adelaide 's warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a bird endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico belonging to the setophaga genus of the parulidae family .

the species is named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift , the person who captured the first specimen .

adelaide ' s warbler

adelaide’s warbler is currently classified as “least concern” in the iucn red data list .
adelaide ' s warbler ( dendroica adelaidae ) was named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift - the person who captured the first specimen .
this theory is consistent with research regarding adelaide’s warbler . once considered a single species , the american ornithologists’ union split then - existing subspecies into three full species in 2000 : barbuda warbler ( setophaga subita ) , st . lucia warbler ( setophaga delicata ) , and adelaide’s warbler . genetic analysis suggests that adelaide’s warbler expanded from west to east and two isolated populations ultimately developed into the recently recognized species .
real - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands
adelaide’s warbler ( eng . ) , reinita mariposera ( sp . ) , dendroica adelaidae ( sci . ) , endemic species – puerto rico and vieques islands .
unlike the other endemic warbler — the threatened elfin - woods warbler — the population of adelaide’s warbler on puerto rico appears to be stable . the bird is common in its preferred habitat , including guánica commonwealth forest and cabo rojo national wildlife refuge . — jason a . crotty
real - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands - birdwatching
individual adelaide’s warblers have also been occasionally sighted by scientists in the luquillo experimental forest , a section of the el yunque national forest .
adelaide’s warbler is found only on the main island of puerto rico and on the offshore island of vieques . it occurs primarily in the dry forests of the southern region , although it has been seen to occur in moist forests that include tangled vines and thickets along the cordillera central ( central mountain range ) and in the north and northeast sectors of the island . adelaide’s warbler was formerly “lumped” with related species on the caribbean islands of barbuda and st . lucia – taxonomists have recently split them into three separate species based on variations in plumage and song . the puerto rico species retained the adelaide’s warbler name , while the other species were renamed barbuda warbler ( d . subita ) and st . lucia warbler ( d . delicate ) .
adelaide’s warbler has long been considered non - migratory and endemic to puerto rico . in his guide to the birds of puerto rico and the virgin islands in 1989 , herbert raffaele stated that it is “unknown from the virgin islands . ” now , however , it appears that several groups have flown more than 30 miles to st . thomas and st . john , two of the u . s . virgin islands . both have suitable habitat for adelaide’s warbler .
episode 1 : adelaide ' s warbler ( reinta mariposera ) this is just a hobby and is what i got until now . hope you like it . music by toe - path graphic artist : nidza burgos castellanos produced by living wolf studios and edit with cyberlink powerdirector 9
range : adelaïde warbler lives in porto rico , but also in st lucia , and barbuda .
reproduction : adelaïde warbler’s nest is located at up to 3 to 20 feet above the ground , in a tree . female lays 2 to 4 white eggs , spotted with brown .
) helps to place information for grace ' s warbler into a larger and historical context . some gaps are filled by unpublished information , but there is still much to learn about the species , especially those populations breeding south of the u . s . border .
adelaide’s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a small predominantly gray and yellow insectivore most frequently found in the dry lowlands and scrub of southern puerto rico . however , it is a habitat generalist and can be found in other areas . it is less common on the eastern side of puerto rico , which is closest to the virgin islands .
rosenstock , s . s . 1996 . habitat relationships of breeding birds in northern arizona ponderosa pine and pine - oak forests . phoenix : arizona game fish dep . close
staicer , c . a . 1989 . characteristics , use , and significance of two singing behaviors in grace ' s warbler ( dendroica graciae ) . auk no . 106 : 49 - 63 . close
adelaide’s warblers have been spotted ( flocking with other avian species ) in guama trees on the el portal nature trail and near the palo colorado interpretive site . the flowering guama seems to be a very popular assembly point for flocking and gleaning birds .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto adelaïde warbler’s call is a sharp “chick” . song is variable with ascending and descending trill . it sings at any time of year , but it sings strongly into late morning .
formerly considered conspecific with s . subita and s . delicata , but the three have recently been shown to have a level of genetic differentiation similar to that of some continental american species . monotypic .
curson , j . ( 2018 ) . adelaide ' s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
not aware of these sightings , a team of researchers led by richard r . veit of the college of staten island had been surveying birds near lameshur bay since 2011 , and they discovered two adelaide’s warblers in january 2015 . further surveys that year found three singing males that appeared to be defending territories . they enthusiastically responded to recordings of male birds from puerto rico . researchers also observed two probable females . photos , vocalizations , and subsequent comparisons with specimens confirmed them as adelaide’s warblers . in 2016 , they found eight birds with six males defending territories .
) . these studies have documented the range of habitats occupied , microhabitats used for foraging , and densities of some populations . the only studies to date solely on grace ' s warbler focused on the singing behavior of individuals in northern arizona (
distribution and habits make grace ' s warbler one of the least known north american passerines . its territories tend to be large , its nests well hidden , and individuals a challenge to follow . no comprehensive studies exist , and much basic information is lacking . few nests have been found , few individuals have been collected or measured , and no studies have thoroughly documented basic information such as molt , migration , or population dynamics . only 59 individual grace ' s warblers have ever been banded , far fewer than any other north american wood - warbler .
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behaviour : adelaïde warbler feeds on insects , and gleans them at middle and higher elevations in trees . it travels with other species such as puerto rican todies , vireos and other warblers .
diet : adelaïde warbler feeds mainly on insects , such as lantern flies , grasshoppers , caterpillars , bugs , flies , weevils , beetles , and spiders . it may eat small frogs , but rarely .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
) , geographic variation in songs of the northern subspecies ( cas ) , and nesting behavior of a few pairs in southwestern colorado ( s . hutchings unpubl . ) .
previously restricted to a single species ( s . ruticilla ) ; but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula ( s . americana and s . pitiayumi ) and another ( s . citrina ) traditionally in wilsonia , as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r ; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r , but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus , in view of unusual morphology and behaviour , as well as its basal position in the clade . as type species of parula , wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping , these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade , setophaga .
in march 2012 , sean m . rune and leann m . conlon of the university of maine observed four adelaide’s warblers near santa maria bay on st . thomas , the first known observations outside puerto rico . the birds were identified by field marks and song and were later photographed . additional surveys found at least six birds that appeared to be permanently occupying the location , with at least one probable breeding pair . this location is secluded and infrequently visited by birders , so this group may have been there for some time .
habitat : adelaïde warbler lives in dry forests , lowlands , and moist forest areas . they like tangles of vines and thickets . it is common in dry scrublands on south coast , and in thickets on north coast . we can found a small number of birds in mountains .
block , w . m . and d . m . finch . 1997 . songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests : a literature review . fort collins , co : u . s . dep . agric . close
bird ranges are dynamic , and we may be seeing the early stages of expansion by a species in the caribbean . two groups of researchers have found evidence of possible colonization of the virgin islands by an endemic puerto rican warbler . they report their findings in two forthcoming papers in the journal of caribbean ornithology .
block , w . m . , j . l . ganey , k . e . severson and m . l . morrison . 1992 . use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the southwest . in general technical report rm : u . s . forest service . close
nocedal , j . 1995 .
seasonal dynamics of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds in southern durango , mexico .
in conservation of neotropical migratory birds in mexico . , edited by m . h . wilson and s . a . sader , 81 - 97 . misc . publ . 727 : maine agric . for . exp . stn . close
editor ' s note : phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear dna indicate that all species formerly placed in dendroica , one species formerly placed in wilsonia ( citrina ) , and two species formerly placed in parula ( americana and pitiayumi ) form a clade with the single species traditionally placed in setophaga ( ruticilla ) . the generic name setophaga has priority for this clade . see the 52nd supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .
the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .
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, or “little queen” , is the general term for warblers ) . at times , they appear to be perpetually in motion , actively searching twigs and leaves for arthropods , or squabbling with their neighbors . they are not shy of humans , and their striking colors and frequently repeated sweet song make them relatively easy to locate .
are particularly common in the dry forests of southern puerto rico and vieques , but are also found in wet limestone forests and secondary forests on the northern coast of puerto rico . however , they are absent from higher elevations and the eastern end of the island . otherwise , they seem to be generalists both in terms of habitats used , and in the types of vegetation used within a habitat type . their populations appear to be stable over the long term , although strong fluctuations can be seen over shorter periods of time . although some aspects of their biology ( e . g . vocalizations ) have been well studied , many aspects of their behavior and ecology are not yet well known .
only one individual , jumping in the middle - upper strata of a bamboo patch , close to the wetland . id confirmed by david hollie .
primary song given low in tree near roadside . signal amplified several db . habitat is dry tropical forest .
bird located up a hillside from trail , through dense under - and midstory . 5 strophes . habitat is tropical moist forest .
two birds on either side of the trail , seemingly countersinging . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .
unseen bird singing up hillsides above trail in thick understory . silence gap spans about 40 seconds . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .
natural song of a bird in canopy of semi - humid forest , with a second in background . this species has rather variable songs , but unfortunately , i only managed to record one individual .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an adult singing on the tree branch . adulto vocalizando desde la rama de un árbol .
kristof zyskowski , frédéric pelsy , luis r figueroa , mikko pyhälä , bob thompson , dubi shapiro , paul a guris , guy poisson .
12–13·5 cm ; 5·3–10 g . crown grey , forecrown laterally edged black , short yellow supercilium becoming white behind eye , black lores , broken . . .
two song types . type 1 song a variable trill , often ascending or descending in pitch , and type 2 . . .
lowland dry scrub forest and forest edge ; replaced , with some overlap , in humid montane forest by . . .
feeds mainly on insects and other arthropods . forages by gleaning , mainly high in canopy . pairs apparently remain together on territory . . .
eggs laid in mar–jul and nestlings observed in mid - may . nest a cup placed 1–2·5 m up in shrub or tree ; clutch 2–3 . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : present in puerto rico and the virgin islands eba . not uncommon . population thought to number more than 10 , . . .
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it has grey upperparts . underparts are bright yellow on throat and breast . belly is white . wings show two white wing bars . it has a yellow and white eyebrow , and a white or yellow crescent below eye . the bill is blackish - brown . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are brown .
in addition of nominate race dendroica adelaidae living on puerto rico and vieques islands , there are two subspecies . race subita which lives in barbados resembles nominate , but its upperparts are more brownish - grey . it lacks the black stripe on the hood side , and its double wing bar is duller . it has less white on the tail . wings and tail have the same size that nominate race . race delicata which lives in st lucia is larger . its upperparts are darker and brighter bluish - grey . the head pattern is more conspicuous : broader and more conspicuous lateral black stripe on the hood , entirely yellow eyebrow , and yellow patch below the eye . we can see sometimes some fine black streaks on back and hood .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : setophaga adelaidae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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d . adelaidae has a gray upper body and yellow breast . it has a yellow and white line above each eye with a white or yellow “half - moon” crescent below the eye . average bill to tail length is 4 . 7 inches ( 12 centimeters ) – typical weight is 0 . 25 ounces ( 7 grams ) .
in december 2012 during a christmas bird count , rune found two birds near lameshur bay , on the southern coast of st . john .
it is unlikely that these birds were involuntarily “wind drifted” or caught up in storms , as the prevailing easterly trade winds would have pushed them away from the virgin islands . it is more likely that they were pioneering vagrants that arrived via active dispersal , with at least two colonizing groups , one into st . thomas and one into st . john .
the group on st . john appears to have taken up permanent residence within virgin islands national park . according to laurel brannick , a ranger with the national park service , they continue to be regularly seen near the lameshur bay trail on the southern part of the island . the current status of the st . thomas population is unknown .
fewer migrants are overwintering on puerto rico , puzzling researchers ( june 2016 ) .
read about birding at el yunque national forest , hotspot near you no . 247 .
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© luis villanueva ( licence : creativecommons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 ) bosque estatal de guánica
it is endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico , where it is found on the main island of puerto rico and in the island municipality of vieques .
they inhabit dry forests in the southern region of puerto rico such as the guánica state forest . although some have been sighted in the northern moist forests and the central mountain range , cordillera central .
they usually travel in mixed flocks , which may include puerto rican todies , vireos and other new world warblers .
there is a yellow line above the eye , with a white half - moon below it .
they mainly feed on insects , as well as spiders and small amphibians such as coquís .
the average clutch consists of 2 to 4 eggs , which are white but typically with small brown spots . the nest is usually located at heights of 1 to 7 m in .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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sounds provided by macaulay library . listen to more sounds of this species from the ml archive .
males sing a sweet series of 6–10 whistled notes that accelerate over the course of the roughly 1 - second song and often end on a rising note . the tone is so sweet that people often remember it with the mnemonic sweet sweet sweet i’m so sweet . the songs are a common sound of spring and early summer mornings and may be repeated as often as 10 times per minute .
yellow warblers use a variety of short chip notes , some with a metallic sound and some with a lisping or buzzing quality . males sometimes alternate chip notes with their songs , and females may answer a song with a high - pitched chip . both sexes use a high , hissing note in territorial defense , and may confront cowbirds with a seet call .
great diversity of habitats : lagoons , coastal forests , karst forests , rain forests , cliffs , ponds , coast , marsh and grassland . between 9 - 13 endemics . depending of the time we can try the yellow - breasted crake . pr screech owl on tj ranch . on the 2nd day will end on southwest and try the pr screech - owl and pr nightjar .
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this pine specialist breeds from mountains of the southwestern united states to the caribbean coast of northern nicaragua . one of the smallest warblers , it is an active forager , hopping and flitting rapidly among the outer foliage of high branches , perching on twigs and needles in search of insects and spiders , and occasionally fly - catching or hovering to obtain its prey . northernmost populations , from northern mexico and the united states , are migratory , whereas populations from central mexico south to nicaragua are only partially migratory or resident . the species prefers parklike stands of mature pines , a habitat that has declined over time through forestry practices of logging and fire suppression , at least in the northern parts of its range . little is known about mexican and central american breeding populations .
marshall , jr . , j . t . ( 1957 ) . birds of pine - oak woodland in southern arizona and adjacent mexico . pac . coast avifauna no . 32 . close
balda , r . p . 1969 . foliage use by birds of the oak - juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern arizona . condor no . 71 : 399 - 412 . close
szaro , r . c . and r . p . balda . 1979a . bird community dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest . stud . avian biol . no . 3 . close
brawn , j . d . , w . j . boecklen and r . p . balda . 1987 . investigations of density interactions among breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests : correlative and experimental evidence . oecologia no . 72 : 348 - 357 . close
nocedal , j . 1994b . local migrations of insectivorous birds in western mexico : implications for the protection and conservation of their habitats . bird conserv . int . no . 4 : 129 - 142 . close
nocedal , j . 1994a . foraging ecology of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds of an oak - pine woodland of southern durango , mexico . phd thesis , new mexico state univ . , las cruces . close
howell , t . r . 1971b . an ecological study of birds of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern nicaragua . living bird no . 10 : 185 - 242 . close
howell , t . r . 1972 . birds of the lowland pine savanna of northeastern nicaragua . condor no . 74 : 316 - 340 . close
this account compiles information from the studies mentioned above , from various regional compendiums and atlases , and the breeding bird surveys and christmas bird counts . a synthesis of the ecology and dynamics of southwestern pine forests (
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .


laurasiformes ( meaning " laurasian forms " ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america .

defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo-torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus .

genera purported to form part of this clade include aragosaurus , galvesaurus , phuwiangosaurus , venenosaurus , cedarosaurus , tehuelchesaurus , sonorasaurus and tastavinsaurus .

its exact position and validity is uncertain and varies between authors .

a cladistics analysis found a similar grouping outside titanosauriformes , while others have placed them inside somphospondyli or brachiosauridae , consequently , it has been suggested that tehuelchesaurus along with others of the previously mentioned genera , form two different clades outside titanosaurimorfes ( carbadillo et al. , 2011 ) while a more recent cladistics analysis found no support for the existence of the clade , with a revision of its supporting features finding them problematic due to being poorly defined , not present on most of the " laurasiforms " or being features present in many sauropods of other clades .

laurasiformes

here is a list of species found with the tag
laurasiformes
. click here for a full listing of all species in the paleodex .
► description of a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi . ► the newly elements confirm the inclusion of this taxon in the clade titanosauriformes . ► laurasiformes is a clade inside of titanosauriformes which containing tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus .
r . royo - torres and l . alcalá . 2012 . a new specimen of the cretaceous sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi from el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , and a phylogenetic analysis of the laurasiformes . cretaceous research 34 ( 1 ) : 61 - 83
. . . alamosaurus was recovered as a member of the saltasaurinae rather than the sister taxon of opisthocoelicaudia as in wilson ( 2002 ) and gonzález riga et al . ( 2009 ) , or the outgroup to saltasauridae as in upchurch et al . ( 2004 ) and carballido et al . ( 2011a ) . ' laurasiformes ' several authors have found support for a clade of mostly early cretaceous laurasian sauropods , termed ' laurasiformes ' ( canudo et al . , 2008 ; barco , 2009 ; royo - torres , 2009 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ) . ' laurasiformes ' was defined by royo - torres ( 2009 ) as a stem - based clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than saltasaurus , and has been found to include laurasian taxa such as galvesaurus , aragosaurus , tastavinsaurus , phuwiangosaurus , cedarosaurus , sonorasaurus , venenosaurus , and a single gondwanan genus , tehuelchesaurus ( carballido et al . , 2011b ) . . . .
laurasiformes ( meaning ` laurasian forms ` ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america . defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo - torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus . genera purported to form part of this c . . . . .
this work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .
this work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .
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parent taxon : titanosauriformes according to r . royo - torres et al . 2012
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. . . there are many recent phylogenetic analyses of sauropoda , which vary greatly in number of terminal taxa and examined characters and have produced conflicting results ( curry rogers and forster , 2001 ; wilson , 2002 ; upchurch et al . , 2004 ; curry rogers , 2005 ; bonaparte et al . , 2006 ; rose , 2007 ; canudo et al . , 2008 ; gonzá lez riga et al . , 2009chure et al . , 2010 ; ksepka and norell , 2010 ; carballido et al . , 2011acarballido et al . , , 2011bsantucci and de arruda - campos , 2011 ; whitlock , 2011 ; zaher et al . , 2011 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ; mannion et al . , 2013mannion et al . , , 2017carballido and sander , 2014 ; gorscak et al . , 2014 ; lacovara et al . , table 1 measurements ( in mm ) of vertebrae of sibirotitan astrosacralis nov . gen . , nov . . . .
. . . the discovery of more material and an accurate systematic revision will be important to obtain a more precise phylogenetic approach for this taxon . more recently , the presence of more turiasaurian occurrences in spain , portugal , france , the uk , tanzania and morocco has been suggested ( mateus 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2009 ; royo - torres and cobos 2009 ; santos et al . 2009 ; ortega et al . 2010 ; cobos et al . 2011 ; mocho et al . 2012 ; royo - torres and upchurch 2012 ; mateus et al . 2014 ; royo - torres , cobos , et al . 2014 ; suñer et al . 2014 ; xing et al . 2015 ) . from spain , an unnamed specimen from . . .
. . . comparisons of aragosaurus with other sauropods result in the recognition of several new autapomorphies for the las zabacheras taxon . we analyse the phylogenetic relationships of aragosaurus using revised versions of the ' traditional ' data sets presented by wilson ( 2002 ) and ) that include improved sampling of iberian sauropods ( torres & upchurch , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcalá & cobos , 2012 ) . we also discuss its position based on a recent analysis of titanosauriform interrelationships ( ) . . . .
. . . neural spines project posterodorsally in the anteriormost caudal vertebrae , and are strongly directed posteriorly in middle caudal vertebrae . these caudal neural spine orientations represent the plesiomorphic condition , and thus differ from the derived anterodorsal orientation of the neural spines in some basal titanosauriforms such as tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus , and venenosaurus ( d ' emic , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcalá & cobos , 2012 ) . the ratio of the height of the neural spine to centrum height is 1 . 25 in anterior caudal vertebrae . . . .
. . . the geographical and biochronological extension of this initial project arose in the project dinosaragón ( 2010–2012 ) , from which we can highlight advances in the research on european stegosaurs in general and their new ichnospecies deltapodus ibericus in particular ( cobos et al . 2010 ) . dinosaur remains have been documented by the dinópolis team in the tithonian–berriasian ( jurassic–cretaceous boundary ; cobos et al . 2010 ; cobos 2011 ; gascó et al . 2012 ) , upper hauterivian–barremian ( luque et al . 2006luque et al . –2007 aberasturi et al . 2009 ; royotorres et al . 2011 ; cobos and gascó 2012 ; cobos et al . 2012 ) and aptian ( royo - torres 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2012 ) , and research interest has now moved forward to the poorly known albian age . this decision took into account the fact that valanginian and lower hauterivian sediments have never been recorded in this region because of a stratigraphical hiatus due to palaeogeographical factors . . . .
paleogeography and evolution of coastal systems of se and nw of the iberian basin ( spain ) during the latest jurassic - lower cretaceous and its relation with the record of dinosaur remains .
our research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema…
[ more ]
impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder ca . . .
purpose : we postulate that the number of lymph nodes examined in cystectomy specimens can have an impact on the outcome of patients with bladder cancer . materials and methods : we analyzed data on 322 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy . we evaluated the associations of the number of lymph nodes identified by the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the cranial anatomy of the sauropod turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic re . . .
the skull of turiasaurus is known from a nearly complete posterior section ( e . g . braincase , skull roof , quadrates and left mandible ) and fragments of the snout ( e . g . portions of premaxilla , maxilla , nasal and lacrimal ) . skull material of the holotypic individual was discovered in close association . comparisons with other sauropods suggest that the turiasaurus skull most closely resembled those . . . [ show full abstract ]
fossils of a giant sauropod dinosaur , turiasaurus riodevensis , have been recovered from terrestrial deposits of the villar del arzobispo formation ( jurassic - cretaceous boundary ) of riodeva ( teruel province , spain ) . its humerus length ( 1790 millimeters ) and estimated mass ( 40 to 48 metric tons ) indicate that it may have been the most massive terrestrial animal in europe and one of the largest . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain
the new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in peñarroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and best - preserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain
the new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in peñarroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and bestpreserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]
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tastavinsaurus was a herbivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited europe . its fossils have been found in places such as valencian community ( spain ) .
g . cuenca - bescós and o . amo . 1999 . dinosaurios de aragón [ dinosaurs of aragon ] . zubía 17 : 235 - 257
macronaria is a clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the middle jurassic ( bathonian ) to late cretaceous periods of what are now north america , south america , europe , asia , africa and australia . the name means ' large nostrils ' ( from scientists ' reinterpretation of greek makros , ' long , ' as ' big , ' and latin nares , ' nostrils ' ) , in reference to the large nasal openings high on the head that probably supported fleshy resonating chambers . macronaria consists of a single main group , titanosauriformes , along with several more basal taxa . titanosauriformes in turn contains the brachiosaurids and the titanosaurians and is one of the largest sauropod groups , which also contains some of the longest , tallest and most massive dinosaurs of all time .
the cladogram below follows josé l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .
p . d . mannion , p . upchurch , r . n . barnes and o . mateus . 2013 . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society 168 : 98 - 206
p . upchurch , p . m . barrett , and p . dodson . 2004 . sauropoda . in d . b . weishampel , h . osmolska , and p . dodson ( eds . ) , the dinosauria ( 2nd edition ) . university of california press , berkeley 259 - 322
mocho , p . , royo‐torres , r . , & ortega , f . ( 2014 ) . phylogenetic reassessment of lourinhasaurus alenquerensis , a basal macronaria ( sauropoda ) from the upper jurassic of portugal . zoological journal of the linnean society , 170 ( 4 ) , 875 - 916 .
paul m . barrett , roger b . j . benson and paul upchurch ( 2010 ) .
dinosaurs of dorset : part ii , the sauropod dinosaurs ( saurischia , sauropoda ) with additional comments on the theropods
.
p . d . mannion . 2010 . a revision of the sauropod dinosaur genus ' bothriospondylus ' with a redescription of the type material of the middle jurassic form ' b . madagascariensis . palaeontology 53 ( 2 ) : 277 - 296
josé l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .
mateus , o . , jacobs , l . l . , schulp , a . s . , polcyn , m . j . , tavares , t . s . , buta neto , a . , . . . & antunes , m . t . ( 2011 ) . angolatitan adamastor , a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from angola . anais da academia brasileira de ciências , 83 ( 1 ) , 221 - 233 .
mannion , p . d . , upchurch , p . , barnes , r . n . , & mateus , o . ( 2013 ) . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society , 168 ( 1 ) , 98 - 206 .
upchurch , p . ( 1998 ) .
the phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 12 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


urticina lofotensis is a species of sea anemone in the family actiniidae .

it is commonly known as the white-spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone .

urticina lofotensis

cowles , d . ( 2006 ) . urticina lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 ) .
jennifer hammock added an association between
image of urticina lofotensis
and
asterina
.
gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california .
identification the species referred to as urticina lofotensis is actually cribrinopsis albopunctata sanamyan & sanamyan , 2006 ; urticina lofotensis is a junior synonym of u . eques , and does not occur in the pacific - see link to urltoken web site [ details ]
gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . - pubmed - ncbi
( of urticina ( tealia ) felina var . lofotensis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jennifer hammock selected
comprehensive description
to show in overview on
tealia lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 )
.
80 years - urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .
how to distinguish from similar species : urticina columbiana has rough white tubercles in circumferential rows . urticina piscivora and urticina crassicornis have inconspicuous tubercles which are not white , and u . crassicornis also has transverse bands on its tentacles and greenish blotches on its column .
urticina felina lives in full salinity situations and the factor is assessed as not relevant .
sexes are separate in the sea anemone urticina crassicornis , as in most anemone species 0 . 3x
the dahlia anemone urticina felina fully retracted . column showing characteristic warts ( verrucae ) and adherent debris .
moen , f . e . , 1996 . urticina felina fjaeresjorose . , 2002 - 01 - 25
( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of madoniactis lofotensis danielssen , 1890 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rasmussen , ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as being very common in banks of mytilus feeding mostly on gammarids .
wedi , s . e . , & dunn , d . f . , 1983 . gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 165 , 458 - 472 .
urticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !
solé - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .
solé - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .
( of tealia ( madoniactis ) lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
urltoken to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 14 publications ) ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . )
( of tealia felina var . lofotensis ( danielssen ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
urticina felina is predominantly a subtidal species so that decrease in emergence is likely to lead to more habitats for colonization becoming available .
urticina felina is likely to have poor ability for detection of noise vibrations and as such is unlikely to be sensitive to noise .
urticina felina has very limited , if any , ability for visual perception . the anemone is unlikely to be sensitive to visual presence .
( of urticina lofotenesis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
age at maturity is not known . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) working with the similar ( see ' taxonomy ' ) tealia crassicornis ( see below ) found no sign of gonad development at 14 months old . the smallest fertile urticina lofotensis , a similar species in california , are recorded as at least 18 months old ( wedi & dunn , 1983 ) .
general references : gotshall , 1994 harbo , 1999 morris et al . , 1980 niesen , 1997 o ' clair and o ' clair , 1998 ricketts et al . , 1985 ( as tealia lofotensis ) sept , 1999
urticina felina has no known obligate relationships so removal of other species is unlikely to have any direct effect . the incidental physical effects of removal of other species can be assessed under the relevant factors .
urticina felina is recorded from several estuarine sites including mucking in thames estuary and the river blackwater estuary and so will be subject to variable or low salinities . in the westerschelde estuary , braber & borghouts ( 1977 ) found that urticina ( as tealia ) felina penetrated to about the 11ppt chlorinity ( about 20 psu ) isohaline at mid tide during average water discharge making it tolerant of reduced salinity conditions .
urticina felina is not currently subject to extraction . however if a cold water marine aquarium trade were to take - off , this species is likely to be collected . although urticina felina probably breeds every year there is no information regarding fecundity . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made . see ' additional information ' below .
urticina eques is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .
migné , a . , & davoult , d . , 1997a . ammonium excretion in two benthic cnidarians : alcyonium digitatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and urticina felina ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . journal of sea research , 37 , 101 - 107 .
% urticina eques % is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .
houtman , r . , paul , l . r . , ungemach , r . v . , & ydenberg , r . c . , 1997 . feeding and predator avoidance in the rose anemone urticina piscivora . marine biology , 128 , 225 - 229 .
urticina felina anemones adhere strongly to the substratum . substratum loss would result in mortality . some individuals might , however , be left behind as they typically live in fissures . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
urticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is likely to tolerate changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .
recent revision of pacific species of cribrinopsis : sanamyan n . p . , sanamyan k . e . , 2006 . the genera urticina and cribrinopsis ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) from the north - western pacific . journal of natural history , 40 ( 7 - 8 ) : 359 - 393 .
the plymouth marine fauna ( marine biological association , 1957 ) records urticina felina as breeding in may . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) record the similar tealia crassicornis from san juan island on the north - west coast of the usa as spawning in the morning during april , may and june .
urticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is unlikely to be sensitive to changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .
solé - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & kay , j . g . , 1985 . reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence between urticina ( = tealia ) felina and u . eques ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 85 , 279 - 284 .
no information has been found regarding the longevity of urticina felina but given the large size , slow growth rate and few predators it is likely that it survives for quite a long time . specimens in aquarium tanks are known to still be flourishing fifty years after collection ( p . g . moore pers . comm . ) .
( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
reidy , s . 1996 . comparison of associations of the nudibranch aeolidia papillosa with two sea anemones urticina crassicornis and metridium senile . in proceedings of the 24th annual benthic ecology meeting , columbia , south carolina , march 7 - 10 , 1996 ( ed . s . a . woodin et al . ) , pp . 68 .
jackson , a . & hiscock , k . 2008 . urticina felina dahlia anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
being an epibenthic species , urticina felina would be exposed to changes in siltation . increases in siltation may begin to cover the anemone or interfere with feeding . an energetic cost will result from efforts to clean off the silt particles , e . g . through mucus production and sloughing . repeated energetic expenditure in cleaning off silt particles may cause loss of condition . recovery of condition may take several months .
white - spotted rose anemones can grow up to 4
( 10 cm ) in diameter , with a length up to 6” ( 15 cm ) . it is unknown how long anemones live , in fact , some anemones can be hundreds of years old in the wild and in captivity some have been known to last 80 years or more . it is believed urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .
there is no information about urticina felina tolerance to changes in oxygenation but cole et al . , ( 1999 ) suggest possible adverse effects on marine species below 4 mg / l and probable adverse effects below 2mg / l . the large size and slow growth rate of this anemone suggests that it is quite long lived . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
proceeds within the gastrovascular cavity , through gastrulation ( 3d ) to swimming planula larva ( 10d ) , and then to release of the swimming larvae via the mouth ( 15d ) . the authors note that the embryonic development of cribrinopsis is similar to that of other anemones , e . g . , urticina crassicornis . the main difference is in the brooding behaviour of cribrinopsis , which lasts for two or more weeks . the authors note the lecithotrophic nature of the eggs and suggest that the function of brooding is protective rather than nutritive .
densities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that
the shore crab ( carcinus ) is its ordinary prey but it feeds on limpets , and other mollusca and nereids and shrimps and on echinus [ now psammechinus ] miliaris . rasmussen ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as feeding mainly on gammarids in banks of mytilus edulis .
do not belong to this species was recognized by european taxonomists for a long time ( e . g . manuel , 1981 , 1988 , den hartog , 1986 ) and discussed in details in our publication ( sanamyan , sanamyan , 2006 ) . actually even a brief look on the photos of living european and pacific specimens left no doubt that they belong to different species , the original
is a very different species not resembling pacific anemone externally . the pacific species has white , always well visible verrucae on usually uniformly colored crimson column . in european species the verrucae are smaller , usually inconspicuous , they may be whitish , but often of the same colour as the column and the species look completely different . surprisingly , despite these pronounced differences many websites and internet databases still wrongly list
as a valid pacific species . the internal morphological differences between pacific and european species are even more pronounced - actually these two species belong to two different genera having different internal morphology and different set of nematocysts ( stinging capsules ) : valid name for european
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhodactinia crassicornis ( o . f . müller ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulocera eques ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !
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aiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .
aiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity
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some other common names it is known by are spotted red anemone , white - spotted anemone and tealia anemone . the term
tealia
means blooming , likening these beauties to
flowers of the sea .
the common name , tealia anemone is very enchanting and is also used for one of its flowery relatives , the
they are generally found alone or in small groupings . the white - spotted rose anemones attach to shaded rocks along rocky sand covered shore lines and in tide pools . like all anemones , they are carnivorous , feasting on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels that happen by .
, using similar husbandry for other cold water anemones is suggested . like all anemones , they use their venomous cells , or nematocyst , found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks . but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey .
some predators of this anemone can be certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails . interestingly , in the wild painted greenling
juveniles are found in association with this anemone , swimming or resting around its tentacles and column . adults may sleep near its base . the anemone gives them protection from predators and the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates .
this video shows how the white - spotted rose anemone spends it ' s day . they do , of course , require cold water marine tanks and are found from the alaskan coast to the california coast . they only need to be fed a few times per month due to the cold water and they do not host clownfish . only reaching 6 ,
they are great for a cold water marine nano tank !
, as those found in the pacific may be a different species than those found in the atlantic . the first scientific designation ,
. this european species is very different in its appearance , with no external resemblance to the pacific anemone . however , this is unreviewed and currently not accepted by worms , the world register of marine species , sealifebase , nor the encyclopedia of life .
white - spotted rose anemones are located in colder subtidal waters . they occur solitary or in small groupings , attached to shaded rocks along rocky , sand - covered shore lines and in tide pools . but they can also be found at depths down to 82 feet ( 0 - 25 m ) . they use their venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks , but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey . this cold water anemone feasts on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels .
juveniles are found in association with this anemone in more exposed environments where both these fish and the anemone is plentiful . they will swim or rest around its tentacles and column , giving them protection from predators and affording them the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates . adults may sleep near its base . it is not thought that the anemone receives any benefit from this relationship , but these small fish seem to be immune to the anemone ' s sting . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .
this anemone has a red - to - orange cylindrical pedal column with distinct vertical rows of white dots , or tubercles , all over . these tubercles are non - adhesive , so are generally free of shell fragments , gravel , or other debris . the pedal column has a sticky foot at the bottom which they use to adhere to various surfaces . they also use this
foot
to move around if conditions are not ideal . the color of the foot is brown , or reddish brown to orange , and has distinctive white spots .
at the top of the column is an oral disc with an opening , or mouth , in the center . the
takes food in and expels waste through this opening . the mouth should be closed and tight . it will open when hungry , having an oval look . a gaping mouth is a warning signal that the anemone is not doing too well .
white - spotted rose anemones have sturdy tentacles , well - spaced on the oral disc . they are situated in 5 or more rows surrounding the mouth . the tentacles are usually light gray , white , red , or orange , and a combination of those can be on each tentacle . the tentacles are thicker at the base and are thinner toward the top with a little
bulbous
tip . the oral disc and mouth are lighter in color .
4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - it can grow up to 4
( 10 cm ) in diameter with a height up to 6” ( 15 cm ) .
the white - spotted rose anemone is very rarely available to aquarists from a retailer . these anemones can be difficult to care for because they must be kept in cold water . a chiller should be able to keep the tank temperature between 55 and 68°f . as with most anemones , the tank should be at least 1 year old and stable before adding your new strawberry anemone .
when selecting a white - spotted rose anemone , make sure the color is good , their mouth is not gaping open , and their foot and tentacles are sticky to the touch . also , they should be attached to something , but make sure there is no damage to the foot area , often a result of pulling the anemone off its surface .
to take one of these anemones from another aquarium , use a thin blunt item like a credit card . gently wiggle it under the foot and slowly nudge the anemone away from the glass . if it ' s attached to a rock , ideally you can simply purchase the rock as well . if you cannot purchase the rock , then directing water at it or wiggling the rock gently upside down under water while tickling the foot can work .
the white - spotted rose anemone is a carnivore . in nature , they use their potent sting to immobilize small fish and invertebrates , primarily sea urchins , crabs , and mussels . in captivity feed your anemone chopped silversides , shrimp , krill , and mussels , fresh chopped fish ( from your grocery store ) , as well as frozen carnivore preparations .
the white - spotted rose anemones metabolism is not as fast as warmer water anemones . they are cooler water creatures , so usually only need to be fed once a week or twice a month .
all of diet - sources of marine flesh and frozen / thawed preparations for carnivores .
weekly - feed only once a week or twice a month , because cold water anemones have much slower metabolisms .
water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical . monitor your water quality for your particular situation and adjust your water changes accordingly . waste production created by your anemone can be calculated in inches . basically , every inch of anemone is equal to an inch of fish , so an average - sized white - spotted rose anemone produces a bio - load equivalent to that of about one 4
fish .
purigen and poly - fiber are great products to help in maintaining water quality . purigen is a synthetic polymer that removes soluble and insoluble impurities from water at an exceptionally high rate and capacity , helping to control ammonia , nitrites and nitrates . additional chemical additives , such chemi - pure , gfo , and carbon also help maintain quality water parameters . poly - fiber can be cut and used in sumps , etc . a good protein skimmer is a must .
although anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less . control phosphates with products such as phosban and the phosban reactor . phosphates should be less than 0 . 03 ppm .
bi - weekly - water changes of 10 % twice a month , or 20 % a month are typical .
380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .
7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .
1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .
the white - spotted rose anemone can be kept in an aquarium of 50 - gallons or more when full grown . the typical reef environment is what is needed , but it must be a cold water reef . they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . you can even use submersed bio - balls . provide some rock crevices as well as rocky overhangs .
they need a low to moderate water movement and moderate lighting . the temperature can be between 55 . 0 to 68 . 0° f ( 12 . 8 to 20 . 0° c ) , but keep it stable as fluctuations can be stressful to the anemone . a chiller will be needed , but this allows you to have both inter - tidal and sub - tidal animals . acrylic tanks are best for insulating against temperature fluctuations , each 1 / 2
will give a thermal barrier of 5° f . be sure to have all of your pumps covered , most good quality pumps have guards on them .
10 gal ( 38 l ) - they do best in 50 - gallons or more when full grown .
the white - spotted rose anemone is considered semi - aggressive because they can be mobile , yet most of the cold water anemones stay still if their needs are met . it has often been suggested to not put anemones in a reef environment since corals cannot move away from the stinging tentacles . once you get your anemone situated and it has not moved for several months , it might be safe to add other corals . just keep in mind these anemones will sting everything they can reach , like corals and other invertebrates . anemones will move if your lighting is not good , or the water quality is not to their liking .
these anemones may split often once settled , similar to others in their genus . after splitting , anemones will tolerate their own “clones” and sometimes their own species . all anemones in the tank need to have their own space , otherwise there can be a “chemical” warfare between species . this will usually cause one to not eat , shrink and eventually die . having excellent filtration and a large tank will usually allow 2 anemones at opposite ends to thrive . you can also build a natural blockade to help prevent them from wandering into each others “space” .
when housing them with fish , if the tank is very large and you are keeping larger cold water fish , they should be fine . the problem occurs when keeping small gobies , blennies or other small cold water fish that can easily become dinner if they wander into the very sticky ( more sticky than typical ) tentacles .
they multiply rather quickly once adjusted , so keeping corals in the tank may be a risky thing to do . if attempting to add cold water corals , allow the anemones to settle and once they are in place , try to place a coral away from them . this may work for a while , however , the way they reproduce will eventually have detrimental affects on any other corals or anemones .
the white - spotted rose anemone will divide captivity . there is no information on the propagation of cold water anemones , however , but it may be just like other anemones . similar to other cold water anemones , they reproduce by fission or external fertilization of egg and sperm .
they will spawn when the water temperature drops from its highest for the year . the best success for breeding them is when they spawn , in april and may . when they spawn , they produce larvae that will float away , and eventually finding a spot to land . they then attach and develop a pedal disk that grows into a new anemone .
problems for the white - spotted rose anemone are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , feeding and water quality are low . then your anemone will detach to look for “better conditions . ” in general , if your anemone moves , it is not happy . make sure your lighting and water quality is good , and that the food you are offering is to their liking . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .
the white - spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone is generally unavailable to aquarists through retailers .
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this large anemone has no acontia . the column is red with smooth white tubercles in longitudinal rows . the margin of the oral disk has no white spherules . the tubercles usually do not hold sand , shells , or other debris . the oral disk is red and has no radiating white stripes . the slender tentacles are red , unbanded but with sometimes a yellow tinge at the base and pinker at the tips . diameter to 10 cm .
habitat : rocky , exposed coast , concrete pilings , marina floats . in the intertidal , is usually in surge channels and on vertical rock faces .
biology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large ( over 1 . 2 mm diameter ) and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .
scientific articles : sebens , k . p . and g . laakso , 1977 . the genus tealia ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) in the waters of the san juan archipelago and the olympic peninsula . wasmann j . biol . 35 : pp 152 - 168
biology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .
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is a species common in european and northern seas , but not occurring in pacific . for a long time this european species was known as
is an older name , it become valid name of this species . note , that pacific species commonly called
( which has much better developed nonadhesive vesicles on column and also differs in internal features ) .
is usually buried , occurs in crevices , has the body densely covered with large strongly adhesive veruccae to which gravel and other particles are attached . third european species ( occurring also in north pacific ) ,
, always has absolutely smooth body . ( note , that verrucose [ not smooth ] pacific species which is often called
have whitish or yellowish ground colour with wide or narrow , irregular , mainly longitudinal red patches . in some specimens the prevailing colour is red . small nonadhesive verrucae are distinctly visible on the living specimens , especially on the contracted anemones . the verrucae are of the same colour as the column or paler , and they probably do not become as inflated and blister - like as in pacific species
. the oral disk and the tentacles are yellow - whitish , transparent , with the red longitudinal bands outlining tentacle bases on the disk ; the tentacles are encircled with the wide white and red bands in the middle .
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macrocystis pyrifera , calliarthron spp . , bossiella spp . , rhodymenia californica , cryptopleura ruprechtiana , chondracanthus corymbiferus
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hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , picton & costello , 1998 , gosse , 1860 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , stephenson , 1935 , howson & picton , 1997 ,
hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , manuel , 1988 , houtman et al . , 1997 , migné & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , elliott , 1992 , solé - cava et al . , 1994 , picton & costello , 1998 , moen , 1996 , gosse , 1860 ,
the species is boreal - arctic with a possible circumpolar distribution . found throughout europe from northern russia to biscay but not in the mediterranean . records from elsewhere are incomplete and there is considerable confusion in taxonomy .
hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , migné & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , picton & costello , 1998 , jncc , 1999 , moen , 1996 , george et al . , 1988 , bruce et al . , 1963 , braber & borghouts , 1877 ,
stephenson ( 1935 ) reports that viviparity has been suspected because of the sudden appearance apparently from
nowhere
of individuals in aquaria .
chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) bred and grew tealia crassicornis from the north - west coast of the usa . in tealia crassicornis , mucus containing gametes were expelled from the mouth . the yellow eggs ( 500 - 700 µm diameter ) formed little clusters which then broke apart and began to float .
the duration of the larval stage may vary . for tealia crassicornis , chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that nine days after fertilization , the planula was ready to settle and , a further four days after settling , had 4 tentacles . certain substrata ( such as phyllochaetopterus sp . and sabellaria cementaria tubes ) could induce settlement rapidly in the laboratory . in the absence of inducing substrata larvae could remain in the water column for at least 17 days but settled within the second month after fertilization .
the species is probably quite slow growing . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that fed individuals of the similar
were only 10mm in diameter after a year and there was no gonad development present in 14 month old anemones . however , at 18 months , individuals were 4 cm diameter with 60 - 70 tentacles .
solé - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , hand , 1955 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , spaulding , 1974 , solé - cava et al . , 1994 , solé - cava & thorpe , 1992 , mba , 1957 , stephenson , 1935 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , gosse , 1853 ,
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( danielssen , 1890 ) . in : fautin , daphne g . 2011 . hexacorallians of the world . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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a large anemone ( base up to 15 cm diameter ) with up to 160 short ( up to 2 cm ) , stout tentacles arranged in multiples of ten . individuals from offshore tend to be larger . the coloration is very variable , ranging through white , yellow , orange , red , blue , grey , purple and brown being either plain or more commonly in some combination . perhaps most commonly with a red column blotched with green / grey and a prominent pattern of red lines amongst the tentacle bases . the tentacles are usually banded but may be plain . there are numerous grey warts on the column to which gravel and shell fragments stick . when the tentacles are fully retracted , the body of the anemones may be almost obscured by these adherent particles .
typically found on the lower shore and subtidally , particularly on shores with strong wave action or subtidal areas with strong tidal streams . small individuals may be found as high as the mid - tide line . attaches very firmly to rocks and boulders , typically in crevices and gullies , sometimes forming dense carpets . occurs in estuaries where hard substrata are present .
large size , up to 15 cm across the base ( bigger than most other anemones ) .
large verrucae or warts present on the column , often with gravel or shell fragments attached .
occurring on the north - west ( pacific ) coast of north america . an attempt is made below to establish relationships important for using literature to support sensitivity and recoverability assessments elsewhere in this review . stephenson ( 1935 ) identifies
of gosse ( 1860 ) . however , stephenson notes that , in his
var .
, the embryos develop up to a late stage in the coelenteron of the parent and later describes it as
viviparity
. since appelöff ( 1900 ) cited in chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) reported that , in europe ,
releases it ' s gametes freely into the sea ( i . e . is not viviparous ) and that the species they studied in the northwest usa similarly produced ova and sperm , it seems likely that their
the stinging nematocysts in the anemones tentacles are used to trap and paralyse prey . the nematocysts can also provoke itching and blistering of the skin in humans but the effects vary considerably between individual humans .
densities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that
the shore crab (
moderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , strong 3 to 6 knots ( 1 . 5 - 3 m / sec . ) , very strong > 6 knots ( > 3 m / sec . ) , weak < 1 knot ( < 0 . 5 m / sec . )
releases its gametes into the sea and that larval development is independent of the adult . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) , in observing that
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
reduction of the need to keep the anemone surface clear of silt will mean less energy expenditure and mucus production and therefore likely benefit to the anemone .
increase in emergence is likely to result in exposure to desiccation and a decreased opportunity for feeding . increased emergence may have no effect for anemones in damp fissures or pools . assuming that desiccation or heat stress ( see ' increase in temperature ' below ) occurs , intolerance and recoverability will be as desiccation . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) . a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' recoverability is made but with a low confidence .
in the absence of wave action , water flow is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where water flow rates fall to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
the species favours areas with strong wave action ( manuel , 1988 ) and strong tidal currents ( migné & davoult , 1997 ) although it is also found in more calm and sheltered areas as well as deep water .
in the absence of tidal streams , wave action is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where wave action falls to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . assuming that some individuals survive , local recruitment is likely to occur within a few years .
recoverability is likely to be slow in populations where nearby individuals do not exist . the large size , slow growth rate and evidence from aquarium populations suggests that
is long lived . although it probably breeds each year there is no information regarding fecundity . breeding probably does not occur until the anemone is at least 1 . 5 years old . dispersal ability is considered to be poor in the similar
for north - west usa ) , is unlikely to travel far . however , assuming that there are populations surviving nearby ( further down the shore ) , recruitment is likely to occur over the short distances involved but how rapidly is uncertain . adults can detach from the substratum and relocate but locomotive ability is very limited . there is potential for some immigration of adults from other populations via water currents or rafting . gosse ( 1853 ) noted that an
had
eaten a hole the size of a pea in the side before being discovered
. under its current name of
in ideal conditions such as crevices and gullies on wave exposed shores the species can form dense carpets . the role of
( ne pacific ) has been investigated by elliott ( 1992 ) . the same roles may be filled by species in the british isles although there are no records of this for
can constitute a large proportion of the biomass . in addition , they are thought to be responsible for the major part of carbon / nitrogen exchange at the sediment - water boundary ( migné & davoult , 1995 ; migné & davoult , 1997a ) . although ' culinary use ' is indicated as ' no ' , gosse ( 1853 ) describes methods of cooking the dahlia anemone and seemed reasonably impressed with it boiled or fried .
braber , l . & borghouts , c . h . , 1977 . distribution and ecology of anthozoa in the estuarine region of the rivers rhine , meuse and scheldt . hydrobiologia , 52 , 15 - 21 .
bruce , j . r . , colman , j . s . & jones , n . s . , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man . liverpool : liverpool university press .
chia , f . s . & spaulding , j . g . , 1972 . development and juvenile growth of the sea anemone tealia crassicornis . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 142 , 206 - 218 .
cole , s . , codling , i . d . , parr , w . & zabel , t . , 1999 . guidelines for managing water quality impacts within uk european marine sites . natura 2000 report prepared for the uk marine sacs project . 441 pp . , swindon : water research council on behalf of en , snh , ccw , jncc , sams and ehs . [ uk marine sacs project . ] , urltoken
crisp , d . j . ( ed . ) , 1964 . the effects of the severe winter of 1962 - 63 on marine life in britain . journal of animal ecology , 33 , 165 - 210 .
davis , d . s . , 1967 . the marine fauna of the blackwater estuary and adjacent waters . essex naturalist , 32 , 1 - 60 .
elliott , j . , 1992 . the role of sea anemones as refuges and feeding habitats for the temperate fish oxylebius pictus . environmental biology of fishes , 35 , 381 - 400 .
eno , n . c . , clark , r . a . & sanderson , w . g . ( ed . ) 1997 . non - native marine species in british waters : a review and directory . peterborough : joint nature conservation committee .
george , j . d . , tittley , i . , price , j . h . , & fincham , a . a . , 1988 . the macrobenthos of chalk shores in north norfolk and around flamborough headland ( north humberside ) . nature conservancy council csd rep . 833 149p . , peterborough : nature conservancy council
gosse , p . h . , 1853 . a naturalist ' s rambles on the devonshire coast . london : van voorst .
gosse , p . h . , 1860 . actinologia britannica : a history of british sea anemones and corals . london : van voorst .
hand , c . , 1955b . the sea anemones of central california . part ii . the endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones . the wassmann journal of biology , 13 , 37 - 99 .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hoare , r . & hiscock , k . , 1974 . an ecological survey of the rocky coast adjacent to the effluent of a bromine extraction plant . estuarine and coastal marine science , 2 ( 4 ) , 329 - 348 .
holme , n . a . & wilson , j . b . , 1985 . faunas associated with longitudinal furrows and sand ribbons in a tide - swept area in the english channel . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 65 , 1051 - 1072 .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
mba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .
migné , a . , & davoult , d . , 1995 . role des organismes suspensivores dans les transferts pélago - benthiques d ' une zone de fort hydrodynamisme : approche expérimentale . journal de recherche oceanographique , 20 , 9 - 14 .
nmmp , 2001 . national marine monitoring programme ( nmmp ) . http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk , 2001 - 01 - 17
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
rasmussen , e . , 1973 . systematics and ecology of the isefjord marine fauna ( denmark ) . ophelia , 11 , 1 - 507 .
smith , j . e . ( ed . ) , 1968 . ' torrey canyon ' . pollution and marine life . cambridge : cambridge university press .
solé - cava , a . m . & thorpe , j . p . , 1992 . genetic divergence between colour morphs in populations of the common intertidal sea anemones actinia equina and a . prasina ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 112 , 243 - 252 .
solé - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & todd , c . d . , 1994 . high genetic similarity between geographically distant populations in a sea anemone with low dispersal capabilities . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 74 , 895 - 902 .
spaulding , j . g . , 1974 . embryonic and larval development in sea anemones ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . american zoologist , 14 , 511 - 520 .
stephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .
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general characteristics : column diameter to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) , height to 15 cm ( 6 inches ) . column bright scarlet or crimson with white warty spots in longitudinal rows ; tentacles slender , elongate , scarlet to crimson .
distribution / habitat : se alaska to san diego , ca . found on rocks and walls of surge channels , low intertidal to 15 m ( 49 feet ) on exposed outer coast .