the gray-collared chipmunk ( neotamias cinereicollis ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is endemic to arizona and new mexico in the united states .

gray - collared chipmunk

gray - collared chipmunk by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
after hibernation , gray - collared chipmunks diligently search the ground for any seeds that remain from the previous summer . since these are usually uncommon ,
are easily recognized by the light and dark stripes on their back and head . they bear distinct facial markings and have only five dark stripes on their back . there is a distinct central line that extends forward onto the head . the gray - collared chipmunks are covered in shades of gray and share distinctive patterns of black , pale gray , and buff stripes .
predators include as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .
fleharty , e . d . 1960 . the status of the gray - necked chipmunk in new mexico . j . mamm . 41 : 235 - 242 .
gray - collared chipmunks are not in any danger of going extinct any time soon . in fact , this species experiences only tiny fluctuations in its population from year to year . these fluctuations have been attributed to predators such as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .
since chipmunks prey upon insects , their food habits influence the growth of various plants . gray - collared chipmunks are also important in the dispersal of seeds because of their habit of storing them beneath the layer of decaying vegetation on the forest floor . in this way ,
palmer ' s chipmunk ( neotamias palmeri ) is a medium - sized chipmunk whose range is limited to the higher - elevation areas of the spring mountain range , nevada . a second chipmunk species , the panamint chipmunk ( neotamias panamintinus ) , is more broadly distributed and lives in lower - elevation , primarily pinyon - juniper ( pinus monophylla - juniperus osteosperma ) habitat . . .
with the onset of cold weather , chipmunks enter a restless hibernation during late fall or early winter and are relatively inactive during the winter months . some individuals , however , occasionally come out on warm , sunny days during the winter . by early march , most gray - collared chipmunks have emerged from hibernation .
hart , e . 1976 . life history notes on the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah .
habitat : central new mexico and central arizona . coniferous and spruce forests especially around clearing with deadfall . description : only squirrel with gray cheeks . 5 dark and 4 light well defined stripes on back . grayish body with prominent gray on cheeks , upper back and shoulders . source : audubon online guides
palmer ' s chipmunk resembles other chipmunks in that it has solid black and white stripes that run down its body dorsally . the body of the chipmunk is tan while its ventral side is more pale . total body length is
. on warm winter days , palmer ' s chipmunk will come out of its burrow to visit their caches for food .
forest - floor disturbance reduces chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance two years after variable - retention harvest of pacific northwestern forests
gray - collared chipmuinks , along with many other chipmunks , have charming personalities . they charm campers and hikers with their small size , their boldness in search of food , and their constant activity . in fact , they are not hard to approach at all . they are easily persuaded to accept seeds or nuts from a person ' s hands ( sheppard , 1990 ) .
gashwiler , j . s . 1965 . longevity and home range of a townsend chipmunk . journal of mammalogy 46 : 693 .
wadsworth , c . e . 1972 . observations of the colorado chipmunk in southeastern utah . southwestern naturalist 16 : 451 - 454 .
. eutamias dorsalis is recognizable by the near absence of dorsal stripes . an occasional individual may have more prominent stripes , but even in such a specimen the dorsal wash of gray is evident
this article contains basic information ( identification , food sources , nesting and breeding habits , etc . ) about chipmunks . if there is a need to control chipmunks , the behavior and food preferences ( along with other information in this article ) will come into play . chipmunk control page will give information on how to get rid of nuisance animals . for trapping , go to chipmunk trap information page . chipmunk pictures
sheppard , d . 1990 .
chipmunk .
canadian wildlife service hinterland who ' s who . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )
broadbooks , h . e . 1970b . populations of the yellow pine chipmunk , eutamias amoenus . american midland naturalist 83 : 472 - 488 .
populations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and the chipmunk doesn ' t have enough food stored for its hibernation .
when these chipmunk prepare food for storage , they holds the seeds in their dexterous front paws and with their specialized incisors . their incisors are especially long and directed forward .
broadbooks , h . e . 1970a . home ranges and territorial behavior of the yellow - pine chipmunk , eutamius amoenus . journal of mammalogy 51 : 310 - 26 .
chipmunks are often confused with the thirteen - lined ground squirrel . from the same family of animals as tree squirrels , chipmunks are identified differently because of the stripes above and below their eyes . there are two kinds of chipmunks in north america : the eastern chipmunk and the western chipmunk . the name “chipmunk” comes from the two types of chattering calls they make to mate and to communicate between each other . one sound is a thrilling chip - chip - chip repeated rapidly while the other is a lower pitched chuck - chuck - chuck . the main predator of the chipmunk is the long - tailed weasel ; however they are also preyed upon by hawks , foxes , bobcats and house cats .
, which are an important food resource of the chipmunk . this species has also been known to eat local fruits , grass , insects , and the seeds of other conifers .
12 - hart , e . b . 1976 . life history of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah . southwest nat . , 21 - 243 - 246 .
chipmunks can be serious destructive pests when they become numerous around homes and gardens . the burrowing activity of chipmunks can cause significant structural damage by undermining foundations , concrete patios and steps , retaining walls and sidewalks . they may also be destructive to gardens when they dig up and eat bulbs and seeds or attack garden fruits . when they become over - abundant , gray - collared chipmunks can prevent normal reforestation of some trees , especially pines , by eating their seeds . when this occurs , they have to be trapped by humans .
national wildlife federation .
cliff chipmunk , urltoken
( on - line ) . urltoken . accessed 12 / 08 / 02 at http : / / www . urltoken / fieldguide / showspeciesgs . asp ? sort = 1 & curgroupid = 99 & display = 1 & area = 99 & searchtext = cliff + chipmunk & curpagenum = 1 & recnum = ma0186 .
elliot , l . 1978 . social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) in the adirondack mountains . smithsonian contributions to zoology no . 265 . 107 pp .
13 - hart , e . b . 1971 . food preferences of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in northern utah . great basin nat . , 31 - 182 - 188 .
ellis , l . s . , and l . r . maxxon . 1979 . evolution of the chipmunk genera eutamias and tamias . journal of mammalogy 60 ( 2 ) : 331 - 334 .
there are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because the chipmunk carries the dirt in its cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous . the chipmunk’s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels . the average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but the adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance .
the average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but an adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
the eastern chipmunk prefers nuts , acorns , seeds , mushrooms , fruits , berries , corn , and sunflower seeds . it also eats insects , bird eggs , snails and small mammals like baby mice . they collect most of their food from the ground ; however they will scale trees to gather acorns and other nuts when they are ripe . when eating , they will sit upright and hold their food with their front feet . the eastern chipmunk uses its teeth to grind nuts down to size to stuff in their cheek pouches . this grinding sound is very loud and can be heard from several feet away . the eastern chipmunk doesn’t truly hibernate but rather wakes every few weeks during the winter months to eat .
new mexico : new mexico cooperative fish & wildlife research unit , new mexico state university , p . o . box 30003 , msc 4901 , las cruces , nm 88003 , principle investigators : bruce thompson , ken boykin , database creator : robert deitner , habitat modelers : susanne propeck - gray , jennifer puttere , cynthia king , zachary schwenke ,
gray - collared chipmunks are found only in coniferous forests , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m . they eat all kinds of vegetation , and collect and store acorns underground or in hollow logs . their tracks are often seen in the snow , but they probably remain in their dens during the coldest months , sleeping or feeding on their cache of acorns . one litter , of 4 - 6 , is born a year , usually in june in a nest under a log or stump . nests have also been found in woodpecker holes in trees . when they are 36 - 40 days old , the young begin eating solid food , and less than a week later , stop nursing . by fall , they are almost fully grown .
chipmunk is the common name for any of the small , striped , squirrel - like rodents comprising the genus tamias of the tribe marmotini in the family sciuridae . traditionally , eutamias had been considered a second genus of chipmunks , but today is generally considered a subgenus of tamias .
is a smoky - gray chipmunk with dark stripes on its back . these dark stripes are more distinct on the summer fur than on the winter fur . it lacks the white stripes often found in the pelage of this genus . the flanks are light brown in color , and the undeparts are creamy - white . the tail is bushy with black on top and cinnamon brown underneath . the feet have a hint of yellow . the molt in may and june from winter to summer pelage occurs from anterior to posterior . females tend to molt into their summer pelage in june and july , later than males , due to the engergy requirements of pregnancy and lactation .
land unit forest service lands , new mexico usfs - cibola national forest usfs - gila national forest usfs - luna / quemado / reserve district usfs - negrito watershed ( reserve district ) nmdgf - misc . lands - double e the nature conservancy lands the nature conservancy lands - gray ranch , ( formerly tnc ) other distribution references - 19 , 27 , 29 , 33 , 38 , 54
a chipmunk ' s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels .
if unmolested , they often become bold enough to take food from the hands of humans . the temptation to pick up or pet any wild animal should be strictly avoided , however . while rabies is exceptionally rare ( if not non - existent ) in rodents , chipmunk bites can transmit virulent and dangerous bacterial infections .
we evaluated the two - year effects of variable - retention harvest on chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance ( n ^ ) and habitat in mature coniferous forests in western oregon and washington because wildlife responses to density / pattern of retained trees remain largely unknown . in a randomized complete - block design , six . . .
removes seeds from pods with its incisors , then uses its tongue to shift the seeds backward . it stuffs the seeds between its teeth and inside of its cheekpouches . the capacity of these cheekpouches increases with maturity . when they cheek pouches are full , a chipmunk deposits the seeds in its nest or buries them in shallow holes .
the burrow systems of the eastern chipmunk are quite vast and have many entrances . chipmunks create tunnels up to ten feet long and three feet deep . there are separate tunnels for storing food , sleeping , and keeping empty shells and feces . the eastern chipmunk will defend up to fifty feet around its den and has been known to burrow in stone walls and rotting logs . when together in a group , they can cause damage to stone walls , patios , stairs and foundations by burrowing under them . this type of damage as well as damage that is sometimes done to gardens and landscaping are reasons why chipmunks are often considered a pest ( nuisance wildlife . )
we used radiotelemetry to examine the effects of spring prescribed fire for preharvest oak ( quercus spp . ) shelterwood management on eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) home - range attributes and burrow use on the fernow experimental forest in the central appalachian mountains of west virginia . results for 21 chipmunks showed that prescribed fire had little discernable . . .
we report the first voucher of the cliff chipmunk ( neotamias dorsalis ) and observations of brazilian free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis ) from the huachuca mountains , arizona , where these species had not been documented . while presence of t . brasiliensis was expected on fort huachuca , n . dorsalis was a surprise after a century . . .
the diets of a fungal specialist , northern flying squirrel ( glaucomys sabrinus ( shaw , 1801 ) ) , and a dietary generalist , lodgepole chipmunk ( neotamias speciosus ( merriam , 1890 ) ) , were examined in the old - growth , mixed - conifer forest at the teakettle experimental forest in california ' s southern sierra nevada . spores of fungi . . .
chipmunks ( tamias spp . ) in western north america are important for their numerical abundance , their role in pathogen transmission , and the composition and structure of food webs . as such , land management agencies ( e . g . , u . s . forest service ) often conduct field surveys to monitor the diversity and abundance of chipmunk species as a measure . . .
twice a year when the female adult eastern chipmunk is ready to mate , she produces a series of calls called chips . these sounds entice the males who gather and compete for a chance to mate . females will often mate with several males . after mating , the males have no further contact with the female or the babies that are produced . three to five young are delivered in the nesting burrows and are born blind and hairless . they open their eyes after thirty days and emerge from their burrow after six weeks .
though they are commonly depicted with their paws up to the mouth , eating peanuts , or more famously their cheeks bulging out on either side , chipmunks eat a variety of foods . their omnivorous diet consists of grain , nuts , birds ' eggs , fungi , worms , and insects . at the beginning of autumn , many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile these goods in their burrows , for winter . other species make multiple small caches of food . these two kinds of behavior are called larder hoarding and scatter hoarding . larder hoarders usually live in their nests until spring .
tamias cinereicollis spends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . they often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits . the diet of these chipmunks consists of various kinds of nuts , berries and seeds , but they also eat mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion . rare instances of t . cinereicollis preying on birds or small mammals have been observed . when the chipmunk prepares its food for storage , it holds the seeds in its dexterous front paws and with its specialized incisors .
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patterson , b . d . and norris , r . w . 2016 . towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels : the status of the holarctic chipmunks . mammalia 80 ( 3 ) : 241–251 . doi : 10 . 1515 / mammalia - 2015 - 0004 .
justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , there are no major threats , and its population is currently stable .
this species occurs in the mountains of central and eastern arizona and central and southwestern new mexico in the united states ( hoffmann et al . in wilson and reeder 1993 ) , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m asl ( most common at 2 , 100 - 3 , 300 m asl ) ( hilton and best 1993 ) .
this species is considered common . population density in arizona was estimated at 5 / ha in may , 12 . 5 / ha in august ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .
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department of zoology and wildlife science and alabama agricultural experiment station , 331 funchess hall , auburn university , alabama 36849 - 5414 .
clayton d . hilton , troy l . best ; tamias cinereicollis , mammalian species , issue 436 , 23 april 1993 , pages 1–5 , urltoken
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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is found all throughout central and eastern arizona and central and southwest new mexico in the united states ( findley , 1986 ; nowak , 1991 ) .
these chipmunks are found primarily in coniferous forests at elevations between 1 , 950 abd 3 , 440 meters . they prefer mature woodlands and woodlot edges , but they also inhabit areas in and around suburban and rural homes such as around ornamental plantings , rockpiles , outbuildings and below patios and building foundations . although they are mostly burrowing rodents , they regularly climb oak trees to gain access to rooftops ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
is one of the smaller chipmunks . it has a total length between 208 and 242 mm , with males measuring slightly smaller than females . weights range between 55 and 70 g . it has a relatively long tail , comprising from 90 to 109 mm of the total length of the animal ( best , 1999 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
mating occurs two times a year , during early spring and again during the summer or early fall . there is a 30 to 31 day gestation period . two to five young are born in the spring ( early may ) and again between august and october . they are born naked and blind . young can eat solid foods by the age of 36 to 40 days , and are weaned by the age of 41 to 45 days . the young are sexually mature within one year and adults may live for up to three years . young appear for the first time above ground when they are 2 / 3 full size . the babies are reared by the mother without any help from the fathers ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
breeding season this species breeds in the spring as well as in summer or early fall .
is most active during the early morning and late afternoon . these chipmunks are generally solitary and protect their territories except during courtship , or when the young are developing . populations of chipmunks average between 2 and 4 animals per acre . the home ranges often overlap among individuals , and the home ranges of adults are larger than those of juveniles . the home ranges of females tend to be smaller than those of males .
are the first to emerge in the spring . the females emerge one or two weeks later . once females emerge , breeding takes place near a female ' s burrow . competition occurs between males for females , and a male may mate with more than one female during a mating season .
are well - hidden near buildings ( such as basements and garages ) , gardens , stumps , woodpiles or brushpiles . the burrow entrance is usually about 2 inches in diameter . there are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because these chipmunks carry the dirt in their cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous .
spends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . these chipmunks often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits .
consists of various kinds of nuts , berries , and seeds . mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion are also consumed . rare instances of
may eat young leaves and shoots until new fruit and seeds become available ( corrigan , 1997 ; schultz , 1995 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
depends on this food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .
assist in the spread of shrubs , trees , and other plants . as a prey species , populations of
may have some impact upon predator populations . ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
, have also been associated as being carriers of the hantavirus in the southwestern united states . human infection may occur when infective saliva or excreta are inhaled as aerosols produced directly from the animal . persons have also become infected after being bitten by rodents ( corrigan , 1997 ; healthtouch , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
populations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and chipmunks doesn ' t have enough food stored for hibernation .
depends on stored food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .
candace t . smith ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
places a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called
hoarding
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
findley , j . s . 1987 . the natural history of new mexican mammals . university of new mexico press , albuquerque .
grzimek , b . 1990 . encyclopedia of mammals . mcgraw - hill publishing , co . vol 3 . pp . 78 - 82
hantavirus infection - southwest united states .
healthtouch online . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )
nowak , r . m . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . fifth edition . johns hopkins university press , baltimore . pp . 586 - 589
) . pp . 362 - 363 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .
to cite this page : smith , c . 1999 .
tamias cinereicollis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
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allen , j . a . , 1890 . a review of some of the north american ground squirrels of the genus tamias , p . 94 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 3 : 45 - 116 .
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is found mainly in the southwestern united states of america . its range inludes the states of nevada , utah , arizona , and new mexico as well as the northern portion of mexico .
cliff chipmunks spend much of their time near cliffs . dens , particularly winter dens , are in rocky outcroppings . in summer , chipmunks will stay overnight in cliffs , but much of their diurnal activity is away from the den area .
generally inhabits elevations of 1500 to 3700 m with scrub - type habitat . the tendency is toward occupying patches of juniper (
) . cliff chipmunks have been found in lava fields and deserts at lower elevations .
adults of this species average 70 g . females are larger than males , weighing between 70 and 74 g . the smaller males weigh between 61 and 64 . 5 g .
ranges between 217 and 249 mm , with the hind foot measuring between 34 and 37 mm . they have 22 teeth . eight mammae are present on the females .
there are several subspecies reported , and these subspecies are reported to have clinal variation which intergrades them phenotypically . the subspecies may be defined mainly by differences in body and skull dimensions , pelage characters , dental characeters , and differences in the baculum .
the species is diagnosed by its baculum . this has a thin shaft , ranging in length from 2 . 64 to 3 . 69 mm . the distal half of the shaft is somewhat laterally compressed . the keel , which is 20 % of the length of the tip , is low . the tip of the baculum is between 20 % and 40 % the length of the shaft , and forms an angle of 140 degrees with the shaft .
details on the reproductive system of this species are scant . however , one estrus female was the center of attention of as many as 14 males , indicating that there is probably some competition among males for access to these females . it is not known whether the female in this report mated with more than one of the males .
males are reproductively active from january through june although most breeding occurs in march . a study of
in the mountains of arizona suggests that copulation does not occur until may with birth in late june and early july . these discrepancies can be attributed to the duration of winter and the quantity of food available .
does not gain weight before winter , but will loose some over the winter . february through april are lean months and may play a crucial role in the copulation and breeding success of
cliff chipmunks have only one litter per year , with an approximate size of 4 to 6 young . parturition normally occurs in the months of april to july with the young emerging from burrows about a month later .
although details on the development of this species are lacking , cliff chipmunks are probably like other members of their genus .
young are reported to nurse for 41 to 45 days . they are capable of eating solid foods at 36 to 40 days of age .
the young spend their early days in the den of their mother , and are presumed to be altricial . as mammals , females of this species provide their young with milk , grooming , and protection . mature females in arizona have been recorded in transport of half - grown young which are carried in the mouth . males are not reported to be involved in the care of the young .
has been described as shy . generally , cliff chipmunks are diurnal with activity mainly in the mornings and then again from the late afternoon until dusk .
was recorded to have 57 % of its activity foraging and 3 % as grooming behavior .
takes dust baths by lowering its belly into a dry , powdery soil and alternately writhing its head or tail end . it then flips over and throws its hindquarters around in the soil also .
grooms its head with the forepaws and will groom its tail end as well by biting into the fur .
can be territorial and will chase others if the minimum individual distance has been violated . however , these territorial encounters apparently occur mainly in the area around dens . away from dens , most encounters result in mutual nosings or chases . females can be somewhat gregarious , and form feeding aggregations during the morning feeding . as many as 10 chipmunks may gather at a food source , and slowly travel together through the food sources , keeping a distance of 3 to 10 meters betwen individuals . individuals in these aggregations may vocalize to identify themselves , or to maintain spacing .
is typically found close to refugia . although it may take cover in trees , the species is most likely to climb steep rocks when it is alarmed .
cliff chipmunks usually make their dens and nests in rocky bluffs and cliffs . sometimes underground burrows and tree nests are used . there may be different use of habitat in summer versus winter , with different nesting sites used in different seasons . also , seasonal migrations may occur , and if they do , they appear to be related to availability of food sources .
home ranges have been reported to range between 0 . 4 and 2 hectares . individuals of this species are reported to typically maintain home ranges with a greatest dimension of about 100 m .
has three different calls that characterize different meanings . a bark emitted during standing , resting , or squatting suggests normal activity . a sharp
whsst
or
psst
chirp from an upright , alert position and tail twitching indicates excitement . a mixture of high - pitched sounds represents being surprised or threatened .
in addition to its vocal communications , it is likely that this diurnal species uses other visual signals to communicate with conspecifics . for example , body posture may indicate friendly or hostile intentions when two individuals come together .
tactile communication is undoubtedly important between mates as well as rivals , and also occurs between a mother and her young . although specific scent based communication has not been reported for this species , it may occur .
forages for juniper berries , pine seeds , and acorns . these make up a large portion of the diet of this species .
is an opportunistic forager and will eat available plant material . seeds are gathered during prime availability and are carried in cheek pouches and are transported to temporary caches . seeds and vegetation are generally cached within 100 m of the home cliff , with many of these caches being retrieved later . use of plants as food sources seems to influence both daily and seasonal movements . females have been noted to spend more time foraging than males .
is mainly herbivorous although these chipmunks have been noted to eat a wide variety of insects , herps , birds , and eggs in utah .
remains close to the cliff faces and rocks for easily available cover . the indistinctness of their stripes is also supposed to serve as an anti - predator adaptation . potential predators in different regions include cooper ' s hawks (
cliff chipmunks are food for a variety of carnivores and raptors . they also cache seeds , and so may be an important means of seed dispersal . they compete with other species of chipmunks and ground squirrels for seeds . bot - fly larva (
these animals are not reported to have any positive economic impact on humans . however , as a prey species , they do provide food for some of the larger predatory species that humans enjoy watching . also , because they are themselves sort of cute , they may provide entertainment for tourists in natural areas .
, the possibility of crop damage is present although it has not been documented .
(
the iucn red list of threatened species
, 2002 ;
cites appendices
, 2002 ;
endangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service
, 2002 )
has kidney specializations that are adaptive to dry habitats . a number of subspecies exist and contribute to the differences noted in each category . differences between subspecies also contributes to the reported shyness or lack of shyness in different regions . synonym :
louise venne ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
( as keyword in perception channel section ) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .
cites . 2002 .
cites appendices
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
u . s . fish & wildlife service . 2002 .
endangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
university of new mexico . 1998 .
sevilleta lter data
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 06 / 02 at urltoken .
iucn . 2002 .
the iucn red list of threatened species
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
) . pp . 363 - 365 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .
dunford , c . 1974 . annual cycle of cliff chipmunks in the santa catalina mountains , arizona .
to cite this page : venne , l . 2004 .
tamias dorsalis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
information on this page has been gathered from member submissions . effort has been made to avoid any infringement of copyright . additionally , any use is anticipated to be within the
fair use
doctrine . if any copyright has been infringed , please notify the webmaster . the disputed information will be removed and your issue will be resolved . if you are a submitting member , please inform and discuss with haz if you think you are submitting any copyright issue . please help us stay with the law .
like all rodents , members of sciuridae are noted for their teeth . they have a pair of large incisors on the upper and one on the lower jaw that grow continuously and need to be kept short and sharpened by frequent gnawing . ( the word
rodent
comes from the latin word for
gnawing .
) the second pair of incisors , the canines , and the first premolars are missing in rodents , creating a gap between the incisors and the grinding teeth .
eastern chipmunks mate in early spring and again in early summer , producing litters of four or five young twice each year . western chipmunks only breed once a year . the young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks .
chipmunks construct expansive burrows , which can be more than 3 . 5 meters in length with several well - concealed entrances . the sleeping quarters are kept extremely clean as shells and feces are stored in refuse tunnels .
chipmunks fulfill several important functions in forest ecosystems . their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment . they consume many different kinds of fungi , including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees , and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps ( truffles ) , which have co - evolved with these and other mycophagous mammals and thus lost the ability to disperse their spores through the air .
these small squirrels play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds , but are also opportunistic predators themselves , particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings . in oregon , mountain bluebirds ( siala currucoides ) have been observed energetically mobbing chipmunks that they see near their nest trees .
howell , a . h . 1929 . revision of the american chipmunks . washington , d . c . : u . s . department of agriculture , bureau of biological survey . no . 52 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . genus tamias ( chipmunks ) animal diversity webs ( online ) . retrieved january 3 , 2008 .
nadler , c . f . , r . s . hoffmann , j . h . honacki , and d . pozin . 1977 . chromosomal evolution in chipmunks , with special emphasis on a and b karyotypes of the subgenus neotamias . am . mid . nat . 98 : 343–353 .
nichols , j . d . , and e . nyholm . 1995 . a concise dictionary of minnesota ojibwe . minneapolis : university of minnesota press . isbn 0816624275 .
piaggio , a . j . , and g . s . spicer . 2001 . molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 ( 3 ) : 335 - 350 .
whitaker , j . o . , and r . elman . 1980 . the audubon society field guide to north american mammals , 2nd edition . new york : knopf . isbn 0394507622 .
white , j . a . 1953 . the baculum in the chipmunks of western north america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 5 ( 35 ) : 611–631 .
wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder . 2005 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 0801882214 .
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justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it does not appear to be under threat and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . subspecies sonoriensis and carminis have very restricted distributions and merit attention .
it occurs in southwestern united states and northcentral mexico . in the united states , from idaho south through the mountains of arizona and western new mexico . in mexico , from sonora and western chihuahua to northeastern sinaloa and northwestern durango . there are three disjunct population segments ( wilson and ruff 1999 ) .
there are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t42571a115190634 .
nests are most commonly built on the ground but can occasionally be found in trees . in late spring to early summer , female chipmunks have litters of 3 or 4 pups which are born hairless . after a month or so , the pups have developed a smooth fur coat and begin to move in and out of the nest . at about 6 weeks old , the pups have moved to a mostly solid food diet .


otiorhynchus sulcatus , commonly known as the black vine weevil or simply vine weevil , is native to europe , but common in north america as well .

it is a pest of many garden plants .

otiorhynchus sulcatus

field attraction of the vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus to kairomones . - pubmed - ncbi
black vine weeveil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - © can stock photo inc . / zollster
hans - martin braun added the german common name
breitmaulrüssler
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
gefurchter lappenrüssler
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
vine weevil
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
andersen mn , 1991 . greenhouse weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) . gartneryrket , 81 ( 5 ) : 12 - 13
anon . , 1980 . black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - kansas - a new state record . cooperative plant pest report , 5 : 35 .
kacic s , vitanovic e , zanic k , katalinic m , 2009 . control of the ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) weevil in protected cultivation . ( suzbijanje pipe ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) u za ? ticenom prostoru . ) glasilo biljne za ? tite , 9 ( 3 ) : 153 - 157 . urltoken
backhaus gf , 1994 . biological control of otiorhynchus sulcatus f . by use of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus heterorhabditis . acta horticulturae , no . 364 : 131 - 142
fregonese a , zandigiacomo p , 1992 . otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabr . ) , a curculionid beetle damaging ornamental plants in nurseries . informatore agrario , 48 ( 35 ) : 73 - 77
b . bassiana was isolated from the adults of o . sulcatus in japan (
kovacevic z , 1971 . otiorhynchus species in yugoslavia and their geographic distribution . zast . bilja . , 1 - 103 .
westerman pr , zeeland mg van , 1989 . comparison of heterorhabditis isolates for control of otiorhynchus sulcatus at low temperatures . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 54 ( 3b ) : 1115 - 1123
steiner wa , 1996 . melanization of steinernema feltiae filipjev and s . kraussei steiner in larvae of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) . fundamental and applied nematology , 19 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 ; 11 ref .
baird cr , dorschner kw , nyberg cj , 1992 . biology of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus on hop in idaho ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of the entomological society of british columbia , 89 : 31 - 37
cross jv , burgess cm , 1997 . localised insecticide treatment for the control of vine weevil larvae ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) on field - grown strawberry . crop protection , 16 ( 6 ) : 565 - 574 ; 17 ref .
lone rs la , clarke rg , 1981 . larval development of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to rhododendron . environmental entomology , 10 ( 2 ) : 190 - 191
maier ct , 1981 . reproductive success of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , fed different foliar diets and evaluation of techniques for predicting fecundity . environmental entomology , 10 ( 6 ) : 928 - 932
masaki m , ohmura k , ichinohe f , 1984 . host range studies of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . applied entomology and zoology , 19 ( 1 ) : 95 - 106
penman dr , scott rr , 1976 . impact of black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , on blackcurrants and strawberries in canterbury . new zealand journal of experimental agriculture , 4 ( 4 ) : 381 - 384
moorhouse er , charnley ak , gillespie at , 1992 . a review of the biology and control of the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . annals of applied biology , 121 ( 2 ) : 431 - 454
moorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1993 . selection of virulent and persistent metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) larvae on glasshouse begonia . journal of invertebrate pathology , 62 ( 1 ) : 47
westerman pr , zeeland mg van , 1994 . infectivity and pathogenicity of the insect parasitic nematodes heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . for otiorhynchus sulcatus at different temperatures . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 65 - 69
masaki m , ohto k , 1995 . effects of temperature on development of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . research bulletin of the plant protection service , 31 : 37 - 45 .
reibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1992 . analysis of the incidence and control of otiorhynchus sulcatus in tree nurseries . results from a survey in lower saxony and schleswig - holstein . gesunde pflanzen , 45 ( 2 ) : 54 - 60
there are some weevles which cause damage in the horticulture and the amenities . an important pest species in the ornamentals is the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus , while the rose beetle , phylloperta horticola , causes a lot of damage in the grassland .
shanks ch jr , chase dl , chamberlain jd , 1984 . resistance of clones of wild strawberry , fragaria chiloensis , to adult otiorhynchus sulcatus and o . ovatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1042 - 1045
gembauffe n , coremans - pelseneer j , tillemans f , hemptinne jl , 1990 . otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) alimentary choices . first results . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 55 ( 2b ) : 541 - 544
schirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . the effect of temperature on the susceptibility of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus to different isolates of steinernema and heterorhabditis . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 61 - 64 ; 6 ref .
saito t , ikeda f , 1983 . beauveria bassiana ( bals . ) vuill . isolated from the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology , 27 ( 4 ) : 307 - 308
tol rwhm van , 1993 . control of the black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) with different isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and metarhizium anisopliae in nursery stock . proceedings of the section experimental and applied entomology of the netherlands entomological society , 4 : 181 - 186
colour illustration of leaf damage caused by adult o . sulcatus next to crescent - shaped larva and adult .
moorhouse er , fenlon js , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1992 . observations on the development , oviposition and fecundity of vine weevil adults , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . entomologist ' s gazette , 43 ( 3 ) : 207 - 218
common name vine weevil scientific name otiorhynchus sulcatus plants affected ornamental plants and fruits , especially those grown in containers main symptoms adult weevils notch leaf margins ; grubs eat roots , causing plant death . most active adult weevils : spring to late summer ; grubs : summer to spring
kakouli t , schirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . factors affecting the control of otiorhynchus sulcatus with entomopathogenic nematodes , in strawberries grown on raised beds . proceedings - brighton crop protection conference , pests and diseases , 1994 , vol . 2 . , 945 - 946 ; 3 ref .
casteels h , clercq rde , miduturi js , 1995 . phenological observations on the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus f . in belgium during the decade 1985 - 1994 . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent , 60 ( 3a ) : 657 - 661 ; 12 ref .
mracek z , jiskra k , kahounova l , 1993 . efficiency of steinernematid nematodes ( nematoda : steinernematidae ) in controlling larvae of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in laboratory and field experiments . european journal of entomology , 90 ( 1 ) : 71 - 76
moorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1994 . the influence of temperatures on the susceptibility of vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , larvae to metarhizium anisopliae ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . annals of applied biology , 124 ( 2 ) : 185 - 193
doss rp , shanks ch jr , 1988 . the influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of selected clones of beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ( l . ) duchesne ) to adult black vine weevils ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) . scientia horticulturae , 34 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 - 54
, o . sulcatus is mainly ground - living , though it is occasionally found on herbaceous vegetation , less frequently on trees .
in south - central washington , usa , adults of o . sulcatus fed on the berry pedicels and cluster stems of concord grapes (
esbjerg p , 1977 . ear weevils ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ) . manedsoversigt over plantesygdomme , 500 ( june 1977 ) : 56
clark ke , hartley se , brennan rm , jennings sn , mcmenemy ls , mcnicol jw , mitchell c , johnson sn , 2012 . effects of cultivar and egg density on a colonizing vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) population and its impacts on red raspberry growth and yield . crop protection , 32 : 76 - 82 . urltoken
h . bacteriophora has an active foraging strategy and occurs deep in the soil profile . it was effective against larvae of o . sulcatus , which occurs near roots . soil temperature influenced the results . at 22°c , the nematode killed o . sulcatus within 1 week . at 16°c , h . bacteriophora was not effective against larvae of o . sulcatus 2 weeks after treatment ( kaya et al . , 1993 ) .
listed fragaria vesca , saxifraga sp . , taxus baccata , rudbeckia laciniata , cyclamen persicum and vitis vinifera as food plants of o . sulcatus .
of eight varieties of raspberry assessed for five characters , glen clova was the most resistant to o . sulcatus ( anon . , 1975 ) .
tusnadi ck , merkl l , 1985 . recent damage by otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . in hungary . novenyvedelem , 21 ( 8 ) : 369 - 370
reibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1994 . investigations on demand for biological control of otiorhynchus spp . and cost structure of production methods for entomopathogenic nematodes ( heterorhabditis ) . gartenbauwissenschaft , 59 ( 5 ) : 199 - 206
o . sulcatus was first detected in hawaii , usa , at kokee state park on the island of kauai , in march and april 1976 ( anon . , 1976 ) . o . sulcatus was first found in japan in 1981 in sunto gun , shizuoka prefecture ( masaki et al . , 1984 ) .
evenhuis hh , 1978 . bionomics and control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen rijksuniversiteit gent , 43 : 607 - 611
lozzia gc , 1983 . otiorrhynchus sulcatus in cultivated flowers of the lake maggiore region . informatore fitopatologico , 33 ( 7 / 8 ) : 15 - 19
all otiorhynchus sulcatus adults are female and each can lay several hundred eggs during spring and summer . the eggs are brown and less than 1mm ( about 1 / 16in ) in diameter , making them very difficult to see in soil . larger yellowish - brown spherical objects seen in potting composts are likely to be controlled - release fertiliser pellets added by the nursery that raised the plants .
barratt bip , lauren dr , snelling cm , ferguson cm , 1989 . carbaryl for control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) on rhododendrons . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 262 - 265
in hungary , the adults of o . sulcatus attacked the flowers of rhododendron simsii and gerbera sp . leaving spots of excreta on them , but the leaves remained intact (
barratt bip , ferguson cm , jackson ta , harvey ic , 1989 . control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) larvae with parasitic nematodes and fungal pathogens . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 259 - 261
in the dordogne , france , suggestions for prevention of o . sulcatus attacks include the use of healthy plants , careful soil preparation and crop rotation ( felici , 1981 ) .
evenhuis hh , 1982 . control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 47 ( 2 ) : 675 - 678
stenseth c , vik j , 1979 . the effect of black polythene mulch on the development of otiorrhynchus sulcatus on strawberry plants . gartneryrket , 69 ( 912 / 914 ) : 7 pp .
nielsen dg , 1989 . minimizing otiorhynchus root weevil impact in conifer nurseries . insects affecting reforestation : biology and damage [ edited by alfaro , r . i . ; glover , s . g . ] victoria , canada ; forestry canada , pacific and yukon region , 71 - 79
three species of nematodes were tested in the field and greenhouse as potential biological control agents against o . sulcatus in british columbia , canada . heterorhabditis heliothidis at doses of from 5000 to 20000 infective stages per 50 ml water reduced the numbers of o . sulcatus on potted strawberry plants in the greenhouse by 83 - 97 % . an outdoor application of h . heliothidis at 500 and 5000 nematodes / litre of soil gave significantly better control of larvae of o . sulcatus on potted lodgepole pine trees ( pinus contorta ) than did a diazinon drench ( rutherford et al . , 1987 ) .
cone ww , 1963 . the black vine weevil , brachyrhinus sulcatus , as a pest of grapes in south central washington . journal of economic entomology , 56 ( 5 ) : 677 - 680 .
root weevils can be recognized by their short snouts , stout swollen bodies ( otiorhynchus looks almost ' inflated ' ) , elongate elbowed antennae and enlarged femur on all legs . all are parthenogenic . 8 - 11 mm in length . adults can live for three or more years and lay eggs each spring .
in berlin , germany , o . sulcatus larval damage to the roots of sansevieria trifasciata did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noticed on less sturdy plants , but it was severe (
skadow k , karl e , 1967 . injurious occurrence of o . sulcatus on sansevieria . nachrichtenblatt des deutschen pflanzenschutzdienstes , berlin , ( n . f . ) 21 ( 11 ) : 213 - 214 .
marchal m , 1977 . fungi imperfecti isolated from a natural population of otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( col . curculionidae ) . revue de zoologie agricole et de pathologie vegetale , 76 ( 4 ) : 101 - 108
bogatko w , labanowski g , 1993 . chemical control of the black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) on ornamental crops . journal of fruit and ornamental plant research , 1 ( 3 ) : 93 - 101
on strawberries in massachusetts , usa , the nematodes steinernema carpocapsae , s . glaseri and heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused 82 - 91 % mortality , when tested for control of o . sulcatus ( driesche and hauschild , 1987 ) .
) . in belgium , the time of appearance of o . sulcatus varied from year to year and was largely dependent on weather conditions ( temperature ) and type of culture ( open field , container culture or greenhouse ) (
bluel s , kaserer h , 1989 . investigations on the control of otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . on vines and ornamental plants . mitteilungen klosterneuburg , rebe und wein , obstbau und fruchteverwertung , 39 ( 3 ) : 124 - 129
a study in switzerland , showed that late instar ( l 4 - 6 ) o . sulcatus can encapsulate and melanize invasive juveniles ( ij ' s ) of steinernema feltiae and s . kraussei that enter their digestive tracts . dissection of o . sulcatus larvae , exposed at 9°c to nematode isolates found in the swiss alps , revealed up to nine melanized ij ' s in the mid - gut region . encapsulation of ij ' s occurred exclusively in insect larvae so that they died from the nematode treatment . the observed immune response in o . sulcatus larvae is therefore unimportant for the infectivity of s . kraussei and s . feltiae at 9°c ( steiner , 1996a ) .
thumb | fraßbild thumb | unterseite des adulten käfers der gefurchte dickmaulrüssler ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) , auch breitmaulrüssler genannt , ist ein käfer aus der familie der rüsselkäfer ( curculionidae ) . die erwachsenen tiere ( imagines ) ernähren sich polyphag , hauptsächlich von blättern , knospen oder jungen pflanzentrieben von landwirtschaftlichen kulturen und zierpflanzen , während die larven an wurzeln fressen . bevorzugte pflanzengattungen und - arten sind beispielsweise erdbeeren , rhododendren , kirschlorbeer , pfaffenhütchen und eiben r . van tol , 2002 : fatal attraction . novel strategies for vine weevil control . academisch proefschrift . isbn 90 76894 21 3…
in central washington , usa , the larvae of o . sulcatus fed on the roots of concord grapes , first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury (
in greenhouse trials there was 70 - 95 and 35 - 50 % control of o . sulcatus with 1000 infective juveniles / 250 ml pot of heterorhabditis sp . ( hf85 ) and s . carpocapsae ( s25 ) , respectively , in 10 - 20 days . the doses of s . carpocapsae had a significant effect , whereas contact days were significant for hf85 , a cold active strain , gave 99 % control of o . sulcatus while s . carpocapsae gave only 56 % control . in field experiments , 10 , 000 infective juveniles / plant of s . carpocapsae and heterorhabditis sp . gave 10 - 20 and 10 - 40 % control of o . sulcatus , respectively ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .
miduturi js , clercq r de , casteels h , grisse ade , 1994 . effect of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) . parasitica , 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 103 - 108
in laboratory studies , the effect of a range of temperatures ( 5 - 30°c ) on the infectivity of heterorhabditis sp . and steinernema carpocapsae against o . sulcatus was tested . an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in infectivity of both nematodes . a 100 % mortality of o . sulcatus was obtained when heterorhabditis sp . was kept at 20°c for 12 days . a maximum mortality of 65 % was obtained with s . carpocapsae at 20 and 25°c ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .
when o . sulcatus adults were fed on eight strawberry genotypes , the lowest number of fertile eggs were produced after feeding on totem . among eight red raspberry cultivars , the longest preoviposition periods were after feeding on leo and glen prosen . loganberry and the rubus idaeus ss . strigosus selection kilburne gave similar preoviposition periods to these cultivars . since both leo and glen prosen are r . occidentalis derivatives , it is suggested that this species might be of value in breeding for resistance to o . sulcatus ( cram and daubeny , 1982 ) .
the efficacy of two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all biosys 25 and uk biosys 252 ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( uk isolate nemasys h and uk isolate fightagrub ) was investigated against o . sulcatus at a range of temperatures , on a temperature gradient plate . the temperature profiles for both steinernema isolates were similar ( 15 - 32°c ) , but the heterorhabditis isolates were dissimilar : nemasys h was more effective at 13 - 28°c , while fightagrub infected o . sulcatus larvae up to 35°c ( schirocki and hague , 1994b ) .
the influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of 25 clones of beach strawberry to o . sulcatus was investigated in no - choice tests under greenhouse conditions . adults of the weevil fed significantly more on some clones than on others . fecundity was correlated with feeding . the density of simple hairs on the abaxial leaf surface varied significantly between clones , and hair density was negatively correlated with feeding by the beetle . the results suggest that leaf pubescence plays a role in the resistance of certain beach strawberry clones to feeding by o . sulcatus adults ( doss and shanks , 1988 ) .
in the netherlands , comparative studies of o . sulcatus and its predators in abandoned strawberry fields and in fields treated with insecticides indicated that carabid adults and larvae ( notably those of bembidion ustulatum which fed on eggs ) were active predators , but were unable to exert effective control in treated fields (
gordon sc , woodford jat , grassi a , zini m , tuovinen t , lindqvist i , mcnicol jw , 2003 . monitoring and importance of wingless weevils ( otiorhynchus spp . ) in european red raspberry production . bulletin oilb / srop [ proceedings of the iobc / wprs working group ' integrated plant protection in orchards ' subgroup ' soft fruits ' , dundee , scotland , 18 - 21 september , 2001 . ] , 26 ( 2 ) : 55 - 60 .
in washington , usa , it was thought that mowing off strawberry fields after harvest would reduce populations of o . sulcatus . in 1975 and 1976 , about 60 % of adults died after the foliage was mowed off and removed ; there was 0 - 12 % mortality in unmowed plots ( garth and shanks , 1978 ) .
exotic wingless weevils being found in several parts of the uk ( barclay mvl , the coleopterist 12 ( 2 ) : 41 - 56 , 2003 ) . otiorhynchus armadillo and o . salicicola are two european wingless weevils that have become established in britain . one species , o . armadillo , is a known pest of raspberry in northern italy and is a cause for concern . fortunately , as yet , there are no reports of this weevil in commercial raspberry plantations in the uk .
food preferences of o . sulcatus adults were studied in the laboratory at ld 16 : 8 with corresponding temperatures of 23 and 17°c and 80 % rh , using five plant species ( fragaria grandiflora , chenopodium album , senecio vulgaris , rhododendron ponticum and fuchsia spp . ) . r . ponticum was the least preferred plant , while strawberry was the most preferred (
in western france , three species of the nematode order rhabditida , one species of bacterium ( bacillus cereus ) and five species of deuteromycete ( metarhizium flavoviride , m . anisopliae , paecilomyces fumosoroseus , beauveria bassiana and b . brongniartii ) were isolated from o . sulcatus . m . anisopliae caused the highest rate of mortality ( 28 % ) by natural infection (
steinernema carpocapsae was applied to beds of euonymus fortunei in an urban park in philadelphia , usa to evaluate its potential for controlling o . sulcatus . although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest ( owen et al . , 1991 ) .
the biology of o . sulcatus in a commercial vineyard in coastal california , usa , was studied in 1984 - 86 . adult emergence began in the first week of april and continued until early july , with peaks in mid - to late may , but the pattern differed from year to year . oviposition began in mid - may and continued for 6 - 8 weeks (
the reproductive success of o . sulcatus fed different foliar diets was compared to evaluate the suitability of known and potential hosts for adults . foliar diets , arranged in order of decreasing fecundity , were taxus cuspidata , t . canadensis , kalmia latifolia and cornus florida . fecundity and length of preoviposition period were negatively correlated , indicating that the latter could be used to forecast potential fecundity (
in a study of weevil diversity and abundance during 3 consecutive years of sampling ( 1997 - 1999 ) in two vineyards in southern quebec , o . sulcatus was thought to represent the greatest potential threat based on adult abundance at one of the sites and the negative impact of this species in other wine - making regions in north america ( bouchard et al . , 2005 ) .
temperature profiles were obtained for two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all and uk ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( nemasys - h and fightagrub ) against late - instar larvae of o . sulcatus . efficacy was clearly delineated for each isolate as : s . carpocapsae 14 - 33°c ; nemasys - h 14 - 28°c ; and fightagrub 14 - 33°c ( schirocki and hague , 1994a ) .
die gattung otiorhynchus stammt aus europa . der gefurchte dickmaulrüssler ist in regionen mit gemäßigtem klima endemisch . via import von pflanzenmaterial wurde er in verschiedene andere weltregionen verschleppt und breitete sich auf verschiedene pflanzenarten aus . in den usa , kanada , japan , neuseeland , südost - australien und tasmanien ist er heute ein bedeutender schädling . die erwachsenen tiere sind dämmerungs - oder nachtaktiv und leben an krautigen pflanzen oder kleineren gehölzen . dort treten sie von april bis oktober in erscheinung . die einschleppung des schädlings erfolgt oft mit dem substrat oder über getopfte pflanzen , von denen sie sich dann auf die verschiedenen pflanzenarten ausbreiten .
a commercial formulation of the entomophilic nematode h . bacteriophora was tested for the control of o . sulcatus in nursery cyclamen stock in new zealand during 1990 . more than 1400 plants were treated with 80 nematodes / cm² using syringes . the number of infested pots was reduced from 27 to 3 . 8 % following treatment and the number of weevils was reduced by 73 % ( garnham and mcnab , 1990 ) .
three of five isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and m . anisopliae controlled larvae of o . sulcatus on thuja occidentalis in containers in the field in the netherlands during september - october 1991 . in open ground , two of three isolates of heterorhabditis sp . tested were effective as was m . anisopliae . the efficacy of heterorhabditis sp . was determined by soil temperature and antagonism in soil ( van tol , 1993 ) .
in a 4 - year ( 2007 - 2010 ) field study that simulated colonization by o . sulcatus in rubus idaeus plantation comprising two cultivars ( glen ample and glen rosa ) , o . sulcatus abundance on raspberry plants was found to be negatively related to plant height . heavily infested plants had lower shoot and root biomass in cultivars glen ample ( 62 % and 60 % , respectively ) and glen rosa ( 50 % and 12 % , respectively ) , significantly smaller berries ( 5 . 1 g and 2 . 8 g , respectively , in glen ample and 3 . 3 g and 2 . 7 g , respectively , in glen rosa ) and smaller yields ( 2 . 93 kg and 0 . 99 kg in glen ample and 2 . 80 kg - 1 . 71 kg in glen rosa , respectively ) ( clark et al . , 2012 ) .
the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene from cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) , which confers resistance to insect pests , has been inserted into strawberry cultivars by agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer . greenhouse trials in which transformants were challenged by larvae of o . sulcatus established that this heterologous gene may have value in the soft fruit industry and it is envisaged that plants containing this gene will be resistant to chewing insects ( graham et al . , 1996 ) .
the six larval instars of o . sulcatus completed development from eggs inoculated onto container - grown rhododendrons in 84 days when grown indoors at 18 - 22°c or 211 days outdoors in oregon , usa . larval mortality was greatest during instars i - iii . during instars iv - vi , mortality increased with increasing insect density . underground stem tissue was fed on exclusively by instars iv - vi , and the amount of tissue removed increased with larval density ( la
mortality of o . sulcatus larvae at 10 , 15 , 20 and 25°c following treatment with 100 million conidia / ml suspensions of six m . anisopliae isolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25°c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15°c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10°c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25°c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10°c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25°c ( moorhouse et al . , 1994 ) .
the parasitic nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the fungal pathogens metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana were used in a trial for the control of larvae of o . sulcatus in nursery rhododendron stock in new zealand in 1988 . larvae of the pest were added to planter bags containing rhododendron plants and the control organisms were added 2 weeks later . after 5 weeks , h . bacteriophora , m . anisopliae and b . bassiana had achieved 93 , 32 and 39 % control , respectively ( barratt et al . , 1989a ) .
a large number of isolates of entomophilic nematodes were evaluated for their efficacy against o . sulcatus in strawberries at 9 , 12 and 20°c . no marked differences were found between heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . at 20°c , but the isolates responded differently to low temperatures . three isolates ( hfsel , huk 211 and s . kraussei mr ) gave almost 50 % control at 9°c and , in addition to k122 and hb1 ' 87 , these isolates also performed well at 12°c ( westerman and zeeland , 1994 ) .
the temperature profile relating to the efficacy of the uk isolate of s . carpocapsae against o . sulcatus on strawberry was clearly delineated between 15 and 33°c . the nematode can be delivered through a drip irrigation system without loss of viability , and the distribution of the nematodes through two t - tapes along and across the raised beds was very satisfactory . nematodes can be applied either during the late summer or early autumn or in the late spring when temperatures are high enough to give satisfactory control ( kakouli et al . , 1994 ) .
in the lago maggiore district of italy , o . sulcatus has one generation a year , but development times varied greatly with temperature and were different in field and greenhouse crops . in the field , eggs were present from mid - april to early june , larvae from late may to early october , pupae from late september to the end of november , and adults ( which overwintered ) from the beginning of november to mid - april . the main larval damage occurred in the summer in the field , and in the winter in the greenhouse (
several clones of the wild beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ) were compared with clones of commercial strawberries ( f . x ananassa ) ( both species are octoploid ) , for resistance to feeding by adults of o . sulcatus . weevils fed less and had lower fecundity on f . chiloensis leaves than on f . x ananassa leaves . the f . chiloensis clones cl - 5 and gcl - 8 also increased the preoviposition period of newly emerged adults . egg production correlated closely with the amount of feeding on a clone ( shanks et al . , 1984 ) .
in japan , of 108 candidate plant species in 49 families , the adults of o . sulcatus fed on the leaves of 101 species , in 46 families . in tests with 68 candidate species in 29 families , the larvae fed on the roots of 55 species in 24 families . of these , 90 species in 45 families are new food - plant records for the adults and 46 species in 21 families are new food - plant records for the larvae . the results indicated that the preferred food - plants of both adults and larvae are in the family rosaceae (
in idaho , usa , although some adults survived winter conditions , o . sulcatus overwintered primarily as developing larvae associated with hop root systems 5 - 50 cm deep in the soil . pupation began in mid - april with soil temperatures of 15 - 17°c and concluded in mid - to late april . adult emergence began in early may and was complete by late may to early june in 1986 - 88 . the preoviposition period averaged 26 days in the field . the mean number of eggs laid per adult female was 290 ( with a range of 22 - 1230 ) . eggs hatched in 12 - 22 days at 21°c (
larvae of o . sulcatus were reared at three densities ( 0 , 2 or 8 ) on plants of taraxacum officinale with and without infection by the mycorrhizal fungus , glomus mosseae . on plants without the fungus , 84 % of larvae developed to the last instar , however , only 43 % reached the last instar on infected plants . the differential survival of larvae was evident in their effects on plant biomass . significant interactions were found between larval density and infection , indicating that the mycorrhizal presence mitigated the effects of herbivory at low densities of larvae . infection by g . mosseae thus conferred some degree of resistance in roots to this insect ( gange et al . , 1994 ) .
isolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25°c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15°c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10°c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25°c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10°c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25°c (
the ability of steinernema feltiae , s . rara and steinernema sp . strain tlein , steinernema sp . strain pac and steinernema sp . strain cuban to control larvae of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory and in the field in the czech republic . of the five strains tested in the laboratory , s . feltiae strain hyl gave the best results , providing 100 % elimination of larvae on azaleas [ rhododendron sp . ] . three releases of this nematode ( 300 , 000 infectives / plant ) were performed in three beds of rhododendron during 1989 - 90 , resulting in 72 - 88 % protection of plants in beds and 52 - 77 % protection in adjacent plots . only 30 % of plants survived in untreated plots ( mracek et al . , 1993 ) .
the biology of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory at 20 - 22°c and ld 16 : 8 on strawberry leaves . eggs were transferred to impatiens plants at 20°c and ld 14 : 10 . the time from pupation to adult emergence was 14 . 10 days at 20°c and newly emerged adults remained in the pupal cells for 2 - 5 days following emergence . the pre - oviposition period lasted 5 - 23 weeks , with the majority ( 94 % ) of adults beginning oviposition 5 - 8 weeks after emergence . the 32 adults which survived the first weeks after emergence had a mean longevity of 46 . 5 weeks . mean fecundity was 830 eggs / adult , with a viability of 80 . 8 % . two distinct egg - laying cycles were observed : the first extended from late spring to october and the second from late november until the following summer . a third cycle extending into the spring of the final year was also indicated (
in japan , the development of o . sulcatus was investigated at constant temperatures of 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 and 26°c . the development threshold temperatures for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae , and the preoviposition period were 6 . 32 , 2 . 45 , 6 . 09 and 8 . 44°c , respectively . the thermal constants for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae and the preoviposition period were 186 . 43 , 2061 . 93 , 182 . 85 and 571 . 10 day - degrees c , respectively . the rate of development from the first to the fifth larval instar was greater at higher temperatures , but development of the sixth and seventh instars was slower at higher temperatures . the developmental zero of the first to fifth instars was - 0 . 66 , - 0 . 40 , 1 . 66 , 2 . 83 and 2 . 40°c , respectively . almost all larvae pupated at temperatures between 12 and 21°c , but at 24 and 26°c , only one larva pupated . larvae moulted 4 - 5 times at 15°c , 5 - 6 times at 18 and 21°c , 6 - 8 times at 24°c , and 6 - 9 times at 26°c (
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legless , curved larvae are white to pinkish in colour , and have brown heads . the mandibles are short . the body segments appear somewhat wrinkled and hairy . half - grown larvae overwinter in the soil .
both the adult and larval stages are damaging to seedlings . the adult weevils live above ground feeding on cotyledons and on the bark of seedlings at night . root weevil larvae are subterranean , feeding on the roots of many kinds of plants including conifer seedlings in nursery beds .
generally this insect attacks various broad - leaved plants such as berries and rhododendrons . however , coniferous seedlings can also be utilized as hosts .
this insect can cause very significant damage in a forest nursery situation . rhododendrons are a favourite food of these weevils . rhododendrons around a nursery can give valuable indication of damage levels by these insects .
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urltoken
. within this genus at least three are important pests of soft fruit in the uk . they are the vine weevil (
) . the first two weevils are particularly important in northern britain . there have been recent reports of
the image above shows adult vine weevil ( left ) and clay - coloured weevil ( right ) . ( click on image to enlarge )
adult vine weevils have been reported to feed on more than 100 different plant species . the insects feed on leaves in a characteristic notching pattern . larvae of the vine weevil attack plant root , which decreases plant development and production . many plant species die when attacked by vine weevil larvae . in soft fruit , raspberry plants can tolerate moderate infestation whilst low numbers of larvae can kill young strawberry and blackcurrant plants . in raspberry , adult weevils shelter in the foliage during the day and can be dislodged during harvest resulting in contaminated crops .
vine weevils are parthenogenetic ( only females , reproduction without males ) and only reproduce once a year . many adult weevils emerge in late spring and early summer , when a feeding frenzy commences before of egg - laying . some adults emerging later in the year can survive overwinter given favourable conditions . eggs laid on the plant or soil surface hatch after several days and the larvae burrow into the soil where they can feed on plant roots . after several developmental moults , the majority of weevils overwinter as larvae before pupating at the start of spring .
control of these insects has become more difficult with the withdrawal of many of the persistent organochlorine - based insecticides . current insecticidal control in soft fruit is by application of sprays or drenches of a small number of products ( consult your fruit advisor for up - to - date recommendations ) . nematodes as a biocontrol method have been investigated , although they have been found to be ineffective in cooler climates . a suitable control method for vine weevils is currently being sought .
) is locally important pests in raspberry plantations in east and central scotland . unlike the vine weevil , most damage to raspberry is caused by feeding of adult weevils in the spring . these weevils have a much narrower host range than vine weevil . they feed on hardy ornamental shrubs , most notably , rhododendrons and raspberry . these weevils have a similar geographic range to vine weevil and have recently been found feeding on raspberry in north - west usa . also , like vine weevil , all the adults appear to be parthenogenic females .
raspberry : the most noticeable damage to raspberry is adult feeding to the buds and expanding fruiting laterals in the spring , and to newly planted canes . these animals feed after dark and have been observed on the cane when the air temperature was 4ºc . most severe damage occurs when weevils emerge early in the season and feed on the expanding buds . if the secondary buds are also chewed , then yields can be severely affected . later emergence results in a different form of damage . adult weevils frequently chew the petioles of the expanding flower laterals . these subsequently break either in strong winds or by the increasing weight of the developing flowers and fruit . there is no evidence to show that larval feeding to the roots causes any noticeable loss of yield .
image of adult clay - coloured weevil feeding on raspberry fruiting lateral at night . note damage to leaflets and to main lateral .
severe damage to young fruiting laterals ( right ) caused by early attack by clay - coloured weevil in the spring . cane on left not attacked .
hardy ornamental nursery plants : adult feeding damage to perennial plants , such as rhododendron , is very similar to that caused by vine weevil and consequently much of the damage may be wrongly attributed . the most common symptom is notching on leaves , particularly those closer to the ground . there appears to be no significant damage caused by larval feeding .
laboratory studies at scri have shown that the adults have the potential to live for one or two years . given an adequate food supply adult have several periods of egg laying in any one year . they have also the potential to lay in excess of 100 eggs per annum .
clay - coloured weevil adults emerge in early spring . they climb up the plant after dark and feed on developing buds and flower shoots . they shelter in the soil and debris at the base of the plant . eggs are laid in the soil and soon hatch . the larvae feed on the roots , often at the depth of about 50 cm . when fully mature , they pupate in earthen cells and emerge as adults .
the level of reported damage caused by clay - coloured weevil to raspberry started to increase about 10 years after the withdrawal of ddt in the 1970s . since then several products have been used to manage adult numbers on the canes early in the spring ( consult your fruit advisor for current recommendations ) . although some have been successful at reducing the damage , the insect still remains a problem . the relative lack of success of insecticidal control has resulted in a reappraisal of this pest and new work to understand its behaviour has begun .
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insects and arachnids of canada series , part 25 . coleoptera , curculionidae , entiminae . donald e . bright , patrice bouchard . 2008 . 2008 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .
immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in the united states and canada : an annotated list mattson w . j . , niemela p . , millers i . , inguanzo y . 1994 . general technical report nc - 169 . st . paul , mn : usda forest service , north central forest experiment station .
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. it is subspherical , ca 1 mm in diameter , at first pearly - white , gradually becoming brown and finally black .
body white , crescent - shaped , widest near thorax , tapered posteriorly ; skin asperities semi - globular with only a more or less short , spinous point or spicule , especially on dorsal folds ; with some prominent setae on each segment ; body length 9 . 0 - 10 . 5 mm . head free , subdepressed , emarginate posteriorly , widest behind middle ; testaceous to pale ferruginous , a longitudinal strip over seta des 1 paler , anterior margin of head narrowly chestnut - brown , tentorial rib brown , mandibles bidentate apically , mandibular scrobe broadly and suffusedly paler ; endocarina absent ; pigmented ocellar spots small , but rather distinct ; labium with premental sclerite with proximal margin ' y ' - shaped ; head width 1 . 52 - 1 . 82 mm . pronotum transverse with smooth rectangular plate . abdominal segments each with 3 dorsal folds ; spiracles on abdominal segments 1 - 8 , lateral , bicameral . anus terminal with 4 lobes .
. it is yellowish - white , with a maximum length of 10 mm and width at the pronotum of 2 . 6 mm . the urogomphi are relatively short and curved mesad .
) published in previous versions of the compendium are based on an interception record which is considered invalid .
or the museum of entomology , university of valle , colombia , and has not been reported in colombia by the institute of natural sciences , national university of colombia .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; rutherford et al . , 1987 ; li et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; zervos et al . , 1994 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; baird et al . , 1992 ; eppo , 2014
la and lone clarke , 1981 ; o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; berry et al . , 1997 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; owen et al . , 1991 ; eppo , 2014
instituto colombiano agropecuario , 2013 , personal communication ; seymour et al . , 1985 ; eppo , 2014
coremans - pelseneer and tillemans , 1991 ; casteels et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014
schirocki and hague , 1994b ; lola - luz et al . , 2003 ; eppo , 2014
del and bene parrini , 1986 ; abbazzi et al . , 1995 ; baraldi and baraldi , 1996 ; eppo , 2014
cross et al . , 1995 ; crook , 1996 ; graham et al . , 1996 ; cross and burgess , 1997 ; eppo , 2014
occurred in a horticultural nursery in berlin , germany , in 1967 . larval damage to the roots did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noted on less sturdy plants , but it was severe . the adults caused serious damage to the leaves , especially of the rosette - forming variety , causing heavy losses (
caused injury to concord grapes in south - central washington , usa , by feeding on the berry pedicels and cluster stems . injury resulted in reduced berry weight and loss of berries or portions of the cluster . weekly counts on 20 tagged clusters provided estimates of loss ( in tons / acre ) for grapes grown in different cover - crop conditions ; they were 3 . 36 for no cover crop , 3 . 45 for oats and vetch , 2 . 42 for lucerne , 3 . 08 for creeping red fescue (
, a pest of concord grapes in central washington , usa , were placed in screened cages containing single concord vines . it was found that 11 adults per cage resulted in complete defoliation and nearly complete fruit loss in the first season . the threshold of economic loss was 1 - 3 adults per plant per season . an index was developed for estimating root injury caused by larval feeding . the larvae fed first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury . vigour and fruit yield over a 3 - year period were not significantly affected by root injury (
) were found in only 3 fields , but notched leaves characteristic of their feeding were found in 40 fields , indicating a greater prevalence than perceived by growers . damage to the leaves of strawberry plants was positively correlated with the number of years in production , suggesting that it takes some time for the flightless weevils to migrate into and to increase to damaging numbers in fields (
is one of the most ubiquitous and damaging species in the genus . larvae of these flightless , parthenogenetic species destroy roots ; adults may cause unacceptable defoliation during 4 weeks of maturation feeding and a 3 - month oviposition period .
, such as the use of polythene mulches , has increased its pest status . infestations are most common in europe ( where it originated ) and the usa . nearly 150 plant species have been identified as potential hosts of
. the root - feeding larval stage is the most damaging . severe damage by the leaf - feeding adults is less common (
is still an important pest infesting many ornamental plants in tree nurseries . year - round infestation was reported in greenhouse cultures by 10 farmers ( von
is an important pest of hops in idaho , usa . primary damage occurred as nearly mature larvae girdled small roots and rhizomes during feeding in the spring (
three virus diseases are causing increasing damage to grapevines in europe and elsewhere , referred to as mottling , yellow mosaic and fan leaf disease . in experiments , the first virus was transmitted from diseased to healthy plants by adults and larvae of
look at the foliage of plants for signs of adult damage . the adults eat irregularly - shaped notches from the leaf margin . feeding takes place at night , but the small black weevils may be seen during the daytime in the leaf litter or some other dark place . dig up wilting plants or tip plants out of pots , to find small , creamy - white , curved , legless larvae with pale - brown heads , feeding at the roots , or burrowing into the corm if this is present .
. although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest (