impages cinerea , common name the grey atlantic auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails .

impages cinerea

as an authority for recognizing both impages and hastula and for putting both of those in impages as valid species .
impages acuminata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : impages cinerea ( i . von born , 1778 ) - id : 2131050020
hastula c . cinerea vs hastula c . salleana - let ' s talk seashells !
terebra cinerea luctuosa ( var . ) hinds , r . b . , 1844 : mazatlan , mexico - n peru
to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 )
( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]
( of hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of terebra acuta deshayes , 1857 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of terebra laurina hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
( of terebra luctuosa hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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terryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .
terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .
born , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei cæsarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichniß der natürlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobonæ . ( kraus ) .
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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the specimen above was collected by odoardo ravelo in sand and mud at a depth of 6m , at higuerote , edo miranda , venezuela . july 2009 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
you will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .
the basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .
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discussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .
just because two taxa interbreed does not necessarily mean that they are not different species . it certainly makes it difficult to apply the biological species concept . however , the number of species that do interbreed from time to time is legion . competent taxonomists in all fields can cite examples . many toads in the united states that are considered separate species by herpetologists interbreed in areas of disturbed habitats which is nearly everywhere now .
i understand this does not help with the hastula problem . but it might suggest that it is going to be a difficult problem to get an absolute answer to .
terryn y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & naturalart .
macroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails ( gastropoda ; conoidea ; terebridae ) .
includes in its abstract the statement :
the non - monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus - level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations .
, and a later draft appears in lee ( 2009 : 125 * ) .
. regrettably that issue in not available on - line . i concluded that the two were allopatric and closely - related , certainly meeting criteria for subspecies : a carolinian one ( jax to se fl , reconstituting itself in w florida and inhabiting almost all the continental shoreline of the gulf of mexico ) and a caribbean one , extending well into brasil . the zoogeographic interfaces provided evidence of incomplete reproductive isolation .
as for generic assignment , i suppose it ' s essential to first decide which of the two candidates more closely resembles our gray augers . although there are important non - conchological characters , e . g . , the proboscis and radula , i think shell characters might be sufficient .
or does it merit full generic recognition . all of a sudden i have a sense of déjà - vu ; as i recall , this issue that has been bandied about for some time . i think any decision in this regard must be informed by a more holistic ( read anterior digestive tract ) data matrix . this cop - out appears in the terebrid literature repeatedly .
marlo , i know you like definitive and
accepted
systematics , so maybe you ' ll conform to the worms / terryn fiat , but there certainly isn ' t any evidence that the later work utilized any criteria other than conchological for its generic parsing . thus there is good reason to hang on to the earlier hastula for the topical species - level taxa .
as the question - man used to say : ' my two cents worth . '
it ' s worth bearing in mind that terryn is responsible for the worms classification using terryn ' s book as the reference , so the two together constitute one opinion rather than an independent support for its use .
the dna paper definitely suggests that more work is needed ; of course , that ' s true for almost any organism . whether a particular group deserves to have a genus name or not is ultimately a subjective decision . analyses can will tell whether a particular group seems coherent or not , and we can say that
if a is considered a genus , b is a similar group and probably should be treated in a similar manner
. but there ' s no magic amount of difference in dna , anatomy , or shell that must or must not be a genus .
i framed this string in terms of controversy and got little response . where’re the hornets ? so , here’s a little stirring in hopes i’ll learn what it is i misunderstand .
until dna analysis demonstrates otherwise . so , it comes down to nomenclature . i prefer
[ note : i am not saying dna analysis is the only measurement . a group of characters ( protoconch , sculpture , radula , color , habitat , reproduction , etc . ) taken together can , as a whole , show that there is sufficient dissimilarity that separate species are at hand . but , a few slight differences in size , shape , degree of expression , color , etc . of a few characters are too easily explained by allopatric genetic drift , diet , habitat , sex , polymorphism , and inadequate breath of the writer’s examination of populations ( or just plain biased observations ) to be accepted as the basis for speciation . ]
* i know the iczn accepts “subspecies” as a rank within the classification system . and , i can accept the utility of doing so . it is the terminology to which i object . the term “form” would be far more accurate on its face and the botanical nomenclature clearer ; namely
we have to admit , we like to classify things ( as shell enthusiasts we are worst than most ) . biological systems defy neatly classifying organisms . and that complication extends to questions as to when is something a genus , family , class etc . dna does inform us what is most closely related to what unless you are in my world of microbes where organisms swap dna all the time . talk about a mess !
personally , when it comes to identification of my shell collection , i blow with the wind . let the conchologists mix it up and follow their lead . they may ultimately be right , they may ultimately be wrong . it is an artificial human endeavor applied to a biological systems where there are few ' laws ' . think about it , even central ' theories ' of biology have fallen flat . the cell theory ( the smallest living entity is a cell , what of slime molds , phycomycota , streptomyces ) . ' one gene , one protein theory ' it fell when we realized that different tissues transcribe genes in different tissues . so if we fundamentally have trouble holding onto theories in living systems , with a few exceptions , notably of the theory of evolution . ergo in living systems it is going to be fundamentally difficult to have universal ways to speciate all organisms .
it may be irritating that our endeavors to explain the
messy
biological world have fallen flat or constantly changing as new discovers are made . however , i prefer this to a world where everything is solved or most of the earths biota is described , or more likely extinct , leaving many biologists wondering what to do with their time . i love the fact that i can go out and conduct surveys in the pacific northwest where i discover on average 2 new freshwater or terrestrial mollusks . the possibilities that new species or ideas can still be discovered get me out of bed everyday .
great commentaries ! doug ' s report of a minuscule alternation of the genome ( e . g . , the single gene alteration of the monk flower petal coloration ) initiating reproductive isolation of a morph has its parallel in malacology and seems quite relevant to marlo ' s predicament .
to lecithotrophy in marine prosobranchs ( marien ? ) seem to be analogous to the monk flower story . each of these situations is accompanied by a small morphological change ( one character state ) , but in each instance reproductive isolation can be inferred , convincingly so in some instances , e . g . clausiliids in the carpathians and
. it is not unreasonable to expect acquisition of further alterations in the genome of each divergent stock to generate further morphologic and physiologic divergences and ultimately enough accrual of distinctive characters to satisfy even the most devout lumper .
speciation is a dynamic process . it has to begin somewhere , and , by strict criteria , is not complete in that instant . that ' s why the concept of
subspecies ,
with all its arbitrary encumbrances , is a tenable construct to define a phylogenetic relationship between the initiating event , be it
) , and the emergence consensus sibling species . is this so messy ?
( ignoring mutation producing new ones ) . however , that can take a long time , so that a population has two very different versions of a gene within it . and an occasional hybridization event can put odd genes into a population . a definitive answer on dna patterns requires thorough sampling of multiple genes across the range of the species of interest .
a further problem on subspecies is that , given the lack of official standardization , old below - species names are to be credited as subspecies . sometimes these were merely intended as recognition of individual variation , the modern concept of variety , but they get credited as subspecies . those wanting to have or to sell as many kinds as possible like to recognize more forms . thus , there is a need to distinguish between what is thought to be a type of individual variant ( such as an albino ) and what is thought to be distinctive of a large population that eventually intergrades with other populations .
thank you for the monk flower ( did not hear about this one before ) and summary . great to see confirmed , in a way , what i ' ve been thinking ever since i took sem photos of iniforis turrithomae and
, now more than 30 years ago . of course there was nothing smart about that because the alternative option ( that the planktotrophic
came from very different lineages and just happened to converge to identicality in every teleoconch character ) totally lacks parsimony .
talking gastropods : the fun part of all this is that you can have two bona fide species with exactly the same genome - if one accepts that by - practical - definition the switch in larval development is the start of a new species . i do believe , however , that successful speciation ( mostly the switch from r to k strategy , perhaps also the reverse ) is near entirely
i thought r and k reproductive strategies were part of a continuum . it seems to me , at least in the example you cite , that
as for peripatry vs . sympatry : the former certainly helps restrict gene flow , but is it necessary in any of the scenarios we ' ve discussed .
i hesitate to step into these deep waters , but just to mix things up a bit . the widespread european
can be found in freshwater as well as brackish water within tidal influence - thus at times salt water . specimens from these two extremes have been shown to be genetically the same species , but they cannot interbreed because neither can tolerate the habitat of the other . this is surely a setup for allopatric speciation , but where they are on that genetic trail is unknown . another interesting case , now talking about planktotrophy and lecithotrophy , is
as a planktotrophic spawner , until przeslawski , 2008 , 2011 ) discovered that sometimes the egg capsules hatched out lecithotropic juveniles . it seems the majority of the time the eggs hatch typical planktotrophic veligers , but every now and then they develop in the egg and hatch out as crawl - away juveniles . if further research bears this out , it means a chance to actually observe as a major phenotype change takes place , and eventually maybe parapatric speciation .
these critters do not read our biology texts and so do not know or always follow the rules . sure is interesting though . . .
przeslawski , rachael . 2008 . temporal patterns of gastropod egg mass deposition on southeastern australian shores , marine and freshwater research , 59 : 652 .
przeslawski , rachaeil . 2011 . notes on the egg capsule and variable embryonic development of nerita melanotragus ( gastropoda : neritidae ) , molluscan research , 31 ( 3 ) : 152 - 158 .
i think it is more all - or - nothing like , as once demonstrated in the paper by johannesson ( 1988 ) on rockall ( peripheral ! ) littorinids . and there is always a distinct morphological gap between the two protoconch types , and nothing inbetweenish . regarding chirality , that ' s more problematical in terms of speciation , because the next step : getting offspring , is so much harder . hence the low incidence . for instance in 60 my of conus history , there was only one lefty ( unless your name is ed petuch ) , whereas left handed specimens are less rare ( and there has been one case of a cluster of left - handed cones - in the mediterranean if i remember correctly - but that went nowhere either ) .
in terms of hastula species on treasure coast i usually find in shell hash in splash zone . the ones i find on higher section of beach once in a while tend to be worn . at least in winter that only when i ' m in fla they ' re uncommon . they are fragile beached compare to american auger with lips damages , missing tips . found one juvenile and it ' s see thru bluish white . worn shells tend to be golden tan in color . hadn ' t seen any white and doesn ' t exist in fossil form on treasure coast .
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varied colors from yellowish - orange to grayish . a pair makes for a nice display .
the very tip of the nuclear whorl is missing as is typical for this species .
hastula luctuosa is the name applied to the eastern pacific specimens of this widely ranging species . formerly placed in the genus hastula .
a less extremely sculptured form with only a hint of punctations described from the hawaiian islands .
quite variable throughout its indo - pacific range . the form puncticulata described from hawaii has much deeper punctations in the interspaces between the ribs ; more uncommon that the peasii form . the validity of the forms is probably nill since integrades are frequently found .
long considered a subspecies , t . a . brachygyra has most recently been synonymized with t . argus .
slight lip roughness . very little , if any , color - pattern variation .
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dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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you selected terebra exacuminata ( sacco , 1891 ) . this is a synonym for :
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 326341d6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 383d1507 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
bieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 95ed0efd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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candoia carinata , known commonly as the pacific ground boa or the pacific keel-scaled boa , is a species of snake in the family boidae .

candoia carinata

pacific boa : candoia carinata carinata and new guinea tree boa : c . c . tepedeleni
jacobs , p . 1990 . things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and candoia carinata paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 4 ) : 179 - 180 - get paper here
boa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 boa variegata thunberg 1807 candoia carinata — gray 1842 : 43 enygrus carinatus — duméril & bibron 1844 : 479 enygrus carinatus — günther 1863 : 398 enygrus carinatus — boulenger 1893 : 107 enygrus carinatus — boulenger 1895 : 31 enygrus carinatus — de rooij 1917 : 31 enygrus carinatus — barbour 1921 : 109 enygrus carinatus — kinghorn 1928 : 290 candoia carinata — stimson 1969 candoia carinata — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 188 candoia carinata — wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) boa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 candoia carinata carinata — wirz 2003 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( part ) — werner 1899 : 373 enygrus carinatus ( part ) — hediger 1933 : 15 candoia carinata carinata ( part ) : stimson 1969 : 7 ( bismarck archipelago ) . candoia carinata ( part ) — mcdowell 1979 : 27 - 51 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001
candoia superciliosa superciliosa ( günther 1863 ) candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001
enygrus carinatus paulsoni stull 1956 candoia paulsoni — smith et al . 2001 candoia paulsoni — wirz 2003 candoia paulsoni — wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia paulsoni tasmai smith & tepedelen 2001 candoia paulsoni tasmai — koch et al . 2007 candoia paulsoni tasmai — koch 2012
jacobs p . 1990 things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and c . c . paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 2 ) : 179 - 180 .
renato agazzi added the italian common name
boa delle isole salomone
to
candoia carinata schneider 1801
.
citation : - candoia carinata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
pols , j . j . van der 1986 . candoia carinata carinata ( schneider ) in captivity . litteratura serpentium 6 ( 5 ) : 162 - 166 - get paper here
wirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 .
wirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 - get paper here
renato agazzi marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
candoia carinata schneider 1801
.
taxonomic note : the recent revision of the candoia carinata complex , which basically recognized the various populations defined by sam mcdowell , has elevated its two subspecies to full species status and defined eight subspecies between them . in addition a third species , with two subspecies has been described . the form occurring on karkar island is the nominate candoia carinata carinata .
johann gottlo schneider originally described boa carinata in 1801 , and in 1842 thanks to john edward gray become candoia carinata . four more snakes were later added to the same genus . candoia bibroni bibroni was described as enygrus bibroni by dumeril _ bibron in 1844 . there’s also another subspecies of candoia bibroni known as c . b . australis .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) from candoia carinata paulsoni ( stull 1956 ) to their own page .
johnson c . r . 1975 thermoregulation in the papuan - new guinean boid and colubrid snakes , candoia carinata , candoia aspera and boiga irregularis . zoological journal of linnean society . 56 : 283 - 290 .
smith h . m . , d . chiszar , k . tepedelen & f . van breukelen 2001 a revision of the bevel - nosed boas ( candoia carinata carinata ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .
wynn a . h . & g . r . zug 1985 observations on the reproductive biology of candoia carinata ( serpentes , boidae . the snake 17 : 15 - 24 .
pacific boa : candoia bibroni bibroni and fiji island boa : c . b . australis
belau bevelnosed boa : candoia superciliosa superciliosa and ngeaur bevelnosed boa : c . s . crombiei
böhme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken
distribution : not on the solomon island ( mccoy 2015 ) . until recently the species was considered a subspecies of candoia carinata , which is found throughout most of the solomon islands archipelago ( harlow and shine 1992 ) . it is now a full species , but due to a lack of specific data , much of the available information refers to candoia carinata ( smith et al 2001 , o . tallowin in iucn 2012 and pers . comm . , 23 nov 2016 ) .
böhme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar . 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken .
what is candoia ? candoia is a family or genus of snakes that includes 3 valid species at the time of this writing . further taxonomic research may show candoia to include 5 or more valid species within the genus . they are small boas , normally between 2 & 3 feet , which occur in many different sizes , colors and patterns .
smith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevdelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315
smith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .
one of the easiest aspects of candoia husbandry is the ease of sexing your specimens . there is never a need to probe or pop any candoia species . to sex any specimen , just look for spurs or absence of spurs on either side of the vent . male candoia of all species have very large hooks for spurs . females have no spurs at all . it is very easy to see provided you are looking in the correct place . all male candoia are smaller than females .
timmis w . h . 1969 observations on pacific boas candoia spp . at sydney zoo . international zoo yearbook 9 : 53 .
enygrus superciliosus günther 1863 : 360 enygrus carinatus var . superciliosus — kinghorn 1928 : 142 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) — boettger 1898 : 111 ( part ; ) enygrus carinatus — sternfeld 1920 : 423 ( part ) enygrus carinatus — dryden & taylor 1969 : 271 candoia superciliosa — smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa — wallach et al . 2014 : 148 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) — sternfeld 1920 : 425
thus all distinctive features of the lectotype of boa carinata conform with those of other material from the stated type locality of ambon , which we conclude cannot be contested .
hi all : ) , i want to ask does anybody have a candoia carinata carinata ? what do you give them for food ? because i have a plan to give mine a pinkies , but my friend said that it would be no good for the diggestion , because in the wild the used to have a lizard or a gecko for food . . i need your suggestion then , is it true what my friend opinion is ? ps : i ' m sorry if my english is bad : ( - - bram - -
candoia look venomous , particularly the viper boa , which in its native habitat is killed routinely by humans who mistake it for the highly venomous death adder .
the other species in candoia are candoia aspera , from new guinea , with two subspecies ( c . a . aspera and c . a . schmidti ) , and c . bibroni , from samoa to the solomons , also with two subspecies ( c . b . bibroni and c . b . australis ) .
candoia carinata has been assessed as least concern . it has a large distribution occurring in eastern indonesian islands , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is not likely to be affected by any significant threats and is present in many protected areas . it has been recorded in the pet trade but this is not posing a threat at present .
sorry i didnt asnwer you previously but i think anubis is a perfect name for your wee fella : ) carinata remind me of ancient egypt for some reason , maybe the shape of the head .
subspecies : smith et al . ( 2001 ) elevated c . c . paulsoni to full species status and stated the existence of 2 subspecies of c . carinata ( carinata and tepedeleni ) . in addition , these authors revalidated another species , c . superciliosa ( günther 1863 ) with 2 subspecies , c . s . superciliosa and c . s . crombiei from ngeaur island in the belau archipelago .
austin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 .
colvée , s . & martín , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 .
solomon island ground boa : candoia paulsoni paulsoni , c . p . vindumi , c . p . mcdowelli , c . p . sadlieri , and c . p . rosadoi
colvée , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 .
austin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 - get paper here
harlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .
harlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .
c . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) .
colvée , s . & martín , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 - get paper here
colvée , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 - get paper here
as with all tropical species , temperature plays a vital role in a candoia environment . i keep the ambient temperature at approximately 80 - 84 degrees year round . a brief winter cool down is needed for breeding candoia species . humidity is kept between 50 - 80 % with occasional cage misting . i have witnessed some specimens become restless or uneasy when exposed to temperatures near 90 degrees .
gravid females also tend to stay away from their heating pads . temperature is not a major concern for candoia maintenance . they will do just fine at room temperature and require no special needs .
borer , m . & l . meier 2011 . candoia paulsoni paulsoni : haltung und nachzucht der pazifikboa . reptilia ( münster ) 16 ( 90 ) : 69 - 72 - get paper here
bustard h . r . 1969 defensive behavior and locomotion of the pacific boa candoia aspera , with a brief review of head concealment in snakes . herpetologica 25 ( 3 ) : 164 - 170 .
harlow , p . and r . shine . 1992 . food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . j . herp . 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66
our own studies of geographic variation indicate that the species as currently recognized does indeed constitute a complex of several taxa . resolution of nomenclature for those taxa hinges upon fixation of the earliest name applied in the complex , schneider ' s boa carinata .
all other candoia species average 5 - 20 young per litter . i highly recommend giving a female a year off after giving birth . too much stress can be detrimental to her health and future breeding success .
a third , apparently completely distinctive feature of typical c . carinata is the presence of at least weak keels on some part of the 2nd scale row , as in the lectotype . keels do not occur on the 2nd scale row in any material from elsewhere .
c . carinata ( schneider’s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & bismarcks . c . carinata carinata ( western schneider’s bevelnosed boa ) from east indonesia & new guinea . c . carinata tepedeleni ( tepedelen’s bevelnosed boa ) from bismarck archipelago . c . paulsoni ( paulson’s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & solomons . c . paulsoni paulsoni ( solomon bevelnosed boa ) from solomon islands , excl . bougainville . c . paulsoni mcdowelli ( mcdowell’s bevelnosed boa ) from png & louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni rosadoi ( rosado’s bevelnosed boa ) from misima island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni sadlieri ( sadlier’s bevelnosed boa ) from woodlark island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni tasmai ( tasma’s bevelnosed boa ) halmahera & northeastern sulawesi , indonesia . c . paulsoni vindumi ( vindum’s bevelnosed boa ) from bougainville & buka . c . superciliosa ( belau bevelnosed boa ) from palau archipelago . c . superciliosa superciliosa ( northern belau bevelnosed boa ) from babeldaob to beliliou . c . superciliosa crombei ( ngeaur bevelnosed boa ) from ngear , southern palau .
@ isaac : now you give your candoia pinkies ? yep , pinkies when he was starting out , we were doing fresh , tiny pinkies - about 1 gram each . he ' s up to 2 - 3g pinks now : )
no evidence exists that more than one taxon of the c . carinata complex occurs on ambon island or anywhere else in the south moluccas or irian jaya . nevertheless , it is also important that the morphological features of the lectotype conform with those of other material known to have originated in that area , thus substantiating the purported source of the lectotype from the stated locality .
fixation of application of the name c . carinata , through discovery of the lectotype , clarification of type locality , and analysis of the characteristics of the lectotype , removes all uncertainty in application of other names , such as enygrus superciliosus günther ( 1863 ) and e . c . paulsoni stull ( 1956 ) to the complex , as junior synonyms or for separately valid taxa .
we are much indebted to thomas ziegler for the photographs ; to dr . k . l . williams for vital aid with the literature ; to kamuran tepedelen and vern veer for access to both live and preserved specimens of c . carinata ; to dr . kraig adler for bibliographic aid ; and to numerous institutions and their curators for the loan of specimens from their collections .
australis is smaller and more slender , the 2 species look remarkably similar . more scientific and taxonomic studies are needed to confirm major differences in these and other candoia species . fiji boas can reach maximum lengths of 3 - 4 feet for males and over 7 feet for females . average size is 3 - 6 feet .
in their native habitats some candoia begin life eating amphibians and lizards then switching to mammals and birds later on . if you plan to own candoia in the future , we cannot recommend enough that you demand captive bred snakes . the reason is it can be very difficult to bring in a wild caught snake , used to eating lizards and amphibians , and then getting it to switch over to a rodent diet . i’m not saying it cannot be done , just that it’s best to avoid that situation if possible . feed appropriate size euthanized mice and rats . we prefer to buy in bulk frozen rodents which we later defrost in warm water .
* special note : because i moved to new brunswick i cannot keep candoia spp at all in the province . however , two hours away the species is allowed . ironic isn’t it , i mean what exactly are the environmental impact differences that the two provinces face ? want to find out more about this and other issues facing canadian herpetoculture ? join urltoken right now !
over 300 specimens have been examined for comparison from all parts of the range of the species , enabling us to compare the features of the lectotype with those of populations in all parts of the range of the species . especially critical is the presence of a conspicuous white postanal spot , immediately following the anus ; the spot is invariably present in the morphologically uniform populations of the south moluccas , irian jaya , northern papua new guinea , new britain and new ireland , all regarded as typical c . carinata . there is , indeed , no way to limit the origin of the lectotype morphologically to any one of those regions . a white , immediately postanal spot occurs elsewhere in the c . carinata complex only in the palau population , which , however , has fewer than 9 intersupraoculars ( 4 - 7 , n = 29 ) , usually fewer anterior scale rows ( 25 - 27 , 28 occurring in only two of 29 ) , and several other average differences .
as published by böhme and bischoff ( 1984 , see also myers and böhme , 1996 ) , the entire collection of the zoological museum of göttingen was transferred to the zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig ( zfmk ) , bonn , in 1977 . the specimen included by schneider ( 1801 ) in his syntype series of boa carinata and designated as lectotype by mcdowell ( 1979 ) is from
amboina
( = ambon ) and is now cataloged as zfmk 35503 ( figures 1 , 2 ) .
the entire genus candoia is one that would be considered tropical species . when keeping tropical species three things should come to mind : heat , humidity and uvb . some may have said humidity and heat . in addition to heat , most tropical reptiles in our experience also require humidity and uvb . with snakes it’s a long standing presumption that snakes don’t benefit from uvb . however , we’ve not seen reports of blood calcium levels which would prove uvb is not necessary .
for the more fossorial ( burrowing ) or terrestrial ( surface ) dwelling species of candoia we offer two hide boxes of appropriate size . the snake can go inside the box , curl itself up and have its sides touching the hide box interior . we place a hide box on each side of the enclosure , one on the cool side and one on the basking side . this allows the snake to thermoregulate while being hidden and feeling secure if they so choose .
it is truly amazing to see a 26 inch male paulsoni on the back of a nearly 5 foot female . but yet , they get the job done and in approximately 7 - 9 months a litter of neonates will be born . as with all boas , candoia give birth to live young . paulsoni litters are the largest , with total amounts of nearly 100 babies at a time possible . standard size litters average 20 - 40 for a normal size 3 - 4 foot female .
if you’re a regular reader skip the next two sentences . you shouldn’t use colored lights as they will disrupt the normal circadian rhythms of the reptile . we have explained this in the article “ colored lights and other myths the pet store told me . ” ceramic heating elements are the best way to go . sometimes the enclosure you’re using needs an alternative way of heating . therefore , we have what are known as under tank heaters which make for excellent secondary heating source with the candoia spp .
: sexing aspera , as well as all candoia , is extremely easy . they males have predominant spurs protruding from either side of the cloaca . if these are present then you have a male although some females will have very small spurs too . the females also have a slightly shorter tail , but popping is almost never necessary to sex the snake properly . of course , as all of you well know , the only 100 % way to know the sex of a snake is to probe it properly .
why decor is not covered more often within herpetoculture is beyond us here at reptile apartment group , but that’s another topic . for now suffice it to say , in our experience an enriched environment with various types of decor appears to have a direct correlation with a healthy snake . not just physically , but also their behaviours seem to be calmer and not as flinching when a naturalistic environment is provided . live plants should be offered for candoia not only low growing plants for cover but also some taller species .
a second generally distinctive feature of south moluccan populations is the relatively long tail , as noted by mcdowell ( 1979 ) , who struggled with an analysis of its possible taxonomic significance . the lectotype number of 45 subcaudals , even though incomplete , occurs within the range of 45 - 53 that occurs in south moluccan c . carinata ( n = 21 ) , and is matched elsewhere only in misima island specimens ( 49 - 50 , n = 3 ) . none is as high as 45 in material from bougainville and halmahera ( n = 52 ) , in only 3 % in material from central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 29 ) , although in 25 % of specimens from the solomons ( n = 56 ) and 45 % in palau material ( n = 20 ) . concomitantly , the tl / ttl ratio is consistently higher in typical c . carinata , including the holotype with a ratio of . 16 ; 81 % of south moluccan specimens have a ratio of . 16 or higher , whereas 0 % occurs in material from halmahera and central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 55 ) , 4 % in bougainville ( n = 23 ) , 5 % in the solomon islands ( n = 55 ) , 15 % in palau ( n = 20 ) , and 33 % in misima ( n = 3 ) .
at first glance , that may seem an odd combination substrate and humidity . the two are interwoven and will play a major role in keeping a healthy candoia in captivity . substrates are like the heating sources , where there are numerous opinions and they all claim to be right . to cut to the chase of the substrate , we recommend and use earthgro organic orchid bark and earthgro organic soil for all of our tropical species of reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . for the boas we will often tear up and place a few mats of sphagnum moss to hold more moisture . if you’d like to read a more in depth treatise on substrates then we recommend the substrates : getting your hands dirty article .
continent : asia distribution : indonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ) , solomon i c . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) . c . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : liki , new britain , new ireland . c . s . superciliosa : belau . c . s . crombiei : ngeaur . type locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as
amboina
on a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality” ( böhme et al . 1998 ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
indonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ; northern province : s slope mt . trafalgar , 9 . 2340°s , 149 . 1541°e , 223 m elevation ; lae ) ( smith et al . 2001 , kraus 2013 ) , vanuatu ( possibly introduced )
c . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : from liki island off the northern eoast of irian jaya eastward through the admiralty islands , new britain , new ireland and some adjacent islands , bismarck archipelago . type locality : rabaul , new britain .
type locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as
amboina
on a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality” ( böhme et al . 1998 ) .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
lectotype : zfmk 35503 holotype mcz 72155 , an adult male , fred parker collector ; 1963 [ tepedeleni ] .
barbour , thomas 1921 . reptiles and amphibians from the british solomon islands . proc . new england zool . club 7 : 91 - 112 - get paper here
bauer , a . m . and wahlgren , r . 2000 . on boa variegata thunberg 1807 , a neglected boid snake name . hamadryad 25 : 93 - 97
boulenger , g . a . 1895 . on a collection of reptiles and batrachians from ferguson island , d ' entrecasteaux group british new guinea . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 28 - 32 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1886 . on the reptiles and batrachians of the solomon islands . trans . zool . soc . london 12 : 35 - 62
boulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here
clegg , jonathan r . and merlijn jocque 2015 . the collection of snakes made by benoît mys and jan swerts in northern papua new guinea in 1982–85 journal of herpetology sep 2016 , vol . 50 , no . 3 : 476 - 485 . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1844 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 6 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 609 pp . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1842 . synopsis of the species of prehensile - tailed snakes , or family boidae . zoological miscellany 2 : 41 - 46
günther , a . 1863 . contribution to the herpetology of ceram . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 397 - 399 - get paper here
ineich , i . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles . in : bouchet p . , le guyader h . & pascal o . ( eds ) , the natural history of santo . pp . 187 - 236 . mnhn , paris ; ird , marseille ; pni , paris . 572 pp . ( patrimoines naturels ; 70 ) .
jan , g . 1861 . iconographie générale des ophidiens . 2 . livraison . j . b . bailière et fils , paris - get paper here
kinghorn , j . r . 1928 . notes on some reptiles and batrachians from the northern division of papua , with descriptions of new species of apisthocalamus and lygosoma . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 289 - 293 . - get paper here
kinghorn , j . r . 1928 . herpetology of the solomon islands . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 123 - 178 - get paper here
koch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here
kraus , fred . 2013 . further range extensions for reptiles and amphibians from papua new guinea . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 277 - 280
lang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beiträge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .
mccoy , m . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of the solomon islands . michael mccoy , kuranda - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
noonan , b . p . & sites , j . w . jr . 2010 . tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the paciﬁc . american naturalist 175 ( 1 ) : 61 - 72 - get paper here
o ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , port moresby , xii + 239 pp . - get paper here
pyron , r . alexander ; reynolds , r . graham & frank t . burbrink 2014 . a taxonomic revision of boas ( serpentes : boidae ) . zootaxa 3846 ( 2 ) : 249–260
schmidt , kp 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from the solomon islands . field mus . nat . hist . zool . ser . - 18 ( 9 ) : 175 - 190 - get paper here
schneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here
stimson , andrew f . 1969 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien : boidae ( boinae + bolyeriinae + loxoceminae + pythoninae ) . das tierreich 89 xi + 1 - 49
stull , o . g . 1956 . description of a new subspecies of the boid snake , enygrus carinatus . copeia 1956 ( 3 ) : 185 - 186 - get paper here
switak , karl h . 2006 . adventures in green python country . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 364 pp . - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
werner , f . 1899 . beiträge zur herpetologie der pacifischen inselwelt und von kleinasien . i . bemerkungen über einige reptilien aus neu - guinea und polynesien . ii . über einige reptilien und batrachier aus kleinasien . zool . anz . 22 : 371 - 375 , 375 - 378 - get paper here
werner , f . 1899 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und deutsch - neu - guinea grösstentheils aus dem k . museum für naturkunde in berlin . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 49 : 132 - 157 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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and other stimuli will cause these changes . despite their common name , ground boas will use branches if provided . many will ambush their prey while hanging from the branch . a large water bowl is very much needed as paulsoni love to soak .
adults can reach maximum lengths of 3 feet for males and 5 feet for females but average in the 2 - 4 foot range .
australis are semi - arboreal and need sturdy branches to climb on in addition to a large water bowl . most specimens are fairly calm and deliberate , but once in a while you will run into a nasty individual . adults can reach maximum sizes of 3 - 4 feet for males and nearly 7 feet for some females . average size is 3 - 5 feet .
beautiful colors and patterns can then be seen , and that dull brown snake may turn into a golden beauty . these snakes will readily accept rodents in captivity . they prefer rat pups over adult mice . stubborn feeders may need a little more time to acclimate . scenting methods can be used if the specimen starts to lose weight . not all aspera are nasty . i own many specimens which can easily be picked up and handled without incident . aspera will often spend all or most of their day in the water bowl . they will use the water bowl for defecating and also breed while in the water . maximum size for viper boas is 24 - 36 inches but average approximately
once your neonates are established rodent feeders they will begin to grow fairly quickly and will double their size within the first 6 months . lizard and frog feeders will slowly catch up with the growth rate of their siblings after the switch over to pinkies . i have also seen several instances of
cannibalism with neonate paulsoni . this has occurred when several hungry neonates were housed together . it does not happen when they become established feeders .
it is especially noticeable in paulsoni , where most males are dwarfed by females that may be 10 times larger and heavier .
loveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .
mcdowell s . b . 1979 a catalogue of the snakes of new guinea and the solomons , with special reference to those in the bernice p . bishop museum . part iii . boinae and acrochordidae . journal of herpetology 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 .
o’shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 .
1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .
1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .
stickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .
usfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .
city issues cease and desist order , later issues home business permit for breeder of ball pythons and boa constrictors .
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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by renato agazzi - see more .
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file : pazifikboa . jpg
.
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was watching my candoias this morning and thought i might record this behavior for y ' all . this is what a snake looks like when it pukes .
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i bred these alot of years ago started the babies by assist feeding mice tails and slowly one by one they started taking them on there own . they were hard to get going but once started i never had any problems after . kept them on kitchen roll and warm damp moss , hope this may help a little
got a pair of these from cpr at the weekend . they were non / assist feeders . tried assist feed tonight , but both released the pinky as soon as they had the chance . hoping that they will assist feed once settled a little more . have also just ordered lizard maker , fingers crossed . so i am also looking to hear opinions and experiences that others have had in getting them to feed .
hi all , i have heard that lizard maker has been taken off the market , so if you use it i would stockpile it , or try to get them on something else . slither61
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my reptiles 1 . 1 . 0 royal pythons 0 . 1 . 0 cal king 2 . 2 . 0 western hognose 1 . 0 . 0 caramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 anery corn 1 . 0 . 0 amel mot het butter 0 . 1 . 0 butter corn 0 . 1 . 0 creamsicle mot het butter 1 . 0 . 0 ultramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 b c i 1 . 0 . 0 tri couour hognose 1 . 1 . 0 albino ro corn 0 . 1 . 0 b r b 1 . 0 . 0 trinket snake 1 . 1 . 0 white sided texas ratsnake 1 . 1 . 0 radiated rats h yellow 0 . 1 . 0 sumartran blood p 1 . 0 . 0 argentine l nosed snake [ option ] my flickr gallery - urltoken member no 2300
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ captive bred boas and tree boas a speciality . tel : 07813723259 dont be shy phone or txt your enquiry e - mail : gazboas @ urltoken facebook : gereint gazboas mortimer website : urltoken payment plans available with minimum payment of £50 per month on any animal ratking gaz ive seen you with boa chewing on your hand while you chewed on a bacon buttie so im sure the little worm didnt phase you . your like chuck norris of the snake world the wanderer you can always be relied on to swing your huge cat among the pigeons old chap _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
i don ' t mind assist feeding really , and he / she is taking it really easily now ( was a bit of a struggle at first ) , but obviously it isn ' t the ideal solution . oh well , i ' ll keep trying ! i ' ve been told to try a live frog but unless i could find a day old tree frog or something i don ' t think that ' d fit either . . . and even if i could , it ' s not something i could provide weekly so wouldn ' t exactly be a solution .
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a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
[ 0485 ] andrew snider and j . bowler ( 1992 ) , longevity of reptiles and amphibians in north american collections , second edition
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continent : oceania distribution : western samoa , melanesia , polynesia , solomon islands [ mccoy 2000 ] , new caledonia , toga , loh , linua , tegua , hiu islands . type locality : viti levu , fiji islands
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large overall population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . however , as the species is seen in trade , further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .
this widespread species ranges through the solomon islands , vanuatu , the loyalty islands ( but not mainland new caledonia ) , fiji , tokelau , wallace and futuna islands , samoa , american samoa , and tonga . it is found up to 1 , 200 m asl .
this species is probably reasonably common to uncommon over its wide range . the population is probably stable across the range as a whole , but is perhaps decreasing somewhat in the central pacific .
this snake is found in trees , bushes and rock clefts in a range of forests including lowland forest , coastal vegetation and dry forest ( morrison 2003 ) . animals have been recorded as abundant in mangroves ( m . mccoy pers . comm . november 2011 ) . it can be found in cacao plantations . it is an ovoviviparous species .
there appear to be no significant threats to this species , although , as with many snakes , animals are frequently killed on sight by people . it is found in trade , but the effects of this are unknown .
this species is present in some protected areas . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species has a large distribution , ranging from the eastern indonesian islands , new guinea to the bismarck archipelago . in indonesia it has been recorded on the minahassa peninsula , sangihe and talaud islands in northern sulawesi , tanimbar islands , seram and the other northern maluku islands ( in de bosch 1985 , o’shea 1996 ) . in indonesian new guinea it occurs throughout west papua province and across the northern coastal region to the huon peninsula of moreby province , papua new guinea . it is found in the south west of papua new guinea in western and gulf province . it is also found throughout the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is found at elevations from sea level to around 1 , 525 m asl . ( o’shea 1996 ) .
this species can be found in a variety of habitats from rainforests to caves and also disturbed environments such as plantations and rural gardens ( o ' shea 1996 ) . typical of snakes of this genus , this species is generally found either on or close to the ground ( foufopoulos and richards 2007 ) . it is viviparous with a clutch size of up to six . its diet consists primarily of skinks but may also take gecko eggs and frogs ( o’shea 1996 ) .
there is no population information available for this species but its population is probably stable .
yuwono ( 1998 ) recorded the trade of this species from indonesian new guinea , and that thousands of specimens could be collected if required . natusch and lyons ( 2012 ) noted the trade of this species from jayapura and the vogelkop in indonesian new guinea . sixteen and eighty - three individuals ( respectively ) were recorded at wildlife traders between september 2010 - april 2011 . this species is listed under cites but does not have protected status in indonesia . the cites quota for this species was 400 from papua and 400 from west papua .
it is unlikely that any major threats are impacting this species . it is present in the pet trade but current levels are unlikely to be posing a significant threat to this species .
this species is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cities ) ( urltoken ) .
this species has protection status in papua new guinea but not in indonesian new guinea ( natusch and lyons 2012 ) .
this species occurs in protected areas in new guinea and the bismarck archipelago . monitoring the trade and harvest levels of this species is recommended .
crombie , r . i . and pregill , g . k . 1999 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the palau islands ( republic of belau ) , oceania . herpetological monographs 13 : 29 - 80 .
foufopoulos , j . and richards , s . 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of new britain island , papua new guinea : diversity and conservation status . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 176 - 201 .
in den bosch , h . a . j . 1985 . snakes of sulawesi : checklist , key and additional biogeographical remarks . zoologische verhandelingen 217 : 3 - 50 .
natusch , d . j . d . and lyons , j . a . 2012 . exploited for pets . the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from indonesia new guinea . biodiversity conservation 21 : 2899 - 2911 .
o ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , independent group ltd . , port moresby , png .
yuwono , f . b . 1998 . the trade of live reptiles & amphibians in indonesia . in w . erdelen ( ed . ) conservation , trade & sustainable use of lizards & snakes in indonesia . mertensiella 9 : 9 - 16 .
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the most common snake inhabiting coconut husk piles on karkar island is the new guinea ground boa .
bismarck ground boa ( c . aspera aspera ) from new britain and new ireland , and new guinea ground boa ( c . aspera schmidti ) from new guinea ( west papua and papua new guinea ) and its continental islands including karkar . the scale counts defining the two subspecies are listed in the table below .
in addition , a single new ireland juvenile compared with several juvenile karkar island specimens , was found to be of more slender build , have a longer tail , a raised vertebral ridge and lighter coloured eyes but all those characters are relative and the sample was small .
loveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .
o’shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . 1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .
1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .
stickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .
stull o . g . 1932 five new subspecies of the family boidae . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 25 - 30 .
opheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .
youtube video of a frog eating a caterpillar gets close to 1 . 5 million views in three days
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otolithes ruber , commonly known as the tigertooth croaker , is a fish native to the indian and western pacific oceans and the bay of bengal .

otolithes ruber

nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india .
nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india . - pubmed - ncbi
silver teraglin , otolithes ruber . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution
santhoshkumar s , cbt rajagopalsamy , p jawahar , n jayakumar and p pavinkumar . growth and mortality characteristics of otolithes ruber ( schneider , 1801 ) exploited off thoothukudi coast , tamil nadu . 2017 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 1746 - 1749 .
abstract : a detailed analysis was undertaken to study the growth and mortality characteristics of the otolithes ruber in thoothukudi coast from july 2006 to june 2007 . the growth parameters l∞ , k and t 0 were estimated as 37 . 28 cm , 0 . 27 and - 0 . 58 respectively . the k value of o . ruber was relatively low which inferring slow growth rate of this tropical demersal fish species . the estimated total instantaneous mortality co - efficient ( z ) of o . ruber was 2 . 45 and the fishing mortality co - efficient ( f ) was 1 . 74 . the species are slightly over exploited in this region .
( of otolithes argenteus ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithes rubber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of johnius ruber bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
several nerocila species appear to have little or no host specificity . however , in india , nerocila sundaica was found to be attached to the pectoral fin or on the body of the fish otolithes ruber . during october 2013 , the parasitic prevalence reached 42 . 2 % and the mean intensity was equal to 1 . the infected host fish ' s size ranged from 12 . 5 to 17 . 2 cm . moreover , slight tissue damages were also observed in the host fish .
( of otolithoides ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from . . .
description found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from 26 to 29°c ( ref . 4959 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of otolithus argenteus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus orientalis seale , 1910 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus tridentifer richardson , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus versicolor cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
ang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
found in coastal waters ( ref . 30573 ) . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 , 9772 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .
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en - tigertooth croaker , fr - grande verrue tigre , sp - bombache tigre mayor .
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trewavas , e . 1977 ,
the sciaenid fishes ( croakers or drums ) of the indo - west pacific
, transactions of the zoological society of london , vol . 33 , pp . 253 - 541 figs 1 - 61 pls 1 - 14
cuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1830 , vol . 5 , pp . 499 pp . pls 100 - 140 , levrault , paris
huber , m . 2010 ,
neotrapezium sublaevigatum ( lamarck , 1819 ) .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : feb17128 - 761e - 4080 - 93fa - fe18297e4c8f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdd525c0 - 5ce5 - 454f - ac8f - 6386507c43d2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 303497
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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rameshkumar g 1 , ramesh m 1 , ravichandran s 2 , trilles jp 3 , shobana c 1 .
unit of toxicology , department of zoology , school of life sciences , bharathiar university , coimbatore , 641 046 tamil nadu india .
centre of advanced study in marine biology , faculty of marine science , annamalai university , parangipettai , 608 502 tamil nadu india .
umr 5119 ( cnrs - um2 - ifremer - ird ) , equipe adaptation ecophysiologique et ontogenèse , université montpellier 2 , cc . 092 , place e . bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 05 , france .
pmid : 26688655 pmcid : pmc4675587 doi : 10 . 1007 / s12639 - 014 - 0439 - 1