crucibulum striatum , common name the striate cup-and - saucer , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails .

crucibulum striatum

calyptraeidae » crucibulum striatum , id : 297925 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
katja schulz added an association between
crucibulum stratium , from above . 1903 . crepidula .
and
crucibulum striatum ( say , 1826 )
.
cup - and - saucer limpets ( crucibulum striatum ) stuck to rocks and shells brought up from the ocean bottom .
crucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 014406 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; north atlantic ocean ; many localities . eastport , maine to off martha ' s vineyard , ma
crucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000059 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10
crucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000005 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10
crucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 010052 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; a . e . verrill expedition of 1868
crucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 070988 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
astraeus hygrometicus bovista limosa bovista nigrescens bovista plumbea bovista aestivalis bovista pusilla calvatia excipuliformis calvatia gigantea calvatia utriformis clathrus archeri crucibulum crucibuliforme cyathus olla cyathus striatus geastrum elegans geastrum campestre geastrum coronatum geastrum fimbriatum geastrum minimum geastrum pectinatum geastrum quadrifidum geastrum saccatum geastrum schmidelii geastrum striatum geastrum triplex geastrum rufescens handkea excipuliformis handkea utriformis langermannia gigantea lycoperdon foetidum lycoperdon molle lycoperdon perlatum ( var . perlatum ) lycoperdon perlatum ( var . bornodeni ) lycoperdon pyriforme lycoperdon lividum mutinus caninus mutinus ravenelii mycenastrum corium myriostoma coliforme nidularia deformis phallus impudicus scleroderma areolatum scleroderma bovista scleroderma cepa scleroderma citrinum scleroderma verrucosum sphaerobolus stellatus tulostoma brumale tulostoma fimbriatum tulostoma melanocyclum vascellum pratense thankgiving colophon & copyrights top
distribution range : 45°n to 2°n ; 82°w to 51°w . nova scotia to both sides of florida
distribution range : 45°n to 2°n ; 82°w to 51°w . nova scotia to both sides of florida [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bromley , j . e . c . , and j . s . bleakney . ( 1984 ) . keys to the fauna and flora of minas basin . national research council of canada report 24119 . 366 p . [ details ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1971 ) . guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates : cape hatteras to the bay of fundy . john wiley & sons , inc . 693 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
thomas , m . l . h . ( ed . ) . 1983 . marine and coastal systems of the quoddy region , new brunswick . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences 64 . 306 p . [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
range : 45°n to 2°n ; 82°w to 51°w . nova scotia to both sides of florida
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description : f + , very ribbed ! rare species from p . williams collection !
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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united states of america . seashore of long islands , new york . on sea scallops , trawled by fishermen .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay , north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal , 66 - 66 ft
gray museum ; number 70988 ; lot count 1 ; original catalog number gm 2879 ; original catalog number ypm no . 31704
astyris lunata ; ypm iz 078769 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
astyris lunata ; ypm iz 079018 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
edotea triloba ; ypm iz 076119 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
cancer irroratus ; ypm iz 033944 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
astarte castanea ; ypm iz 062127 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12
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there are mycologists knowing dunal earthstars so well that they even recognise earthstar species just born or almost worn . about the photo ' s tjerk nawijn wrote :
without the help of luc knijnsberg it was not possible to name the right species ; i ' m gratefull for what he did .
.
mistakability : striate earthstar has been seen in the past in the urban amsterdam area , and the best chance to find back is to know how this earthstar looks like , where this earthstar could be found , and what species are mistakable . older and more mature beaked earthstar is the best candidate for a wrong name . how about the just born species ? duhno . . .
habitat : in forests and wood , coastal dunes , river dunes , road - sides , sandy parks and gardens . as well in calcareous as well as in calcareous - poor areas .
regional : urban amsterdam area : 6 square kilometers until 1999 ( including amsterdamse bos , bijlmerpark , amsterdam - north ) pleistocene area : no . northsea dunal area : in calcareous and calcareous - poor dunes
literature : chrispijn , r . ed . ( 1999 ) , champignons in de jordaan ( de paddenstoelen van amsterdam ) , schuyt en co , 162 - 163 . hansen l . & h . knudsen ( 1997 ) , nordic macromycetes , vol . 3 , heterobasidioid , aphyllophoroid and gasteromycetoid basidiomycetes , kopenhagen , 1997 , 444 pp . jalink , leo m ( 1995 ) de aardsterren van nederland en belgië , coolia 38 supplement . urltoken
molluscs are a group of invertebrate animals that have soft bodies and generally a ' head ' and ' foot ' region . often the body is covered by shells or plates . molluscs can be found in marine , freshwater and terrestrial environments . below are a sampling of the molluscs that students find with us while exploring the intertidal and subtidal habitats around st . andrews .
slipper limpets ( crepidula fornicata ) are often found stacked . the largest one on the bottom is female and the smaller ones on top are male . if the female on the bottom dies the largest male will become a female .
the underside of the slipper limpet showing the ' deck ' from which the animal gets its common name .
smooth periwinkles ( littorina obtusata ) are usually found amongst knotted wrack on the beach .
note how well camouflaged the smooth periwinkles are to match the reproductive receptacles and air bladders of the seaweed .
common periwinkles ( littorina littorea ) are the largest and most abundant periwinkle in passamaquoddy bay . their original habitat was europe but they have been here for over 100 years .
moon snail ( lunatia heros ) are found on muddy beaches and can grow quite large .
the spotted moon snail ( lunatia triseriata ) is a smaller species than the one above and can be distinguished by bluish or purplish spots on the shell .
the mud dog whelk ( nassarius obsoletus ) is found on rare occasions in the intertidal zone .
waved whelks ( buccinum undatum ) and their masses of egg capsules are pulled up in the scallop drag .
dogwinkles ( thais lapillus ) are carnivorous and prey on other intertidal animals such as blue mussels , periwinkles and barnacles as they are doing in this picture .
the ten - ridged whelk ( neptunea decemostata ) is a large snail found on the ocean floor .
the stimpson ' s whelk ( colus stimpsoni ) is a rare find in the scallop drags .
these shell - less molluscs lay their eggs in ribbons on the underside of rocks in the intertidal zone .
the red - gilled nudibranch ( coryphella rufibranchialis ) is a beautiful and delicate sea slug found in the lower intertidal zone .
scallops are fished commercially in this area and are a favourite at the local restaurants .
blue mussels ( mytilus edulis ) attach tightly to each other using byssal threads , called the beard by mussel lovers .
the horse mussel ( modiolus modiolus ) is much larger than the blue mussel and has a brown , flaky covering . not a commercial species .
the waved astarte ( astarte undata ) is a small bivalve we pull up in the scallop drag .
the northern cardita ( cyclocardia borealis ) is another small bivalve that lives on the bottom .
the quahog ( mercenaria mercenaria ) is easily identified by the purple stain in the shell . locally , these can only be found in sam orr pond . the latin name is derived from the fact that these shells were used in making native american money or wampum .
soft - shelled clams ( mya arenaria ) are dug by clam diggers on the many muddy beaches in our area .
this picture shows the siphon openings of the soft - shelled clam ; all that you see when the clam is buried in the mud .
the macoma clam ( macoma balthica ) is a small bivalve with a pink interior .
the razor clam ( ensis directus ) burrows deeply on muddy bottoms in the subtidal zone . its long foot is used to burrow and swim .
short - finned squid ( illex illecebrosus ) swim in large schools and die after spawning .
this octopus ( bathypolypus arcticus ) is distinguished by the warty horns above its eyes . they are occasionally collected in our fish trawls in deep water .
the education department of the huntsman marine science centre offers unique , hands - on marine field courses for students of all ages . over 30 , 000 students have created life - long memories and friends through their experiences with us . to learn more about our courses visit urltoken and click on education .
the oldest students joined me in the lab first to explore if size affects how much heat you lose . we compared ' mice ' and ' whales ' during our experiment and were surprised to find the smaller animals lose heat faster because of surface area .
the kindergarten to grade 2 students started their exploration of whales by looking at porpoise and dolphin teeth , as well as baleen from a number of different whale species . then they conducted an experiment testing teeth vs . baleen at catching plankton and fish . the group concluded that teeth were only good at catching fish but the baleen could collect both . the final activity was to make a humpback whale food chain craft .
the grade 3 to 5 group were a little grossed out by their experiment using olives , shortening and staples to test whale buoyancy . they were troopers through and i think they enjoyed the lab despite all the ' ewwws ' . now they will always think of whales when they see an olive !
students that take part in field courses with us in the summer and fall usually get a chance to go whale watching in the bay of fundy . some of the whales that frequent our area include minkes , humpbacks , fin whales , northern right whales , harbour porpoises , and atlantic white - sided dolphins . below are some pictures of the dorsal fins of these species to aid in identification in the field .
opods have joints ) . below are some pictures of arthropods we commonly find while exploring passamaquoddy bay with students .
crenate barnacles ( balanus crenatus ) are a large barnacle found in the subtidal zone . in this picture they are releasing larvae .
sideswimmers ( gammarus sp . ) are frequently found squiggling under seaweed and rocks on the beach .
skeleton shrimp ( caprella sp . ) can be found in great numbers on tunicates and sponges pulled from the bottom of the bay .
acadian hermit crabs ( pagurus acadianus ) are a delight to find in our scallop drags .
the hairy hermit crab ( pagurus pubescens ) is occasionally found in the bay .
the toad crab ( hyas araneus ) is collected from the bottom by our scallop drag .
european green crabs ( carcinus maenas ) are an invasive species that have been in north america since the 1950s . they are the most commonly found crab on our beaches .


pao baileyi , the hairy puffer , is a species of pufferfish usually found in the rocky habitats , including rapids , of the mekong mainstream and its larger tropical freshwater tributaries .

pao baileyi

the following term was not found in genome : pao baileyi [ orgn ] .
how can i put and write and define pao baileyi in a sentence and how is the word pao baileyi used in a sentence and examples ? 用pao baileyi造句 , 用pao baileyi造句 , 用pao baileyi造句 , pao baileyi meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
origin of pao is from the local name of pufferfishes in thai and lao languages , pla pao and pa pao , respectively , with pla and pa meaning fish , and pao meaning purse .
pao baileyi is very aggressive against conspecifics . so one should keep these puffers solitary and put pairs together only for breeding purposes . the hardness and ph of the water is of no meaning , but this puffer needs clean , oxygen - rich water .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . head and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .
found mainly in rocky habitats including rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries ( ref . 27661 ) .
roberts , t . r . , 1998 . freshwater fugu or pufferfishes of the genus tetraodon from the mekong basin , with descriptions of two new species . ichthyol . res . 45 ( 3 ) : 225 - 234 . ( ref . 27661 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02754 ( 0 . 01256 - 0 . 06040 ) , b = 2 . 88 ( 2 . 70 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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juffe bignoli , d . , parenti , l . & vidthayanon , c .
justification : this species is found in the mekong basin in lao pdr and thailand where it covers a wide geographic range . current population trends is unknown . planned dams in the mainstream may pose a threat to this species in the future . however , based on current available information it is listed as least concern .
1997 , roberts 1998 , kottelat 2001 ) . it is also possibly present in cambodia as it has been collected near the cambodia border ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) ; vidthayanon ( 2005 ) shows presence in cambodia in the mekong above phnom penh , without details .
this species inhabits rocky rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries . the species is elusive and may be under - reported .
arrive at khone falls at start of hydrological year ( oct - nov ) ( baran et al . 2005 ) .
planned dams in the mainstream of the mekong , as well as existing and proposed dams on many of its tributaries within the species range , are potential threats to this species . this will cause habitat degradation , disruption of the natural flood / drought cycle of the river , and changed levels of sedimentation and dissolved oxygen . pollution from a range of sources may also impact the species in parts of its range .
the species has been assessed as ' endangered ' in thailand due to habitat loss ( vidthayanon 2005 ) . jenkins
( 2011 ) considered the species ' vulnerable at the global scale due to population declines inferred from habitat loss .
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this variability is connected with the unique lifestyle of the fish . they imitate stones ! the puffer sucks with its belly to the ground . now the function of the beard becomes obvious : this beard imitates algae growing on a stone ! if a fish or a shrimp comes along and tries to feed aufwuchs or algae from the surface of that “stone” , it becomes prey of the pufferfish . so a comparably bad swimmer like a pufferfish can survive in the strong current of rapids with a minimum of energy .
for our customers : the animals have code 461254 on our stocklist . please note that we exclusively supply the wholesale trade . available in limited numbers only !
as each month we present the top 5 fish imports sponsored by aquarium glaser ! first place - paracaridina zijinica for the first time we can offer the very pretty , black - and - white
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head and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .
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the emperor dragonfly or blue emperor ( anax imperator ) is a large species of hawker dragonfly of the family aeshnidae , averaging 78 millimetres ( 3.1 in ) in length .

emperor ( dragonfly )

a male emperor dragonfly hunting small insects above a pond . this photograph was taken in mid june .
the australian emperor dragonfly has two pair of wings which are about equal size . they are clean in colour . the construction is typical example of dragonfly ' s and
the australian emperor is a large , common , pale brown to yellow dragonfly with dark brown mottling and clear wings .
the australian emperor lives in urban areas , fresh water , forests , heath .
the common and widespread emperor dragonfly is larger with far more blue on the abdomen . the vagrant emperor is similar in appearance though it should be remembered that it is very unlikely this species will be recorded in shropshire . the lesser emperor has a more extensive patch of blue on the abdomen that extends further down the sides than in the vagrant emperor . the vagrant emperor also has brown not green eyes and has a distinctive pattern of wing cells which is diagnostic . the lesser emperor is also known to oviposit in tandem which is unusual in hawker dragonflies .
this dragonfly is a very large dragonfly . they never stop flying over the pond . they are common in brisbane .
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large ponds , lakes , canals and slow moving rivers are the preferred habitat of the emperor dragonfly , particular those with abundant submerged and floating vegetation .
following emergence , captive emperor dragonflies have been known to survive for up to 80 days .
the pictures above show the dragonfly rested on grasses and trees during late afternoon . the dragonfly rested there overnight until next morning .
the emperor dragonfly is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is common and widespread in the uk ( 3 ) .
the bright blue male emperor dragonfly is extremely sharp sighted and is one of the fastest flying of all insects . the emperor dragonfly has remained unchanged for 230 million years . despite being able to beat its wings only 30 times a second ( ten times slower than a bee ) , it has no difficulty hunting down more highly evolved insect species .
the emperor dragonfly is not threatened at present , however many dragonflies are vulnerable to water pollution and loss of habitat by infilling of ponds , and drainage of water bodies ( 4 ) .
the larvae of the australian emperor are usually found on water plants and are active predators that stalk prey and grow quickly .
- deniss reeves , austrolestes - newsletter of australian dragonfly society , # 8 , 2003 .
habits : the male emperor dragonfly is almost continuously airborne , in search of a mate or prey that may stray into its territory . the dragonfly’s territory is always over a freshwater pond or lake . the defending dragonfly will attack the trespasser immediately by flying under him to force him up and away from the water . the green and brown female stays away from the water until she is ready to breed , so she is sighted less frequently .
related species : a subspecies of anax imperator occurs in southern africa . distribution : the emperor dragonfly is found in europe , the british isles , north africa , the middle east , and northwestern india . conservation : the dragonfly is extremely susceptible to the effects of water pollution and drainage . its future depends on the survival of clean , unpolluted ponds , lakes , and waterways .
the emperor dragonfly breeds in a range of aquatic habitats including large ponds , canals , slow - flowing rivers , lakes , flooded gravel pits , and dykes , but in all cases there must be a plentiful supply of marginal vegetation that emerges from the water ( 1 ) .
the bright unique colouring and patterns of the adults & aggressive behaviour of the males make this species very distinctive . only confusion could be with rare migrant lesser emperor .
during a sunny summer day , you will see the dragonfly flying over every piece of large flash waters in brisbane . it is usually the largest dragonfly on the water and will chase away any flying object on its path . the dragonfly is pale yellow in colour with grey pattern on the body . the costa , or the front edges of its wings are pale yellow .
the first picture above shows the australian emperor pair laying eggs in the plant under the water , still in tandem position . sometimes we saw the female dragonfly laying eggs alone . the female resembles male . the breeding sites are ponds and slow running water with thick vegetations . more information about reproduction please visit
all photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .
8 ) the flight of the dragonfly is so special that it has inspired engineers who dream of making robots that fly like dragonflies .
the coloration and markings distinguish this from all other shropshire species though two migrant species may cause confusion . the vagrant emperor is extremely rare , but the lesser emperor is being recorded with increasing frequency though not yet in shropshire . both these species are smaller with reduced areas of blue on the abdomen and lacking the striking apple green thorax . see the relevant species pages for more details .
10 ) nearly all of the dragonfly’s head is eye , so they have incredible vision that encompasses almost every angle except right behind them .
14 ) a dragonfly called the globe skinner has the longest migration of any insect—11 , 000 miles back and forth across the indian ocean .
there has been a huge upsurge in records of this distinctive dragonfly in our area since 1990 and it is now distributed widely throughout leicestershire & rutland .
this page contains information and pictures about yellow emperor dragonflies that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia . they are also known as yellow emperors . in new zealand they are known as baron dragonflies .
m ale anax imperator photo © david kitching 2006 female anax imperator photo © david kitching 2004 distribution map for emperor dragonfly large dot = proven breeding , medium dot = probable breeding , small dot = possible breeding open rectangle = pre 1980 records only red dots show tetrads in which species has only been recorded since 1991 or where breeding status has been raised since 1991 .
cham , s . 2007 field guide to the larvae and exuviae of british dragonflies volume 1 : dragonflies ( anisoptera ) the british dragonfly society : 76 pp .
food and feeding : the adult dragonfly is able to catch most of its prey while flying . it plucks insects out of the air with its legs . the dragonfly is rarely still , and its huge , multifaceted eyes enable it to detect prey up to 40 feet away . almost any flying insect is suitable prey . the dragonfly eats small insects even while it is flying but takes larger prey to a resting perch . the emperor dragonfly’s larvae also hunt . they propel themselves through their underwater habitat by expelling water rapidly from their intestines . their extendable jaws , armed with deadly hooks , enable the larvae to catch and kill such food as water lice and nymphs . the shovel like jaw of the larva is used to capture a variety of freshwater animals . the legs form a basket in which insects are caught in flight and then transferred to the jaws to be eaten .
mainly seen over ponds , canals or slow - flowing streams , this beautiful insect flies for long periods without resting , which makes it a difficult dragonfly to study .
the male circumnavigates its territory and chases off any other dragonfly that comes near . each pair of wings moves in a different motion , giving the impression of a helicopter .
11 ) dragonflies , which eat insects as adults , are a great control on the mosquito population . a single dragonfly can eat 30 to hundreds of mosquitoes per day .
the eggs develop in about 3 weeks , depending upon the temperature of the water . the larva , or nymph , that hatches is wingless and lives in the water . it molts ( sheds its skin ) ten to fifteen times during the 2 years it takes to mature . almost all of its growth occurs in summer months . in the last stage of development the larva crawls out of the water and dries its skin in the sun . as the skin splits , the adult dragonfly emerges . once its soft wings have hardened , it can fly . the adult dragonfly lives for only a few brief weeks . the lifecycle of the emperor dragonfly guarantees that its larvae hatch at the same time , allowing a better chance for the adults to breed successfully .
the australian emperor dragonfly spend most of the time flying , defending its territory and hunting for prey , seldom rest on a sunny day . in flight it appear yellowish . at the end of its abdomen there is the yellow spot as the ' tail light ' . the males aggressively defend large territories over the water . . its territory can be as large as 50 meters on a section of slow running water . if there is the intruder , it will always be driven away by a series of noisy air battles . the dragonfly usually has its patrol flight one meter about the water in quite a routine path within its territory .
the emperor dragonfly has a broad global distribution ; it is found in europe from portugal to germany in the north , and extends eastwards to central asia ( 1 ) . it is also known from north africa and the middle east ( 2 ) . in britain , it is fairly widespread in southern england and south wales , but becomes quite scarce in the north midlands , although there are signs that the species is currently extending northwards ( 1 ) .
special features of the emperor dragonfly : the larva has an extended jaw armed with hooks . it pushes them forward to catch and kill its prey . the male uses calipers at the tip of his abdomen to grip the female’s thorax . the male transfers sperm from the tip of his abdomen to accessory sexual organs . the female then fertilizes the eggs . the copulation wheel : the female arches her body under the male to mate . they may fly in tandem while they are mating .
unless there have been any recent publications , courtship in dragonfly species only seems to have been described for a few species of libellulid dragonfly ( chasers , skimmers , darters etc ) , and seems to be very brief , consisting of little more than a male approaching a female , indicating his desire to mate , and perhaps showing off potential ovipositing sites within his territory . the female then indicates receptiveness , or leaves !
britain’s largest , heaviest and most impressive dragonfly . an early summer species . the brightly coloured turquoise and apple green males coupled with their aggressive territorial behaviour make this one of most well known and easily recognisable dragonflies .
visit any decent sized pond in early summer and you will probably encounter a male emperor patrolling it . they are very territorial and will chase other males and investigate other species . will fly away from water however to hunt . females are often visible laying eggs on floating vegetation and will do so alone .
did you know : dragonflies always rest with their wings spread open . dragonflies and their larvae are a popular food in some asian countries . there are over 30 , 000 facets in a dragonfly’s eye . very few birds can outfly and hunt down dragonflies . the fast flying , agile hobby is a match . the dragonfly’s front and hind wings beat alternately , not together , as with most insects . this gives them better flight control .
this common and familiar dragonfly in europe is nevertheless a comparatively recent colonist from africa , and still rapidly expanding its range northwards ( dijksta & lewington , 2006 ) . in the uk , it is absent from upland areas .
3 ) there are more than 5 , 000 known species of dragonflies , all of which ( along with damselflies ) belong to the order odonata , which means “toothed one” in greek and refers to the dragonfly’s serrated teeth .
most of the odonate behaviour that you will observe if you sit quietly by a pond or stream in summer is sexual in nature . most male dragonflies establish a territory – usually near a suitable site for the female to lay her eggs . the male defends the territory against other intruding males while waiting for a female to fly by . some species just perch and wait for this to happen ; others patrol the area for long periods . in hong kong , members of the aeshnidae family , such as the fiery emperor and the pale - spotted emperor , are particularly impressive as they patrol over ponds and streams , rarely coming down to rest .
we watched a female emperor ovipositing in a small pond . her mate was patrolling above , and caught a small butterfly . still in flight , the wings dropped off , and he then found the female , who flew up and took the food from him . she landed on a weed in the water , and sat eating .
the lesser emperor was first recorded in gloucestershire in 1996 and exuvia were found in cornwall in 1999 proving breeding had been successful ( cham et al . , 2014 ) . since the gloucestershire record this species had been recorded in worcestershire , cheshire and staffordshire and finally just last year in shropshire . definitely a rare migrant but always a possibility !
12 ) hundreds of dragonflies of different species will gather in swarms , either for feeding or migration . little is known about this behavior , but the dragonfly swarm project is collecting reports on swarms to better understand the behavior . ( report a swarm here . )
the profile of dragonflies has been raised in recent years , and many landowners build ponds in order to encourage them ( 4 ) . the british dragonfly society aims ' to promote and encourage the study and conservation of dragonflies and their natural habitats , especially in the united kingdom ' ( 6 ) .
naturewatch : the emperor dragonfly is usually recognizable by its large size . the male has a deep blue abdomen , divided by a central back stripe . its head is green . at close range it can be identified by the distinctive rounded inside edges of the hind wings . the female is green and brown and is much less conspicuous than the male . during summer the adult male patrols its territory – weedy ponds and lakes . it usually flies 6 - 20 feet above the water . when it does rest , it perches briefly on the edge of a reed bed or in a tree . adults can be found near any stretch of unpolluted fresh water in their range . larvae emerge from the water as early as may .
5 ) at the end of its larval stage , the dragonfly crawls out of the water , then its exoskeleton cracks open and releases the insect’s abdomen , which had been packed in like a telescope . its four wings come out , and they dry and harden over the next several hours to days .
dragonflies undergo a type of development known as incomplete metamorphosis in which the aquatic larvae ( sometime called nymphs ) undergo a series of moults ; the stages between moults are known as instars or ' stadia ' ( 4 ) . after hatching from eggs , the larvae develop quickly through the summer ; they enter their final instar during the autumn of the following year , and then enter ' diapause ' , a form of hibernation , before emerging as adults early the next summer ( 2 ) . in the first few instars , the larvae swim by undulating the body from side - to - side ; later on they develop a system of jet - propulsion which enables them to easily escape from predators such as water bugs , fish , other dragonfly larvae and beetles . the larvae of the emperor dragonfly are themselves voracious predators , armed with fearsome mouthparts known as a ' mask ' ; the mask is normally tucked under the head , but is rapidly extended in under 25 milliseconds ( 4 ) , piercing prey as large as small fish ( 2 ) .
13 ) scientists have tracked migratory dragonflies by attaching tiny transmitters to wings with a combination of eyelash adhesive and superglue . they found that green darners from new jersey traveled only every third day and an average of 7 . 5 miles per day ( though one dragonfly traveled 100 miles in a single day ) .
with just a handful of records prior to 1980 and similarly few in the succeeding decade , this is another species that can be considered a recent colonist to vc 55 . there has been a huge upsurge in records of this distinctive dragonfly since 1990 and it is now distributed widely through vc 55 in suitable habitat .
britain ' s bulkiest dragonfly . its bright colours and active habit make it very obvious when hunting over medium to large water bodies . it rarely settles , even eating its prey in flight . both sexes have a bright , apple - green thorax and green or blue eyes . the costa is bright yellow . they often fly with the rear of the abdomen bent slightly downwards .
while the adults are conspicuous , the larvae are little known to most of us . that is because they are aquatic creatures , living below the surface in freshwater streams and pools . they are generally dull , prehistoric - looking creatures – a far cry from the flaming adults . the following account focuses on the adults and attempts to briefly explain some of the dragonfly behaviour that an interested observer might be witness to in the summer months in hong kong .
freshly emerged dragonflies are ghost - like . their wings are shiny , their bodies lacking in pigments . it can take up to two weeks for a dragonfly to reach sexual maturity , during which time there is a transition to adult coloration . subadult coloration can be different from that of the mature adult , and can lead to difficulties of identification . in general , adult males are easier to identify than females and subadults as many of them are distinctive .
a large , robust , long - bodied dragonfly with a ' waisted ' appearance to the abdomen , which is longer than the hindwing . the eyes range from green to blue , with yellow to green undersides . animals have a plain green thorax and , in males , a light blue abdomen ( except for the first segment , which is usually green ) with a broad black dorsal stripe . the intensity of the blue colouration varies with weather conditions , becoming paler in cooler weather .
this is the largest dragonfly found in the uk and indeed shropshire . apart from a green segment 1 , the abdomen is mostly bright blue with a distinctive broad black dorsal line running from segment 2 - 10 . the thorax is apple green and has no antehumeral stripes or any noticeable side stripes . just in front of the wings are 2 triangular blue spots . the wings are clear with a yellow costa and long narrow brown pterostigma . the eyes are blue green and the legs black apart from some reddish brown on the femur .
the larvae of most species simply climb up the stems of emergent plants . some , however , crawl away from the water to find a suitable site to metamorphose into an adult – some even climb high into trees . once a site is found , the dragonfly slowly emerges , which can take 2 - 3 hours in dragonflies , an hour in damselflies . the shed larval skin ( known as an exuvia ) is left in place ; a good place to look for these exuviae is the water - lily pond at the outdoor study centre in tai po kau .
lifecycle : most of the dragonfly’s life is spent underwater as larva . it emerges as a winged adult for a few weeks a year to mate and lay eggs . usually mating takes place in the high branches of a tree along the pond’s bank , but sometimes it will occur in the air . the male pursues the female until he is able to settle on her back . the mating procedure is known as the “copulation wheel . ” the female fertilizes the eggs , then uses her ovipostor ( a special egg laying organ ) to lay them . to protect her eggs from being eaten by fish , she places them into slits that she has cut into stems of pondweed .
larva : a very large , elongate dragonfly larva , with a torpedo - like body and large , round eyes characterised by eye length much greater than width . the rear margin of the head is straight , and the head as a whole has a roughly circular appearance . the labium is three and a half to four times as long as wide . dorsal spines are present on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments , but there is no spine on the sixth segment . early - stage ( first year ) larvae are banded in black and white , colouration that is lost with age . this may be an adaptation that camouflages them against older larvae of the same species by imitating the effects of incident light near the water surface .
hi all , we were out with our son , daughter in law , and 6 year old grandson today . our grandson loves catching insects , crickets , grasshoppers etc . after studying them in his proper trap , he releases them again . whilst out , we saw various butterflies , and a couple of dragonflies . now , to ask the question . have any of you observed this behaviour ? we watched a female emperor ovipositing in a small pond . her mate was patrolling above , and caught a small butterfly . still in flight , the wings dropped off , and he then found the female , who flew up and took the food from him . she landed on a weed in the water , and sat eating . this all took place over some 20 minutes or so , much to the delight of all watching , especially our grandson , who was the quietest i have known him to be for such a long time . no decent pics of this action , despite many attempts , sorry . pics below of some other sightings . hope you like them .
after diapause , final instar larvae leave the water and crawl up vegetation . the adult emerges , leaving the discarded skin of the nymph attached to the plant ( 5 ) . the new adults undergo a period of feeding and maturation before starting to reproduce ( 4 ) . males set up territories , which they defend fiercely against other males ; they fly rapidly at two to six metres over the water , and very rarely come to a rest . during mating , males and females form a typical ' wheel ' mating posture , in which the male grabs the female behind her head using the claspers at the tip of his abdomen . after mating the female lays her eggs in floating vegetation , keeping low to avoid encounters with territorial males ( 2 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
mcgeeny , a . ( 1986 ) a complete guide to british dragonflies . jonathan cape , london .
sterry , p . ( 1997 ) complete british wildlife photo guide . harper collins publishers , london .
o ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2013 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 20 november 2013 ) .
justification : anax imperator is a widespread species with no major threats worldwide and it is therefore assessed as least concern .
anax imperator is known from the whole africa to most of europe , the arabian peninsula and southwest and central asia . within india it is present in west bengal ( kolkata district ) , uttarakhand , maharashtra and tamil nadu . this species is presently expanding to the north due to the global warming and has been found in the southern part of sweden up to uppsala . in the british isles , its northern limit shifted by 80 km to the north so that now this species is known from scotland .
anax imperator breeds in any kind of standing and slow running waters bordered with rushes and weeds . it is a familiar species on all open waters , where males patrol and hawk restless over their territory and exclude their congeners . males most generally do not accompany the female during oviposition .
there are no threats at the global scale , although local declines may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .
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female : green abdomen , similarly marked , which may become blue in warm weather .
mostly associated with large , well vegetated ponds and lakes , but may be found over canals and slow moving rivers . the female lays her eggs , alone , in floating pondweed .
widespread in southern england and southern wales ; increasing its range northwards . recently appeared in ireland .
could perhaps be confused with other hawkers , but the large size and drooping abdomen ( in flight ) help identification .
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this is one of europe ' s largest dragonflies . the male is easy to identify with its apple green thorax and bright blue abdomen and blue eyes . the female is mostly green and also has the apple green thorax .
widespread but not common in england south of the humber and wales , little recorded elsewhere in britain .
eduard solà added the catalan common name
espiadimonis
to
anax imperator leach 1815
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
keisarikorento
to
anax imperator leach 1815
.
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the largest of the hawker dragonflies found in britain , this is a common species in southern england and wales .
the male ( below ) has a bright blue body , while the female , seen above laying eggs on emergent vegetation , has a greenish tinge , becoming gradually bluer when old .
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in profile view , there is a black marking at the base of each segment . immature males and females typically have a green ( sometimes brown in immatures ) abdomen , with a distinct thin yellow ring at the base of the second abdominal segment only in newly - emerged individuals , becoming green with age . the dorsal midline is often more brownish than black in females and tenerals . in both sexes , the costa ( leading edge of the wing ) is yellow , and the pterostigma brown . the wing itself is otherwise clear , but can become brownish in older females . the frons is marked with a black pentagon at the base , and there is a blue bar in front of this marking . some females have a blue abdomen ; they can be distinguished from males by two triangular blue markings on top of the thorax , just in front of the wings .
this is a species of still and occasionally slow - flowing waters , most often encountered around larger , well - vegetated waterbodies . it is known to colonise newly - formed pond , and is able to tolerate brackish conditions . larvae inhabit pondweed .
males of this fast - flying species patrol open areas of the waterbody , often higher and further from shore than related species . when they come into land , individuals typically rest vertically , low down in vegetation . in flight , the animal may hold its abdomen so that it curves downwards . animals are strongly territorial and will chase off smaller rivals , including members of other species with a similar appearance .
emperors will typically eat prey on the wing , but large prey items , such as large butterflies , dragonflies and similarly - sized insects , will often be consumed from a perch .
larvae are active predators that respond rapidly to movement and use their well - developed eyes to track prey . they are typically well - camouflaged within vegetation , clasping twigs or stems close to the water surface . unusually , they have been known to hunt in open water , using jet propulsion to pursue prey .
breeding behaviour : in contrast to other european emperors ( genus anax ) , females lay eggs alone , ovipositing directly into floating vegetation , including deadwood , away from shore . this exposed situation makes animals highly visible compared with related species .
emergence : emergence takes place between april and september ; in the uk , the peak emergence period is from may to july . larvae often emerge synchronously following a sequence of warm nights , and will typically select an emergence support a day or more in advance of moulting . during this period , animals may travel some distance from water , usually within 6 m but as far as 30 m has been recorded . larvae may climb up to 5 m into trees in preparation for emergence . emergence itself takes around three hours ; once the wings have fully expanded and are ready for use , animals may then wait for suitable early morning light levels before taking off , whirring their wings to increase their body temperature sufficiently for take - off in cool conditions . if conditions are particularly poor , partially - moulted larvae may actually return to water to reduce predation risk on land during the day , before re - emerging the following evening .
flight season : highly dependent on location , with north african populations flying from march until december . in northern europe , animals are most abundant from june to august .
life cycle : eggs hatch three weeks after being laid . in contrast to most members of the genus anax , at least in the uk , development follows immediately from oviposition with no intervening period of dormancy . larval development takes either one or two years , partially depending on when eggs were laid . following emergence , maturation takes between a week and 12 days in males , 13 - 16 days in females .
dijkstra , k - d . b . and lewington , r . 2006 field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe british wildlife publishing : 320 pp
female , blue form , ovipositing . note the yellow costa , thick mid - dorsal line and the green of the thorax and first abdominal segment . unusually , this female exhibits blue triangular marks in front of the forewing , a feature typical of males , but the animal ' s behaviour identifies its sex .
all north africa and europe north to denmark on the mainland , and through southern britain and ireland populations become scarcer and more scattered in the north of this range and inland from the coast in ireland . in east africa . the species occurs south as far as zimbabwe and madagascar .
is carried near the wing tip . the main veins and the crossveins form the wing venation pattern . the venation patterns are different in different species . the
dijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .
justification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
eastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa and eurasia .
the body is dull green with a similar dark dorsal stripe extending along the abdomen . the eyes are green .
as the name suggests these large hawkers are top in the pecking order and the males will defend territory aggressively . the males are relentless fliers , only perching occasionally , and the male in flight is quite distinctive holding the abdomen bent slightly downward . copulation takes place a short distance from the waters edge whilst perched on a shrub or tree . the female then oviposits alone into submerged vegetation .
mostly found on well vegetated standing water habitats such as ponds , lakes , canals and large ditches , but also on slow flowing rivers . known to be a pioneer species often seen at new ponds .
numerous standing water sites across shropshire such as dudmaston estate , shropshire hills discovery centre at craven arms , attingham park , severn valley country park .
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key facts : sizes : length : adult , 3 in . ; larvae , 2in . wingspan : 4 in . coloration : adult male ; enable blue body with central black stripe and green head ; adult female : green head and greenish body . wings : 2 pairs , moved independently
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i have never heard of anything like this before , but will check some literature and see if i can find any reference to anything similar .
i would suspect that this was more likely to be theft of food rather than a deliberate feeding of the female by the male .
thanks roy . the male deffo was looking for the female before shec nabbed the food , so i assumed she was meant to take it . be interested in what you manage to find on your research . appreciated .
and i took my future wife out for a
chinese
on our first date . lol .
the male deffo was looking for the female before shec nabbed the food , so i assumed she was meant to take it .
similar brief courtship displays have also been described for a number of damselfly species , including the demoiselles found in the uk .
in most cases males of both dragonflies and damselflies simply try and grab females , which may indicate that they are not receptive for mating by bending their abdomen either up or down . if a male does manage to ' grab ' a female , he will then try and coax her to mate by bending his abdomen forward - although if the female is not receptive mating will not occur because she also needs to bend her abdomen forward if the mating wheel is to be formed .
thanks for the info roy , appreciated . when the female was given , ( stole ) the butterfly , she sat eating it on a leaf in the pond . the male continued patrolling , and attempting to catch other butterflies , unsuccessfully . he didn ' t venture far from the pond , so the prey got away . i was surprised at this , cos they , as you know , are very fast . it almost seemed he didn ' t want to let her out of his sight . i would have stayed longer . but our grandson wanted to go to the playground . cheers , steve .
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are a bright sky - turquoise blue colour with an irregular dark line down the centre of its abdomen . this bright colour will fade in cool conditions . the thorax is bright apple green , easily viewed from the side . eyes and face are bright blue . tends to droop its abdomen in flight , slightly banana shaped .
resemble pale females , with pale brown markings on the abdomen , green thorax and yellow - green eyes .
resemble the males with identical markings , the colour of the abdomen is green , the central line dark brown . however , in warm conditions the abdomen will become blue resembling a male . thorax is apple green . eyes are yellow - green but can also be blue .
resemble mature females with more muted drab colours . thorax is pale green and eyes pale yellow - brown .
mostly associated with large , well vegetated ponds and lakes , but may be found over canals and slow moving rivers . common in garden ponds .
very common in southern and central england and south wales . slowly spreading northwards and westwards . common and widespread in dorset .
main flight period is may to september , peaking between mid june to mid august .
flying insects are usually annoying . mosquitoes bite you , leaving itchy red welts . bees and wasps sting . flies are just disgusting . but there’s something magical about dragonflies .
1 ) dragonflies were some of the first winged insects to evolve , some 300 million years ago . modern dragonflies have wingspans of only two to five inches , but fossil dragonflies have been found with wingspans of up to two feet .
2 ) some scientists theorize that high oxygen levels during the paleozoic era allowed dragonflies to grow to monster size .
4 ) in their larval stage , which can last up to two years , dragonflies are aquatic and eat just about anything—tadpoles , mosquitoes , fish , other insect larvae and even each other .
6 ) dragonflies are expert fliers . they can fly straight up and down , hover like a helicopter and even mate mid - air . if they can’t fly , they’ll starve because they only eat prey they catch while flying .
7 ) dragonflies catch their insect prey by grabbing it with their feet . they’re so efficient in their hunting that , in one harvard university study , the dragonflies caught 90 to 95 percent of the prey released into their enclosure .
9 ) some adult dragonflies live for only a few weeks while others live up to a year .
sarah zielinski is an award - winning science writer and editor . she is a contributing writer in science for urltoken and blogs at wild things , which appears on science news .
there aren ' t many rumors that american socialite wallis simpson hasn ' t been subjected to . so here ' s how she actually infiltrated the british monarchy .
a diver stumbles across a whale shark trapped in a commercial fishing line . sensing the diver is there to help , the goliath lies still while the rope is cut .
sand strikers , also known as bobbit worms , are primitive - looking creatures that lack eyes , or even a brain . despite this , they are savage predators who shoot out grapple - like hooks to reel in passing fish .
the hagfish is a slime - emitting ocean - dweller that ' s remained unchanged for 300 million years - - and it shows . it has a skull ( but no spine ) , velvet smooth skin , and a terrifying pit of a mouth that ' s lined with rows of razor - sharp teeth .
one highly influential ancient middle eastern civilization established some of the essential systems we still use today . think you know which it is ?
what ' s the difference between england , britain and the u . k . ?
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as the line from hopkins’s poem attests to , dragonflies can be strikingly colourful and conspicuous creatures . they belong to the order of insects known as odonota .
different species of odonates worldwide , roughly equally divided between dragonflies and damselflies . 116 species have been recorded in hong kong .
the larval stage of odonates can last for several years . the adult stage , in contrast , is often a few brief weeks . during those weeks the adult has to survive and breed . unlike butterflies , dragonflies lack a pupal stage in their development . in the final stage of larval development , when the adult is ready to emerge , the larva has to make the transition from the water to the land .
when a male comes upon a willing female , there is a pre - copulatory phase where the pair flies or perches “in tandem” . in this position , the male grasps the female ( behind the head in dragonflies , on the upper thorax in damselflies ) with the claspers situated at the tip of his abdomen . this deters other males from trying to copulate with the female .
copulation usually follows within a few minutes of the tandem position being assumed . for this to occur , the male and female take up what is called the “wheel position” . the reason for this is that the male has two separate sets of sexual organs . the primary sexual organ consists of sperm - producing testes located near the tip of the abdomen ( in the ninth abdominal segment , to be exact ) . the secondary sexual organ ( the penis ) is located under the second and third abdominal segments . before copulation , and usually while the pair are in the tandem position , the male bends his abdomen so that sperm is transferred from the primary sexual organ to the secondary sexual organ . the female then curves her abdomen so her genitalia located at the tip of the abdomen can connect with the male’s penis . the amount of time spent in sexual union varies from species to species , and can be from a few seconds to several hours .
the body is brown with a bright blue saddle on segments 2 - 3 . a black line runs from segment 3 down the dorsal surface of the abdomen and a yellow basal ring is visible on segment 2 . the thorax is completely brown and the eyes are green . the wings have a yellow costa and a general yellow suffusion . the pterostigma are yellow - brown .
very similar to the male but the abdomen is duller and the black dorsal line extends clearly on to segment 2 . a yellow band is visible at the base of segment 2 as in the male . the colour of the abdomen may vary with some females being more blue .
unusually for hawker species , the male and female remain in tandem whilst eggs are laid into floating vegetation ( brooks & cham , 2014 ) .
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