strombus pugilis , common names the fighting conch and the west indian fighting conch , is a species of medium to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs .

s. pugilis is closely similar to strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch .

it is unsettled whether they are distinct species or merely subspecies .

strombus pugilis

subspecies strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 accepted as strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
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strombus pugilis
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strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
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strombus pugilis in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 39
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let ' s talk seashells ! - > strombus pugilis vs strombus alatus
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strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
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shell length , developmental characteristics and mortality of strombus pugilis larvae reared in laboratory .
colton , 1905 on sexual dimorphism of strombus pugilis alatus , p . 140 :
strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 ( espèce cd _ nom = 575581 )
strombus pugilis var . in kiener , 1843 , pl . ? , fig . 2
strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 1 , 2
strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 18 , fig . 1 , 2
strombus pugilis var . sloani in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 4
strombus pugilis ( anatomie ) in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 5
strombus pugilis juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 8 , 9
strombus pugilis nicaraguensis in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 8 , pl . 6
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0278
strombus pugilis alatus in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 7 , pl . 5
strombus alatus in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 40
syn . : strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 : 51 - 54 , figs . 1 - 3
strombus pugilis var .
double carène
in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 3
strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; espirito santo state , brazil ; 78 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .
both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 . this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; santa maria ? , colombia ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943
[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 to their own page .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
rote fechterschnecke
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strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
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strombus pugilis in the laboratory . manzano , nancy brito . aquaculture v . 167 no1 - 2 ( aug . 1
development , growth and survival of larvae of the fighting conch strombus pugilis l . ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in the laboratory
reproduction , laboratory culture , and growth of strombus gigas , s . costatus and s . pugilis in los roques , venezuela
comment gijs kronenberg :
south of amazone river , this should be s . pugilis worki petuch . is within variability of s . pugilis
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; martinique island , lesser antilles , caribbean sea ; 1989 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6367
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , 3 , 139 - 140 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida ; length 82 . 22 mm ; coll . dennis sargent
[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] . - pubmed - ncbi
7 . give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis ( fighting conch ) and explain why this shell is so named .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; colon bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; 1971 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5575
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , vol . 18 , 138 - 140 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; ubatuba , sao paulo state , brazil ; by diver at 5 m ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; in sand at low tide ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; muddy sand ; 74 mm ; 11 / 1992 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
bower , w . j . ( 1945 ) . egg laying process of strombus pugilis alatus gmelin . the nautilus 59 ( 1 ) , 35 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; coll . virgilio liverani
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; puerto rico island , usa , northeastern caribbean sea ; dy diver at 10 m ; 76 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; bonaire island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; 6 / 1971 : coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5577
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; near malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . some notes on living strombus pugilis . the nautilus 19 ( 8 ) : 8588 , pl , 3 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; juvenile ; malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580
syn . : strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 : 35 , 36 left column top row specimen on right [ sp . 500 ] [ = sloani form ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; tertiary ( miocene ? ) , jamaica , caribbean sea ; coll . bm ( nh ) no . g4046 ; copyright bm ( nh )
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5579
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; t : 60 mm , b : 82 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; snorkeling at 2 - 4 m ; 87 mm ; 2002 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
23 . seasonality in reproductive activity and larval abundance of queen conch strombus gigas .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cabo blanco formation , pleistocene ; amuay bay , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 22216
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; punta mizuc , cancun , quintana roo , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; at 15 m on sand ; 83 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; porto belo , santa catarina state , brazil ; at 2 - 4 m on muddy sand ; 3 / 1985 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0728
goodrich , c . ( 1944 ) . variations in strombus pugilis alatus . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , no . 490 , 1 - 10 , fulltext
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; la isabela formation , pleistocene ; la isabela near luperon , puerto plata province , dominican republic , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 51465
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cactus bay , malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; at 6 m ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0901
strombus pyrulatus in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 1 , 2
25 . evidence of survival value related to burying behavior in queen conch strombus gigas .
strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; off vittoria , espirito santo state , brazil ; trawled by shrimp boats from rubble at 20 - 25 m ; 79 mm ; 5 / 2001 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
shell , strombus pugilis poster print by samuel brookes ( 8 x 10 ) shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .
genetic variation in the queen conch , strombus gigas , across its geographic range . preliminary results
strombus pyrulatus juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 7 , 8
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5410
strombus cf . pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; pliocene / pleistocene ; boca chica , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 58335
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off san pedro town , ambergris caye island , belize , caribbean sea ; at 7 ft . in and on sand ; 8 / 1990 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 3730
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off los taques , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; dredged on muddy sand at 12 m ; 9 / 2009 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6378
( of strombus pugilis pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off el pico , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; at 1 - 5 m , in sand and weed ; 1984 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0693
syn . : strombus cornutus g . perry , 1811 : pl . 12 , fig . 4
12 . developmental plasticity in the shell of the queen conch strombus gigas . martn - mora ,
conch , strombus gigas ( mollusca , gastropoda ) , in mexico . garca santaella , eduardo .
strombus pugilis forma nicaraguensis fluck , 1905 ; sandy bay , atlántico sur , nicaragua , caribbean sea ; taken on sand and mud at a depth of 2 - 3 m ; 69 mm ; 5 / 1993 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 81 , 7 mm ; coll . goran vertriest
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 84 , 6 mm ; coll . goran vertriest
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; t : 102 mm , b : 93 mm ; at 12 m on sand ; coll . christian börnke
mörch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
the ciliary photoreceptor in the teleplanic veliger larvae of smaragdia sp . and strombus sp . ( mollusca , gastropoda )
2007 : apicomplexan parasites in strombus gigas in the guadeloupean archipelago . master thesis at the university of antilles - guyane
? syn . : strombus pyrulatus var . albicans sowerby 1st , 1825 : 68 [ nom . nud . ]
6 . the status of queen conch , strombus gigas , research in the caribbean . stoner , allan w .
volland j - m . , gros o . 2012 . cytochemical investigation of the digestive gland of two strombidae species ( strombus gigas and s . pugilis ) in relation to the nutrition . microscopy research and techniques . in press . doi 10 . 1002 / jemt . 22074
strombus linné , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schlüter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .
linné , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .
shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; beach 2 km west of juan griego , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; beached after storm ; t : 57 mm , b : 72 mm ; 3 / 2008 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; centent key , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0342
family : strombidae
. strombus gigas linnaeus , 1758 . fao species identification sheets . rome : fao . 1977 .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; palm beach area , florida , usa ; shallow water ; 1985 ; coll . koenraad de turck
16 . structure and optics of the eye of the hawk - wing conch , strombus raninus ( l . ) . seyer ,
i found an interesting molluscan phenomenon along the south central coast of jamaica . all of the strombus we found had dwarf adult shells . no typical size specimens were present . the largest strombus pugilis was 55mm ; the smallest 50mm ( lower left ) . the upper left specimen is 52mm , which was an average size . the right specimen is a 64mm strombus costatus . typically specimens are found in sizes 20 to 50mm or more for the costatus and 10 to 25mm larger for the pugilis . i ' m not sure what is causing the dwarfism , but warmer than normal water temps might be the culprit causing the mollusks to mature at an earlier stage of growth and create the mature lip at a smaller size .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; key largo , monroe county , florida , usa ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5413
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5409
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 4000
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; subadult ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1661
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pliocene ; south bay , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 95 mm ; coll . rupert hochleitner
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; estero island , lee county , florida , usa ; 11 / 1973 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5407
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 80 mm , b : 74 mm ; coll . david carroll
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 85 mm , b : 81 mm ; coll . david carroll
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; length 99 . 31 mm ; coll . dennis sargent
m . r . enriquez - diaz , j . m . volland , j . f . chavez - villegas , d . aldana - aranda , o . gros ; development of the planktotrophic veligers and plantigrades of strombus pugilis ( gastropoda ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 81 , issue 3 , 1 august 2015 , pages 335–344 , urltoken
strombus alatus , commonly known as the florida fighting conch , contains a small , jagged spire at the top of the shell and about seven whorls .
( linné , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .
2 . settlement and recruitment of queen conch , strombus gigas , in seagrass meadows : associations with habitat and micropredators . stoner , allan w . fishery
the developmental characteristics of strombus pugilis larval organogenesis observed by light microscopy are shown in table 1 . sensory organs ( ocular tentacles ) appeared in early veligers ( 4 d ) . the organs allowing benthic feeding appeared after 29 d of larval development . transformation from pelagic to a primarily benthic behaviour occurred at 25 d and plantigrades were observed at 30 d .
shawl , a . & a . spring . 2003 . culturing the florida fighting conch strombus alatus . tropical fish hobbyist l1 5 : 94 - 97 .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; in sandy grass at low tide ; 89 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; keys , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5408 ( t ) , 0325 ( b )
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , caloosahatchee river , port la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz no . 2090 c
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; hendry county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24294
ariste - zelise o . , santos j . , enriquez diaz m . , montejo j . , volland j - m . & aldana aranda d . 2010 . habitat impact in the reproductive cycle of strombus pugilis in the campeche bank and analysis of apicomplexa and urospherules - like granules . 63 rd annual conference of the gulf and caribbean fisheries institute . san juan , puerto rico
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; t : 92 mm , b : 95 mm ; coll . christian börnke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; by scuba at 55 ' deep ; 1988 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5412
the aims of this study were ( 1 ) to describe , using light microscopy and sem , developmental patterns of organogenesis , growth and mortality of s . pugilis larvae ; ( 2 ) to investigate the ultrastructure of shell and soft tissues in order to facilitate the identification of gastropods in the plankton and in the meiobenthos and ( 3 ) to perform larval rearing in support of aquaculture for strombus species .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort worth inlet , palm beach county , florida , usa ; at 10 ' - 20 ' on sand ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5411
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , new county pit , west of la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz loc . no . ha 28135
strombus sloanii . s . anfractu basilari lævis , basi longitudinaliter undulato - sulcato , apice processibus quadratis , compressis , elevatis ; anfractibus superis nodosis , longitudinaliter lineatis , lineis elevatis .
( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; punta rassa , cape coral - fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; low tide , exposed sand ; 93 mm ; coll . virgilio liverani
i am working with aaron at stri to collect modern , archaeological , and paleontological shell materials from bocas del toro . strombus pugilis is a species of conch that has decreased in body size at maturity over the past ~ 7000 years possibly due to size - selective human subsistence pressures . i’ll export these shell samples , along with some modern tissue samples , back to psu and attempt to extract and sequence both modern and ancient dna from these materials .
as a juvenile , the fighting conch strombus pugilis lives hidden in the muddy sediments of lagoons . it emerges to compete for mates when it reaches sexual maturity , but only after it has thickened up its outer lip as a protection from predators . by observing the size of shells and the thickness of lips in fossil , archeological and modern conchs the researchers found that size at sexual maturity declined during the past 1 , 500 years in concert with human harvesting .
sloane ' s strombus . basal whirl smooth ; base with longitudinal undulating grooves ; apex with elevated , compressed , quadrate processes ; superior volutions knotted , longitudinally lineated , the lines elevated .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; belle glade ( r441 ) , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24299
( linné , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]
merz , r . a . ( 1979 ) . a study of the behavioral and biomechanical defenses of strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch . master ' s thesis . university of florida , gainesville .
syn . : strombus dubius sowerby . tryon , 1885 : 109 [ non solander , 1766 , nec swainson , 1823 , nec sowerby 2nd , 1842 nec kiener , 1843 ] based on misidentification by tryon .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; double spined form ; collected on exposed sand and grass flats at low tide , riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; july 2003 ; coll . aart dekkers no . str0459
( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]
strombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath
although strombus alatus is the most common species of strombus in northern areas and its planktonic larvae occur in the neritic waters off north carolina ( thiriot - quievreux 1983 ) , it disappeared from bermuda sometime since the pleistocene , when glaciers forced the gulfstream to the south and into a more east west orientation , bringing it closer to bermuda ( keffer et al . , 1988 ) . bermuda now lies in the central oceanic gyre of the north atlantic , more than 1500 km from the gulf stream .
gillette , p . & a . shawl , 2006 . effects of diet and sex ratio on the reproductive output of the florida fighting conch , strombus alatus . proceedings of the 57 . annual gulf and caribbean fisheries institute : 57 , 947 - 954 .
hargreave , d . ( 1995 ) . an ontogenetic approach to understanding changes in shell morphology over time : the strombus alatus complex in the plio - pleistocene of southern florida . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 27 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 - 52 .
the family strombidae has in recent years undergone a major taxonomic revision . numerous neatly organized subgenera for the various species within the genus strombus have been raised to full genera , and new genera have been errected for species that did not clearly fit within the classic arrangement . the most significant taxonomic change within the family strombidae is that the spindly tibia have been reclassified in the family rostellariidae based on anatomy and shell morphology . the conchological community has been slow to adopt this new classification . the various ' strombus ' species are arranged here according to the revised nomenclature .
plantigrades of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of plantigrade with eyes ( white arrowheads ) and tentacles . operculum and foot possess several pigmented dots ( arrows ) . b . showing two eyes located at the bases of tentacles . the proboscis ( pr ) is outside shell . c . proboscis ( pr ) and two ocular tentacles ( arrows ) are well developed . shell appears dirty , covered with biofilm . operculum ( star ) is attached to extended foot , with furrow ( black arrow ) in the propodium ( p ) . d . at 35 d shell has 4 . 5 whorls ; on body whorl the spiral sculpture band ( arrows ) is typical of juveniles of the genus strombus . e . shell of plantigrades is characterized by numerous striae that are typical of adult shell . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 µm ; c = 100 µm ; d = 125 µm ; e = 40 μm .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; live collected in eel - grass at 1 m ; t : 86 mm , m : 85 mm , b : 84 mm ; 5 / 1985 ; coll . christian börnke
the team suggests that declining yields may not be the only detrimental effects of an evolutionary change to mature at smaller size . the ability to reproduce , the quality of offspring and other vital traits can be damaged by size - selective evolution . further study is required to learn the extent to which the fitness of s . pugilis has decreased because of long - term size - selective evolution .
mitton , j . b . , berg , c . j . , & orr , k . s . ( 1989 ) . population structure , larval dispersal , and gene flow in the queen conch , strombus gigas , of the caribbean . the biological bulletin , 177 ( 3 ) , 356 - 362 .
volland j - m . , aldana aranda d . & gros o . 2008 . detection of apicomplexa like parasites in two species belonging to the family strombidae : strombus gallus , linnaeus , 1758 and s . raninus , gmelin 1791 . 61 st annual conference of the gulf caribbean fisheries institute . pointe à pitre , guadeloupe
late veliger larvae of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of 9 d larva . the velum has four lobes and cilia of preoral band are active at periphery ( arrows ) . the digestive tract ( star ) and visceral mass ( vm ) are visible through shell . b . sem view of four - lobed velum of 10 - d larva . long cilia responsible for propelling veliger are located at periphery of velum . c . light micrograph of visceral mass as observed in a living 10 - d veliger through its calcified shell . arrow heads , digestive gland lobes ; dg , digestive gland ; i , intestine ; s , stomach . d–e . sem views of two - whorled shell of 9–10 - d veliger . scale bars = 50 μm .
in the environment around sanibel island , it is both short and long spired , and at every stage between these extremes . sculpture ranges from feebly nodulous to stoutly spinose . color is protean , uncorrelated with any other character so far as could be learned . in short , the striking feature of alatus , in contrast to typical pugilis , is the absence of uniformity . distribution is from north carolilia to the shores of the gulf of mexico in texas .
the combined influence of feeding schedule and photoperiod on fighting conch , strombus pugilis ( linné , 1758 ) larvae growth and survival was studied using two feeding schedules ( 12 h and 24 h with food ) and three photoperiods ( 0 h light , 12 h light and 24 h light ) . this effect of feeding and photoperiods was tested in three months ( may , june and july ) . shell length was measured every two days to establish growth for each treatment . for the three experiments , continuous darkness and feeding were advantageous for larvae growth with the higher growth rate ( 42 μm d − 1 ) while continuous light and feeding had a negative effect on growth ( 29 μm d − 1 ) and survival ( 13 % ) . however the highest survival ( 44 % ) was obtained in 12 h light and 24 h feeding .
röding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]
pediveligers of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of a young swimming pediveliger showing a velum with six lobes . scale bar : 100 μm . b . sem view of the six - lobed velum from 10 - d larva . the foot is covered by an operculum ( arrow ) . in the centre of the large velum the ocular tentacles ( arrows heads ) are obvious . c . sem detail of one lobe of velum showing numerous long cilia at periphery . small nuclei of non - ciliated cells in central part of velum are visible ( arrows ) . d . sem micrograph of operculum ( o ) attached to foot ( f ) . its wrinkled surface is probably due to its uncalcified state . e . semithin midgut transverse section of 14 d pediveliger . dg , digestive gland ; s , stomach ; v , velum . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 μm ; c = 10 μm ; d = 20 μm ; e = 50 μm .
the shell differs from the typical pugilis , especially in its smaller size , varying very little from 55 to 62 mm . the spire is regularly tuberculated , rather high , acute , and sculptured with distinct revolving raised lines ; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire body - whorl , or in some specimens a large portion of it . the color is uniform dark salmon , except the spire , which tends to whiteness , while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts , and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple . the epidermis is thin .
kosloski , m . e . ( 2008 , october ) . are museum collections adequate to test the escalation hypothesis ? : a preliminary case study using the plio - pleistocene strombus alatus species complex from florida . in 2008 joint meeting of the geological society of america , soil science society of america , american society of agronomy , crop science society of america , gulf coast association of geological societies with the gulf coast section of sepm .
the number and types of structures that appear in strombid development during the veliger stage , such as the eyespots , the increase of velar lobes ( from 2 to 6 ) , heart and propodium are similar among the genera laevistrombus from the indo - pacific and strombus and lobatus from the atlantic ( d ' asaro , 1965 ; davis , bolton & stoner , 1993 ; brito - manzano et al . , 1999 ; brito - manzano & aldana - aranda , 2004 ; cob et al . , 2009a , b ) .
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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distribution : usa : florida : east florida ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : gulf of venezuela , carabobo , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , santiago de cuba ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; martinique , brazil : ceara , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , rio de janeiro , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina
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animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .
in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .
humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [
] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [
little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that
the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded
[
] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [
in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [
] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [
] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .
] . in that context , the aim of this paper is summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in of northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature , aiming to establish a regional data base . contributions is expected in order to increase our knowledge concerning the faunistic resources used in the traditional medicine in the country , alerting for the need of protecting the biodiversity and the traditional knowledge and still emphasize the importance of a therapeutic modality that although widely disseminated at the country , is getting little attention from the scientific community .
the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km
, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .
] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [
as a result of the huge land mass involved , the diverse physio - geography of the region , as well as the conjunction of two major weather systems , provided by the ne and se trade winds , rainfall patterns in northeast brazil are typically diverse and instable . the precipitation within the region varies from being extremely wet , with an annual rainfall of up to around 2 , 000 mm along the coast , to only 300–500 mm in the semi - arid zone , where the rainfall is usually restricted to a few months during the year . the availability of water determines the type and abundance of vegetation and fauna that exists in the region , as therefore in turn the patterns of human exploitation of natural resources [
the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [
] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,
and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .
] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s
catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist
[


the maspalomas bow-legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

the species is endemic to the town of maspalomas on gran canaria island , and is considered critically endangered , or almost extinct , since it has n't been found since 1949 .

maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper

the maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .
have a fact about maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
the red - legged grasshopper ( melanoplus femurrubrum ) is a species of grasshopper belonging to the genus melanoplus .
chorthippus biguttulus , the bow - winged grasshopper , is one of the most common species of grasshopper found in the dry grassland of northern and central europe .
schistocerca nitens is a species of grasshopper known by several common names , including vagrant grasshopper and gray bird grasshopper .
dactylotum bicolor , also known as the rainbow grasshopper , painted grasshopper , or the barber pole grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .
the blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens is a grasshopper in the genus oedipoda .
have a fact about maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
heteracris trimaculata , also known as three - spotted forest grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper .
metaleptea brevicornis , the clipped - wing grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper from north america .
caelifera , grasshopjumper , grasshoppers , hoppergrass , short - horned grasshopper , short - horned grasshopper .
eupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .
euthystira brachyptera , the small gold grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae .
the giant south american grasshopper ( tropidacris violaceus ) is a species of grasshopper in the family romaleidae .
the african rice grasshopper , hieroglyphus daganensis is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region .
psophus stridulus , commonly known as the rattle grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .
cyphocerastis uluguruensis , also known as uluguru mountain grasshopper is a rare species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .
valanga nigricornis , the javanese grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the subfamily cyrtacanthacridinae of the family acrididae .
teratodes monticollis , commonly known as the hooded grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper native to india and sri lanka .
dictyophorus spumans , the koppie foam grasshopper or rooibaadjie , is a species of grasshopper in the family pyrgomorphidae indigenous to africa .
the slender burrowing grasshopper ( acrotylus patruelis ) is a species of bandwing grasshopper found throughout africa , southern europe and southwestern asia .
romalea microptera ( syn . romalea guttata ) , known commonly as the eastern lubber grasshopper or just lubber grasshopper , is a grasshopper native to the southeastern and south central portion of the united states .
the foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) is a small - sized frog from the rana genus in the ranidae family .
eight vessels and one shore station of the royal navy were named hms grasshopper , named for the grasshopper , a common type of herbivorous insect .
the black - tailed godwit ( limosa limosa ) is a large , long - legged , long - billed shorebird first described by carolus linnaeus in 1758 .
aiolopus is a genus of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .
the kagu or cagou ( rhynochetos jubatus ) is a crested , long - legged , and bluish - grey bird endemic to the dense mountain forests of new caledonia .
aiolopus strepens is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .
aiolopus thalassinus is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .
the southern austroicetes ( austroicetes frater ) is an australian grasshopper in the genus austroicetes .
the pallid - winged grasshopper ( trimerotropis pallidipennis ) is a common grasshopper of the family acrididae , native to the deserts of western north america from british columbia to argentina .
pardillana exempta is a species of grasshopper in the genus pardillana of the family acrididae .
schayera baiulus is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae , endemic to australia .
chorthippus parallelus , the meadow grasshopper , is a common species of grasshopper found in non - arid grasslands throughout the well vegetated areas of europe and some adjoining areas of asia .
the rufous grasshopper is a medium - sized , broad , brown , ' short - horned ' grasshopper with clubbed antennae that are tipped with a conspicuous white or pale color .
the senegalese grasshopper ( oedaleus senegalensis ) is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region of africa , the canary islands , cape verde islands and west asia .
the ant and the grasshopper , alternatively titled the grasshopper and the ant ( or ants ) , is one of aesop ' s fables , numbered 373 in the perry index .
alpinacris tumidicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from otago and southland , new zealand .
oedipoda is a genus of grasshoppers , including the blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens .
phyllochoreia is a genus of grasshopper endemic to the western ghats of india and sri lanka .
chorthippus albomarginatus , the lesser marsh grasshopper , is a common grasshopper of european grassland both damp - marshy and ( despite its name ) dry , including salt - marsh and coastal habitats .
aularches miliaris is a colorful grasshopper belonging to the family pyrgomorphidae found in south and southeast asia .
dociostaurus maroccanus , commonly known as the moroccan locust , is a grasshopper in the insect family acrididae .
the yellow - winged grasshopper ( gastrimargus musicus ) is a common grassland locust in australia and india .
the following is a list of the species of grasshopper , cricket and allied insects recorded from britain .
the red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) is a large grasshopper species found in sub - saharan africa .
alpinacris crassicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from west coast region and tasman region , new zealand .
grasshopper is an outdoor 1988 copper sculpture by wayne chabre , located in salem , oregon , united states .
atractomorpha similis , commonly known as the northern grass pyrgomorph , is a species of grasshopper in the genus atractomorpha .
chorthippus brunneus , a member of the subfamily gomphocerinae , are more commonly referred to as the common field grasshopper .
the southern grasshopper mouse or scorpion mouse ( onychomys torridus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .
sphenarium purpurascens , in spanish : chapulín de la milpa or in portuguese : gafanhoto - do - milho ( translation : the corn field grasshopper ) , is a grasshopper species in the genus sphenarium found in mexico and guatemala .
bugdom 2 follows the adventure of a grasshopper named skip as he tries to get his stolen knapsack from bully bee .
the grasshopper escapement is an unusual , low - friction escapement for pendulum clocks invented by british clockmaker john harrison around 1722 .
the short - winged green grasshopper ( dichromorpha viridis ) is a common species of slant - faced grasshoppers found in north america .
the lipnur belalang ( grasshopper in indonesian ) was a military trainer aircraft built in small numbers in indonesia in the late 1950s .
the species has probably gone extinct near maspalomas as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat caused by touristic development . the recently discovered second site is threatened by the construction of houses . based on this threat , the species occurs only at one location .
phaulacridium otagoense is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the central south island ( mackenzie basin and central otago ) .
spharagemon collare , common name mottled sand grasshopper , is found in sandy - soiled , grassy areas of northern united states and southern canada .
kuznechik ( grasshopper ) was a bactrian camel that became known for following the soviet red army in its advance towards germany in world war ii .
the morogoro pretty grasshopper ( acanthothericles bicoloripes ) is a species of thericleid orthopteran that is endemic to lowland and submontane rainforests around morogoro in tanzania .
grasshopper glacier is located in shoshone national forest , in the us state of wyoming on the east of the continental divide in the wind river range .
phaulacridium marginale is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the north island , the south island , stewart island and on many smaller islands .
schistocerca americana is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae known commonly as the american grasshoppersquitier , j . m . and j . l . capinera .
nsenene is the luganda name for a long - horned grasshopper ( more commonly called bush cricket or katydid ) that is a central ugandan delicacy as well as an important source of income .
the gran canaria crested grasshopper is endemic to gran canaria ( canary islands , spain ) , from which it is only known from a single locality in the north of the island ( sardina del norte , near gáldar ) , where it was recently rediscovered ( h . lópez pers . comm . 2016 ) . it was originally described from a single specimen found at the beach of maspalomas ( chopard 1954 ) , where it was never found again . the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is between 4 and 10 km² , the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 4 to 8 km² .
el chapulín colorado ( the red grasshopper or as captain hopper in the english version of el chavo : animated series ) is a mexican television comedy series that ran from 1972 to 1981 and parodied superhero shows .
the arbalète sauterelle type a , or simply sauterelle ( french for grasshopper ) , was a bomb - throwing crossbow used by french and british forces on the western front during world war i . it was designed to throw a hand grenade in a high trajectory into enemy trenches .
the migratory locust ( locusta migratoria ) is the most widespread locust species , and the only species in the genus locusta . it occurs throughout africa , asia , australia and new zealand . it used to be common in europe but has now become rare there . because of the vast geographic area it occupies , which comprises many different ecological zones , numerous subspecies have been described . however , not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies . many other species of grasshopper with gregarious and possibly migratory behaviour are referred to as ' locusts ' in the vernacular , including the widely distributed desert locust .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eades , d . c . , otte , d . , cigliano , m . m . and braun , h . 2016 . orthoptera species file . version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 . available at : urltoken .
critically endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
in the south of gran canaria , the species has not been found since 1949 and is probably extinct . recently the species has been rediscovered in the north of the island . as the only known locality is strongly affected by the construction of houses , a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred .
the ecology of this species has not been studied . it is likely to prefer coastal open habitats with scarce vegetation , although its habitat preferences are not clear as the species has been only recently re - discovered . its next relatives are specialised on chenopodiaceae as food plants .
for the recently discovered subpopulation near sardina del norte , conservation action needs to be implemented immediately . particularly , the habitat needs to be protected from further deterioration . research on its population size , population trend and ecology is urgently needed . furthermore , a monitoring program needs to be implemented . it also should be studied if the species has survived elsewhere at the coast of gran canaria . the species is not present in protected areas .
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with the help of more than 100 of the iucn species survival commission’s specialist groups , global wildlife conservation has compiled this list of species considered lost across more than 160 countries as part of the search for lost species . the definition of “lost” varied by taxa . we welcome additional nominations and encourage conservationists , scientists and naturalists to launch searches for species on this broad list . report an observation on the search for lost species inauralist page . iucn red list of threatened species status key :
carìábido de doramas ( fide machado , a . , & morera , m . ( eds . ) . ( 2005 ) . nombres comunes de las plantas y los animales de canarias . islas canarias : academia canaria de la lengua .
probably extinct in martì _ n esquivel , j . l . , fajardo gonzìález , s . , cabrera pì©rez , m . ì . , arechavaleta hernìández , m . , aguiar clavijo , a . , martì _ n de abreu , s . , & naranjo morales , m . ( 2005 ) . evaluaciì _ n 2004 de especies amenazadas de canarias . especies en peligro de extinciì _ n , sensibles a la alteraciì _ n de su hìábitat y vulnerables . santa cruz de tenerife : consejerì _ a de medioi ambiente y ordenaciì _ n territorial , gobierno de canarias .
want more info ? go to urltoken or contact us at info @ urltoken .
there are lots of additional ways you can join the global search ! make a donation to support the expeditions . become a corporate sponsor of the initiative or sponsor a specific expedition . share the lost stories on facebook , instagram and twitter .
no matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .
© 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
melanoplus femurrubrum . this striking color pattern is not unusual in this species . in the west , similarly patterned ones sometimes have the dark areas colored blue .
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disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
the acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers , comprising some 10 , 000 of the 11 , 000 species of the entire suborder caelifera .
the silent slant - faced grasshoppers make up the subfamily acridinae of the insect family acrididae .
acridini is a tribe of insects in the subfamily acridinae ( silent slant - faced grasshoppers ) of the insect family acrididae .
the african crake ( crex egregia ) is a bird in the rail family that breeds in most of sub - saharan africa away from the arid south and southwest .
the african golden wolf ( canis anthus ) , also known as the african wolf or thoa , is a canid native to north and northeastern africa .
allomerus decemarticulatus is an amazonian ant species found in the tropics of south america .
the alpine chough , or yellow - billed chough , ( pyrrhocorax graculus ) is a bird in the crow family , one of only two species in the genus pyrrhocorax .
alqōsh ( ܐܠܩܘܫ , judeo - aramaic : אלקוש , ألقوش ) , alternatively spelled al - qosh or alqush , is an assyrian town in northern iraq .
the american kestrel ( falco sparverius ) , sometimes colloquially known as the sparrow hawk , is a small falcon , and the only kestrel found in the americas .
the american robin ( turdus migratorius ) is a migratory songbird of the thrush family .
angling is a method of fishing by means of an
angle
( fish hook ) .
angling in yellowstone national park is a major reason many visitors come to the park each year and since it was created in 1872 , the park has drawn anglers from around the world to fish its waters .
angolan cuisine is the cuisine of angola , a country in south - central africa .
animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals ( sender or senders ) to one or more other animals ( receiver or receivers ) which affects either the current or future behavior of the receivers .
animal suicide refers to self - destructive behavior displayed by various species of animal that becomes likened to suicide .
anti - predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators .
the costa rican zebra tarantula , also known as the striped - knee tarantula ( aphonopelma seemanni ) , is a species of tarantula inhabiting most of western costa rica , as well as other parts of central america , such as honduras and nicaragua , and possibly guatemala .
aposematism ( from greek ἀπό apo away , σ̑ημα sema sign , coined by edward bagnall poultonpoulton , 1890 . foldout
the colours of animals classified according to their uses
, after page 339 . ) , perhaps most commonly known in the context of warning coloration , describes a family of antipredator adaptations where a warning signal is associated with the unprofitability of a prey item to potential predators .
the four - spot orb - weaver ( araneus quadratus ) is a common orb - weaver spider found in europe and central asia , and as far as the kamchatka peninsula and japan .
arm slaves are fictional mecha from the light novel , manga , and anime series full metal panic ! .
an artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure , usually used in the sport of fly fishing ( although they may also be used in other forms of angling ) .
association football club names are a part of the sport ' s culture , reflecting century - old traditions .
the biodiversity of great britain and ireland is probably the most well - studied of any geographical area of comparable size anywhere in the world .
attwater ' s prairie chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri ) is a highly endangered subspecies of the greater prairie chicken that is native to coastal texas and louisiana in the united states .
the australian magpie ( cracticus tibicen ) is a medium - sized black and white passerine bird native to australia and southern new guinea .
the australian owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles cristatus ) is a nocturnal bird found in open woodland across australia and in southern new guinea .
the australian raven ( corvus coronoides ) is a passerine bird in the genus corvus native to much of southern and northeastern australia .
the moroccan auxiliary forces ( berber : idwasen imawwasen or imxazniyen , arabic : القوات المساعدة al - quwwāt al - musā ` idah , french : forces auxiliaires marocaines ) is a paramilitary force legally part of the royal moroccan armed forces but following the command of the ministry of the interior , and supplements the military , gendarmerie and police when needed .
axon guidance ( also called axon pathfinding ) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets .
in addition to the normal karyotype , wild populations of many animal , plant , and fungi species contain b chromosomes ( also known as supernumerary or accessory chromosomes ) .
the banded kestrel ( falco zoniventris ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .
bandwings , or band - winged grasshoppers ( subfamily oedipodinae ) is a group of insects classified under the family acrididae .
a barber ' s pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft .
the barred eagle - owl ( bubo sumatranus ) , also called the malay eagle - owl , is a species of owl in the strigidae family .
the barred owl ( strix varia ) is a large typical owl native to north america .
the bat - eared fox ( otocyon megalotis ) is a species of fox found on the african savanna , named for its large ears , .
is a line of small 2
tall action figure toys , in the form of an anthropomorphised animals with body armor and a unique weapon .
bee 52 is a side scrolling game for the nintendo entertainment system ( nes ) .
for the 1947 docudrama , see the beginning or the end beginning of the end is a 1957 american science fiction film directed by bert i . gordon and starring peter graves and peggie castle .
belonogaster juncea juncea is a subspecies of belonogaster juncea and is classified as a primitively eusocial wasp , meaning that the species is social while exhibiting a morphology that is indistinguishable from that of other castes .
benno ii ( – 27 july 1088 ) was bishop of osnabrück from 1068 until his death .
- - - - the bessarabia germans ( bessarabiendeutsche , germani basarabeni ) are an ethnic group who lived in bessarabia ( today part of moldova and ukraine ) between 1814 and 1940 .
the term bible diet ( also known as the maker ' s diet ) is used to refer to a diet promoted on radio and in books by writer and motivational speaker jordan s . rubin , who says it is based on teachings from leviticus , deuteronomy and other books of the bible , that certain foods are either forbidden (
unclean
) or acceptable (
clean
) to god .
big two - hearted river
is a two - part short story written by american author ernest hemingway , published in the 1925 boni & liveright edition of in our time , the first american volume of hemingway ' s short stories .
bio - inspired robotic locomotion is a fairly new sub - category of bio - inspired design .
the biodiversity of new zealand , a large island nation located in the southwestern pacific ocean , is one of the most varied and unique on earth due to its long isolation from other continental landmasses .
bizarre foods with andrew zimmern is a travel and cuisine television show hosted by andrew zimmern on the travel channel .
the black - backed jackal ( canis mesomelas ) is a canid native to two areas of africa , separated by roughly 900 km .
the black - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .
the black - headed dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion melanocephalum ) is a lizard of the family chamaeleonidae endemic to kwazulu - natal , south africa .
the black - shouldered kite ( elanus axillaris ) or australian black - shouldered kite is a small raptor found in open habitat throughout australia and resembles similar species found in africa , eurasia and north america , which have in the past also been named as black - shouldered kites .
blister beetles are beetles of the family meloidae , so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent , cantharidin .
the blue crane ( anthropoides paradiseus ) , also known as the stanley crane and the paradise crane , is the national bird of south africa .
the blue mountains water skink ( eulamprus leuraensis ) is a species of skink in the family scincidae .
the blue - bellied roller ( coracias cyanogaster ) is a member of the roller family of birds which breeds across africa in a narrow belt from senegal to northeast democratic republic of the congo .
the blue - headed vireo ( vireo solitarius ) is a neotropical migrating song bird found in north and central america .
boea is a genus of plants in the gesneriaceae ( gesneriads ) family , with species originating from australia , china , india , malaysia , birma , philippines , polynesia , solomon islands , thailand , papua new guinea , indonesia , nepal , bhutan , cambodia , vietnam and laos .
the boveri–sutton chromosome theory ( also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the sutton–boveri theory ) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material .
the brook trout ( salvelinus fontinalis ) is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family salmonidae .
the brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) , also known as the bahaman anole or de la sagra ' s anole , is a lizard native to cuba and the bahamas .
the brown thrasher ( toxostoma rufum ) is a bird in the family mimidae , which also includes the new world catbirds and mockingbirds .
brunneria borealis , common name brunner ' s mantis , brunner ' s stick mantis , or northern grass mantis , is a species of praying mantis native to the southern united states .
bugdom is a 1999 platform video game originally created by pangea software for the mac os 9 .
bunyan bugs are a series of synthetic objects used as fly rod bait in fly - fishing , designed to look like a wide variety of insects , including grasshoppers , stoneflies , mayflies , horse flies , bumble bees , ants and caddis flies .
the cactus wren ( campylorhynchus brunneicapillus ) is a species of wren that is native to the southwestern united states southwards to central mexico .
calamovilfa longifolia is a species of grass known by the common names prairie sandreed and sand reedgrass .
the california leaf - nosed bat ( macrotus californicus ) is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .
camouflage is the use of any combination of materials , coloration , or illumination for concealment , either by making animals or objects hard to see ( crypsis ) , or by disguising them as something else ( mimesis ) .
the canadian synchrotron radiation facility ( csrf ) ( institut canadien du rayonnement synchrotron - icrs ) was canada ' s national synchrotron facility from 1983 - 2005 .
the cape starling , red - shouldered glossy - starling or cape glossy starling ( lamprotornis nitens ) is a species of starling in the family sturnidae .
caragana arborescens , caragana or siberian peashrub , is a species of legume native to siberia and parts of china ( heilongjiang xinjiang ) and neighboring mongolia and kazakhstan .
the carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the united states of america , the extreme south of ontario , canada , and the extreme northeast of mexico .
the caspian plover ( charadrius asiaticus ) is a wader in the plover family of birds .
cassava ( manihot esculenta ) production is vital to the economy of nigeria as the country is the world ' s largest producer of the commodity .
cassin ' s sparrow ( peucaea cassinii ) is a medium - sized sparrow .
the cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) is a cosmopolitan species of heron ( family ardeidae ) found in the tropics , subtropics and warm temperate zones .
the central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii ) is a squirrel monkey species from the pacific coast of costa rica and panama .
the central asian northern desert is an ecoregion in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome , located in the central asian countries of kazakhstan and uzbekistan .
ceratonia siliqua , commonly known as the carob tree , st john ' s - bread , or locust bean ( not to be confused with the african locust bean ) is a species of flowering evergreen shrub or tree in the pea family , fabaceae .
the chamaesaura , also known as grass lizards , are a genus of legless lizards from southern and eastern africa .
chameleons or chamaeleons ( family chamaeleonidae ) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of old world lizards with 202 species described as of june 2015 .
chapulines , plural for chapulín , are grasshoppers of the genus sphenarium , that are commonly eaten in certain areas of mexico .
chargaff ' s rules states that dna from any cell of all organisms should have a 1 : 1 ratio ( base pair rule ) of pyrimidine and purine bases and , more specifically , that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine .
charles valentine riley ( 1843 - 1895 ) was a british - born american entomologist and artist .
charles w . woodworth ( april 28 , 1865 – november 19 , 1940 ) was an american entomologist .
the chinese mantis ( tenodera sinensis ) is a species of praying mantis native to china and other parts of asia and islands off of mainland asia .
is the fourth film adaptation of the popular kamen rider series kamen rider den - o , following kamen rider den - o : i ' m born ! , kamen rider den - o & kiva : climax deka , and saraba kamen rider den - o : final countdown .
cholula ( spanish ) is a city and district located in the center west of the state of puebla , next to the city of puebla de zaragoza , in central mexico .
two species of chough constitute the genus pyrrhocorax of the corvidae ( crow ) family of birds .
the cirl bunting , emberiza cirlus , is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .
citrix systems , inc . is an american multinational software company founded in 1989 that provides server , application and desktop virtualization , networking , software - as - a - service ( saas ) , and cloud computing technologies .
climate change in the us state of washington is a subject of study and projection today .
the columbia spotted frog ( rana luteiventris ) is a north american species of frog .
the common dwarf mongoose ( helogale parvula ) , sometimes just called the dwarf mongoose , is a small african carnivore belonging to the mongoose family ( herpestidae ) .
the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) , sometimes spelled mynah , also sometimes known as
indian myna
, is a member of the family sturnidae ( starlings and mynas ) native to asia .
the common planigale ( planigale maculata ) , also known as the pygmy planigale or the coastal planigale , is one of many small marsupial carnivores known as
marsupial mice
found in australia .
the common poorwill ( phalaenoptilus nuttallii ) is a nocturnal bird of the family caprimulgidae , the nightjars .
the common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the european starling , or in the british isles just the starling , is a medium - sized passerine bird in the starling family , sturnidae .
the common tody - flycatcher or black - fronted tody - flycatcher ( todirostrum cinereum ) is a very small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family .
the islamic dietary laws ( halal ) and the jewish dietary laws ( kashrut ; in english , kosher ) are both quite detailed , and contain both points of similarity and discord .
concordia normal school located in concordia , kansas was a state - funded normal school operated by the kansas state government from 1874 until 1876 .
the corn crake , corncrake or landrail ( crex crex ) is a bird in the rail family .
the corpus clock is a large sculptural clock at street level on the outside of the taylor library at corpus christi college , cambridge university , in the united kingdom , at the junction of bene ' t street and trumpington street , looking out over king ' s parade .
crematogaster is an ecologically diverse genus of ants found worldwide , which are characterised by a distinctive heart - shaped gaster ( abdomen ) , which gives one of their common names , valentine ant .
crepitation refers to situations where noises are produced by the rubbing of parts one against the other , as in .
the cretaceous , derived from the latin
creta
( chalk ) , usually abbreviated k for its german translation kreide ( chalk ) , is a geologic period and system from to years ( ma ) ago .
crickets , family gryllidae ( also known as
true crickets
) , are insects related to grasshoppers .
the crimson fruitcrow ( haematoderus militaris ) is a species of bird in the large family cotingidae , not a crow .
crossley ' s vanga ( mystacornis crossleyi ) , also known as crossley ' s babbler - vanga , crossley ' s babbler , or madagascar groundjumper , is a bird species in the family vangidae .
cryptococcus ( greek for
hidden sphere
) is a genus of fungus .
centrafrican cuisine includes the cuisines , cooking traditions , practices , ingredients and foods of the central african republic ( car ) .
the cutthroat trout is a fish species of the family salmonidae native to cold - water tributaries of the pacific ocean , rocky mountains , and great basin in north america .
daniel otte ( born 14 march 1939 ) is a noted behavior ecologist , a world expert on crickets and grasshoppers and a prominent scientific illustrator .
dave ' s hopper is an artificial fly used for fly fishing , designed to imitate adult grasshoppers and other orthoptera species .
the cuisine of the democratic republic of the congo varies widely , representing the food of indigenous people .
dickinson ' s kestrel ( falco dickinsoni ) is a bird of prey of southern and eastern africa belonging to the falcon family falconidae .
discotettix is an genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .
discotettix adenanii is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
discotettix selangori is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
dissection ( from latin dissecare
to cut to pieces
; also called anatomization , from greek anatomia , from ana -
up
and temnein
to cut
) is the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components .
dissosteira is a genus of grasshoppers in the family acrididae found in north america .
doctor dolittle is an animated series produced by depatie - freleng enterprises in association with 20th century fox television .
the are the fictional antagonists in the kamen rider series kamen rider w . dopants are normal humans who use gaia memories .
the dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) is a species of forest - dwelling grouse native to the rocky mountains in north america .
east polden grasslands is a 124 hectare biological site of special scientific interest on the polden hills in somerset , notified in 1999 .
the eastern coyote ( canis latrans var . ) , also known as the new england canid or tweed wolf , is a wild northern american canid of mixed wolf - coyote parentage present in new england , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , ontario , quebec , new brunswick , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador .
the eastern screech owl ( megascops asio ) is a small owl that is relatively common in eastern north america , from mexico to canada .
the echigo - tsumari art triennial is an international modern art festival held once every three years in the niigata prefecture , japan .
the ecology of banksia refers to all the relationships and interactions among the plant genus banksia and its environment .
the ecology of the rocky mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors .
estella eleanor carothers ( 4 december 1882 – 1957 ) , known primarily as eleanor carothers , was an american zoologist , geneticist , and cytologist known for her work with grasshoppers .
electronic pest control is the name given to the use of any of the several types of electrically powered devices designed to repel or eliminate pests , usually rodents or insects .
electrotettix is an extinct genus of pygmy locust found in amber collected in the dominican republic .
the emu ( dromaius novaehollandiae ) is the second - largest living bird in the world by height , after its ratite relative , the ostrich .
endophenotype is a genetic epidemiology term which is used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection .
endrin is an organochloride with the chemical formula c12h8cl6o that was first produced in 1950 by shell and velsicol chemical corporation .
ensifera is a suborder of the order orthoptera , including insects in the families gryllidae ( true crickets ) , prophalangopsidae ( grigs ) , stenopelmatidae ( jerulalem crickets , king crickets , tree and giant wetas ) , gryllacrididae ( leaf - rolling and raspy crickets ) , cooloolidae ( cooloola monsters ) , rhaphidophoridae ( cave and camel crickets ) , schizodactylidae ( dune or splay - footed crickets ) and tettigoniidae ( bush crickets or katydids ) .
entomology ( from greek ἔντομος , moment ,
that which is cut in pieces or engraved / segmented
, hence
insect
; and - λογία , - logia ) is the scientific study of insects , a branch of zoology .
entomophagy ( from greek ἔντομον éntomon ,
insect
, and φᾰγεῖν phagein ,
to eat
) is the human consumption of insects as food : human insectivory .
epicauta vittata is a species of beetle in the family meloidae , the blister beetles .
the etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , also known as the etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew is the smallest known mammal by mass , weighing only about on average ( in russian ) .
eumorsea is a genus of grasshoppers in the family eumastacidae , the monkey grasshoppers .
euprenolepis procera is a species of ant found in the rainforests of south east asia .
evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades and has demonstrated common descent of all life on earth developing from a last universal ancestor .
the exopterygota , also known as hemipterodea , are a superorder of insects of the subclass pterygota in the infraclass neoptera , in which the young resemble adults but have externally developing wings .
an exoskeleton ( from greek έξω , éxō
outer
and σκελετός , skeletos
skeleton
) is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal ' s body , in contrast to the internal skeleton ( endoskeleton ) of , for example , a human .
the apapane ( himatione sanguinea ) is a species of hawaiian honeycreeper , that is endemic to hawaii .
the fourth season of the syfy reality television series face off premiered on january 15 , 2013 and ended march 26 , 2013 .
fasciclin 2 ( fas2 or fasii ) is a 95 kilodalton cell membrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin ( ig ) – related superfamily of cell adhesion molecules ( cams ) .
the fauna of australia consists of a huge variety of animals ; some 83 % of mammals , 89 % of reptiles , 24 % of fish and insects and 93 % of amphibians that inhabit the continent are endemic to australia .
the fauna of the australian capital territory includes representatives from most major australian animal groups .
the fieldfare ( turdus pilaris ) is a member of the thrush family turdidae .
the fiji woodswallow ( artamus mentalis ) is a species of woodswallow in the family artamidae .
fipronil is a broad - use insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family . fipronil is a broad - spectrum insecticide that disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking gaba - gated chloride channels and glutamate - gated chloride ( glucl ) channels , resulting in central nervous system toxicity .
first street ( chinese : 第一街 ) is a street in sai ying pun , an early suburb of hong kong .
fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish , e . g . on the end of a fishing hook , or inside a fish trap .
the flap - necked chameleon , chamaeleo dilepis , is a species of arboreal lizard native to sub - saharan africa .
the florissant fossil bed national monument is a national monument located in teller county , colorado .
fly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial
fly
is used to catch fish .
fork - marked lemurs or fork - crowned lemurs are strepsirrhine primates ; the four species comprise the genus phaner .
the four - toed elephant shrew or four - toed sengi is the only living species in the genus petrodromus , which together with three other extant genera rhynchocyon , macroscelides and elephantulus constitutes the order macroscelidea .
foxley wood is an 11 . 36 hectare local nature reserve and site of borough importance for nature conservation , grade 1 , in purley in the london borough of croydon .
francis henry maynard , known as frank h . maynard ( december 16 , 1853 – march 28 , 1926 ) , was an old - time cowboy of the american west who claimed authorship of the revised version of the well - known ballad
the streets of laredo
.
frank phillips ( november 28 , 1873 & ndash ; august 23 , 1950 ) founded phillips petroleum in bartlesville , oklahoma ( marketed as phillips 66 ) in 1917 , along with his brother , lee eldas
l . e .
phillips , sr .
friedmann ' s lark ( mirafra pulpa ) is a species of lark in the alaudidae family .
fringe - toed lizards are lizards of the genus uma in the family phrynosomatidae , native to deserts of north america .
frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short - bodied , tailless amphibians composing the order anura ( ancient greek an - , without + oura , tail ) .
a gapeworm ( syngamus trachea ) , also known as a red worm and forked worm , is a parasitic nematode worm infecting the tracheas of certain birds .
the garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ) is a rodent in the dormouse family .
gavialidium is a genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .
gavialidium phangensum is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
a genet ( pronounced or ) is a member of the genus genetta , which comprises 14 to 17 species of small african carnivorans .
geoffroy ' s tamarin ( saguinus geoffroyi ) , also known as the panamanian , red - crested or rufous - naped tamarin , is a tamarin , a type of small monkey , found in panama and colombia .
count giuseppe zinanni or ginanni ( 7 november 1692 ravenna – 23 october 1753 in the same city ) was an italian naturalist .
the glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) is a wading bird in the ibis family threskiornithidae .
the gnateaters are a bird family , conopophagidae , consisting of ten small passerine species in two genera , which occur in south and central america .
the golden - fronted woodpecker ( melanerpes aurifrons ) is a north american woodpecker .
the golden - rumped elephant shrew ( rhynchocyon chrysopygus ) is the largest species in the african elephant shrew family .
goofy and wilbur is a cartoon produced by walt disney productions and released by rko radio pictures on march 17 , 1939 .
gotthilf hempel ( born march 8 , 1929 ) is a retired german marine biologist and oceanographer .
graeme ruxton is a zoologist known for his research into behavioural ecology and evolutionary ecology .
in zoology , a graminivore ( not to be confused with a granivore ) is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on grass ( specifically
true
grasses , plants of the family poaceae ) .
the grand comoro drongo ( dicrurus fuscipennis ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .
grasses , or more technically graminoids , are monocotyledonous , usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base .
grasshoppers ( cavallette ) is an animated short by bruno bozzetto which condenses the whole of human civilization into 9 minutes , focusing primarily on the human race ' s predilection for warfare and the vanity of war .
grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( poaceae ) , however sedge ( cyperaceae ) and rush ( juncaceae ) families can also be found .
saint gratus of aosta ( san grato di aosta , saint grat d ' aoste ) ( d . september 7 , c . 470 ad ) is the patron saint of aosta .
the great bustard ( otis tarda ) is in the bustard family , the only member of the genus otis .
the great grey shrike , northern grey shrike , or northern shrike ( lanius excubitor ) is a large songbird species in the shrike family ( laniidae ) .
the great horned owl ( bubo virginianus ) , also known as the tiger owl ( originally derived from early naturalists ' description as the
winged tiger
or
tiger of the air
) or the hoot owl , austing , g . r . & holt , jr . , j . b . ( 1966 ) .
the great potoo ( nyctibius grandis ) is a bird , both the largest potoo species and the largest member of the order caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and allies ) .
the great pyramid of cholula , also known as tlachihualtepetl ( nahuatl for
artificial mountain
) , is a huge complex located in cholula , puebla , mexico .
the greater kestrel or white - eyed kestrel ( falco rupicoloides ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .
the greater rhea ( rhea americana ) is a flightless bird found in eastern south america .
the greater short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) , also commonly known as the mountain short - horned lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to western north america .
in the earliest times the greeks wore their hair kome ( long ) , and thus they are constantly called in homer karekomoontes .
the green iguana ( iguana iguana ) , also known as common iguana or american iguana , is a large , arboreal , mostly herbivorous species of lizard of the genus iguana native to central , south america , and the caribbean .
the grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .
the grey - necked rockfowl ( picathartes oreas ) is a medium - sized bird in the family picathartidae with a long neck and tail .
the groundhog ( marmota monax ) , also known as a woodchuck , or whistlepig , is a rodent of the family sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots .
growing up in the universe was a series of lectures given by richard dawkins as part of the royal institution christmas lectures , in which he discussed the evolution of life in the universe .
guindy national park is a protected area of tamil nadu , located in chennai , south india , is the 8th smallest national park of india and one of the very few national parks situated inside a city .
the are a fictional race creatures who act as the antagonists in the 2000 kamen rider series kamen rider kuuga .
habigbagim ( hebrew : הביגבגים ) is an israeli educational television program for preschoolers , which aired on the israeli children channel between 1998 and 2000 .
the hairy frog ( trichobatrachus robustus ) , also known as the horror frog or wolverine frog , is a central african species of frog in the arthroleptidae family .
hawk is a common name for some small to medium - sized diurnal birds of prey , widely distributed and varying greatly in size .
hedotettix is an genus of insects found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .
hedotettix brachynota is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
hedotettix grossivalva is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
hedotettix xueshanensis is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .
hellgrammite ( roderick rose ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in dc comics , commonly as an enemy of superman .
hemimetabolism or hemimetaboly , also called incomplete metamorphosis and paurometabolism , mcgavin , george c . essential entomology : an order - by - order introduction .
hemolymph , or haemolymph , is a fluid , analogous to the blood in vertebrates , that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal ' s tissues .
henry ' s amazing animals ( more commonly known as amazing animals ) is an educational children ' s nature program produced by dorling kindersley and originally broadcast on the disney channel in 1996 .