the pygmy falcon , or african pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) , is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern africa and is the smallest raptor on the continent .

as a small falcon , only 19 to 20 cm long , it preys on insects , small reptiles , and small mammals .

pygmy falcon

the pygmy falcon or african pygmy falcon is the smallest raptor in african and one of the only raptors in the world to practice polyandry . 0188
information on the pygmy falcon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
pygmy falcon , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo callie de wet © ]
berger , a . 1956 . the appendicular mycology of the pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) .
kemp , a . , a . vidhidharm . 1998 . breeding of the white - rumped pygmy falcon .
• the african pygmy falcon is 1 of 2 species in the genus polihierax ; the other is the white - rumped falcon , p . insignis . the family falconidae contains 64 species in 10 genera of falcons , falconets , kestrels , caracaras and hobbies . close relatives of the african pygmy falcon include the crested caracara , caracara plancus , the peregrine falcon , falco peregrinus , and the brown falcon , f . berigora .
hello , your articles here kikuyu escarpment pygmy falcon | muigwithania 2 . 0 to write well , thanks for sharing !
also known as african pygmy falcon and scientifically referred to as polihierax semitorquatus , the pygmy falcon is recorded as the africa’s smallest raptor thriving to the south and east of africa where it is explored on africa birding safaris including birding safaris in uganda .
1 flying a female pygmy falcon flies toward a large nest colony of sociable weavers that the falcon exploits for its own use . 2 hanging . the entrance is located at the bottom of the nest colony ; the falcon hangs upside down in order to enter the nest chamber .
flight : african pygmy falcon performs undulating flight with bursts of fast wing - beats interspersed with dip and glides , as woodpeckers do .
down by our camp on the ewaso nyiro river we discovered yesterday a pygmy falcon nesting inside an abandoned white browed sparrow weaver’s nest .
a treetop a female falcon perches at the top of a tall tree . the african pygmy falcon lives in two distinct and widely separated populations in africa : one in the southwestern part of the continent and the other in the northeast . in either part of the continent , the pygmy falcon inhabits the arid and semiarid savannah and scrubland , which features sparse groundcover and scattered large trees dotting the landscape . the african pygmy falcon typically avoids open forests and forest edges . this falcon also frequents the huge nests of weavers , especially the sociable weaver , philetairus socius , sharing its roosting and nesting site . the pygmy falcon occasionally shares the nests of the white - headed buffalo weaver and those of the sparrow weaver . unlike other falcons , the eggs of the pygmy falcon are pure white , consistent with many birds that lay eggs in concealed nests . the pygmy falcon’s range is dictated by that of the sociable weaver ; it even avoids otherwise suitable savannah habitat that is devoid of weaver nests . in the kalahari region of africa , pygmy falcons occupy about one out of every four sociable weaver colonies .
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despite its small size , the pygmy falcon is a bold predator armed with sharp talons and a strong , hooked beak for catching and killing its prey .
african pygmy falcon is often seen perched on exposed perches , twigs and branches , watching for preys . it is usually alone , in pairs or in family groups .
spotiswoode , c . , e . herrmann , o . e rasa , c . sapsford . 2004 . co - operative breeding in the pygmy falcon polihierax semitorquatas .
during the breeding season , the african pygmy falcon performs some courtship displays such as bobbing the head , bowing and wagging the tail , accompanied by calls . this tiny falcon invariably occupies part of the huge communal nesting structures of sociable weavers . in some regions , such as the kalahari , several pygmy falcons are resident in these nests .
pygmy falcon - polyandry . . . pygmy falcons occasionally engage in polyandrous relationships , where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings . . . corroboration for the last is that in winter african pygmy - falcons nest further inside the nest of sociable weavers , where there is better insulation . . .
african pygmy falcons , also known simply as pygmy falcons , have a unique way of nesting . they use empty compartments in large sociable weaver nest structures , or abandoned nests made by other weaver species . pygmy falcons are also known to nest in polyandrous groups , with more adult birds than just the breeding pair caring for nestlings and chicks . the african pygmy falcon was added to birdorable on april 25 , 2012 . if you can ' t get enough of these adorable little raptors , be sure to check out our range of unique pygmy falcon t - shirts and gifts !
unlike other birds of prey that build a large solitary nest , the african pygmy falcon lives alongside a friendly host , the sociable weaver , and adopts a chamber in the weaver nest .
( * traditional falconry was practiced by young uncircumcised kikuyu boys as they looked after family cattle and sheep . today the pygmy falcon is a protected bird and traditional falconry is illegal . )
protection / threats / status : african pygmy falcon is widespread and common in its range . the species is sometimes considered parasitic according to the location . it is not threatened at this moment .
the african pygmy falcons are part of our off - exhibit endangered species breeding program .
the mature pygmy falcon is marked by white face and under parts while the top parts are gray with the females marked by a chestnut back . the brown back occur in juveniles duller that the mature females featuring a rufous wash on the breast . the wing flight feathers are marked with white and black spots while the tail is black and white as viewed on uganda birding safaris and tours . the pygmy falcon features a low and undulating flight
range : african pygmy falcon has two populations in africa . one in sw africa is associated with the sociable weaver , and the second in e africa , associated with the white - headed buffalo weaver ( dinemellia dinemelli ) .
the y - shaped compression strap that maxpedition is so famous for contributes to the bag ' s form and structural integrity . the pygmy falcon - ii has exterior pals webbing for adding on other maxpedition pouches and accessories , using
the african pygmy falcon is the smallest bird of prey in africa . females have chestnut brown backs that distinguish them from males , which have grey backs . both sexes have white spots on their backs and tail feathers .
nest pirates ,
pygmy falcons often use the empty nests of other species to lay their eggs .
diet : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on large insects and lizards . it also takes small birds and rodents , and may sometimes catch weavers and nestlings in the huge nests . it hunts from perch and swoops down onto the prey .
the african pygmy falcon is a fairly common resident throughout its range and is not currently endangered . it is listed in appendix ii of cites ( convention in international trade in endangered species ) , which regulates the import and export of animals for the pet trade . since its range is dependent upon weavers for nesting , the pygmy falcon has a very limited distribution . due to its small size , it falls victim to predators , including larger birds of prey found in the same habitat .
zoo new england participates in the african pygmy falcon species survival plan . by sharing research and knowledge , participating institutions work together to establish guidelines that best ensure the health of captive populations , and with success , the survival of otherwise extinct species .
african pygmy falcon is usually resident in most part of the range . they may perform local movements during the period of great aridity in the driest areas . during winter , it remains confined to the nest - chamber for up to 15 hours per day .
breeding season african pygmy falcons breed from june to december in northeastern africa and august to march in southwestern africa .
, the african pygmy falcon , is native to two separate regions of africa : northeastern africa including sudan , somalia , ethiopia , uganda , and tanzania ; and southwestern africa including namibia , botswana , angola , and cape province . this species is generally non - migratory .
) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests . it is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons . lizards , rodents , and birds are crucial for the survival of the young . the falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree .
the african pygmy falcon’s face , rump and front of body are white . their wings and tails are blackish with white spots . females have a chestnut brown back while males have a grey back . eyes are brown and beaks are blue - grey with a black top . their legs and feet are pinkish orange .
a compact rectangular urban day pack with distinct military styling and 1100 cubic inches ( 18 liters ) of carry capacity . pack for a day out or an overnight and take along plenty of water , as the pygmy falcon - ii is equipped with dual side mesh pouches to accommodate two 32oz / 1l water bottles .
behaviour : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on small lizards and large insects . it also takes some rodents and birds . it hunts from perch , swooping down onto the prey on the ground . it may perform short aerial chases , but rarely . when roosting in the weaver colonies , it may catch sometimes adult weavers and nestlings .
the pygmy falcon thrives in dry bush and its subspecies p . s . semitorquatus exists from northern south africa to angola while the p . s . castanonotus exists in uganda , tanzania and from somalia to south sudan . the habitat range is estimated at 2 . 7 million km 2 while their total global population stands between 100 , 000 and 1 million birds .
distribution of pygmy falcon in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
due to their small size stretching from – 19 to 20cm in length , the pygmy falcons tend to prey on small reptiles , inspects along with small mammals .
a fully grown pygmy falcon is white on the face and the underside , while the females have a chestnut color on the back and they have white spots on the back of their necks . the young ones have brown feathers on their backs which are duller compared to those of the adult females . their flight feathers on their wings are black and white just as their tail feathers .
african pygmy falcons inhabit dry , arid climates with sparse vegetation . these areas may receive as little as 100 mm / year of precipitation , or up to 600 mm / year ( brown , et . al , 1982 ) . with the exception of a few non - breeding members , african pygmy falcons almost exclusively inhabit areas where social weavers (
african pygmy falcons are carnivorous . they prey mainly on large insects and small lizards . occasionally they will eat small rodents and birds , including the weavers with which they live .
african pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers ( philetairus socius ) in the northeast part of their range and white - headed buffalo weavers ( dinemellia dinemelli ) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting . occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white - browed sparrow weavers ( plocepasser mahali ) and glossy starlings ( lamprotornis nitens ) . approximately one - quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by african pygmy falcons . thus , this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are
obligate nest pirates
( also see south american troupials , icterus icterus ) .
african pygmy falcons are found in pairs or in groups of three to four . all the adults may share in the care of nestlings . they communicate with each other through mutual head - bobbing and tail - wagging displays . as “nest pirates , ” pygmy falcons will occupy nests of some members of the weaver family . although the weavers may fall to predation by the african pygmy falcons , they do receive protection from other predators including snakes . falcons are crepuscular , usually hunting in the morning and the evening when temperatures are more moderate .
in uganda , the pygmy falcons can be explored in the uganda safari destination of kidepo valley national park . and the species are listed as least concern on the iucn red list .
habitat : african pygmy falcon frequents arid and semi - arid steppes with sparse vegetation and some large trees or plants . it uses the weaver nests as roost , but also as nest - site , and especially the huge communal nesting structure of sociable weaver ( philetairus socius ) in south africa . they often roost in pairs or family groups in the same nest - chamber or adjacent ones . it also may use other weaver or starling nests .
african pygmy falcons rarely call outside of the mating season . there have been a few different songs observed , including a
thin , squeaky ' tsip - tsip ' ; ' kiki -
african pygmy falcons , unlike many species of raptors , have different markings to distinguish males and females – females have a brown patch between their wings , while males have a solid grey back .
african pygmy falcons live primarily in semi - desert and arid areas with limited vegetation such as acacia and thornbush . they are located in two regions of africa , the northeast and the southwest .
reproduction : breeding season occurs between june and december in ne africa and between august and march in south africa . african pygmy falcon is usually monogamous during one season , but it may be occasionally polyandrous , with two males or more attending the same nest . this behaviour is mainly observed when the nest - site availability is reduced . the pair occupies a nest - chamber in the weaver communal nest . the nest entrance becomes coated with the droppings of the falcons .
little is known concerning the lifespan of african pygmy falcons , though it is likely similar to the six to eight ( with a maximum of about twenty ) year lifespan of other diurnal birds of prey .
african pygmy falcons live in dry bush in parts of eastern and southern africa . these little cuties measure just over seven inches long , making them the smallest bird of prey found in all of africa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto african pygmy falcon is noisy during the breeding season , uttering high - pitched calls and songs “twee - twee - twip” or “kiki - kik” used by the male . it also gives thin , squeaky “tsip - tsip” . calls are often high - pitched . the young give sharp “ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki” when alarmed . while uttering these sounds , the bird bobs the head and moves the tail up and down .
this tiny species of falcon is the smallest raptor in africa – adults are less than 8 inches long . although small , they are predators , and hunt large insects , small reptiles , and even small mammals . they often hunt by perching on dead trees and scanning the surrounding area for potential prey . when they spot a target , african pygmy falcons can frequently be seen bobbing their heads and tails before swooping down to catch their prey . they may also hunt insects in flight .
is rarely preyed on , as it is a fairly powerful predator itself . occasionally immature african pygmy falcons will be attacked in their nests , but the aggression of the parents during breeding season normally prevents this .
african pygmy falcons have a white face , breast , and abdomen . female members have darker , chestnut colored backs , where males have grey backs . white spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers .
regarding the nesting , the pygmy falcons tend to nest in the nests of white headed buffalo weaver and the dwelling range of these species overlap . they can as well nest with the sociable weavers which tend to have large nests with many chambers . surprisingly , the pygmy falcons tend to leave the nest owners alone even though they are bigger in size and bird –eaters . however , a few cases of catching nestling along with adults occur .
african pygmy falcons are common birds within their range , they are not considered threatened . man made structures have increased the number of potential nesting sites for these animals . it is possible , however , that urbanization could someday threaten
in the wild , african pygmy falcons often utilize the empty nests of weaver birds as nesting sites . they will also use tree cavities . they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs per clutch and their incubation is 28 - 30 days . both parents help rear the chicks .
african pygmy falcons are social , relying on one or more partners for breeding and raising young . they prefer sparsely vegetated areas with a few trees for perching . open areas are preferred for hunting . they are sedentary animals and will remain in one locale for most or all of their lives . these falcons usually hunt during the morning and evening , when it is cooler , and seek shelter from the midday heat . african pygmy falcons occasionally attack smaller birds in flight , but prefer to hunt small terrestrial animals . in flight these falcons flap their wings rapidly , with a sporadic distinctive downward thrust .
introduction : pygmy falcons ( polihierax semitorquatus ) are largely dependent on the mass nest constructions of the sociable weaver found in flat , open areas of dry grassland with scattered camelthorn trees . they usually occur singly , in pairs or in small family groups , perching on the top of a bush , tree or pylon .
the pygmy falcons rarely take part in polyandrous relationships ( where a female is involved with more than one male at a time ) , however they are believed to be doing this primarily for four major reasons which include thermo - regulation ( warmth ) , defense , delayed scattering of their offspring as well as co - operative polyandry .
these pygmy falcons prefer to stay in the dry bush . they love dry and semi - dry savanna and scrub - land preferably with less ground - cover and a couple of large trees . they are hardly seen around forest edges or in open forests . they can be seen in somalia , south sudan , uganda as well as tanzania .
female pygmy falcons typically lay eggs from october to november , with one to four eggs per nest . both sexes will sit on the eggs for 28 to 30 days . the nestlings remain in the nest for one to two months after hatching , during which time they are fed by both parents . sexual maturity is reached at about one year .
the peregrine falcon is a raptor , or bird of prey . adults have blue - gray wings , dark brown backs , a buff colored underside with brown spots , and white faces with a black tear stripe on their cheeks . they have a hooked beaks and strong talons . their name comes from the latin word peregrinus , which means
to wander .
they are commonly referred to as the duck hawk . peregrine falcons are the fastest - flying birds in the world – they are able to dive at 200 miles per hour .
the main communication between members of this species are the songs sung during mating , which are used to attract potential mates . some bodily communication is seen during the courtship ritual , as the female indicates her availability by crouching and raising her tail feathers . the movements made by the male during courtship can also be perceived as a form of communication . african pygmy falcons have a very keen sense of sight , common to most diurnal birds of prey .
has brown eyes and light orange legs . the base of the beak is an orange color , and the beak itself is grey . when hatched , african pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut . the eyes will normally open in two or three days . young have paler feet than their adult counterparts , with a reddish - brown back and neck . the breast , face , and abdomen of juveniles is white . members of the species will mature in approximately one year .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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adult male has pale grey upperparts with narrow white collar and white rump . flight feathers and rectrices are black , finely spotted and tipped white . underparts are white . undertail feathers are barred black and white .
on the head , forehead , crown and nape are grey , extending into a point to the neck sides . face shows white eyebrow and cheeks . cere , lores and eye - rings are red - orange . the hooked bill is grey with black tip . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are red - orange .
juvenile resembles adult of the same sex . upperparts are grey with buff - tipped feathers in young male . underparts are slightly washed rufous . in young female , upperparts are dull chestnut on back , with buff - tipped feathers and buffy tinge on underparts . both have paler orange bare parts than adults .
female lays 3 eggs . incubation lasts about 28 days to one month , and both parents share it , but female incubates more than male which brings food to her while she is on the nest . chicks are covered in white down . the male hunts and brings preys to the female , and she feeds and tends the chicks . they fledge about 27 to 40 days after hatching , but they remain in the parental territory for up to two months after leaving the nest . this species may produce two broods per season , but usually only one . parents defend the nest and are very aggressive towards intruders if they approach the nest .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
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( sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 )
( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 )
breeding habits in the southern portion of their range , but birds in both areas engage in a relatively quiet display that includes bobbing of the head , wagging of the tail , and calling . the female will squat down and raise her tail feathers to indicate that she is prepared to mate .
is usually seasonally monogamous , but is occasionally polyandrous , and it is not uncommon for two or more males to attend the same nest . this behavior may be influenced by limited availability of suitable nesting sites .
( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )
usually will breed once per year , but will sometimes produce two broods in a favorable year . eggs are normally laid about three weeks after copulation . the female lays from two to four eggs which are incubated for 27 to 31 days . females begin incubating with the first egg laid , so hatching is asynchronous . since the young do not hatch at the same time , they may be different sizes . the young will leave their nests from 27 to 40 days after hatching .
at the beginning of the breeding season , two or more parents choose a nesting chamber and reside there together . after the eggs are laid , the parents share incubation , with the female incubating most of the time and the male incubating while the female feeds . the male will also bring the female food while she is incubating . after hatching the female will tend to the young and the male will hunt for the family . after 21 days , when the chicks have grown feathers , the female will resume hunting . the birds leave the nest at around 27 to 40 days , but may remain with the parents for up to two months , and sporadically return to the nest . both parents are very aggressive near their nest and their young do not usually fall victim to predators .
( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )
( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )
' ( last syllable accented ) , or ' twee - twee - twip ' used by [ the male ] calling [ the female ] from the nest ; a sharp ringing ' ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki ' by young in threat ; in copulation , purring ' kirrrrr - kirrrrr - kirrrrr ' ; negging chicks ' seee - seee - seee '
( brown , et al . , 1982 ) . the calls are usually high in pitch and soft .
african pygymy falcons are carnivorous , with a diet consisting of mostly insects and lizards . smaller birds and certain rodents are also sometimes preyed on . occasionally these falcons will prey on weavers (
) , can be considered parasitic or symbiotic , depending on the location . in the southwestern portion of their range , african pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes , while gaining a safe area to raise young . white - headed buffalo weavers , in the northeastern part of their range , are more powerful than african pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence . african pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white - headed buffalo weavers and considered a
nest pirate
. african pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents .
( spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )
rarely intersects with humans due to the harsh climate that it lives in . the only real advantages to humans are ornithological study and birdwatching .
daniel davieau ( author ) , university of maryland , baltimore county , kevin omland ( editor , instructor ) , university of maryland , baltimore county .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
referring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
kruger , o . , r . liversidge , j . lindstrom . 2002 . statistical modelling of the population dynamics of a raptor community in a semi - desert environment .
del hoyo , j . , a . elliot , j . sargatal . 1994 .
to cite this page : davieau , d . 2008 .
polihierax semitorquatus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
distribution : mainly southern and central namibia including the orange river through to etosha national park .
diet : eats sand lizards , skinks and agamas but also takes large beetles and occasionally rodents . weaver nestlings are also taken .
description : often confused with a variety of shrikes , even though they are slimmer with longer tails and a black facial mask .
breeding : uses nest chambers of sociable weavers instead of building own nest . females lay between 1 and 4 eggs incubated for around 30 days .
3 days - two nights in the coastal town of swakopmund , this is the ideal get - away for those living or working in windhoek . includes a catamaran cruise on the walvis lagoon
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peregrine falcons eat other birds such as songbirds and ducks , as well as bats . they catch their prey in mid - air .
there are an estimated 1 , 650 breeding pairs in the united states and canada .
this bird is one of the most widely distributed species in the world . it is found on every continent except antarctica . it can survive in a wide variety of habitats including urban cities , the tropics , deserts and the tundra . some migrate long distances from their wintering areas to their summer nesting areas .
peregrine falcons have adapted to living in many cities and make use of tall buildings that provide suitable ledges for nesting and depend on the large populations of pigeons and starlings in cities for food . they dive and catch their prey in mid - air . peregrines have few natural predators .
peregrine falcons mate for life and breed in the same territory each year . the male courts the female for about one month , using aerial displays . they make a nest , or scrape , on ledges and in small caves located high on a cliff . some peregrine falcons will use man - made structures such as bridges and skyscrapers to nest .
mating season : late march through may . gestation : 29 - 32 days for egg incubation . clutch size : 3 - 4 eggs . both the male and female incubate the eggs for about one month . the chicks start to fly in about 42 days , but are still dependent on their parents to learn how to hunt . peregrine falcons are very territorial during breeding season and will vigorously defend their nests .
length : 15 - 21 inches ( wingspan of 3 . 5 feet ) . weight : about 2 lbs . ; females are slightly larger than males . lifespan : 7 - 15 years ; some can live as long as 20 years .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polihierax semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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it has two separate populations in sub - saharan africa , one extending from somalia through ethiopia and kenya to southern sudan and tanzania and the other in angola and southern africa in namibia , south - western botswana and the northern cape . here it ' s distribution is strongly linked to that of the sociable weaver , as it is uses their communal nests for roosting and nesting ( the northerly population has a similar relationship with buffalo - weavers ) . it generally favours open , arid habitats such as desert , dry savanna and open grassland with scattered camel thorns ( acacia erioloba ) .
it mainly eats reptiles , insects and occasionally rodents , doing most of it ' s hunting from a high perch , gliding down to the ground and pouncing on its prey . it also hawks small birds aerially and raids the sociable weaver colonies it nests in , taking both adults and chicks . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
usually monogamous and territorial , although multiple breeding pairs may occupy a single colony of weavers .
it usually uses a chamber of a large social weaver communal structure as a nest , either the sociable weaver or the red - billed bufallo - weaver . about a quarter of all sociable weaver nests have about 3 - 4 chambers which are allocated to the falcons for roosting and nesting . it may also use a stand - alone nest of non - communal bird , such as a white - browed sparrow - weaver , cape glossy or wattled starling .
egg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from october - november .
it lays 1 - 4 eggs , which are mainly incubated by the female for about 27 - 31 days , while the male provides her with food .
the chicks are mainly fed by the female , although after fledging both parents provision them food . the young return to the nest regularly after fledging , making the nestling period difficult to determine ; it is though to be about 27 - 40 days .
not threatened , although the destruction of weaver nests might have decreased its numbers in the north - west province and free state , however the spread of utility structures has allowed both it and the sociable weaver to head into otherwise treeless areas , thus counteracting this .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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after a very turbulent early season , there is some wonderful news out of the rochester falconcam today . the . . . read more
today ' s new bird in our 17 - day - long birdorable bonanza is the american harpy eagle , a powerful raptor that can . . . read more
just two more days - - we ' ve almost reached the end of birdorable bonanza 2011 . today ' s new bird species . . . read more
if you think our birdorable birds are cute as adults , what about when they are babies ? below are . . . read more
the harris hawk is a bird of prey that lives from the southwestern united states to chile and . . . read more
it is a sure sign of spring , here in florida , when the iconic outline of swallow - tailed kites can . . . read more
have questions ? please contact jack at jack @ urltoken or 307 / 699 - 5152 for a personal consultation .
the kikuyu escarpment forest lies 30 km north - north - west of nairobi , and covers the eastern slopes of the escarpment from about 2 , 700 m in the north - west ( bordering grassland at the edge of the kinangop plateau , to around 2 , 050 m in the east , where it borders agricultural land . the main block of forest ( sometimes called kieni ) lies either side of the kamae–kieni–thika road , and is bounded to the north by the chania river ; northwards it is continuous with the forest of the southern aberdare mountains . on the south - west , a narrow strip extends along the wall of the rift valley , beyond kijabe , down to c . 1 , 800 m . to the south , the forest has been much fragmented , and there are only scattered remnants towards its limits ( including the gatamaiyu forest , near uplands ) .
the human pressure on this forest has been increasing steadily over time . encroachment along the southern and western boundaries is intensifying , and at lower altitudes large parts have been destroyed . tree poaching has become rampant in the forest bordering the main kieni–thika road , and in the southern remnants . it is evident that the forest department is able to exert very little control . the conservation value of the forest must be more widely recognized , and adequate effort put into policing and managing it—preferably as a joint operation between forest department and kenya wildlife service under their memorandum of understanding . closer involvement of the surrounding communities in forest conservation is also needed : some progress has been made in this regard by an active iba site support group , the kijabe environment volunteers . this forest is close to nairobi , easily accessible , scenically attractive , has a wide range of interesting and unusual birds , and is already a favourite site for local and foreign birdwatchers . it has excellent potential for ecotourism .
muigwithania2 . 0 by muigwithania is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 united states license . based on a work at urltoken . permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at urltoken .
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melampus coffea , commonly known as the coffee bean snail , is a species of small air-breathing salt marsh snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ellobiidae .

melampus coffea

snails ! melampus coffea - the coffee bean melampus . ep . 7 - youtube
belongs to melampus according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008
spotted mangrove crab ( goniopsis cruentata ) , the mangrove land crab ( ucides cordatus ) , the coffee bean snail ( melampus coffea ) and the ladder horn snail ( cerithidea scalariformis ) .
melampus coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
quick video i recorded of some melampus in the everglades , july 2015 . no time for proper camera work here , the mosquitoes were eating me alive .
( of bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of voluta coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of melampus microspira pilsbry , 1891 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 729 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
( of melampus coffeus [ sic ] ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
averaging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulimus coniformis bruguière , 1789 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula coniformis ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ellobium barbadense röding , 1798 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula biplicata deshayes , 1830 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula olivula küster , 1844 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
has been assessed as least concern as it is widely distributed throughout central and south america . although there are several threats potentially impacting upon this species in parts of its range , it is unlikely that it is being threatened on a global scale .
this species has a wide distribution loosely covering the area of 32 . 3°n to 35°s and 93 . 1°w to 34 . 9°w . this range encompasses florida in the usa , mexico , belize , guatemala , colombia , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , the caribbean islands , venezuela , bolivia , guyana , french guiana , suriname , brazil and uruguay ( pilsbry 1891 , pilsbry and brown 1914 , van regteren altena 1969 , swennen et al . 1982 , de frias martins 1995 , borrero 2007 , rosenberg 2009 ) .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bolivia , plurinational states of ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( florida ) ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this brackish species occurs in mangrove swamps , in rivers and estuaries , and can also be found on the roots of plants in lagoons and ditches just behind the shoreline ( van regteren altena 1969 ) . this species forages for mangrove leaf litter at low tide and climbs tree trunks to avoid salt - water inundation during high tide ( proffitt and devlin 2005 ) .
on a local scale , this species is likely to be affected by threats to mangrove ecosystems such as habitat degradation , conversion to aquaculture , agriculture and salt pans , urban development , construction of harbours and channels , mining , liquid waste disposal , solid waste and garbage disposal ( aksornkoae 1995 ) . it is likely that some or all of these threats are impacting upon this species in various parts of its distribution , although due to its wide distribution it is unlikely that these are causing significant declines on a global scale .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas .
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massemin et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] massemin , d . , lamy , d . , pointier , j . p . & gargominy , o . 2009 . coquillages et escargots de guyane . biotope , collection parthénope , mèze . 456 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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urltoken
an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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the 14 . 3mm long specimen above was collected by steve rosenthal , among mangroves on mud , at honeymoon island state park , dunedin , florida , usa . 18 . 01 . 2008 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
distribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; mexico : veracruz , tabasco , campeche state , cayo arcas , campeche , yucatan state , quintana roo ; belize , guatemala ; colombia : old providence island ; nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : miranda , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , holguin ; cayman islands : grand cayman island ; jamaica , haiti , dominican republic , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas , st . john , st . croix , anegada , tortola ; st . martin / st . maarten , guadeloupe , martinique ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , ceara , fernando de noronha , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , sao paulo ; uruguay
references : maury ( 1922 ) n ; marcus & marcus ( 1965a ) dl ; sykes & hall ( 1970 ) dl ; garcía - cubas ( 1982 ) { w } ; cosel ( 1986 ) s ; mello & perrier ( 1986 ) e ; garcía - cubas et al . ( 1990 ) w ; martins ( 1996 ) m ; fernández milera ( 1998 ) ; macsotay & campos ( 2001 )
encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .
systema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .
land and fresh - water mollusks collected in yucatan and mexico proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 43 310 - 334 , pls . 14 - 15 .
museum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]
say , 1822 , which was named as a variety ( iczn article 57 . 7 ) . pollock ( 1998 ) misclassified
( deshayes , 1830 ) in its stead . as deshayes ' name is not in use ,
can be maintained ( iczn article 59 . 3 ) . a record from tortola in usnm needs confirmation ( martins 1996 ) .
references : stimpson ( 1851c ) ; kurtz ( 1860 ) sw ; s . smith ( 1860 ) ne ; maury ( 1922 ) s ; martins ( 1996 ) s
notes on the mollusca of the bermuda islands nautilus 17 125 - 130 , pl . 4 . [ stated date : - - mar 1904 . ]
neue auriculaceen malakozoologische blätter 1 111 - 112 . [ stated date : - - jun 1854 . ]
an account of some of the marine shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 221 - 248 , 257 - 276 , 302 - 325 . [ stated date : - - jun 1822 ; true date : - - jul 1822 . ]
description of univalve terrestrial and fluviatile shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 370 - 381 . [ stated date : 25 dec 1822 . ]
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primarily in south america , central america , caribbean islands , west africa , united states of america and areas of australia where it was introduced .
used for making boats and creating charcoal . a resin can be extracted and used in treating stomach ulcers .
fairly tall but contorted with many adventitious prop roots shooting out the base with a highly elevated canopy .
grows well in humidity , partial to full sun in sandy / silt loam .
small and inconspicuous . develops compound inflorescence , the flowers arise from the axil .
tube - like fruits of 3 - 5 cm in size , where a propagule will vertically grow out and fall .
bright green canopy , tree and trunk vary slightly between a tanish - beige to dark brown . its flowers are white with yellow petals . the fruit is brown and as it ripens turns green in colour with a brown tip .
smooth but as it ages becomes more rigid as the bark starts to thicken and strengthen .
küster , h . c . 1844 . die ohrschnecken ( auriculacea ) . in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . - systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz 1 ( 16 ( 1 ) ) : 1 - 24 , 23 [ a ] , 24 [ a ] , 25 - 76 , v - vi , taf . a , taf . 1 - 9 . nürnberg .
you will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .
the basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .
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