orthotylus marginalis is a species of stinkbugs from miridae family that can be found throughout europe ( except for liechtenstein and various european islands ) .

orthotylus marginalis

in great britain and / or ireland : foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix caprea foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix cinerea ssp . oleifolia foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on alnus glutinosa foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on malus foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on ribes foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on prunus spinosa animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of tetranychus urticae animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of aphidoidea animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of insecta
leaf beetles on willows : orthotylus marginalis
. department of ecology , swedish university of agricultural sciences .
orthotylus marginalis population density was estimated in 15 of the gray willow stands in june 1999–2011 and in the two other stands in 1999–2010 and 1999–2005 . all insects on the upper 35 cm of each current - year shoot were dislodged into a white plastic container . orthotylus marginalis nymphs were counted and then re - released . the number of shoots sampled was proportional to the size of the stand . for a detailed description of the sampling method see dalin ( 2006 ) .
the adult orthotylus flavosparsus is normally about 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) in length , and green in colour .
population densities related to leaf nitrogen status . predicted mean number of orthotylus marginalis individuals per 35 cm shoot ( based on data from 17 gray willow stands collected over 13 years ) related to measured spad values ( relative difference in leaf nitrogen concentration— lower horizontal scale ) and to the predicted corresponding leaf nitrogen concentration ( upper horizontal scale )
orthotylus flavosparsus is a species of plant - eating bug in the miridae family , which is found everywhere in europe except for albania and iceland . it was introduced to north america .
predation rate related to leaf nitrogen status . number of leaf beetle eggs consumed by orthotylus marginalis ( day × mg dry weight ) −1 related to leaf nitrogen status under three nitrogen treatment levels ( n = 37 ) . predation rates differed between all treatments at p < 0 . 01 . box plots show medians with the first and third quartile and 95 % confidence interval of the median
total numbers of o . marginalis nymphs surviving to the adult stage under the 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 and 15 . 4 mg n week −1 nitrogen treatments were : 6 in all cases with prey absent ; and 15 , 10 and 13 , respectively , with prey present . orthotylus marginalis survival was clearly higher on plants in the presence of prey ( f 1 , 72 = 22 . 41 , p < 0 . 001 ) , but there was no difference in survival on plants under different nitrogen treatments ( f 2 , 72 = 1 . 50 , p = 0 . 23 ) . however , these results should be treated cautiously as various mortality factors , such as parasitization and molting failure , were not necessarily related to leaf nitrogen status . mortality due to parasitization was 16 % for o . marginalis with no prey and 11 % with prey present .
performance related to leaf nitrogen status . dry weight ( mg ) of orthotylus marginalis adults in the a absence ( n = 18 ) and b presence of prey ( n = 38 ) on plants exposed to different nitrogen treatments . performance differed between all nitrogen treatments in the absence of prey at p < 0 . 01 , but there was no difference between any of the treatments in the presence of prey . box plots show medians with the first and third quartile and 95 % confidence interval of the median
population variability related to leaf nitrogen status . variability ( cv = coefficient of variation ) in population density of orthotylus marginalis related to measured spad values ( relative difference in leaf nitrogen concentration— lower horizontal scale ) and to the predicted corresponding leaf nitrogen concentration ( upper horizontal scale ) . solid and dotted lines indicate model predictions and standard error of predicted means ( r 2 = 0 . 53 ) , respectively . open circles are data points used in the model . data points indicated by crosses were not considered in the model . population variability was calculated from data collected in 15 stands over 10 years . a small cv represents high stability between years
two new records of the subfamily orthotylinae ( heteroptera : miridae : orthotylinae ) , zanchius tarasovi kerzhner , 1988 and orthotylus bilineatus ( fallén , 1807 ) , are reported for the first time to the korean fauna . the genus zanchius is also first recorded from the korean peninsula . redescriptions of genitalia , diagnoses of each species and genus , and biological notes are presented with the photographs and illustrations .
the effects of leaf nitrogen status on performance and predation rate in the greenhouse experiment were examined using two glmms . response variables in the two performance models were o . marginalis survival ( binomial distribution , logit link ) and adult dry weight ( µg ) ( poisson distribution , log link ) . the response variable in the predation model was total egg consumption by o . marginalis ( poisson distribution , log link ) using an offset for development time ( days ) and adult dry weight ( mg ) . over - dispersion was accounted for using quasi - models . fixed effects in both performance models were nitrogen treatment and the presence / absence of prey , and in the predation model nitrogen treatment . we incorporated a variance structure in the omnivore performance models to account for differences in residual spread between groups with and without prey . gray willow clone was included as a random effect in all models .
altogether 90 o . marginalis nymphs were collected for the greenhouse experiment from the same gray willow stand . all individuals were collected simultaneously , on the first day that first stage nymphs appeared in late may . the nymphs were randomly assigned to plants under different nitrogen treatments and plants with or without prey : 45 to plants with prey and 45 to plants without prey . perforated plastic bags ( 0 . 5 mm diameter perforations , baumann saatzuchtbedarf , germany ) sealed at the base of the pot , prevented mirids from escaping and stopped potential prey from accessing the plants .
the relationship between o . marginalis population density and gray willow leaf nitrogen status in the field study was examined using a generalized linear mixed model ( glmm ) ( poisson distribution , log link function ) with an offset for number of samples in each stand . the fixed effects were the spad values recorded in june , sampling year and stand area . by treating gray willow stand as a random effect , the model intercept was allowed to vary between stands and between years within stands . temporal autocorrelation was accounted for by introducing an autoregressive first - order structure , with observation year nested within willow stand .
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is one of the larger species and is found on willows and sallows . the upper surface is covered in dense pale hairs , and the membrane veins are green . the 1st antennal segment is brownish .
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are 6 millimetres ( 0 . 24 in ) long , and are green coloured . their upper surface is covered with dense pale hairs , with brownish
kerzhner i . m . , josifov m . ( 1999 ) .
family miridae
. in aukema , berend and rieger , christian . catalogue of the heteroptera of the palaearctic region . 3 , cimicomorpha ii . amsterdam : netherlands entomological society . pp . 1–577 , pages 253 & 263 . isbn 978 - 90 - 71912 - 19 - 1 .
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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .
adults are 6 millimetres ( 0 . 24 in ) long , and are green coloured . their upper surface is covered with dense pale hairs , with brownish antennas .
the species members feed on alder , apple trees , currant , sloe , sallow , and willows . adults feed on aphididae , carabidae , and psyllidae . in some cases , they also feed on plants of pear trees , causing the pears to have stoney pits , among other damages .
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open access this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made .
the online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007 / s00442 - 016 - 3742 - y ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
plant traits , such as nutrient status , morphology and secondary metabolites affect herbivore performance , long - term population dynamics and community structure and can even cascade across trophic levels to mediate trophic interactions ( price et al . 1980 ; underwood and rausher 2000 ; harvey et al . 2003 ; dalin and björkman 2003 ; kagata and ohgushi 2006 ; bukovinszky et al . 2008 ; carmona et al . 2011 ; volf et al . 2015 ) . the interactions between plant - feeding omnivores and their herbivore prey can be mediated by plant traits ( 1 ) via density effects and ( 2 ) by altering the omnivores’ trophic status ( behavioral effects ) ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; eubanks 2005 ) .
omnivory and trophic behavior is determined by evolutionary history , driven by resource abundance and quality to optimize nutritional needs ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; coll and guershon 2002 ; eubanks et al . 2003 ) . plant feeding allows for survival of small omnivore nymph stages and for persistence during periods of rapidly declining prey densities ( naranjo and gibson 1996 ; wheeler 2001 ; coll and guershon 2002 ; eubanks and styrsky 2005 ) . feeding on high - quality host plants can , thus , strengthen the buffering effect of this alternative resource , which should increase and stabilize omnivore population density and enhance the long - term predation pressure ( density effect ) . high plant quality can , however , also increase the omnivores’ relative consumption of plant resources and reduce the average per capita predation rate ( behavioral effect ) ( eubanks and denno 2000 ; coll and guershon 2002 ) .
nitrogen concentration is a characteristic of plant nutrient status with a potentially strong direct effect on omnivore performance in the absence of prey , which is also relevant for comparing the relative importance of resources at different trophic levels ( eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; fagan et al . 2002 ; denno and fagan 2003 ; matsumura et al . 2004 ) . herbivore population density commonly increases on nitrogen enriched plants ( mattson 1980 ; awmack and leather 2002 ) and sap - feeding insects ( i . e . , many heteropteran omnivores ) may be especially responsive to enhanced plant nitrogen , since they feed selectively and often on tissue that does not contain nitrogen - based allelochemicals ( toxic secondary metabolites ) ( holopainen et al . 1992 ; wheeler 2001 ; huberty and denno 2004 ) . nitrogen concentration is substantially lower in plant than in herbivore biomass and the relative abundance of nitrogen in relation to growth conditions is , by orders of magnitude , more variable in plants than in herbivores ( mattson 1980 ; sterner and elser 2002 ; andersen et al . 2004 ) . the stoichiometric mismatch in nitrogen across trophic levels has also been critical for the evolution of omnivory in heteropteran insects ( eubanks et al . 2003 ) .
the gray willow ( salix cinerea l . ) grows in wet moderately nutrient - rich soils and often forms dense stands along small streams , ditches and pastures and at forest edges ( jonsell 2000 ) . stands generally consist of individuals of the same clone and range from a few square meters to several hectares in size ( although small stands are more common ) .
leaf nitrogen status in the field study and the greenhouse experiment was estimated using an optical chlorophyll meter ( model , spad - 502 , konica minolta sensing , japan ) . this is a non - destructive alternative to analytical methods that can be used to estimate leaf nitrogen content per unit area ; the method is commonly used in plant sciences and has been extensively evaluated for a number of hardwoods , including salix and populus species ( bonneville and fyles 2006 ; weih and rönnberg - wästjung 2007 ; bonosi et al . 2010 ) . spad values are , however , mainly useful for relative comparisons of nitrogen content in leaves , under similar environmental conditions ( chang and robison 2003 ) .
one - year - old shoots were cut from 15 of the gray willow stands and used to create a leaf nitrogen gradient in the greenhouse , similar to the one recorded in the field . the shoots were stored at −5 °c for 3 months and then divided into 90 ( 6 × 15 ) cuttings ( length 20 cm , diameter 0 . 9–1 . 7 cm ) . the cuttings were placed in water in the greenhouse for 2 weeks to initiate root development , before being planted in pots with 2 dm 3 sand ( grain size 0 . 2–1 mm ) . the insides of the pots were lined with cloth , so that water and air ( but not the sand ) could pass through the holes in the base of the pots . the sand was saturated with water at all times . this ensured that water availability would not influence access to nitrogen and simulated the conditions gray willows experience in the field ( growing in wet soils or more or less directly in water ) .
six cuttings from each of the 15 stands were randomly assigned to three different fertilization treatments in the greenhouse , corresponding to 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 or 15 . 4 mg n × week −1 . these fertilization levels were used in a preceding pilot study and therefore known to create nitrogen levels similar to those observed in gray willow stands in the field . to fertilize the plants we used a complete nutrient solution , ‘blomstra’ ( wallco , sweden ) ( n : p : k 5 : 1 : 4 . 3 , ph 7 . 8 ) . the temperature in the greenhouse ranged from 18 to 24 °c . leaf nitrogen status of plants in the greenhouse was recorded 30 days after the first fertilizer application to ensure that the selected treatments resulted in leaf nitrogen concentrations similar to those observed in the field . spad values were recorded at five different positions between the mid - rib and the leaf margin , on three leaves from the mid part of each plant .
the relationship between spad - 502 chlorophyll meter values and leaf nitrogen concentrations was determined using three leaf samples collected from each gray willow stand ( n = 51 ) in the field in june , 2011 , covering almost the full spectrum of values found in gray willow stands at that time of the year . in addition , three leaf samples were collected from clones of the same willows grown in the greenhouse ( n = 45 ) . the aim was to determine whether the relationship between spad values and nitrogen concentrations differed between greenhouse and field samples , for instance due to differences in light and hydrological conditions . mass - based leaf nitrogen concentrations of sampled leaves were determined by gas chromatography using a carlo erba na 1500 elemental analyzer ( carlo erba , milano , italy ) .
the relationship between spad values and mass - based leaf nitrogen concentrations in leaves sampled in the field and in the greenhouse experiment was validated using a linear model . leaf origin was treated as a fixed effect in the model .
the predicted difference in spad values between gray willow stands in the field study and nitrogen treatments in the greenhouse experiment was tested using two separate linear mixed models . potential correlation between data points due to repeated measures of spad values in the field was accounted for by incorporating a first - order autoregressive correlation structure for the time variable ( month ) . by treating stand as a random effect in the models , the intercept was allowed to vary among willow clones .
two measures were used to estimate population variability : the coefficient of variation ( cv ) and the inter - quartile ratio ( iqr ) . cv was calculated for each stand by dividing the standard deviation of density by the mean density . cv thus provides a standardized measure of variability which allows for comparisons regardless of the mean . however , cv is sensitive to zero counts and low means ( heath 2006 ) . the iqr equals the inter - quartile range divided by the median and provides an alternative measure of variability that is independent of both observation extremes and the mean . we fitted two separate linear models with the response variable population variability expressed either as cv or iqr and leaf nitrogen status and willow stand area as fixed effects . cv and iqr were estimated using a subset of the population density data ( for 15 stands , 1999–2008 ) . the selection of data was intended to optimize the number of stands sampled over the same years and the longest continuous time period . the model was restricted to spad values in the range 30–36 because of the low number of observations below this range ( spad < 30 ) . including or excluding the two observations in this lower range in the model did not change the overall results .
analyses were performed in r version 3 . 1 . 0 ( r development core team 2014 ) using the mass package glmmpql function for the poisson glmms ( venables and ripley 2002 ) and the nlme package lme function for the linear mixed model ( pinheiro et al . 2011 ) .
) . the relationship was best described by the model spad = 0 . 41n
spad - leaf nitrogen validation models plotted with field - and greenhouse - recorded leaf nitrogen gradients . predictions were based on linear models describing the relationship between spad values and leaf nitrogen concentrations ( mg × g −1 ) in gray willow leaves ( r 2 = 0 . 67 ) , collected in the greenhouse ( solid line ) and the field ( dotted line ) . fine dotted gray lines are standard errors of prediction estimates . open squares show mean spad values recorded in june for 17 gray willow ( salix cinerea ) stands in forest and open habitats ( squares with white and gray backgrounds , respectively ) . solid squares show mean greenhouse spad values recorded under the 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 and 15 . 4 mg n × week −1 nitrogen treatments . bars show standard errors
the recorded spad values ranged from 25 . 07 to 36 . 39 in may and from 20 . 06 to 36 . 72 in june ( fig .
< 0 . 001 ) . when spad values were translated into nitrogen concentrations using the spad–nitrogen validation for gray willow in the greenhouse , the range was similar to the field - recorded nitrogen concentrations ( fig .
) . population density increased by 195 % with a spad value increase from 30 . 75 to 36 . 49 , which is approximately equivalent to an average increase in leaf nitrogen from 26 to 40 mgn × g
= 0 . 44 ) . population variability , expressed as cv , decreased by 63 % with a spad value increase from 30 . 75 to 36 . 49 , which is approximately equivalent to an average increase in leaf nitrogen from 26 to 40 mgn × g
) . adults with access to both plant and prey exhibited , on average , 89 % higher dry weight , compared to individuals without access to prey . dry weight of individuals without prey increased by , on average , 69 % from the lowest ( 1 . 4 mg n week
< 0 . 01 . predation rate decreased by , on average , 28 % from the lowest ( 1 . 4 mg n week
we utilized a combination of data from long - term field studies and controlled greenhouse experiments to show that feeding on plant resources with a high nitrogen status increases and stabilizes omnivore population density , and enhances performance in the absence of prey . to our knowledge , this is the first empirical evidence under field conditions for this effect . moreover , we found that leaf nitrogen status can alter the omnivore’s trophic behavior : individuals on plants with higher nitrogen status consume less prey . both results are consistent with accumulating ( but scattered ) evidence linking the distribution , dispersal , performance , oviposition preference and trophic behavior of omnivorous insects to intra - specific variation in plant quality ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; eubanks and styrsky 2005 ; groenteman et al . 2006 ; jiménez et al . 2012 ) .
the long - term population level effect and the behavioral effect ( plant vs . prey feeding ) of leaf nitrogen status differed with respect to the consequence for omnivore prey suppression and the outcome of the plant–herbivore–omnivore interaction . the different environmental conditions ( field vs . greenhouse ) and spatial and temporal scales make it impossible to integrate the effects entirely and to predict the net outcome of leaf nitrogen status on prey suppression . the density effect associated with increased plant nutrient status seems , however , as expected , to be stronger than the per capita changes in trophic behavior—especially when longer time scales are considered ( eubanks and denno 2000 ) . consequently , we expect the long - term effect of high leaf nitrogen status ( population stability ) to outweigh the short - term behavioral effect on per capita predation rates—resulting in a net increase in population predation rates with increasing leaf nitrogen status .
supplementary material 3 ( csv 1 kb ) ( 1 . 6k , csv )
supplementary material 4 ( csv 8 kb ) ( 8 . 9k , csv )
supplementary material 5 ( csv 3 kb ) ( 3 . 1k , csv )
we thank martin weih for advice on spad - nitrogen validation , tomas grönqvist for gc analyses , marie melander and karin eklund for field assistance . support for this work was provided by energimyndigheten , future forests and the oscar and lili lamm foundation .
asl , pd and cb conceived and designed the experiments . asl and pd collected the data . asl analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript ; other authors provided editorial advice .
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biology of the plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) : pests , predators , opportunists .
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the species can be found on oraches and chenopods , which is their main food .
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sources results page - southwood , t . r . e . & leston , d . ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles 1 - 436 : 261
the influence of plant sex on the performance of a detrimental herbivore and two biocontrol agents in the dioecious grey willow , salix cinerea .
dioecious plants can be used as model systems for studying how variation in host plants affects plant - insect interactions . this thesis describes investigations into the impact of plant sex on plant - herbivore - predator interactions for the host plant salix cinerea . both herbivores and predators were found to prefer female plants , all other things being equal . as a result , top - down control had a more significant impact on the herbivore population on female plants than was the case for males . despite this , phratora beetles were more abundant on , and preferred , female plants . this may be due to bottom - up control , since female plants have longer leaves . both herbivores and biocontrol agents were more abundant on female plants in the field . because of predation by omnivores , survival rates for herbivore eggs on female plants were lower than those for male plants , and omnivore predation was the primary cause of death among herbivore eggs . these findings may provide novel opportunities for pest control in salix short rotation coppices .
( nl , nj ) > dept . of ecology ( s ) > dept . of ecology
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atergatis subdentatus , also known as the red reef crab , dark-finger coral crab or eyed coral crab , is a species of crab in the family xanthidae .

atergatis subdentatus

animalia - arthropoda - crustacea - malacostraca - decapoda - brachyura - xanthidae - atergatis - a . subdentatus
let ' s do some zoology ! - red reef crab ( atergatis subdentatus ) also known . . .
» species cancer ( atergatis ) frontalis de haan , 1835 accepted as atergatis latissimus ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )
distribution & ecology : wallis & futuna ( ? futuna ) . regional records : wallis & futuna - atergatis subdentatus - poupin & juncker , in preparation ( ? futuna , det . from photograph only and serčne , 1984 key ) . depth distribution : 1 - 10 m
looking at gosliner , et al , again , i think i can rule a . subdentatus out as they list
philippines and japan ) for distribution . the photographs were taken on the gbr .
i don ' t know if the dark spot enclosing 2 smaller white spots belongs to a . subdentatus or carpilius convexus . some of what i ' ve found indicates that it ' s characteristic of c . convexus so i ' m confused . . . . . ( as usual )
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
broadly subquadrilateral , regions ill - defined , covered with very fine punctulation near the anterior and antero - lateral borders . antero - lateral borders well convex and arched and with no distinct indentation , the
bears two obtuse teeth at inner angle , followed by four to five bundles of brush - like hairs .
de haan , w . , 1833 - 1849 . crustacea . in : ph . f . von siebold , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : ix - xvi , i - xxi , vii - xvii , 1 - 243 , pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 . ( for dates see sherborn & jentink , 1895 and holthuis , 1953 . )
milne edwards , a . , 1865c . études zoologiques sur les crustacés récents de la famille des cancériens . cancérides , pirimélides , carpilides , première partie . nouvelles archives du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 1 : 177 - 308 , pls 11 - 19 .
miyake , s . , 1983 . japanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color . vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) , i - viii , 1 - 277 , pls 1 - 64 . hoikusha , osaka . ( in japanese ; second edition in 1992 )
muraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .
ortmann , a . e . , 1893b . die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums , mit besonderer berücksichtigung der von herrn dr . döderlein bei japan und bei den liu - kiu - inseln gesammelten und zur zeit im strassburger museum aufbewahrten formen . theil vii . abteilung brachyura ( brachyura genuina boas ) , ii . unterabteilung : cancroidea , 2 . section : cancrinea , 1 . gruppe : cyclometopa . zoologische jahrbücher , abtheilung für systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 7 : 411 - 495 , pl . 17 .
parisi , b . , 1916 . i decapodi giapponesi del museo di milano . iv . cyclometopa . atti societas italiano sciences naturelle , 55 : 153 - 190 , 4 figs , pls 7 - 11 . ( in italian )
sakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )
sakai , t . , 1939 . studies on the crabs of japan . iv . brachygnatha , brachyrhyncha , pp . 365 - 741 , figs 1 - 129 , pls 42 - 111 , table 1 . yokendo co . , tokyo .
sakai , t . , 1965b . the crabs of sagami bay , collected by his majesty the emperor of japan , i - xvi , 1 - 206 ( english text ) , figs 1 - 27 , pls 1 - 100 : 1 - 92 ( japanese text ) : 1 - 26 ( references and index in english ) : 27 - 32 ( index in japanese ) , 1 map . maruzen co . , tokyo .
sakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .
serène , r . , 1984 . crustacés décapodes brachyoures de l ' océan indien occidental et de la mer rouge , xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . avec un addendum par crosnier ( a ) : carpiliidae et menippidae . faune tropicale , no . xxiv : 1 - 349 , figs a - c + 1 - 243 , pls 1 - 48 . ( in french ) ( translated into english by r . w . ingle ) .
wada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )
yamaguchi , t . & k . baba , 1993 . crustacean specimens collected in japan by ph . f . von siebold and h . bürger and held by the nationaal natuurhistorisch museum in leiden and other museums . in : t . yamaguchi ( ed . ) , ph . von siebold and natural history of japan . crustacea . carcinological society of japan : 145 - 570 , figs 1 - 200 d + ii a - f + 3 fig . n . n . + iii a - d .
yamaguchi , t . , 1993 . a list of species described in the crustacea volume of fauna japonica as belonging to the japanese fauna . in : t . yamaguchi ( ed . ) , ph . von siebold and natural history of japan . crustacea . carcinological society of japan : 571 - 598 , figs 1 - 2 .
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the xanthid crabs include a number of known poisonous species that are highly toxic and not to be eaten . ( see : hawaiian pom pom crab . ) the neurotoxin is reportedly similar to that found in certain pufferfishes and is not destroyed by cooking .
small specimens of this species sometimes make their way into the aquarium trade or into aquariums hitch - hiking on live rock . they can be quite destructive in a reef aquarium , but fascinating to watch in a setting without vulnerable invertebrates .
this reddish - brown crab may have symmetrically distributed red or yellow splotches , and its claw tips may be dark or black . its carapace has a texture similar to that of an orange peel .
habitat : rocky reefs , inshore areas , 3 m to 30 m deep ( 10 to 98 ft . ) .
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tanglenetted at 120 - 150 m . masbate . philippines . cw 16 mm .
dived at 12 m under rock , rubble and sea weed . bahia de bandeiras . jalisco . mexico . 2012 . cw 51 mm .
philippines . bohol . collected by local fishermen by tangle nets at 100 m . cw 120 mm .
japanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) .
systema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .
in : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 379 - 418 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
hi , i ' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated
: compilation of references cited in poupin ( 1996 , 1998 , 2003 ) and poupin et al . ( 2009 ) - pdf 412 ko
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, but i ' m not sure about the lighter patterns . any ideas ?
diagnostic characters : carapace ovate ; dorsal surface very smooth and convex . colour : uniform red to reddish brown , with irregular dark brown patches on the dorsal surface of carapace .
allen and steene have two photographs of c . convexus . one is uniformly coloured with the dark spot with two smaller white spots in the centre of the carapace . the other shows a more mottled form . perhaps it is c . convexus after all .
species name pilodius spinipes heller , 1861 identification key all four spines of the antero - lateral margin equal . cheliped carpus with single furrow anteriorly . 2 p with single sinuous transverse row of adjoining pearliform granules .
clark and galii 1993 , journal of national history , vol . 27 , p . 1155
» species cancer ( eudora ) incisus de haan , 1833 accepted as ozius guttatus h . milne edwards , 1834 ( nomen nudum )
» species cancer ( thelphusa ) tridens de haan , 1835 accepted as parathelphusa tridentata h . milne edwards , 1853 ( nomen nudum )
species cancer acantha h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea acantha ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )
species cancer aculeatus o . fabricius , 1780 accepted as lebbeus groenlandicus ( fabricius , 1775 )
species cancer buso k . sakai accepted as hyas araneus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( incorrect spelling )
species cancer calculosa h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea calculosa ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )
, composite species based on description by brown ( 1756 ) , which referred in part to an east american species of petrochirus and one or more indo - pacific species of coenobita . linnaeus ( 1767 ) subsequently applied the specific name diogenes to the species of )
, transferred to calcinus by holthuis ( 1977 ) as senior synonym of c . ornatus ( roux , 1830 ) )
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]


ranularia gutturnia is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons .

ranularia gutturnia

( of tudicla gutturnia röding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of ranularia labiata schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of ranularia longirostra schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of ranularia clavator ( dillwyn , 1817 ) ) spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of monoplex formosus perry , 1811 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex clavator dillwyn , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of tritonium macrourum link , 1807 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of cymatium gutturnium ( röding , 1798 ) ) beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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rare in the marshalls . we have seen only four living specimens and several empty shells , mostly in lagoon halimeda patches at depths of 6 to 8m . the first three photos show the first living specimen , observed on 20 september 2009 .
the second living specimen was found on 8 april 2012 , also in a lagoon halimeda patch .
a young individual observed in an algae patch on a sandy kwajalein lagoon slope on 24 july 2016 .
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' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . ( x2 ) for 2 pieces or ( 10g ) for a portion of 10 grams .
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neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america : contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus .
in : molluscabase ( 2015 ) accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2017 - 01 - 13 .
in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 285 - 291 ( in japanese ) .
accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2012 - 10 - 16 .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )


parcoblatta fulvescens , the fulvous wood cockroach , is a species of cockroach endemic to the united states and possibly canada that measures around 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) long .

parcoblatta fulvescens

might be virginica or even fulvescens cause some of the males in the pics u posted look similar to fulvescens males .
moved from zebra wood cockroach . this one actually appears to be p . fulvescens , which is probably the most common species of parcoblatta in ok
i guess this female is a parcoblatta uhleriana . they are the most common here .
1 . female parcoblalta fulvescens feed selectively on diets differing in nutrient content when given a choice during the reproductive cycle .
hello . i caught some parcoblatta and i cannot find pictures of many of the species . i might have four species of parcoblatta right now . can somebody post some pictures of p . zebra , p . lata , p . fulvescens , p . caudellia and p . notha ? if you can post pictures of any of the other species of parcoblatta i would love to see them too !
ps . male p . lata has black abdomen by the way . fulvescens look similar to p . lata but doesn ' t have black abdomen .
life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .
journal article : life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .
life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . ( journal article ) | osti . gov
horn , scott , & hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
horn , scott , and hanula , james , l . tue .
life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .
. united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . urltoken
horn , scott , and hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states : n . p . , 2002 . web . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
wood cockroaches are an important prey of the red - cockaded woodpecker , picoides borealis , an endangered species inhabiting pine forests in the southern united states . these woodpeckers forage on the boles of live pine trees , but their prey consists of a high proportion of wood cockroaches , parcoblatta spp . , that are more commonly associated with dead plant material . cockroach population density samples were conducted on live pine trees , dead snags and coarse woody debris on the ground . the studies showed that snags and logs are also important habitats of wood cockroaches in pine forests .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by bryan e . reynolds on 17 july , 2016 - 11 : 28am last updated 21 july , 2016 - 8 : 33am
thanks for the clarification , alan , and sorry for jumping the gun . these buggers sure look similar . next time i ' ll post into the family level .
a lot of the species in this genus look alike so it ' s hard to distinguish them from one another , even for the experts .
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beccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0
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2 . diets high in carbohydrate and protein content are preferred early in the cycle , while a cellulose - containing diet is readily consumed toward the end of the cycle .
3 . the total diet consumed by females given a choice contained about 16 % protein , and they did not excrete uric acid while on this diet .
4 . females on diets high in carbohydrate or cellulose required longer to complete the reproductive cycle than females on high - protein diet or those given a dietary choice .
5 . nitrogen - stressed females will consume urate - containing fecal pellets , but only if they have utilizable carbohydrate in their diet .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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atkinson , thomas h . , philip g . koehler , and richard s . patterson
nomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america : vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the largest family of the order , with ~ 35 spp . ( incl . several adventive ) in 14 genera of 4 subfamilies in our area and ~ 2 , 300 spp . in ~ 220 genera of 7 subfamilies worldwide
american insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .
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great ! thank you for the pictures ! i took some picture today . here .
i do not know if these orange males are p . uhleriana or p . lata .
i am guessing that this one is a p . virginica male . they are a lot smaller ( just slightly bigger than the p . bolliana males ) than the other males and they have the dark head . they are faster too .
here is a p . bolliana or what i think is a p . bolliana . adult male .
i do not know what these are . most of the big orange males i think came from black nymphs which i thought were i . deropeltiformis .
here are an adult female and adult male of what i think are p . bolliana .
i know some of the big orange ones molted recently so maybe they are not the normal color yet .
this one i am not sure what it is . what is this adult female ? is it p . lata ? it molted over a day ago ( yesterday in the daytime ) .
this male was slightly different in color . a few of the big orange males are smaller than normal and some have different color like this ( did not get a good look so not sure exactly how ) .
i caught this p . virginica in leaves with p . uhleriana . they are tiny ! she was chewing on me while i was taking a picture . . . . . so it was hard to take a pic without shaking so much
i don ' t think u have any i . deropeltiformis in the pics . there might be some pseudomops nymphs in there by the way .
very interesting ! i do not think she is a p . virginica or a p . fulviscens . she is a lot bigger than the p . virginica ( close to p . uhleriana size ) . she has slightly different wings from p . fulviscens . yes , i can sell some p . uhleriana if they start breeding . it seems to be dryer now outside than it used to be a few months ago and because of that i think there are fewer roaches . i am having a hard time finding many roaches , i mean i can easily find some but just not very many . are the p . uhleriana common in your area ?
i don ' t think p . uhleriana is present in my area ( they do occur in my state but i haven ' t seen any yet ) .
how much are you asking for a pair of p . uhleriana adults ? i ' m interested in about two pairs
only two pairs ? i think i can find more than that . i will look today . can you tell what the p . uhleriana adult males look like ? you live in alabama right ? just pay for the shipping and i will send them to you . how much do you think the shipping will be ?
i found another adult female p . uhleriana today . it is harder than i thought . i do not think i can get very many . the places i go to do not have anymore roaches . i need to find other places . i have only one adult female ischnoptera deropeltiformis so i need a male and i hope one of them are i . deropeltiformis lol . i think i found some more of the ones that look like the pseudomops . do you want me to send some now or in the future if they breed ?
i would love to get some adults soon so that i can not only breed them but i would be able to send some to zephyr on june . do you think it will be possible to send me 2 or more pairs of adults ?
ps this one might be the p . uhleriana male . was this specimen black when he was nymph ?
okay . i do not know if that one was black as a nymph ( i got him as an adult ) . i have one sub - adult male nymph that is black and has that little brown spot close to the tip of the abdomen on top . another sub - adult male roach molted yesterday and it was dark rusty brown like this black one on top . it did not have that brown spot and it was less shiny . i found these p . uhleriana like roaches in thick white oak and red oak like leaves .
perhaps you could put one of the specimen in the fridge for about 10 ~ 15 min . and take the pics of median segment under the wing ?
sure i will do that ! but i am going to have a concert soon so maybe i cannot put the picture here this afternoon .
these are the best pictures i can get . i am scared that i am going to kill them holding them like this . are these two pictures good enough to find out what species they are ? this male is limping and his front legs do not work now . my hands a shaky . what are the p . uhleriana supposed to have ?
have a pair of structures on the median segment ( and not the first abdominal segment ) . these structures do not meet in the midline to form a ridge . the wings are markedly broader than the pronotum in
please could you explain what they mean ? like what the ridge looks like . i might be able to look at them quickly without out hurting them and see what they are .
do you see those two dot looking thing below the pronotum ? that ' s the pair of modified structure that we are looking for .
thank you for the clear pictures . here are some more pictures i took .
this one is a strange one . it laid an ootheca that looked like the other p . uhleriana . but she has smaller and more round wings . i think she is the smallest of them all . cariblatta your p . uhleriana should be laying oothecae by now . have they ?
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abed , d . , brossut , r . , and farine , j . - p . 1993a . evidence for sex pheromones produced by males and females in
abed , d . , chevied , p . , farine , j . - p . , bonnard , o . , le quéré , j . l . , and brossut , r . 1993b . calling behaviour of female
atkinson , t . h . , koehler , p . g . , and patterson , r . s . 1991 . catalog and atlas of the cockroaches ( dictyoptera ) of north america north of mexico .
breed , m . d . 1983 . cockroach mating systems , pp . 268 - 284 , in d . t . gwyne and g . k . moris ( eds . ) .
charlton , r . e . , webster , f . x . , zhang , a . , schal , c . , liang , d . , sreng , i . , and roelofs , w . l . 1993 . sex pheromone for the brownbanded cockroach is an unusual dialkyl - substituted α - pyrone .
farine , j . - p . , evaraerst , c . , abed , d . , ntari , m . , and brossut , r . 1996 . pheromonal emission during the mating behavior of
gautier , j . y . , deleporte , p . , and rivault , c . 1988 . relationships between ecology and behavior in cockroaches , pp . 335 - 351 , in c . n . slobodchikoff ( ed . ) .
gemeno , c . and schal , c . 2003 . sex pheromones of cockroaches . in r . t . cardé and j . millar ( eds . ) .
gorton , r . e . , jr . 1980 . a comparative ecological study of the wood cockroaches in northeastern kansas .
gorton , r . e . , jr . 1981 . behavioral and ecological correlations within a cockroach community .
hanula , j . l . and engstrom , r . t . 2000 . comparison of red - cockaded woodpecker (
hebard , m . 1917 . the blattidae of north america north of the mexican boundary .
kurtti , t . j . and brooks , m . a . 1976 . the dissociation of insect embryos for cell culture .
liang , d . and schal , c . 1993a . calling behavior of the female german cockroach ,
liang , d . and schal , c . 1993b . ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female german cockroach ,
nishino , c . , tobin , t . r . , and bowers , w . s . 1977 . electroantennogram responses of the american cockroach to germacrene d sex pheromone mimic .
noirot , c . and quennedey , a . 1974 . fine structure of insect epidermal glands .
roth , l . m . and barth , r . h . , jr . 1967 . the sense organs employed by cockroaches in mating behavior .
schal , c . and bell , w . j . 1985 . calling behavior in female cockroaches ( dictyoptera , blattaria ) .
schal , c . , gautier , j . - y . , and bell , w . j . 1984 . behavioural ecology of cockroaches .
schal , c . , liang , d . , hazarika , l . k . , charlton , r . e . , and roelofs , w . l . 1992 . site of pheromone production in female
schal , c . , liang , d . , and blomquist , g . j . 1996 . neural and endocrine control of pheromone production and release in cockroaches , pp . 3 - 20 , in r . t . cardé and a . k . minks ( eds . ) .
smith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990a . corpus allatum control of sex pheromone production and calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,
smith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990b . the physiological basis for the termination of calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,
smith , a . f . and schal , c . 1991 . circadian calling behavior in the adult female brown - banded cockroach ,
sreng , l . 1993 . cockroach mating behaviors , sex pheromones , and abdominal glands ( dyctioptera : blaberidae ) .
sreng , l . 1998 . apostosis - inducing brain factors in maturation of an insect sex pheromone gland during differentiation .
tokro , p . g . , brossut , r . , and sreng , l . 1993 . studies on the sex pheromone of female
wendelken , p . and barth , r . h . 1971 . the mating behavior of
( saussure and zehntner ) ( blattaria , blaberoidea , blattellidae , blattellinae ) .
yang , h . - t . , chow , y . - s . , peng , w . - k . , and hsu , e . - l . 1998 . evidence for the site of female sex pheromone production in
gemeno , c . , snook , k . , benda , n . et al . j chem ecol ( 2003 ) 29 : 37 . urltoken
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presence and absence of bats across habitat scales in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .
abstract during 2001 , we used active acoustical sampling ( anabat ii ) to survey foraging habitat relationships of bats on the savannah river site ( srs ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina . using an a priori information - theoretic approach , we conducted logistic regression analysis to examine presence of individual bat species relative to a suite of microhabitat , stand , and landscape - level features such as forest structural metrics , forest type , proximity to riparian zones and carolina bay wetlands , insect abundance , and weather . there was considerable empirical support to suggest that the majority of the activity of bats across most of the 6 species occurred
effect of habitat and foraging height on bat activity in the coastal plain of south carolina .
a comparison of bat activity levels in the coastal plain of south carolina among 5 habitat types : forested riparian areas , clearcuts , young pine plantations , mature pine plantations and pine savannas , using time expansion radio - microphones and integrated detectors to simultaneously monitor bat activity at three heights in each habitat type .
tree - roost characteristics of subadult and female adult bats ( nyctieius humeralis ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .
tree - roost of evening bats were identified by radio tracking of 14 individuals at the srs . bats roosted in longleaf pine cavities under exfoliating bark in snags near beaver ponds . the roosting occurred in open park like stands . no evening bats roosted in the more dense bottomland hardwood stands or mixed pine hardwood stands . none were observed in loblolly stands .
assessment and comparison of richness , abundance and difference of herpetofauna at five small isolated wetlands located within a commercial forest landscape in the south carolina coastal plain . data indicates small isolated wetlands are focal points of herpetofaunal richness and abundance in managed coastal plain forest and contribute more to regional biodiversity than is implied by their small size or ephemeral hydrology .
factors limiting regeneration of quercus alba and cornus florida in formerly cultivated coastal plain sites , south carolina .
[ cite : 595888 ] bg ' standard ' source covering roach & termite species of the world . navigate by classification tree
[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada .
[ cite : 1185947 the collection holds more than 3 . 5 million insect specimens and is one of the largest university insect collections in the world . all groups of insects are represented in the collection , and we are recognized for our holdings of leafhoppers ( cicadellidae ) , beetles ( coleoptera ) , and true flies ( diptera ) . the triplehorn insect collection is housed within the museum of biological diversity , located on the west campus of the ohio state university in columbus , ohio . on 29 april , 2005 , the ohio state insect collection was renamed in honor of dr . charles a . triplehorn , professor of entomology and curator at osu between 1962 and 1992 .
keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr . vol . i : apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabola
taxonomy outdated ; otherwise , a sound source with lots of useful info . english version : keys to the insects of the european ussr . ( keys to the fauna of the ussr no . 84 ) jerusalem : israel program for scientific translations , 1967 . 1214 pp .
full text hunter , w . d . , f . c . pratt , j . d . mitchell . 1912 . the principal cactus insects of the united states . usda bureau of entomology bulletin 113 : 1 - 71 .
by furniss , r . l . and carolin , v . m . 1977 .
u . s . d . a . forest service misc . publ . 1339 , 1977
shorthouse j . d . , floate k . d . ( eds . ) arthropods of canadian grasslands , vol . 1 : 199 - 225 , 2010
( translated by leigh e . chadwick ) one of the best books on insects ever written , period . lavishly illustrated by the author . a rare example of beautiful book design and typesetting work . written by a swiss naturalist and painter , an authority on chrysididae . many editions available .
. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use .


heterobranchus boulengeri is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the democratic republic of the congo , zambia and zimbabwe .

it is found in lake mweru , the lukonzolwa river and the upper congo river .

heterobranchus boulengeri

heterobranchus boulengeri ( pellegrin 1922 , bu : 147 ) . . . heterobranchus longifilis . . . urltoken 6 eschmeyer reference - new / other species . . . boulengeri . to species summary . heterobranchus boulengeri . . . heterobranchus boulengeri . to species summary . microlepidogaster bourguyi . more
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
heterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840
.
( 1 ) large chrysichthys sharpii 6 , clarias sp . ( t ) heterobranchus boulengeri serranochromis spp . ( b ) ( 2 ) c . sharpii , clarias gariepinus ; c ngamensis ( t ) auchenoglanis occidentalis ( b )
c . ngamensis ; c . gariepinus ; h . boulengeri ; serranochromis sp . 2 . o . mweruensis ( t ) ; tilapia rendalli and clariids ( b )
c . michael hogan selected
range description
to show in overview on
heterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840
.
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
heterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840
.
heterobranchus : from the greek heteros , meaning different and branchos , meaning fin ; in reference to the presence of the two dorsal fins ( rayed and adipose ) . named to honour the belgian - british zoologist , george albert boulenger .
heterobranchus : from the greek heteros , meaning different and branchos , meaning fin ; in reference to the presence of the two dorsal fins ( rayed and adipose ) . the specific epithet comes from the latin longus , meaning long and filum , meaning thread ; in reference to the long barbels of the fish .
teugels , g . g . , b . denayer and m . legendre ( 1990 ) a systematic revision of the african catfish genus < i > heterobranchus < / i > geoffroy - saint - hilaire , 1809 ( pisces : clariidae ) . : zool . j . linn . soc . 98 : 237 - 257 .
head generally longer and much more flattened than in other heterobranchus species . in dorsal outline , spatulate . snout rectangular and lower jaw extending beyond upper . dark brown dorsally , on the flanks and on the upper side of the paired fins , light brown to greyish on the belly and the lower side of the paired fins . underparts of the head can be bright yellow .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
diet of adults consists of fishes . juveniles feed on insect larvae and other invertebrates ( ref . 78218 ) .
africa : lake mweru system below johnston falls , including mweru wantipa ( ref . 78218 ) , in democratic republic of the congo and zambia
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600mm or 23 . 6
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
the genital papilla , which is right below the anus , is elongated and pointy in males while it is round and relatively larger ( and larger than the anus ) in females . in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .
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pellegrin , j . 1922 . poissons nouveaux ou rares du musée du congo . revue zoologique africaine 10 : 272 - 280 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
mwape , l . m . ( 2003 ) bemba local names of lake fishes in northern zambia . : p . 246 - 249 . in m . l . d . palomares , b . samb , t . diouf , j . m . vakily and d . pauly ( eds . ) fish biodiversity : local studies as basis for global inferences . acp - eu fish . res . rep . 14 : 281 p .
varjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlström ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
hardly anything is known about the biology of this species ( ref . 78218 ) . maximum reported size for west africa : 800 mm tl ( ref . 57129 ) .
africa : nile ( ref . 3820 ) , senegal , gambia , volta , niger , benue rivers and lake chad ( ref . 57129 )
this database was established according to official pieces of work and with the help of famous scientists . however , there might be some errors .
the vernacular names were collected in the field and in the colonial literature from the first part of the 20th century . the monks who established the first dictionaries were not necessarily informed naturalists . therefore , errors must have been committed .
we invite everyone who could help us to improve this working tool to contact us in order to correct us and share her / his knowledge with us .
1500mm or 59 . 1
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
dorsal - fin rays 26 - 35 ; anal - fin rays 42 - 52 ; vertebrae 55 - 61 . head long , broad and somewhat rectangular in dorsal outline ; snout broadly rounded ; eyes with supero - lateral position . frontal fontanelle long and narrow ; occipital fontanelle oval - shaped . toothplates wide . suprabranchial organ well developed . pectoral spine strongly serrated on anterior side . adipose fin with blackish posterior part , nearly as long as dorsal fin ; caudal fin barred . openings of secondary canals hardly visible but display a regular pattern .
africa : nile , niger , sénégal , congo system , upper and middle zambezi . also from lakes tanganyika and edward gambia and bénoué river , chad and volta basins , and the coastal basins of guinea to nigeria .
simply anything digestible it can fit into its mouth . will therefore take all normal aquarium foods .
not really an aquarium fish . although largely inactive and so doesn ' t require a great deal more room than simply to turn around do bear in mind though that this fish can easily reach the size of 1m in captivity .
will attack surprisingly large fish often with fatal results , a greedy , voracious predator . one for a species tank .
during spawning , the male first follows the female , swimming with the head against the side of the female , interspersed with periods of solitary swimming or inactivity ) . the pair then swim head against head with the male on top . this is followed by the male folding the body first around the head , and then the body of the female . during the latter stage , eggs and sperm are released . the female then pushes her head into the substrate and beats her tail vigorously , mixing the eggs and sperm .
hist . nat . poiss . v . 15 - pp394 - pl . 447 poncin , petitfrere , vandewalle & ruwet ( 2002 ) , the reproductive behaviour of the african catfish heterobanchus longifilis ( siluriformes , clariidae ) in an aquarium - preliminary results .
( 1 ) arapaima , ( 2 ) dazza3 , who also notes :
fast growing . can be aggressive . very active . wet pet
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data for this species .
max . size in west africa reported as 510 mm tl ( ref . 57129 ) .
africa : coastal basins from the konkouré ( guinea ) to the cross ( cameroon ) ; present in the upper senegal , but apparently absent from the gambia and the niger ( ref . 57129 )
jennifer hammock removed an association between
zambezi river demersal habitat
and
hippopotamyrus discorhynchus ( peters , 1852 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
zambezi river demersal habitat
and
zaireichthys rotundiceps ( hilgendorf , 1905 )
.
management , co - management or no management ? major dilemmas in southern african freshwater fisheries . part 2 : case studies .
the high diversity of methods used could be complementary to each other in exploiting different parts of the fish community . this diversity in fishing patterns can be considered as adaptations to the large diversity of species in the fishery . characteristic of the specialization is that all gears require relatively low - investments ( traps , hooks and lines , etc . ) or , if requiring more investment as in case of gillnets , the gears can be used in a large variety of fishing patterns , thus making them highly adaptable to changing circumstances . all these gears also do not last long , a few years at the most , before they need to be replaced , again contributing to the high adaptability to changing circumstances . the only fishery that requires larger investments , the pelagic light fishery , has converged after initial years of experimentation on a low cost method , both in terms of capital and organization of labour . in the following paragraph we will discuss the result of both this adaptability and the huge increase in effort in particular of the gillnet based fishery .
1 . large variety of species ( t ) 2 . oreochromis mweruensis ( t ) 3 . serranochromis spp . ( t ) 4 . tylochromis mylodon ( t ) ; all areas : clarias or the other cichlids mentioned ( b ) , many other species ( o )
hydrocynus vittatus ; alestes macrophthalmus ( t ) cichlids , clarias spp . ( b ) large barbus and a variety of other species ( o )
o . mweruensis ( t ) serr . spp . ( b ) many other species e . g . hydrocynus , barbus etc . ( o )
t . mylodon ( t ) o . mweruensis and many other species ( b )
m . moeruensis ( t ) ; serr . macrocephalus ( b ) ; a . macrophthalmus ( b )
small and juvenile cichlids ( e . g . pseudocrenilabus philander ) ; small barbus spp . two main types : 1 . ( dominant ) clarias theodorae ; c . buthupogon ( t ) ctenopoma sp . ( b )
tilapia rendalli ( t ) . t . sparmanni ( t ) ; serranochromis sp . ( b ) pseudocrenilabrus philander
1 most active methods are illegal . reported effort through framesurveys for these methods is probably an underestimate ; 2 mapira = gillnetting at mid - water depths ; 3 kutumpula = chasing fish into the net by beating on the water with a knobbed stick ; 4 seining = three types of seining are used . the number of fishermen refers to all methods ; 5 chisense gears = all are light fisheries except chasing . japan = a net hung in between two loose bamboo poles sticking from the side of the canoe , is lowered under the light and hauled inside by at least 2 - 4 people pulling ropes and poles . a boat seine is operated from two boats by 7 - 8 persons ; method comparable to purse seine but the net is closed at the bottom only at hauling onto the canoe ; mutobi = handheld scoopnet operated by one person ; chasing = two women walking at kneedepth in the water who haul a piece of netting or cloth in between ; 6 previously chrisichthys mabusi ( rich , 1986 ) .
figure 9 . development of catch rates in the fishery and in experimental surveys with gillnets of dominant mesh sizes in the fishery ( 76 - 102 mm in 1970s and 63 - 76 mm in 1980s and 1990s ) . catch rates from the fishery are standardized to 100 kg / m gillnet ; catch rates from experimental gear = kg / 100 m 2 . water level is shown as annual deviations of the long term mean . grey bars indicate years over which biomass - size distributions are calculated ( see text )


lutilodix imitratrix is a species of air-breathing land snail or semislug , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicarionidae .

this species is endemic to norfolk island .

lutilodix imitratrix

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
lutilodix imitratrix
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - lutilodix imitratrix facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
facts summary : lutilodix imitratrix is a species of concern belonging in the species group
snails
and found in the following area ( s ) : indian ocean ( norfolk islands ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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this article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .
leatherback sea turtles have been around since pre - historic times . and unfortunately , if the species is allowed to vanish , scientists believe it will foreshadow the extinction of a host of other marine species . it is estimated that there are less than 5 , 000 nesting female leatherback sea turtles in the pacific ocean today , down from 91 , 000 in 1980 .
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bekkochlamys koshikijimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
bekkochlamys shikokuensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )
genus : conibycus k . h . j . thiele , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )
japanochlamys decens ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
genus : kermarion e . a . smith , 1873 ( db : 1 sp )
nipponochlamys hakusanus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1907 )
nipponochlamys hokkaidonis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
nipponochlamys izushichitojimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
nipponochlamys lineatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
nipponochlamys subelimatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
ovachlamys fulgens ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )
ovachlamys kotosyonis ( j . t . kuroda & t . kano , 1941 )
parakaliella affinis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
parakaliella austeniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1901 )
parakaliella costata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
parakaliella fusaniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )
parakaliella nahaensis ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )
parakaliella pagoduloides ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )
parakaliella venusta ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )
genus : takemasaia m . azuma & h . minato 1976 ( db : 1 sp )
trochochlamys crenulata ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )
trochochlamys crenulata basistriata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
trochochlamys crenulata hotawana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
trochochlamys humiliconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
trochochlamys lioconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
trochochlamys lioconus goniozona ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
trochochlamys okinoshimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
trochochlamys praealta izushichtoensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )
trochochlamys sororcula ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
yamatochlamys vaga ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
genus : aenigmatoconcha c . tumpeesuwan & s . tumpeesuwan , 2017 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : bathia g . c . robson , 1914 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : belloconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : caldwellia h . adams , 1873 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenoglypta c . m . f . ancey , 1904 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenophila c . m . f . ancey , 1882 ( db : 5 sp )
ctenophila milloti e . fischer - piette , f . blanc & f . salvat , 1975
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dancea a . zilch , 1960 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dendrotrochus h . a . pilsbry , 1894 ( db : 8 sp )
dendrotrochus cineraceus ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )
dendrotrochus helicinoides ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dupontia h . h . godwin - austen , 1908 ( db : 7 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : epiglypta h . a . pilsbry , 1893 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : erepta j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 3 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : geotrochus j . c . van hasselt , 1823 ( db : 25 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : harmogenanina j . germain , 1919 ( db : 5 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : helicarion a . e . j . férussac , 1821 ( db : 107 sp )
helicarion lampra ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglypta o . f . von möllendorff , 1893 ( db : 9 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglyptopsis k . h . j . thiele , 1931 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : inozonites g . j . pfeffer , 1883 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : lepidotrichia p . bartsch , 1942 ( db : 7 sp )
lepidotrichia velutinella ( j . f . quadras & o . f . von möllendorff , 1892 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : lepidotrichia ( hemitrichiella ) a . zilch , 1956 ( db : 4 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : mathewsoconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 7 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nesonanina c . r . böttger , 1916 ( db : 4 sp )
nesonanina novaehiberniae ( j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1832 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nitor g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 7 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : orpiella j . e . gray , 1855 ( db : 10 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( irenella ) g . p . l . k . gude , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( owaraha ) f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pachystyla o . a . l . mörch , 1852 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : parmacochlea e . a . smith , 1884 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : petalochlamys h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 9 sp )
petalochlamys formosana ( p . b . schmacker & o . böttger , 1891 )
petalochlamys nitidus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )
petalochlamys par ( p . b . schmacker & o . böttger , 1891 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : plegma g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pseudaustenia t . d . a . cockerell , 1891 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : rahula h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 5 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : roybellia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sesara j . a . albers , 1880 ( db : 7 sp )
sesara bouyei ( j . c . h . crosse & p . h . fischer , 1863 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sivella w . t . blanford , 1863 ( db : 4 sp )
sivella albofilosa ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )
sivella latior ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )
subfamily : helicarioninae - genus : wilhelminaia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : papuarioninae - genus : laocaia a . a . kuzminykh , 1999 ( db : 2 sp )
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merriam - webster provides a summary ( ↗ ) of the world ' s primary currencies , the words of which are featured in the iconic dictionary . for a quick history les . . .
[ image : infrared imagery of the eagle nebula stardust clouds ( the so - called ' pillars of creation ' ) ] the astronomy photo of the day for march 13th ( ↗ ) , this . . .
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