acropolis is a monotypic butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .

the one species in the genus , acropolis thalia , is distributed in western subtropical china .

acropolis ( genus )

phrases that include acropolis : acropolis rally , athenian acropolis , central acropolis , hotel acropolis , landscaping of the acropolis of athens , more . . .
plants of the holy land . plant of genus alyssum . plant of the genus chamemaelum . plant of the genus thymus .
branch of tree of the genus quercus . fruits of plant of the genus rhamnus .
— acropolis select athens country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) acropolis select athens location the hotel is ideally located as it is within the vicinity of the acropolis and plaka . in addition , it is only a 15 minutes walk from the heart… …
narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the amaryllidaceae family . various common names including daffodil , daffadowndilly , narcissus , and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus
acropolis was introduced as the name for a new genus and not as a replacement for the name pharia fruhstorfer , [ 1911 ] , of which also the above species is the type - species but which is invalid under the law of homonymy . for practical purposes therefore acropolis acted as a substitute for the invalid name pharia fruhstorfer .
acropolis thalia ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 377
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acropolis
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view and plan of the propylaea of the acropolis of athens . drawings of the capitals and other architectural features of the monument , mostly of corinthian order .
the city of athens was home to some of the most aesthetically sophisticated architecture of the ancient world . in particular , the acropolis , a sanctuary of religious structures , has been extensively excavated to reveal the superior place its wonders occupy in classical architectural history . located on a hill in the center of athens , these buildings celebrate the origins of athenian culture through the veneration of the goddess athena . after the first acropolis complex was destroyed by persian troops in 480 bc , a new complex was commissioned by the athenian ruler pericles and directed by the architectural sculptor pheidias . this new complex was much criticized by surrounding communities because their payments to the delian league ' s treasury , kept in athens to provide military support across the region , was instead used for pericles ' s reconstruction of the acropolis . in athens , however , the acropolis became a symbol of athenian supremacy across the region , demonstrative of athenian pride and cultural values .
— athens atrium hotel & suites country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) athens atrium hotel & suites the athens atrium hotel & suites is a modern and recently renovated property located in the centre of athens , the capital of greece . the aim… …
— acropolis now is a bbc radio sitcom set in ancient greece , written by the author of eats , shoots leaves , lynne truss . it was broadcast on bbc radio 4 in two series in 2000 and 2002 , with subsequent reruns on bbc 7 in 2006 , 2007 and… …
— infobox world heritage site name = acropolis of athens state party = gre type = cultural criteria = i , ii , iii , iv , vi id = 404 link = region = europe coordinates = coord | 37 . 971421 | n | 23 . 736166 | e year = 1987 session = 11th extension = danger = the …
— acropolitan / ak reuh pol i tn / , adj . / euh krop euh lis / , n . 1 . the citadel or high fortified area of an ancient greek city . 2 . the acropolis , the citadel of athens and the site of the parthenon . [ 1655 65 ; < gk akrópolis . see acro , polis ] * * * … …
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pharia fruhstorfer , 1911 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 295 ( preocc . pharia gray , 1840 ) ; ts : acrophthalmia thalia leech
acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 ; entomologist 24 ( suppl . ) : 25 ; tl : pautze - fang ; omei - shan
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— ( gr . akros , akron , [ acro . ( n . d . ) . the american heritage® dictionary of the english language , fourth edition . retrieved september 29 , 2008 , urltoken from urltoken website : ] quote : [ from greek akros , … …
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type - species : acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 . entomologist : 25 . [ bhl ]
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altruist - registered as having orange petals and a red cup which is probably the case if it opens on a cool , moist spring day ; the coloration is unusual , ' bronzy ' , bright and gorgeous even in our often warm climate ; 14
- 18
; mid - spring .
daffodils are the most cost effective , pest - free perennial plants available and make wonderful companions with other bulbs , perennials , annuals and flowering shrubs . they grow in almost all areas of the united states as long as there is a discernible winter . they are pest - free and when given ample sunlight , water and proper nutrition , will provide early spring color for many years . they are divided into 13 divisions according to their flower shape and heritage . daffodils should be planted in full sun or at least half day ( 8 hours ) of sunlight after the leaves are on the trees and should be planted 3 x the height of their bulb deep ( 3
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acer pal . ' beni - hagoromo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush
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pear ( pyrus ) invincible delwinor fertilia patio 11948 11 . 5l container quince eline
plum ( prunus ) victoria fan trained 109193 12l container ( trd ) st . julien a
caragana arbor . ' pendula ' top grafted at 120 cms . caragana weeping 10l container
acer pal orange dream top worked at 100cm japanese acers 111004 11 . 5l container
widdop bambino resin cloud hanging plaque - love you to the moon . . . cg1367
widdop hometime copper plastic wall clock large quarter no ' s 30 . 5cm w7775
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rich , large magenta flowers with yellow stamens , flower freely over a long season .
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pococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries … , vol . ιι , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] . - travellers ' views - places – monuments – people southeastern europe – eastern mediterranean – greece – asia minor – southern italy , 15th - 20th century
pococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries … , vol . ιι , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] .
dedication to philip earl of chesterfield . composition of mythological figures ( hermes , athens , etc . )
views and floor plan of the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem . view and floor plan of the grotto and the church of the nativity .
map of caesarea maritima . ( b ) mount tabor . ( ι ) the funerary monuments known as
tombs of the kings
in jerusalem . tomb of josaphat in kidron valley in jerusalem .
view and plan of the tomb of absalom in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .
view and plan of the tomb of zechariah in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .
views and plans of the aqueducts of sour ( tyre ) . map of sour ( tyre ) showing the place of the aqueducts .
view , section and plan of the temple of aphrodite at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
rear view of the temple of aphrodite in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . megaliths from baalbeck .
the entrance to the temple of bacchus in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
plan of temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . columns ( ι ) .
view and plan of entrance to a temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .
plan and views of the church of saint simeon stylites . ancient funerary monuments from syria .
view and plan of the roman monument called pillars of jonas on the belen pass on nur mountains ( turkey ) . pococke claims that this is the site of the battle of issus and that these pillars are actually a triumphal arch dedicated to alexander . map of samandağ ( anc . seleucia pieria )
a , b , f : views of aqueducts in antioch ( antakya - hatay ) . c , d : views of the iron gate at the walls of antioch ( antakya - hatay )
view and plan of the arch of septimus severus in latakia ( anc . laodicea ) in syria .
view , section plans and plan of the roman theater of ancient gavala ( jableh ) in syria .
funerary monuments from arwad ( anc . arados / antiochia in pieria ) . plan of a temple . view of a throne . map of the island .
maps of the archeological sites of dictamnum , aptera , cydonia , in chania , crete .
temple of cybele at daskalopetra on chios island . a . and d . plan of the temple . b . and c . reconstruction of the relief showing homer and the muses .
map of pythagoreio in samos island . plan of the church of agios nikolaos ( q on the map ) .
plan of the temple of hera in samos . views and sections of the columns of the temple .
α . plan of a building in nicaea ( iznik ) . β , c and f : view and plans of the ancient theater of ephesus . d . plan of the ancient theater in alabanda ( arabihissar ) . ε . plan of the ancient theater in pythagoreio in samos . g . plan of the ancient theater in magnesia on the maeander .
plans of buidings in magnesia on the maeander and alabanda ( doğanyurt - araphisar ) .
plan and section plan of ancient theater in alabanda ( doğanyurt - araphisar ) . plans and section plans of funerary monuments in caria .
arch in milas , known today as baltalı kapıyı . capitals from milas ( α , β ) . base of column ( c ) .
roman monumental tomb in milas , known today as gümüşkesen . capitals of the monument ( α , β ) . plan of the monument ( c ) .
map of alexandria troas ( eski stambul ) . plan of the hippodrome . ( d ) . plan of the ruins of the gymnasium and baths complex . ( g ) . plan of ancient building known today as genç kızlar sarayı ( palace of young girls ) ( k , h ) .
map of the ruins of the ancient city of cyzicus . view of bursa . maps of the lake apolloniatis ( today lake uluabat ) .
map of the walls of nicaea ( iznik ) , and map of the lake of nicaea ( lake iznik / anc . ascania ) . plan of a christian orthodox church in iznik ( g ) , propably of hagia sophia . view and plan of a funerary monument ( i ) .
the obelisk of gaius cassius philieus on the road from iznik ( nicaea ) to izmit ( nicomedia ) .
view of the sculptures of the south entrance of the roman agora in thessaloniki ( incantadas monument ) . view and plan of the triumphal arch of galerius ( kamara ) . plan of the rotonda in thessaloniki .
map of athens , on which some of the most important monuments of the city are noted .
view and plan of the parthenon , with drawings of several architectural features of the temple .
the choregic monument of thrasyllus ( panagia spiliotissa ) . plan of the monument .
view of hadrian ' s arch in athens . plan of the monument . capitals of corinthian order from hadrian ' s arch ( α ) , from portici near naples ( β ) and salamis in cyprus ( c ) . plan of the temple of olympian zeus in athens .
view of the temple of artemis agrotera in agrae ( panagia stin petra ) . drawing of the epistyle . plan of the monument . the porch of aqueduct of hadrian ( dexameni ) in athens ( β ) . plan of the monument . drawing of the entablature .
the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens . plan of the monument .
section of the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens .
view of the gate of athena archegetis ( mod . pazaroporta ) in athens . drawing of the pilaster , and plan of the monument .
the temple of hephaestus ( theseion ) in athens . plan of the monument , together with drawings of its architectural elements .
foot of bronze statue from myconos island , which john montagu sandwich brought to great britain . ( α ) . foot of colossal marble statue discovered by r . pococke in asia minor ( β ) . bronze statue bought by r . pococke at the bazaar of aleppo in syria ( c ) . lamp from qift ( anc . coptus ) in egypt ( d ) .
bronze lamp from thessaloniki ( α ) . bronze lamp from aleppo ( β ) . mirror ' s frame ( c ) . decorative mask from aleppo ( d ) . ring from aleppo ( ε ) . statue from aleppo ( f ) . signet from beirut ( g ) . clay head of the hellenistic deity harpocrates from egypt ( η ) . charm from egypt ( ι ) . several charms from egypt .
branch and fruit of the plant melia azedarach which r . pococke saw in palestine .
branch with fruits of the plant mespilus germanica from palestine . plant with fruit of the plant acer sempervirens from palestine .
plan of the mausoleum of lucius munatius plancus in gaeta , in italy . plan of buildings in the ancient city of augusta raurica ( today augst ) in switzerland ( d , c ) . plan of public baths in rome .
views of the obelisk standing at the court of san bartolomeo all ' isola basilica , which is built upon the temple of asclepius on tiber island in rome .
an amphora , probably of the hellenistic era , found in the city antium ( today anzio ) , in italy . inscription found in the interior of the vase .
the ruins of the roman villa of venulei , near the lake massaciuccoli , in italy .
colossal statue of marcus vipsanius agrippa , which is found today in the archeological museum of venice . coins of the era of marcus vipsanius agrippa .
building in the form of ancient temple , in which the statue of cybele stood , in the villa grimani in venice .
roman triumphal arch from the era of constantine ii ( 4th century ce ) , named also as heidentor , in the city of carnuntum , today petronell , in austria .
view and plan of the temple of rome and augustus in pula , in croatia .
view of the remaining part of the temple of diana in pula , croatia , which is today part of the city hall .
of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with relatively few hairs . wasps also generally are predatory or parasitic and have stingers with few barbs that can be removed easily from their victims . similar to other members of apocrita , wasps have a narrow petiole , or “waist , ” which attaches the abdomen to the
wasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments . they are normally winged . in stinging species , only the females are provided with a formidable sting , which involves use of a modified ovipositor ( egg - laying structure ) for piercing and venom - producing glands . adult wasps may feed on nectar and , in some species , on the secretions produced by larvae . larvae of predatory wasp species typically feed on insects , while larvae of parasitic species feed on their hosts .
wasps are subdivided into two groups : solitary wasps , which live alone , and social wasps , which live in colonies . of the tens of thousands of species of wasps that have been described , the vast majority are solitary in habit . the social wasps are confined to about 1 , 000 species within the family
vespoidea ) and include the hornets and yellow jackets ( yellowjackets ) . they differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest .
. most species build isolated nests , which they provision with paralyzed insects or spiders . the female wasp deposits an egg in each cell of the nest , and the wasp larva hatching from that egg feeds to maturity upon the food with which its cell has been provisioned . the vast majority of solitary wasps nest in the ground , digging tunnels in the soil in which to lay their eggs . but the
habits , with some nesting in wood , pithy plant stems , or in nests made of mud .
( pompilidae ) usually build nests in rotten wood or in rock crevices and provision them with spiders . the
potter , or mason , wasps ( subfamily eumeninae ) of the vespidae build nests of mud , which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs or other objects .
learn about the tarantula hawk ( pepsis species ) , a type of large spider wasp that preys on tarantulas .
the social wasps within the family vespidae are among the best - known species of wasps . most of them belong to the subfamilies vespinae or
, a few drones ( males ) , and sterile females called workers . the queen , a fertilized female , begins the colony in the spring by building a small nest and laying eggs that hatch into workers . the latter enlarge the paperlike nest , which is composed of chewed dry plant material , usually wood , that has been mixed with saliva and regurgitated . the nest consists of one or more layers of cells that are arranged vertically with the openings downward . depending on the species , the nest may be found in cavities in the soil , in tree trunks , or hanging from leaves , branches , or the eaves of buildings .
, which are mostly black , with yellowish markings on the face , thorax , and the tip of the abdomen . the asian giant hornet (
) is the largest known hornet in the world , with some workers growing to nearly 4 cm ( 1 . 6 inches ) in body length and queens typically exceeding that size .
four major groups of solitary wasps are parasitic and do not construct nests . these are the
( family mutillidae ) in the superfamily vespoidea . cuckoo wasps are mostly brilliant metallic - green or - blue in colour and have intricate sculpturing on the
. they lay their eggs in the nests of solitary bees or wasps . the larvae hatching from those eggs feed on the bee or wasp larvae or on the food provisioned by the latter’s parents . the velvet ants have bodies clothed with long thick hair of contrasting colours , often black and red . the females are wingless and antlike in appearance . most of them are parasitic on the larvae and pupae of solitary bees and wasps . most species of tiphiid and scoliid wasps parasitize
chalcids , sawflies , wasps , and lesser - known types . except in the polar regions , they are abundant in most habitats , particularly in tropical and subtropical regions . …
few wasps feed their young pollen or nectar . yellow jackets , however , occurring occasionally in large numbers and visiting flowers for nectar for their own consumption , may assume local importance as pollinators . these insects prefer brownish - purple flowers with easily accessible nectar , such as those of…
…appears to resemble the female wasp of a particular species but also produces the pheromone released by the insect to attract males of the species . the male wasp effects pollination by pseudocopulation with the orchid flower . other insect pollinators include flies , butterflies ( see photograph ) , moths , and mosquitoes . many flowers pollinated…
…is that ant , bee , and wasp sisters share 75 percent of their genes through common ancestry , whereas they share only 50 percent of their genes with their own daughters . …
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elachista gildorella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california .

elachista gildorella

elachista gildorella kaila , 1999 , n . sp . , acta zool . fennica , v . 211 , p . 1 - 235 .
elachista laetella rebel , 1930 ( sometimes in e . subalbidella ; tentatively placed here )
elachista infuscata frey , 1882 ( sometimes in e . exactella ; tentatively placed here )
elachista juliensis frey , 1870 = e . freyi staudinger , 1871 ( type of biselachista )
elachista baltica e . hering , 1891 ( sometimes in e . freyerella ; tentatively placed here )
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 6 . 9m ; p . 73 . book review and ordering
many species and even entire genera have been named after elements of j . r . r . tolkien ' s legendarium . some items on the list are junior synonyms , i . e . they were coined for a taxon that had an earlier published name and thus are not official according to the rules of zoological nomenclature . these are marked in the footnotes accordingly .
↑ spelt with a k because the genus ancalagon was already occupied by ancalagon minor . the species name saurognathus is latin for
lizard jaw
but also bears a resemblance to sauron .
↑ moths of this species are , according to biologist lauri kaila , similar to elves in that they are inconspicuous and have spread to the western hemisphere .
↑ because it is
short , fat , and has hairy feet
.
↑ because
the specimens of planois smaug were ' sleeping ' in collections for about 60 years , like tolkiens’ creature , and because of the large size of the insect
. entomologytoday , 23 december 2015 .
isaak , mark . curiosities of biological nomenclature : etymology : fiction . updated 2010 - 08 - 02 . retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 .
this page was last modified on 5 march 2017 , at 18 : 23 .
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hindwings characteristic of their family . they are essentially found worldwide , except in very cold places and on some
however . they usually have at least one , sometimes as many as three light bands running from leading to trailing edge of their forewing uppersides . some
of this large genus have been discovered yet , let alone validly described and named . several small genera , e . g .
of the present genus ) than other species commonly placed here , if not actually closer . in addition ,
practice ( i . e . using as namesake the group - member which was described first ) . some of these groups are placed in either of the two large
if accepted as distinct , but seem too unlike them to warrant placement in either .
. version of 2008 - oct - 09 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .
( vol . 6 : microlepidoptera ) [ in german ] . landwirtschaftskammer für oberösterreich .
. version of 2004 - nov - 05 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .
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megalictis ( great weasel ) is an extinct genus of large predatory mustelids , which existed in north america during the " cat gap " in the miocene period .

it is thought to have resembled a large wolverine , with a body mass of up to 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) .

megalictis

lower tooth measurements ( in mm ) of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictiss frazieri , and “megalictis” petersoni .
relationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of lower dentition in megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , and “ megalictis ” petersoni .
s5 video . video of the mandible of megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1553 ) and megalictis frazieri uf 23928 .
megalictis ferox , hunt and skolnick , 1996 ( pars ) . [ 7 ]
sequential reconstruction of the head of megalictis ferox based on f : am 25430 .
craniomandibular measures of megalictis ferox and other giant mustelids and extant north american carnivorans .
s6 video . video of the reconstructed head of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .
cranium and mandibles remains of f : am 54079 and amnh 54076 of megalictis ferox .
image - megalictis by hodarinundu - d52eqrr . jpg | dinopedia | fandom powered by wikia
s1 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .
s2 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 54079 .
included species : megalictis simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] and megalictis frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] .
type species : megalictis ferox matthew , 1907 p1 . ii , fig . 1 [ 1 ]
relationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of upper dentition in megalictis ferox .
i think megalictis is an ancestor to the present day wolverine . say , how about drawing a megalictis attacking a prehistoric elephant , horse , rhino , or camel of the same time period ?
s3 video . video of the cranium and mandible of the holotype of megalictis ferox amnh - 12880 .
searches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , “ megalictis ” petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when ≥ 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the – appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , “ megalictis ” petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .
searches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , “ megalictis ” petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when ≥ 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the s1 – s3 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , “ megalictis ” petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .
virtual models of the mandibles and skulls of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , amnh 12880 and amnh 22632 ) as well as megalictis frazieri uf 23928 and megalictis simplicidens ( cast of cm 1553 ) were derived by means of a 3d nextengine hd laser surface scanner ( s1 – s6 videos ) .
s4 video . video of the cranium and mandible megalictis ferox amnh - 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) .
three views of megalictis : restoration , skull reconstruction , and original skull . art by adam hartstone - rose .
both wolverines and megalictis are members of the weasel family mustelidae . so , informally , you could say a wolverine ( or megalictis ) is a giant weasel , same way you could say a lion or tiger is a giant cat . if you want to be technical , megalictis was megalictis , and it was neither a wolverine nor a weasel , but was related to both of them ( and probably looked more like a wolverine and less weasel - y than seen here )
megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america .
there are no derived characters uniting the three named species of paroligobunis that are not shared with megalictis ( s2 appendix ) . our phylogenetic analysis ( fig 5 ) shows that these three species are paraphyletic with m . ferox . the larger p . frazieri and p . simplicidens are both referred to megalictis . the differences in morphology and size between the three species of megalictis with respect to “ m . ” petersoni ( fig 6 ) suggest that “ m . ” petersoni could be excluded from the genus megalictis .
( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .
un megalictis a la entrada de su guarida . : > megalictis fue una comadreja gigante - segun ciertos autores , algunas especies alcanzaban el tamaño de un oso negro . era incluso mas grande que ekorus , pero tenía proporciones distintas , mas similares a las de un mustélido moderno . los mustelidos modernos son depredadores temerarios que atacan presas a veces mucho mayores que ellos mismos ; imaginen si megalictis existiera todavia . . . a megalictis by its lair : > megalictis was a giant weasel - according to certain authors , some species could grow up as big as a black bear . it was even bigger than ekorus , but had different proportions , more like a modern day mustelid . modern day mustelids are fearless predators that attack prey sometimes much larger than themselves . imagine if megalictis was still around . . .
( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) “ megalictis” petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .
a , and b megalictis ferox holotype amnh 12880 , lateral view ( a ) , ventral view ( b ) ; c , and d megalictis ferox cm 1590 ( genotype of aelurocyon brevifacies ) , lateral view ( c ) , ventral view ( d ) ; megalictis ferox f : am 25430 lateral view ( e ) , ventral view ( f ) ; g , and h megalictis ferox f : am 54079 lateral view ( g ) , ventral view ( h ) . scale bar equals 5 cm . c and d courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history .
megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . - pubmed - ncbi
awesome ! nice to see a picture of megalictis . y ' know , ya don ' t don ' t see many of that around .
finally , a second megalictis restoration ! until now , there was only one i knew of , and it was part of a childrens ' coloring book . wonderful job on the artwork , as usual .
but now paleontologist alberto valenciano and colleagues have discovered that megalictis was no feline wannabe . through a new analysis of previously - undescribed skull material , the researchers not only refine the evolutionary relationships of america’s giant weasels , but they also make the case that the teeth and jaws of megalictis were more like those of hyenas and some deep - jawed dogs than to cats . in other words , this huge weasel was a bone - crusher .
oh , ok , thanks for clearing it up . so you ' re saying that megalictis would appear more like a wolverine than a stoat ? so bacically you ' re saying your drawing is innacurate ? ( still an awesome drawing though )
name : megalictis . phonetic : meg - ah - lik - tiss . named by : william diller matthew  -  1907 . synonyms : aelurocyon brevifacies ,  brachypsalis simplicidens ,  megalictis brevifacies ,  megalictis simplicidens ,  paroligobunis ,  simplicidens . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  carnivora ,  mustelidae ,  oligobuninae . species : m .  ferox ( type )  ,  m .  frazieri ,  m .  petersoni . diet : carnivore . size : estimated between 20 and 60 kilograms ,  but opinions amongst palaeontologists can vary greatly . known locations : usa . time period : harrisonian ( late chattian of the oligocne to aquitanian of the miocene )  . fossil representation : multiple individuals .
paleontologist william diller matthew named carnivore megalictis ferox way back in 1907 . the mammal’s teeth and osteology clearly showed it to be a cousin of martens and stoats , yet their dimensions “indicate an animal which may best be described as a gigantic wolverene [ sic ] , equaling a jaguar or a black bear in size . ” and given that cats were meek little things at the time megalictis lived , paleontologists thought that this weasel had evolved to take on a lion - like lifestyle during north america’s long cat gap .
it was rendered almost exactly like a modern wolverine , right down to the pattern of its coat . yours has more of a chunky bear - like quality to it , which makes a bit more sense than simply upsizing a wolverine to megalictis ' proportions .
valenciano , a . , baskin , j . , abella , j . , pérez - ramos , a . , álvarez - sierra , m . , morales , j . , hartstone - rose , a . 2016 . megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0152430
“megalictis” petersoni ( fig 6g , 6h and 6l ) differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in the absence of mesial accessory cuspids on p3–4 , a relatively stouter p4 with a shorter mesial part and a relatively more robust m1 with a taller and stouter metaconid .
. . . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) . . . .
i like how you drew him cute . at least until he bites someone ' s face off ! it just baffles me that bear - sized wolverines once walked the earth . i mean , modern day wolverines can drive off bears and kill moose , so imagine what this creature was capable of ! megalictis don ' t care !
citation : valenciano a , baskin ja , abella j , pérez - ramos a , álvarez - sierra má , morales j , et al . ( 2016 ) megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one 11 ( 4 ) : e0152430 . urltoken
hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] did not consider the other two species referred to paroligobunis : the small p . petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] . as discussed below , we consider the material referred to both p . simplicidens and p . frazieri to be valid species : megalictis frazieri and m . simplicidens .
megalictis ferox [ 1 ] was described from the black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota , usa . a second giant oligobunine , aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 [ 5 ] , was described from the niobrara canyon local fauna , anderson ranch formation in sioux county , nebraska , usa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] established that the actual publication date for a . brevifacies was one week after matthew described m . ferox in 1907 , not in 1906 as indicated in the journal . after these initial descriptions , riggs [ 6 ] described new cranial and postcranial material of both taxa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis ferox , aelurocyon brevifacies , and the large oligobunine mustelid paroligobunis simplicidens ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] .
here , we describe an important unpublished sample of craniomandibular remains of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , and amnh 54076 ) , housed at the american museum of natural history ( new york , usa ) . although f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 were found in the late 1930s and have been used to obtain metric , morpho - functional and phylogenetic data ( e . g . , [ 2 , 7 , 12 – 16 ] ) , they have never been fully described . therefore , the main objective of the present paper is to describe these unpublished skulls and mandibles , and provide new data on the taxonomy and systematics of the genus in order to shed new light on the paleobiology of megalictis .
all the three species that have been referred to paroligobunis ( fig 6 ) are known from limited material . the genotype of paroligobunis , megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1590 , peterson , 1907 , 1910 ) [ 5 , 29 ] comes from the “agate stock farm” , sioux county nebraska . the exact locality is unknown and it is either from the harrison formation ( ar3 ) or the basal part of the anderson ranch formation [ 7 ] . additional material first referred to p . simplicidens [ 29 ] and later to megalictis ferox [ 7 ] is from quarry 3 , beardog hill , agate fossil beds national monument , from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation . the small “m” . petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] is from a locality near van tassel , wyoming , “upper harrison beds” ( = anderson ranch formation ) and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] is from the sb - 1a local fauna , florida , latest oligocene , early late arikareean ( ar3 ) . hunt ( in tedford et . al , 2004 : p . 205 [ 3 ] ) recognized that “‘ paroligobunis’ frazieri is an earlier form preceding the late arikareean species of megalictis ” .
the new specimens of megalictis ferox described here ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) give us a broader understanding of the morphology of m . ferox and lead us to conclude that the holotypes of both m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and aelurocyon brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) are conspecific and thus the latter should be subsumed into m . ferox . we argue that there are 3 species ascribed to megalictis : m . ferox , m . frazieri and m . simplicidens . however , the fourth potential congener , “m” . petersoni , might be best ascribed to a different genus . our cladistic analysis suggests that m . ferox is the sister taxon of the clade composed by m . simplicidens — m . frazieri . our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the subfamily oligobuninae as being a stem mustelid .
megalictis frazieri ( fig 6e , 6f and 6k ) differs from m . simplicidens ( fig 6a–6d , 6i and 6j ) in having a less massive mandible and a more distinctive distal cingulum with a higher crown in p2–4 than m . simplicidens . the c and p2 of m . frazieri are also more robust . the m1 hypoconid is higher and the talonid is relatively larger , slightly basined with a very low internal rim .
synonyms : senior subjective synonym [ 7 ] of aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 , p . 68 [ 5 ] , “upper harrison formation” , sioux county , nebraska and paroligobunis peterson , 1910 [ 29 ] . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) .
hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] partially described and measured some of the unsm and cm specimens of megalictis from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation at beardog hill that we refer to m . simplicidens . aside from their more primitive morphology ( e . g . , presence of a metaconid on m1 ) , they are smaller than m . ferox from the upper anderson ranch formation . the upper and lower dental measurements indicate a size similar to g . gulo .
thanks . yeah , i don´t think i had ever seen a megalictis reconstruction when i drew this , so yes , it probably looks little like the real thing . there ' s quite a few drawings in my gallery that are really just my first impresison of what x creature would look like , because quite simply there were no other reconstructions available ( or i didn´t find any ! ) the drawing ' s over three years old , i think it may be time to draw a new version
diagnosis : baskin [ 2 ] diagnosed of aelurocyon brevifacies ( which he considered the senior subjective synonym of megalictis ferox because of the presumed earlier publication date at the time he submitted the chapter ) . new or revised characters follow . megalictis ferox is the largest of the oligobunines ; coronoid process high and caudally curved ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest extending from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; laterocaudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus laterally projected ; p2 with distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with strong parastyle and protocone ; p4 carnassial notch present ; m1 with enlarged stylar area ; m2 with paracone and protocone ; p2–4 with high - crowned distal cingula ; p3 with mesial and distal accessory cuspid ; p4 relatively enlarged with presence of mesial accessory cuspid and stout distal accessory cuspid ; m1 trigonid widened ; m1 with strong lingual concavity between paraconid and protoconid ; m1 protoconid higher than paraconid ; m1 hypoconid short , trenchant and buccally located ; m1 with a lingual cingulum in the entoconid position ; m2 reduced with metaconid .
dental nomenclature follows ginsburg [ 17 ] and smith and dodson [ 18 ] . anatomical descriptions are based primarily on scapino [ 19 ] , turnbull [ 20 ] , barone [ 21 , 22 ] , waibl et al . [ 23 ] , evans and de lahunta [ 24 , 25 ] , and hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the terminology conforms to the standard of the nomina anatomica veterinaria [ 23 ] with the exception of the masseter and temporalis muscle complexes for which we follow hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the megalictis material ( figs 1 – 4 ) has been compared to all the other material of megalictis and paroligobunis on the basis of published descriptions , figures , measurements and photographs . we have re - measured the dentition of amnh 12880 and 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) measured initially by matthew [ 1 ] and peterson [ 5 ] and completed the measures of paroligobunis petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] using a cast tmm 40966–1 . measurements were made using mitutoyo absolute digital calipers to the nearest 0 . 1 mm ( tables 1 and 2 ) .
the preservation of the of m . ferox specimen f : am 25430 represents by far the most complete and best preserved craniomandibular specimen of any giant mustelids . based on the size of the skull , m . ferox emerges as the largest terrestrial mustelid ever known–even larger than the extinct late miocene giant mustelid ekorus , eomellivora , and plesiogulo [ 13 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 70 ] . this new material sheds light on a new paleobiological interpretation of megalictis as a hyena - like , bone - crushing mustelid , instead of the cat - like ecomorphotype previously ascribed to the genus .
metrically the new megalictis ferox sample described above ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) together with amnh 12880 and cm 1590 form a single picture of m . ferox with dental biometric variability similar to the largest extant terrestrial mustelids gulo and mellivora ( figs 7 and 8 ) . however , if m . simplicidens is considered as a synonym of m . ferox , this variability exceeds the extant one . such variability is much more pronounced when all the specimens of m . simplicidens , m . frazieri and the small “ m . ” petersoni ( figs 7 and 8 ) are included .
megalictis ferox matthew , 1907 [ 1 ] is a giant mustelid of the subfamily oligobuninae and belongs to the paraphyletic group of “paleomustelids” [ 2 ] . it lived in the early miocene during the late arikareean ar4 north american land mammal age 22 . 7–18 . 5 mya [ 3 , 4 ] of the central great plains of united states in the states of nebraska , south dakota , and wyoming [ 1 , 5 – 7 ] . the ar4 lithostratigraphic units containing giant oligobunines have been revised . hunt [ 8 ] named the anderson ranch formation for the terminal formation of the arikaree group in nebraska and wyoming formerly referred to as the upper harrison beds of peterson [ 5 , 9 ] and the lower marsland formation of schultz [ 10 ] . the black bear formation replaces the upper rosebud formation of south dakota [ 11 ] .
in order to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of the oligobunines megalictis ferox ( amnh 12880 , cm 1590 , f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 ) , m . simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( cm 1553 and cm 2389 ) , m . frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( uf 23928 ) , “ m . ” petersoni ( = paroligobunis petersoni ) ( acm 2011 ) , and oligobunis crassivultus ( amnh 6903 ) , we have performed a cladistic analysis ( fig 5 ) including 18 taxa ( m . ferox is represented in the analysis as 4 separate operational taxonomic units ( otu ) ) and 73 equally weighted and unordered craniomandibular characters ( s1 – s3 appendices ) . cladistic analysis was performed using in paup * 4 . 0b10 [ 38 ] . the analysis was rooted using c . lupus as the outgroup .
differential diagnosis : megalictis ferox differs from m . simplicidens , m . frazieri , “m . ” petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus in its larger size , m1 without metaconid and m1 talonid with a closed lingual morphology with a lingual cingulum between the metacristid and entocristid . additionally , it differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in having a higher and more robust mandibular symphysis , a reduced p2 and a more robust p4 and m1 . it further differs from “m . ” petersoni in much larger size and p3–4 with mesial accessory cuspids . it further differs from oligobunis crassivultus in having a more rectangular p2 , smaller m1 than p4 , enlarged m1 stylar area , higher paracone than metacone on the m1 , reduced p2 , p2–3 high - crowned distal cingula , more developed p3 distal accessory cuspid , relatively enlarged p4 , and higher protoconid than paraconid on the m1 .
megalictis simplicidens and m . frazieri ( fig 6 ) resemble m . ferox in several characters , such as a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus , and a deep masseteric fossa with a robust crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 . both taxa have a p1 , the distal cingula of p2–4 are high - crowned , and the p4 is relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 trigonid is widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , a low , and narrow talonid with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid , and a reduced m2 with presence of a metaconid . however they differ from m . ferox in having a non - reduced p2 , the presence of a stout m1 metaconid , relatively more slender p4 and m1 , m1 talonid with an open lingual morphology between the metacristid and entocristid , and a lower and more slender mandibular symphysis .
megalictis ferox ( figs 1 – 4 ) is characterized by several traits : long external auditory meatus ; high and caudally curved coronoid process ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to just beneath the m2 ; latero - caudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus is laterally projected , with the ventral edge of the angular process also laterally projected ; i3 is enlarged ; p2 with a distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with carnassial notch ; enlarged stylar area of m1 , and a m2 with paracone and protocone differentiated ; p2–4 distal cingula high - crowned ; distal accessory cuspid on p3 ; relatively enlarged p4 with a stout mesial accessory cuspid ; relatively stout m1 with a widened trigonid , a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , no metaconid , protoconid higher than paraconid , with a short , trenchant and buccally located hypoconid and a lingual rim in the entoconid position ; reduced m2 with a metaconid .
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full reference : w . d . matthew . 1907 . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 23 ( 9 ) : 169 - 219
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copyright : © 2016 valenciano et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .
funding : a . v . has received funding from the european union’s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under grant agreement n° 226506 ( synthesys ; se - taf - 3637 ) , the usc school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) , the amnh ( collection study grant program 2014 ) and the international travel grant 2015 from the vertebrate paleontology department of flmnh from uf . a . v . is researcher in formation in the csic program jae - pre _ cp2011 ( csic program
junta para la ampliación de estudios
) , co - funded by the european social fund . a . p . r . is a pre - doctoral fpi fellowship ( bes - 2013 - 065469 ) of the project cgl2012 - 37866 . this study was also supported by the spanish ministerio de economía y competitividad ( research project cgl2015 - 68333 , cgl2011 - 28877 and cgl2011 - 28681 ) , the research group bsch - ucm 910607 and university of south carolina school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) .
abbreviations : acm , amherst college beneski museum of natural history , massachusetts , usa ; ahr , comparative anatomy research collection , university of south carolina school of medicine , columbia , usa ; amnh , american museum of natural history , division of paleontology and division of mammalogy , new york , usa ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , usa ; f : am , collection housed in the frick collection of the division of paleontology , amnh , new york , usa ; lgput , laboratory of geology and palaeontology , university of thessaloniki , greece ; mncn , museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; mncncomp , comparative anatomy research collection of paleobiology department of museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; nrm , naturhistoriska rikmuseet , stockholm , sweden ; pin , palaeontological institute , russian academy of sciences , moscow , russia ; sam - pql , iziko south african museum , cape town south african museum , south africa ; tmm , texas memorial museum at the vertebrate paleontology laboratory , the jackson school of geosciences , university of texas , austin , usa ; uf , vertebrate paleontology collection of the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) , university of florida , gainesville , usa ; unsm , university of nebraska state museum , lincoln , nebraska , usa ; usnm , united states national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , usa
a lateral view ; b rostral view ; c dorsal view ; d caudal view ; e ventral view . scale bar equals 5 cm .
a right mandible lateral view ; b occlusal view ; c left mandible lingual view of lower dentition . scale bar equals 5 cm .
a1–4 cranium f : am 54079 , lateral view ( a1 ) , dorsal view ( a2 ) , ventral view ( a3 ) , and caudal view ( a4 ) ; b1–3 right hemimandible f : am 54079 , lateral view ( b1 ) , medial view ( b2 ) , and occlusal view ( b3 ) ; c1–3 left hemimandible f : am 54079 lateral view ( c1 ) , medial view ( c2 ) , and oclussal view ( c3 ) ; d1–3 right hemimandible of amnh 54076 , lateral view ( d1 ) , medial view ( d2 ) , and occlusal view ( d3 ) . scale bar equals 5 cm .
f : am 25430 ( figs 1 and 2 , s1 video ) : relatively complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 , missing only its left zygomatic arch , a broken frontal area plus a portion of the right parietal region missing and filled with plaster , a hole in its right parietal bone , and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ; f : am 54079 ( fig 3 , s2 video ) : right side of a partial skull without the premaxilla , with worn c , p2 - m1 and partial mandibles with a nearly complete right one with c - m2 and a broken mandibular symphysis and a left one just with the mandibular corpus preserved and a broken p2 , and a complete both p3 and m1 ; amnh 54076 ( fig 3 ) : partial mandibular corpus with m1 - 2 .
diagnosis : large to giant size mustelid ; robust mandible with a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus ; deep masseteric fossa with a stout crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; robust dentition ; p1 present ; p2–4 with distal cingula high - crowned ; p4 relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids ; m1 trigonid widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid ; m1 metaconid reduced to absent , present in the older and smaller forms and absent in the giant forms , m1 talonid low and narrow with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid ; and m2 with reduced metaconid .
holotype : amnh 12880 , a partial reconstructed skull ( fig 4 , s3 video ) with right p4 , m1 - 2 , a fragmented right mandible with almost complete coronoid process , m1 trigonid and m2 , and very few postcranial remains figured by matthew , 1907 , p . 196 , fig . 10–13 , 15 [ 1 ] .
type locality : rosebud 22 , porcupine butte , black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota .
other localities : rosebud 5 , porcupine butte , stanley county , south dakota , usa ( amnh 12881 ) ; niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( cm 1590 ) , “high daemonelix beds” , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( f : am 25430 ) ; j - m district , south of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa [ 6 ] ; “high brown sand” , 16 mile district , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54079 ) ; 8 north of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54076 ) .
age : upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents , south dakota , nebraska , and wyoming , late late arikareean ( ar4 ) , 22 . 7–18 . 5 mya [ 4 ] early miocene .
comments : specimens that can be referred to m . ferox s . s . are from the latest arikareean ( ar4 ) upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents .
a nearly complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 1 , s1 video ) and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 2 , s1 video ) . the left zygomatic arch is missing . part of the frontal and a region of the right parietal bones are missing and filled with plaster . there is a subrectangular and anthropogenic hole in its right parietal bone located above the most caudal area of the zygomatic arch .
locality : “high daemonelix beds” , anderson ranch formation , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa .
the zygomatic arches are robust , especially caudally near the glenoid cavity . both m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda have their origin on the ventrolateral side of the zygomatic arch . the frontal processes of the zygomatic arches are triangular and dorsoventrally high .
ventrally ( fig 1e ) , the incisive foramina are preserved . the palate is broad and expanded mediolaterally between the p4–m2 . the posterior border of the palatine is expanded caudally behind the molars . the pterygoid region and the hamulus pterygoideus processes are relatively well preserved . the hamulus pterygoideus processes are large and caudally expanded ( fig 1e ) . the foramen ovale is located in line with the glenoid fossa . the alisphenoid canal is absent . the glenoid fossa is relatively strong . the auditory bullae are large and swollen . the external auditory meati are rounded ( fig 1a ) . the ventral wall of the auditory bullae has been partially destroyed , and the tympanic chamber is exposed . the postglenoid foramen is large , rounded and located caudally to the postglenoid process and medially to the external auditory meatus . the rostral foramen lacerum or external carotid foramen is a large double foramen located on the rostromedial corner of the auditory bullae . the caudal carotid foramen is almost hidden and is located in line with the external auditory meatus , midway along the medial margin of the auditory bullae . the large rounded caudal foramen lacerum is located on the caudal - most corner of the skull . the suprameatal fossa is absent . the condyloid foramen is located caudally to the caudal foramen lacerum and is clearly separated from it . the stylomastoid foramen is not preserved . the occipital condyles are strong and their dorsal parts are broader than the ventral ones . the foramen magnum is large and subquandrangular ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is highly expanded ( fig 1c and 1e ) ; measuring 106 . 1 mm in width . the caudal area of the skull is very broad . the nuchal crest has a great caudal development . its dorsal part is projected caudally . in dorsal view the ventral parts of the nuchal crest in conjunction with the mastoid process are laterally widened , which creates large attachment areas for m . zygomatic temporalis on the dorsal side ( fig 1c ) and m . obliquus capiti cranialis on the caudal side ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is robust and is situated caudal to the external auditory meatus . the supraoccipital bone is very enlarged . the paroccipital process is not preserved .
mandible and lower dentition : the mandible of f : am 25430 is very robust ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a total length of 149 . 0 mm . the tooth row is slightly convex and is aligned with the articular process . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the ventral margin is convex at the level of the m1 . there is single rounded mental foramen under p2 . the ascending ramus is tall and rostrocaudally broad ( fig 2a ) . its tip is distally oriented . the coronoid process is laterally rotated with an angle of ~ 75 degrees , compared to the articular process . there is a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid to beneath the m2 where the tendon of the m . temporalis is attached . this area is especially enlarged and laterally projected around the area of the m2 ( fig 2a and 2b ) . the masseteric fossa is large and deep . its rostral margin lies at the level of talonid of m1 , and ventrolaterally is limited by a strong area where the m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda insert . the articular process is large and robust . the angular process is robust and shows a medial crest for the muscular attachment of the m . pterygoideus medialis .
the lower dentition ( 3 / 1 / 4 / 2 ) is also preserved in its entirety ( fig 2 ) . the lower incisors are heavily worn . the canine is large , stout and markedly curved distally ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a swollen base and is oval in cross - section . the p1 is oval , single - cusped and distally wide ( fig 2b ) . the p2–4 are stout , subrectangular and wider distally . these premolars have strong cingula at their bases , and the distal cingula are high - crowned . the p2 has a single messially - located cuspid . the p3 has a low mesial accessory cuspid and a more developed distal one . the p4 is the largest lower premolar and has more strongly developed mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 is a relatively short and stout tooth ( fig 2 ) . the very robust trigonid occupies almost three fourths of the total length of the tooth , with the greatest width at the base of the protoconid . the paraconid is lower than the protoconid and there is no metaconid . the m1 shows a markedly lingual concavity in the base of the crown between the trigonid cuspids ( fig 2b ) . the stout talonid lacks an entoconid . the hypoconid is low , trenchant and buccally located . there is a smooth cristid from the top of the protoconid to the hypoconid that encloses a deep lingual depression ( fig 2c ) . the m2 is rounded and low ( fig 2b ) . the paraconid is low , and located in the mesial corner . the protoconid is the highest cuspid , located buccally in the middle of the tooth . the metaconid is situated over the lingual corner . it is less developed than the protoconid . the hypoconid is low and located in the distal corner . there is a cingulum around the whole tooth .
partial skull with worn c , p2–m1 and partial mandible with worn p1–4 and m1–2 ( fig 3a1–4 , 3b1–3 and 3c1–3 , s2 video ) .
locality : “high brown sand” , 16 mile district , anderson ranch formation , goshen county , wyoming , usa .
c , p2–4 and are preserved . the p1 is missing . they are more worn than are those of f : am 25430 . the c has a large lingual wear facet . the morphology of p2–4 ( fig 3a3 ) is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the p3 is more quadrangular than that of f : am 25430 , but the mesiolingual corner of the p3 is missing . the p4 paracone , protocone and metastyle are greatly - worn ( fig 3a3 ) . the m1 ( fig 3a3 ) has the same development of the cusps as that found in f : am 25430 , and shows a very similar morphology as that of amnh 12880 . the m2 and its alveoli are not preserved .
mandible and lower dentition : the right hemimandible ( fig 3b1–3 ) has a fragmented corpus that is missing its symphyseal end but includes a complete ascending ramus with p1–4 and m1–2 . its morphology is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the left hemimandible ( fig 3c1–3 ) is missing its ascending ramus but includes a complete mandibular corpus , a complete p1 , a fragmented p2 , a highly worn p3 , a complete m1 and a fragmented m2 . the p1–4 and m1 are almost identical to those of f : am 25430 though there is more substantial occlusal wear in p2–4 and m1 than in f : am 25430 . the m2 is oval and has a more developed metaconid than the m2 of f : am 25430 .
locality : 8 north of lusk , goshen county , anderson ranch formation , wyoming , usa .
mandible and lower dentition : amnh 54076 is a fragmented mandibular corpus missing its symphysis ( fig 3d1–3 ) . it has roots for p2–3 , and complete m1–2 . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the m1 is identical to those of f : am 54079 and f : am 25430 . it has a stout trigonid , and a low talonid composed of a trenchant hypoconid , lingually located and a lingual depression . the m2 is rounded and low . it has a distinguishable protoconid and metaconid , and a continuous basal cingulum .
the results of the cladistic analysis indicate that the specimens we assign to m . ferox form a monophyletic group ( fig 5 ) . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] in that m . ferox and a . brevifacies are the same taxon , and that m . ferox has priority . morphologically , the specimens f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 , as well as cm 1590 and amnh 12880 , are practically identical to each other ( figs 1 – 4 ) . f : am 54079 differs from f : am 25430 and cm1590 in having a more robust p3 and a relatively longer m2 . cm 1590 has a reduced lingual expansion of p3 and a stronger parastyle of p4 than f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 12880 . the morphology of f : am 25430 is clearly different from the skull of amnh 12880 , and shows that the reconstructed parts of the latter were incorrect , in which the temporal , frontal and a part of the zygomatic arch bones are misinterpreted ( fig 4a and 4b ) . f : am 25430 allows us to complete the knowledge about the morphology of the skull of m . ferox and showing that the holotype of m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and the holotype of a . brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) belong to the same species . consequently , f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 should be assigned to m . ferox . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] that the difference observed in the specimens of m . ferox can be explained by intraspecific variability ( sexual dimorphism and intrapopulational differences ) or small temporal differences .
a life appearance ; b , reconstructed skull and mandible ; c , skull and mandible f : am 25430 . artwork by adam hartstone - rose .
s1 table . list of the extant specimens of carnivorans used in this paper .
conceived and designed the experiments : av jm ahr . performed the experiments : av jab jm . analyzed the data : av jab ja maas jm ahr . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : av ja apr . wrote the paper : av jab ja maas jm ahr .
matthew wd . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bull am mus nat hist . 1907 ; 23 : 169–219 .
baskin ja . mustelidae . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america , volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulate - like mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 1998 . pp . 152–173 .
tedford rh , albright lb iii , barnosky ad , ferrusquia - villafranca i , hunt rm jr , storer je , et al . mammalian biochronology of the arikareen through hemphillian interval ( late oligocene through early pliocene epochs ) . in : woodburne mo , editor . late cretaceous and cenozoic mammals of north america : biostratigraphy and geochronology . new york : columbia university press ; 2004 . pp . 169–231 .
albright lb iii , woodburne mo , fremd tj , swisher cc iii , macfadden bj , scott gr . revised chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the john day formation ( turtle cove and kimberly members ) , oregon , with implications for updated calibration of the arikareean north american land mammal age . j geol . 2008 ; 116 : 211–237
peterson oa . the miocene beds of western nebraska and eastern wyoming and their vertebrate faunae . ann carnegie mus . 1907 ; 4 : 21–72 .
riggs es . some early miocene carnivores . publ - field mus nat hist , geol ser . 1945 ; 9 : 69–114 .
from the early miocene carnivore dens at agate fossil beds national monument , nebraska : earliest evidence of dimorphism in new world mustelidae ( carnivora , mammalia ) . univ wyoming contrib geol . 1996 ; 31 : 35–48 .
hunt rm jr . new amphicyonid carnivorans ( mammalia , daphoeninae ) from the early miocene of southeastern wyoming . am mu novit . 2002 ; 3385 : 1–41 .
peterson oa . a revision of the entelodontidae . mem carnegie mus . 1909 ; 4 : 41–158 .
schultz c . b . the miocene of western nebraska . am j sci . 1938 ; 35 : 441–444 .
martin j e . the rosebud problem revisited . proc s dak acad sci . 2011 ; 90 : 37–50 .
radinsky lb . evolution of skull shape in carnivores . 3 the origin and early radiation of the modern carnivores families . paleobiology . 1982 ; 8 : 177–195 .
werdelin l . mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . in : leakey mg , harris jm editors . lothagam , the dawn of humanity in eastern africa . new york : columbia university press ; 2003 . pp . 261–328 .
holliday ja , steppan sj . evolution of hypercarnivory : the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity . paleobiology . 2004 ; 30 : 108–128 .
( arctoidea , carnivora ) from hsanda gol formation , central mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography . am mu novit . 2005 ; 3483 : 1–57 .
finarelli ja . a total evidence phylogeny of the arctoidea ( carnivora : mammalia ) : relationships among basal taxa . j mammal evo . 2008 ; 15 : 231–259 .
ginsburg l . order carnivora . in rössner ge , heissig k editors . the miocene land mammals of europe . friedrich pfeil : münchen ; 1999 . pp . 109–148 .
smith jb , dodson p . a proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions . j vert paleontol . 2003 ; 23 : 1–12 .
scapino rp . biomechanics of feeding in carnivora . ph . d . theses , university of illinois . 1968
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waibl h , gasse h , hashimoto y , burdas kd , constantinescu gm , saber as , et al . nomina anatomica veterinaria . 5th edition . international committee on veterinary gross anatomical nomenclature . world association of veterinary anatomists , columbia , missouri ; 2005 .


the limnophorini are a tribe of flies , belonging to the family muscidae .

although the name-giving genus is limnophora , this was actually described only after the more characteristic and easily recognized lispe .

limnophorini

no one has contributed data records for limnophorini yet . learn how to contribute .
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contributed by john f . carr on 20 june , 2011 - 1 : 02pm
a revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part i . the subgenera neodexiopsis , coenosia , hoplogaster and related genera allognota , bithoracochaeta and schoenomyza
, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 57 - 119 ( march 1934 ) ( jstor )
a revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part ii . the subgenus limosia ( coenosia of authors )
, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 133 - 198 ( june 1934 ) , ( jstor )
contributed by john f . carr on 20 may , 2011 - 5 : 10pm
dna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species . . .
by renaud , a . k . , j . savage , and s . j . adamowicz
full title :
dna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species limits
available online here .
transactions of the american entomological society , vol . 46 , no . 2 , pp . 133 - 196 , 1920
contributed by john f . carr on 3 july , 2011 - 4 : 31pm
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
valter jacinto marked
mosca da família muscidae / / face fly ( lispe sp . )
as trusted on the
lispe
page .
sarah gregg changed the thumbnail image of
lispe tentaculata tfj806 - c44f kq57k
.
valter jacinto marked
mosca da família muscidae / / face fly ( limnophora sp . ) , female
as trusted on the
limnophora
page .
valter jacinto marked
mosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , male
as trusted on the
lispe tentaculata
page .
valter jacinto marked
mosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , female
as trusted on the
lispe tentaculata
page .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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1 department of entomology , museu nacional , quinta da boa vista , são cristóvão , rio de janeiro , 20 . 940–040 , rj , brazil
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
palpilongus gen . n . is herein described for one species – palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , from costa rica , based on male and females . the striking morphological characters of the species – palpus very long , about as long as prementum ; upper calypter truncate and very short and setae of male sternite 5 bifurcated , confirm that this new species is also a new genus in the tribe coenosiini . male and female terminalia were dissected and illustrated .
morphology , neotropical region , palpilongus gen . n . , palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , taxonomy
most of the species are known as predators of other insects and some play an important role as potential biocontrol agents , as , for instance , coenosia attenuata stein ( couri and salas 2010 ) .
coenosiini is the largest tribe of coenosiinae , with 29 genera in the world , 15 in the neotropical region . four are currently known from costa rica : bithoracochaeta stein , 1911 , cordiluroides albuquerque , 1954 , neodexiopsis malloch , 1920 and schoenomyza haliday , 1833 ( de carvalho et al . 2005 ; couri et al . 2006 ) .
the aim of the present contribution is to describe a new coenosiinae species from costa rica , and to ascribe it to a new genus based on unique combination of characters .
this study was based on one male and eight females specimens from costa rica in the collection of the instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio instituto nacional de biodiversidad , costa rica ) . two female paratypes ( one each ) will be deposited at the museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ( mnrj museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ) and at the department of zoology of the universidade federal do paraná ( dzup department of zoology of the universidade federal do paraná ) . holotype and the remaining paratypes remain at inbio . terminology follows mcalpine ( 1981 ) except for postpedicel instead of antennal flagellomere , as we followed stuckenberg ( 1999 ) .
the terminalia were macerated in a 10 % potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 24 hours . they were then dissected in glycerol and stored in a microtube with the specimen . color photos were taken with syncroscopy , jvc auto - montage with a leica mz 16 optical microscope .
) ; proepimeral seta oriented downwards ; notum and pleurae with very few setulae ; presutural acrostichal setae developed ; dorsocentral setae 1 + 3 ; katepisternals 1 + 1 + 1 forming an equilateral triangle ; upper calypter truncate and very short ; wing veins bare ; male hind tibia with many rows of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae ; sternite 1 bare ; setae on sternite 5 bifurcated ; hypandrium tubular in male ; ovipositor long in female .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , habitus in lateral view .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mouthparts and palpus in lateral view .
derived from the latin words palpus and longus , the genus name refers to the long palpus .
in the current classification of muscidae , the new genus falls in the tribe coenosiini of the coenosiinae . in both keys to muscid genera identification of de carvalho and couri ( 2002 ) for the neotropical region and savage and vockeroth ( 2010 ) for central america , the new genus approaches neodexiopsis and can be separated by the following couplet :
the new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . the analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides + neodexiopsis + haroldopsis albuquerque ( synonymyzed with neodexiopsis in the referred cladistic analysis ) , based on one synapomorphy - presence of three preapical setae on mid femur . the new genus was supported by the following synapomorphies : hairs on arista at most equal to basal width of arista ; fronto - orbital plate with no setulae ; colour of thorax and abdomen shinning undusted ; notum almost bare , with very few ground setulae ; lateral seta on scutellum present and hind tibia with a preapical posterodorsal seta at apical fourth .
neodexiopsis and cordiluroides are differently represented in the neotropical region . neodexiopsis is a speciose muscid genus , with about hundred described species found throughout the region , while cordiluroides have a more restricted geographic distribution ( mexico , costa rica and brazil ) and is known by 6 species .
cordiluroides species can be recognized by the very high insertion of the antenna ( very above the mid level of the eye ) , palpus short and slender , presence of only one pair of postsutural intra - alar seta , upper calypter transverse , hind tibia with one median anterodorsal , one posterior submedian and one posterodorsal supramedian setae and setae on sternite 5 not bifurcated . the genus was recently recorded from costa rica , on the base of three species ( couri et al . 2006 ) .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , ovipositor 8 dorsal view and spermathecae 9 ventral view .
holotype male : costa rica : prov . guana [ guanacaste ] , estation pitilla 9 km . s . de santa cecilia , 700m , dic 1994 , p . rios , ln 329950 380450 # 4372 [ inbio code collection number ] ( deposited at inbio ) . paratypes : same locality as holotype , ix . 1994 , ln 330200 _ 380200 # 3206 , 1 female ( inbio ) , # 3294 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . alajuela , upala , bijagua , alb . heliconias , 700m , 11–26 . i . 2000 , j . d . gutiérrez , agua miel , l _ n _ 299800 _ 43800 # 56263 , 1 female ( mnrj ) , # 56263 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . guanacaste , rio san lorenzo , tierras morenas , 1050m , x . 1995 , g . rodriguez , l _ n _ 287800 _ 427600 # 6405 , 1 female ( dzup ) , # 6405 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . punta [ puntarenas ] , est la casona , r . b . monteverde , a . c . arenal , 1520m , i . 1994 , n . g . obando , ln 253250 _ 449700 # 2606 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; n . p . heredia prov . , transecto , braulio carrillo , x . 1989 , 1500 , r . aguillar & m . zumbado , 1 female ( inbio ) .
head . dichoptic . ground - color yellow . eye bare . fronto - orbital plate , parafacial , face and gena golden pruinose . frons brown - reddish about 1 / 3 of head width . three pairs of frontal setae intercalated with shorter setae , the upper frontal setae oriented backwards . ocellar setae strong . antenna with pedicel yellow and postpedicel brownish , about 3 . 8 times the length of the pedicel . arista with very short setulae . gena thin . palpus yellow , very long , as long as proboscis , enlarged toward apex . labellum not reduced , developed and without teeth .
) , one long and strong anterodorsal seta on apical third and long apical setae on each , the anterior , anteroventral and ventral , the last of which the longest and strongest . hind femur with 2–3 fine anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae on apical third and with 3 preapical setae ( anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal ) . hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae and with a long and strong apical ventral seta . wing slightly infuscated . vein m straight . calypters yellow . knob of halter yellow .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mid tibia .
. elongate - cylindrical . ground - color yellow with black round lateral marks on tergites 3–5 . sternite 1 bare . sternite 5 with setae on apical third , the marginal ones bifurcated (
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , sternite 5 with bifurcate setae in detail .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , cercal plate and surstyli 5 dorsal view 6 lateral view .
. length of body : 4 . 5–5 . 3 mm . length of wing , 4 . 8–5 . 5 mm . differs from male as follows : proboscis with reduced labellum and strong teeth (
) . mid femur has a median anterior seta . mid tibia with one seta anterior to anterodorsal sub - basal seta and one supramedian posterior seta ; hind femur with an anterodorsal and an anteroventral row of scattered setae and two long and thin ventral setae on the middle third . hind tibia without the long setae as in male and with two anterodorsal setae at the limit of the median 1 / 3 and one submedian posterodorsal seta .
palpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , head in lateral view .
the male and the female have some marked differences , mostly in mid and hind leg chaetotaxy , in which only the male has mid tibia with four long dorsal setae on apical half and hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae . the different shape of the proboscis suggests that feeding habits differs between males and females : the female certainly is predator as most species of coenosiini with reduced labellum and developed teeth , while the male posses another kind of habit , unknown as far we know .
the specific epithet is latin and refers to the bifurcate setae of sternite 5 of the male .
the authors are grateful to dr . manuel zumbado for the opportunity to study this material . to conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico ( cnpq ) by the fellowship and grant to msc ( process number 300382 / 2010–3 ) and cjbc ( process number 304713 / 2011–2 ) . to luis antonio alves da costa ( mnrj ) for the final art of the drawings . thanks to james j . roper for the english revision . we are very greatful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions .
in : de carvalho cjb , editor . ( ed ) . muscidae ( diptera ) of the neotropical region : taxonomy .
de carvalho cjb , couri ms , pont ac , pamplona d , lopes sm . ( 2005 )
cordiluroides albuquerque from costa rica : first records , descriptions and taxonomic changes ( diptera , muscidae , coenosiinae ) .
first record of coenosia attenuata stein ( diptera , muscidae ) from chile with biological notes .
in : diptera de patagonia e south chile . london , part 7 : 171 - 346 .
in : mcalpine jf , peterson bv , shewell ge , teskey hj , vockeroth jr , wood dm , editors . ( eds ) . manual of nearctic diptera , volume 1 .
in : brown bv , borkent a , cumming jm , wood dm , woodley ne , zumbado ma , editors . ( eds ) . manual of central american diptera : volume 2 .
antennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum .
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. . . thus , the reduction of the median process supported the clade ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) + peckia ) ) , while the elongation of the capitis supported ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) , and the expansion of the base of the lateral styli supported engelimyia . similar findings of male genitalic characters that support phylogenies at various levels have been observed in other groups of insects , such as the muscid tribe coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) , tabanomorpha ( zloty et al . 2005 ) , in the planthoppers ( hemiptera : cixiidae ) ( hoch 2006 ) , and in microgastrine braconid wasps ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) . . . .
. . . e new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . e analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides . . .
two new species of the genus coenosia ( diptera : muscidae ) from mt . fanjing of guizhou , china
fauna europaea brings together the scientific names of all european land and freshwater animals in one authoritative database ( http : / / www . faunaeur . org ) .
the phylogenetic relationships among world genera of coenosiini ( diptera : muscidae : coenosiinae ) were investigated using parsimony . the analysis involved forty - six ingroup terminal taxa , representing 100 % of the genera currently assigned to this tribe , three outgroups and sixty - seven adult male and female morphological characters . the monophyly of coenosiini is confirmed by the position of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the morphology of the male terminalia of fourteen african species of helina robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( diptera , muscidae ) is described and illustrated : h . dorsalis ( stein , 1914 ) ; h . emdeni pont , 1980 , h . fuscibasis emden , 1951 ; h . gracilior emden , 1951 ; h . hirtipes metatarsalis emden , 1951 , h . juxtamedialis emden , 1951 ; h . lasiopa emden , 1951 ; h . mollis ( stein , 1906 ) ; h . naivashensis emden , . . . [ show full abstract ]
the study of recently collected afrotropical muscidae ( diptera ) from burundi , democratic republic of the congo , kenya and south africa has revealed ten new species which are described herein : coenosia duomaculata sp . nov . , c . nigromaculata sp . nov . , c . fragilis sp . nov . , helina harrisorum sp . nov . , h . ferfriniorum sp . nov . , hydrotaea tantula sp . nov . , limnophora diminuta sp . nov . , l . . . . [ show full abstract ]