parahepialus nebulosus is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .

it was described by alphéraky in 1889 , and is known from the tibet autonomous region in china .

parahepialus

parahepialus zou & zhang , 2010 is synonymized with thitarodes viette , 1968 . thitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . is described from sichuan , china . illustrations of the adults and the genitalia are given for the type species of parahepialus and the new species .
there are different characteristics for genus identification found in the genitalia morphology of the genus hepialus insects reported in china , and most species of hepialus described by chinese scientists were transferred to thitarodes by foreign scholars . the taxonomy of the genus hepialus currently adopted in china was revised and newly divided into four genera , parahepialus gen . nov . , ahamus gen . nov . , hepialus and thitarodes viette , 1968 on the basis of the particular structure of the valve on male genitalia . 62 species belonging to the original hepialus described in china were rearranged into the four genus , 1 species of parahepialus , 1 species of hepialus , 18 species of ahamus , 40 species of thitarodes . its rationality was supported by the systemic phylogenetic tree constructed by the cytb gene of some original hepialus species collected from genbank .
there are other species that share similar hosts as ophiocordyceps sinensis . for example , o . crassispora and c . kurijimeansis are recorded on thitarodes baimaensis and t . armoricanus , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis , o . lanpingensis , and o . laojunshanensis are recorded on ahamus altaicola , a . jianchuanensis , and a . yunnanensis , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis is also recorded on three more hosts hepialus humuli , korscheltellus lupulina , and parahepialus nebulosus . similarly , cordyceps hepialidicola is reported on endoclita excrescens and o . ramosissimum and o . xuefengensis on endoclita nodus ( table 2 ) .
ophiocordyceps sinensis has the widest host range recorded on hepialidae , covering 55 spp . [ 95 , 96 ] . among them , thitarodes and ahamus are the two major genera ( table 2 ) . thirty - two spp . of thitarodes ( t . albipictus , t . armoricanus , t . baimaensis , t . baqingensis , t . bibelteus , t . biruensis , t . callinivalis , t . cingulatus , t . damxungensis , t . deqinensis , t . dongyuensis , t . ferrugineus , t . gonggaensis , t . jialangensis , t . jinshaensis , t . kangdingensis , t . kangdingroides , t . latitegumenus , t . litangensis , t . markamensis , t . meiliensis , t . namensis , t . namlinensis , t . oblifurcus , t . pratensis , t . pui , t . renzhiensis , t . varians , t . xunhuaensis , t . yeriensis , t . zaliensis , and t . zhongzhiensis ) and 13 spp . of ahamus ( a . anomopterus , a . gangcaensis , a . jianchuanensis , a . lijiangensis , a . luquensis , a . maquensis , a . sichuanus , a . yulongensis , a . yunlongensis , a . yunnanensis , a . yushuensis , a . zadoiensis , and a . zhayuensis ) are the host species of ophiocordyceps sinensis ( table 2 ) . the other host species are pharmacis carna , p . fusconebulosa , p . pyrenaicus , magnificus jiuzhiensis , m . zhiduoensis , bipectilus yunnanensis , endoclita davidi , gazoryctra ganna , parahepialus nebulosus , and hepialus xiaojinensis ( table 2 ) .
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shilap revista de lepidopterología , vol . 44 , núm . 175 , septiembre , 2016 , pp . 373 - 378
: 411 , pl . 25 , fig . 135 , by original designation .
chu & wang ( 2004 ) ( figs 1 , 4 ) . however , we found the figure
was used in chu & wang ( 2004 ) . we found that the male genitalia were broken during preparation ,
jiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . (
brown ventrally . female ( fig . 3 ) . forewing length : 16 - 17 mm . essentially as described for male , except
( figs 8 - 12 ) : uncus short and acute , strongly sclerotized . tegumen
broad , rounded terminally . a quadrate lobe protruding from base of vinculum with a broad and rounded
of the zoological systematics and evolution of the chinese academy of sciences ( no . o529yx5105 ) .
dhendup , k . , cannon , p . , hywel - jones , n . & rai , t . b . , 2010 . –
liang , x . c . , yang , d . r . , chen , f . r . , long , y . c . & yang , y . x , 1988 . – four new species of the genus hepialus ( ghost moth ) from yunnan , china . – zoological research , 9 ( 4 ) : 419 - 425 .
ueda , k . , 1996 . – a new species of thitarodes viette ( lepidoptera , hepialidae ) from japan . – bulletin of the kitakyushu museum of the natural history , 15 : 35 - 41 .
viette , p . e . l . , 1968 . – contribution à l ' études des hepialidae ( 36ème note ) : lepidoptera hepialidae du népal . – khumbu himal , 3 : 128 - 133 .
one new species and one new record for the genus ninodes warren from china ( lepidoptera , geometridae . . .
a new species of the genus ninodes warren , n . quadratus sp . n . , is described from china and compared with related species , based on numerous museum specimens . n . albarius beljaev & park , 1998 , described from korea , is newly recorded for china . illustrations of external features and genitalia for each species of ninodes are presented .
the subfamily cyclidiinae from china is reviewed : two genera and seven species are reported from china . one new subspecies , cyclidia fractifasciata indistincta subsp . n . , is described . two new synonyms are established : cyclidia substigmaria ( hübner , 1831 ) ( = cyclidia substigmaria brunna chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . = cyclidia tetraspota chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . ) . one misidentification in chu & . . . [ show full abstract ]
allopatric divergence and secondary contact without genetic admixture for arichanna perimelaina ( lep . . .
heterophleps inusitata , an extremely rare new moth species from western yunnan , china ( lepidoptera , . . .
the genus synegiodes swinhoe , 1892 is reviewed and redescribed , s . sanguinaria ( moore , 1868 ) is formally fixed as type - species according to the provisions of the international code of zoological nomenclature . seven species , including s . brunnearia ( leech , 1897 ) , are presently recognized as members of this genus and two new species from china and n . vietnam , s . expansus sp . nov . and s . . . . [ show full abstract ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
= ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
ahamus zou & zhang , 2010 ; j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116 ; ts : hepialus jianchuanensis yang
thitarodes ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
arizanus ( matsumura , 1931 ) ( hepialus ) ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1022 ; tl : japan
thitarodes arizanus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes armoricanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
thitarodes damxungensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus albipictus yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 184 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , renzhi snow mtn ( 28°52 ' n , 99°14 ' e , 4600 - 4780m )
thitarodes albipictus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus jinshaensis yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 185 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , baima , ( 28°34 ' n , 99°18 ' e , 4600m )
thitarodes jinshaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus deqinensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , jiawu snow mtn
thitarodes deqingensis [ sic , recte deqinensis ? ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus litangensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 210 , 212 ; tl : litang , sichuan
thitarodes litangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus baimaensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baimae
thitarodes baimaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus meiliensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 420 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , meili snow mtn
thitarodes meiliensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus callinivalis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 209 , 212 ; tl : meili snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes callinivalis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus jialangensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 6 , 10 ; tl : xizang , zogang county , meili snow mtn ( 4000 - 4600m )
thitarodes jialangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus xiaojinensis tu , ma & zhang , 2009 ; entomotaxonomia 31 : 123 , 126 ; tl : xiaojin co . ( 30°54 ' n , 102°18 ' e , 4300 - 4800m , sichuan
thitarodes richthofeni ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
dierli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 132 ; tl : nepal
thitarodes dierli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
eberti viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 130 ; tl : thodung , nepal
thitarodes eberti ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74
danieli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 128 ; tl : nepal
thitarodes danieli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 71 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
ahamus yushuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus altaicola ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus zhayuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus lijiangensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus jianchuanensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 5 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , 2900 - 3100m
ahamus jianchuanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus anomopterus yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , ( 2800 - 3100m )
ahamus anomopterus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus yunnanensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 245 , 249 ; tl : yunnan , laojun mtn , 26°45 ' n , 99°51 ' e
ahamus yunnanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus yunlongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus yulongensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 421 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , lijiang , yulong snow mtn
thitarodes yulongensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 ; shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374 ; tl : china , sichuan , xiaojin
thitarodes sichuanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic , recte menyuanicus ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
thitarodes xizangensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes kangdingensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes oblifurcus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes baqingensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus ferrugineus li , yang & shen , 1993 ; acta ent . sinica 36 ( 4 ) : 495 , 496 ; tl : yunnan , baima snow mountain , 4200 - 4500m
thitarodes ferrugineus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus gonggaensis fu & huang , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 3 ) : 362 ; tl : sichuan
thitarodes gonggaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes zhangmoensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes kangdingroides ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus markamensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 246 , 249 ; tl : xizang , markam county , nimasha snow mtn , 28°59 ' n 98°46 ' e
thitarodes markamensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus zaliensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : xizang , markam county , zhali snow mtn , 28°58 ' n 98°48 ' e , 4600 - 4900m
thitarodes zaliensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes malaisei ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
sinarabesca ( bryk , 1942 ) ( hepialus ) ; ent . tidskr . 63 : 153 ; tl : kansu
thitarodes sinarabesca ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
hepialus nebulosus alphéraky , 1889 ; in romanoff , mém . lép . 5 : 85 ; tl : ne . tibet
thitarodes nebulosus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes varius ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes varians ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
hepialus variabilis bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 478
thitarodes variabilis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes nipponensis ueda , 1996 ; bull . kitakyushu mus . nat . hist . 15 : 35 ; tl : japan , shirakawadani , izumimura , kumanoto pref .
thitarodes nipponensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes luteus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
hepialus renzhiensis yang , shen , yang , liang , dong , chun , lu & sinaduji , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 2 ) : 218 , 224 ; tl : yunnan
thitarodes renzhiensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus zhongzhiensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : renzhi snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes zhongzhiensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus yeriensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : yeri snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes yeriensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus pratensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 247 , 250 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baima snow mtn , 28°23 ' n 99°01 ' e
thitarodes pratensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus cingulatus yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , wenxian county , 3200m
thitarodes cingulatus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus luquensis yang , yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , luqu county , 34°13 ' n , 102°24 ' e , 4276m
ahamus luquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 359 , 362 ; tl : qinghai , xunhua county , ( 35°38 ' n , 102°42 ' e ) , 3800m
thitarodes xunhuaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus bibelteus shen & zhou , 1997 ; acta ent . sinica 40 ( 2 ) : 198 , 200 ; tl : meidu ( 28°22 ' n , 90°01 ' e ) , baima snow mountain , deqing county , 4500m , yunnan
thitarodes bibelteus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus biruensis fu , 2002 ; acta ent . sinica 45 ( suppl . ) : 56 ; tl : xizang , biru county , 4400 - 4700m
hepialus biruens [ sic , recte biruensis ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes sejilaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 107 ; tl : mt sejila , linzhi county , tibet , 4500m , 29°36 ' n , 94°35 ' e
thitarodes harutai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , laam pokhari , 2850m
thitarodes jiachaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 110 ; tl : jiancha county , tibet , 535m , 29°26 . 714 ' n , 94°42 . 888 ' e
thitarodes kingdonwardi ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 84 ; tl : se . tibet , tsangpo valley , nyima la ( 14000ft )
thitarodes kishidai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 81 ; tl : nepal , lete nr nilgiri ( 2400m )
thitarodes limbui ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , khambachen ( 3950m )
thitarodes maculatum ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 72 ; tl : nepal , chungbu khola ( 14500ft )
thitarodes namnai maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 43 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27°44 ' 02 . 3
e 89°23 ' 32 . 2
, 4750m
thitarodes caligophilus maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 47 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27°44 ' 02 . 3
e 89°23 ' 32 . 2
, 4750m
thitarodes hainanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes namensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes xigazeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes yongshengensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes dinggyeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes nanmlinensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes pui ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
ahamus zadoiensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus gangcaensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus maquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
thitarodes yadongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
dongyuensis ( yang et al . , 1996 ) ( hepialus ) ; ( nom . nud . )
dongyuensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( nom . nud . )
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lépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n . m . przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,
neue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm . nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition ( 1927 - 1930 )
entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : fam . notodontidae stephens , cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise
zou , liu & zhang , 2011 two new species of thitarodes ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 106 - 113
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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yang darong ; yang yuexiong ( kunming institute of zoology , academia sinica kunming 650107 ) zhang sanyuan ( institute of diversified economy of lunnan district . gansu province wudu 746000 ) ; three new species of the genus hepialus from qinghai and gansu , china ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) [ j ] ; acta entomologica sinica ; 1995 - 03
jiang shuai - shuai * , zou zhi - wen * , liu xin , zhang gu - ren * * ( state key laboratory for biological control of sun yat - sen university , guangzhou 510275 , china ) ; morphology and antennal sensilla of meteorus sp . , a parasitoid of hepialus pui larvae [ j ] ; journal of environmental entomology ; 2009 - 03
liu xi - jin guo ying - lan ( institute of microbiology , academia sinica , beijing ) yu yong - xin ( zhejiang institute of chinese materia medico , hangzhou ) zeng wei ( sichuan institute of chinese materia medica , chongqing ) ; isolation and identification of the anamorphic state of cordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1989 - 01
zhang - wu ; chen yong - jiu ; shen fa - rong ; yang yue - xiong ; yang da - rong ; zhang ya - ping ( laboratory of cellular and molecular evolution , kunming institute of apology , cab kunming 650223 ) ( laboratory of insect resources , kunming institute of zoology . cas kunming 6 ; study of genetic divergence in cordyceps sinensis and c . crassispora from northwest of yunnan by using rapd [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1999 - 02
kang ji - chuan , liang zong - qi , liu ai - ying , richard y . c . kong ( department of plant pathology , university of stellenbosch , p . bag x1 , matieland 7602 , south africa ) ( laboratory of fungus resources , guizhou university , guiyang 550025 ) ( department of biology ; molecular evidence of polymorphism in cordyceps based on 5 . 8s rdna and its2 sequences [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 04
li zeng - zhi ; huang bo ; fan met - zhen ( college of forest utilizatin , anhui agricultural university , hefei , anhui 230036 ) ; molecular evidence for anamorph determination ofcordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . i . relation between hirsutella sinensis and c . sinensis [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 01
dai jin - xia ~ ( 1 * * ) , zheng zhe - min ~ 2 ( 1 . college of life science , ningxia university , yinchuan 750021 , china ; 2 . college of life science , shaanxi normal university , xi ' an 710062 , china ) ; phylogenetic relationships of eleven species of pentatominae based on sequences of cytochrome b gene [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2005 - 04
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ning ye , shuquan rao , tingfu du , huiling hu , . . . qi xu
nozomi mihara , tadashige chiba , kosuke yamaguchi , haruka sudo , . . . kazushi imai
global transcriptome analysis of halolamina sp . to decipher the salt tolerance in extremely halophilic archaea
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1 institute for bio - medical convergence , international st . mary’s hospital and college of medicine , catholic kwandong university , incheon 404 - 834 , republic of korea 2 environmental science , ishikawa prefectural university , 1 - 308 suematsu , nonoichi , ishikawa 921 - 8836 , japan 3 mushroom research division , national institute of horticultural and herbal science , rural development administration , eumseong 369 - 873 , republic of korea 4 forest biodiversity division , korea national arboretum , pocheon 487 - 820 , republic of korea 5 college of pharmacy , chung - ang university , seoul 156 - 756 , republic of korea
copyright © 2016 bhushan shrestha et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
cordyceps fr . is one of the hypocrealean genera , comprising more than 400 spp . that parasitize a wide range of insects and few fungal genera . externally , they produce clavate , cylindrical or thin filamentous , filiform stroma on the hosts . the history of exploring and identifying cordyceps fungi is long and stretches back to the 17th century [ 8 ] . one of the most popular fungi is ophiocordyceps sinensis ( syn . cordyceps sinensis ) that grows on hepialid larvae in the alpine grasslands of the himalayas and the tibetan plateau [ 9 ] . this host - fungus complex is traditionally highly revered for enhancing immunity , protecting lungs , enriching kidneys , restorative and tonic effects , treating impotence , and so forth [ 10 – 13 ] .
until the phylogenetic classification by sung et al . [ 14 ] , cordyceps remained a big genus placed in family clavicipitaceae of order hypocreales . however , phylogenetic studies showed that neither cordyceps nor clavicipitaceae was monophyletic [ 14 – 18 ] and hence cordyceps was segregated into several phylogenetic genera within three families of hypocreales [ 14 ] . according to the phylogenetic classification , cordyceps is now restricted to the clade containing the type species c . militaris , circumscribed to cordycipitaceae [ 14 ] . newly segregated genera ophiocordyceps and elaphocordyceps were placed under another family ophiocordycipitaceae ; the other two genera metacordyceps and tyrannicordyceps remained in clavicipitaceae sensu stricto [ 14 , 19 ] .
following the recent revision in the international code of nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( icn ) , elaphocordyceps is now synonymized with tolypocladium [ 20 ] and metacordyceps with metarhizium [ 21 ] . drechmeria , podocrella , polycephalomyces , and sphaerocordyceps are other genera that consist of members that were formerly described under cordyceps . cordyceps along with the newly segregated genera is linked to many asexual insect - pathogenic genera distributed in all three families clavicipitaceae s . s . , cordycipitaceae , and ophiocordycipitaceae [ 4 , 14 , 20 ] . further synonymizations of genera are recently proposed within ophiocordycipitaceae following icn [ 22 ] .
the host range of cordyceps in classical sense is very broad and includes several orders ( coleoptera , lepidoptera , hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , araneae , diptera , blattodea , mantodea , dermaptera , odonata , phasmatodea , etc . ) . based on the published literature , nearly 60 % of the species of cordyceps sensu lato are recorded on two orders coleoptera and lepidoptera . the other major host orders are hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , and araneae . the majority of hosts ( more than 95 % ) in lepidoptera ( moths , butterflies ) and coleoptera ( beetle ) are larvae ; the rest are adults or pupae , making the host identification difficult . in contrast , majority of hosts in other orders are adults such as spiders ( araneae ) , fly ( diptera ) , ant , bee , and wasp ( hymenoptera ) , grasshopper , locust , and cricket ( orthoptera ) , cicada , bug , scale - insect , and coccid ( hemiptera ) , cockroach and termite ( blattodea ) , mantis ( mantodea ) , earwig ( dermaptera ) , dragonfly ( odonata ) , and stick - insect ( phasmatodea ) . why lepidopterans and coleopterans are mostly susceptible at larval stage while other orders are more susceptible at adult stage is not well understood .
cordyceps fungi range in habitat from aerial to epigeal to subterranean ones [ 74 ] , based on their respective host species . when the host stage is adult , they grow on exposed environments such as leaf litter or are attached to some plant parts such as leaf and branch and in contrast to the larval or pupal stages that are buried in soil ( hypogeal ) or on wood up to nearly 50 cm , for example , o . longissima [ 75 ] and o . xuefengensis [ 76 ] . ophiocordyceps caloceroides that is buried in the soil more than 50 cm is exceptional which grows on adult spiders [ 77 ] .
the pathogenic fungi sometimes produce parasite manipulated behaviors on hosts , such as death grip or biting behavior [ 78 – 80 ] . some of the parasitized ants always bite lower side veins but never the laminar blade or the upper surface [ 79 , 80 ] . similarly , some species of ants are attached to lower side of twigs whereas others are found attached to leaves [ 81 ] . in other cases , aphids , ants , grasshoppers , planthoppers , flies , and so forth shift to elevated position at the time of dying , known as summit disease [ 82 , 83 ] .
in this review , we present brief introductions of coleoptera and lepidoptera and their major subgroups parasitized by cordyceps fungi . we hope the present review will serve as a reference for researchers and scholars to get a quick look at coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts of cordyceps spp .
we accumulated host information from published literature and analysed the hosts that belonged to coleoptera and lepidoptera . we found that hosts of only 60 % of cordyceps fungi are known at family or genus / species ranks ; the rest are known only at the order rank and hence no further discussions of the hosts could be done for them . hence , in this review , we dealt with only those hosts that are known at family or infrafamily ranks within coleoptera and lepidoptera and tried to analyse the major taxonomic subgroups that are associated with cordyceps fungi . we also analysed the host stage among coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts based on published literature .
coleoptera is currently the most species - rich group on this planet [ 84 ] . the order is classified into four suborders ( polyphaga , adephaga , myxophaga , and archostemata ) [ 85 ] . polyphaga is the largest suborder covering 90 % of total beetle species and is classified into more than 170 families . adephaga is the second largest suborder , followed by myxophaga and archostemata . all the known coleopteran hosts belong to suborders polyphaga and adephaga under 8 superfamilies and 11 families . short descriptions of host families are given below , followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .
this is one of the largest families in coleoptera and its members are commonly called scarabs or scarab beetles . scarabaeid larvae ( commonly called grubs ) are short , thick , pale yellow or white , mostly live underground or under debris , and feed on dead organic matter ( scavengers ) . twenty - seven cordyceps spp . are recorded in this family ( table 1 ) . among them , c . brittlebankii is recorded on heteronyx sp . , c . brongniartii on anomala cuprea , c . coxii on lepidiota sp . , c . pseudoinsignis and c . velutipes on melolontha sp . , ophiocordyceps aphodii on aphodius howitti and a . tasmaniae , o . melolonthae on ancyloncha puncticollis , lachnosterna fusca , and melolontha sp . , o . michiganensis on scarabaeus sp . , o . ravenelii on l . fusca , phyllophaga sp . , and rhizotrogus sp . , and o . stylophora on costelytra zealandica ( table 1 ) . other species recorded in this family are c . obliquiordinata , c . scarabaeicola , metarhizium brittlebankisoides , ophiocordyceps arbuscula , o . barnesii , o . elongatiperitheciata , o . geniculata , o . gracillima , o . highlandensis , o . konnoana , o . larvicola , o . macularis , o . neovolkiana , o . nigrella , o . superficialis , o . variabilis , and sphaerocordyceps palustris ( table 1 ) . out of 27 cordyceps spp . , 26 are recorded on larvae except c . scarabaeicola that is recorded on adult ( table 1 ) .
table 1 : an aggregate list of coleopteran hosts ( family / genus / species ) of cordyceps species .
members of this family are commonly called earth - boring dung beetles , which mostly excavate burrows to lay their eggs . they are normally detritivores but occasionally behave as coprophagous . cordyceps geotrupis is recorded on an adult of geotrupes sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .
members of this family are commonly called stag beetles . the name stag beetle is derived from the distinctive mandibles found on the males that resemble the antlers of stags . the larvae feed on rotting deciduous wood for several years before pupating . ophiocordyceps scottiana is recorded on rhyssonotus nebulosus in this family ( table 1 ) .
members of this family are commonly called click beetles , elaters , snapping beetles , spring beetles , skipjacks , and so forth . the adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous . larvae are slender , elongate , cylindrical , or somewhat flattened , with relatively hard bodies , somewhat resembling mealworms . fifteen spp . of cordyceps have been recorded from this family ( table 1 ) , all of which grow on larvae except ophiocordyceps salebrosa that grows on an adult ( table 1 ) . six spp . are recorded on larvae of the following hosts : cordyceps nirtolii on melanotus communis , c . shanxiensis on m . caudex and pleonomus canaliculatus , metarhizium campsosterni on campsosternus auratus , m . martiale on hemirhipus sp . , ophiocordyceps jiangxiensis on c . auratus and c . fruhstorferi , and o . stylophora on denticollis linearis ( table 1 ) . other spp . recorded in this family are cordyceps aurantiaca , c . huntii , c . rubra , c . velutipes , ophiocordyceps brunneipunctata , o . elateridicola , o . gracilioides , o . purpureostromata , and o . salebrosa ( table 1 ) .
the long - horned beetles , also known as longicorns , are cosmopolitan , typically characterized by extremely long antennae , which are often as long as or longer than the beetle’s body . the larvae , called roundheaded borers , bore into wood , where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber . four spp . are known from this family , all growing on larvae ( table 1 ) . they are ophiocordyceps dovei on oemona hirta , o . entomorrhiza on leptura sp . , o . larvicola on callidium sp . , and o . stylophora on phoracantha semipunctata .
the family , commonly known as leaf beetle , is one of the largest beetle families . adults and larvae feed on all sorts of plant tissues . most chrysomelids are conspicuously colored , typically in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue - green hues . ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on adult of diabrotica sp . and o . superficialis on a chrysomelid larva ( table 1 ) .
it is a family of the pleasing fungus beetles . they feed on plant and fungal matter , a few of them being notable pests . cordyceps erotyli is recorded on adult of erotylus sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .
it is the family of the true weevils or snout beetles . weevils are almost entirely plant feeders . cordyceps militaris is recorded on larva of ips sexdentatus , ophiocordyceps curculionum on adult of heilipus celsus , o . entomorrhiza on adult of apion flavipes , and podocrella peltata on larva of cryptorhynchus corticicolus ( table 1 ) .
tenebrionids are often referred to as darkling beetles as they have usually black or brown elytra and are nocturnal in habit . they are found worldwide though they are more diverse in semiarid and arid ecosystems . adults of most species are saprophagous while larvae are mostly detritivores ( litter feeders ) or xylophagous . five spp . are recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) : c . militaris on tenebrio molitor , o . acicularis on nictobates sp . , o . entomorrhiza on meneristes laticollis , and o . larvicola on cylindronotus sp . , helops caraboides , and h . lanipes . ophiocordyceps formosana is the fifth species recorded on larva of this family .
the rove beetles belong to family staphylinidae , primarily distinguished by their short elytra . the group is currently recognized as the largest family of beetles . they are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems . cordyceps memorabilis is recorded on adult of staphylinus sp . whereas ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on larva of ocypus sp . cordyceps staphylinidicola and o . superficialis are other spp . recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) .
it is a large , cosmopolitan family . its members are commonly known as ground beetles . they are mostly shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers ( elytra ) . common habitats are under the bark of trees , under logs , or among rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers . six spp . are known from this family ( table 1 ) . among them , o . entomorrhiza is recorded on adults and larvae of several species such as carabus auronitens , c . coriaceus , c . glabratus , c . hortensis , c . intricatus , c . nemoralis , c . nemorensis , c . violaceus , calathus sp . , calosoma sp . , coptolabrus sp . , hadrocarabus problematicus , and pterostichus sp . ophiocordyceps volkiana is recorded on larva of eripus heterogaster . cordyceps nikkoensis , ophiocordyceps carabidicola , o . michiganensis , and o . stylophora are other species recorded on larvae of this family .
among the coleopteran families , scarabaeidae is parasitized by the highest number of cordyceps fungi ( 27 spp . ) , followed by elateridae ( 15 spp . ) ( table 1 ) . among 55 parasitizing fungi ( table 1 ) , we found that only few parasitize more than one family . for example , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza parasitizes 6 families , followed by o . stylophora ( 4 families ) , o . larvicola and o . superficialis ( 3 families each ) , and c . militaris , c . velutipes , and o . michiganensis ( 2 families each ) ( table 1 ) . from host range point of view , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza shows the widest range , infecting 13 spp . in carabidae and one sp . in each cerambycidae , chrysomelidae , curculionidae , staphylinidae , and tenebrionidae ( table 1 ) . it is also exceptional in that it infects both larval and adult stages .
as mentioned earlier , larva is the most dominant host stage susceptible to cordyceps pathogens in coleoptera , with fewer adult stages being parasitized ( table 1 ) . besides o . entomorrhiza , six other spp . are recorded on coleopteran adults . they are c . erotyli , c . geotrupis , c . memorabilis , o . curculionum , o . salebrosa , and c . scarabaeicola ; the remaining ones are recorded on larvae .
lepidoptera is among the large orders of insects [ 121 ] . it has around 160 , 000 spp . that are classified into 4 suborders , 45 superfamilies , and 139 families [ 122 ] . out of four suborders ( aglossata , glossata , heterobathmiina , and zeugloptera ) , cordyceps and allied genera are known only from glossata . it is the largest suborder consisting of almost 99 . 9 % of all described lepidopterans [ 122 , 123 ] . it is further classified into six infraorders ( dacnonypha , acanthoctesia , lophocoronina , neopseustina , exoporia , and heteroneura ) [ 122 ] . among them , cordyceps hosts are known from two infraorders exoporia and heteroneura .
lepidopterans have from three to more than a dozen larval instars ( caterpillars ) , often five [ 123 , 124 ] , inhabiting as root - or stem - borers or foliage eaters and leaf - miners of angiosperms , usually within narrow range of host plants . lepidopterans have distinct feeding habits , basically plant - feeding during larval stage and nectar - feeding during adult stage . exoporia and heteroneura are discussed below in short , followed by cordyceps pathogens parasitizing them .
it is a small infraorder consisting of 636 spp . that are classified into 2 superfamilies [ 122 ] . cordyceps and allied genera are recorded only from the superfamily hepialoidea . the superfamily comprises five families that are distributed in diverse vegetation such as forest , shrubland , grassland , tundra , swamp , and bog with the most varied diet habit among moth families [ 123 , 125 ] . among the families , cordyceps spp . are recorded from family hepialidae alone ( table 2 ) .
table 2 : cordyceps species recorded on hepialid hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , exoporia , and hepialidae ) .
many species are recorded in australia and new zealand on hepialid hosts . for instance , cordyceps cranstounii , c . hawkesii , d . gunnii , o . robertsii , and o . taylorii are recorded on abantiades labyrinthicus and other abantiades spp . , aenetus virescens , aoraia dinodes , a . ensyii , dasypodia selenophora , oxycanus dirempta , and other oxycanus spp . , trictena atripalpis and other trictena spp . , wiseana spp . , and so forth ( table 2 ) . another cordyceps sp . rarely described on hepialus is c . militaris ( table 2 ) . besides that , cordyceps cuncunae and o . emeiensis are also recorded on hepialid hosts ( table 2 ) .
this infraorder consists of more than 98 % of lepidopteran species [ 122 ] . nine superfamilies among more than 30 in the infraorder are recorded as hosts of cordyceps spp . among the host families , tineidae is the only microlepidopteran family ; the rest are macrolepidopterans . papilionidae and pieridae are the two butterfly families , the rest being moths . the host families are briefly described below followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .
( 1 ) erebidae . it is the largest family in lepidoptera with 24 , 569 described spp . [ 122 ] . despite the high species richness , only two cordyceps spp . are recorded on this family . of them , c . militaris is recorded on calliteara pudibunda and leucoma salicis whereas c . nikkoensis is reported on a larva of the family ( table 3 ) .
table 3 : cordyceps species recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , and heteroneura ) .
( 2 ) noctuidae . it is commonly known as owlet moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : arcte coerula , colocasia coryli , euxoa ochrogaster , and panolis flammea ( table 3 ) . ophiocordyceps elongata is recorded on acronicta americana . other species recorded in this family are cordyceps alpicola , c . bifusispora , c . bulolensis , c . cristata , and c . tuberculata ( table 3 ) .
( 3 ) notodontidae . its members are mainly concentrated in the tropical areas . some examples of this family are puss moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 5 spp . of this family . they are fentonia ocypete , lampronadata cristata , phalera assimilis , p . bucephala , and syntypistis punctatella ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) limacodidae ( cochlididae ) . the members of this family are known as slug moths and are mostly tropical . ophiocordyceps cochlidiicola is recorded on larva and pupa of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) cossidae . the members are known as carpenter millers and are found worldwide . four spp . are recorded in this family . of them , metarhizium indigoticum is recorded on yakudza vicarius . two recently described spp . , ophiocordyceps arborescens and o . macroacicularis , are recorded on cossus sp . ( table 3 ) . the other species recorded on this family is cordyceps bassiana .
( 1 ) drepanidae . the members of this family have worldwide distribution . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : achlya flavicornis , ochropacha duplaris , tethea ocularis , and tetheella fluctuosa ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) tineidae . the members are small to medium - sized moths . they are worldwide in distribution but are particularly common in the palaeartic ecozone . cordyceps cardinalis is recorded on larva of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) papilionidae . it is a family of colorful swallowtail butterflies . some of the members are the largest butterflies in the world . the majority are distributed in the tropical region . cordyceps tuberculata is reported on adult of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 2 ) pieridae . it is a large family of butterfly , mostly distributed in the tropical parts of the world . its members are mostly white , orange , or yellow in pigmentation . metarhizium taii is reported on pieris rapae in this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) geometridae . it is the second largest family in lepidoptera with 23 , 002 spp . [ 122 ] . it is commonly known as inch worms . some of the members are notorious pests . cordyceps militaris and c . riverae are recorded from this family parasitizing biston panterinaria , lycia hirtaria , and triphosa sp . ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) bombycidae . it is known as silkworm family . the most well - known member is bombyx mori , native to northern china . cordyceps militaris is recorded on b . mori and c . michaelisii on a species of bombyx ( table 3 ) .
( 2 ) endromidae . this is a small family . cordyceps militaris is recorded on andraca bipunctata in this family ( table 3 ) .
( 3 ) saturniidae . the members include giant silk moths , royal moths , and emperor moths . they are described worldwide but are particularly known from tropical and subtropical regions . some of the members are the largest moth species . cordyceps longdongensis parasitizes actias artemis whereas c . militaris parasitizes anisota senatoria ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) lasiocampidae . its members are known as snout moths or lappet moths . they are large in size with broad wings and are known worldwide . cordyceps militaris is reported on dendrolimus pini , d . superans , and macrothylacia rubi ( table 3 ) .
out of 22 spp . recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( table 3 ) , c . militaris has the widest host range , extending to 2 infraorders , 6 superfamilies , 10 families , and 29 spp . ( table 3 ) . it is a cosmopolitan species , distributed from sea level to more than 2000 m above sea level [ 126 ] . probably due to its wide host range and adaptability to wider habitats , this species demonstrates rapid in vitro growth and fructifications [ 127 ] . cordyceps tuberculata is another species recorded on multiple families . larva is the most suitable host for cordyceps spp . compared to pupa and adult ( table 3 ) .
in total , 16 families in lepidoptera ( 1 exoporian and 15 heteroneuran ) are identified as host families of cordyceps and allied genera . hepialidae , though a small family , hosts 6 cordyceps spp . , 1 drechmeria sp . , and 10 ophiocordyceps spp . ( table 2 ) . they are mostly distributed in either asia or australia / new zealand . after hepialidae , noctuidae and sphingidae are the families mostly infected by cordyceps spp . ( table 3 ) .


orthosia cruda , the small quaker , is a moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found in europe , morocco , algeria , tunisia , turkey , the caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , israel , lebanon , cyprus and jordan .

orthosia cruda

habitat : orthosia cruda inhabits oak - rich forests , parks , and other woody locations .
small quaker ( orthosia cruda ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
endangerment factors : orthosia cruda is widespread , but loses many habitats due to the decline of oaks in central europe .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
tunnusraitayökkönen
to
orthosia gothica linnaeus 1758
.
jamie mcmillan added an association between
image of diarsia mendica
and
orthosia gothica
.
habitat : orthosia incerta is found in habitats of all kinds that are rich in woody plants .
katja schulz selected
hebrew character
to show in overview on
orthosia gothica linnaeus 1758
.
hebrew character is a moth species , orthosia gothica , of the family noctuidae . it is found throughout europe .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
much of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
our colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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the adults fly in march and april , feed on sallow blossom , and are attracted to light .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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urltoken
host plants : the larvae mostly feed on quercus species , besides also on other deciduous woods .
life cycle : the adults overwinter in the pupal skin and emerge in march or april . the caterpillars occur in a brown and a green version . i tapped them in may and june from oaks .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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wingspan 25 - 30 mm . distinguished from other early noctuids by its small size , usually light colour and plain appearance of forewing which has a rough appearance caused by a dusting of black scales .
the adults fly in march and april , feed on willow and are attracted to light .
the larvae feed in the early summer on a number of deciduous trees , including oak and willow .
a fairly common species over much of britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
recorded in 62 ( 90 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 03 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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the larva lives on different species of deciduous trees , like quercus and salix . the caterpillars are frequently eating other caterpillars . hibernates as a pupa in an underground cocoon , often close to a tree trunk .
the adults fly in march and april . they come to light , sugar and sallow catkins .
belgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 30 march 2007 . ( photo © chris steeman )
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
the forewings of this species are greyish to rufous brown . typically these are marked with a black mark shaped like the hebrew letter nun נ ) . this is similar to the markings of the setaceous hebrew character although the two species are not closely related . in this species this mark is sometimes split in two or even absent . the hindwings are grey .
is 30–40 mm . forewing sandy rufous , black - speckled , median area generally deeper rufous : lines browner , forewing purplish red - brown ; the lines pale , ill - defined , except by black spots at costa ; the cell black ; stigmata pale and large ; claviform connected with outer line by a black bar ; above which the base of vein 2 is often surrounded with rufous ; hindwing fuscous . the size of the orbicular stigma is variable , and the amount and shape of the black filling in of the cell is determined by this variation ; — in ab .
] from amurland and japan has a more violet grey ground colour ; ab .
this moth flies at night in march and april ( sometimes later ) [ 1 ] and is attracted to light and various flowers .
larva green dotted all over with yellow ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellowish white ; spiracular line broad , white , with dark upper edge ; head pale green . it feeds on a wide variety of plants ( see list below ) . this species overwinters as a pupa .
seitz , a . ed . , 1914 die großschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .
.
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strate ( e . g . coley et al . , 1985 ; contra altermatt , 2010 ) ,
, two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in
rathcke method , which tests phenological overlap and ( b ) petraitis method , which tests niche overlap . this indicated that insec
families partition seasonal time in a random and the entire assemblage in a regular way . all groups of insects partitioned seas
domly except for the pairs of monophagous - oligophagous and palearctic - eurosiberian species , which partition season regularly . o
) and co - occurring deciduous trees . the hypothesis of complete general overlap is rejected for groups
based on feeding specialization , zoogeographical categories and taxonomic families . the same was the case when the entire insec
phagous species ( 13 . 8 % ) and those with a mediterranean distribution ( 15 . 4 % ) . voltinism is not very important for this assemblag
and only seven species are bivoltine of which four fed on a different species of oak in the second generation . the overall conc
whereas that of insect groups based on zoogeographical , taxonomic or feeding specialization are randomly dispersed in time .
and high ( > 850 m ) . at each site four two hectare rectangular
in the base plot at each site , up to five branches ( mean 3 . 7 ) at
plots / site x 3 trees / plot x 4 ( crown heights ) / tree x 3 . 7
as the seeds of these plants were collected from neighbouring areas of oak forest it is characterized as semi natural .
1 . the species of oak found on mt cholomontas and used in this study . the subgenus and the taxonomic status are based on
flora europaea ( schwarz , 1964 ) and personal observations ( km and pvp ) . plant cover classes are expressed in terms of the domin
foliage ( southwood et al . , 1985 ; ozanne , 2005 ) with cyper -
that used for oak insects by southwood et al . ( 2004 ) ( table 2 ) .
1979 ; rathcke , 1984 ) was used ( appendix s3 ) . this method
2 . list of the types of insects recorded in this study at sites on mt . cholomontas . [ a ] explanation of zoogeographical cate -
several subgenera of the same genus , or feed on several genera in the same order ( e . g .
specific trait in common ( e . g . particular chemical compounds such as the
drawn from this node defines six other clusters . [ 2 ] this level of
team , 2008 ) and the packages clues ( chang et al . , 2010 ) , vegan
( oksanen et al . , 2008 ) and past ( hammer & harper , 2006 ) .
oak are shown in fig . 1 . as a rule there are three peaks in
3 . presentation of the results obtained when the poole - rathcke method was used to segregate the moths in time . the null
the two dispersions are not significantly different . panel [ a ] is for insect families , [ b ] is for feeding specialization and [ c
affiliation with its host plant ( s ) . in this study the occur -
& reynolds , 1988 ) adjusted value of 0 . 431 . when abso -
assigned to six clusters ( fig . 3 ) . the results of the wald -
second generation to another cluster , i . e . , 5 . in oligopha -
( damesin et al . , 1998 , and references therein ) . this is
their peak numbers were recorded . only presences are considered here . insects with two generations are shown as different speci
followed by the number “2” . insect names are preceded with the affiliated cluster name marked with arabic numerals ( 1…6 ) as
for which the start and end date of appearance of its larvae were the same . congeneric species are shown against a grey backgro
ones , are the rule in insects ( denno et al . , 1995 ) and only
gophagous ( o ) and one polyphagous ( p ) species ( table 2 ) .
of the other two congeners ( cluster 3 ) ( fig . 3 ) , principally
( fig . 3 ) . as seen in fig . 4 separation in time does not
2009 ) . in terms of voltinism cizek et al . ( 2006 ) predict
/ web / packages / clues / < accessed 25 . xii . 2010 > .
hypotheses . in mcmanus m . l . & liebhlold a . m . ( eds ) :
c . 1984 : entomofauna ( lepidoptera ) of oak ( quercus coccifera ) in sr macedonia .
k . 1991 : zur biologie der eichenblattwespen caliroa cinxia klug . und caliroa annulipes klug . ( hymenoptera , tenthre -
panel are listed all the species of insect recorded in the study plots on mt . cholomontas . the specialization status was based
records in the literature ( e . g . schwenke , 1978 ) and personal observations .
applications of the method using standard statistical tests ( rabinowitz et al . , 1981 ) ; [ 4 ] it is not limited by evenness or dom
perennial plants in semi - arid scrub . the ability of the model to estimate the expected variances of a time sequence of biologic
events was exploited by sanders et al . ( 2007 ) who studied the assembly rules of co - occurrences of ground - dwelling ants in a var
of habitats and by marchinko et al . ( 2004 ) who studied character displacement in two barnacle communities in a quest for eviden
o . 2001 : phenological patterns of nine perennial plants in an intertropical semi - arid mexican scrub .
wald - wolfowitz tests of the larval phenologies ( mean of start and end date ) of oak foliage feeding insect clusters . an
- the aim of this project is to study the woody biomass and technical wood ( timber ) production in plantations where fast growing trees are grown ( e . g . fraxinus angustifolia , paulownia spp . , populus…
[ more ]
temporal partitioning in an assemblage of insect defoliators feeding on oak on a mediterranean mount . . .
insects feeding on the foliage of oak were studied on a mountain where species of mediterranean deciduous and evergreen oak coexist . there were 58 insect species ( 54 lepidoptera , 1 coleopteran and 3 hymenoptera ) belonging to twenty families in the assemblage feeding on eight species of quercus , two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in time and of feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]
space allocation in melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger ) ( col . , bupresti . . .
the phloeo - cambiophagous buprestid melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger . ) is not a primary factor of fir decline problem although the beetle substantially contributes to greek fir abies cephalonica loud . var . graeca ( fraas ) liu mortality . by using mapping depiction of the exit holes of the insect on a set of fir trees located on a line transect in a randomized . . . [ show full abstract ]
larval performance in relation to oviposition site preference in olive kernel moth ( prays oleae bern . . .
1 the tri - voltine moth prays oleae bern . spends its larval stages on the native olive tree ( olea europaea l . var . sylvestris brot . and five cultivars , oleaceae ) mining the leaves , the flowers and the fruits in each generation ; it seldom switches to other native or introduced confamilial plant species . 2 in this study the pattern of oviposition of the olive moth was examined in olive fields and . . . [ show full abstract ]
estimativa de receptividad ganadera mediante variables edáficas en salinas grandes ( catamarca , argen . . .
el área de estudio de 4000 km2 se encuentra al sur de la provincia de catamarca . la actividad ganadera , esencial para la economía regional , es dependiente de las condiciones climáticas y edáficas . el objetivo del trabajo fue obtener información de los sub - ambientes del área , a escala de campo , incluyendo suelos y vegetación en el período 2007 - 2009 , y cuantificar las variables de suelo . . . [ show full abstract ]
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