aphanius is a genus of pupfishes .

unlike other members of the family which are from the americas , aphanius species are native to northern africa , southwestern asia ( as far east as india ) and southern europe .

several species in the genus have very small distributions and are seriously threatened .

aphanius

estimation of genetic divergence ( kimura 2 - parameter model ) between the sequences of the aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other iranian aphanius species . aa = aphanius arakensis , ai = aphanius isfahanensis , as = aphanius sophiae , af = aphanius farsicus and av = aphanius vladykovi .
morphometric characters of aphanius arakensis sp . n . and other iranian aphanius species . each cell contains mean ± standard deviation and range ( minimum–maximum ) .
two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species .
aphanius furcatus • a new and unique species of the genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) from southern iran : a case of regressive evolution .
killifishes , with emphasis on aphanius from iran , click here for more information .
meristic characters ( mean ± standard deviation and range ) of iranian aphanius species .
aphanius almiriensis , a new species of toothcarp from greece ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) .
left otoliths ( medial view ) of aphanius isfahanensis ( a–f ) , aphanius farsicus ( g–l ) , aphanius sophiae ( m–q ) , aphanius vladykovi ( r–v ) and aphanius arakensis ( w–aa ) . otolith terminology and taxonomic most informative morphometric distances are indicated in fig . 3f and include height of antirostrum ( a–c ) , height of rostrum ( c–e ) , length of antirostrum ( b–g ) , and length of rostrum ( d– f ) . sem pictures .
two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .
a new species of the genus aphanius ( nardo , 1832 ) ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from algeria .
life - history variations of killifish ( aphanius sophiae ) populations in two environmentally different habitats in central iran .
un exemple de
régression évolutive
chez des poissons cyprinodontidae du miocène supérieur d´espagne : aphanius illunensis nov . sp
a new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) .
molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the aphanius ( pisces , cyprinodontiformes ) species complex of central anatolia , turkey .
combined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , prolebias ) .
new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species .
geographic variation in otolith morphology among freshwater populations of aphanius dispar ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) from the southeastern arabian peninsula .
aphanius sophiae zm - cbsu , m46 , m97 , m98 , m174 - 176 ( ghadamgah spring - stream system ) ; aphanius farsicus zm - cbsu , m47 , m136 , m177 - 178 ( barm - e - shur spring ) ; aphanius isfahanensis zm - cbsu , m211 , m213 - 214 ( zayanderh river near varzaneh ) ; aphanius arakensis sp . n . zm - cbsu , m198 - 200 ( namak lake basin , 34°00 ' n , 49°50 ' e ) ; aphanius vladykovi zm - cbsu , m60 , m139 , m209 ( chaghakhor wetland in the upper reaches of the karoun basin ) .
systematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran .
the endangered cyprinodont aphanius ginaonis ( holly , 1929 ) from southern iran is a valid species : evidence from otolith morphology .
aphanius shirini ( gholami , z . , h . r . esmaeili , d . erpenbeck and b . reichenbacher , 2013 )
summary of diagnostic molecular characters that differentiate aphanius arakensis sp . n . , from other iranian aphanius species . of the 19 molecular apomorphies , 17 are transitions and two are transversions . numbers above characters indicate the character’s position in the complete molecular character matrix .
aphanius mento thrives in the type of water found in most communities in the united states . while most killies come from soft , acid waters , the persian killie prefers a hard , alkaline chemistry . if you keep african rift lake cichlids , aphanius mento likes the same conditions .
morphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica 51 : 67–79 . urltoken
aphanius farsicus , a replacement name for a . persicus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) zootaxa 3096 : 53–58 . urltoken
species and subspecies of the genus aphanius nardo 1897 ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) in turkey . turkish journal of zoology 23 : 23–44 . urltoken
aphanius ( nardo , 1927 ) and cyprinodon ( lac . , 1803 ) ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) , an attempt for genetic interpretation of speciation
aphanius arakensis , a new species of tooth - carp ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from the endorheic namak lake basin in iran . zookeys 215 : 55 - 76 .
aphanius kruppi , a new killifish from oman with comments on the a . disparspecies group ( cyprinodontiformes : aphaniidae ) , jörg freyhof , anton weissenbacher , matthias geiger ,
phylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum parsimony ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) analysis . the maximum parsimony phylogeny has a ci of 0 . 462 and ri of 0 . 747 . numbers above nodes represent maximum parsimony bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates .
hardness : although it is tolerant of slightly more acidic conditions than most aphanius it does not appreciate soft water . aim for somewhere within the range 179 – 357 ppm .
morphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica , 51 : 74 , figs . 3 - 4a .
new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .
esmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2014 ) . two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .
abstract : a primarily vicariance - based speciation has been suggested for the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 , but ecological factors are likely to have promoted the speciation processes in addition .
a new record confirms the occurrence of aphanius mesopotamicus coad , 2009 , in southwestern iran ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) . check list 8 ( 2 ) : 283 - 285 , 2012
two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphan . . . - pubmed - ncbi
natural shallow pond and type locality of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , in the namak lake basin , 5 km se of arak city , iran ( see fig . 1 ) .
coad , b . w . 2009 . a new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) . zookeys 31 : 149 - 163 .
a aphanius arakensis , holotype , male , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 10999 ) b paratype , female , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 11054 ) .
phylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum likelihood ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) and phenetic ( based on morphometric characters of fish specimens + j scale indices ) analysis . numbers above nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates . species and locations correspond to those listed in the material section .
aphanius persicus ( priem , 1908 ) ( pisces , teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) : une nouvelle combinaison pour brachylebias persicus priem , 1908 , du miocène supérieur des environs de tabriz ( iran ) .
a world of killies . atlas of the oviparous cyprinodontiform fishes of the world . the genera adamas , adinia , aphanius , aphyoplatys and aphyosemion . indiana , american killifish association , 311 p .
aphanius mesopotamicus ( coad , 2009 ) , zm - cbsuzg 362 , 363 , 364 , 365 ( four c & s from the karun basin , sw iran ; see [ 44 ] ) .
re - validation and re - description of an endemic and endangered species , aphanius pluristriatus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , from southern iran . zootaxa 3208 : 58–67 . urltoken
aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biol . fishes , 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 , fig . 1 .
aphanius mento is widespread throughout the near east . its range runs from around the dead sea and jordan valley in israel up through lebanon and syria into south central turkey and then down the euphrates and tigris river valleys into the shat al arab marshes near the persian gulf . while many species which are closely related to aphanius mento live in marine or brackish water , aphanius mento is only found in freshwater or lightly brackish habitats such springs , creeks , rivers , and small lakes . in nature , you will find it in shallow water , close to or in vegetation where the males establish their spawning territories .
ecological plasticity and divergence processes of the iranian inland species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , with focus on a . sophiae and a . farsicus in the kor river and maharlu lake basins , southwestern iran
did you know that killifish are found in the middle east ? one species , aphanius mento , sometimes known as the persian killie , is from that region and has been an aquarium favorite for many years .
europe : spain along mediterranean coast from 30 known localities ( now extirpated in 14 of them ) . historical records from near perpignan , france now extirpated . populations from algeria and the atlas along morocco - algeria border have long been identified as aphanius iberus but they belong to aphanius saourensis and other , unnamed and possibly extinct , species ( ref . 59043 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
( of aphanius nanus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius fasciatus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius nonus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
here , we report on the discovery of a unique aphanius species from southern iran and show that also regressive evolution has shaped the present - day diversity of aphanius . the species is characterized by complete absence of scales and reduction in the biomineralization of hard structures , particularly of the caudal skeleton and jaw teeth . based on mt - dna sequences , morphometric and meristic data , osteology , jaw teeth and otoliths , it is described as
keivany , y . and n . m . soofiani , 2004 - environmental biology of fishes 71 : 165 - 169 contribution to the biology of zagros tooth - carp , aphanius vladykovi ( cyprinodontidae ) in central iran .
coad , b . w . 1996 . systematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran . biologia , bratislava 51 ( 2 ) : 163–172 .
( of aphanius calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius cyanogaster ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius doliatus ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius flavus ( costa , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius hammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius lineatopunctatus ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius moseas ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius nigropunctata ( bonaparte , 1841 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius sarda ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aphanius timidus ( gulia , 1861 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
aphanius villwocki , a new species from the sakarya river basin of central anatolian plain , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes ) . ichthyol . expior . freshwaters , 14 ( 2 ) : 138 , figs . 1 - 2 .
abstract : a new killifish species , aphanius isfahanensis , is described from the isfahan basin of iran . it is distinguished from the other iranian species of aphanius by adult color pattern , molecular character states of mitochondrial dna sequence data , and in multivariate morphometric and meristic space . based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data , the new species is hypothesized to be sister taxon to a . sophiae plus a . persicus , which also occur in iran .
aphanius mento is also an easy fish to feed . while they enjoy live foods , they also do well on flake foods . in fact , i ' d recommend an algae flake food as a regular item in their diet .
coad , b . w . , 1988 - environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) .
zur taxonomie , verbreitung und speziation des formenkreis aphanius dispar ( rüppell , 1828 ) und beschreibung von aph . sirhani n . sp . mitt . hamburg zool . mus . inst . , 80 : 260 , figs . 3 - 4 .
coad , b . w . 1988 . aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 .
occurrence of the genus aphanius nardo ( teleostean fishes , cyprinodontidae ) in the evaporitic upper badenian of eastern czech republic . casopis slezskeho zemskeho muzea , serie a , vedy prirodni , 55 ( 2 ) : 97–104 [ zoological record volume 143 ] .
phylogenetic analysis of aphanius from the endorheic kor river basin in the zagros mountains , south - western iran ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) . j . zool . sys . evol . res . 52 ( 2 ) : 130 - 141 .
the noticeable features of the present - day diversity of the endemic aphanius species in iran include high genetic divergence and clear differences in otolith morphology , but only weak differences in general external morphology , morphometry and meristics . these patterns are probably caused by different rates of evolution in the mentioned characters that may be linked to the similarity of the individual environments , intra - species communication , and vicariance events . it is likely that additional aphanius species are present in remote areas of iran , especially in the zagros and alburz mountains .
hrbek , t . , y . keivany , and b . w . coad . 2006 . new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .
reichenbacher , b . , u . sienknecht , h . küchenhoff , and n . fenske , 2007 . combined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , † prolebias ) . journal of morphology 268 : 898 - 915 .
male ( above ) and female specimens ( not preserved ) of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , collected from cheshmeh nazi ( nazi spring , 33°42 ' 56 . 8
n , 50°04 ' 21 . 9
e ) near type locality , namak lake basin .
aphanius mento was first described by heckel in 1843 and has been kept by aquarists for a long time . nonetheless , it has never been readily available . after attempting to keep and breed the fish numerous times over the past 20 years , i believe that i know why .
abstract : aphanius almiriensis , new species , is described from a brackish water spring and from a lagoon ( and its inflowing freshwater spring ) in the peloponnese ( greece ) . it is distinguished by the yellowish caudal fin of the male that has a wide faint grey margin and by the colour pattern of the female ( 7 - 11 dark , roundish blotches on the side , more or less connected by an irregular dark midlateral stripe ) . aphanius almiriensis is critically endangered ; it is possibly extinct at the type locality and the second locality is much impacted . the identity , type material and type locality of a . fasciatus are discussed , and a neotype is designated . several species are possibly confused under the name a . fasciatus .
aphanius mento are generally aggressive only among themselves . they seem to get along , particularly while they are young , as long as they cannot be confused with food . the persian killie generally ignores other fish species , particularly when the other species are clearly different , and actually seem to do quite well when kept with other ( dither ) fish that are similarly sized .
the neural spine of pu2 was wider than the neural spines of pu4 and pu5 in almost all specimens studied ( table 3 and s8 table ) , as expected for a cyprinodontiform species ( see table 5 ) . the single exception is specimen zm - cbsuzg 363 of aphanius mesopotamicus , which reveals the neural spine of pu2 as wide as the neural spine of pu4 .
we report the occurrence of mesopotamian tooth carp , aphanius mesopotamicus coad 2009 , in a southern branch of the karkheh river , 10 km west of hoor - al - azim wetland . this is the first report of successful collection of this species after its first collection in 1978 - 80 and futile efforts during the last three decades and after its original description based on those old museum specimens .
abstract : we report the occurrence of mesopotamian tooth carp , aphanius mesopotamicus coad 2009 , in a southern branch of the karkheh river , 10 km west of hoor - al - azim wetland . this is the first report of successful collection of this species after its first collection in 1978 - 80 and futile efforts during the last three decades and after its original description based on those old museum specimens .
masoudi , m . , esmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , gholamhosseini , a . , sayyadzadeh , g . , keivany , y . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2016 ) . sympatry and possible hybridization among species of the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) in southwestern iran . limnologica , 59 ( 2016 ) : 10–20 .
you’re unlikely to find it on sale in aquatic stores although it may be available via specialist breeders or associations from time - to - time . while aphanius are certainly not as colourful as some of their relatives their interesting behaviour and continuous activity make them fascinating aquarium subjects and well worth a try if you possess the dedication to take on a long - term maintenance project since conservation is key with all members of the genus .
in practically all cases the root cause for this decline is the activity of humans and although some species are now protected by conservation law the mismanagement and degradation of their habitats continues at an alarming rate . a few species are still sometimes listed as members of lebias although that name has long been considered a synonym of cyprinodon by most authorities and an iczn committee voted to suppress the name in favour of aphanius as recently as 2003 .
furthermore , we did not use differences in numbers of preural vertebrae to discriminate between species because this number can vary within a single species ( this study and unpublished data of w . costa , pers . communication , may 2013 ) . while costa [ 1 ] assumed that cyprinodontiform species possess four to six preural vertebrae , our data derived from the four species of aphanius indicate that the number may be as low as three in some specimens ( s7 table ) .
teimori , a . , jawad , l . a . j . , al - kkarusi , l . h . , al - mamry , j . n . & reichenbacher , b . ( 2012 ) . late pleistocene to holocene diversification and zoogeography of the arabian killifish aphanius dispar inferred from otolith morphology . scientia marina , 76 ( 4 ) : 637 - 645 . [ featured article ] . this article is open access , please click here . you can also download the pdf here .
the iranian plateau is home to a diverse group of aphanius with four species already described and several awaiting description . these are among the most ancient in the genus having divereged away from a common ancestor around 20 – 24 million years ago . among them this species is most closely related to a . sophiae from the kor river system but can be distinguished by differences in patterning . males of a . sophiae lack the characteristic dark dorsal fin colouration seen in a . vladykovi and females possess a dark , lozenge - shaped spot at the caudal peduncle which is absent in those of vladykovi .
i did not experience success keeping aphanius mento until i started using a 22 gallon breeder flat ( 24
x20
x10
) . you can keep about 20 young adults in this set - up . by using a
colony
approach with sufficient
elbow room ,
the dominant male seems to lose some of his aggressiveness and seems content to guard his spawning site . the energy required to be dominant eventually tuckers the male and , with a colony , there is always another male waiting to become the big stud . this keeps your egg production rolling and provides some genetic diversity .
some aquarists might consider the growth rate of aphanius mento to be another problem . this is a slow growing species ( compared to most killies ) , with about a two year lifespan . males require about 4 to 6 months before they become sexually mature and begin to display their colors , and they will only be about ½ inch in size at this point . in a crowded environment , only the most dominant males will display their colors . the more room you provide , the more territorities there will be , and with more territories , more males will exhibit their flashy colors as they defend their turf .
captive reproduction is not difficult if the tank or container is properly arranged and maintained ( see ‘ tank set - up’ ) . it is a fractional spawner with females depositing eggs on a more - or - less continuous basis between the months of march and june in iran . males form temporary territories which they defend against rivals while attempting to entice females to spawn . dominant individuals will show more intense colouration . eggs are released singly or in small batches and are attached to algae or other surfaces by means of small filaments . aphanius typically eat their eggs / fry and the medium should therefore be checked on a daily basis during the spawning period .
in some regards , aphanius mento can be an easy fish to keep . like our desert pupfish , it has the ability to adapt to a wide range of temperatures . recently , i moved a few outside into a large breeder flat ( 30
x24
x12
) where they survived a northern california winter . although this proved to be a mild winter , temperatures did drop into the low 30 ' s from time to time . at the present , the same fish are basking in the same tank with our summer heat ( highs from the mid - 90 ' s to mid - 100 ' s ) . there is no doubt in my mind that they would thrive in a fish pond , if i had one .
aphanius isfahanensis : 18 males ( 17 . 6–23 . 8 mm sl ) and 25 females ( 17 . 7–34 . 0 mm sl ) from the zayanderh river near varzaneh , esfahan basin ( type locality ) ( iran , esfahan province ) , 32°25 ' n , 52°39 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 6472 , 6474 , 6476 , 6478 , 6480 , 6482 , 6484 , 6486 , 6488 , 6490 , 6492 , 6494 , 6496 , 6498 , 6500 , 8602 , 8604 , 8613 ; females : zm - cbsu , 6471 , 6473 , 6475 , 6477 , 6479 , 6481 , 6483 , 6485 , 6487 , 6489 , 6491 , 6493 , 6495 , 6497 , 6499 6501 , 8603 , 8605 - 8612 .
why , then , is this fish hard to find ? in my experience , there are several reasons . first , aphanius mento requires space . this is quite a contrast to the average killifish that is content in a two gallon aquarium . enough though their maximum size is about two inches , a group of persian killies should be kept in a 45 gallon aquarium , and even bigger is better . a breeder flat or large plastic
blanket
box can be used to breed the adults . in this
small
container , you will need to closely monitor the females . the dominant male can be extremely aggressive toward the females , and the females need room to run . without enough space , you will end up with a lonely male .
aphanius vladykovi : 35 males ( 17 . 3–29 . 2 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 16 . 1–41 . 4 mm sl ) from the chaghakhor wetland in the upper reaches of the karoun basin ( iran , chahar mahale bakhtyari province ) , 31°55 ' n , 50°56 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 6408 - 09 , 6413 - 14 , 6416 , 6418 , 6420 - 21 , 6423 , 6425 - 27 , 6430 , 6433 - 41 , 6443 - 44 , 6446 , 6448 - 49 , 6451 - 57 : females : zm - cbsu , 6401 - 03 , 6405 - 07 , 6410 - 12 , 6415 , 6417 , 6419 , 6422 , 6424 , 6428 - 29 , 6431 - 32 , 6442 , 6445 , 6447 , 6450 , 6458 - 70 .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 11 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 . can be diagnosed from other species of aphanius , valenciidae and fundulidae in europe by having the following characters : males possess a hyaline to bluish - grey caudal fin , with 2 - 5 dark grey bars , 10 - 20 dark grey to dark blue bars on a silvery background , bars usually irregularly shaped and set , often connected , breaking up into a mosaic of dark blue and silvery spots along back and in posterior part of body ; females have numerous dark brown spots on sides and back ; 23 - 27 scales in lateral line series on body ; pectoral fin with 9 - 10 rays ; and anal fin with 7 - 8 rays ( ref . 59043 ) .
apart from those few specimens that show the neural spine smaller to equal to those of pu4 and / or pu5 , all specimens of † kenyaichthys exhibit a neural spine on pu2 that is wider than those of pu4 and pu5 ( see above ) , like the studied extant cyprinodontiform species , with the exception of one specimen of aphanius mesopotamicus ( see table 3 ) . furthermore , † kenyaichthys displays mean values and ranges of pu3 / pu5 neural and haemal spine ratios that are comparatively close to the mean values of the studied aplocheiloid specimens ( see table 3 ) . in addition , the haemal spine pu2 / pu4 mean value of † kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied aplocheilid specimens , whereas the haemal spine pu2 / pu5 mean value of † kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied nothobranchiid specimens ( see table 3 ) .
aphanius sophiae : 35 males ( 19 . 3–33 . 3 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 18 . 6–36 . 6 sl ) from the ghadamgah spring - stream system ( close to type locality ) in the kor river basin ( iran , fars province ) , 30°15 ' n , 52°25 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 8460 , 8462 , 8462 , 8466 , 8468 , 8470 , 8472 - 73 , 8475 , 8477 , 8479 , 8481 , 8483 , 8485 , 8487 , 8479 , 8489 , 8491 - 97 , 8499 , 8501 , 8503 - 09 , 8511 - 13 ; females : zm - cbsu , 8461 , 8463 , 8465 , 8467 , 8469 , 8471 , 8474 , 8476 , 8478 , 8480 , 8482 , 8484 , 8486 , 8488 , 8490 , 8498 , 8500 , 8502 , 8510 , 8514 - 29 .
aphanius farsicus : 35 males ( 20 . 0–26 . 8 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 20 . 4–35 . 2 mm sl ) from the barm - e - shur spring in the maharlu lake basin ( type locality ) ( iran , fars province ) , 29°27 ' n , 52°42 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 9413 , 9415 , 9417 , 9421 , 9441 , 9443 , 9447 , 9449 , 9459 , 9467 , 9481 , 9483 , 9485 , 9487 , 9489 , 9493 , 9497 , 9499 , 9503 , 9511 , 9513 , 9515 , 9517 , 9519 , 9527 , 9529 , 9531 , 9533 , 9537 , 9539 , 9541 , 9555 , 9557 , 9559 , 6375 ; females : zm - cbsu , 9410 , 9412 , 9420 , 9422 , 9428 , 9442 , 9444 , 9452 , 9458 , 9472 , 9474 , 9478 , 9482 , 9488 , 9492 , 9494 , 9498 , 9500 , 9502 , 9504 , 9506 , 9510 , 9516 , 9520 , 9530 , 9532 , 9534 , 9536 , 9558 , 9560 , 9562 , 9564 , 6364 , 6359 , 6385 .
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carmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : a . fasciatus is widely distributed , abundant and has no major widespread threats .
it is distributed in all countries of the mediterranean region to the exception of the iberic peninsula . it is restricted to coastal waters including islands . it is found in several mediterranean islands , except crete ( bianco et al . 1996 ) . the species is also found in the suez canal ( lotan and ben - tuvia 1996 ) .
it is listed in the annex ii of the european union habitat directive and in appendices ii and iii of the bern convention .
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marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 16°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
indian ocean : egypt to somalia southward to eil , a landlocked population in the siwa oasis , western egypt . immigrant through the suez canal into the southeastern mediterranean basin , egypt and israel . elsewhere : dead sea , red sea , persian gulf , western india ; landlocked populations in saudi arabia , iran .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 11 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 .
occurs in coastal zones , also found in oasis pools with hypersaline to fresh water ( ref . 3788 ) . forms schools . chiefly a herbivorous species ( ref . 13530 ) . spawn in areas where roots of hyacinth or other floating plants abound ( ref . 44327 ) . not a seasonal killifish . very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
jouladeh - roudbar , a . , s . vatandoust , s . eagderi , s . jafari - kenari and h . mousavi - sabet , 2015 . freshwater fishes of iran ; an updated checklist . aacl bioflux 8 ( 6 ) : 855 - 909 . ( ref . 106319 )
) : 25 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 519 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00534 - 0 . 01030 ) , b = 3 . 18 ( 3 . 11 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 1 and fec < 1000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 46°n - 34°n , 2°e - 36°e
europe : france , italy , slovenia , croatia , albania , greece and montenegro . mediterranean basin : north africa from egypt to eastern algeria , sometimes in landlocked basins ; through the suez canal into the bitter lakes , egypt ( ref . 3788 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) . asia : turkey .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )
) : 17 . 6 - 20 . 1 , mean 18 . 9 ( based on 346 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00807 - 0 . 01240 ) , b = 3 . 25 ( 3 . 21 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 27 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 16 - 0 . 22 questionable ; assuming tm < 1 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . temperate ; 10°c - 32°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 42°n - 34°n , 3°w - 1°e
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3788 ) ; 5 . 4 cm tl ( female )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 01561 ) , b = 3 . 20 ( 3 . 06 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; k > 0 . 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .
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restricted to a small area of the zagros mountain range in chahārmahāl o bakhtiyārī province , iran . the type locality is close to the town of boldaji in the upper karun river basin and it has been recorded from nearby wetlands at chagha khur and gandoman plus a few other localities in the region . some aspects of its distribution remain unclear but it is thought to occur in the upper khersan river within the karun drainage as well as the upper marun river , a tributary of the karun that also arises in the zagros .
this species ‘ natural waters lie over 2000m above sea level ( the type locality is an artificially - dammed pool at 2380m ) . it inhabits slow - moving freshwater streams , pools and marshes which tend to have substrates of mud and pebbles with often quite turbid water . aquatic plants such as myriophyllum or potamogeton species grow in areas where the fish can be found .
a pair or trio can be kept in a container with base dimensions of 60 cm x 30 cm or so but as a general rule members of this genus do best when maintained as a larger group in a space measuring upwards of [ dimensions ] .
even for long - term maintenance a simple set - up will suffice . the most important factors are the provision of many broken lines of sight and a suitable medium in which the fish can deposit eggs . female and subdominant male individuals must be offered the opportunity of respite from the aggressive alpha males during the spawning season so much of the available space can be filled with acrylic wool mops ( use a fine grade if available ) , clumps of java moss or ceratophyllum and ideally filamentous algae .
there’s no need to add a substrate although inert sand or gravel can be added if you preferand filtration need not be too strong either . it is possible , and preferable , to maintain it outdoors all year round in many countries and it will show better colours and overall condition if exposed to at least a few hours of natural sunlight each day .
temperature : active over a wide temperature range of 12 – 32 °c . ideally it should be provided with a ‘winter’ period of several months during which it is maintained at temperatures towards the lower end of this range or it is likely to suffer both reduced fecundity and a shortened lifespan .
ph : readings taken from its habitats have varied between 6 . 2 – 8 . 5 .
its vigorous spawning behaviour makes a . vladykovi a poor choice for the community aquarium . given its rarity in the hobby the emphasis should be on captive reproduction and we strongly recommend maintaining it alone . it should be kept in a group with a ratio of two or three females to each male being the ideal . males are relatively peaceful towards one another compared with some congeners and it is found swimming in large schools in nature .
as with all members of the genus sexual dimorphism is pronounced . males exhibit a series of blue vertical bars in the rear portion of the body . the dorsal fin has a light blue marginal band and another thin band towards the base but is otherwise dark blue / black . the overall body colour is noticeably more yellowish than in females . females are larger and much plainer possessing only a series of variable dark spots on the body and almost colourless finnage .
the eggs are very small and must be treated carefully . use a fine pair of forceps to gently remove pieces of medium with eggs attached whilst avoiding contact with the eggs themselves . alternatively the entire medium can be removed and replaced every couple of days . the medium / eggs should be transferred to a container with water of the same chemistry and temperature as that of the adults . the incubation period can vary a little with the temperature but is usually between 7 – 14 days with the fry being large enough to accept artemia nauplii , microworm etc . immediately after they become free - swimming .
it currently contains 22 species and subspecies which are thought to have derived from a common ancestor originally distributed around the periphery of the former tethys sea . none are particularly well - documented in aquarium literature although some are very beautiful and the majority are not too difficult to maintain and breed . sadly most are on the verge of extinction for one reason or another with several existing only in remnant , highly - localised populations .
hrbek , t . and a . meyer . 2003 , 2003 - journal of evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 17 - 36 closing of the tethys sea and the phylogeny of eurasian killifishes ( cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of poecilia calaritana cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias calaritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias fasciata valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias fasciatus valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias flava costa , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias lineatopunctata wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias nigropunctata schinz , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias nigropunctata bonaparte , 1841 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias sarda wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon cyanogaster guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon doliatus guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon fasciatus ( valenciennes , 1821 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon hammonis valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon moseas valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ciprinoides nanofasciatus nardo , 1824 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of micromugil macrogaster gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of micromugil timidus gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of atherina marmorata risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebias caleritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinodon ammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
prodromus observationum et disquisitionum adriaticae ichthyologiae . giornali di fisica , chimica , storia naturale , medicina ed arti , 2 ( 10 ) : 34 , 39 - 40 .
recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' amérique équinoxiale . in : f . h . a . humboldt & a . valenciennes . voyage de humboldt et bonpland . schoell & dufour eds . paris . zoologie , vol . ii . : 160 , pl . 51 ( fig . 4 ) .
revue suisse de zoologie v . 114 ( no . 1 ) : 13 - 31 .
zoological messages , budapest ) , 11 ( 3 ) : 130 , fig . 1 .
jazla jayla , near the karadza da mountains , asia minor ( today turkey ) .
remarques sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' algérie et description de deux genres nouveaux sous les noms de coptodon et tellia . ann . sci . natur . , 3 ( 19 ) : 15 .
lebrija , salado river , sevilla ( region ) , guadalquivir basin , ( southwestern ) spain .
notes sur quelques espèces de cyprinodon de l ' asie mineure de la syrie . arch .
atlas zu der reise im nördlichen afrika von eduard rüppell . fische der rothen meers . heinrich ludwig brönner , frankfurt am main : 66 , pl . 18 ( figs . 1 - 2 ) .
lebias dispar foemina nom . nudum ( rüppell in cuvier & valenciennes , 1846 )
zoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology . 253 ( 4 ) ; 327–337 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jcz . 2013 . 12 . 001
the new species is sympatric with a . dispar ( rüppell , 1829 ) in salty rivers and hot sulphuric springs in the hormuzga
n basin ( southern iran ) , and is sister taxon to this species plus a . ginaonis holly , 1929 . based on geological data we estimate that the divergence between the lineages of a . furcatus and a . dispar is about 12–14 million years old . we conclude that the reductive phenomena observed in a . furcatus have evolved as an evolutionary response to the extreme habitat conditions in order to save energy ( because storage of ca2 + is not necessary ) , and to transport oxygen efficiently . the results confirm that regressive evolution is an important factor in speciation and occurs independently in separate lineages .
drei neue fischformen aus persien . sitz . akad . wiss . wien mathem . - naturwiss . klasse abt . 1 , 138 ( 7 ) : 63 .
ginao , spring , ( 38 km ) north of bandar abbas ( and 2 km west of bandar abbas to sirjan road ) , southeastern iran .
librairie de la société géologique de france , bertrand p . ed . , paris , 18 : 160 , pl . 528 .
spain ( without details ) ; restricted to eastern spain to separate it from baeticus , a cryptic species described from southwestern spain ( subseq . , herein ) .
reisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 1 , part 2 . : 1089 , pl . 6 ( fig . 4 ) .
russeger , j . reisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 2 , part 3 . : 267 , pl . 22 .
type locality : near persepolis ( today , endorheic kor river basin , north of shiraz , fars ) , iran .
nouveaux cyprinodontidés de l ' anatolie centrale . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , ser . b , 10 : 77 , fig . 2 .
lebias stiassnyae : a new species of killifish from lake afdera , ethiopia . copeia , 1 : 150 , fig . 1 .
lake afdera , hot spring in southwestern part , ethiopia ( 80 m below sea level ) .
cyprinodon sureyanus aus dem burdur gölü . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , n . s . 2 ( 2 ) : 109 .
type locality : shahrestan - e bakhtiari va chahar mahall , 3 km west of boldaji , iran , ca . 2380 m altitude .
the second problem i experienced was obtaining eggs . when i used floating and / or bottom mops , the egg harvest was slight or nonexistent . it was obvious that the adults were predating the eggs and i needed to find a way to reduce this . success came when i tried some plastic
breeder grass .
there are two varieties of this and the one i used was a long stringer with somewhat stiff plastic
leaves .
this form is also known as
guppy grass
because it can be floated . i did not use the floats but rather bent it into a horseshoe shape and let it settle on the bottom . the dominant male took up residence in the middle of the horseshoe and chased everyone else away , unless it was a female interested in spawning . the reduced the egg predation and my harvest went up dramatically .
hatching the eggs was no problem . i kept them in a lightly colored ( from acriflavine ) water in a separate container . the eggs hatch in 6 to 14 days depending upon temperature . the fry take a few days to absorb their yolk sacs . at the point when they become free swimming , you can feed them baby brine shrimp and they grow well .
a third problem that occurred was the sensitivity of the fry to water changes . while the fry need frequent , small water changes to obtain good growth , too large of a change , even with well aged water of the same temperature , would occasionally wipe out a fry tank . this sensitivity seems to be most acute at the ¼ to ½ inch size . the best advice is to use a large rearing container so that your small water changes make a limited impact on water conditions .
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†kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and † kenyaichthys gen . nov . – first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes )
citation : altner m , reichenbacher b ( 2015 ) †kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and † kenyaichthys gen . nov . – first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0123056 . urltoken
academic editor : matthew c . mihlbachler , nyit college of osteopathic medicine , united states
copyright : © 2015 altner , reichenbacher . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited