white ; pigeon - wiscoggin ; saginaw ; st . clair ; st . marys ; sturgeon ; tacoosh - whitefish
big fork ; buffalo - whitewater ; crow wing ; eastern wild rice ; leech lake ; mississippi headwaters ; snake ; st . louis
black ; buffalo - whitewater ; des plaines ; duck - pensaukee ; flambeau ; la crosse - pine ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lake winnebago ; lower fox ; lower wisconsin ; middle rock ; milwaukee ; peshtigo ; st . louis ; upper fox ; upper fox ; upper rock ; wolf
commonly found in freshwater ponds , shallow lakes , and canals . this species is found on the substrate in fall and winter ( including gravel , sand , clay , mud or undersides of rocks ) and on aquatic macrophytes ( including milfoil ,
spp . ) in warmer months ( jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ; vincent et al . 1981 ) . it lives mostly in shoals , but is found at depths up to 5 m ( jokinen 1992 ) .
can inhabit intertidal zones in the hudson river ( jokinen 1992 ) . in general , the faucet snail inhabits waters with ph of 6 . 6–8 . 4 , conductivity of 87–2320 μmhos / cm , ca + + of 5–89 ppm , and na + of 4–291 ppm ( jokinen 1992 ) . it can potentially survive well in water bodies with high concentrations of k + and low concentrations of no3 - ( jokinen 1992 ) . in the st . lawrence river , it tends to occur in relatively unpolluted , nearshore areas ( vaillancourt and laferriere 1983 ) and amongst dreissenid mussel beds ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) .
this species functions as both a scraper and a collector - filterer , grazing on algae on the substrate , as well as using its gills to filter suspended algae from the water column . when filter feeding , algae is sucked in , condensed , and then passed out between the right tentacle and exhalant siphon in pellet - like packages which are then eaten ( jokinen 1992 ) . the ability to filter feed may play a role in allowing populations of the faucet snail to survive at high densities in relatively eutrophic , anthropogenically influenced water bodies ( jokinen 1992 ) .
feeds selectively on food items ( brendelberger 1997 ) . the faucet snail is known in eurasia to feed on black fly larvae ( pavlichenko 1977 ) .
is dioecious and lays its eggs on rocks , wood and shells in organized aggregates arranged in double rows , in clumps of 1–77 . egg - laying occurs from may to july when water temperature is 20ºc or higher , and sometimes a second time in october and november by females born early in the year . the density of eggs on the substrate can sometimes reach 155 clumps / m
. fecundity may reach up to 347 eggs and is greatest for the 2nd year class . eggs hatch in three weeks to three months , depending on water temperature . oocytes develop poorly at temperatures of 30–34ºc . growth usually does not occur from september to may . the lifespan varies regionally and can be anywhere from 17 – 39 months ( jokinen 1992 ; korotneva and dregol’skaya 1992 ) .
in its native eurasian habitat , the faucet snail is host to many different species of digeneans , cercariae , metacercariae , cysticercoids , and other parasites ( mattison et al . 1995 ; morley et al . 2004 ; toledo et al . 1998 ) . natural dispersal of this snail is known to occur by passive transport in birds ( von proschwitz 1997 ) .
is capable of detecting the presence of molluscivorous leeches through chemoreception and of closing its operculum to avoid predation ( kelly and cory 1987 ) .
the faucet snail has the potential to be a good biomonitor for contaminants such as cd , zn , and mehg because there are good correlations between environmental concentrations and snail tissue concentrations with respect to these toxic compounds ( desy et al . 2000 ; flessas et al . 2000 ) .
could have been introduced to the great lakes basin in packaging material for crockery , through solid ballast in timber ships arriving to lake michigan , or by deliberate release by amateur naturalists into the erie canal , mohawk river and schuyler’s lake ( mills et al . 1993 ) . the most likely and most accepted explanation for its original introduction is the solid ballast vector ( jokinen 1992 ) .
the species is established in the drainages of lake ontario ( mills et al . 1993 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , lake michigan ( mills et al . 1993 ) , and lake erie ( krieger 1985 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , but not lake superior ( jokinen 1992 ) . occurrences in lake huron do not warrant classification as established .
( jokinen 1992 ) . between 1917 and 1968 , the species richness of mollusks in oneida lake decreased by 15 % as the faucet snail increased in abundance ( harman 2000 ) . it is very probable that impacts on pleurocerids , especially
. in oneida lake , have occurred because the faucet snail has higher growth rates per unit respiration than most pleurocerids due to its ability to filter feed ( tashiro and colman 1982 ) .
, in oneida lake , the density of the faucet snail decreased and overall mollusk abundance decreased even further ( harman 2000 ) . similar effects occurred in lake ontario between 1983 and 2000 due to competition with invasive dreissenid mussels ( haynes et al . 2005 ) .
( vincent et al . 1981 ) and amongst introduced mussels ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) . the snail also has the potential to be a bio - fouling organism for underwater intakes and in swimming areas ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) .
was found in fossils from the pleistocene in glacial lake chicago ( jokinen 1992 ) , but the only representative of the genus currently found in the great lakes is eurasian .
burgmer , t . , j . reiss , s . a . wickham , and h . hillebrand . 2010 . effects of snail grazers and light on the benthic microbial food web in periphyton communities . aquatic microbial ecology 61 ( 2 ) : 163 - 178 .
carr , j . f . , and j . k . hiltunen . 1965 . changes in the bottom fauna of western lake erie from 1930 to 1961 . limnology and oceanography 10 : 551 - 569 .
clarke , a . h . 1981 . the freshwater molluscs of canada . national museum of natural sciences , national museums of canada , ottawa , canada . 447 pp .
cole , r . a . 2001 . exotic parasite causes large scale mortality in american coots . u . s . geological survey , national wildlife health center , madison , wi . available : urltoken
cole , r . a . , and j . c . franson . 2006 . recurring waterbird mortalities of unusual etiologies . in : boere , g . c . , c . a . galbraith , d . a . stroud ( eds . ) . waterbirds around the world . the stationery office , edinburgh , uk , pp . 439 - 440 .
in the st . lawrence river , quebec . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 164 - 173 .
flessas , c . , y . couillard , b . pinel - alloul , l . st - cyr , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . metal concentrations in two freshwater gastropods ( mollusca ) in the st . lawrence river and relationships with environmental contamination . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 126 - 137 .
harman , w . n . 2000 . diminishing species richness of mollusks in oneida lake , new york state , usa . nautilus 114 ( 3 ) : 120 - 126 .
haynes , j . m . , n . a . trisch , c . m . mayer , and r . s . rhyne . 2005 . benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern lake ontario following invasion of
: 1983 - 2000 . journal of the north american benthological society 24 ( 1 ) : 148 - 167 .
herrmann , k . k . , and r . e . sorensen . 2009 . seasonal dynamics of two mortality - related trematodes using an introduced snail . journal of parasitology 95 ( 4 ) : 823 - 828 .
ingram , w . m . 1956 . snail and clam infestations of drinking water supplies . journal ( american water works association ) 48 ( 3 ) : 258 - 268 .
jokinen , e . 1992 . the freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of new york state . the university of the state of new york , the state education department , the new york state museum , albany , new york 12230 . 112 pp .
kelly , p . m . , and j . s . cory . 1987 . operculum closing as a defense against predatory leeches in four british freshwater prosobranch snails . hydrobiologia 144 ( 2 ) : 121 - 124 .
l . on its oogenesis . tsitologiya 34 ( 2 ) : 30 - 36 .
krieger , k . a . 1985 . snail distribution in lake erie , usa , canada ; the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone . ohio journal of science 85 ( 5 ) : 230 - 244 .
lawrence , j . s . , p . loegering , r . cole , and s . d . cordts . 2009 . scaup and coot die - off at lake winnibigoshish – 2008 update . minnesota department of natural resources , section of wildlife , bemidji , mn . available : urltoken
mackie , g . l . , and r . claudi . 2010 . monitoring and control of macrofouling mollusks in fresh water systems . crc press , taylor francis group , boca raton , fl . 508 pp .
mackie , g . l . , d . s . white , and t . w . zdeba . 1980 . a guide to freshwater mollusks of the laurentian great lakes with special emphasis on the genus
. environmental research laboratory , office of research and development , u . s . environmental protection agency , duluth , minnesota 55804 . 144 pp .
mattison , r . g . , t . s . dunn , r . e . b . hanna , w . a . nizami , and q . m . ali . 1995 . population dynamics of freshwater gastropods and epidemiology of their helminth infections with emphasis on larval parmphistomes in northern india . journal of helminthology 69 ( 2 ) : 125 - 138 .
mills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .
mitchell , a . j . and r . a . cole . 2008 . survival of the faucet snail after chemical disinfection , ph extremes , and heated water bath treatments . north american journal of fisheries management 28 : 1597 - 1600 .
morley , n . j . , m . e . adam , and j . w . lewis . 2004 . the role of
in the transmission of larval digeneans from a gravel pit in the lower thames valley . journal of helminthology 78 ( 2 ) : 129 - 135 .
nalepa , t . f . , d . l . fanslow , m . b . lansing , g . a . lang , m . ford , g . gostenik , and d . j . hartson . 2002 . abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 1996 . noaa great lakes environmental research laboratory and cooperative institute for limnology and ecosystem research , michigan , ann arbor . 32 pp .
( trichoptera : hydropsychidae ) larvae in destroying black flies in flowing reservoirs of the zaporozyhe oblast , ussr . ekologiya ( moscow ) 1 : 104 - 105 .
peckarsky , b . l . , p . r . fraissinet , m . a . penton , and d . j . conklin jr . 1993 . freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern north america . cornell university press , ithaca , new york state . 442 pp .
pennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the united states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .
ricciardi , a . 2001 . facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders : is an “invasional meltdown” occurring in the great lakes ? canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 58 : 2513 - 2525 .
ricciardi , a . , f . g . whoriskey , and j . b . rasmussen . 1997 . the role of the zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 54 : 2596–2608 .
: bioenergetic partitioning of ingested carbon and nitrogen . american midland naturalist 107 ( 1 ) : 114 - 132 .
toledo , r . , c . munoz - antoli , m . perez , and j . g . esteban . 1998 . larval trematode infections in freshwater gastropods from the albufera natural park in spain . journal of helminthology 72 ( 1 ) : 79 - 82 .
vaillancourt , g . , and e . lafarriere . 1983 . relationship between the quality of the environment and the benthic groupings in the littoral zone of the st . lawrence river , canada . naturaliste canadien ( quebec ) 110 ( 4 ) : 385 - 396 .
vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation . 2000 . lake champlain basin aquatic nuisance species management plan . 65 pp .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
to populations from the north and west of the alps . mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex , with two species proposed by falkner
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev and stoycheva ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear .
is widespread through europe and lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , etc . although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions . therefore the species qualifies for least concern .
wohlberedt , 1911 was considered a valid species , then it is possibly extinct . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria where the only known spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear , but krichimski vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009 , presumably as a result of many people washing themselves in the hot water . in the springs pollution from plastic and other materials was obvious .
the species was recorded last century from north africa , however there are no recent records , so it is considered to be regionally extinct in north africa , whereas in the northern mediterranean , it is still widespread , but local , and as such is considered least concern . however according to falkner
, as such some of the map data for the region is incorrect . although these species should probably be considered as data deficient , the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be least concern , as certainly
which is now considered to be a distinct species . fauna europaea lists the following countries : austria , balearis islands , belgium , u . k . - great britain , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , estonia , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , russia , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , poland , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine , serbia .
( paasch , 1842 ) are both recorded in the czech republic , where both species are restricted to south moravia ; in the floodplains along the morava river and the dyje river where both species are very rare .
( sheppard , 1823 ) is widespread in lowland rivers , but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years ( killeen , pers . comm , 2009 ) . slovakia : mainly the danube and morava river . also in the latorica river and slow flooding canals and oxbows , and fishponds . germany : common in the north part . in the southern part only in the river rhein , neckar and chiemsee .
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river .
there is no unified information available on population and trends for this species , although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years . there is little evidence of any significant decline .
this species lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , slow flowing canals , etc . it is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams , rivers , canals , large drains , marsh drains and lakes , however , it is less common in smaller ponds . it shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats , often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates .
its habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality . it is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline .
other threats : pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources , alteration of water courses , changes to flow regimes , and over - frequent dredging . mouthon ( 1996 ) showed that
2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
research of molluscs biodiversity in iran has a relatively long tradition . in 1862 , a group of italian scientists undertook the first systematic expedition to persia , which revealed a large number of molluscan samples . the results of this expedition have been published by issel ( 1863 ) . two decades later , the mollusc fauna of the caspian sea was studied by dybowski ( 1888 ) . the first study on the molluscs diversity of inland water was done at the beginning of the xx th century by the indian malacologists annandale and his coauthors ( annandale and prashad 1919 , annandale 1921 , annandale and rao 1925 ) who studied the molluscan fauna of seistan and baluchistan province . biggs ( 1936 , 1937 , 1971 ) studied the malacofauna of the central plateau of iran . in 1936 he noted : “little has been written on the mollusca of the iranian plateau . this was perhaps due to the inaccessibility of the interior in the past when the only method of travelling was by caravan” . forcart ( 1935 ) studied molluscs from the mazandaran province . starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) published the results of the austrian iran expedition of 1949 / 50 and 1956 . later on , starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) studied molluscs from northern and eastern iran collected by the austrian a . ruttner . more recently , mansoorian ( 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 ) published on the molluscan fauna of iran .


parambassis pulcinella , the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet , is a species of asiatic glassfish native to fast-flowing streams in the ataran basin ( itself a part of the salween basin ) in southeast myanmar and west thailand .

it reaches a length of 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) and is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade .

parambassis pulcinella

named for pulcinella ( = punchinello ) , a humpback character of ' commedia dell ' arte ' ; noun in apposition .
two humphead glassfish ( parambassis pulcinella ) in my aquarium . these come from burma and the species was only discovered and formally identified is 2003 . still pretty rare in the aquarium trade particularly here in australia . getting fish out of the country often depends on the political situation there .
kottelat , m . , 2003 . parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 14 ( 1 ) : 9 - 18 . ( ref . 49523 )
apart from these distinctive humps , parambassis pulcinella conform , in most regards , to the usual glassfish shape . they are not as transparent as some other glassfish species , but have a rather beautiful golden sheen that immediately catches the eye . basic coloration is otherwise silvery - white , except for smoky - grey markings on face and fins .
breeding nothing is known about the breeding behaviour of this species . the other parambassis species are egg scatterers that exhibit no brood care and the humphead probably breeds in the same way .
craig here . parambassis pulcinella . what a name . it kinda rolls off the tongue , doesn’t it ? well… as cool as the name sounds , the humphead glassfish is even cooler looking ! if you have ever wanted a fish that has a bit of size and a lot of character for your freshwater community aquarium , this just might be the fish for you !
a relative newcomer to the aquarium scene , the humphead glassfish was not scientifically described until 2003 . parambassis pulcinella hails from myanmar , in south east asia . with changing political climates , many fish have just recently become known to science from this region . myanmar is a country that has nearly half of its land covered in dense forests . within these forests are countless streams . it is in these fast flowing streams that the humphead glassfish can be found .
a new species that was only described to science in 2003 , little is known about the natural behaviour of p . pulcinella . it has started to be imported quite regularly over the last couple of years , although it is still quite expensive . unfortunately this species has suffered the same fate as some of it’s close relatives , and artificiallly dyed specimens have been making their way onto the market . these should be avoided at all costs , as the processes involved are cruel and unecessary , and usually shorten the life of the fish considerably . the characteristic hump on the head of the fish is formed from an extension of the spine , and is scaleless .
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it inhabits large freshwater streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water . the substrate in many of these biotopes is composed of smooth , water - worn rocks and boulders of varying sizes .
this is quite an active species and needs a tank of at least 36″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 90x30x30cm ) – 80 litres .
decor is not critical . plants , rocks , driftwood etc . can all be used to your own taste . this is a freshwater species and does not require the addition of salt to it’s tank .
it will accept dried pellets or flakes , but these should be supplemented with regular feedings of live and frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp .
a peaceful species but it might intimidate small fish with it’s active nature and adult size . good tankmates include rainbowfish , barbs and loaches . it can be maintained in groups although they may occasionally squabble amongst themaselves . this will rarely involve anything more than a bit of chasing , however .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is currently known from the ataran river drainage in myanmar and thailand . it is subject to harvesting for the ornamental fish trade , as well as impacts from sedimentation , however the scale of impact of these threats on the species is uncertain and it is considered data deficient at present . this species should be reassessed when further data become available , and it is possible that it may qualify for a threatened category .
the species is restricted to the ataran river and its tributaries in southeastern myanmar and western thailand ( kottelat 2003 ) .
it inhabits large freshwater hill streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water .
the species is popular in the aquarium trade , all taken from wild sources .
overfishing for the ornamental fish trade is a potential threat to this species , but there is no information on the species population trend . sedimentation and flow changes will also impact the species .
research is needed into this species ' current distribution and population trends , as well as its ecology and threats .
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betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
piranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
my humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ? jan eley
is an exciting addition to the aquarium hobby . if you are looking for something unusual , but with a bit of size and lots of character , a school of these beauties could be just the ticket . this glassfish can reach up to almost 4 inches ( 10 cm ) . like the name implies this glassfish has a large hump on its head and a semi - transparent body .
this glassfish is a relative newcomer to the aquarium hobby . the humphead glassfish wasn’t scientifically described until 2003 . they are freshwater asiatic glassfish in the chandidae family ( previously ambassidae ) . it differs a bit from other glassfish species because its body is not quite as transparent , but it does have the divided dorsal fin and the lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it is also known as the humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet ,
it is unusual for a fish of this size to remain hidden from the science community for so long but somehow this beauty did . there are many “new” species coming from their homeland of myanmar , and this may be due in part to the past political climate of that country . only recently has science had relatively free access to the waters of myanmar ( formerly burma ) .
the humphead glassfish , like other glassfish species , are surprisingly hardy and adaptable . but unlike some glassfish that need a brackish water environment , humpheads are strictly freshwater fish . these fish are fairly easy to care for and make a most intriguing curiosity for a freshwater community tank . they are generally peaceful with other tank mates , but are a boisterous and energetic at feeding time , and they will eat smaller fish . they have a surprising large mouth and will readily snack on a guppy or danio sized companion . they can be kept singly , but if kept in a school males will get scrappy with each other for dominance , so there must be at least 8 or more fish .
until they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust . they like a well planted aquarium . it should be at least 20 gallons for one , more if you want to keep a school . make sure the water has a fairly strong movement to reflect their fast native waters , and is well oxygenated . like with other glassfish , artificiallly dyed specimens of this amazing fish do show up in the market . dyed specimens should be avoided as this process is cruel to the fish and usually it will shorten their life span .
was described by kottelat in 2003 . the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are found in asia , from the ataran river basin in myanmar ( formerly burma ) . they may also occur in other headwaters of the same basin in thailand as some collected specimens are believed to have come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border . the humphead glassfish is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by are humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet .
these fish are found in groups , inhabiting the clear waters of shallow , fast - flowing streams . they are able to hold firm in currents that are flowing around rocks and feed on smaller live animals as they pass by . although their diet is not yet confirmed , it is assumed they are opportunistic eaters , feeding on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae .
the silvery humphead glassfish is a deep - bodied , laterally compressed species . its remarkable characteristic is a spectacular nuchal hump , similar to that found in many of the large south american cichlids . however it ' s not quite the same as a cichlids hump , rather it looks more like a thin , bulbous continuation of the dorsal fin . the actual hump is formed from an extension of its spine and is scaleless . both males and females will have a hump , but the male ' s will be larger .
the humphead is similar in appearance to other glassfish species . but it differs a bit because its body is not as transparent and the backbone and swim bladder are not visible . like other species however , it does have the divided dorsal fin and a lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it also has the ctenoid scales , they are tough with a toothlike margin .
the body is a silvery white color with a sheen that gives it a golden cast . the scales on the upper body can reflect flecks of blues and greens . there are grayish areas on the face and fins and the dorsal and anal fins have a grayish or black edging along with some small speckling .
3 . 9 inches ( 10 . 01 cm ) - it grows grows larger in the aquarium , reaching only 3 . 1 inches ( 8 cm ) in the wild .
- little is known about their true lifespan as of yet , but other glassfish species can live 3 to 8 years .
the humphead glassfish is an easy fish to care for and is a good choice for an intermediate fish keeper . as with any wild caught fish the first 30 days can be a challenging as they acclimate , but these fish are very adaptable and normally great eaters . until they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust .
the humphead glassfish are carnivores . they are predatory fish that in the wild presumably feeds on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae . in captivity they initially may not readily accepting prepared aquarium foods unless it simulates live prey . but this is easily accomplished by streaming frozen foods , like brine shrimp and bloodworms , in the filter stream to simulate movement . once they have settled in , they will eat most fresh , frozen , or dried aquarium foods . they will do best if fed live or frozen food such as earthworms , river shrimp , bloodworms , blackworms , and brine shrimp . flakes and pellets may also be offered occasionally .
these fish enjoy pristine waters , so a strong filter and weekly water changes are needed . these fish do not do well in high nitrates and prefer it to below 20 mg / l . their tank should be cleaned weekly and have about a 30 % water change done .
the humphead glassfish will swim in most parts of the aquarium . they will need at least a 20 gallon aquarium , more if you want to keep a school . it needs to have good water movement and plenty of aeration . these fish enjoy highly oxygenated water so make sure to have sources that will produce the needed oxygen . an undergravel filter operated with powerheads does a great job of keeping the entire tank oxygenated and provides good water movement . humphead will do best in a well planted tanks . plants with twisted roots work best and provide areas to hide . any type of gravel you prefer will work .
the humphead glassfish is a good community fish , but any fish small enough to fit in the humphead ' s mouth should be monitored . fish such as small tetras , guppies , neons , and danios can quickly become snacks . other species should not be bothered , but they will sometimes quarrel among themselves . males will tend to be aggressive towards each other fighting for the dominant position . it is recommended that you keep a group of 8 or 10 to reduce tensions , or alternatively keep 3 or 4 in a species tank with only one being male .
may be aggressive - small sized shrimps like cherry shrimp and amano shrimp may be eaten .
males have a prominent hump on their foreheads . females may also have a hump but it will be noticeably smaller than the males .
the humphead glassfish has not yet been bred in captivity . the breeding behavior of this species is not yet known . presumably they spawn similar to other
with humphead glassfish ; disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . humphead glassfish are very resilient once established in a tank .
a good thing about the humphead glassfish is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your humphead glassfish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .
humphead glassfish are fairly hardy fish , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . because they are relatively new to the industry , little is known about specific common diseases and issues . there have been humphead ' s on the market that have dye injected into they . this can cause health and lifespan issues . one of the most common freshwater fish ailments is ich . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are commonly available at present , but will usually command a high price . availability may vary , depending on the political climate in myanmar and their relationship with the rest of the world .
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991
my humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ?
fish gallery here in houston got them in yesterday , for $ 45 each .
i purchased one humphead and fell in love , so i purchased two more . they are pricey , 20 us dollars even going up to 30 . 00 us dollars . . . they are worth it . the larger of my 3 tends to bully around my congo tetras ( they are the same size as the humphead ) . the humphead likes to headbut the congos . my larger glass humphead loves dried shrimp as well as blood worms . these fish are very hardy and a lot of fun to watch . .
fantastic goods from you , man . i have understand your stuff priuvoes to and you ' re just too magnificent . i really like what you ' ve acquired here , certainly like what you are saying and the way in which you say it . you make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it sensible . i cant wait to read far more from you . this is actually a wonderful web site .
i love this fish . i fell in love with it the second i saw it in my local store . it acclimatized quickly and fits perfectly with my community .
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greek , para = near + greek , ambassis , anabasis = climbing up ( ref . 45335 )
asia : myanmar ; probably also in the headwaters of the same basin in thailand .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 49523 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 17 ; vertebrae : 25 . conspicuous hump in front of first dorsal - fin origin , made by a very long , thin anterosuperior expansion of the supraoccipital spine . predorsal area without scales . both caudal fin lobe with a submarginal blackish stripe . dorsal and anal fins with grey or black distal margins ; first dorsal and anal fins with proximal row of spots . dorsal - fin origin with a blackish , triangular blotch . a black stripe between the head and the predorsal blotch ( ref . 49523 ) .
probably occurring in large streams with clear water , near rapids or large riffles ( ref . 49523 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01549 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
easily distinguished from other glassfish , the humphead has qualities but also attitude . choose tankmates with care , warns dr neale monks .
described as recently as 2003 , the humphead glassfish has quickly become one of the more familiar members of the family ambassidae . it is generally much like any other glassfish , but is always distinguished by that large nuchal hump !
unlike the humps on cichlids , the shape on these glassfish is thin — resembling more of a fin than anything else . both sexes have these humps , though those on mature males are larger .
when maurice kottelat described these fish just six years ago , he based his work on specimens collected from the ataran river basin in myanmar , formerly burma . it is assumed that humphead glassfish occur in a number of other streams and rivers in this area , though this isn’t certain .
at least some specimens that turn up in the ornamental fish trade appear to come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border .
in all cases , these fish are found in clear , shallow , fast - flowing streams . they appear to occupy a similar niche to our native trout species , maintaining position in currents that flow around rocks and riffles , snapping up small animals that drift by . little is known about their diet in the wild but , by analogy with other freshwater glassfish , it can be assumed that they are opportunistic predators feeding on such as shrimps , aquatic insect larvae and small fish .
maintenance despite their delicate appearance , glassfish are surprisingly adaptable , and the humphead is no exception . the salween , for example , is mostly a slightly soft and acidic body of water , much like other south - east asian rivers , but humphead glassfish also seem to do perfectly well in the hard , alkaline water of southern england .
unlike some glassfish in the trade , these are strictly freshwater fish and shouldn’t be kept in a brackish water aquarium .
what matters more is water quality , particularly oxygen concentration . fish from fastwater habitats invariably do badly in nitrate - rich , oxygen - poor water . keep nitrates low by performing regular water changes , preferably keeping the nitrate concentration below 20 mg / l .
to ensure the water is well oxygenated , ensure the tank is not overstocked , and install a filter that keeps the water moving vigorously . ideally the filter should provide a turnover rate around eight times the volume of the tank per hour . so for a 200 l / 44 gal aquarium , the filter needs to be rated at 1 , 600 lph .
water temperature doesn’t appear to be critical for these fish and they do perfectly well at the usual 25c / 77f favoured by most fishkeepers . on the other hand , higher temperatures will reduce the amount of oxygen in the water , so that condition would be something to avoid wherever possible .
fussy eaters like all glassfish , humpheads are fussy feeders . at least during the initial stages , live and frozen foods will need to be used while settling these wild - caught fish into captive life . earthworms and river shrimps are particularly favoured , though midge and mosquito larvae are also readily enjoyed . small fish will also consume daphnia and brineshrimp .
once settled in , they generally take frozen foods such as bloodworms without any complaint . at least some well - adjusted specimens take flake , but at the very least this food should be supplemented with additions such as chopped squid and prawn .
all glassfish are opportunistic predators and the humphead has a deceptively large mouth . smaller fish such as guppies , danios and neons will quite likely be viewed as tasty food ! that same sad fate may befall small shrimps such as cherry and amano .
social behaviour humphead glassfish may be schooling fish in the wild , but under aquarium conditions they tend to be aggressive towards one another .
this behaviour can be prevalent among smaller glassfish species too and most likely reflects bullying between males as they jockey for dominance within the group .
whatever the explanation , humpheads should be kept either in groups of at least eight specimens or smaller groups with just a single male .
sexing these glassfish isn’t too difficult either , since the males have those larger humps . males also tend to be a bit bigger , but that isn’t apparent until all the fish are fully grown .
curiously , maximum size of this fish under aquarium conditions appears to be a bit larger than the maximum size reported in scientific literature — 10cm / 4” as opposed to 8cm / 3 . 1” .
tank mates these fish work quite well in community tanks , with a few reservations . as already mentioned , they are predatory fish , eating any fish or shrimp they can swallow whole , so tank mates should be sufficiently large to minimise the risk . they are also a bit thuggish — yet another trait they share with other glassfish !
while this doesn’t mean they are nippy or territorial , it does mean they throw their weight around at feeding time . tank mates should be sufficiently robust to prevent this being an issue . barbs and characins would be fine , but mixing humpheads with discus or african butterflyfish would be a bad idea . otherwise they would make excellent companions for the likes of clown loaches , loricariid catfish , spiny eels , silver dollars and other robust community fish .
although looking bizarre , humphead glassfish are beautiful and , while pricey , surprisingly hardy and adaptable fish with much to recommend them .
pfk featured these fish in interesting imports , shortly after they first became available in the hobby .
this item first appeared in the june 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .
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the humphead glassfish is a schooling fish that benefits from being kept with members of it’s own kind . it has a spine from the dorsal ( supraoccipital ) area of it’s skull that is extended . this extension is what gives this fish it’s bizarre shape and name . the ph should range from neutral to slightly alkaline . it is not a particularly picky eater . the small group that is kept here will ravenously feed on pelleted foods and thawed frozen foods . it seems that the only things that the humphead glassfish are particular about is the need for excellent filtration , higher levels of dissolved oxygen in the water , and room to swim ! other than these requirements , you will find that these curious fish are very sturdy and make wonderful additions to your tank . they will not eat plants , so keeping them in a larger planted aquarium is acceptable provided that your co2 levels do not rise to a dangerous level . even though these fish are relatively peaceful and can be kept with smaller community fish , beware keeping them with fish like neon or cardinal tetras . if a tiny tetra will fit in their mouths… it will surely be lunch !
so , if you want something different , something rare , something new… take a look at the odd humphead glassfish . when available , these fish are certainly well worth the price . you will have something that many people have never even seen before , as well as a fish that is one of the most interesting and coolest additions to the aquarium trade in years .
i have been an avid hobbiest for years . until today , i have never seen this fish . we picked the only one up at a local hobby store and find the information above to be very active regarding neons . very wild looking fish indeed… . i had a hard time beleiveing he was a community quality fish… . time will tell .
hello bob , congratulations on your new acquisition . you will no doubt find the fish to be a wonderful addition . if you do have neons , just make sure to keep the glassfish well fed . that may discourage the fish from wanting to hunt or forage for small prey . enjoy the fish ! they are certainly an amazing fish to keep !
i was so in awe when i saw some of these at a local fish store . i had to look these up as soon as i got home . i never seen these at any store , or online till today . i’m definitely going to go back and check these out some more , probably add some to my exodons . surprises me that these were “scientifically” named in 2003 .
i just purchased a humphead . he is a little nervous when you go up to the tank . i am sure he will get over that a bit . i have two discus , two smaill red rainbow , 4 neon precox rainbows , 1 turquiose rainbow and a tiny little sucker fish albino . do you think he will do alright ? they had him or her at the fish store with large discus and no other humpheads , will he / she be alright without others of it’s kind ?
once the fish becomes comfortable with its surroundings , it should settle in fine . there may be a period of adjustment where the other fish chase or intimidate the glass fish , but as long as the size is similar the heirarchy should work itself out . good luck !
do u think the humphead glassfish will do well with african peacock cichlids ? i have 3 yellow labs , benga , sulfur head , ob peacock , 3 synodontis petricola , 1 goby irsacae in 55 gal 4′ tank with aqua clear 110 filter . i tried selecting mild tempered inhabitants . please give me your opinion . i really love this fish but am afraid to try it so far . i think the cichlids may stress him out ? i only want a single humphead , as 8 is too many to add to keep the peace and less than 8 , i read , is a bad idea .
safety in numbers…you may have a chance with a group of the fish , but cichlids are probably too territorial and aggressive to chance it with a single fish . even a group may falter against africans as they can be relentless , especially when breeding .
marinebioblog is the post name of that fish place - that pet place ' s aquatics and aquarium experts . contact them through the links here or leave your comments below .
eileen daub : hi sam , fishing with goldfish is illegal due to the risk of . . .
chris mcclelland : hello , i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari . . .
sam earlyfall : is it only cruel to put them on a hook and then fish with th . . .
eileen daub : hi sara , i wouldn ' t expect cilantro / coriander to be safe sub . . .
eileen daub : hello name , red tail sharks don ' t lay egg sacs . if you can g . . .
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discus , angel fish , and german blue rams . welcome to the beast tank
fish store tour - the wet spot tropical fish in portland oregon . huge store ! hundreds of tanks .
this article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .
difficult to visually sex , males will have a slightly larger and thicker hump than females .
a distinctive fish that is silver / grey in colour with some black markings and with a bold hump on the forehead , this is thin , almost transparent , expansion of the spine .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstonii , is a sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found around the world on continental shelves in tropical , subtropical and temperate seas , at depths of between 100 and 1,500 m .

it reaches a length of 120 cm .

roughskin dogfish

roughskin dogfish ( cirrhigaleus asper ) . illustration courtesy fao , species identification and biodata
roughskin dogfish denticle . illustration courtesy fao species catalog , vol . 4 part 2 sharks of the world
english language common names include roughskin dogfish , roughskin dogshark , roughskin spiny dogfish , and roughskin spurdog . common names in other languages are aiguillat à peau rugueuse ( french ) , galludo raspa ( spanish ) , quelme rugoso ( portuguese ) , ruwe doornhaai ( dutch ) , and ruwevel - penhaai ( afrikaans ) .
this species of dogfish is considered harmless to humans . however , care should be taken when handling the roughskin dogfish due to the spines on the dorsal fins .
the blainville ' s dogfish and cuban dogfish both have a first dorsal fin that is located more anterior than the roughskin dogfish , with the origin over the pectoral fin . these species also have smaller dermal denticles .
roughskin dogfish reach an average length of about 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) . photo © george burgess
coloration the body of the roughskin dogfish is dark gray to brown , fading to a lighter color below . the fins are edged with white . the body lacks spots or any other distinctive markings . juvenile roughskin dogfish are brown in color .
other species that are similar in appearance to the roughskin dogfish include the spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) , blainville ' s dogfish ( s . blainvillei ) , and the cuban dogfish ( s . cubensis ) . the spiny dogfish can be distinguished by its small dermal denticles and second dorsal fin which is much smaller than the first dorsal . also , it is often marked with white spots throughout the body .
there is no interest in fisheries for the roughskin dogfish . it is occasionally caught with hook and line as well as trawling gear used in deep water .
food habits this dogfish feeds on a variety of bony fishes and cephalopods including squid .
this dogfish resides in marine waters over the upper continental and insular slopes . it is a deepwater species , found at depths from 700 - 1 , 970 feet ( 214 - 600 m ) . information on the life history of the roughskin dogfish is lacking due to the recent description of this species .
the glowing eye of a roughskin dogfish and a sleeper shark emerge . | for more shark week , visit urltoken shark week 2016 | starts sun . june 26 8 | 7c subscribe to discovery ! | urltoken
merrett described the roughskin dogfish as squalus asper in 1973 . shortly afterwards , this name was changed to the currently valid cirrhigaleus asper ( merrett 1973 ) . the genus name cirrhigaleus is derived from the latin
cirrus
which means curl fringe and the greek
galeo
meaning a shark . the species name asper is derived from latin , meaning rough . due to its recent description , there are no known synonyms referring to the roughskin dogfish in previous scientific literature .
the roughskin dogfish is listed as
data deficient
with the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .
a little - known deepwater dogfish of the upper continental slopes at depths of 500 to 1097 m , on or near bottom .
dentition dentition of the roughskin dogfish consists of oblique teeth with smooth - edged cusps and distinct notches in the outer margins . numbering 12 - 14 teeth on each side of the upper jaw and 11 - 12 teeth on each side of the lower jaw , the dentition of this species forms a practically continuous cutting edge .
denticles the roughskin dogfish gets its common name from the rough feeling skin it has . this rough texture is from the unusually large dermal denticles found on this species . the denticles on adult specimens are tripcuspidate with a distinct central ridge flanked by weaker ridges . juveniles have leaf - shaped denticles characterized by a distinct central ridge .
the mode of reproduction in the roughskin dogfish is ovoviviparity meaning the embryos are nourished by a yolk - sac within the mother ' s body until birth . at the end of the gestation period , 21 - 22 pups are born , each measuring 9 . 8 - 11 . 0 inches ( 25 - 28 cm ) in length .
the roughskin dogfish has been reported from the western atlantic ocean from waters off north carolina to the florida keys ( us ) as well as the northern gulf of mexico . in the western indian ocean , it is found from southern mozambique to south africa and waters off reunion , comoros , and the aldabra islands . in the central pacific ocean , it lives off the shores of the hawaiian islands .
the roughskin dogfish has a stout body with a long and rounded snout . the eyes and spiracles are large . the two dorsal fins each have a spine . the first dorsal fin originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . the second dorsal fin is large , approaching the size of the first dorsal . the triangular pectoral fins are broad and have rounded tips . the caudal fin is short with broad lobes .
size , age , and growth the maximum reported size for the roughskin dogfish is 3 . 9 feet ( 120 cm ) total length for a male specimen . the average size for this species is about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) . males reach maturity at length of 2 . 8 - 3 . 0 feet ( 85 - 90 cm ) and females mature at 2 . 9 - 3 . 6 feet ( 89 - 110 cm ) in length .
these dogfish get their name from their rough skin , caused by unusually large denticles ( translated as
little teeth
) which are specialized scales designed to make sharks swim more efficiently . they have stout bodies and pointed snouts with large eyes , two dorsal fins with large spines , and a short caudal ( tail ) fin . this deep - water shark is dark gray - brown on top that fades to a light underbelly , with white edges on its fins . they grow to between 3 and 4 feet long , hunting smaller bony fish and cephalopods like squid .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .
justification : a moderately common deepwater shark within its known geographic range , and which may extend deeper than is currently recognised . although captured in some quantity in some deepwater trawl fisheries , it is taken mainly as bycatch , and presumably from only part of its known range . however , if the population is mobile and migrates into exploited fishing grounds from other parts of its range , if ( with other deepwater sharks ) it becomes more frequently targeted , and if it proves to have the life history characteristics ( low fecundity , slow growth and high longevity ) typical of better known squaloids , the assessment may have to move into a higher category . however , the species is currently still moderately common over its wide southern australian and new zealand range and a near threatened assessment is not justified at this time .
southern japan , southern australia , and new zealand ; reported from the northern gulf of mexico .
there is no information on whether the population off southern australia ( including seamounts to the south ) is linked to the new zealand population via seamounts and submarine ridges in the lord howe rise in the tasman sea . it is improbable that there is any physical connection with the populations of c . owstoni off southern japan , and in the northern gulf of mexico . no information is available on the size of any population .
marine , demersal , on the upper and middle continental slope , 250 to 1 , 500 m , usually 500 to 1 , 500 m . life history is not well known , but a typical deepwater shark , sometimes occurring in schools segregated by size and sex . feed on fishes and squids . born 25 to 30 cm . mature 70 to 79 cm ( males ) , 82 to 105 ( females ) . maximum 120 cm . some incomplete information on reproduction is presented by yano and tanaka ( 1987 , 1988 ) and daley et al . ( 2002 ) , but the gestation period and reproductive cycle are not well known .
a moderate bycatch in some deepwater trawl and line fisheries . its depth range coincides ( in part ) with that of some commercially important teleosts ( especially orange roughy , oreos ) , although it extends somewhat deeper .
paul , l . ( ssg australia & oceania regional workshop , march 2003 ) . 2003 .
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male picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop
greek , kentron = sting + greek , skymnos , - ou = pup , puppy ( ref . 45335 )
named for alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) a business - and yachtsman from england , who collected asian wildlife , particularly in the early twentieth century ( cited in ref . 112350 ) .
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 100 - 1500 m ( ref . 26346 ) . deep - water ; 35°n - 41°s , 82°w - 177°w
atlantic , pacific and indian oceans . western indian ocean : from off the seychelles to the madagascar ridge and south africa . eastern indian ocean off indonesia and southwestern australia . southwestern pacific : off australia , new caledonia and new zealand . northwestern pacific : off japan and from the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain . southeastern pacific : west of chile . southwestern atlantic : off french guiana , brazil , and uruguay . northwestern atlantic : gulf of mexico . eastern atlantic : from off the azores in the north to off south africa in the south .
maturity : l m ? , range 100 - 104 cm max length : 121 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26346 )
anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . dark brown or black in color , dorsal fins with extreme tips of fin spines protruding from the fins , moderately long snout , lanceolate upper teeth and bladelike lower teeth with short , oblique cusps , fairly stocky body that does not taper abruptly from pectoral region , large lateral trunk denticles with mostly smooth , circular , cuspidate and acuspidate crowns in adults and subadults ( ref . 247 ) .
found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .
ovoviviparous ( ref . 6871 ) . 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 4 . 9 - 10 . 9 , mean 6 . 4 ( based on 66 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00178 - 0 . 00849 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 16 - 28 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 64 of 100 ) .
: northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : japan ( southeastern honshu ) , new zealand , australia ( new south wales ) .
( drs j . bass and p . c . heemstra , pers . comm . ) .
bigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .
garrick , j . a . f . , 1959 . studies on new zealand elasmobranchii . part 7 . the identity of specimens of centrophorus from new zealand . trans . r . soc . n . z . , 86 ( 1 - 2 ) : 127 - 41
found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ユメザメ
to
centroscymnus owstonii garman , 1906
.
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garman , 1906 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
western central atlantic : northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : southeastern honshu , japan ; australia ( including western australia ) and new zealand . southeast pacific : amber seamount , nazca and sala - y - gomez .
. found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom . feeds on fish and cephalopods .
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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