oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , the australo-papuan bellbirds .

the family contains three genera , each containing a single species .

the genera are oreoica , which contains the crested bellbird ; ornorectes which conatins the crested pitohui , and aleadryas with the rufous-naped whistler .

oreoicidae

crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family .
the crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird previously placed in the pachycephalidae family . it is now placed in the family oreoicidae .
the rufous - naped whistler ( aleadryas rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family . it is assigned to the monotypic genus aleadryas .
oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the old world warbler
wastebin
family . it contains 3 species , all in different genera .
i accept the name oreoicidae ( sibley and ahlquist , 1985a ) over oreoicidae ( schodde and christidis , 2014 ) . schodde and christidis object that there is not a proper definition or description of oreoicini sibley and ahlquist . however , they treat it as monotypic , and i think that defining the tribe oreoicini as consisting of crested bellbird is sufficient definition .
bibliographic note : there is no
family book
covering the oreoicidae , but good photographs and information about australian and new guinea species are found in frith ( 1979 ) and coates ( 1990 ) , respectively .
list of species of the australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .
oreoicidae is a newly recognised family of small insectivorous passerines , formerly placed in the old world warbler incerta sedis family . they are confined to australasia ; two in new guinea and the third in australia . it contains just three species , all in different genera :
jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) found the three oreoicidae species to form a strongly - supported group . they even suggest putting them all in the same genus ( oreoica has priority ) , but with the split between them somewhere around 10 million years ago , i do not see a compelling reason to do this .
the ploughbill is a new guinea endemic . hbw treated them as a basal whistlers , along with 6 other taxa that have also been removed from the whistlers . the others are pachycare ( pardalotidae ) , falcunculus ( falcunculidae ) , oreoica and aleadryas ( oreoicidae ) , rhagologus ( rhagologidae ) , and hylocitrea ( hypocoliidae ) .
( 2018 ) . australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
genetic studies have done a number on the family . although the core of it , the whistlers and shrike - thrushes , has remained unscathed , other taxa associated with the family have moved in or out . the pitohuis have been split into 4 genera , with pitohui itself moving to oriolidae and ornorectes in oreoicidae . the other three pitohuis have been retained in pachycephalidae in two genera .
there has support for other arrangements . although both aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) both place oreoicidae near falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae , earlier analyses based on fewer genes have come to different conclusions . norman et al . ( 2009a ) weakly supported placing aleadryas and oreoica in malaconotoidea while jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) put aleadryas and the former pitohui , ornorectes , near campehagidae .
norman et al . ( 2009 ) suggest some parallels in the distribution of australasian birds to the odd distribution of the three oreoicids . they point out that the family cinclosomatidae there are several species of quail - thrushes in the dry interior of australia , and several species of jewel - babblers that replace each other elevationally in the foothills and mountains of new guinea . thus , like that family , the oreoicidae contains birds of the dry country of australia with close relatives in the damp and steamy jungles of montane new guinea .
the crested bellbird is native to australia and is a medium - sized passerine member of the family oreoicidae that lives on mainland australia in dry habitats . its rich musical call is one of its most remarkable features , being a series of bell - like staccato , then a loud ‘plop’ . it is also surprising that this sound is ventriloquial - the bellbird can throw its voice , sounding as though it is off to your left a few meters , then fifty meters on your right , then behind you , making it difficult to establish the bird’s location . there is little information about the crested bellbird’s lifespan .
he crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) is a medium - sized passerine bird in the family oreoicidae . it is native to drier parts of australia where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands , eucalypt woodlands , spinifex and saltbush plains and , dunes . the male is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has a grey head , a black crest and breast , and a grey or olive brown body . the female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking . the distinctive call is a high pitched bell - like sound , audible at some distance . sometimes a pair of birds duet .
because divisions between them are fairly deep , dating to near the oligocene / miocene boundary . jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) estimate a common ancestor for the three families in the late oligocene at about 26 million years . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) put the divisions in the early miocene , following the wallacea uplift . although the grouping of falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae was strongly supported in aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) , support for including oreoicidae was less strong . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) have cinclosomatidae basal in corvida while falcunculidae remains here , and that is the solution i follow .
pitohuis : although it turns out that they are not all that closely related , the pitohuis share an interesting characteristic . they ' re poisonous ! ( dumbacher et al . , 1992 . ) you can read more about these birds at dumbacher ' s website and an article in american birds . the exact relationships of these toxic species has not been exactly clear , so we shouldn ' t be entirely surprised that they have split apart . a paper by jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) found that the pitohuis are not that closely related to each other . accordingly , they end up in four genera : ornorectes ( oreoicidae ) , pitohui ( oriolidae ) , pseudorectes ( pachycephalidae ) , and melanorectes ( pachycephalidae ) .
race lochmia sometimes synonymized with gamblei # r ; proposed race prasinonota ( herzog mts ) appears inseparable from latter . birds of torricelli and adelbert mts provisionally included in niveifrons , but racial identity requires confirmation . four subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1874 ) – vogelkop ( tamrau mts , arfak mts ) , in nw new guinea .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – mountains of w , c & n new guinea ( wandammen , fakfak , weyland , and nassau e to kubor and bismarck ranges , also foja mts , bewani mts , torricelli mts and adelbert mts ) .
( mayr , 1931 ) – huon peninsula ( saruwaged mts ) , in ne new guinea .
( rothschild , 1897 ) – herzog mts and mountains of se new guinea .
16·5–18 cm ; 38–42 g . nominate race has head and hindneck grey , rufous nape patch ; upperparts dull yellowish - olive , flight - feathers blackish - brown , edged . . .
song of clear ringing whistles or upslurs , either alternating between notes or repeated . . .
insects ; also worms , and fruit . credited locally with ability to take large prey . frequents ground and understorey . forages extensively on . . .
nests with eggs in early jun and late dec , with eggs and young in mid - oct and with young in early dec , juveniles seen in late mar to mid - . . .
not globally threatened . not uncommon . can appear to be uncommon or scarce , as it is fairly shy and infrequently seen .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . rufous - naped bellbird ( aleadryas rufinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
three monospecific genera previously scattered within pachycephalidae , where no clear links were agreed ; now shown to be closely related to each other # r # r , but nearest relatives of the group much debated , with proposals including oriolidae , paramythiidae , pachycephalidae , rhagologidae , campephagidae , malaconotidae , artamidae , cinclosomatidae and falcunculidae # r .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
sometimes treated as monotypic # r , as geographical variation is masked by age - and sex - related plumage differences . three subspecies currently recognized .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – nw & w new guinea : mountains of vogelkop and onin peninsula , weyland mts and nassau mts .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – n & c new guinea e to sepik mts in n and karimui area of chimbu province in s ; cyclops mts ; s trans - fly region ( mouth of fly r and oriomo r area ) .
25–26 cm ; 78–111 g . nominate race has crown , hindneck and upper part of face dark olive - rufous , long crest of same colour reaching to nape when lying flat , lower . . .
song a long series of bell - like notes , beginning slowly , increasing in speed while slowly dropping . . .
primary rainforest , mainly in foothills , adjacent lowlands and hills to 1300 m , locally to lowlands . . .
insects . forages mainly on ground , sometimes in trees , particularly in middle levels . joins mixed - species foraging flocks .
not globally threatened . widely distributed and locally fairly common ; elsewhere scarce . markedly shy , with consequent lack of observations ; true level of abundance probably . . .
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . piping bellbird ( ornorectes cristatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
mathews , 1912 – western australia ( except sw & s ) , northern territory ( except n ) , south australia ( except s ) and w & c queensland .
( vigors & horsfield , 1827 ) – sw & s western australia , s third of south australia , sc queensland , w two - thirds of new south wales and n victoria .
19–23 cm ; 56–67 g . male nominate race has centre of forehead and crown to nape black , feathers elongated as crest , sides of crown and head from eye to nape grey , . . .
song with ringing , ventriloquial quality , starting softly and then intensifying , opening notes . . .
invertebrates , mainly insects ; some seeds . forages mainly on ground , occasionally in dense vegetation in low shrubs ; sometimes to higher . . .
eggs found late jul to early mar ; some local variation according to rain . territorial . nest built by both sexes , a deep cup with outer . . .
present throughout year at some localities ; alleged to move widely in winter or to be nomadic in . . .
not globally threatened . locally fairly common ; widespread . nominate race has disappeared from more than 50 % of its range , particularly along s & e periphery , contracting . . .
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
sometimes placed close to colluricincla , as it resembles c . harmonica in size and shape , and females of the two are similar to each other in plumage .
only subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .
you don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the crested bellbird of australia is by far the best known species among this new group . it is traditionally been considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) . its call , a series of two slow notes and three quick notes , is a characteristic sound in arid mulga and mallee within its range . its aboriginal name
panpanalala
is alliterative for that call . the vocalization has a ventriloquil quality , and the bird itself can be hard to spot . i recall being led on a grand chase after it through the mallee of wyperfeld national park — and getting myself lost in the process !
apparently crested bellbird feeds primarily on the ground , and this behavior recalls wedgebills , with whom they have been associated in the past . the bird is said to have the
curious habit or ornamenting its nest with hairy caterpillars . it squeezes the caterpillars . around the middle , making them semi - immobile , and then attaches them to the rim of the nest . . . . . the young apparently do not eat the ornamental caterpillars .
( frith 1979 ) .
another member of this new family is rufous - naped whistler ( right ; in a fine shot © nik borrow ) of the new guinea mountains . it has been traditionally considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) .
research by dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2008 ) found that the new guinea birds called pitohuis were not closely related at all . indeed , the evidence is that they belong to four separate families ! the
true
pitohuis — variable pitohui pitohui kirhocephalus and hooded pitohui p . dichrous — are the only ones that belong in the genus pitohui . they are the now - famed
poisonous birds ,
and they are closely related to old world orioles ( oriolidae ) . one of the remained
pitohuis
is crested pitohui . it is now considered part of this new clade .
it is possible that both the
whistler
and the
pitohui
will retain their english names , just as
robins
or
flycatchers
are names that are scattered throughout many families . the names just will no longer have taxonomic meaning .
this is all brand - new stuff , and time will tell if this group lasts long as a family . it may prove to have additional members , or further research may place it within some traditional family . we ' ll just have to wait and see . in the meantime . . . go see one .
near waikerie , south australia in 2002 , presumably in the austral spring . nik borrow photographed the
photos © paul hackett ( bellbird ) and © nik borrow ( whistler ) and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . nat . acad . sci . 101 : 11040 - 11045 .
coates , b . j . 1990 . the birds of papua new guinea . part ii . dove publ . , ltd . , alderley , australia .
dumbacher , j . p . , k . deiner , l . thompson , and r . c . fleisher . 2008 . phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds . molec . phylog . evol . 49 : 774–781 .
frith , h . j . , ed . 1979 . complete book of australian birds , rev . reader ' s digest serv . , surry hills , australia .
jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and j . fjeldså . 2008 . polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biol . lett . 4 : 71–74 .
frith , h . j . , consulting ed . 1979 . the reader ' s digest complete book of australian birds . 2d revised ed . reader ' s digest services , ltd . , sydney .
norman , j . a . , p . g . p . ericson , k . a . jønsson , j . fjeldså , and l . christidis . 2009 . a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molec . phylog . evol . 52 : 488 - 497 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
ioc world bird list , master list v3 . 4 , website ( version 3 . 4 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2013 . ioc world bird list ( v 3 . 4 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 20 august , 2013 ]
norman , janette a . , per g . p . ericson , knud a . jønsson , jon fjeldså , les christidis
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
fatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand
recent molecular evidence has discovered several lineages of birds , apparently not closely related to other groups , that were entirely unexpected .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the crested bellbird is a medium - sized bird . adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest , a white forehead and throat , and a prominent black breast . the rest of the body is grey or brown and they have orange - red eyes . females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males , lacking the black breast and having a smaller , unraised black crest . this species is also known as the crested thrush , as well as having names such as ' dick - dick - the devil ' .
taxonomy : rectes cristata salvadori , 1876 , mount morait , north vogelkop , new guinea . three subspecies recognized .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
taxonomy : pachycephala rufinucha p . l . sclater , 1874 , hatam , arfak mountains , vogelkop , new guinea . often placed in genus pachycephala . proposed race prasinonota ( from herzog mts ) regarded as inseparable from gamblei . birds in torricelli mts and adelbert mts of uncertain racial affiliation , provisionally included in niveifrons . four subspecies recognized .
ignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .
responsibility bruce m . beehler and thane k . pratt ; mary lecroy , technical editor . publication princeton , new jersey : princeton university press , [ 2016 ] copyright notice ©2016 physical description 668 pages : illustrations ( some color ) , maps ; 25 cm
author / creator beehler , bruce mcp . author . contributor pratt , thane k . , author . lecroy , mary , editor .
subject birds > new guinea > classification . birds > new guinea > geographical distribution . new guinea > gazetteers .
publication date 2016 copyright date 2016 title variation new guinea note detailed map on end papers .
gazetteer of new guinea ornithology [ by ] jennifer l . mandeville and william s . peckover
: pages 560 - 632 . isbn 9780691164243 069116424x
the purpose of bird families of the world is as an aid to world birders who want to maximize their enjoyment of avian diversity by observing examples of as many bird families as is reasonable within the time and money available for travel , and as a study tool for all interested readers . this project began in 1999 . dna evidence has revised much of what was thought to be known about bird evolution and relationships . it has been the ' wild wild west ' in recent years as new research was published but , perhaps , a greater degree of consensus is now being reached . while tracking proposed revisions to the list of bird families , i ' ve advocated for more consistency in the use of evidence across bird groupings , and have not always followed the latest trends .
for this 15th edition , the changes highlighted below bring my list to 253 extant families .
this web project began on 9 feb 1999 when i posted a short page on the dulidae [ palmchat ] . while the list of bird families has been regularly updated to accommodate new research through 14 editions , it was not until 17 years and a month [ 6238 days ] that , with the posting of the vireonidae [ vireos ] , the project finally has a web page with text and photos for every family . many of the old pages badly need updating in both layout , text , and photos but at least the initial goal has been reached . the updating of old pages — including the dulidae — will go on . i ' ve used my own photos when i had them , but i ' m very grateful to the many photographers around the world who ' ve permitted me to use their wonderful shots when i needed them .
in putting together this list , i ' ve been influenced by the winkler et al .
[ full disclosure — i have been a volunteer junior member of the clements team since 2011 but i continue to depart from clements for purposes of this project . ]
influential new publications include major efforts which combine molecular and fossil evidence to construct a comprehensive phylogeny of birds , perhaps most importantly prum et al . ( 2015 ) . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) , the aou , the sacc , and the ioc have now rearranged the sequence of orders and families ; clements intends to do so in 2018 . according , i have now resequenced all orders and families , generally following winkler et al . ( 2015 ) but preferring aou and / or sacc when the families involved are primarily new world families . so my current sequence is a mishmash of 3 current phylogenies .
barker et al . ( 2004 ) first suggested a close relationship between three ground - dweller
babblers
in central africa and the sugarbirds ( promeropidae ) of southern africa . many global checklists placed the three genera [ modulatrix , arcanator and kakamega ] within the promeropidae , as did i . more recent genetic work , including nuclear dna ( johansson et al . 2008 ) , showed a strong divergence between these groups . most recently winkler et al . ( 2015 ) and other works confirm that the divergence is ancient , and the three skulking ground - dwellers are elevated to family level . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) call the new family modulatricidae . rather than arcanatoridae as does ioc , so i tentatively do so also . this now splits the three dapplethroats [ modulatricidae ] from the sugarbirds .
i remain conservative about puerto rican tanager , genus nesospingus , lumping it with spindalises [ it looks rather like a female spindalis ] and it is closely related , and with yellow - breasted chat [ icteria ] , awaiting more evidence as to whether it remains a new world warbler , or should be with the icterids , or should become the youngest family of all .
every family has a link to a separate web page , with photos , that i created over the years . some are now very dated and badly need revision .
barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . natl . acad . sci . 101 : 11040–11045 .
barker , f . k . , k . j . burns , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2013 . going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . syst . biol . 62 : 298–320 .
burns , k . j . , a . j . schultz , p . o . title , n . a . mason , f . k . barker , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2014 . phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers ( passeriformes : thraupidae ) , the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds . molec . phylo . evol . 75 : 41 - 77 .
dickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world : passerines vol . 2 . aves press , eastbourne , u . k .
johansson , u . s . , j . fjeldså , and c . k . bowie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships within passerida ( aves : passeriformes ) : a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers , mol . phylog . evol . 48 : 858–876 .
jønsson , k . a . , p - h . fabre , j . d . kennedy , b . g . holt , m . k . borregaard , c . rahbek , and j . fjeldså . 2016 . a supermatrix phylogeny of corvoid passerine birds ( aves : corvides ) . molec . phylog . evol . 94 : 87 - 94 .
prum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569–573 .
schodde , r . , and l . christidis . 2014 . relicts from tertiary australasia : undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds ( passeriformes ) and their zoogeographic signal . zootaxa 3786 : 501 - 522 .
winkler , d . w . , s . w . billerman , and i . j . lovette . 2015 . birds families of the world : a guide to the spectacular diversity of birds . lynx edicions , barcelona .
i thank the editors of the handbook of the birds of the world project ; the late g . stuart keith , co - author birds of africa series ; the late james clements , author of the clements ' world checklists ; keith barker , frank gill , murray lord , tom schulenberg , and van remsen for sharing with me ideas and concepts about the taxonomy and arrangement of a listing of bird families of the world . i appreciate their input , but all the decisions reflected in the above listing are mine , including all the errors .
after its discovery , a . affinis terborghi was included as a form of the barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii on account of its close similarity to the two mainland races of a . bennettii : the nominate and a . b . wiedenfeldi ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) . however , it is much darker above and also much larger than either of these these races : its wing length of 154 mm greatly exceeds the 121–128 mm of a . b . bennettii . mitochondrial dna differences also suggest a relationship to a . a . affinis , as well as the splitting - off of both a . affinis races from the a . bennettii clade ( dumbacher et al . 2003 ) . the two known populations of the allied owlett - nightjar inhabit low - altitude montane areas some 1400 km apart . they may be two distinct species ( beehler & pratt 2016 ) but further observations and voice recordings are required to clarify the situation .
beehler , b . m . & pratt , t . k . ( 2016 ) . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . allied owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles affinis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona .
diamond , j . m . ( 1967 ) . new subspecies and records of birds from the karimui basin , new guinea . american museum novitates 2284 : 1–17 .
dumbacher , j . p . , pratt , t . k . & fleischer , r . c . ( 2003 ) . phylogeny of the owlet - nightjars ( aves : aegothelidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 29 ( 3 ) : 540–549 .
sibley , c . g . & monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .
banwell , a . ( 2016 ) . rediscovery of the karimui owlet - nightjar . hbw alive ornithological note 427 . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
richard schodde australian national wildlife collection , csiro ecosystem sciences , po box 1700 , canberra , act 2601 australia .
aggerbeck , m . , fjeldså , j . , christidis , l . , fabre , p . - h . & jønsson , k . a . ( 2014 ) resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 70 , 272–285 . urltoken
barker , f . k . , barrowclough , g . f . & groth , j . g . ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds : taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of dna nuclear sequence data . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 295–308 . urltoken
barker , f . k . , cibois , a . , schikler , p . , feinstein , j . & cracraft , j . ( 2004 ) phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 101 , 11040–11045 . urltoken
baumel , j . j . , king , a . s . , lucas , a . m . , breazile , y . e . & evans , h . e . ( eds . ) ( 1979 ) nomina anatomica avium . academic press , london , 637 pp .
beecher , w . j . ( 1953 ) a phylogeny of the oscines . auk , 70 , 270–333 . urltoken
beehler , b . m . & finch , b . w . ( 1985 ) species - checklist of the birds of new guinea . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 1 . royal australasian ornithologists union , moonee ponds , 127 pp .
beehler , b . m . , pratt , t . k . & zimmerman , d . a . ( 1986 ) birds of new guinea . princeton university press , princeton , 293 pp .
beehler , b . m . , diamond , j . m . , kemp , n . , scholes , e . iii . , milensky , c . & laman , t . g . ( 2012 ) avifauna of the foja mountains of western new guinea . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 132 , 84–101 .
bock , w . j . ( 1962 ) the pneumatic fossa of the humerus in the passeres . auk , 79 , 425–443 . urltoken
bock , w . j . ( 1963 ) relationships between the birds - of - paradise and the bower birds . condor , 65 , 91–125 . urltoken
bock , w . j . ( 1985 ) relationships of the sugarbird ( promerops , passeriformes , ? meliphagidae ) . in : schuchmann , k . l . ( ed . ) , proceedings of the international congress on african vertebrates . museum koenig , bonn , pp . 349–374 .
bock , w . j . ( 1994 ) history and nomenclature of avian family - group names . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 222 , 1–281 .
boles , w . e . ( 2007a ) family pachycephalidae ( whistlers ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 12 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 374–437 .
boles , w . e . ( 2007b ) family eupetidae ( jewel - babblers and allies ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 12 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 348–373 .
byrne , m . , steane , d . a . , joseph , l . , yeates , d . k . , jordan , g . j . , crayn , d . , aplin , k . , cantrill , d . j . , cook , l . g . , crisp , m . d . , keogh , j . s . , melville , j . , moritz , c . , porch , n . , sniderman , j . m . k . , sunnucks , p . & weston , p . h . ( 2011 ) decline of a biome : contraction , fragmentation , extinction and invasion of the australian mesic zone biota . journal of biogeography , 38 , 1635–1656 . urltoken
charlton , t . r . ( 2000 ) tertiary evolution of the eastern indonesia collision complex . journal of asian earth sciences , 18 , 603–631 . urltoken
christidis , l . ( 1991 ) biochemical evidence for the origins and evolutionary radiations in the australasian avifauna : the songbirds . acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 392–397 .
christidis , l . & boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 2 . royal australasian ornithologists union , hawthorn east , victoria , 112 pp .
christidis , l . & boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , melbourne , 277 pp .
christidis , l . & schodde , r . ( 1991 ) relationships of the australo - papuan songbirds―protein evidence . ibis , 133 , 277–285 . urltoken
christidis , l . , schodde , r . & robinson , n . a . ( 1993 ) affinities of the aberrant australo - papuan honeyeaters , toxorhamphus , oedistoma , timeliopsis and epthianura : protein evidence . australian journal of zoology , 41 , 423–432 . urltoken
coates , b . j . ( 1990 ) the birds of papua new guinea . vol . 2 . dove publications , alderley , queensland , 576 pp .
coates , b . j . , dutson , g . c . l . & filardi , c . ( 2006 ) monarchidae ( monarch - flycatchers ) . in : del hoyo , j , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 11 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 244–329 .
cottrell , g . w . ( 1967 ) a problem species : lamprolia victoriae . emu , 66 , 253–266 . urltoken
deignan , h . g . ( 1964 ) family orthonychidae . in : mayr , e & paynter , r . a . jr . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 10 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 228–240 .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . & christie , d . ( eds . ) ( 1992–2011 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vols . 1–16 . lynx edicions , barcelona , 12500 pp .
diamond , j . m . ( 1983 ) melampitta gigantea : possible relation between feather structure and underground roosting habits . condor , 85 , 89–91 . urltoken
dickinson , e . c . ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . 3 rd edition . christopher helm , london , 1039 pp .
dow , d . b . ( 1977 ) a geological synthesis of papua new guinea . geology and geophysics bulletin ( bmr australia ) , 201 , 1–41 .
dorst , j . j . ( 1952 ) contribution à l’étude de la langue des meliphagides . l’oiseau et la revue francaise d’ornithologie , 22 , 185–214 .
driskell , a . , christidis , l . , gill , b . j . , boles , w . e . , barker , f . k . & longmore , n . w . ( 2007 ) a new endemic family of new zealand passerine birds : adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot . australian journal of zoology , 55 , 73–78 . urltoken
ericson , p . g . p . , christidis , l . , cooper , a . , irestedt , m . , jackson , j . , johansson , u . s . & norman , j . a . ( 2002 ) a gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by dna sequences of the endemic new zealand wrens . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 235–241 . urltoken
frith , c . b . ( 1971a ) some undescribed nests and eggs of new guinea birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 91 , 46–49 .
frith , c . b . ( 1971b ) nidification of some new guinea birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 91 , 164–165 .
frith , c . b . & frith , d . w . ( 1990 ) nesting biology and relationships of the lesser melampitta melampitta lugubris . emu , 90 , 65–73 . urltoken
frith , c . b . & beehler , b . m . ( 1998 ) the birds of paradise paradisaeidae . oxford university press , oxford , 613 pp .
gadow , h . ( 1884 ) on the suctorial apparatus of the tenuirostres . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1883 , 62–69 .
gardner , j . l . , trueman , j . w . h . , ebert , d . , joseph , l . & magrath , r . d . ( 2010 ) phylogeny and evolution of the meliphagoidea , the largest radiation of australian songbirds . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 55 , 1087–1102 . urltoken
gill , f . b . & wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world recommended english names . princeton university press , princeton & oxford , 259 pp .
hall , r . ( 2002 ) cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of se asia and the sw pacific : computer - based reconstructions , model and animations . journal of asian earth sciences , 20 , 353–431 . urltoken
hall , r . ( 2009 ) southeast asia’s changing palaeogeography . blumea , 54 , 148–161 . urltoken
harrison , c . j . o . & parker , s . a . ( 1965 ) the behavioural affinities of the blue wrens of the genus malurus . emu , 65 , 103–113 . urltoken
heather , b . d . ( 1977 ) the vanua levu lamprolia ( lamprolia victoriae kleinschmidti ) : a preliminary look at its status and habits . notornis , 24 , 94–128 .
iczn ( international commission on zoological nomenclature ) ( 1999 ) international code of zoological nomenclature . 4 th edition . international trust for zoological nomenclature , london , 306 pp .
irestedt , m . , fuchs , j . , jønsson , k . a . , ohlson , j . i . , pasquet , e . & ericson , p . g . p . ( 2008 ) the systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae ( aves : passeriformes ) ―an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over miocene intermittent land bridges . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 48 , 1218–1222 . urltoken
jønsson , k . a . & fjeldså , j . ( 2006 ) a phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds ( aves : passeri ) . zoologica scripta , 35 , 149–186 . urltoken
jønsson , k . a . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , christidis , l . & fjeldså , j . ( 2007 ) polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biology letters , 4 , 71–74 . urltoken
jønsson , k . a . , irestedt , m . , fuchs , j . , ericson , p . g . p . , christidis l . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , pasquet , e . & fjeldså , j . ( 2008 ) explosive avian radiations and multi - directional dispersal across wallacea : evidence from the campephagidae and other crown corvida ( aves ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 47 , 221–236 . urltoken
jønsson , k . a . , bowie , r . c . k . , nylander , j . a . a . , christidis , l . , norman , j . a . & fjeldså , j . ( 2010 ) biogeographical history of cuckoo - shrikes ( aves : passeriformes ) : transoceanic colonization of africa from australo - papua . journal of biogeography , 37 , 1767–1781 . urltoken
jønsson , k . a . , fabre , p . - h . , ricklefs , r . e . & fjeldså , j . ( 2011 ) major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto - papuan archipelago . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , usa , 108 , 2328–2333 . urltoken
kearns , a . m . , joseph , l . & cook , l . g . ( 2013 ) a multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciation history of the australo - papuan butcherbirds and their allies . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 , 941–952 . urltoken
livezey , b . c . & zusi , r . l . ( 2006 ) higher - order phylogeny of modern birds ( theropoda , aves : neornithes ) based on comparative anatomy : i . —methods and characters . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history , 37 , 1–556 .
mack , a . l . & oppel , s . ( 2006 ) nidification of dwarf whistler pachycare flavogriseum , a little - known new guinean endemic . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 126 , 61–64 .
mathews , g . m . ( 1930 ) systema avium australasianarum . part 2 . british ornithologists’ union , london , 427–1048 .
mayr , e . ( 1931 ) die syrinx einiger singvögel aus neu - guinea . journal f ür ornithologie , 79 , 333–337 . urltoken
mayr , e . ( 1940 ) the origin and the history of the bird fauna of polynesia . proceedings of the sixth pacific science congress , 4 , 197–216 .
mayr , e . ( 1941 ) list of new guinea birds . american museum of natural history , new york , 260 pp .
mayr , e . ( 1967 ) subfamily pachycephalinae . in : paynter , r . a . jr . ( ed . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 3–51 .
mayr , e . ( 1986 ) genera incertae sedis . in : mayr , e . & cottrell , g . w . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 11 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 526 - –529 .
mayr , e . & gilliard , e . t . ( 1954 ) birds of central new guinea : results of the american museum of natural history expeditions to new guinea in 1950 and 1952 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 103 , 314 - –374 .
norman , j . a . , boles , w . e . & christidis , l . ( 2009a ) relationships of the new guinean songbird genera amalocichla and pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . journal of avian biology , 40 , 640–645 . urltoken
norman , j . a . , ericson , p . g . p , jønsson , k . a . , fjeldså , j . & christidis , l . ( 2009b ) a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 52 , 488–497 . urltoken
nyári , a . s . , benz , b . w . , jønsson , k . a . , fjeldså , j . & moyle , r . g . ( 2009 ) phylogenetic relationships of fantails ( aves : rhipiduridae ) . zoologica scripta , 38 , 553–561 . urltoken
olson , s . l . ( 1980 ) lamprolia as part of a south pacific radiation of monarchine flycatchers . notornis , 27 , 7–10 .
parker , s . a . ( 1963 ) nidification of the genus melanocharis sclater ( dicaeidae ) . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 83 , 109–112 .
pigram , c . j . & davies , h . l . ( 1987 ) terranes and the accretion history of the new guinea orogen . bmr journal of australian geology and geophysics , 10 , 193–212 .
pigram , c . j . & symonds , p . a . ( 1991 ) a review of the timing of the major tectonic events in the new guinea orogen . journal of southeast asian earth sciences , 6 , 307–318 . urltoken
pratt , d . , bruner , p . l . & berrett , d . g . ( 1987 ) the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific . princeton university press , princeton , 409 pp .
rand , a . l & gilliard , e . t . ( 1967 ) handbook of new guinea birds . weidenfeld & nicolson , london , 611 pp .
rocamora , g . j . & yeatman - berthelot , d . ( 2009 ) family dicruridae ( drongos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 14 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 172–271 .
rothschild , w . & hartert , e . ( 1896 ) contributions to the ornithology of the papuan islands . iv . list of a collection made by albert s . meek on fergusson , trobriand , egum and woodlark islands . novitates zoologicae , 3 , 233–251 .
russell , e . m . & rowley , i . c . r . ( 2009 ) family cracticidae ( butcherbirds ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 14 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 308–342 .
salomonsen , f . ( 1967 ) family meliphagidae . in : paynter , r . a . jr . ( ed . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 338–450 .
salvadori , t . ( 1876 ) descrizione di cinquantotto nuove specie di uccelli , ed osservazioni intorno ad altre poco note , della nuova guinea e di altre isole papuane , raccolte del dr . odoardo beccari e dai cacciatore del . sig . a . a . bruijn . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 7 ( 56 / 61 ) , 896–976 .
scharnke , h . ( 1931 ) beiträge zur morphologie und entwicklungsgeschichte der zunge der trochilidae , meliphagidae und picidae . journal f ür ornithologie , 79 , 425–491 . urltoken
scharnke , h . ( 1932 ) ueber den bau der zunge der nectariniidae , promeropidae und drepanididae nebst bemerkungen zur systematik der blütenbesuchenden passeres . journal f ür ornithologie , 80 , 114–123 . urltoken
schellart , w . p . , lister , g . s . & toy , v . g . ( 2006 ) a late cretaceous and cenozoic reconstruction of the southwest pacific region : tectonics controlled by subduction and slab rollback processes . earth - sciences review , 76 , 191–233 . urltoken
schodde , r . ( 1975 ) interim list of australian songbirds passerines . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne , 46 pp .
schodde , r . ( 1991 ) concluding remarks : origins and evolution of the australasian avifauna . in : acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 413–416 .
schodde , r . ( 2006 ) australia’s bird fauna today―origins and evolutionary development . in : merrick , j . r . , archer , m . , hickey , g . m . & lee , m . s . y . ( eds . ) , evolution and biogeography of australasian vertebrates . auscipub , oatlands , new south wales , pp . 413–458 .
schodde , r . & calaby , j . h . ( 1972 ) the biogeography of the australo - papuan bird and mammal faunas in relation to torres strait . in : walker , d . ( ed . ) , bridge and barrier : the natural and cultural history of torres strait . publication bg / 3 . research school of pacific studies , australian national university , canberra , pp . 257–300 .
schodde , r . & faith , d . p . ( 1991 ) the development of modern ( australasian ) avifaunas . in : acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 404–412 .
schodde , r . & mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) the directory of australian birds passerines . csiro publishing , melbourne , 551 pp .
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1982 ) the relationships of the australasian whistlers pachycephala as indicated by dna hybridization . emu , 82 , 251–255 . urltoken
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1984 ) the relationships of the papuan genus peltops . emu , 84 , 181–183 . urltoken
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1985 ) the phylogeny and classification of the australo - papuan passerine birds . emu , 85 , 1–14 . urltoken
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1987 ) the lesser melampitta is a bird of paradise . emu 87 , 66–68 . urltoken
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1990 ) phylogeny and classification of birds . a study in molecular evolution . yale university press , new haven , 976 pp .
sibley , c . e . & monroe , b . l . jr . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , 1111 pp .
stresemann , e . ( 1914 ) beiträge zur kenntnis der avifauna von buru . novitates zoologicae , 21 , 358–400 .
truswell , e . m . ( 1989 ) australian rainforests : the 100 million year record . in : webb , l . j . & kikkawa , j . ( eds . ) , australian tropical rainforests : science , values , meaning . csiro publishing , melbourne , pp . 7–22 .
vaurie , c . ( 1949 ) a revision of the bird family dicruridae . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 93 , 199–342 .
vaurie , c . ( 1962 ) family dicruridae . in : mayr , e . & greenway , j . c . jr . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 15 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 137–157 .
wolters , h . e . ( 1977 ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 3 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 161–240 .
wolters , h . e . ( 1979 ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 4 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 241–320 .
wolters , h . e . ( 1980a ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 5 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 321–400 .
wolters , h . e . ( 1980b ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 6 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 401–452 .
xeno - canto ( 2014 ) melampitta lugubris , melampitta gigantea . naturalis biodiversity center , leiden . available from : urltoken ( accessed 11 march 2014 )
zuccon , d . & ericson , p . g . p . ( 2012 ) molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct new zealand endemic turnagra capensis in the oriolidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 62 , 414–426 . urltoken
passeri
redirects here . for the surname , see passeri ( surname ) .
sorry , your browser either has javascript disabled or does not have any supported player . you can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser .


cranopsis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .

cranopsis was previously considered a subgenus of puncturella .

cranopsis ( gastropod )

worms - world register of marine species - cranopsis asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 )
puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ( misspelling of cranopsis a . adams , 1860 )
cowan , i . m . ( 1969 ) a new species of gastropod ( fissurellidae , fissurisepta ) from the eastern north pacific . the veliger , 12 , 24–26 .
( of puncturella ( cranopsis ) asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) pérez farfante , i . ( 1947 ) . the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 2 : 93 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 120 [ details ]
( of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) fischer p . ( 1882 - 1883 ) . diagnoses d ' espèces nouvelles de mollusques recueillis dans le cours des expéditions scientifiques de l ' aviso
le travailleur
( 1880 et 1881 ) . journal de conchyliologie 30 : 49 - 53 [ 1882 ] , 273 - 277 [ issued march 22 , 1883 according to fischer - piette ( 1937 ) , april 1883 according to winckworth , 1936 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana var . alta locard , 1898 ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 p . 78 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 , 77 - 78 [ details ]
( of puncturella craticia r . b . watson , 1883 ) watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 17 p . 29 ; note : in synonymy of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
sysoev a . v . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . gastropoda . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 134–155 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to itis
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 302 [ details ]
mclean j . h . & geiger d . l . ( 1998 ) . new genera and species having the fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county , 475 : 1 - 32 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mclean j . h . ( 1996 ) . the prosobranchia . in : taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel . the mollusca part 2 – the gastropoda . santa barbara museum of natural history . volume 9 : 1 - 160 . [ details ]
( of puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europäischen meeres - gehäuseschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the following are opisthobranchs with shells , but are included here to aid in identification .
all material posted on this site may be used for educational or non - commercial use provided this web site is duly credited as being the source of the material . copyright of all images remains with the originator . for the use of photos , please request permission through one of the contact listings .
click on the name of the family to view the species within that category .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
luiz ricardo l . simone museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil .
carlo m . cunha museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil .
absalão , r . s . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2003 ) a new subgenus and three new species of brazilian deep water olivella swainson , 1831 ( mollusca , gastropoda , olivellidae ) collected by the rv marion dufresne in 1987 . zoosystema , 25 , 177–185 .
absalão , r . s . , pimenta , a . d . & caetano , c . h . s . ( 2005 ) turridae ( mollusca , neogastropoda , conoidea ) coletados no litoral sudeste do brasil , programa revizee “score” central . biociências , 13 , 19–47 .
adams , a . ( 1851 ) a catalogue of the species of emarginula , a genus of gasterepodous mollusca , belonging to the family fissurellidae ; in the collection of h . cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 19 , 82–92 . urltoken
adams a . ( 1860 ) on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , 3 ( 5 ) , 299–307 .
aldea , c . , zelaya , d . g . & troncoso , j . s . ( 2011 ) a new gigantic species of zeidora adams , 1860 from antarctic waters ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . the nautilus , 125 , 79–82 .
amaral , a . c . z . , lana , p . c . , fernandes , f . c . & coimbra , j . c . ( 2003 ) biodiversidade bêntica da região sul - sudeste da costa brasileira . revezee score sul . ministério do meio ambiente . são paulo , 156 pp .
betts , v . ( 1981 ) dicionário parintintin - português . sociedade internacional de lingüística . cuiabá , 231 pp .
clarke , a . h . ( 1961 ) abyssal mollusks from the south atlantic ocean . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 125 , 343–387 , pls . 1–4 .
cunha , c . m . ( 2011 ) a new species of acteon ( opisthobranchia : acteonidae ) from northeast brazil . zoologia , 28 , 229–232 . urltoken
dall , w . h . ( 1889 ) reports on the results of dredgings , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877–78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879–80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer ' blake ' . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 18 , 1–492 , pls . 10–40 .
dall , w . h . ( 1927 ) small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 , 1–134 . urltoken
dautzenberg , p . & fischer , h . ( 1896 ) dragages effectués par l ' hirondelle et par la princesse - alice , 1888 - 1895 . mémoires de la société zoologique de france , 9 , 395–498 , pls . 15–22 .
defrance , m . ( 1827 ) dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , 45 , 471–472 .
egorova , e . n . ( 1972 ) biological results of the soviet antarctic expeditions . 7 . mollusca of the davis sea . explorations of the faunas of the seas , 26 , 1–142 .
espinosa , j . , ortea , j . & fernández - garcés , r . ( 2004 ) descripción de dos nuevas especies del género zeidora a . adams , 1860 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) de las costas de cuba . avicennia , 17 , 67–70 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1943a ) the genera fissurella , lucapina and lucapinella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 10 ) , 1–20 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1943b ) the genus diodora in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 11 ) , 1–20 .
farfante , i . p . ( 1947 ) the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 2 , 93–148 .
fernandes , m . r . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of metaxia ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from brazil , with description of a new species . zoologia , 28 , 819–830 . urltoken
fernandes , m . r . , pimenta , a . d . & leal , j . h . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of triphorinae ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from the vitória - trindade seamount chain , southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 127 , 1–18 .
garcía , e . f . ( 2011 ) a new species of eccliseogyra ( gastropoda : nystiellidae ) from southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 125 , 167–170 .
geiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogeny of vetigastropoda reveals non - monophyletic scissurellidae , trochoidea , and fissurelloidea . molluscan research , 25 , 47–55 .
geiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2006 ) molecular phylogeny of basal gastropods ( vetigastropoda ) shows stochastic colonization of chemosynthetic habitats at least from the mid triassic . cahiers de biologie marine , 46 , 343–346 .
gray , j . e . ( 1825 ) a list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by lamarck . annals of philosophy , 25 ( n . s . 9 ) , 134–140 .
gray , j . e . ( 1847 ) a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 12 , 129–219 .
heilprin , a . ( 1889 ) on some new species of mollusca from the bermuda islands . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 41 , 141–142 , pl . 8 .
houart , r . ( 1991 ) the southeastern brazilian muricidae collected by rv marion - dufresne in 1987 , with the description of three new species . the nautilus , 105 , 26–37 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1877 ) new and peculiar species of mollusca procured in the valourous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 , 19 , 231–243 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1882 ) on the mollusca procured during the lightning and porcupine expeditions . iv . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1881 ) , 922–952 .
lamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1798–1816 ) tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vol . 3 . paris , 16 pp . , pls . 391–488 .
lamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1801 ) systême des animaux sans vertèbres . paris , viii , 432 pp .
lamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1822 ) histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . paris , 7 , 711 pp .
larrazábal , m . e & oliveira , v . s . ( 2003 ) thecosomata e gymnosomata ( mollusca , gastropoda ) da cadeia fernando de noronha , brasil . revista brasileira de zoologia , 20 ( 2 ) , 351–360 . urltoken
leal , j . h . ( 1991 ) marine prosobranch gastropods from oceanic islands off brazil . universal book services . dr . w . backhuys . oegstgeest , 419 pp .
leal , j . h . & bouchet , p . ( 1989 ) new deep - water volutidae from off southeastern brazil ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . the nautilus , 103 , 1–12 .
libassi , i . ( 1859 ) sopra alcune conchiglie fossile dei intorni de palermo . reale academia di scienze , lettere i belle arti di palermo , atti ( n . s . ) , 3 , 1–47 .
linné , c . ( 1771 ) mantissa plantarum . laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] , pp . 43–588 .
lowe , r . t . ( 1827 ) on balanus punctatus , puncturella flemingii , & c . ; together with some corrections relative to turbo carneus , and some of the chitones before described . zoological journal , 3 , 76–80 .
matthews , h . r . & kempf , m . ( 1970 ) moluscos marinhos do norte e nordeste do brasil . ii . moluscos do arquipélago de fernando de noronha ( com algumas referências ao atol das rocas ) . arquivos de ciências do mar , 19 , 1–53 .
mclean , j . h . ( 1970 ) descriptions of a new genus and eight new species of eastern pacific fissurellidae , with notes on other species . the veliger , 12 , 362–367 .
mclean , j . h . ( 2011 ) reinstatement of the fissurellid subfamily hemitominae , with the description of new genera , and proposed evolutionary lineage , based on morphological characters of shell and radula ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) . malacologia , 54 , 407–427 . urltoken
mclean , j . h . & geiger , d . j . ( 1998 ) new genera and species having fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . los angeles county museum of natural history contributions in science , 475 , 1–32 .
métivier , b . ( 1972 ) sur quelques fissurellidae ( mollusques , gastéropodes ) du nord , nordest du brésil . bulletin du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , series 3 ( zoologie ) , 32 , 405–416 .
pilsbry , h . a . ( 1943 ) floridian species of rimula . the nautilus , 57 , 37–40 .
pimenta , a . d . , santos , f . n . & absalão , r . s . ( 2011 ) taxonomic revision of the genus eulimella ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with description of three new species . zootaxa , 3063 , 22–38 .
rios , e . c . ( 1985 ) seashells of brazil . fundação universidade do rio grande . rio grande , 329 pp . , 102 pls .
rios , e . c . ( 1994 ) seashells of brazil , second edition . editora da furg . rio grande , 368 pp . , 113 pls .
rios , e . c . ( 2009 ) compendium of brazilian sea shells . universidade federal do rio grande . rio grande , 668 pp .
rios , e . c . , calvo , i . s . & barcellos , l . j . ( 1987 ) moluscos marinos de isla trinidad . comunicaciones de la sociedad malacologica del uruguay , 7 , 57–62 .
salvador , r . b . , cunha , c . m . & simone , l . r . l . ( 2013 ) taxonomic revision of the orthalicid land snails ( pulmonata : stylommatophora ) from trindade island , brazil . journal of natural history , 47 , 949–961 . urltoken
salvini - plawén , l . & haszprunar , g . ( 1987 ) vetigastropoda and the systematics of streptoneurous gastropoda ( mollusca ) . journal of zoology , a 211 , 747–770 . urltoken
seguenza , g . ( 1862 ) paleontologia malacologica dele roce terziarie del discreto di messina studiata nei suoi rapporti zooloogici e geognostici . annali dell’accademia degli aspiranti naturalisti , serie 3 , 2 , 77–95 .
simone , l . r . l . ( 1999 ) comparative morphology and systematics of brazilian terebridae ( mollusca , gastropoda , conoidea ) , with descriptions of three new species . zoosystema , 21 , 199–248 .
simone , l . r . l . ( 2000 ) [ 1998 ] a phylogenetic study of the terebrinae ( mollusca , caenogastropoda , terebridae ) based on species from the western atlantic . journal of comparative biology , 3 , 137–150 .
simone , l . r . l . ( 2008 ) a new species of fissurella from são pedro e são paulo archipelago , brazil ( vetigastropoda , fissurellidae ) . the veliger , 50 , 292–304 .
simone , l . r . l . & cunha , c . m . ( 2003 ) pseudococculina rimula , a new species ( cocculiniformia : pseudococculinidae ) from off southeastern brazil . nautilus , 117 , 69–77 .
simone , l . r . l . & cunha , c . m . ( 2012 ) taxonomic study on the mollusks collected in marion - dufresne expedition ( md55 ) to se brazil : xenophoridae , cypraeoidea , mitriforms and terebridae ( caenogastropoda ) . zoosystema , 34 , 745–781 . urltoken
sowerby , g . b . i . ( 1812–1846 ) the mineral conchology of great britain ; or coloured figures and descriptions of those reamains of testaceous animals or shells , which have been preserved at various times and depth in the earth . vols . 1 . –7 . london , 234 pp . , 251 pp . , 194 pp . , 160 pp . , 168 pp . , 250 . & 123 pp . + pls 610–648 .
sowerby , g . b . iii ( 1901 ) descriptions of five new species of shells . journal of malacology , 8 , 101–103 , pl . 9 .
swainson , w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology . longman , orme , brown , green , & longmans and john taylor . london , 419 pp .
verhecken , a . ( 1991 ) description of two new species of bathyal cancellariidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) from off brazil . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( zoologie ) , 12 , 547–553 .
watson , r . b . ( 1883 ) mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . part xix . zoological journal of the linnean society , 17 , 320–340 . urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
regina l . cunha , a , 1 jorge m . assis , 1 celine madeira , 1 rui seabra , 2 fernando p . lima , 2 evandro p . lopes , 2 , 3 suzanne t . williams , 4 and rita castilho 1
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in the credit line ; if the material is not included under the creative commons license , users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken
remote oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for studying patterns and processes underlying speciation . while insular terrestrial communities can be formed either by immigration or from a few colonization events and subsequent in situ diversification 1 , phylogeographic patterns of marine species inhabiting island settings can be confounded by recurrent episodes of long - distance dispersal . the volcanic origin of oceanic islands and their circumscribed geographic boundaries enable inferring the tempo and sequence of island colonization when geological ages are known 2 .
isolated islands are expected to have reduced species richness but high levels of endemicity as a result of few colonization events , particularly in older archipelagos 3 . for instance , the reduced dispersal abilities of some indo - west pacific turbinid gastropods that lack a long - lived planktonic stage played a crucial role in developing extensive archipelagic differentiation and fine scale endemism 4 . also , the ongoing emergence and subsidence of islands over geological time is thought to have promoted speciation within this group of marine gastropods at an insular scale 5 .
allopatric speciation induced by vicariance is sometimes regarded as the main driver of differentiation 6 . nonetheless , recent developments in methodological approaches to biogeographic analysis 7 , which integrate a wider range of biogeographical processes ( i . e . dispersal , extinction , vicariance and duplication ) 8 , 9 , showed the importance of dispersal in the diversification processes 10 . for instance , divergence triggered by dispersal events and the organism - specific capacity to occupy suitable habitats and persist , has recently been identified as the main driver of the avian speciation in lowland neotropical rainforests 11 .
dispersal in most sessile marine species occurs predominantly during larval stages in which larvae remain in the water column for periods that can vary between days to months before settlement 12 . it is generally assumed that planktotrophic feeding larvae exhibit higher geographic ranges because they are able to remain longer periods in the water column , while lecithotroph yolk - fed larvae complete their metamorphosis without feeding from the plankton and thus are more prone to originate locally structured populations 13 , 14 .
cape verde represents an excellent model system for studying speciation and to infer colonization pathways given its remoteness and known geological age of most of the islands . this volcanic oceanic archipelago is approximately 500 km off mainland ( senegal - west africa ) and comprises ten major islands and several islets (
) . geochronological data place the age of the islands between 5 . 9 ± 0 . 1 million years ago ( mya ) and 25 . 6 ± 1 . 8 mya
. bi analysis retrieved two clades of cape verde fissurellidae . one clade included all specimens from cape verde that grouped with the included worldwide members of fissurellinae . the other clade grouped all cape verde samples with western atlantic and mediterranean
phylogenetic relationships of fissurellidae based on a bayesian inference analysis of mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes produced by beast .
bayesian posterior probabilities above 50 % are indicated over the branches ( full black circles : bpp = 100 % ; half - black circle : bpp = 86 % ) . geographical origin of the taxa is depicted in colours . photos of the shells corresponding to each of the cape verde fissurella and diodora species are shown . assignments of each cape verde sample to delineated entities from gmyc and spedestem species delimitation tests are shown by rectangles . colour of cluster boxes corresponding to each species indicates mismatch ( black ) and agreement ( white ) between both methods . figure generated in adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) and photos taken by r . l . cunha .
) . specimens from south africa and angola were recovered as new species of uncertain generic status and named as fissurellidae sp . 1 and fissurellidae sp . 2 , respectively .
) . effective sample sizes ( ess ) ≫ 200 indicated adequate sampling of the posterior . the 95 % hpd ( highest posterior density interval ) sampled by bamm after analysing 9 , 001 posterior samples comprised the eight most probable distinct shift configurations . the single best shift configurations sampled by bamm suggested an increasing of diversification rates in cape verde
) . overall extinction rates were 0 . 046 ( 0 . 006–0 . 109 ) and remained constant through time . speciation rates were 0 . 089 ( 0 . 058–0 . 132 ) and an overall increase towards the present was identified .
was estimated at 10 . 21 [ 7 . 99–12 . 72 ] mya ( node a ;
) but most of the diversification within this group occurred during the late pliocene ( 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya ; node d ,
) was estimated at 6 . 74 [ 5 . 29–8 . 41 ] mya ( node g ;
beast maximum clade credibility chronogram showing main cladogenetic events within fissurellidae based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes with ancestral estimation inferred with biogeobears .
age estimates in million years and bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) of cape verde clades are shown on the table . the corresponding 95 % highest posterior density intervals ( blue bars ) are depicted . internal coloured vertical bars at branches indicate main ancestral areas recovered by
under the selected bayarealike + j model immediately following a speciation event whereas at nodes indicate ancestral ranges before speciation . numbers at the coloured squares indicate present - day ( tips ) distribution of species . in the legend , islands that are not represented , individually , by a single species are not coloured .
sp . ) , which was the pacific . this model suggests boavista as the ancestral range of
comprises the northwestern islands of the archipelago ( santo antão , ilhéu raso , santa luzia , são vicente and são nicolau ) . our results suggest a dispersal event towards sal where
is sal , boavista , maio , santiago and são vicente , which implies dispersal events from the northwestern islands ( the ancestral area ) towards sal , boavista and maio .
the total amount per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s3 . the percentage per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s4 . boavista is the island with the highest percentage of sand whereas ilhéu raso and santiago show the highest percentage of rocky substrate ( supplementary information s4 ) .
the simulations using high - resolution ocean current fields over the 10 - year period allowed releasing 360 particles per cell ( 6 . 39e
passive particles in total ) . maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
. the mean distance that particles can reach during four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km , which is approximately the same after 30 days ( 76 . 1 ± 75 . 9 km ) . mean connectivity probabilities between pairs of islands produced with simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
, respectively . overall probabilities of connectivity between pairs of islands are quite low ( between 2 . 3e
) . the highest probability of connectivity occurs between são vicente and santo antão and the lowest between santo antão and maio . the degree of connectivity between islands inferred in network analysis running for four or 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
( a and b ) , respectively . only stronger links are depicted . modularity values indicated good divisions > 0 . 3
. the animation shows different source locations releasing particles every 12 hours from july to november 2010 . the particles are allowed to drift for a maximum of 30 days with effective dispersal measured when they end up on shore .
( a ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running four days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 38 ; three putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0048 ) ; ( b ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 34 ; two putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0291 ) ; ( c ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running four days of passive dispersal ; ( d ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . figures were generated with igraph package ( version 1 . 0 . 1 ; url urltoken ) implemented in r language ( r core team ( 2015 ) . r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . url urltoken ) and adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) .
maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 4 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal .
from the mediterranean and western atlantic . both species delimitation tests ( spedestem and gmyc ) indicated the existence of seven cape verde endemic
species of the mediterranean , western atlantic and pacific , whereas gmyc did recognise cape verde specimens as a distinct entity . however , results from both gmyc and genetic distances between cape verde
) , strongly suggest that these specimens should be considered an endemic species . these results are not in agreement with a morphology - based study that reported the existence of twelve
was unexpected , even for organisms with a theoretical pelagic larval phase of four days , considering that distances between islands are as little as 17 km ( e . g . , between ilhéu raso and s . nicolau ;
) , and according to our simulations , the mean distance that a particle can reach after four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km (
, which represents a much larger distance than between most of islands of the cape verde archipelago . nonetheless , this coastal species coexists with its sister species along the continental shore , where no strong physical barriers were identified . it was suggested that transient allopatry determined by historical episodes of climatic fluctuations and shifting currents or ecological barriers could be the main driver of speciation
. considering the extremely low estimated probabilities of connectivity between cape verde islands based on four or 30 days of passive dispersal ( e . g . , ilhéu raso
) . age estimates placed this shift at 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya (
) at the plio - pleistocene boundary . key innovations or distinct habitat preferences are often invoked to explain higher rates of diversification
. all eight species occupied similar habitats and we found no evidence for niche segregation among species ( lopes , evandro p . , pers . obs . ) .
the low levels of connectivity between islands and a shift in diversification rates offer plausible explanations for the level of endemism observed in fissurella but a question still remains : why did diodora not diversify in the cape verde archipelago ? to address this question , three hypotheses were considered : ( i ) different sampling efforts for each genus ; ( ii ) differences between the pld of fissurella and diodora , and ( iii ) time of origin of each genus in the archipelago .
could have been undersampled seems unlikely considering that the sampling effort was equally distributed for both genera . field work revealed a strong bias in abundances : while more than 300 specimens of
specimens in total , all from boavista and all belonging to the same species . the type of larval development of cape verde
is unknown but under the observed oceanographic conditions , the second hypothesis of a longer pld to explain the existence of a single species owing to higher connectivity is not supported . our simulations based on patterns of ocean circulation did not significantly increase effective connectivity between islands even when pld was increased from four to 30 days of passive dispersal (
) . note that only effective dispersal events ( i . e . those that result in a larva landing on a coast ) are reported . our analyses show very low probabilities of shore - to - shore connectivity ( 0 . 003 ± 0 . 017 , on average ;
) , since most particles are pushed to open waters and only produce effective connectivity events in the very first days of ocean drifting ( between 1 . 29 ± 0 . 85 and 1 . 35 ± 1 . 02 days , on average ;
) . in fact , only 2 . 62 % of the particles travelled for more than four days , and such an increase in pld did not expand the maximum travelled distance of the particles ( 349 . 3 km ;
) . as the archipelago is separated from the nearest mainland ( the coast of senegal ) by approximately 500 km , this means that island - to - continent dispersal is very unlikely . finally , the mrca of
might have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate avoiding the severe volcanic eruptions that struck boavista between 9 . 5 and 4 . 5 mya
and likely had the greatest effect on rocky shore species such as keyhole limpets . other
species also present in boavista might have become extinct after these volcanic events , before having time to disperse to other islands .
keyhole limpets can only be found on rocky substrates , we analysed the effect of hard substrate availability on species richness . the number of
lineages showed , however , no correlation with the total area of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 62 , p = 0 . 10 ] nor with the percentage of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 50 , p = 0 . 22 , non - significant , see also
on the other hand , the degree of connectivity between islands provides the best predictor for present - day distribution of species . a model based on known patterns of ocean circulation and four days of passive dispersal (
) . the cluster that includes the northwestern islands ( s . nicolau , santo antão , s . vicente , santa luzia and ilhéu raso ) represents the geographic distribution of
sp . 2 ( sal and s . nicolau ) is favoured by patterns of ocean circulation that connect these two islands (
the archipelagic endemism in marine sessile organisms reported here was driven by shifts in diversification rates promoted by recurrent episodes of low sea levels during the plio - pleistocene boundary and patterns of ocean circulation favouring self - recruitment . the role of dispersal and persistence was determinant in shaping present - day geographic distribution of fissurellid keyhole limpets .
) . all specimens were preserved in 96 % ethanol . dr . rolán , e . , a recognized expert in cape verde invertebrate fauna and author of
using the - - auto option that automatically selects the appropriate strategy according to data size . alignments of both coi ( 540 bp ) and 28s rrna ( 826 bp ) were unambiguous , and amino acid translations in coi were checked using
, respectively . we used the combined data set ( coi : 145 taxa , 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 145 taxa , 826 bp ) for both analyses . this data set included all 120 unique coi and 28s haplotypes from cape verde samples and the remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in
selected the trn + i + g as the evolutionary model that best fits both data sets . the bayesian analysis was performed using two partitions , coi and 28s rrna . we used a yule tree prior
that assumes a constant rate of speciation among lineages and is more appropriate for species - level phylogenies . we used an uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock . mcmc analyses were run twice ( each run with 100 , 000 , 000 generations and a sample frequency of 10 , 000 ) following a discarded burn - in of 10 , 000 , 000 steps . length of burn - in was determined by visual examination of traces in
using the “maximum clade creditability” option and mean node height . the convergence to the stationary distribution was confirmed by inspection of the mcmc samples and of effective sample sizes ( ess ) . ess values above 200 indicate convergence
) and on the r2c2 research group cluster facility , both at the university of algarve .
, code written by t . ezard , t . fujisawa and t . barraclough in r v . 3 . 0 . 2
to compare the number of esus obtained from the single gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the two - gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 28s : 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the ultrametric trees based on the coi and the combined data sets were obtained with
using a strict clock model without fossil calibrations and a yule tree prior . both data sets included all 120 unique haplotypes from cape verde samples and remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in table 1 suplementary material ) . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 .
to delimit the number of fissurellid species in cape verde by comparing the probability of models where putative evolutionary lineages are separate entities to the probability of models where putative lineages are collapsed into a single lineage using a maximum likelihood approach . spedestem takes as an input ultrametric trees and a user - supplied estimate of theta returning a table of models ranked according to their probability . ultrametric trees based on the coi and 28s data sets were produced by
using the coi ( 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the 28s ( 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 . we used
that allows incorporation of fossil uncertainties . the data set used in this analysis ( 35 taxa ; coi : 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 826 bp ) included a single representative from each cape verde species inferred by abgd and spedestem and the remaining fissurellidae used in previous analyses . the calibration points used in this analysis are described in the
. this program uses mcmc simulations and reversible - jump sampling to estimate time - varying rates of speciation and extinction , and to find the optimal set of rate - shift configurations .
ultrametric tree was used for this analysis . we set four reversible jumping - mcmc running for 10 million generations sampled every 1000 generations and a burn - in of 10 % . the function setbammpriors in r was used to choose more appropriate prior values . we used ess ( effective sample size ) to assess the convergence of the runs and considered values above 200 as indicating convergence .
to estimate the ancestral ranges of fissurellidae . full description of the method is available on
. we defined 13 geographical areas : ( 1 ) sal ; ( 2 ) boavista ; ( 3 ) maio ; ( 4 ) santo antão ; ( 5 ) santiago ; ( 6 ) ilhéu raso ; ( 7 ) santa luzia ; ( 8 ) são vicente ; ( 9 ) são nicolau ; ( 10 ) mediterranean ; ( 11 ) western atlantic ; ( 12 ) pacific , and ( 13 ) africa . the maximum number of areas that any species may occur was set to five because it is the maximum number of areas where the species may occur .
to characterize shore substrate composition along the studied area , we prepared a 0 . 01° arc - degree ( approx . 1 . 6 km at 16° n ) mesh using r ( r development core team , 2014 ) . the mesh grid was then imported to google earth , and all tiles covering both ocean and land were assigned a substrate type by means of visual inspection . substrate types used were “rock” , “sand” or “both” . lastly , the substrate type layers produced in google earth were rasterised using the r package raster 54 , and the amount of each substrate was quantified .
how to cite this article : cunha , r . l . et al . drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . sci . rep . 7 , 41817 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817 ( 2017 ) .
publisher ' s note : springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .
we thank the direcção geral do ambiente , ministério do ambiente , habitação e ordenamento do território from cape verde for providing sampling permits . we are very grateful to dr . emílio rolán for the help provided in species identification . we also thank katy nicastro and gerardo zardi for providing samples from south africa . rlc and ja were supported by post - doctoral fellowships from fct - portuguese science foundation ( sfrh / bpd / 109685 / 2015 and sfrh / bpd / 111003 / 2015 , respectively ) . rs was supported by marinfo - norte - 01 - 0145 - feder - 000031 , funded by norte portugal regional operational program ( norte2020 ) , under the portugal 2020 partnership agreement , through the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .
author contributions r . l . c . and r . c . designed this study . e . p . l . collected the samples . c . m . sequenced all the samples . r . l . c . , j . a . , r . s . , and f . l . analyzed data . r . c . prepared figures and tables . r . l . c . wrote the manuscript and s . t . w . , r . c . , and f . l . revised it . all authors contributed with their ideas and reviewed the final version of the manuscript .
reynoso - granados t . , monsalvo - spencer p . & serviere - zaragoza e .
& guzman del proo , s . a . larval and early juvenile development of the volcano keyhole limpet , fissurella volcano
maddison w . p . & maddison d . r . mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . urltoken ( 2015 ) .
a mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . willis , f . r . s
r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing ( vienna , austria , 2016 ) .
matzke n . j . biogeobears : biogeography with bayesian ( and likelihood ) evolutionary analysis in r scripts . r package , version 0 . 2 . 1 , published july 27 , 2013 at : urltoken ( 2013 ) .
raster : geographic data analysis and modeling . r package version 2 . 1 - 25 . urltoken ( 2013 ) .