phyllodesmium guamense is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family facelinidae .

the specific name guamense refers to the island of guam , its type locality .

phyllodesmium guamense

what type of species is phyllodesmium guamense ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the phyllodesmium guamense species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of phyllodesmium guamense species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species phyllodesmium guamense .
how to identify phyllodesmium guamense marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species phyllodesmium guamense . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species phyllodesmium guamense are marked in green .
phyllodesmium guamense
uses camouflage and it looks like the soft coral
sinularia
.
where is phyllodesmium guamense found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species phyllodesmium guamense can be found .
how can i put and write and define phyllodesmium guamense in a sentence and how is the word phyllodesmium guamense used in a sentence and examples ? 用phyllodesmium guamense造句 , 用phyllodesmium guamense造句 , 用phyllodesmium guamense造句 , phyllodesmium guamense meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
this is the place for phyllodesmium definition . you find here phyllodesmium meaning , synonyms of phyllodesmium and images for phyllodesmium copyright 2017 © urltoken
nick hope added the english common name
cryptic phyllodesmium
to
phyllodesmium crypticum rudman , 1981
.
nick hope added the english common name
great phyllodesmium
to
phyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991
.
dana campbell selected
phyllodesmium magnum
to show in overview on
phyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991
.
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word phyllodesmium . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word phyllodesmium and , of course , phyllodesmium synonyms and on the right images related to the word phyllodesmium .
phyllodesmium magnum is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .
nick hope marked the common name
nudibranch
in an unknown language from
phyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991
as untrusted .
moore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . [ details ]
rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]
rudman w . b . ( 1991 ) .
further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidacea )
. journal of molluscan studies 57 ( 2 ) : 167–203 . abstract .
rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > 57 : 167 - 203 .
( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]
( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]
avila c . , ballesteros m . , slattery m . , starmer j . & paul v . j . ( 1998 ) phyllodesmium guamensis ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) , a new species from guam ( micronesia ) . journal of molluscan studies 64 ( 2 ) : 147–160 . [ details ]
moore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus < i > phyllodesmium < / i > , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . < em > the veliger . < / em > 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 .
wagner d . , kahng s . e . & toonen r . j . ( 2009 ) .
observations on the life history and feeding ecology of a specialized nudibranch predator ( phyllodesmium poindimiei ) , with implications for biocontrol of an invasive octocoral ( carijoa riisei ) in hawaii
. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 372 ( 1 - 2 ) : 64 - 74 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jembe . 2009 . 02 . 007 . pdf .
avila , ballesteros , slattery , starmer & paul , 1998 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456805 on 2018 - 07 - 09
ehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : folio h [ page 3 ] [ details ]
( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1896 ) . eolidiens d ' amboine . revue suisse de zoologie . 4 ( 2 ) : 385 - 394 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 392 [ details ]
( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1905 ) . die opisthobranchiata der siboga - expedition . siboga - expeditie . 50 : 1 - 248 , pls 1 - 20 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 226 [ details ]
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ehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 ) . < i > symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca < / i > . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text ) [ 1831 ] .
ehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , < i > symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca < / i > . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word polydactyla . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word polydactyla and , of course , polydactyla synonyms and on the right images related to the word polydactyla .
dadds , a . filix - femina plumosum , a . filix - femina corymbiferum , and d . . .
this is the place for polydactyla definition . you find here polydactyla meaning , synonyms of polydactyla and images for polydactyla copyright 2017 © urltoken


polystira picta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family turridae , the turrids .

it has been found in the shallow subtidal waters of the gulf of tehuantepec .

polystira picta

turridae - turridae » polystira picta , id : 283199 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : polystira picta ( l . a . reeve , 1843 ) - id : 2115450025
pleurotoma albida perry g . , 1811 accepted as polystira albida ( g . perry , 1811 ) ( type by original designation )
species in the phylogenetic analysis included the following : turrinae : gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula . kieneri , gemmula sogodensis , lophiotoma albina , lophiotoma acuta , lophiotoma cerithiformis , lophiotoma olangoensis , lophiotoma cingulifera , lophiotoma kingae , lophiotoma jickelli , lophiotoma polytropa , turris gamonsii , turris babylonia , turris spectabilis , turris normandavidsoni , turris grandis , turridrupa elongata , turridrupa bijubata , unedogemmula bisaya , unedogemmula leucotropis , unedogemmula tayabasensis , unedogemmula indica , unedogemmula panglaoensis , polystira oxytropis , polystira picta ; and terebridae : hastula hectica and terebra guttata , .
todd j . a . & rawlings t . a . ( 2014 ) . a review of the polystira clade — the neotropic’s largest marine gastropod radiation ( neogastropoda : conoidea : turridae sensu stricto ) . zootaxa . 3884 ( 5 ) : 445 - 491 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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mexico . sonora . shrimp trawler , 30 fathoms off cabo haro , guaymas .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
turris rombergii mörch , o . a . l . , 1857 : c america
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- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 145 [ details ]
bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of oxytropa glibert , 1955 ) bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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family : turridae | description : f + + , beautiful elongated and ornamented specimen ! ex . coll . p . williams
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francisco m . heralde , iii , 1 , * yuri i . kantor , 2 mary anne q . astilla , 3 arturo o . lluisma , 3 rollan geronimo , 3 porfirio m . aliño , 3 maren watkins , 4 patrice showers corneli , 5 baldomero m . olivera , 5 ameurfina d . santos , 1 and gisela p . concepcion 3
4 department of pathology , university of utah , 421 wakara way , suite 3323 , 84108 , u . s . a
5 department of biology , 257 s 1400 e , room 201 , university of utah , salt lake city , utah , 84112 , u . s . a
* current address : department of biochemistry and molecular biology , college of medicine , university of the philippines , manila 1000 , philippines , moc . liamg @ edlarehmf tel / fax : + 632 - 526 - 4197
to identify the polychaete group that is targeted as prey by species of gemmula , analysis of regurgitated food fragments was made ; phylogenetic analysis of an mtcoi gene fragment that was pcr - amplified from the regurgitated tissue of one specimen ( g . diomedea ) indicated close affinity of the prey to the terebellid polychaete amphitritides . specimens of gemmula speciosa , when challenged with the terebellid polychaete loimia sp . , were observed to attack the worm suggesting that gemmula species feed on terebellid polychaetes . lophiotoma acuta were also observed to feed on the same species of terebellid but were usually group - feeding in contrast to the solitary feeding of g . speciosa . unedogemmula bisaya did not feed on the terebellid which also supports the separation of the gemmula and unedogemmula clade .
two lines of proof ( i . e . the molecular phylogenetic analysis and the feeding challenge ) supporting the toxin homology findings previously reported , provide consistent evidence that gemmula is a distinct clade of worm - hunting turrinae that feeds on terebellidae .
have been collected in relatively large numbers in philippine waters . in this study , we particularly focused on four deep - water
) . we investigated their distribution and phylogeny , as information on the pattern of their distribution is scant and the phylogeny of these species has not yet been elucidated . in the superfamily conoidae , most previous investigations of molecular phylogeny have been carried out on
) are still poorly understood . so far , only one study has been carried out (
shells of gemmula species . top to bottom , gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula sogodensis , gemmula kieneri .
to further discriminate the species , we examined and compared the foregut anatomy , i . e . , radula , of three species . because their habitats are inaccessible , little is also known of their feeding biology . although turrids in general are known to feed on polychaetes , there are no available data on which species of polychaetes are preyed on by gemmula ( or any turrid ) species . we therefore collected new data on feeding behavior and potential prey preferences .
snails were purchased from local fishermen as by - catch in trawl nets along the mouth of manila bay ( from bataan to cavite and batangas ) and tangle nets in the seas of cebu and bohol . live snails were kept in seawater until they were processed for anatomical or molecular work . the relative distribution and abundance of gemmula speciosa along the periphery of manila bay was initially assessed by monitoring the collections per trawl of selected boats in august 2005 and from october 2005 to january 2006 . the abundance in all the sampling sites was monitored from the snails collected by the fishermen from february to may 2006 .
the snails were segregated by putative species and preserved for various uses . the snails were cracked and tissue samples ( hepatopancreas and foot ) were obtained and preserved in approximately 10 volumes of rnalater . voucher specimens were kept in 70 % ethanol . dna extraction was performed in fifty mg tissue samples ( hepatopancreas or foot ) using the puregene dna kit ( invitrogen ) or the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) and aliquots were prepared . .
the 16s mitochondrial rrna gene was amplified using the primers 16sl ( 5′ - gtttaccaaaaacatggcttc - 3′ ) and 16sh ( 5′ - ccggtctgaactcagatc acgt - 3′ ) with uracil adaptor sequences . a pcr mix containing 20–40 ng genomic dna , 2μm of each primer , 2μm of dntp and 2μm of taq polymerase was prepared and cycled with the following profile : 95°c 1 min initial denaturation ; 40 cycles of 95°c 20 sec denaturation , 55°c 20 sec annealing and 72°c 30 sec extension ; and 72°c 5 min final extension . the pcr product was ligated to pneb206a ( user friendly cloning , new england biolabs ) and introduced into e . coli ( dh5a ) through chemical transformation . plasmids from transformants with inserts were sequenced through the abi 377 dna sequencer or submitted to the university of utah sequencing facility .
) . a minimum evolution - based phylogenetic reconstruction was made using mega 3 . 1 (
) . bootstrap values were calculated and putative clades were marked accordingly . the genetic distances were computed using the kimura - 2 - parameter model to determine the range of distances of the specimens that belong to a food type cluster .
note : the gu series of accession numbers are sequences obtained in this paper .
a second phylogenetic analysis was made using the combined 12s rdna and 16s rdna ( 12s previously reported in heralde et al . 2007 ) sequences . the concatenated sequences were aligned using clustal x . the alignments were refined manually using macclade 4 . 08 . the process was repeated for some highly variable regions as long as further refinement by eye seemed possible .
trees were optimized using the individual rrna gene sequence alignments and the concatenated alignments ( presented herein ) . final analyses were restricted to model - based maximum likelihood ( paup4b10 ) and bayesian inference ( mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 ) to account for the complexity of sequence evolution . sequence evolution parameters were optimized by a gtr + i + g model that includes six possible substitution types ( gtr ) , allows some sites to be invariant ( i ) , allows across - site rate heterogeneity ( g ) and allows unequal base frequencies .
the maximum likelihood optimization used tbr branch swapping with 10 searches , each using a random addition of taxa . the analysis ended when the paup default criteria for convergence of the log - likelihood were met .
the bayesian analysis was run for two million generations with the first 500 , 000 generations discarded as burn - in trees . two mcmcmc runs ( metropolis - coupled markov - chain monte - carlo ) , using four chains each , were used to thoroughly explore tree space . convergence of the likelihoods was judged adequate by monitoring the ased ( average standard error of the difference ) in split frequencies between the two runs and by comparing plots of the tree log - likelihood trees from generation 500 , 000 to 2 million . by the last generation , average standard error was 0 . 0039 ; the plot of likelihoods versus generation had stabilized . furthermore , the psrf ( potential scale reduction factor ) reached 1 . 00 for the total tree length and for each model parameter .
since maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses converged to the same tree , only the bayesian results are presented below ( ml results are available from psc ) .
live snails were relaxed in 1 % cold magnesium chloride ( mgcl 2 ) for 2–3 hours and preserved in 95 % ethanol ; the sem of their radulae was carried out as described previously ( imperial et al . 2007 ) .
six samples of gemmula diomedea caught by trawling at depths of 231–271 meters in the panglao 2005 expedition were relaxed in cold 1 % magnesium chloride for at least 2 hours and regurgitated tissues were recovered . genomic dna was extracted from the tissues using the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) . an aliquot was prepared as template for mtcoi amplification using modified universal primers with user adaptor sequences ( simison 2000 ) . subsequent cloning into pneb206a , transformant screening and plasmid sequencing were as described above . the mtcoi sequence obtained was searched in the genbank database using blast ( basic local alignment search tool ) .
the snails used for the feeding experiments were maintained indoor using a 56 - liter aquarium containing seawater with salinity maintained at a range between 35–37 ppt . a filtration system and an aerator were in place while the feeding behavior of g . speciosa and other turrids was observed . the snails used in the experiment had been in the tanks for a period of 2–4 weeks with artificial lighting following a 12 hour light - dark cycle . the introduction of live terebellid worms into the tank was done at night .
were obtained from two different biogeographic regions . the first three sites came from manila bay in the south china sea region : site 1 is close to the bataan peninsula , site 2 is off corregidor island and site 3 is off the batangas coast . at these three sites ,
specimens were obtained as by - catch of commercial fish trawlers operating in these areas . the only larger
was only rarely collected at the southern sites within the visayan seas biogeographic region ( off sogod , cebu and off the island of panglao in bohol ) . the primary method for collection at the latter sites was tangle nets mostly laid at greater depths . at the sogod , cebu site , the major
collected per trawl was 20±9 or a mean catch rate of 1 . 3±0 . 6 per trawl - hour . the specimens ranged in length from 2 . 0 to 6 . 7 centimeters ( mean : 4 . 0±1 . 1 cm . ) and collected at night . it must be noted that the fishing gear used effectively captured only those organisms that were either on or close to the surface of the substrate ( unlike dredges that go deeper ) .
clade . this clade is where the food type / preference analysis is focused . the occurrence of
) is also well - supported as indicated by a high bootstrap value ( 82 % ) .
clades which have similar food type / preference ( i . e . , among worm - hunting cone species ) (
) . we selected three clades of worm - hunting coniids ( i . e . s1 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae , s2 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae and e6 – errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae ) based on the clade grouping of
) . the largest distance range occurs among terebellidae feeders ( i . e . , the s1 clade ) , thus in
comparison of genetic distance between 16s rrna gene sequences of gemmula species and selected vermivorous cone clades . clade s1 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae ; clade s2 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae ; and clade e6 , errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae .
) with each other and with other forms in the subfamily turrinae was further inferred from the 12s and 16s mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . both bayesian and maximum likelihood methods , as described under experimental procedures , were used . the phylogenetic tree , shown in
clade ) , separate from other groups in the subfamily turrinae that were included in the analysis . furthermore , the analysis suggests that the sister group of the
) form a major monophyletic group within the turrinae , which is strongly supported by the analysis .
and their relatives based on bayesian inference . ( an identical tree was returned by a full maximum likelihood analysis of the sequence data . ) branches are labeled with bayesian confidence values expressed as percentages . for clarity , some of the outgroup species used in the analysis have been pruned from this figure ( see methods for the full list ) . shown are various forms in the subfamily turrinae , including the four species that are the subject of this article ( shells of these species are shown in
) . the seven clades identified by roman numerals all have 100 % support based on both bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis and have the following generic / subgeneric assignments within the subfamily turrinae : i .
there were significant morphological variations in the shells of g . speciosa specimens collected ( i . e . , gemmule shape , inter - gemmule distance , length and diameter ratio , etc ) . however , when molecular analysis was done to evaluate the specimens with different shell morphotypes , no significant differences could be detected in the rrna gene sequences of the morphological variants . thus , the shell morphological variation does not appear to be correlated with any significant genetic ( 12s and 16s rrna gene ) divergence .
) the radula had type 2 wishbone teeth that were robust , short and curved , sometimes with a knifelike cutting edge on the main limb and a large accessory limb with a formula of 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 ( following powell’s system ) . an analysis of the radular structure of
radular morphology . scanning electron microscopy images of the radula of gemmula speciosa ( a–b ) . gemmula sogodensis ( c–d ) , unedogemmula bisaya ( e–f ) and lophiotoma acuta ( g–h ) . . the central tooth is prominent in both gemmula species and absent in u . bisaya and l . acuta
) ; a fragment of mtcoi gene was pcr - amplified from the regurgitate , sequenced , and compared with sequences in genbank .
prey determination . a freshly collected g . diomedea with regurgitated prey tissue . the samples were collected in the location code cp2340 ; 231–271 meters deep , by trawl in bohol sea on a sandy / mud bottom .
belongs to the family terebellidae , a sedentary clade of polychaetes . given the significant homology in the toxin sequences from the three
molecular regurgitate analysis . blast hit for coi gene from regurgitated tissue ( query sequence ) indicating the generic identity of the polychaete to be amphitritides sp . ( subject sequence ) .
this hypothesis was experimentally evaluated by challenging the species that could be maintained successfully in an aquarium , g . speciosa , with a terebellid polychaete . the species of terebellidae most accessible was a loimia species . the addition of a terebellid to the tank containing turrids elicited activities such as movement of siphon and the active hunt for the prey for many of the turrids including the g . speciosa .
l . acuta attacked the terebellid in groups . however , in some feeding events , it was also capable of feeding alone . in both cases , the l . acuta extended its proboscis and quickly stabbed the worm . it then attached itself and remained motionless for an extended period of time . a closer look at the snail’s mouth shows that it takes in a small portion of the worm tissue and is not limited to just sucking . it is most likely that digestion is already taking place even in the mouth . after leaving a single worm being fed on by a l . acuta overnight , the latter was able to eat up the anterior portion of the worm including the tentacles . when l . acuta are group feeding , the prey is completely consumed .
u . bisaya was not observed to react to the addition of loimia sp . into the tank . in most feeding experiments , it remained submerged in the substrate . the closest interaction between u . bisaya and loimia sp . documented was when the snail crawled on top of the worm being fed on by an l . acuta ( urltoken ) .
to test the specificity of the snails’ prey , other worms ( < 2 cm . ) , e . g . , blood worms ( glycera sp . ) and fireworms , were also introduced in the tank . several trials yielded no result as the turrids showed no activity after introduction of the worms both during day and night time . the snails remained partially burrowed under the substrate and the worms remained untouched .
investigated in this study occur in relatively deep water ( > 50 meters ) . what is interesting is the striking difference in the pattern of their abundance across the collection sites . each species appeared to exhibit a similar distribution pattern (
) , being much more abundant at one site and scarce at the other sites , but the site where a species was most abundant was different for each species . the other turrid species ,
showed another distribution pattern , being abundant at two sites ( sites 1–3 and 4 ) but not at the third site ( site 5 , which is geographically close to site 4 ) . the field distribution of gastropods is usually associated with their larval life cycles ( i . e . planktonic or non - planktonic ) (
) . these larval life cycles are determined from the type of protoconch that each species possess . the
runs in contrast with the expected pattern of larval distribution . this result warrants further exploration to explain the ecological factors that govern this distribution pattern .
the differences in distribution pattern among the four species could also be seen when comparing their abundance . from the collection by commercial fishing vessels near manila bay , the number of specimens of g . speciosa collected was greater than the other three ( g . sogodensis , g . diomedea and g . kieneri ) ; the latter two species were entirely absent from site 1 - 3 ( see table i ) . in sites 4 and 5 respectively , g . sogodensis and g . diomedea were the predominant species found , with only a minor amount of overlap . the fourth species , g . kieneri , was only collected at site 5 . again , the ecological factors that could explain these interspecies differences in the spatial pattern of abundance remain to be investigated .
. the agreement of results from two independent gene markers provides strong support for the phylogenetic relationship of members of turrinae under study . the
, indicates a sharing of biological characteristics ( like food type / preference ) . we have shown , by molecular regurgitate analysis , the diet of
to be a tube - dwelling polychaete belonging to the terebellid group . similar attempts in
clade in the tree relative to the other groups in the subfamily turrinae . this result further warrants the
defining a distinct clade within the subfamily turrinae . it should be noted , however , that the taxonomic status of the genus
needs reevaluation . recent unpublished data ( c . meyer , personal communication ) suggest that atlantic and eastern pacific forms of
being predators of sedentary polychaetes in the family terebellidae . we have tested this hypothesis more directly : a
was consistent with the prediction of the 16s - based clustering of turrids with similar prey type / preference . the non - responsive behavior of
sp . indicated that it may not be its prey preference . this also supports the generic separation of
this work was supported in part by grant gm46877 ( to b . m . o . ) .
bouchet p , lozouet p , maestrati p , heros v . assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments : exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a new caledonia site .
duda tf , jr , palumbi sr . molecular genetics of ecological diversification : duplication and rapid evolution of toxin genes of the venomous gastropod
duda tf , jr , kohn aj , palumbi sr . origins of diverse feeding ecologies within
espiritu jd , watkins m , monje vd , cartier ge , cruz lj , olivera bm . venomous cone snails : molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity .
heralde fmiii , imperial j , bandyopadhyay pk , olivera bm , concepcion gp , santos ad . a rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous .
heralde fm , iii , watkins m , ownby j - p , bandyopadhyay pk , santos ad , concepcion gp , olivera bm . molecular phylogeny of some indo - pacific genera in the family turrinae h . adams and a . adams .
hutchings pa , glasby cj . the amphitritinae ( polychaeta : terebellidae ) from australia .
imperial j , kantor y , watkins m , heralde fmiii , stevenson bj , chen p , ownby p - j , bouchet p , olivera bm . the venomous auger snail
( linnaeus , 1758 ) : molecular phylogeny , foregut anatomy and comparative toxinology .
jablonski d , lutz r . larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleobiological implications .
kumar s , tamura k , jakobsen ib , nei m . mega2 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software .
lópez - vera e , heimer de la cotera ep , maillo m , riesgo - escovar jr , olivera bm , aguilar mb . a novel structural class of toxins : the methionine - rich peptides from the venoms of turrid marine snails ( mollusca , conoidea )
monje vd , ward r , olivera bm , cruz lj . 16s mitochondrial ribosomal rna gene sequences : a comparison of seven
: four new species described in the philippines and three from elsewhere in the indo - pacific .
olivera bm . conus venom peptides , receptor and ion channel targets , and drug design : 50 million years of neuropharmacology . essay e . e . just lecture , 1996 .
powell awb . the family turridae in the indo - pacific : part 1 - the subfamily turrinae .
puillandre n , samadi s , boisselier m - c , sysoev av , kantor yi , cruaud c , couloux a , bouchet p . starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot : molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” ( neogastropoda : conoidea )
rex ma , stuart ct , coyne g . latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep - sea benthos of the north atlantic .
uc - berkeley : 2000 . evolution and phylogeography of new world gastropod faunas ; p . 202 .
taylor jd , kantor yi , sysoev av . foregut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of the conoidea ( = toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda )
watkins m , hillyard dr , olivera bm . genes expressed in a turrid venom duct : divergence and similarity to conotoxins .
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nuculana polita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 6 ) sb
anadara grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 2 , 4 , 6 )
anadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 ) sb
anadara obesa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,
lunarca brevifrons ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
noetia reversa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,
argopecten ventricosus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) ( 11 )
cardites laticostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
americardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *
trachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 10 ) rb
trachycardium panamense ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 11 )
trachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 11 ) cs
trachycardium senticosum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb
trigoniocardia obovalis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 10 ) sb , rb
chione subimbricata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 10 ) rb
chione undatella ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 ) sb
periglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 11 ) cs
pitar concinnus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 1 ) sb
pitar roseus ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
protothaca asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 , 9 ) sb , cl
mulinia pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 )
cerithidea valida ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( 6 ) m
marsupina nana ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) * ( 11 )
engina jugosa ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 10 ) rb
melongena patula ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 11 )
nassarius luteostoma ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *
nassarius wilsoni ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 9 ) rb


mesoheros is a genus of cichlids .

it is found in colombia , ecuador , and peru ; atrato river flowing into the atlantic , san juan , baudó and patia rivers to esmeraldas and tumbes rivers flowingo into the pacific .

mesoheros

ornate cichlid ( mesoheros ornatus ) , 14 × . . . - scalz nature artist | facebook
i am listing them here although they are technically from sa , because they are more like ca cichlids . there is also the mayan cichlid which really is from ca , and it is very similar in appearance to the true red terror , mesoheros festae is anyone familiar with the other relatives of the red terror ? mesoheros atromaculatus mesoheros gephyrus any information on them will be greatly appreciated
mesoheros is a new genus containing three formerly cichlasoma species , now named as m . festae , m . ornatus and m . atromaculatus .
conservation : mesoheros gephyrus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( en ) endangered ( 2016 ) .
mesoheros gephyrus subadult from the rio san juan [ colombia ] in the aquarium of mark smith [ usa ] . photo by mark smith . ( 11 - mar - 2010 ) .
ecology : mesoheros festae is known in ecuador as the “vieja roja” . it is a large , ecologically important omnivorous fish that feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( laaz et al . , 2009 ) .
glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that c . festae can be distinguished from mesoheros ornatus in its lateral line scale count , with c . festae having 26 - 27 scales in the median series and m . ornatus having 30 - 32 scales . however , eigenmann ( 1922 ) lists c . festae as having 30 scales in a median series .
there are four species in the genus mesoheros , but they ' re not
red terror types
. the red terror is m . festae . m . atromaculatus m . festae m . gephyrus m . ornatus if you ' re familiar with festae and the mayaheros group ( urophthalmus ) you ' ll see they ' re not really similar at all .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : ? - 15 . tropical ; 26°c - 28°c ( ref . 2060 )
south america : pacific drainages from the esmeraldas river in ecuador to tumbes river in peru .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
in various biotopes , from small to medium - sized rivers . occasionally found in fish markets . feeds on benthic organisms such as small shrimps ( ref . 40602 ) .
kullander , s . o . , 2003 . cichlidae ( cichlids ) . p . 605 - 654 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36377 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00703 - 0 . 03260 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 59 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
left : specimen collected at abras de mantequilla . right : preserved specimen from esmeraldas drainage .
source for occurrence in ecuador : this species is common along the pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas . there are many references for its occurrence in the area ( e . g . , eigenmann , 1922 ; ovchynnyk , 1971 ; barnhill et al . , 1974 ; glodek , 1978 ; barriga , 1991 ; florencio , 1993 ; lopez et al , 1993 ; kullander , 2003 ; laaz et al . , 2009 ; alvarado , 2009 ; laaz & torres , 2010 ) .
original description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . viaggio del dr . enrico festa nell ' ecuador e regioni vicine . poissons de l ' équateur . [ deuxième partie ] ( 1 ) . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della r . università di torino 14 ( no . 335 ) : 1 - 8 .
range ecuador : pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas ( kullander , 2003 ) , although glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that this species only occurs in the guayas river drainage .
range outside of ecuador : tumbes river , peru ( kullander , 2003 ) .
is a cichlid and can be distinguished from most other freshwater fishes in western ecuador by its overall shape and the presence of strong , well - developed spines in its dorsal and anal fins .
and are either solid orange or dark colored with pronounced vertical stripes along the caudal fin .
can also be distinguished from other cichlids in western ecuador by the presence of nine conspicuous black bands , alternating with red bars , a black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe , continued as a bar across the base of the fin , spinous dorsal black , except just above the light spaces between the bars ; soft dorsal , caudal , and soft anal having the color of the light interspaces of the body , no spots , spinous portion of the anal and the ventrals dark ; pectorals like the caudal ( eigenmann , 1922 ) .
economic importance : this is an important food fish for people in rural parts of guayas and los rios provinces and is also taken as an ornamental ( laaz et al , 2009 ) .
conservation status : na , although the species is heavily exploited as a food fish . anecdotal reports suggest that this species has been declining in abundance in recent years .
tetracanthus nandopsis . . ( f1 bayamo cuba ) spawning from start to finish . .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
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eigenmann , carl h . 1923 .
the fishes of western south america , part i . the fresh - water fishes of northwestern south america , including colombia , panama , and the pacific slopes of ecuador and peru , together with an appendix upon the fishes of the rio meta in colombia
. memoirs of the carnegie museum . vol . 9 ( n . 1 ) : pp . 1 - 346 ( crc00283 )
burgess , warren . 2000 .
the cichlasoma story . herichthys , the break - up
. tropical fish hobbyist magazine . v . 48 ( n . 11 ) ; pp . 44 - 54 ( crc01003 )
říčan , oldřich & l . piálek , k . dragová & j . novák . 2016 .
diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification
. vertebrate zoology . v . 66 ( n . 1 ) , pp . 1 – 102 ( crc07292 ) ( abstract )
and río baudó in the atlantic , río patia to río esmeraldas and río tumbes in the pacific .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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the generic allocation of this species is still uncertain . it belongs to the tribe heroini , but is maintained as an incertae sedis species of
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 3 . tropical ; 23°c - 29°c ( ref . 40602 )
south america : atrato , san juan , and baudó river basins in colombia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12251 )
up to 3000 eggs are deposited on open substratum , such as a flat stone . mainly the female guards eggs and young .
? í ? an , o . , l . piálek , k . dragová and j . novák , 2016 . diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification . verteb . zool . 66 ( 1 ) : 1 - 102 . ( ref . 114771 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
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middle american cichlids have been subject to a long - overdue revision . we now have eight new genera of cichlids to learn , plus a heap of modifications to be aware of .
the revisions were published in ' zootaxa ' by the ichthyologist caleb mcmahon in august 2015 , and used a mixture of morphological and dna sequencing techniques to identify new classifications .
some herichthyin fish have now been rediagnosed , with extra genera raised . the changes include :
trichromis , represented by a single species , trichromis salvini ( formerly cichlasoma or ' ex ' cichlasoma salvini ) , at long last .
thorichthys now consists of eight species : t . affinis , t . aureus , t . callolepis , t . ellioti , t . meeki , t . pasionis and t . socolofi , with t . ellioti acting as the type species ( though it is here regarded as a synonym of t . maculipinnis , so further work is still needed ) .
theraps has been reorganised , now containing t . godmanni , t . intermedius , t . irregularis , t . micophthalmus and t . nourisatti .
nosferatu is a genus that was raised earlier in the year , containing n . bartoni , n . labridens , n . molango , n pantostictus , n . pratinus and n . steindachneri .
maskaheros incorporates fish formerly known in paraneetroplus and vieja , containing both m . argenteus and m . regani . vieja is left with eight species , containing v . bifasciata , v . breidohri , v . fenestrata , v . guttulata , v . hartwegi , v . maculicauda , v . melanura and v . zonata . paraneetroplus is reduced to three species , containing p . bulleri , p . gibbiceps , p . nebuliferus . herichthys is also reduced , now with seven species , containing h . carpintis , h . cyanoguttatus , h . deppi , h . minckleyi , h . tamasopoensis , h . tepehua and h . teporatus .
kihnichthys is a new genus with a single species , k . ufermanni ( which has spent time in both the vieja and theraps camps ) .
cincelichthys is also new , with two species , containing c . bocourti and c . pearsei .
oscura changes the fish that was theraps heterospilus , now becoming o . heterospila ( note the change of species name , too ) . chiapaheros is another new genus containing the singular c . grammodes . rheoheros replaces a couple of former theraps species , containing r . coeruleus and r . lentiginosus .
and finally , tomocichla now contains two species , t . asfraci and t . tuba .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 24°c - 27°c ( ref . 2059 ) , preferred ?
south america : patia river basin in colombia , durango and st . javier rivers in ecuador , all draining to the pacific ocean .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 26 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
the stomachs of the type material contained broken shells of snails . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .
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discussion regarding only central american cichlid species . ( guapotes , jack dempseys , red devils , firemouths , convicts , texas cichlids , etc . )


the atlantic footballfish ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) , also known as the man-gobbler , is an anglerfish found in extreme depths of the ocean .

despite its name , this species lives in all oceans , but is primarily found in cold and temperate regions .

atlantic footballfish

the atlantic footballfish , is a species of footballfish found in the depths . atlantic footballfish were found in sperm whales in azores , indicating that sperm whales may be the main predators of footballfish . like other anglerfish females are much larger than males , females are 16 times bigger than males .
art illustration - oceans & seas - atlantic footballfish : ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) it is a deep - sea fish belonging to the family footballfish . … | pinteres…
atlantic footballfish , in - game simply known as football fish , is a species of friend footballfish in abyssrium . it was added in the v . 1 . 2 . 1 as part of the halloween event .
the atlantic football - fish is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .
atlantic footballfish are rarely seen . they are a sort of angler fish with a growth that comes off the head to form a fish attracting lure . this specimen was recovered from the stomach of a large swordfish . evidentally this one no longer has its lure because of being eaten and slightly digested . they are named atlantic footballfish but they actually occur world wide . the scientific name is
himantolophus groenlandicus
! if i am wrong then it is a least in the genus himantolophus .
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arkive species - atlantic football - fish ( himantolophus groenlandicus )
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the hall’s first section demonstrates that the ocean is more complex and diverse than we can easily grasp . there are translucent heteropods , small gelatinous creatures with bulbous black eyes — predators deceptively housed in lovely white nautilus - shaped shells . and there is the atlantic footballfish , a creature so grotesque with its gaping mouth and gnome’s complexion that its name could come from a desire to kick it .
sazima , i . & grossman , a . ( 2006 ) turtle riders : remoras on marine turtles in southwest atlantic . neotropical ichthyology 4 ( 1 ) : 123–126 .
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
is widely distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the atlantic and possibly eastern indian oceans ( pietsch in press ) . in the atlantic it ranges from west greenland and iceland to norway at 70°n , 17°e , and south to the gulf of mexico and east to cape town , south africa . specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 - 800 m with possibly shallower catches ( pietsch 2009 ) . vakily
scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
potter , i . f . & howell , w . h . ( 2010 ) vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish , mola mola , in the northwest atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 396 ( 2 ) : 138–146 .
arronte , j . c . & pietsch , t . w . ( 2007 ) first record of himantolophus mauli ( lophiiformes : himantolophidae ) on the slope off asturias , central cantabrian sea , eastern north atlantic ocean . cybium 31 ( 1 ) : 85–86 .
klepladlo , c . ; hastings , p . a . ; rosenblatt , r . h . ( 2003 ) pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophi - dae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with notes on its morphology . bulletin south california academy of sciences 102 ( 3 ) : 99–106 .
is widely distributed in the atlantic and possibly indian oceans where it occurs in the meso - bathypelagic zones . it is a deep - dwelling , rarely occurring species . it may occur as bycatch in trawl fisheries , but it is not utilized and has no major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern .
sims , d . w . ; queiroz , n . ; doyle , t . k . ; houghton , j . d . r . ; hays , g . c . ( 2009 ) satellite tracking of the world’s largest bony fish , the ocean sunfish ( mola mola l . ) in the north east atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 370 : 127–133 .
pietsch , t . w . ( 2003 ) himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deepsea anglerfishes ) . in : carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . vol . 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . pp . 1060–1061 .
there are more than 200 species of anglerfish , most of which live in the murky depths of the atlantic and antarctic oceans , up to a mile below the surface , although some live in shallow , tropical environments . generally dark gray to dark brown in color , they have huge heads and enormous crescent - shaped mouths filled with sharp , translucent teeth . some angler fish can be quite large , reaching 3 . 3 feet in length . most however are significantly smaller , often less than a foot .
the very name of this pokémon is evidence that it was inspired on mola mola , the sunfish ( fig . 21 ) . moreover , alomomola , just like the sunfish , has a circular body with no caudal fin ( pope et al . , 2010 ) . the sunfish is the largest and heaviest bony fish in the world , weighting more than 1 , 500 kg ( freesman & noakes , 2002 ; sims et al . , 2009 ) . they inhabit the atlantic and pacific oceans , feeding mainly on zooplankton ( cartamil & lowe , 2004 ; potter & howell , 2010 ) .
greek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 830 - ? m ( ref . 13608 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10299 ) ; 60 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . illicium short , its base in advance of eye ; rays of pectoral and unpaired fins sparsely pigmented , except their bases black ; two pairs of swellings in the distal end of esca , almost equal in size and shape ( ref . 13608 ) .
dwarf males of 4 cm length apparently do not become parasitically attached to females .
pietsch , t . w . , 1986 . himantolophidae . p . 376 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 10299 )
) : 2 . 4 - 8 . 2 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 238 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 75 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .
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is known from at least 143 female specimens ( pietsch 2009 ) . members of the himantolophidae family are typically solitary and do not occur abundantly ( pietsch in press ) . museum collections indicate it is rare to uncommon with 28 lots and a maximum of one individual per lot ( accessed through www . fishnet2 . net ) .
himantolophus groenlandicus is a deep - sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . females have a maximum size of 46 . 5 cm sl and males have not yet been recorded . members of the himantolophidae family typically exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism where the males are diminutive in size compared to females . females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure . males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body ( pietsch in press ) . vakily et al . ( 2002 ) describe h . groenlandicus as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 4 cm sl off of west africa .
himantolophus groenlandicus is not utilized ( pietsch in press ) . this species may be caught in trawls off of namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 ) .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
atlantinpallokrotti
to
himantolophus groenlandicus reinhardt , 1837
.
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus ranoides barbour , 1942 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus reinhardti lütken , 1878 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynolophus globosus tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat found to depths of 830 m , males apparently do not attach themselves to females . [ details ]
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looking like something out of a science fiction movie , the anglerfish uses a natural lure to draw its next meal nearer .
the angry - looking deep sea anglerfish has a right to be cranky . it is quite possibly the ugliest animal on the planet , and it lives in what is easily earth ' s most inhospitable habitat : the lonely , lightless bottom of the sea .
their most distinctive feature , worn only by females , is a piece of dorsal spine that protrudes above their mouths like a fishing poleâ€”hence their name . tipped with a lure of luminous flesh this built - in rod baits prey close enough to be snatched . their mouths are so big and their bodies so pliable , they can actually swallow prey up to twice their own size .
the male , which is significantly smaller than the female , has no need for such an adaptation . in lieu of continually seeking the vast abyss for a female , it has evolved into a permanent parasitic mate . when a young , free - swimming male angler encounters a female , he latches onto her with his sharp teeth . over time , the male physically fuses with the female , connecting to her skin and bloodstream and losing his eyes and all his internal organs except the testes . a female will carry six or more males on her body .
the anglerfish uses a shiny lure to bring prey within range of its sharp teeth . but it also has a weirdly clingy side - after finding a female , the male black devil angler latches on and never lets go !
information on himantolophus groenlandicus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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anko - san of the deep sea fish ( 深海魚のアンコさん , shinkaigyo no anko - san ) is a slice of life manga series by inuinu ( 犬犬 ) with yuri undertones . it’s about mermaids ! however , the mermaids are a little strange here . unlike the ordinary “generic fish tail” appearance , the mermaids in this tale take on the features of real life sea creatures , and their features don’t end at their tail fins .
cats aside , she has some issues with self - consciousness as well , and it’s thanks to otomi wakasa ( pictured above in the final panel ) that she’s become a little better . wakasa is a human and friend to anko , but before we continue let’s stop for a minute and talk about yuri .
as i mentioned in my review of hitoribocchi no oo seikatsu , i like yuri quite a bit . yuri is the japanese word for “lilies” , and in the context of manga / anime and such it is used to refer to a genre about lesbian romance . the name “yuri” might have its roots in the mirror opposite genre of “bara” ( meaning “rose” ) but , uh…i don’t like bara . i’m not going to discuss bara .
at any rate , yuri has a few settings , i think . there’s…let’s call them subtext yuri , standard yuri , and hard yuri , for simplicity’s sake . while i call standard yuri “standard” , the most common type you’re probably going to see is subtext yuri , which basically applies to anko - san . this is a setting of yuri where the way girls interact with one another might make you raise your eyebrow and think “are these two going to kiss or something ? ” , but as this is subtext it never goes beyond that . you’re not getting any kisses , just lustful stares , blushing , and maybe ( friendly ) confessions . i consider myself a pretty big yuri fan , so i’ll take it where i can get it and delve into subtext yuri regularly . that said , most of what i read is standard yuri .
putting it bluntly , standard yuri is what i’d like most subtext yuri to end up as . you might have heard “subtext yuri” referred to as “shoujo ai” to differentiate from this , but i don’t really know about that , and matters regarding the so - called “girls love” genre are contentious . anyway , this is outright homosexual romance between girls , no ifs ands or buts . forbidden love ! the purest form of love ! i like it , i love it , but this review isn’t the place to explain why .
returning to anko - san , the manga wastes no time establishing the yuri subtext , because wakasa is a… “fan” of mermaids .
now , although i share some of young wakasa - kun’s spirit on these matters , i don’t believe anko - san is just another slice of life series with some gay teasing . there are a lot of those . arguably every girl - based slice of life is such a series , and there is an appeal and comfort in that , but anko - san is more . i would call this a remarkable series , and a bit of a standout of its genre . i’m not about to call this manga a work of genius or something , but it’s definitely different , and not at all in a bad way .
before we get into that properly , i’ll briefly sum up the introduction of this series . after we meet wakasa and anko , the two characters go to school and encounter touna suzuki , a fighting fish ( betta ) mermaid and the third of the main characters that sticks around . her ( unwanted ) nickname is betako . she is a “rich girl” ( ojou ) sort of character and a tsundere . i’m not explaining what a tsundere is . you know what a tsundere is .
after dealing with betako anko’s day proceeds as usual until , during class , she starts suffering all of a sudden . we learn here that the reason mermaids are able to walk on land is due to taking something called mermaid medicine ( “mermeds” , as the translator for this series calls them ) and anko’s are running out . the medicine changes one’s tail fin into a pair of legs , and once it’s run out the fin returns . anko doesn’t want this to happen , especially not in front of others , because she’s embarrassed by her tail fin’s appearance . wakasa rushes her to the infirmary where she can get some medication , but it’s a little too late and her tail fin reappears .
after anko’s tail fin is exposed , the nurse of the infirmary ( a deep sea mermaid as well ) and wakasa surprise her by complimenting her fin with not a drop of sarcasm . the nurse explains that from its shine it’s clear anko takes great care of her fin , and wakasa is simply captivated by it entirely ( and not in the usual perverted way she reacts to mermaids ) . and so here we see a hint at what the series will mostly be about : helping mermaids with their problems .
i’d like to talk about yuri again , because of course i would , but first i should mention the fourth main character in this series . most slice of life series have four girls as the core group , for some reason ( it’s a precedent set by azumanga daioh ‘s notability , maybe ? ) , and anko - san isn’t an exception . it is a bit strange , though , in that the two aside from anko and wakasa don’t really get as much play as them . this is surely because of the “solve the problems” format of most of the chapters ; the ones where no real problems need solving feature a four man band as usual .
so yes , meet the last of the four : fukuda akame , a pufferfish mermaid .
the poor girl suffers from chuunibyou ( eighth - grade syndrome ) , a condition many have suffered from to some degree . it is characterized by feeling you are unique and incredibly special , and that you perhaps have magic powers . it is also worth noting that in cases of chuunibyou there is typically a distinct lack of shame . called “eighth - grade syndrome” because it tends to happen in middle school , young akame - kun has it in high school .
akame is definitely the least significant character out of the main characters , and the chuuni gimmick is one that can often be pretty obnoxious , but honestly akame is my favorite character in anko - san .
i don’t think she’s the best character , and i don’t even pair her with anyone in the series , but heck , she’s great . most of the times she appears she’s just doing something a bit peculiar in silence while making a face like this , and that’s enough to bring a smile to my face . she’s rather a coward but can also stand against intimidation despite herself ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) and her design is…hm , puffy ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) . therefore allow me to declare with all my might : akame is cute ! cute !
behold , the ship ( that is , heh , relationship for you uninitiated ) i support .
i didn’t really touch on betako before because the time simply wasn’t right . she’s actually my second favorite character in this series , and a big reason why is her relationship with the main character anko . anko and betako’s relationship is antagonistic . they almost , almost always fight when they happen to spend any length of time together ( usually instigated by betako’s insults ) . but really , their relationship , it’s like this :
i’m an absolute sucker for this sort of dynamic . it gets me every time , whether it’s hetero or homosexual in nature . i’m sure many of you have had this sensation overcome you when seeing two characters that constantly butt heads in fiction butt heads once more : the desire to shout “kiss already” . the reason for this is that like love , hate is passion . it’s surging and powerful emotion ! negative or positive , that’ll get your blood pumping . whether or not anko and betako will readily admit it , they enjoy their back and forth , and genuinely appreciate things about one another’s character .
two more things before the review ends . first , this series is not at the most secure of places with translations into english . the series ended at four volumes ( which makes me somewhat sad , by the way ) , but not even the second volume has been fully translated . i don’t have a bad opinion of scanlation , although i did think it might be a faux pas to mention it in a review context . then i remembered , doi , scanlation is how most people are introduced to series ! you can always buy volumes whether or not they’re translated ; it’s not as though reading a scanlation voids your ability to purchase the manga afterward ( in fact , buying the volumes is what those working on this series encourage you to do ) . so , if you are able and would like to assist at all , get in contact with the guy working on it . it seems the biggest hold ups , generally speaking , are getting quality raws and also translations themselves .
next time , i’ll be discussing what is widely regarded as one of the most important and seminal entries into the yuri canon . a true great . see you then !
nice review . definitely was a fun manga to read . also especially like how anko treat her tail fin
ha ha , and that’s how people tend to forget real animals are at the origin of the “cuteness” concept… herm , except perhaps the deep - sea fishes ? ? what a tease to rationalize this way the over - romanticized mermaid fantasy . diversity is the wealth of all ♫ ! i feel like i would enjoy that kind of quirky humor xd . thanks for reviewing !
amazing review and suggestion . this manga is gold ! thank you ( ^ _ ^ )
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augusto b . mendes 1 , felipe v . guimarães 2 , clara b . p . eirado - silva 1 & edson p . silva 1
2 universidade do estado do rio de janeiro , são gonçalo , rj , brazil .
emails : augustobarrosmendes ( at ) yahoo ( dot ) com ( dot ) br ; felipevieiragui ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; clara . eirado ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; gbmedson ( at ) vm ( dot ) uff ( dot ) br
the origin of pokémon goes back to two role - playing video games ( created by satoshi tajiri and released by nintendo for the game boy ; kent , 2001 ) : pokémon green and pokémon red , released in japan in 1996 . in the west , the green version never saw the light of day , but the red and blue versions were released in 1998 , selling together more than 10 million copies . also in 1998 , the yellow version of the game was released , which has as its most distinct feature the possibility of having pikachu ( the most famous pokémon ) walking side by side with the player in the game . pokémon green , red , blue and yellow are the so - called “first generation” of games in the franchise . today , the pokémon series is in its seventh generation , with 29 main games released , besides several spin - offs . the tv series , on the other hand , is in its sixth season , with more than 900 episodes .
the games and tv series take place in regions inhabited by many pokémon and humans . the mission of the protagonist is to win competitions ( “pokémon battles” ) against gym leaders who are spread across different cities and regions . for each victory , the protagonist receives a gym badge ; with eight badges , he / she is allowed to enter the pokémon league to try and become the champion .
for each generation , new pokémon ( and an entire new region ) are introduced . in this way , the creatures have a homeland , although most can appear in other regions as well ( schlesinger , 1999b ; whitehill et al . , 2016 ) . the seven main regions are : kanto , johto , hoenn , sinnoh , unova , kalos and alola .
in every region , there are numbered routes that connect cities and landmarks and in which the protagonist travels , finding the monsters in their natural habitats and interacting with other characters . these routes comprise a great range of environments , such as forests , caves , deserts , mountains , fields , seas , beaches , underwater places , mangroves , rivers and marshes , which usually display a huge diversity of pokémon .
in addition to winning the pokémon league , the protagonist must complete the pokédex , a digital encyclopedia of pokémon . in other words , the trainer must catch all the pokémon that live in that region , registering each capture in the pokédex . each pokémon has a registry number and an entry text in the pokédex . pokémon are usually found in nature , and may be captured with a device called “pokéball” . pokéballs are small enough to fit in a pocket , hence the name “pocket monsters” ( whitehill et al . , 2016 ) .
in the present work , the pokémon world was approached by analogies with the real natural world , establishing parallels with actual animals .
based on these obvious connections between real fishes and pokémon , the aim of this work is to describe the ichthyological diversity found in pokémon based on taxonomic criteria of the classification of real fishes . ultimately , our goal is to offer useful material for both teaching and the popularization of science .
table 1 . taxonomic classification of the fish pokémon . abbreviations : ch = chondrichthyes ; gn = gnathostomata ; pe = petromyzontomorphi ; pt = petromyzontida ; os = osteichthyes . all images obtained from the official pokémon website ( 2016 ) .
the first step of our research was a search in the pokédex ( the official pokémon website , 2016 ) for pokémon which were related to fishes . the criterion used was the pokémon’s morphology ( resemblance to real fishes ) . afterwards , the “fish pokémon” were classified to the lowest taxonomic level ( preferably species , but when not possible , genus , family or even order ) .
this classification of the pokémon allowed the comparison of biological data ( such as ecological , ethological , morphological traits ) from bulbapedia ( 2017 ) with the current knowledge on real fishes ( e . g . , nelson et al . , 2016 ) . bulbapedia is a digital community - driven encyclopedia created in 2004 and is the most complete source regarding the pocket monsters .
the final step was a search in online scientific databases ( fishbase , froese & pauly , 2016 ; and catalog of fishes , eschmeyer et al . , 2016 ) in order to obtain the current and precise taxonomy and additional information on habitats , ecology etc . of the fish species .
in the present work , the taxonomic classification used was that proposed by nelson et al . ( 2016 ) , who consider the superclasses petromyzontomorphi ( which includes the class petromyzontida , that is , the lampreys ) and gnathostomata ( the jawed vertebrates ) . gnathostomata , in turn , includes the classes chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) and osteichthyes ( bony fishes ) . along with this classification , we used the classification proposed by the database itis ( integrated taxonomic information system , 2016 ) for comparison at all taxonomic levels . following identification , the “fish pokémon” were described regarding their taxonomic and ecological diversity .
as a result of our search , 34 fish pokémon were identified ( circa 4 % of the total 801 pokémon ; table 1 ) and allocated in two superclasses , three classes , eighteen orders , twenty families and twenty - two genera . eighteen of the 34 fish pokémon ( circa 53 % ) could be identified to the species level ( table 2 ) . the features of the real fishes which probably inspired the creation of the pokémon and other relevant information are described below for each species . to enrich the comparisons , images of the pokémon ( obtained from the pokédex of the official pokémon website ; urltoken ) and of the real fishes ( illustrations by one of us , c . b . p . eirado - silva ) follow the descriptions .
the pokémon horsea and seadra ( fig . 1 ) , which debuted in the first generation of the franchise , were based on seahorses . the long snout , ending in a toothless mouth ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) , the prehensile , curved tail ( rosa et al . , 2006 ) and the salient abdomen are features of the real fishes present in these pokémon . seahorses belong to the genus hippocampus , presently composed of 54 species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the males have a pouch in their bellies where up to 1 , 000 eggs are deposited by the females . in this pouch , the eggs are fertilized and incubated for a period ranging from 9 to 45 days ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) . due to overfishing for medicinal and ornamental purposes , as well habitat destruction , about 33 species of seahorses are considered threatened ( rosa et al . , 2007 , castro et al . , 2008 ; kasapoglu & duzgunes , 2014 ) .
goldeen and seaking ( fig . 2 ) were based on the goldfish . this species is one of the most common ornamental fishes worldwide ( soares et al . , 2000 ; moreira et al . , 2011 ) and it is widely used in studies of physiology and reproduction due to its docile behavior and easy acclimatization to artificial conditions ( bittencourt et al . , 2012 ; braga et al . , 2016 ) . the resemblance between the goldfish and the pokémon include morphological features , such as the orange / reddish color and the long merged fins , and the name “goldeen” . the name seaking , on the other hand , may be a reference to another common name of the species , “kinguio” , from the japanese “kin - yu” ( ortega - salas & reyes - bustamante , 2006 ) .
possibly the most famous fish pokémon , magikarp ( fig . 3 ) was based on a common carp , a species present in europe , africa and asia , widely used in pisciculture due to its extremely easy acclimatization to many freshwater environments and the high nutritional value of its meat ( stoyanova et al . , 2015 ; mahboob et al . , 2016 ; voigt et al . , 2016 ) . in some regions of the planet , such as brazil , the common carp is considered an invasive species , as it was inadvertently released in the wild and poses a threat to the native aquatic fauna ( smith et al . , 2013 ; contreras - macbeath et al . , 2014 ) .
the shared traits between the pokémon and the real fish are many : the rounded mouth , the lips , the strong orange color and the presence of barbels ( “whiskers” ) ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . in china , the common carp is praised as an animal linked to honor and strength , due of its ability to swim against the current ; an ancient legend tells about carps that swim upstream , entering through a portal and transforming into dragons ( roberts , 2004 ) . in pokémon , magikarp evolves into gyarados , which resembles a typical chinese dragon .
qwilfish ( fig . 5 ) was based on porcupinefishes , more likely those of the genus diodon , which present coloring and spines most similar to this pokémon . besides the distinctive hard , sharp spines ( fujita et al . , 1997 ) , porcupinefishes have the ability to inflate as a strategy to drive off predators ( raymundo & chiappa , 2000 ) . as another form of defense , these fishes possess a powerful bacterial toxin in their skin and organs ( lucano - ramírez et al . , 2011 ; ravi et al . , 2016 ) . accordingly , qwilfish has both water and poison types .
remoraid was based on a remora ( fig . 6 ) , a fish with a suction disc on its head that allows its adhesion to other animals such as turtles , whales , dolphins , sharks and manta rays ( fertl & landry , 1999 ; silva & sazima , 2003 ; friedman et al . , 2013 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . this feature allows the establishment of a commensalisc or mutualisc relationship of transportation , feeding and protection between the adherent species and its “ride” ( williams et al . , 2003 ; sazima & grossman , 2006 ) . the similarities also include the name of the pokémon and the ecological relationship they have with other fish pokémon : in the same way remoras keep ecological relationships with rays , remoraid does so with mantyke and mantine ( pokémon based on manta rays ; see below ) .
the pokémon mantyke and its evolved form mantine ( fig . 7 ) were probably based on manta rays of the species manta birostris , which inhabits tropical oceans ( duffy & abbot , 2003 ; dewar et al . , 2008 ) and can reach more than 6 meters of wingspan , being the largest species of ray in existence ( homma et al . , 1999 ; ari & correia , 2008 ; marshall et al . , 2008 ; luiz et al . , 2009 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the similarities between the pokémon and the real fish are : the body shape , the color pattern , the large and distinctive wingspan and even the names .
kingdra and skrelp ( fig . 8 ) were based on the common seadragon . the resemblances between these pokémon and the real fish species include the leaf - shaped fins that help the animals to camouflage themselves in the kelp “forests” they inhabit ( sanchez - camara et al . , 2006 ; rossteuscher et al . , 2008 ; sanchez - camara et al . , 2011 ) , and the long snout . also , the secondary type of kingdra is dragon . although both are based on the common seadragon , kingdra and skrelp are not in the same “evolutionary line” in the game .
common seadragons , as the seahorses mentioned above , are of a particular interest to conservationists , because many species are vulnerable due to overfishing , accidental capture and habitat destruction ( foster & vincent , 2004 ; martin - smith & vincent , 2006 ) .
piranhas of the genus pygocentrus possibly were the inspiration for the creation of carvanha ( fig . 9 ) , a pokémon of voracious and dangerous habits . the main feature shared by the real fish and the pokémon is the color pattern : bluish in the dorsal and lateral areas , and reddish in the ventral area ( piorski et al . , 2005 ; luz et al . , 2015 ) .
it is worthwhile pointing out that , despite what is shown in movies and other media , piranhas do not immediately devour their prey ; instead , they tear off small pieces , bit by bit , such as scales and fins ( trindade & jucá - chagas , 2008 ; vital et al . , 2011 ; ferreira et al . , 2014 ) .
sharpedo ( fig . 10 ) , according to its morphological traits ( elongated fins ) , was possibly based on sharks of the order carcharhiniformes , the largest group of sharks , with 216 species in 8 families and 48 genera . fishes in this order are common in all oceans , in both coastal and oceanic regions , and from the surface to great depths ( gomes et al . , 2010 ) . several species of carcharhiniformes are in the iucn’s ( international union for conservation of nature ) endangered species list ( a . k . a . “red list” ) due to overfishing , as their fins possess high commercial value ( cunningham - day , 2001 ) .
whiscash ( fig . 12 ) was based on the japanese mythological creature namazu , a gigantic catfish that inhabits the underground realm and is capable of creating earthquakes ( ashkenazi , 2003 ) . namazu also names the pokémon in the japanese language ( “ namazun ” ) . in japan , fishes of the genus silurus are usually associated with this mythological creature and even the common name of these fishes in that country is “ namazu ” ( yuma et al . , 1998 ; malek et al . , 2004 ) . in addition , the physical traits of the silurus catfishes also present in whiscash are the long barbels ( or “whiskers” , hence the name whiscash ) and the robust body ( kobayakawa , 1989 ; kiyohara & kitoh , 1994 ) . in addition to the water type , whiscash is also ground type , which is related to namazu’s fantastic ability of creating earthquakes .
the pokémon feebas ( fig . 13 ) , a relatively weak fish ( as its name implies ) , was possibly based on a largemouth bass , a freshwater fish native to north america ( hossain et al . , 2013 ) . the species was introduced in many countries and is often considered a threat to the native fauna ( welcomme , 1992 ; hickley et al . , 1994 ; godinho et al . , 1997 ; garcía - berthou , 2002 ) . similarities between feebas and the largemouth bass include the large , wide mouth and the brownish coloration , with darker areas ( brown et al . , 2009 ) .
often praised as the most beautiful pokémon of all ( bulbapedia , 2017 ) , milotic ( fig . 14 ) certainly lives up to its title . their long reddish eyebrows were based on the first elongated rays of the dorsal fin of regalecus species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , which also share the reddish color of the dorsal fin ( carrasco - águila et al . , 2014 ) . other similarities between the oarfish and the pokémon are the elongated body ( some oarfishes can grow larger than 3 . 5 m ) and the spots scattered on the body ( chavez et al . , 1985 ; balart et al . , 1999 ; dulčić et al . , 2009 ; ruiz & gosztonyi , 2010 ) .
probably based on fishes of the genus monognathus , which have a large mandible and a long dorsal fin ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , huntail ( fig . 15 ) is one of the possible evolutionary results of the mollusk pokémon clamperl ( the other possibility is gorebyss ; see below ) . according to raju ( 1974 ) , fishes of the genus monognathus live in great depths and have a continuous dorsal fin that ends in an urostyle ( “ uro ” comes from the greek language and means “tail” , an element also present in the pokémon’s name ) .
the serpentine body and the thin beak - shaped jaw of gorebyss ( fig . 16 ) are features of fishes belonging to the family nemichthyidae ( nielsen & smith , 1978 ) . these fishes inhabit tropical and temperate oceans and can be found in depths up to 4 , 000 meters , in the so - called “abyssal zone” ( cruz - mena & anglo , 2016 ) . the pokémon’s name may be a reference to such habitat .
the silver - pinkish coloration , the peculiar mouth formed by strong lips and the habit of “kissing” other individuals of their species ( which is actually a form of aggression ! ) are features of the kissing gourami ( sterba 1983 ; sousa & severi 2000 ; sulaiman & daud , 2002 ; ferry et al . , 2012 ) that are also seen in luvdisc ( fig . 18 ) . helostoma temminckii is native to thailand , indonesia , java , borneo , sumatra and the malay peninsula ( axelrod et al . , 1971 ) , but due to its use an ornamental fish and the irresponsible handling by fishkeepers , it has been introduced in other parts of the world ( magalhães , 2007 ) .