nannosquillidae is a family of stomatopods , comprising the following genera : acanthosquilla manning , 1963 alachosquilla schotte & manning , 1993 austrosquilla manning , 1966 bigelowina schotte & manning , 1993 coronis desmarest , 1823 hadrosquilla manning , 1966 keppelius manning , 1978 mexisquilla manning & camp , 1981 nannosquilla manning , 1963 nannosquilloides manning , 1977 platysquilla manning , 1967 platysquilloides manning & camp , 1981 pullosquilla manning , 1978

nannosquillidae

manning , r . b . ( 1980 ) : the superfamilies , families , and genera of recent stomatopod crustacea , with diagnoses of six new families . - proc . biol . soc . wash . , 93 ( 2 ) : 362 - 372 . [ details ]
van der land , j . ( 2001 ) . stomatopoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ahyong , s . t . ( 2001 ) . revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea . records of the australian museum supplement 26 : 1 - 326 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a320c01 - fbea - 4ef8 - b8ec - 4d7cfb198571
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e31e2c7 - 4bf0 - 4021 - a873 - b96b9b73a4bf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70400b0d - 0450 - 4235 - 9b7d - 2c263399ed6a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b7ba846e - 6f5b - 4b04 - a063 - 204c2e6fe1d2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3e7f000 - 90fd - 40ec - a97b - 59daf678360c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 09ffcb01 - 551f - 446a - bcf5 - e8c5d8de9fae
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 302856
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
diagnosis . head rostral plate with long , slender median spine , or without long , slender median spine ; eyes cornea with 6 rows of ommatidia in midband , midband ommatidia hexagonal . antennae ( antenna 2 ) protopod with anteriorly directed
dorsal
spine , or without anteriorly directed
dorsal
spine or articulated plate . maxilliped 2 base of dactylus uninflated , dactylus with more than 3 large teeth . maxilliped 3 propodus subquadrate , about as long as broad . maxilliped 4 propodus subquadrate , about as long as broad . maxillipeds 3 and 4 propodi ribbed
distally
. abdomen segments dorsoventrally depressed in cross - section . uropod protopod forked ; endopod
dorsal
margin with proximal margin strongly folded over . telson without distinct median carina , partially covered with erect spines and spinules or without spines or spinules , with 4 or more intermediate denticles or with fewer than 4 intermediate denticles , primary teeth distinct , slender .
cite this publication as : ' ahyong , s . t . & j . k . lowry ( 2001onwards ) . stomatopoda : families . version 1 : 1 september 2001 . urltoken ' .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


muricopsis ( muricopsis ) necocheana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

muricopsis necocheana

» species muricopsis ( muricopsis ) pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 ) represented as muricopsis pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : muricopsis necocheana ( h . a . pilsbry , 1900 ) - id : 1901850090
species muricopsis spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis blainvillii var . spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis cristata ( brocchi , 1814 )
species muricopsis spinulosa ( costa o . g . , 1861 ) accepted as muricopsis aradasii ( poirier , 1883 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )
species muricopsis lyonsi petuch , 1986 accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )
muricopsis oxytata - hexagonal murex : synonym of murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )
muricopsis ednae ( m . smith , 1940 ) : synonym of murexsul interserratus ( sowerby , 1879 )
species muricopsis oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 ) accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )
species muricopsis medicago ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )
species muricopsis nothokieneri ( e . h . vokes , 1978 ) accepted as murexsul nothokieneri e . h . vokes , 1978
species muricopsis noduliferus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as attiliosa nodulifera ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )
species muricopsis scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 )
species muricopsis personatus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) accepted as ocenebra hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species muricopsis profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )
subgenus muricopsis ( rolandiella ) b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ( original rank as subgenus )
species muricopsis tenellus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) accepted as ocenebra hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
» species muricopsis ( murexsul ) profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )
» species muricopsis ( rolandiella ) scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )
species muricopsis affinis settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) accepted as ocenebra edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
sistrum nicocheanum pilsbry , h . a . , 1900 : argentina ; brazil ( lapsus )
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
javascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .
references : castellanos ( 1970a ) sw ; leal ( 1991b ) ln ; houart ( 1991 ) l ; sunderland & sunderland ( 1993b ) dm ; e . h . vokes ( 1994 ) c
a new species of sistrum nautilus 14 3 - 4 . [ stated date : - - may 1900 . ]
this message is to let you know than patagonian shells will have a new website design and development in a new server hosting . i wanted to do this since many years ago but for this or another reason it was never possible .
new website will be completely different in many positive senses . you will find easier to using and placing orders .
during a period of time , the
old website
won ' t be available online due to many technical problems really difficult to fix at this instance . it makes more sense i will put my energy in preparing properly the new website . unfortunately , this accord situation will take several weeks . let ' s hope the new website will be working online soon to offer a much more efficient service !
business and communication will continue in the meantime by email to bonard27 @ urltoken or abonard @ urltoken or by phone .
andres r . bonard biologist - buenos aires university patagonian shells urltoken bonard27 @ urltoken abonard @ urltoken tel . + 54 - 11 - 47973878 cel . + 54 - 11 - 1557040907
bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 , 19 [ details ]
grammatical gender feminine under the provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 2 .
a genus - group name that is or ends in a greek word transliterated into latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries ; examples . . . names ending in . . . - opsis ( opsis ) are feminine
[ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
tulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .
tulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number
the journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .
for all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .
the past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .
it is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane’s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .
the tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .
an online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .
the journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .
the mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .
the tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .
second line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .
the tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken
tulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .
© 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us
using cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken
utilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
and kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .
the french manner of hunting is gentlemanlike ; ours is only for bumpkins and bodies . the poor beasts here are pursued and run down by much greater beasts than themselves ; and the true british fox - hunter is most undoubtedly a
appropriated and peculiar to this country , which no other part of the globe produces .
the genus ; through all genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity . nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same .
1 laboratório de bioecologia e sistemática de crustáceos ( lbsc ) , departamento de biologia , faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras de ribeirão preto ( ffclrp ) , universidade de são paulo ( usp ) . av . bandeirantes , 3900 . 14040 - 901 ribeirão preto , são paulo , brazil .
2 núcleo integrado de biotecnologia , universidade de mogi das cruzes . av . dr . cândido xavier de almeida e sousa , 200 . 08780 - 911 mogi das cruzes , são paulo , brazil .
located in ubatuba city , anchieta island ( 23 ( 33 ' s 45 ( 05 ' w ) is the second largest island of the north coast of são paulo state , with a total area of about 10 km 2 . this island has been affected by anthropogenic activities such as tourism and fishery exploitation until 1977 , when it was declared an ecological reserve of são paulo state ( see mantelatto and garcia , 2002 for details ) .
the mean size of individuals of both sexes was compared by the mann - whitney test ( zar , 1996 ) . the level of significance was 0 . 05 .
the relations between hermit crabs size and shell variables were determined by regression analysis and by correlation coefficients . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species between males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .
after the knowledge of the population profile ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ; mantelatto et al . , 2007 ) and of the pattern of shell utilization by this population in the field , two types of laboratory experiments were performed : shell species and size preferences , which were conducted for the most occupied shell types in the field . for this , samples were additionally carried out during 2002 in the same area , following the above described method of collection .
three replicates were conducted for each type of experiment , which occurred in a glass aquarium ( 30x30x40 cm ) with flowing and oxygen - saturated seawater , where the animals chosen independently of sex or size ( n = 15 ) were placed naked with a large number of shells ( n = 150 ) , during 72 hours ( time previously established ) . after that , the hermit crabs were removed from the preferred shell , and both were measured as described above for shell occupation . each animal was used only once in order to avoid any acquired behavior .
the shell species experiments were conducted in pair - wise fashion , i . e . , the hermit crabs were placed in the aquarium with empty shells of two different species and similar size ( 75 of each species ) than those found in the field . shell size preference was tested separately for most occupied shell species using shells of the same species but of varied sizes . all experiments were performed according to method described by garcia and mantelatto ( 2001 ) .
shell species preference was estimated based on the frequency of which species was chosen by the individuals . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species . morphometric relationships were established by regression analysis and spearman correlation coefficients ( r s ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) . shell fitness of hermit crabs collected in the field was assessed using a shell adequacy index ( sai ) ( vance , 1972a ) . this index is defined as : sai = suitable crab size / actual crab size , where sai = 1 indicates that , in field , the animal occupies a shell of adequate size while sai ( 1 indicates a crab in a shell larger ( sai > 1 ) or smaller ( sai < 1 ) than adequate size .
in total , 992 individuals were collected , represented by 432 ( 43 . 55 % ) males , 263 ( 26 . 51 % ) non - ovigerous females , and 297 ( 29 . 94 % ) ovigerous females . the mean size of population was 1 . 88 ( 0 . 39 mm csl , being females ( 1 . 85 ± 0 . 35 mm csl ) significantly smaller than males ( 1 . 92 ± 0 . 31 mm ) .
pagurus criniticornis was found occupying 16 species of gastropod shells in the natural habitat ( tab . 1 ) . cerithium atratum ( born , 1778 ) was the most occupied shell ( 89 . 31 % ) , followed by morula nodulosa ( adams , 1845 ) ( 4 . 73 % ) . from the total ( 992 ) of shells collected , 2 . 42 % were much damaged , and thus non identifiable .
list of gastropod shells occupied by pagurus criniticornis at anchieta island , são paulo , brazil .
shell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size is illustrated ( fig . 1 ) . the diversity of shells utilized decreased with the increase of individuals ' size . cerithium atratum was the most occupied shell in all size classes , except in the first class , where this corresponded to 12 . 5 % of occupied shells . there was no difference between species of shell occupied by males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .
pagurus criniticornis . gastropod shell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ) .
the relationship between the shells and the hermit crabs was tested only to c . atratum and m . nodulosa , due to a low percentage of occupation for the other species of gastropod shells . the equations that best demonstrated this relationship were those that involved shell wet weight ( sww ) and shell internal volume ( siv ) ( tab . 2 ) , mainly to the most occupied shell species , c . atratum .
pagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length and ww = hermit crab wet weight ) and the two most occupied species of shells ( saw = shell aperture width ; sal = shell aperture length ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ) . [ n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ] .
the experiments were conducted only for most the occupied species of shell , i . e . , c . atratum and m . nodulosa .
forty - three animals were utilized ( 21 males , 14 non - ovigerous females and 8 ovigerous females ) . males ( χ 2 = 17 . 19 ) and non - ovigerous females ( χ 2 = 4 . 57 ) of pagurus criniticornis , but not ovigerous females ( χ 2 = 2 . 00 ) , showed a significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) preference by c . atratum ( tab . 3 ) .
pagurus criniticornis . laboratory shell species preference observed among the two most occupied in the field .
one hundred one animals were utilized ( 48 males , 32 non - ovigerous females and 21 ovigerous females ) . all relations between dimensions of hermit crabs and selected shells were significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) , but p . criniticornis showed a preference strongly associated with siv and sww . the higher correlation coefficients demonstrated that c . atratum shells are most adequate to the various hermit crab sizes ( tab . 4 ) . the pattern of shell choice of males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females was not different for both species of shells ( tabs . 5 , 6 ) .
pagurus criniticornis . regression analysis for each chosen shell size ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .
pagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of cerithium atratum chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .
pagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of morula nodulosa chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; rs = spearman correlation coefficient ) .
the mean sai value found to p . criniticornis population was 1 . 13 ( 0 . 25 . shells occupied by hermit crabs in the field were larger than adequate size ( sai > 1 ) in the most size classes ; however , larger individuals showed a trend to occupy shells of adequate size ( sai = 1 ) .
there were no differences in this pattern observed between males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females ( fig . 2 ) . for the two most occupied shell species tested the pattern of adequacy was similar , i . e . , sai > 1 in the first size classes and this adequacy increased as the hermit crabs reached higher size classes ( fig . 3 ) .
pagurus criniticornis . variation of the mean shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for total of population , males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females . ( data are expressed as mean ± sd )
pagurus criniticornis . variation of the shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for each most occupied shell species in relation to the size classes . ( data are expressed as mean ± sd )
the pattern of shell utilization by hermit crabs is a result of a complex interaction among availability of shells ( reese , 1969 ; bertness , 1980 ; mantelatto and garcia , 2000 ; mantelatto and dominciano , 2002 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) and selection of this resource , considering that hermit crabs can discriminate between different species and size of shells ( reese , 1962 ; 1963 ; markham , 1968 ; young , 1979 ; hazlett , 1996 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) .
shell occupation pattern was more diverse in the initial size classes of p . criniticornis . according to bollay ( 1964 ) , individuals of smallest size tend to occur in most variety of small shells , since these are not heavily dependent on species of shells to survive and reproduce .
patterns of shell utilization vary between hermit crab populations and are influenced by the type and size of shells available in the survey , the locality and hermit crabs ' shell preference ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . lively ( 1988 ) and osorno et al . ( 1998 ) affirmed that hermit crabs prefer shells which the architecture maximizes their internal space . the present study corroborated this hypothesis , considering the good correlation values found between hermit crabs and c . atratum shells , mainly those related with weight and internal volume .
the shell occupation pattern of p . criniticornis showed similarity with availability of shells in the area ; however , the rate of occupation of c . atratum and m . nodulosa by p . criniticornis was not proportional to the rate of availability found by meireles et al . ( 2003 ) , suggesting the preference for c . atratum as commented by meireles et al . ( 2008 ) . the experimental results confirmed the strong preference of individuals of this population for c . atratum shells , independently of sexes . this allows us to infer that this population ' s dynamics is directly related with c . atratum occupation .
the mean sai value found for the population of p . criniticornis was 1 . 13 , which means that , in general , these animals utilize shells larger than the suitable size . however , value of shell adequacy index decreased with increase of crab size showing that the larger individuals were occupying relatively adequate shells . meireles and mantelatto ( 2005 ) observed similar pattern for the coexistent population of pagurus brevidactylus from anchieta island .
the occupancy of larger shells than the adequate size by small individuals can be caused by an insufficient availability of small shells ( gherardi et al . , 1994 ) . according to mantelatto and meireles ( 2004 ) , small shells represent a limited resource to the hermit crabs from anchieta island . moreover , c . atratum was occupied by five of nine hermit crabs species that live in this area ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . in this case , the acquisition of shells larger than the adequate size is less strenuous than a continuous search for ideal sized shells .
in this way , the occurrence of individuals occupying larger shells than adequate ones is advantageous , since the interaction between specimens of the same population is more frequent than the probability of finding new and empty shells ( spight , 1977 ; 1985 ) . these interactions allow changes that lead to better adequacy of individuals to their shells ( vance , 1972b ) and consequently increase the potential of population growth . thus , we are convinced that the pattern of adequacy observed in the studied population would be a satisfactory way to minimize the interspecific competition that it is exposed to .
the results obtained here indicate that the pattern of occupation found to p . criniticornis population is probably conducted by the availability of shells on the locality and by hermit crabs ' choice of this resource , considering the relatively abundance of c . atratum on studied area and , additionally , the good adequacy of shell and hermit crab morphological characteristics , which is evidenced by high correlation coefficients , being , however , the second factor more influent under the determination of this pattern .
in recent studies , it was corroborated that in p . criniticornis population , there is a range of factors that influences shell exchange , and that some of them could represent trade - offs between immediate and long - term survival ( buranelli et al . , 2015 ) . in other words , these authors postulated that hermit crabs face different trade - offs related to the behavior of choice , selection , and exchange of shells , indicating that different factors may affect behavior , depending on many aspects as environmental features , sex , individual size , shell size , and shell quality .
bertness , m . d . 1980 . shell preference and utilization patterns in littoral hermit crabs of the bay of panama . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 48 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 . [ links ]
bertness , m . d . 1981a . pattern and plasticity in tropical hermit crab growth and reproduction . american naturalist , 117 ( 5 ) : 754 - 773 . [ links ]
bertness , m . d . 1981b . the influence of shell - type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size . crustaceana , 40 ( 2 ) : 197 - 205 . [ links ]
biagi , r . ; meireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2006 . bio - ecological aspects of the hermit crab paguristes calliopsis ( crustacea , diogenidae ) from anchieta island , brazil . anais da academia brasileira de ciências , 78 ( 3 ) : 451 - 462 . [ links ]
bollay , m . 1964 . distribution and utilization of gastropod shells by the hermit crabs p . samuelis , p . granosimanus and p . hirsutiusculus at pacific groove , california . the veliger , 6 ( suppl . ) : 71 - 76 . [ links ]
buranelli , r . c . ; marcondes , a . t . p . ; carbonaro , f . a . ; miyazaki , m . j . ; pardo , l . m . and mantelatto , f . l . 2015 . behavioral trade - off on shell exchange and exploration of the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea , anomura , paguridae ) . crustacean research , 44 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]
dominciano , l . c . c . , sant ' anna , b . s . and turra , a . 2009 . are the preference and selection patterns of hermit crabs for gastropod shells species or site - specific ? journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 378 ( 1 ) : 15 - 21 . [ links ]
garcia , r . b . and mantelatto , f . l . 2001 . shell selection by the tropical hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( herbst , 1791 ) ( anomura , diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 265 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]
gherardi , f . ; zatteri , f . and vannini , m 1994 . hermit crabs in a mangrove swamp : the structure of clibanarius laevimanus clusters . marine biology , 121 : 41 - 52 . [ links ]
hazlett , b . a . 1996 . recent experience and the shell size preference of hermit crabs . marine and freshwater behavior and physiology , 28 ( 3 ) : 177 - 182 . [ links ]
lively , c . m . 1988 . a graphical model for shell - species selection by hermit crabs . ecology , 69 ( 4 ) : 1233 - 1238 . [ links ]
mantelatto , f . l . and dominciano , l . c . 2002 . pattern of shell utilization by the hermit crab paguristes tortugae ( diogenidae ) from anchieta island , southern brazil . scientia marina , 66 ( 3 ) : 265 - 272 . [ links ]
mantelatto , f . l . ; faria , f . c . ; iossi , c . l . and biagi , r . 2007 . population and reproductive features of the western atlantic hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( anomura , paguridae ) from anchieta island , southeastern brazil . iheringia , série zoologia , 97 ( 3 ) : 1 - 7 . [ links ]
mantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2000 . shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of crustacean biology , 20 ( 3 ) : 460 - 467 . [ links ]
mantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2002 . hermit crab fauna from the infralittoral area of anchieta island ( ubatuba , brazil ) . p . 137 - 145 . in : e . e . briones and f . alvarez ( eds ) , modern approaches to the studies of crustacean . new york , kluwer academic / plenum publishers . [ links ]
mantelatto , f . l . and meireles , a . l . 2004 . the importance of shell occupation and shell availability clustering in the hermit crab pagurus brevidactylus ( stimpson , 1859 ) ( paguridae ) population from the southern atlantic . bulletin of marine science , 75 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 . [ links ]
markham , j . 1968 . note on the growth patterns and shell utilization of hermit crab pagurus bernhardus ( l . ) . ophelia , 5 : 189 - 205 . [ links ]
meireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2003 . gastropod shell availability as a potential resource for the hermit crab infralittoral fauna of anchieta island ( sp ) , brazil . nauplius , 11 ( 2 ) : 99 - 105 . [ links ]
meireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2008 . influence of prior experience on shell selection by the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea : paguridae ) . hydrobiologia , 605 : 259 - 263 . [ links ]
meireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . ; fransozo , a . and mantelatto , f . l . 2012 . os ermitões ( crustacea , anomura ) . p . 479 - 488 . in : a . c . z . amaral & s . a . h . nallin ( orgs ) , biodiversidade e ecossistemas bentônicos marinhos do litoral norte de são paulo - sudeste do brasil . campinas , sp , ib / unicamp . e - book - isbn : 978 - 85 - 85783 - 24 - 2 urltoken [ links ]
meireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2005 . shell use by pagurus brevidactylus ( anomura : paguridae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field conditions . acta zoologica sinica , 51 ( 5 ) : 813 - 820 . [ links ]
melo , g . a . s . 1999 . manual de identificação dos crustacea decapoda do litoral brasileiro : anomura , thalassinidea , palinuridea , astacidea . são paulo , editora plêiade , 551p . [ links ]
ohmori , h . ; wada , s . ; goshima , s . and nakao , s . 1995 . effects of body size and shell availability on the shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab pagurus filholi ( anomura : paguridae ) . crustacean research , 24 : 85 - 92 . [ links ]
osorno , j . l . ; fernández - casillas , l . and rodríguez - juárez , c . 1998 . are hermit crabs looking for light and large shells ? : evidence from natural and field induced shell exchanges . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 222 ( 1 - 2 ) : 163 - 173 . [ links ]
reese , e . s . 1962 . shell selection behaviour of hermit crabs . animal behaviour , 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 347 - 360 . [ links ]
reese , e . s . 1963 . the behavioral mechanisms underlying shell selection by hermit crabs . behaviour , 21 : 78 - 126 . [ links ]
reese , e . s . 1969 . behavioral adaptations of intertidal hermit crabs . american zoologist , 9 ( 2 ) : 343 - 355 . [ links ]
rios , e . c . 1994 . seashells of brazil . rio grande , fundação cidade do rio grande , instituto acqua , museu oceanográfico de rio grande , universidade de rio grande . 2a ed . , 368p + 113pl . [ links ]
spight , t . m . 1977 . availability and use of shells by intertidal hermit crabs . the biological bulletin , 152 ( 1 ) : 120 - 133 . [ links ]
spight , t . m . 1985 . why small hermit crabs have large shells . research on population ecology , 27 ( 1 ) : 39 - 54 . [ links ]
turra , a . and denadai , m . r . 2004 . interference and exploitation components in interespecific competition between sympatric intertidal hermit crabs . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 310 ( 2 ) : 183 - 193 . [ links ]
vance , r . r . 1972a . the role of shell adequacy in behavioral interactions involving hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) , 1075 - 1083 . [ links ]
vance , r . r . 1972b . competition and mechanism of coexistence of three sympatric species of intertidal hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) : 1062 - 1074 . [ links ]
young , a . m . 1979 . osmoregulation in three hermit crab species , clibanarius vittatus ( bosc ) , pagurus longicarpus say and p . pollicaris say ( crustacea : decapoda ; anomura ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , 63a ( 3 ) : 377 - 382 . [ links ]
zar , j . h . 1996 . biostatiscal analysis . new jersey , prentice - hall , 907p . [ links ]
1 this article is part of the special series offered by the brazilian crustacean society in honor to nilton josé hebling in recognition of his dedication and contributions to the development of carcinology in brazil .
instituto de biociências , unesp , campus botucatu rua professor doutor antônio celso wagner zanin , 250 botucatu , sp , 18618 - 689 editor . nauplius @ urltoken


scorpaena scrofa , common name the red scorpionfish , bigscale scorpionfish , or large-scaled scorpion fish is a venomous marine species of fish in the family scorpaenidae , the " scorpionfish " .

scorpaena scrofa

katja schulz set
file : scorpaena scrofa . jpg
as an exemplar on
scorpaena scrofa linnaeus , 1758
.
sebastapistes scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ; scorpaena lutea - risso , 1810 ; scorpaena natalensis - regan , 1906 ; scorpaenopsis natalensis - regan , 1906 .
latin , scorpaena = a kind of fish , 1706 ( ref . 45335 )
the peak in cpue during the summer coincides with spawning period of s . scrofa .
citation : mancuso m ( 2015 ) scorpaena scrofa : a promising aquaculture candidate for sicilian aquaculture . j aquac res development 6 : 375 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000375
the red scorpionfish ( scorpaena scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ) belongs to the class of the actinopterygii , the ray - finned fishes , to the order of the scorpaeniformes and to the family of scorpaenidae .
bradai mn , bouain a ( 1991 ) reproduction de scorpaena porcus et de scorpena scrofa ( l . , 1758 ) ( pisces , corpaenidae ) du golfe de gabes . oebalia xvii , 167 - 180 .
maricchiolo g , casella g , mancuso m , genovese l ( 2014 ) the first episode of spontaneous spawning in captive red scorpionfish , scorpaena scrofa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . aquaculture research 1 - 4 .
jakov dulcic , jurica jug - dujakovic , vlasta bartulovic , branko glamuzina , edhem haskovic et al . ( 2007 ) embryonic and larval development of large scaled scorpionfish scorpaena scrofa ( scorpaenidae ) . cybium 31 : 465 - 470 .
activity staining of the crude alkaline protease extract from the viscera of r . clavata ( 1 ) , z . ophiocephalus ( 2 ) , and s . scrofa ( 3 ) .
in the present paper , we describe the extraction and characterization of alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa which are suitable in the chitin production process .
( of scorpaena lutea risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scorpaena natalensis regan , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
in the present study , alkaline proteases were extracted from the viscera of z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata and s . scrofa and characterized , and their efficiencies in deproteinization of shrimp waste to produce chitin were investigated .
the enzyme preparations from z . ophiocephalus and s . scrofa retained about 24 % and 45 % of their initial activity after 60 minutes of incubation at 50°c , respectively . however , the proteolytic enzymes from r . clavata were completely inactivated in the same conditions .
reeve , a . 2007 . scorpaena porcus black scorpionfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
with s . scrofa crude enzyme extract , two activity peaks were observed at ph 6 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the enzyme preparation was highly active between ph 8 . 0 and 11 . 0 , with an optimum at ph 10 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 9 . 0 , 11 . 0 , and 12 . 0 were about 94 % , 69 % , and 39 % , respectively , of that at ph 10 . 0 . the optimum ph for s . scrofa proteases was similar to those reported by esposito et al . [ 31 ] for proteases extracted from the viscera of colossoma macropomum and el hadj - ali et al . [ 4 ] for proteases extracted from striped seabream ( lithognathus mormyrus ) .
scorpaena porcus can grow to a length of 37 cm but is more commonly between 15 - 20 cm . it is browny or orangy in colour with lighter patches and numerous skin appendages , which make for good camouflage . the caudal fin has three dark , vertical bars , and there is a light spot between the eigth and ninth dorsal spine . behind the gill cover ( operculum ) there are usually two spines .
crude alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa showed optimum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 , 50°c ; ph 8 . 0 , 55°c , and ph 10 . 0 , 55°c , respectively . the crude enzyme extract showed a high activity and stability in high alkaline ph . these proteolytic enzymes remained fully active in the presence of non - ionic surfactants . they also revealed high resistance when incubated with 1 % sodium perborate .
goby ( z . ophiocephalus ) , thornback ray ( r . clavata ) , and scorpionfish ( s . scrofa ) were purchased from the fish market of sfax city , tunisia . the samples were packed in polyethylene bags , placed in ice with a sample / ice ratio of approximately 1 : 3 ( w / w ) and transported to the research laboratory within 30 minutes . after the fish were washed with water , their viscera were separated , rinsed with cold distilled water , and then stored in sealed plastic bags at −20°c until they were used for enzyme extraction .
to investigate the effect of temperature , the activity was tested using casein as a substrate at the temperature range from 30 to 80°c in 100 mm tris - hcl buffer , ph 8 . 0 for z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata proteases , and ph 10 . 0 for s . scrofa crude alkaline proteases . thermal stability was - examined by incubating crude enzyme extracts for 60 - minutes at different temperatures from 30 to 70°c . aliquots were withdrawn at desired time intervals to test the remaining activity at standard conditions . the nonheated crude enzyme extracts were considered as control ( 100 % ) .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
wheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scorpaenopsis natalensis ( regan , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sebastapistes scorfa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
natural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]
eastern atlantic ( rare in british islands ) . senegal , madeira , canary islands , cape verde . through out the mediterranean sea , absent from the black sea .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 4510 ) , usually ? - 150 m ( ref . 27000 ) . subtropical ; 60°n - 35°s , 26°w - 36°e
eastern atlantic : british isles ( rare ) to senegal including madeira , the canary islands , and cape verde . also throughout the mediterranean except black sea . south african species thought to be the same as population in the northeast atlantic ( ref . 4313 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4510 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 0 kg ( ref . 40637 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . dark spot often on spinous dorsal ( ref . 4313 ) .
solitary and sedentary over rocky , sandy or muddy bottoms . feeds on fishes , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 4570 ) .
hureau , j . - c . and n . i . litvinenko , 1986 . scorpaenidae . p . 1211 - 1229 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol 3 . ( ref . 4570 )
) : 11 . 1 - 18 , mean 14 . 4 ( based on 189 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01288 ( 0 . 01075 - 0 . 01544 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a wide distribution . it is occasionally consumed but it is not removed at any threatening level , and is not believed to have any other major threats affecting it . it is listed as least concern with a need for monitoring and more data concerning the disparity of possible ranges , population trend and consumption level .
albania ; algeria ; angola ; bosnia and herzegovina ; cape verde ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gambia ; gibraltar ; greece ; guernsey ; ireland ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; kenya ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; senegal ; slovenia ; somalia ; south africa ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; tunisia ; turkey ; united kingdom ; western sahara
this is a demersal , non - migratory , solitary and sedentary species that lives over rocky , sandy or muddy substrata . in the mediterranean sea , it is often associated with posidonia oceanica meadows ( moranta et al . 2006 , deudero et al . 2007 ) . it feeds on fishes , crustaceans and molluscs ( hureau and litvinenko 1986 ) .
this species is not sought after for food or trade in west africa . however , it is occasionally consumed . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species .
in the eastern central atlantic it is caught primarily as incidental catch but this is not believed to be a major threat . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species and its main catching method are trawls , gill nets , trammel nets and long - lines .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the name of the genus is that the old romans were giving to this fish , with reference to the poisonous spines , which reminded the bites of the scorpions .
the name of the species refers to the sow , the female pig , to which it resembles , in the world of fish , due to its protruding shape .
the red scorpionfish is present in all the mediterranean , but the black sea . the , passed gibraltar strait , it has colonized all the atlantic coast of the old world , from scandinavia to south africa , including the azores , the canaries , madeira and cape verde islands . finally , like many species , it has gone northwards along africa in the indian ocean up to mozambique .
it can be found at 20 - 500 m of depth , but rarely exceeds the 150 m . its choice location is where the rocks mix with the sandy or muddy bottoms , but we find it also in the brackish waters . the juveniles often camouflage between the rocks of the backwash , and once more than 20 cm , the progressively go down , looking for a calm place for their sedentary life .
it is the biggest mediterranean scorpionfish , with a record of 50 cm and almost 3 kg .
the body is oval with an impressing head , not only due to its enormous mouth , but for the spines and the dermic appendices which protrude in the most unlikely places breaking the outline with a clear mimetic effect .
unlike other scorpionfishes , here the appendices grow up also under the mandible , slightly longer than the jaw .
both are armed by villiform teeth , that is , much thin and close one to the other forming bands : 4 - 5 series over and 3 - 4 under , not to talk about the teeth pushing out on the vomer and on the palatines .
the dorsal fin is unique , but well evident . in the first part we see 12 poisoned spiny rays , in the second , 9 - 10 soft ones . the poison glands , one per ray , are protected by a sheath which breaks at the impact , in the upper part of each spine . the quantity of poison is very small compared to analogous tropical species , but the bite s very painful .
in some cases there may be hypotension with fainting or dizziness . the poison is thermolabile and therefore a first remedy may consist in soaking the affected part into the warm water .
the mouth is enormous with villiform teeth . the mimetic scheme foresees even big yellow spots © giuseppe mazza
as the name suggests , the whole colour is the red , with irregular and differing spots from individual to individual , which may be also brown and change hues depending on the environment . all is in function of the camouflaging , with the chromatophores playing an important role , and are not rare , especially in the corraligenous places , the individuals with big pale spots : pink , orange and even yellow .
often , but this is not a rule , we can see a dark spot in the upper part , at the centre , of the dorsal fin .
the red scorpionfish , as it can be easily guessed from its obese shape , is an insatiable predator .
it reproduces with floating eggs , united in mucous small masses . the larval forms are therefore pelagic . the vulnerability index of this species is of 68 over 100 .
→ to appreciate the biodiversity within the osteichthyes , the bony fish , and find other species , please click here .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) , vol . 1
octopus vs . scorpion fish vs . puffer fish - epic fish fights ep . # 1 hd
fun with squid ! feeding frenzy with scorpion fish , trigger fish , file fish .
irudi hauek donostiako aquariumeko laborategian hartutakoak dira . imágenes tomadas en el laboratorio del aquarium de san sebastián . this images where taken in the laboratory of the aquarium donostia - san sebastián .
make the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed , open access journals that operates with the help of 50 , 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical , clinical , pharmaceutical , engineering , technology and management fields .
institute for coastal marine environment ( iamc ) , national research council ( cnr ) , section of messina , spianata s . raineri 86 , 98122 messina , italy
copyright : © 2015 mancuso m . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the management of red scorpionfish broodstock , is to be considered as a starting point to obtain spontaneous spawning in captivity and for future propagation technologies .
in my opinion , further experiments must be carried out , focused on : finding a suitable starting live food for red scorpion fish larvae , a suitable tanks environment to obtain a useful production of this important species .
© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version
mediterranean sea : 11000 - 737 ( 1 spc . ) , march 2003 , iskenderun bay , trawl , c . dalyan .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
these are solitary fish , territorial , and live on the bed . they remain totally immobile until they are threatened , and then they raise a small “veil” and stop after a few metres .
its reproduction is oviparous . it lays its eggs in spring and summer between the months of may and august .
it is a benthonic species of mainly rocky beds , although it is also found on sandy beds . it usually lives at depths of 20 to 200 m .
it lives in the mediterranean sea and the eastern atlantic ( from great britain to senegal ) .
when they are captured they raise their needles and seem to inflate with their mouth open , showing all their poisonous needles .
. it is an infrequent visitor to the coastal waters off the south coast and is unlikely to be seen very often .
is a benthic species found from the littoral zone down to a depth of around 800 m . usually seen motionless and solitary amongst rocks and algae on the seabed .
brown or orangy brown in colour and growing up to 37 cm in length .
occurs in water between 20 - 110 m , is a brighter orange colour and has less well developed spines behind the operculum .
spines of the dorsal , pelvic and anal fins of black scorpionfish have venom glands at their bases . the venomous spines cause an intense pain and throbbing to people stung by it . treatment is to immerse the affected area in water heated to tolerance level and to disinfect the afflicted area .
this species is also known as the small - scaled scorpionfish ( d . herdson , pers . comm . )
fishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
marlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,
wheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .
whitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
scorpion fish inhabit the mediterranean sea and have never been spotted in the black sea . can also be found in the atlantic ocean and around the british isles and some have spotted it near the canaries and senegal all the way to cape verde ! prefers rocky environments although has been seen in sandy or muddy bottoms at 20 – 500m depth . a dedicated hunter they hide in burrows during the day while coming out to hunt at night !
its a dedicated hunter . eating mostly other smaller fish aswell as crustaceans and molluscs .
this is a non migratory species . there is no known information on spawning or mating for this fish .
( chance of encounter red > 0 . 9 yellow > 0 . 2 )
so much the respect for this fish that cyprus has placed it on a stamp . we are only aware of cyprus and san marino placing this fish on a stamp .
urltoken is your one stop diver friendly information hub on dives sites , equipment and scuba related articles of all kinds ranging from surface time activities to medical information . all articles represent the personal opinions of their respective authors .
write css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
peer - review under responsibility of scientific committee of the 58th international meat industry conference ( meatcon2015 ) .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
age analysis revealed 15 age classes but 3 + and 4 + were predominant in the catch .
habitat : a demersal species living over stones or sand away from immediate coastline in waters from 20 metres down to 70 metres ; juveniles also in seagrass meadows .
behaviour : predators , waiting patiently for the catch . very inactive during the hours of daylight , preferring to use their perfect camouflage to lay in wait for prey . during the hours of darkness they become more the stalker hunter .
did you know ? very well known to anglers and divers alike , they have venomous spines on their gill covers and their dorsal fin . the venom is active after death , so take heed ( for treatment see l esser weaver ) . out of all the venomous fish families within the mediterranean this is undoubtedly the most common to encounter due to the habitat range . because of this it is regarded by many as the worst . this species is the largest in this family .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
this week , after the amazing success of the last post , i will change the direction of the article and i will focus on the fishes with bad spines , it is , fishes with venomous spines , but focusing on the mediterranean species .
despite seas and oceans of the planet are inhabited by a high number of potentially dangerous animals for humans , understanding its danger for bites , electric discharges or for its consumption ; the truth is that in only few cases these animals attack deliberately ; so , accidents are that : accidents produced by ignorance or carelessness . we have to have into consideration that we are not a prey of this fishes , so : which is the sense that this animals attack us deliberately ?
these fishes with bad spines are catalogued as actively venomous animals , it is , they have a venomous apparatus with glands that produce poison and a mechanism that permits the introduction inside another animal , like spines or teeth . this poison are used to defend themselves or / and to capture their preys .
these are some tips to prevent possible injuries when you go to the beach or when you are diving . they are useful to avoid venomous fishes and other marine animals :
use full - body neoprene in waters with potentially dangerous fauna , like australia .
don’t put your hands inside cavities , cracks or holes if you don’t see the interior .
danger . in whiprays , the needle is placed far from the the base of the tail , what allows for a wide outreach , but only it is a defensive weapon . the needle is hard and with hooks in the edge . it is in its interior where are venomous glands , which acts on heart muscles . in addition to the wound , the symptoms are : nausea , diarrhoea , vomit , sweating , circulatory disruptions and anxiety .
can measure 210 cm , has a rhomboidal shape and in the central part of the back and in the tail it has bony tubercles . they live in coastal waters , where feed on crustaceans , cephalopods and small fishes . on the other hand ,
, that also inhabits in coastal waters , doesn’t have bony tubercles in the back , but in the tail .
description . with a robust body , scorpaenidae fishes have big pectoral fins and a wild and big head . its colouration is brown reddish and irregular .
danger . most of the species live on the rocks or behind corals , so the risk is on step on them . the poison produce a reduction of pressure and lung edema and an increase of pressure on lung arteries , and cramps . the hard spines placed in front of the dorsal fin , the three first of the anal fin and the two first of the ventral fins present poison .
is the biggest species in the mediterranean ( till 50 cm ) and live in rocky and sandy seafloors . it can be easily identified by long dorsal spines with separated membrane . on the other hand , the
has a short tentacle above each eye , has not appendixes in the chin , its size is about 20 cm and with a black spot in the dorsal fin . finally , the
description . these fishes has a long and laterally flatten body . the mouth is wide and orientated upwards .
danger . all the species live in sandy seafloors , where bury theirselves . the venomous spines are the 5 - 7 first of the dorsal fin and the spine in the gill operculum . the poison produce an intense pain in the affected zone and cause sweating , nausea and secondary infections .
can be identified by : a brown yellowish to gray body with dark spots and the first dorsal fin has six spiny spines . such can be the gravity of the bite that can be lethal . the
has a grey greenish to brown yellowish body ; with short , dark and yellow lines and with 5 - 7 spiny spines in the first dorsal fin .
description . they are typical species of coral reef and in lagoons in indian and pacific oceans , but one species can be found in the eastern mediterranean , where lives in rocky seafloors with algae . its body is oval and very laterally flatten , with a small head and mouth .
danger . rabbitfishes are shy , so it is difficult to be hurt by their spiny spines , which are all over the body : 13 in the dorsal fin , 7 in the anal fin and 2 more in the ventral fin . poison causes a hard pain , but it doesn’t persist so much .
mediterranean species . the marbled spinefoot ( siganus rivulatus ) has an olive light body with irregular brown spots . it can be confused with salema porgies ( sarpa salpa ) . it is an invasive species .
remember : you don’t have to be afraid of sea and nature . with common sense and respect towards nature you won’t suffer any harm .
ballesteros e & llobet , t ( 2015 ) . fauna i flora de la mar mediterrània . ed . brau
bergbauer , myers & kirschner ( 2009 ) . guía de animales marinos peligrosos . ed . omega
martin , p ( 1999 ) . claves para la clasificación de la fauna marina . ed . omega
riedl ( 1986 ) . fauna y flora del mar mediterráneo . ed . omega
this site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .
privacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : our cookie policy
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
cfm script by eagbayani , 01 . 11 . 99 , php script by rolavides , 07 / 05 / 08 , last modified by dsantos , 09 / 02 / 14
laboratoire de génie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d’ingénieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia
copyright © 2011 rim nasri et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
m . b . rao , a . m . tanksale , m . s . ghatge , and v . v . deshpande , “molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases , ”
r . gupta , q . beg , and p . lorenz , “bacterial alkaline proteases : molecular approaches and industrial applications , ”
, r . h . doi and m . mcgloughlin , eds . , pp . 311–337 , butterworth - heinemann , london , uk , 1992 .
n . el hadj - ali , r . agrebi , b . ghorbel - frikha , a . sellami - kamoun , s . kanoun , and m . nasri , “biochemical and molecular characterization of a detergent stable alkaline serine - protease from a newly isolated
k . jellouli , a . bougatef , d . daassi , r . balti , a . barkia , and m . nasri , “new alkaline trypsin from the intestine of grey triggerfish (
f . shahidi and j . y . v . a . kamil , “enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates and their application in the food industry , ”
a . bougatef , n . nedjar - arroume , l . manni et al . , “purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of sardinelle (
r . balti , n . hmidet , k . jellouli , n . nedjar - arroume , d . guillochon , and m . nasri , “cathepsin d from the hepatopancreas of the cuttlefish (
, n . f . haard and b . k . simpson , eds . , pp . 531–540 , mercel dekker , new york , ny , usa , 2000 .
h . ben khaled , o . ghorbel - bellaaj , n . hmidet et al . , “a novel aspartic protease from the viscera of sardinelle (
h . kishimura , k . hayashi , y . miyashita , and y . nonami , “characteristics of trypsins from the viscera of true sardine (
h . ben khaled , r . nasri , a . bougatef , s . ghorbel , and m . nasri , “low molecular weight serine protease from the viscera of sardinelle (
i . y . kim , s . j . seo , h . s . moon et al . , “chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications , ”
l . li and y . l . hsieh , “chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers , ”
, g . a . e . roberts , ed . , pp . 85–91 , palgrave macmillan , london , uk , 1992 .
g . chaussard and a . domard , “new aspects of the extraction of chitin from squid pens , ”
k . t . oh , y . j . kima , v . n . nguyen , w . j . jung , and r . d . park , “demineralization of crab shell waste by
t . k . sini , s . santhosh , and p . t . mathew , “study on the production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell by using
g . h . jo , w . j . jung , j . h . kuk , k . t . oh , y . j . kim , and r . d . park , “screening of protease - producing
o . ghorbel - bellaaj , n . hmidet , n . jellouli et al . , “shrimp waste fermentation with
l . manni , o . ghorbel - bellaaj , k . jellouli , i . younes , and m . nasri , “extraction and characterization of chitin , chitosan , and protein hydrolysates prepared from shrimp waste by treatment with crude protease from
r . o . bustos and m . g . healy , “microbial deproteinisation of waste prawn shell , ” in
f . l . garcia - carreno , l . e . dimes , and n . f . haard , “substrate - gel electrophoresis for composition and molecular weight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors , ”
a . a . kembhavi , a . kulkarni , and a . pant , “salt - tolerant and thermostable alkaline protease from
t . s . esposito , i . p . g . amaral , d . s . buarque , g . b . oliveira , l . b . carvalho , and r . s . bezerra , “fish processing waste as a source of alkaline proteases for laundry detergent , ”
u . c . banerjee , r . k . sani , w . azmi , and r . soni , “thermostable alkaline protease from
q . k . beg and r . gupta , “purification and characterization of an oxidation - stable , thiol - dependent serine alkaline protease from
r . gupta , k . gupta , r . k . saxena , and s . khan , “bleach - stable , alkaline protease from
c . g . kumar and h . takagi , “microbial alkaline proteases : from a bioindustrial viewpoint , ”
a . haddar , a . bougatef , r . agrebi , a . sellami - kamoun , and m . nasri , “a novel surfactant - stable alkaline serine - protease from a newly isolated
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
laboratoire de génie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d ' ingénieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia
this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
proteases constitute the most important group of industrial enzymes used in the world today , accounting for approximately 50 % of the total industrial enzyme market [ 1 ] . they have diverse applications in a wide variety of industries such as detergent , food , pharmaceutical , leather , peptide synthesis , and for the recovery of silver from used x - ray films [ 2 , 3 ] . proteases are mainly derived from animal , plant , and microbial sources .
the most important digestive proteolytic enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates viscera are the aspartic protease pepsin secreted from gastric mucosa , and the serine proteases , trypsin , and chymotrypsin secreted from the pancreas , pyloric caeca , and intestine [ 10 ] . acidic proteases from fish stomachs display high activity between ph 2 . 0 and 4 . 0 , while alkaline digestive proteases , such as trypsin , are most active between ph 8 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the distribution of proteinases varies , depending on species and organs . digestive enzymes of several species of fish have been isolated from the internal organs including gastric , intestinal , and hepatopancreas [ 5 , 9 , 11 – 13 ] .
chitin , a homopolymer of n - acetyl - d - glucosamine residues linked by β - 1 , 4 bonds , is the most abundant renewable natural resource after cellulose [ 14 ] . chitin and its derivatives are biomolecules of a great potential , possessing versatile biological activities , demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and complete biodegradability . therefore , they have found extensive applications in pharmacy , medicine , agriculture , food and textile industries , cosmetics , and wastewater treatment [ 15 – 17 ] .
the main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans , principally crabs and shrimps . chitin in biomass is closely associated with proteins , inorganic compounds ( such as calcium carbonate ) , lipids , and pigments . they all have to be quantitatively removed to achieve the high purity of chitins necessary for biological applications [ 18 ] .
conventionally , to extract chitin from crustacean shells , chemicals processing for demineralization and deproteinization have been applied . raw materials were first treated with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature to remove metal salts , particularly calcium carbonate , and then with strong bases to remove proteins [ 18 ] . however , the use of these chemicals may cause a partial deacetylation of the chitin and hydrolysis of the polymer , resulting in final inconsistent physiological properties [ 19 ] . an alternative approach to these harsh chemical treatments is the use of proteolytic microorganisms [ 20 – 23 ] or proteolytic enzymes [ 24 ] . bustos and healy [ 25 ] demonstrated that chitin obtained by the deproteinization of shrimp shell waste with various proteolytic microorganism had higher molecular weights compared to chemically prepared shellfish chitin .
viscera ( 20 g ) were separated and rinsed with distilled water , and then homogenized for 5 minutes with 20 ml of extraction buffer ( 10 mm tris - hcl , ph 8 . 0 ) with the use of tissue homogenizer . the resulting preparations were centrifuged at 8500 ×g for 30 minutes at 4°c . the pellets were discarded and the supernatants were collected and then frozen at −20°c and used as crude protease extracts . all enzymatic assays were conducted within a week after extraction .
sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) was carried out as described by laemmli [ 26 ] , using 5 % ( w / v ) stacking and 15 % ( w / v ) separating gels . samples were prepared by mixing the crude enzyme extracts at 1 : 5 ( v / v ) ratio with distilled water containing 10 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 , 2 . 5 % sds , 10 % glycerol , 5 % β - mercaptoethanol , and 0 . 002 % bromophenol blue . the samples were heated at 100°c for 5 minutes before loading in the gel . after electrophoresis , the gel was stained with 0 . 25 % coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 in 45 % ethanol - 10 % acetic acid and destained with 5 % ethanol - 7 . 5 % acetic acid .
the optimum ph of the crude protease extracts was studied over a ph range of 5 . 0–13 . 0 , using casein as a substrate at 50°c . for the measurement of ph stability , the crude enzyme extracts were incubated for 1 hour at 4°c in different buffers and then the residual proteolytic activities were determined under standard assay conditions . the following buffer systems were used : 100 mm sodium acetate buffer for ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 , tris - hcl buffer for ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 , glycine - naoh buffer for ph 9 . 0–11 . 0 , na 2 hpo 4 - naoh buffer for ph 12 . 0 , and kcl buffer for ph 13 . 0 .
the influence of various metals ions , at a concentration of 5 mm , on enzyme activity was investigated by adding the monovalent ( na + or k + ) or divalent ( mg 2 + , hg 2 + , ca 2 + , zn 2 + , cu 2 + , co 2 + , ba 2 + , or mn 2 + ) metal ions to the reaction mixture . the activity of the crude enzyme extracts without any metallic ion was considered as 100 % . the effect of nacl concentrations on the activity of the alkaline crude protease extracts was studied , using casein as a substrate , by increasing nacl concentrations in the reaction mixture .
the effects of some surfactants ( triton x - 100 , tween 80 , and sds ) and oxidizing agents ( sodium perborate ) on alkaline crude proteases stability were studied by preincubating enzymes for 1 hour at 30°c . the residual activities were measured at optimum conditions for each crude enzyme . the activity of the crude enzyme extract without any additive was taken as 100 % .
the swp was prepared in our laboratory . briefly , shrimp waste , collected from the marine food processing industry , was washed thoroughly with tap water and then cooked 20 minutes at 90°c . the solid material obtained was dried , minced to obtain a fine powder , and then stored in glass bottles at room temperature . the chemical composition ( proteins , chitin , lipids , and ash ) was determined .
the moisture and ash content were determined according to the aoac standard methods 930 . 15 and 942 . 05 , respectively , [ 29 ] . total nitrogen content of shrimp protein hydrolysates was determined by using the kjeldahl method . crude protein was estimated by multiplying total nitrogen content by the factor of 6 . 25 .
shrimp shell wastes ( 15 g ) were mixed with 100 mm tris - hcl buffer ph 8 . 0 at a ratio of 1 : 3 ( w / v ) , minced and then cooked for 20 minutes at 90°c to inactivate endogenous enzymes . the cooked sample was then homogenized in a moulinex blender for about 2 minutes . the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 8 . 0 , and then the shrimp waste proteins were digested with proteolytic enzymes at 45°c using en enzyme / substrate ratio of 10 / 1 ( unit of enzyme / mg of protein ) . after 3 - hour incubation at 45°c , the reaction was stopped by heating the solution at 90°c during 20 minutes to inactivate enzymes . the shrimp waste protein hydrolysates were then centrifuged at 5000 ×g for 20 minutes to separate insoluble and soluble fractions . the solid phase was washed , pressed manually through four layers of gauze , and then dried for 1 hour at 60°c . the protein content was analyzed to measure the protein removal . the press cake was packed in a plastic bag and stored at −20°c until further processing .
deproteinization percentage ( % dp ) was calculated by the following equation as described by rao et al . [ 30 ] :
where p o and p r are protein concentrations ( % ) before and after hydrolysis ; while o and r represent the mass ( grams ) of original sample and hydrolyzed residue in dry weight basis , respectively .
all experiments were carried out in triplicate , and average values with standard deviation errors are reported . mean separation and significance were analyzed using the spss software package ( spss , chicago , ill ) . correlation and regression analysis were carried out using excel program .
in order to estimate the number of proteases in the alkaline crude enzyme extracts , samples were separated by sds - page , and then proteolytic activities were revealed by casein zymography activity staining . casein zymography is a very sensitive and rapid assay method that detects nanogram of proteins , in contrast with sds - page which detects micrograms .
, all crude enzyme extracts showed several clear bands of protease activity with different molecular weights , indicating the presence of several different proteases . it seems that goby crude enzyme extract contained more proteolytic enzymes than the other ones as illustrated in
by the presence of at least five clear bands of proteolytic activity . this result suggests that at least five major proteinases were present in goby viscera . when comparing the different profiles , it can be observed the presence of at least one protease common with all crude proteases .
the activity of proteolytic enzymes was determined at different ph values from 5 . 0 to 13 . 0 . the ph activity profiles of the crude alkaline proteases are shown in
displayed maximum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 7 . 0 and 10 . 0 were 55 . 6 % and 81 . 3 % , respectively , of that at ph 9 . 0 . however , protease activity decreased significantly above ph 10 . 0 . at ph 11 . 0 , the activity was approximately 5 - fold lower than that at ph 9 . 0 .
effect of ph on activity ( a ) and stability ( b ) of alkaline crude protease extracts . the protease activity was assayed in the ph range 5 . 0–13 . 0 using buffers of different ph values at 50°c . the maximum activity of each crude enzyme extract was considered as 100 % . the ph stability was determined by incubating the crude enzymes in different buffers for 1 hour at 4°c and the residual activities were measured at the optimum conditions of each enzyme preparation . the activity of the enzyme before incubation was taken as 100 % . buffer solutions used for ph activity and stability are presented in section 2 . values are means of three independent experiments .
the optimum ph for the crude protease of r . clavata was ph 8 . 0 . the relative activity at ph 9 . 0 was about 94 % . however , an appreciable decrease in activity was observed above ph 9 . 0 .
. interestingly , the three crude enzyme extracts are highly stable over a wide broad ph range , maintaining about 100 % of their original activity between ph 5 . 0 and 10 . 0 after 1 hour of incubation at 4°c . the enzymes retained more than 83 % of their activities at ph 12 . 0 . our results showed that goby proteases present a high ph stability compared to the others crude enzyme extracts .
optima temperatures for activity of crude alkaline proteases were determined in order to assess their suitability for biotechnological applications . the relative activities at various temperatures using casein as a substrate are reported in
. the crude proteases were active at temperatures from 30 to 70°c . the optimum temperature for
proteases was 55°c , however , alkaline proteases from goby and thornback ray displayed maximum activity at 50°c .
effect of temperature on activity of alkaline crude protease extracts . the temperature profile was determined by assaying protease activity at temperatures between 30 and 80°c . the optimum activity was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .
the relative activities of goby proteases at 40 and 60°c were 54 % and 70 % , respectively . however , an appreciable decrease in enzyme activity was observed above 65°c , due to thermal denaturation . thornback ray proteases were more active at 60°c than the other crude proteases , retaining 90 % of their activity after 1 - hour incubation . however , the relative activities of z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata crude proteases were 70 % and 45 % , respectively .
. enzyme preparations from goby and scorpionfish are highly active at temperatures below 40°c , while that of thornback ray were stable at 30°c . goby crude enzyme remains fully active even after 60 minutes of incubation at 40°c , indicating that this crude enzyme might be used under mild heating conditions . however , at higher temperatures proteases were inactivated .
effect of temperature on thermal stability of the crude alkaline proteases from goby ( a ) , thornback ray ( b ) and scorpionfish ( c ) . the temperature stability was determined by incubating the crude extract at temperatures from 30 to 70°c for 1 hour . the residual enzyme activity was measured under the standard conditions assay at different times . the original activity before preincubation was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .
the addition of cacl 2 and mgso 4 increased the activity of crude protease extracts of goby and scorpionfish . ca 2 + increased the activity of crude proteases from goby and scorpionfish to 110 % and 129 % , respectively . these results indicated that ca 2 + was very effective in improving the activity of the crude proteases . the enhancement of protease activity in the presence of calcium may be explained by the strength of interactions inside protein molecules and the better stabilization of enzymes against thermal stabilization . however , the activity of r . clavata crude enzyme was not affected by cacl 2 .
the ions ba 2 + affect partially the protease activity with a relative activity between 87 % and 96 % . however , fe 2 + and hg 2 + affect greatly the activity of all crude enzymes . the presence of 5 mm nacl and kcl did not affect protease activity .
all the commercial detergents contain hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases . in addition to activity and stability at high ph range and various temperatures [ 33 ] , enzymes incorporated into detergent formulations must be compatible and stable with all commonly used detergent components such as surfactants , perfumes , oxidizing agents , and other additives which might be present in the formulation [ 34 ] . furthermore , detergent enzymes should be stable during storage and active during washing in the detergent solution for a long period of time [ 35 ] .
the suitability of crude alkaline proteases as detergent additive was investigated by testing their stability in the presence of some surfactants and oxidizing agents . as shown in