hippocampus kuda , also known as the estuary seahorse , yellow seahorse or spotted seahorse is a seahorse of the family syngnathidae native to the indo-pacific .

hippocampus kuda

reproductive biology ; larval rearing ; hippocampus kuda ; taxonomy ; seahorses ; hippocampus spp . ; southern coast ; india
hippocampus fuscus , h . kelloggi , h . kuda , h . histrix , h . mohnikei
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 )
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) .
any number of species of seahorses can be suitable for the right aquarium . left to right : hippocampus erectus , hippocampus barbouri , hippocampus reidi
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) - cmfri repository
two species of seahorse , barbour ' s seahorse ( hippocampus barbouri ) and spotted seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) in a 1m2 aquarium at the maritime museum and aquarium , göteborg sweden .
hippocampus kuda and h . trimacutus are the main cultured species dwelling in south china sea . the major external differences are the following :
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job , sd , do , hh , meeuwig , jj & hj hall . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture . 214 : 333 - 341 .
table 1 . 3 . the relationship between diets and growth of h . trimacutus and h . kuda .
lu , jy , wu , jy & dw yang . 2001 . growth rate of hippocampus kuda bleeker under intensive culture . j . fish . china . 26 : 61 - 66 .
figure 1 . 1 . four species of sea - horses found in chinese waters : a ) hippocampus kuda , b ) h . japonicus , c ) h . trimacutus , and d ) h . histrix .
( of hippocampus kuda multiannularis raj , 1941 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lin , q , lu , jy & yl gao . 2006 . the effect of temperature on gonad , embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 254 : 701 - 713 .
the 1996 and 2000 iucn red lists included hippocampus horai , h . novaehebudorum , h . raji , and h . taeniops . these are now all considered to be synonyms of h . kuda . according to vincent ( 1996 ) and lourie et al . ( 1999 ) , there may be as many as ten distinct species that are included under the name hippocampus kuda . further research into the literature on this species is needed to determine whether h . kuda is the correct name for populations occurring within the persian gulf ( t . munroe pers . comm . 2014 ) .
partial fin - clipping as an effective tool for tissue sampling in seahorses , hippocampus spp .
caution : frequently sold in stores from questionable sources and too young . often misidentified as h . kuda , if they are different species .
comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse hippocampus spp . trade following cites listing
zebra snout seahorse hippocampus barbouri , a beautiful seahorse but one that frequently does poor in captivity .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . hippocampus kuda in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 27 + 1000 .
panithanarak , t . , karuwancharoen , r . , na - nakorn , u . , & nguyen , t . 2010 . population genetics of spotted seahorses ( hippocampus kuda ) in thai waters . zoological studies 29 ( 4 ) : 564 - 576 .
job , s . d . , do , h . h . , meeuwig , j . j . and hall , h . j . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture 214 ( 1 - 4 ) : 333 - 341 .
froese r , pauly d . fish base - hippocampus fuscus . 2014 . world wide web electronic publication .
their is some debate whether this is distinct from h . kuda above , but much evidence , including size and behavior of young , suggests they are different .
lin , q , gao , yl , sheng , jq , chen , qx , zhang , b & jy lu . 2007 . the effect of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 262 : 481 - 492 .
in short , you should consider treating your male kuda with a series of diamox baths . don \ ' t treat the whole aquarium or any of the seahorses that have no symptoms .
marichamy , r . , lipton , a . p . , ganapathy , a . and ramalingam , j . r . 1993 . large scale exploitation of seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) along the palk bay coast of tamil nadu . marine fisheries information service . january / february ( 119 ) : 17 - 20 .
tiger tail seahorse , hippocampus comes , showing the distinctive tail coloration that earned this species it’s name . photo courtesy of debby ng
hippocampus kuda occurs from the persian gulf ( kuronuma and abe 1986 ) to southeast asia , australia , japan , and some of the pacific islands , including hawaii ( lourie et al . 1999 ) . the species has also been documented along the eastern coast of africa from tanzania to south africa ( teske et al . 2005 ) .
scarratt , am . 1995 . techniques for raising lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) . aquar . front . 3 : 24 - 29 .
hippocampus subelongatus is frequently available in australia . unfortunately these are usually wild caught and do not fair well in captivity . photo by claire ross
( of hippocamphus kuda bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fish , mp . 1953 . the production of underwater sound by the northern seahorse , hippocampus hudsonius . copeia . 1953 : 98 - 99 .
foster , sj , marsden , ad & acj vincent . 2003 . hippocampus erectus . iucn 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species .
the common seahorse is a wide - ranging indo - pacific seahorse that inhabits waters from indonesia to the philippines , pakistan , and india to southern japan , hawaii , and the society islands . variations of this species reside in other areas outside of the indo - pacific region . approximately 23 countries have confirmed the native presence of hippocampus kuda ranging from australia to china .
matlock , gc . 1992 . life history aspects of seahorses , hippocampus , in texas . texas j . sci . 44 : 213 - 222 .
caution : often found as tank raised individuals from questionable sources with the species in question due to their similarity to h . taeniopterus . h . kuda is also often the generic name for seahorses when the identification is unknown .
close - up of hippocampus erectus among blades of the green alga , caulerpa prolifera . photo l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
all 33 species of hippocampus are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites 2004 ) .
vincent , acj & lm sadler . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . anim . behav . 50 : 1557 - 1569 .
woods , cmc . 2003a . growth and survival of juvenile seahorse hippocampus abdominalis reared on live , frozen and artificial foods . aquaculture . 220 : 287 - 298 .
strawn , k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zostrae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1 : 16 - 22 .
bergert , ba & pc wainwright . 1997 . morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes hippocampus erectus and syngnathus floridae . mar . biol . 127 : 563 - 570 .
blasiola , gcj . 1979 . glugea heraldi n . sp . ( microsporida , glugeidae ) from the seahorse hippocampus erectus perry . j . fish diseases . 2 : 493 - 500 .
thangaraj m , lipton ap . morphological characterization of four selected sea horse species ( genus : hippocampus ) from india . ann biol res . 2011 ; 2 ( 4 ) : 159–67 .
lin , q , lin , j & d zhang . 2008 . breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus perry , 1810 . aquaculture . 277 : 287 - 292 .
vincent , a . c . j . and sadler , l . m . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . . animal behaviour 50 : 1557 - 1569 .
perante , nc , pajaro , mg , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2002 . biology of hippocampus comes in the central philippines . j . fish biol . 60 : 821 - 837 .
vincent , acj & rs clifton - hadley . 1989 . parasitic infection of the seahorse ( hippocampus erectus ) - a case report . j . wildlife . diseases . 25 : 404 - 406 .
vincent , acj , evans , kl & ad marsden . 2003 . home range behavior of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . env . biol . fishes . 72 : 1 - 12 .
linton , jr & bl soloff . 1964 . the physiology of the brood pouch of the male sea horse hippocampus erectus . bull . mar . sci . gulf carib . 14 : 45 - 61 .
lockyear , j , kaiser , h , & t hecht . 1997 . studies on the captive breeding of the knysna seahorse , hippocampus capensis . aquat . sci . conserv . 1 : 129 - 136 .
( of hippocampus chinensis basilewsky , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus horai duncker , 1926 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus melanospilos bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus moluccensis bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus novaehebudorum fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus polytaenia bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus raji whitley , 1955 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus rhynchomacer duméril , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus taeniops fowler , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus taeniopterus bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus tristis castelnau , 1872 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
baum , jk , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2003 . bycatch of lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) in a gulf of mexico shrimp trawl fishery . fish . bull . 101 : 721 - 731 .
colson , dj , patek , sn , brainerd , el & sm lewis . 1998 . sound production during feeding in hippocampus seahorses ( syngnathidae ) . env . biol . fish . 51 : 221 - 229 .
correa , m , chung , ks & r manrique . 1989 . cultivo experimental del caballito de mar , hippocampus erectus . bol . inst . ocean . venezuela univ . oriente . 28 : 191 - 196 .
the study describes the range extension of the sea horse hippocampus fuscus from the south to north east coastal waters of the india , bay of bengal . after 99 years since initial discovery , the hippocampus fuscus was reported within the southern sector of the chilika lake . the extension range may be due to the east india coastal current of the bay of bengal and the predominance of extensive sea grass meadows within the southern sector of lake .
( of hippocampus aterrimus jordan & snyder , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus hilonis jordan & evermann , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
vari , rp . 1982 . fishes of the western north atlantic , subfamily hippocampus campinae . the seahorses . 173 - 189 . sears foundation for marine research memoir 1 . yale univ . new haven , ct . usa .
the minimum tank size should be 60 litres , this will safely house 2 adult ( 12cm ) kuda seahorses . seahorses need objects in the tank that they can attach themselves to with their prehensile tails , artificial plants , smooth rocks and artificial branching coral are ideal ; avoid live corals and sharp rocks as these can injure the seahorses .
teixeira , rl & ja musik . 2000 . reproduction and food habits of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus ( teleostei : syngnathidae ) of chesapeake bay , virginia . rev . bras . biol . 61 : 79 - 90 .
salin , k . r . , yohannan , t . m . and mohanakumaran . 2005 . fisheries and trade of seahorses , hippocampus spp . , in southern india . fisheries management & ecology 12 ( 4 ) : 269 .
vincent , a . c . j . , evans , k . l . and marsden , a . d . 2005 . home ranges of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 1 - 12 .
kvarnemo , c , moore , gl , jones , ag , nelson , ws & jc avise . 2000 . monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the western australian seahorse hippocampus subelongatus . j . evol . biol . 13 : 882 - 888 .
martinez , a , gardner , t & d littlehale . 2005 . lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus . in : koldewey , h , ed . syngnathid husbandry in public aquariums . project seahorse and zoological society of london . vancouver , bc . canada .
wong , jm & jah benzie . 2003 . the effects of temperature , artemia enrichment , stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus whitei ( bleeker , 1855 ) , from australia . aquaculture . 228 : 107 - 121 .
sea - horses are eurythermal , however changes in the seawater temperature have a direct influence on growth and survival . the optimum water temperature varies among species . for example , the temperature limits of h . japonicus are between 5–36 °c , 9–34 °c for h . kuda , and between 10–30 °c for h . trimacutus . in general , however , the optimum temperature for most species is around 28 °c .
fortunately , gas bubble disease in general responds very well to treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide . subcutaneous emphysema is the easiest form of gbd to cure and the tail bubbles usually respond very well to treatment with diamox ( the tablet form of acetazolmide ) . i would recommend treating your male kuda in isolation with a three - day series of diamox baths as soon as possible , as discussed below .
perante , n . c . , pajaro , m . g . , meeuwig , j . j . and vincent , a . c . j . 2002 . biology of a seahorse species hippocampus comes in the central philippines . journal of fish biology 60 : 821 - 837 .
sheng , jq , lin , q , chen , qx , gao , yl , shen , l & jy lu . 2006 . effects of food , temperature and light intensity on the feeding behavior of three - spot juveniles , hippocampus trimaculatus leach . aquaculture . 256 : 596 - 607 .
evanson , m . , foster , s . j . & vincent , a . c . j . 2011 . tracking the international trade of seahorses ( hippocampus species ) - the importance of cites . fisheries centre research reports 19 ( 2 ) . fisheries centre , university of british columbia , canada .
seahorses have a protruding snout and a body encased in bony rings . the tail is curled and prehensile . the common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) reaches a length of 30 cm although it appears shorter because the tail is coiled . it is variable in colour and has small knobs on the corners of the bony plates . common seahorses usually inhabit sheltered habitats such as bays and estuaries , but may occasionally be found on outer reefs down to depths of 30 m . seagrasses or seaweed provide a favourite habitat . seahorses live in pairs , and when breeding the female deposits her eggs in the male ' s brood pouch . they hatch there , and the male then takes care of them until they are ready to live independently . seahorses feed on small invertebrates , such as shrimps , which they suck into their tubular mouth .
hippocampus brunneus bean , 1906 h . fascicularis kaup , 1856 h . hudsonius dekay , 1842 h . kincaidi townsend & barbour , 1906 h . laevicaudatus kaup , 1856 h . marginalis kaup , 1856 h . punctulatus guichenot , 1853 h . stylifer jordan & gilbert , 1882 h . tetragonous mitchill , 1814 h . villosus günther , 1880
other forms of gbs are also believed to be depth related , but the aquarium must be greater than 30 inches deep to provide any significant protection against them , which is not feasible for most hobbyists ( giwojna , jan . 2004 ) . a depth of at least 3 feet is known to protect the hawaiian seahorse ( hippocampus fisheri ) against gbd ( karen brittain , pers . com . ) .
hippocampus reidi are next on the list in both popularity and ease . they are highly sought after due to bright yellow , oranges , and reds but can be found in blacks , whites , and greys . they are a large seahorses . the do tend to be a bit more standoffish than h . erectus , and not quite as overly “flirty” , more likely to stay pair bonded in the aquarium .
can anyone help me ? i \ ' ve had a male kuda who was doing very well . in fact , he had two batches of fry , last one in october . after the last batch , however , he began to develop air bubbles in his pouch , and i had to get them out about once every two or three days . my numbers at the time were . 023 , and 0 for all others except ph , which was 8 . 2 . temp . has been 74 . on nov . 20 , my cleaner shrimp and brittle starfish suddenly died ( the starfish lost all its legs the day before and then died . ) i immediately checked and found my nitrite had spiked to . 25 , as had ammonia and nitrate . i did an immediate 30 % water change and got them to within 0 again over the next three days . on dec . 6 , the male had 3 bumps on his tail and has not been eating well . in fact , for the last three days , i have not seen him eat at all . yesterday , i suddenly lost an 8 month old kuda who had been doing well . any ideas before i lose my other two ? : (
hello thank you for your insightful page . i have been considering trying to raise seahorses for some time now . can you please suggest a breeder that would have the hippocampus errectus . i think id like to give this breed a try for my first attempt of raising seahorses . also could you please tell me where the best place to purchase a tank and all the needed items . perhaps a place educated in seahorses , where i can talk to a real person ? i greatly appreciate your help .
another factor the hobbyist can control is water temperature . heat stress must be avoided at all costs so it is vitally important to keep seahorses in their comfort range at all times . if you \ ' ve had an episode of gbs in your tank , consider reducing the temperature . hippocampus erectus will fry that temperatures between 70 - 74°f ( of course they can tolerate considerably warmer temperatures than those , but it is healthier to maintain seahorses nearer the lower end of their comfort range for a number of reasons ) .
urltoken - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2003 . there ' s more to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus and other pipefish - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) scott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) beth panocha . 2004 . aquarium fish : seahorse care : a basic guide to starting your first herd - advanced aquarist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef part 1 : reef compatibility of hippocampus spp . - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef , part two : choosing your seahorses - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
bleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tat de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van singapore . natuurkd . tijdschr . neder . - indië 3 : 51 - 86 .
is listed as vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) based on suspected declines of at least 30 % , first reported in 1998 - 99 caused by targeted catch , incidental capture , and habitat degradation . while there is little information on changes in numbers of the species , there is indirect evidence to suggest that declines have taken place and are continuing . this listing is consistent with the precautionary approach of the iucn red list .
. 2010 ) . the demand for this species is high due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes ( vincent 1996 ) . this species is also incidentally caught as bycatch in other fisheries and affected by habitat degradation ( giles
likely to continue into the future we therefore suggest a precautionary listing of vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) .
2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . some fishing methods such as trawling result in substantial damage seagrass beds ( short
) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species’ habitats throughout its range raise the possibility of declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .
american samoa ; australia ( northern territory , queensland ) ; bahrain ; cambodia ; fiji ; french polynesia ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kuwait ; malaysia ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; viet nam
remain unknown , project seahorse trade surveys conducted between 1995 and 2000 give us reason to suspect that seahorse numbers in the wild appear to have declined throughout its range . for example , in 1998 and 1999 in thailand 81 % of surveyed fishers ( n = 30 of 37 ) and 71 % of fishers in malaysia ( n = 37 of 52 ) reported that in general , seahorse numbers including
. 2010 ) . in hong kong traders reported that local seahorses , while common 30 years ago , were rarely found in 2000 , with the decrease in availability attributed to habitat destruction and pollution ( b . kwan , unpublished data ) . these examples demonstrate that declines have been ongoing for well over 10 years . while measures are in place to regulate reported international trade , it has not declined and sub - national and illegal trade are expected to continue into the future .
is the most widespread and commonly encountered seahorse in papua new guinea and indonesia ( baine 2008 , lourie 2001 ) .
diet consists of zooplankton ( paulus 1999 ) . the recorded maximum total length is 30 cm ( stretched ) ( paulus 1999 ) .
2010 ) . this may be due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried ( vincent 1996 ) , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes . trade in
2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . international trade 2004 - 2010 consisted primarily of live animals and dried bodies , with smaller quantities of specimens and derivatives also reported ( unep - wcmc 2012a ) . trade was principally wild - sourced ( evanson
was among the seven species accounting for more than 99 per cent of international trade in live captive - bred specimens . many range states report that illegal trading and incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries remain problematic ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .
the australian populations of this species were moved under the australian wildlife protection act in 1998 , so export permits are now required . the permits are only granted for approved management plans or captive - bred animals . such management was transferred under the new environment protection and biodiversity conservation act in 2001 . many states also placed their own controls on the capture and / or trade of syngnathid fishes .
all seahorses are listed on schedule i of india’s wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 , banning their capture and trade . in 2011 cambodia and china banned wild seahorse exports . in singapore ,
is recognized as being threatened by habitat destruction and harvesting for medicinal use and the aquarium trade and harvest is not allowed except by permit .
in general , incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries and habitat degradation and exploitation are the main threats to this species .
. 2010 ) . in china , cambodia and the republic of korea seahorses are caught as bycatch although no information exists on volumes ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .
2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . for example , in malaysia
. 2011 ) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species’ habitats throughout its range indicates possible declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .
. 1998 , foster and vincent 2004 ) . although seahorses also have some traits , such as small body size , fast growth and high fecundity , that may confer resilience to exploitation pressures ( morgan 2007 ) ,
2008 ) . as a result of the lack of broadcast spawning of pelagic eggs , dispersal of potential recruits is limited . additionally , given the limited swimming abilities of seahorses , it is highly unlikely that rescue effects would occur from adjacent populations .
species are listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . this means that countries who are signatories to cites are subject to regulations on the export of seahorses . countries are required to provide permits for all exports of seahorses and are meant to provide evidence that these exports are not detrimental to wild populations . however a lack of basic information on distribution , habitat and abundance means many cites authorities cannot assess sustainability of their seahorse exploitation and meet their obligations to the convention . the challenge is particularly large in that most seahorses entering trade are caught incidentally as bycatch and thus imposing export quotas would achieve next to nothing for wild populations . since this listing , an average annual trade of over two million individuals of
2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . the general lack of capacity in funding and manpower devoted to realizing enforcement that has been demonstrated by cites authorities has further exacerbated trade issues .
cites has recommended a minimum size limit of 10 cm height for all seahorse specimens in trade ( cites decision 12 . 54 ) . this limit represents a compromise between the best biological information available at the time of listing and perceived socioeconomic feasibility . but there is an urgent need for information on wild populations to assess their conservation status in order to take effective action and refine management recommendations . for example , evidence on variation in the spatial and temporal abundance of seahorses would enable areas of high seahorse density to be identified , as the basis for considering area restrictions on non - selective fishing gear that obtains
species as bycatch . an understanding of the technical and logistical feasibility of returning to the sea live seahorses taken as bycatch in various types of fishing gear would provide the basis for considering the feasibility of minimum size limits and / or other output controls . establishing a monitoring program of landings of seahorses at representative sites , taking into account different gear types and means of extraction and recording catch and effort metrics would allow assessment of conservation status and development management recommendations for various fishery types .
is listed as vulnerable in the national red data books of singapore and thailand , and endangered in the red data book of viet nam . in france it is illegal to import seahorses under the name
has been recorded in the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary in saudi arabia ( krupp and muller 1994 , krupp and almarri 1996 ) .
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like other seahorses , the common seahorse is an ambush predator , and lies in wait for small crustaceans to swim by ; it then sucks the prey into the tube - like mouth and swallows it whole , as it does not have any teeth ( 5 ) . seahorses do not have many natural predators , as they rely on their excellent camouflage for protection , and they are unpalatable due to their bony - plated bodies ( 5 ) .
the common seahorse is found throughout south east asia , australia , japan and some pacific islands ( including hawaii ) ( 1 ) . surveys on seahorse trade carried out by project seahorse in 2000 and 2001 have shown that the populations of this species have declined throughout the entire range , with fishers reporting massive decreases ( 1 ) .
this species typically inhabits shallow waters , in estuaries , reefs and on mud slopes where there is seagrass or marine algae . the common seahorse has also been found in open water and attached to drifting vegetation up to 20 kilometres off shore ( 2 ) .
the common seahorse is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . all seahorses are listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the common seahorse is sold locally and internationally for use in traditional medicines , in the aquarium trade and as curios ( 1 ) . it is one of the most valuable seahorses in traditional chinese medicine and is very popular as an aquarium species . in 2001 , the global consumption of seahorses was estimated at 25 million seahorses ( over 70 metric tonnes ) ( 6 ) . furthermore , habitat degradation and pollution in some areas reduces the available habitat for the common seahorse , and it is also often accidentally caught as bycatch in the shrimp - trawling industry ( 1 ) .
the most pressing requirement to assist in the conservation of the common seahorse is the need for further research . in order to effectively conserve a species , its biology , ecology , range and abundance must be fully understood and the threats facing it must be known ( 7 ) . in november 2002 , all seahorses were listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ; this means that the massive trade in seahorses must be regulated to ensure that the survival of wild populations is not threatened ( 3 ) . however , indonesia , japan , norway and south korea have opted out of the listing for seahorses ( 6 ) . the conservation organisation project seahorse was set up in 1994 in response to the massive pressures facing all seahorses around the world ( 5 ) .
to learn more about a whitley award - winning conservation project for this species , click here .
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without a doubt , with its
horse - like head
and erect body , the seahorse is one of the most recognized fish in the world . the seahorse
stands up
instead of laying flat as all other fish do . it propels itself through the water ( very slowly ) by vibrating its dorsal fin and steers with its tail . perhaps the most interesting fact about this fish is that it is the male seahorse that gives birth . seahorses have many natural predators that it evades with its ability to change its colors to blend in with almost any background .
because spotted seahorses are popular ornamental aquarium fish , their captive distribution has become global .
in the wild , the baby seahorses either become pelagic and ascend into the plankton layer on the surface of the ocean or descend to the bottom and attach themselves to algae , corals or other stationary objects with their prehensile tails and start feeding on small crustaceans as they drift by in the current .
not being strong swimmers , seahorses greatly prefer to inhabit the calmer shallow waters in mangroves , coastal seagrass beds , estuaries , coastal bays and lagoons , harbors , and rivers with brackish water where there is seagrass or marine algae for them to hold onto . common seahorses which have , for one reason or another been unable to make it to the shallows near land , have been found up to 10 miles offshore floating in the plankton layer at the water ' s surface with their tails wrapped around debris or pieces of floating algae .
common seahorses range in color from black to orange and yellow . black individuals often have silvery stripes or other markings on the body , and sometimes unique yellow individuals can be dotted with red spots . a protective trait that this and many other seahorses have is the ability to change color to match its surroundings . it is not unusual for them to take on the coloration of a favorite object one has decided to adopt as a hiding place .
seahorses are generally solitary , except for their mates , which they like to remain in close proximity to . they are active during the day and generally avoid associations with non - pair individuals .
they may be kept with small , shy fish such as small gobies , pipefish , dragonets , and firefish . but aggressive , territorial , or fast - moving fish do not make good companions . seahorses can be harmed by anemones and corals with stinging tentacles or corals that are large enough to consume them , such as brain corals . while sea fans , acropora corals , and other branching corals may be safe for seahorses , they can be irritated or damaged by a seahorse that continually hitches to them . crabs and clams may pinch a seahorse causing a wound that could lead to secondary infections . small ornamental crustaceans may be consumed by the seahorses .
a 30 - gallon aquarium is sufficient for a single pair . add 10 gallons to the size of the aquarium for each additional pair . since swimming is not its strong suit , the common seahorse does much better in an aquarium with a very little current .
spray bars may be used to create gentle flow while eliminating stagnant areas in the aquarium . seahorses use their prehensile tails to hitch to branching live rock , algae , or artificial decorations .
it also seems to do much better in a taller aquarium where it can drift up and down and attach to and hold fast to objects . this diy seahorse aquarium was specifically designed to give seahorses the area for vertical motion which they seem to prefer .
seahorse hitch onto an object and wait for its food to drift by , which it sucks up and swallows whole since seahorses do not have teeth . captive - bred seahorses are accustomed to frozen mysis shrimp , making them a smart alternative to their wild - caught counterparts . they will also feed upon amphipods and other small crustaceans found in live rock . they will also accept vitamin - enriched adult brine shrimp , but this should not make up a majority of their diet . they are slow , deliberate feeders and prefer two or more small feedings per day .
seahorses should be fed live or ( if they will take it ) vitamin - enriched frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp . seahorses should be fed several times per day with food available for 20 to 30 minutes per feeding . wild - caught seahorses may be slow to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp as food , to begin with , and may have to be fed live foods until they are weaned onto prepared foods . tank - raised seahorses are normally trained to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp at an early age and will make the transition to your tank much more easily than wild - caught specimens .
as males are the pregnant partner in seahorse mating , males that have reached sexual maturity have a brooding pouch . this is where the male carries the fertilized eggs . breeding occurs year round , so , a rounder belly pouch can signify a male . around the breeding time , the male begins by changing its color patterns and does a dance around the female . it also produces clicking sounds with its coronet , a crown - shaped piece of skin or horn - like structure at the top of its head .
seahorses choose a mating partner for life . they maintain a monogamous relationship with one partner until that partner dies at which time the remaining seahorse may search out a new mate . this seahorse becomes fully mature at about 14 weeks and can reproduce at that time .
not only does the male seahorse gives birth to the brood , but the male is responsible for attracting the female . after an elaborate courtship period , a dance , and intertwining of tails , the wooed female uses an ovipositor to insert her eggs into the male ' s pouch . it is in this brooding pouch where the eggs are fertilized and attach to the wall of the pouch . placental fluid removes waste products and supplies the eggs with oxygen and nutrients as they mature into baby seahorses . at the end of 20 to 28 days of pregnancy the male goes into labor , typically at night when there is a full moon . the baby seahorses are then ejected from the male ' s pouch . the brooding pouch may contain anywhere from 20 to 1 , 000 fertilized eggs .
if the common seahorse appeals to you , and you are interested maintaining a saltwater aquarium , check out other saltwater fish that may be compatible with seahorses .
check out additional fish breed profiles for more information on other freshwater or saltwater fish .
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unep - wcmc ( comps . ) 2011 . checklist of cites species ( cd - rom ) . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland , and unep - wcmc , cambridge , united kingdom . isbn 2 - 88323 - 030 - 7 . available online at urltoken or from cites secretariat , chemin des anémones , 1219 châtelaine , genève , switzerland
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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did you know ? that seahorses are generally monogamous ? the two partners of a pair will greet one another with courtship displays in the morning and sometimes in the evening to reinforce their pair bond .
unknown . imports reported for the year 2005 to the cites trade daata base total 27 ' 664 live and 5762 dead specimens .
527 specimens reported to isis ( 2007 ) . considering that most public aquaria are not part of the waza system and do not register their collections with isis , available isis data are not significant .
during transportation seahorses are enclosed in a restrictive container that does not allow for ideal water quality parameters and is subject to unpredictable movement orientation and noise levels . the following points , therefore , should be taken into consideration : transit time must be minimized wherever possible . only healthy individuals should be selected for transportation . packaging must be adequate . strong containers with good thermal retention qualities should be used ( i . e . polystyrene ) to allow for external temperature fluctuations . heat / coolpacks can be used should the transit conditions dictate . packs must not be placed directly next to the water . for air transport , container note 51 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed . fish must be unpacked carefully and under low illumination .
common seahorses are not an endangered species but their habitats , are threatened in many places . they are thus presented by zoos and aquariums as an ambassador species for the protection of coasts and estuaries , and they are of educational intrerest because of their mode of reproduction .
description inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more .
description inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
when you think about the visual look of a seahorse the one that will typically come to mind is that of the common seahorse . this is because it is the one that is found in art , used in various cultures for exhibits , and also found on tattoos that go on the human body .
it can be hard to accurately describe what a common seahorse looks like based on the fact that there are so many sub species . they can be many different colors but they will always be able to blend into their natural surroundings . they are among the smallest of all the species of seahorses found in the world .
many people enjoy keeping them as pets in aquariums but that can be tough to do . they are very prone to bacteria and other types of disease that develop in the water . they are also going to experience high levels of stress in captivity . it is important to be fully trained before you pursue having one as a pet as it isn’t a simple process to keep them alive .
the coloration of the common seahorse often depends on the gender . in many locations the females feature yellow and they have dark spots all over the body . the males also have dark spots but they are larger and the base color is a shade of gray .
the males grow larger than the females with a size of about 1 inch . the females range in size from ½ inch to ¾ inch . when you take a close look at the coral net on top of the head you will notice it looks like a crown . the design of it and the size will be different for every single one of them . they can be identified by this design just like humans can be identified by their fingerprints .
this particular species of seahorse has a very smooth texture to the body . the verdict is still out but there is plenty speculation about why they don’t have the rough texture that the various other species around the world offer .
the common seahorse is very common along the coral reef areas . they will use their tails to lock onto it . this allows them to be able to remain in place in spite of the current around them . they aren’t good swimmers at all so they need to do what they can to rest their bodies .
the males become very aggressive towards each other when it is time to find a mate . other than that they are usually very timid . they have been known to be aggressive though when they suffer from high levels of stress . should there be a lack of food or the habitat gets too small it will cause high levels of stress to occur .
the common seahorse has been observed in many different types of settings . the consensus is that that are very intelligent creatures . they are able to remember patterns of behavior . they know where they will get food both in the wild and in captivity .
there are several well known locations where the common seahorse lives . they include all over australia as well as places in indonesia . they prefer the warm tropical water locations along the shoreline . they live in bodies of water that have seawater in them .
you may find them well hidden among the sea grass that is found in those locations . you may have to look very close for them because they do blend in amazingly well . the water will need to be at least 72 degrees fahrenheit . however , they also don’t do well if the water gets too hot . that is why they tend to stay in areas that do go about 77 degrees fahrenheit .
even though there are some fossils of the common seahorse that date back 3 million years there isn’t much at all known regarding the evolution process . it is believed that they used to be substantially larger than they are today . the ability to live on less food is part of why they got smaller . the theories continue to float around though but there is very little concrete about how they branched off from other seahorse species due to the evolution process .
the location where the common seahorse happens to live strongly influences what they will eat . the main items are very small guppies and small brine shrimp . they have a large snout that they consume the food with . they have no teeth and they will swallow their prey . they can’t consume anything that is larger than that snout .
what is very interesting is that no seahorse has a digestive system . that is why they spend so much time feeding . they also eat very slowly so it can take them many hours each day to feed . when they aren’t eating they will typically be resting .


valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails .

valvata cristata

valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 · accepted , alternate representation
worms - world register of marine species - valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
the new species can be distinguished from valvata piscinalis by its larger umbilicus and from valvata cristata by its higher spire .
valvata ( valvata ) o . f . müller , 1773 represented as valvata o . f . müller , 1773
valvata cristata , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
worms - world register of marine species - valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
this species has possibly been depicted by mansoorian ( 1994 ) and confused with valvata cristata .
valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 - flat valve snail : : : : molluscireland : : land and freshwater molluscs
pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , hippeutis complanatus
life cycle of valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) in the laboratory
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
flache federkiemenschnecke
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
crested valve shell
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
common valve snail ( valvata piscinalis ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . a shell b ventral view on the umbilicus c head with penis in situ .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
considering the photo provided by mansoorian ( 1994 ) , he probably confused this species with valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
a common valve snail ' s ( valvata piscinalis ) head . note the frontal part of the foot , the long snout and the feather gill ! picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
habitat and distribution : the common valve snail needs much oxygen , avoids humus compounds and so is threatened by the eutrophication of many waters due to over - fertilisation . often it remains dug into the sandy or muddy ground with only its tentacles and the feather gill showing . the valve snail then produces a flow of water for its respiration and nutrition . also , valvata piscinalis can be found crawling on water plants and wood .
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the first record of the cosmopolitan slug deroceras laeve ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : agriolimacidae ) in bhutan
distribution of monacha claustralis ( rossmässler , 1834 ) and m . cartusiana ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( eupulmonata : hygromiidae ) in central european and balkan countries : new data
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 : 1 - 66 [ subsequent publication ] ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
müller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havniæ & lipsiæ . ( heineck & faber ) .
shell flat , small , transparent , upper side slightly depressed , 3 - 3 . 5 whorls , aperture circular , umbilicus wide and open , more than 1 / 3 of shell diameter .
frequently in lakes , creeks , springs and ponds , rarely in temporary waters . prefers eutrophical habitats with rich vegetation , muddy substrate , well oxygenated water , tolerates up to 0 . 5 % salt , exceptionally also in subterranean waters . in switzerland in up to 1500 m altitude . in poland copulation takes 1 - 2 hours and begins in spring , it is repeated various times , eggs ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 mm ) are deposited in cocoons containing 1 - 4 eggs , attached to aquatic plants , juveniles ( diameter 0 . 32 - 0 . 43 mm , 0 . 5 - 0 . 8 whorls ) hatch after 8 - 11 days at 24 - 20°c ( 25 days at 12°c ) , 2 mm size and 2 whorls are reached after 180 days in the laboratory , female maturity is reached at slightly more than 2 mm diameter , at 2 . 9 mm the gonads of almost all snails contain oocytes , in lifetime some 50 cocoons containing 150 eggs are laid , life span 1 - 3 years in the laboratory .
threatened by habitat destruction due to pollution and drainage . declined around london . endangered in tirol and albania , vulnerable in switzerland , nordrhein - westfalen / hessen and austria .
references : germain 1931 : 676 , falkner 1990 : 120 , bodon et al . 1995 : 44 , turner et al . 1998 : 91 , kerney 1999 : 27 , myzyk 2002 ( life cycle ) , glöer 2002 : 186 , dhora 2004 : 141 , welter - schultes 2012 : 42 ( range map ) .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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map hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .
a small operculate shell forming a flattened coil . colour yellow - brown . animal with a feathery external gill . found in clear , weedy waters of small size .
found across the whole of mainland europe and siberia to the pacific . distribution type : eurasian wide temperate ( 65 ) .
scattered across central areas of ireland north to loughs neagh and erne . disappears towards the south - west , west and north - west .
found in clear weedy habitats of relatively small size and minimal flow i . e . drains , floodplain marshes , margins of larger lakes , fens
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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the distribution of this species from the north of western siberia and the altai mountains to the okhotsk sea , transbaikalia and the chita region of russia . they also list the clecom database as mentioning this species inhabiting norway , sweden and finland ( falkner
( 2009 ) , with a distribution of northern europe and siberia to the okhotsk sea basin . the authors
has been considered as valid , and with a full distribution across northern europe to north western siberia and the okhotsk sea basin .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout northern europe and russia to the altai mountains and northwestern siberia . further research is needed regarding the threats and conservation measures in place for this species .
. 2009 ) . it inhabits still and slow running tundra water , and in norway prefers ph around 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( welter - schultes 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required into this species ' population status and threats .
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müller , otto f . 1774 . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu , animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia , volumen alterum . heineck et faber , havniae et lipsiae . : i–xxxvi + 1–214 .
international commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . < em > havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . < / em > 1 : 1 - 214 .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen .
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) .
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . < i > helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 < / i > : 1 - 66 < i > [ subsequent publication ] < / i >
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service .
valve snails are very small fresh water snail , equipped with a special feather - like type of gill the can extend from their pallial cavity . possibly to clean this feather gill , valve snails also have a thread - like appendage at their disposal , the pallial tentacle . this as well they extend from their pallial cavity . the exact function of the pallial tentacle , however is not yet known .
as only native prosobranch snail the valve snails are hermaphrodites . they have long tentacles at their head , which is prolonged to form a snout or proboscis . the valve snails ' foot is flat , forked in the front and rounded at the back .
valve snails feed on detritus , decaying organic material . they themselves are an important food source for fish , which is why valve snails in german also are called roach snails or tench snails .
dimensions : h : 3 - 5 mm ; w : 4 - 5 mm ; n : 3 - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .
the bay of the schlei at the east coast of schleswig - holstein , north germany .
( 2006 ) in the austrian wallersee lake , the common valve snail especially prefers muddy substrates . there it was not found on stones . in schleswig - holstein , northern germany , it was found in the schlei , a brackish water branch of the baltic sea , with a prevailing salinity of 0 . 05 % ; the maximal tolerable salinity of the species is estimated to be 0 . 4 % .
covers europe and western asia , where it usually is common . in some places , populations are in decline because of water pollution and may even be disappeared entirely . in austria therefore the species is classified vulnerable ( vu ) . in alpine lakes and fast - flowing streams , there is a flatter subspecies with a wider umbilicus , the alpine valve snail ,
1853 ) . it may grow a little larger than the normal form , with a shell height of 5 . 5 mm and a width of 6 . 3 mm .
, r . a . ( 2006 ) : der wallersee und seine wassermollusken . nachrichtenblatt der ersten vorarlberger malakologischen gesellschaft , rankweil . vol . 14 , pp . 20 - 39 (
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2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
the checklist of the freshwater snail fauna of iran was compiled using published records and original data . the data from all publications were brought to the presently accepted state of taxonomy following subba rao ( 1989 ) ( for asian fauna ) , brown ( 1994 ) ( for african fauna ) and glöer ( 2002 ) ( for the european fauna ) , and papers published thereafter . species referred to in postgraduate theses and scientific meetings are no formal publications and are consequently not considered herein .
during the field work , freshwater snails were collected by hand netting , sorted on the spot and preserved in 75 % alcohol . the data and locations of the sampling sites , where the junior author collected in 2005 , 2007 and 2011 are listed in appendix 1 . in the section ‘new records’ collecting site abbreviations derive from the geographical database pešić . the type material will be deposited in the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) , germany . further , we had the opportunity to revise material of some iranian freshwater snails deposited in the collections of the natural history museum basel ( nmb – forcart’s collection ) , zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) and natural history museum vienna ( nhmw – edlauer’s collection ) .
not all species could be identified due to the sparsity of specimens and the non - characteristic shells , especially of small hydrobioid snails . furthermore , the caspian sea fauna is not considered in the present paper . the order of families follows bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) .
map of iran with dots showing the collection localities ( corresponding to the sampling site numbers in appendix ) . the total number of freshwater mollusc species collected from each province are as follows ( in parentheses ) : bushehr ( 1 ) , fars ( 15 ) , gilan ( 12 ) , hormozgan ( 13 ) , isfahan ( 10 ) , kerman ( 15 ) , hermanshah ( 4 ) , khorasan ( 5 ) , khuzestan ( 14 ) , lorestan ( 6 ) , markazi ( 5 ) , mazandaran ( 21 ) , qom ( 1 ) , seistan and baluchestan ( 16 ) , semnan ( 1 ) , teheran ( 5 ) , west azarbayjan ( 1 ) , yazd ( 6 ) , zanjan ( 1 ) .
a–c neritina mesopotamica d–e neritina euphratica f–g neritina schlaeflii a shell ( syntype ) b lable c operculum d shell ( syntype , zmz 528916 , irak , samava , photo : eike neubert ) e operculum of neritina euphratica from euphrates f shell ( syntype , zmz 529679 , persian gulf , island ghaes , photo : eike neubert ) g operculum of neritina schlaeflii from shatt al - arab - fao region .
zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) , “ neritina ( neritaea ) anatolica var . mesopotamica , ras el ain , mesopot . hausknecht” .
the height of the largest shell of the examined syntypes from zoological museum berlin was 7 mm .
in his identification key described shell of this species as being 14 mm high . considering his photos (
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) .
remark . according to the original description ( martens 1874 ) this species is characterized by the presence of denticulated border of the columella , and should be ascertained to the genus neritina .
this speciesis characterized by a small shell with 6 mm in height and a small spire . the boder of the columella is straight and not denticulated . the operculum has a rib which is attenuated at its basis , the peg is thick and strong and split in two parts (
a–c theodoxus pallida ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 ) a shell with corroded apex b label of edlauer’s collection c apophysis of theodoxus pallida d apophysis of theodoxus fuiviatilis ( from ir79 ) .
sarkhia sarabensis nov . sp . a shell b , c penis in situ .
( all mentioned as theodoxus doriae issel ) : kerman ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1937 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir14 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; khorrasan province : ir76 - 05 [ 1 ex ] ; ir 64 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; hormozgan province : ir 17 - 11 [ 5 ex . ]
melanopsis sp . , radix sp . , planorbis intermixtus , farsithyra farsensis , physella acuta .
martens ( 1879 ) synonymised theodoxus doriae , the species reported by issel ( 1863 ) from s iran , with theodoxus fluviatilis . later on , mansoorian ( 2000 ) described the operculum of theodoxus doriae , which has only a rib , no peg . however , the shell illustrated by mansoorian ( 1994 ) agrees well with theodoxus fluviatilis . thus we follow martens’ ( 1879 ) synonymisation of theodoxus doriae with theodoxus fluviatilis . our samples revealed onlythe presence of theodoxus fluviatilis .
w - to central - palaearctic . theodoxus fluviatilis has been considered by many authors to be an exclusively european species ( see e . g . zhadin 1952 , glöer 2002 ) . but bourguignat ( 1864 ) , brown ( 1994 ) and van damme ( 1984 ) mentioned it from nw africa ( morocco , algeria ) . records of this species in turkey ( yıldırım 1994 ) , and in iran , confirm its wide distribution . however , it does not occur in siberia ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
kerman province ( biggs 1971 ) ; mazandaran province ( eichwald 1838 , eliazian et al . 1979 ) .
this species has been described from the caspian sea . according to the original description ( eichwald 1838 ) this species is very distinct from the other theodoxus spp . mentioned here .
nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 , “ theodoxus pallidus dunker” persien , brackiger quellsee , 500 m , nördl . vom niris - see , leg . starmühlner 1949 .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) provide a detailed description of the anatomy of this species but did not consider the operculum , the most important diagnostic feature . on the other hand , as figured in starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , the receptaculum seminis and the bursa copulatrix differ in length ( while being of equal length in theodoxus fluviatilis ) .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) , mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
according to ramakrishna and dey ( 2007 ) this species is widely distributed on the indian subcontinent .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; khuzestan province ( prashad 1921 , chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis nodos a : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 23 ad . , 25 juv . ] .
melanopsis doriae ( from edlauer‘s collection , nhmw 750000 / e / 50801a ) : shell .
kerman province ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; mazandaran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; bushehr province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir19 - 11 [ 1 ex . ] .
nhmw “ melanopsis doriae issel” persien , kerman , aus teilweise eingestürztem kanal , leg . starmühlner 1949 / 50 .
showing differences in the nervous system . furthermore they found differences in some features of the opercula between these species , and showed a strong morphological plasticity of the shells ( see :
, plate 1 : figs g’ , g’’ , g’’’ and h’ , h’’ ) . re - examintion of
kerman province ( as melanopsis variabilis : martens 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchistan province ( as melanopsis deserticola : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan and yazd provinces ( biggs 1937 ) ; fars province ( as melanopsis buccinoidea variabilis : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melanopsis praerosa : starmühlner 1961 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis praerosa : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , manssorian 2001 ) .
mazandaran province : ir02 - 05 [ 11 ad . , 48 juv . ] ; khorrasan province : ir64 - 05 [ 12 ad . , 39 juv . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 3 ad . , 4 juv . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 8 ad . , 15 juv . ] ; ir78c - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; fars province : ir17 - 07 [ 2 ex ] ; hormozgan province : ir19 - 11 [ 21 ex . ] .
galba truncatula , theodoxus fluviatilis , planorbis intermixtus , grossuana sp . , farsithyra farsensis .
figure 8 . the molluscs of brackish waters . a ecrobia grimmi b heleobia dalmatica c ecrobia grimmi from edlauer‘s collection ( nhmw , “ hydrobia acuta ” 75000 / e / 60453 ) d cerithidea cingulata .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 21 ad . , 6 juv . ] ; ir - 20 - 11 [ 10 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides scabra var . elegans : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as melanoides scabra : biggs ( 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir08 - 11 [ 13 ex . ] ; ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
type species . melanoides fasciolata olivier , 1804 = nerita tuberculata o . f . müller , 1774 .
seistan and baluchestan province : ir8a - 11 [ 5 juv . ] , ir8 - 11 [ 18 ex . ] . hormozgan province : ir10 - 11 [ 3 ex . ] , ir17 - 11 [ 10 ad . , 9 juv . ] , ir18 - 11 [ 1 ad . , 8 juv . ] , ir19 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
kerman province ( as melania tuberculata : issel 1863 ) , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides pyramis , melanoides tigrina : annandale and prashad 1919 , biggs 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( biggs 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , ( as melania tuberculata : starmühlner ( 1961 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melania tuberculata : starmühlner 1965 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , mansoorian 2001 ) ; south iran ( manssorian 1994 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) : mazandran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
the species melanoides pyramis and melanoides tigrina , which have been mentioned by annandale and prashad ( 1911 ) from seistan and baluchistan , have been listed by westerlund ( 1886 ) as subspecies . however , due to the high morphological plasticity of melanoides tuberculatus and in absence of any geographical seperation of these taxa , we list all melanoides taxa under melanoides tuberculatus .
mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8a83711b - 797d - 4d86 - 99d5 - 72f217b14a89
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
( nmb 11517a ) : shell height 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
mazandaran province , tschalekuti ( nmb 11517a , 26 ex . ) , geniste d . babul ( nmb 11517b , 1 ex . , nmb 11571c , 10 ex . )
the whitish shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the convex whorls are flattened at the suture . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , slightly sinuated . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 5 . 5 – 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 0 – 5 . 6 mm .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 5a63d216 - b630 - 4808 - 8b2d - 0f77e3eae287
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
nhmw ( 50940 ) : shell height 10 . 3 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
the whitish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , straight . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 8 . 2 – 10 . 3 mm , width 4 . 6 – 6 . 4 mm .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 22d0892e - 8670 - 4131 - 9149 - 0f77c007bb94
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near caspian sea , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79369 ) : shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm .
the horn - coloured shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex with a clear suture and an acute apex . the umbilicus is closed . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , sinuated . the surface bears a lattice structure . shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm , aperture height 3 . 6 mm .
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
north iran ( caspian sea ) – eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) .
this species could not be found in any of the neighbouring countries of iran . eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) don’t mention the source that led to their identification . the record and taxonomic status of this species is questionable and needs new confirmation .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as amnicola sistanica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
iran ; known only from the locus typicus ( dasht arzhan village , shiraz to kazerum road ) .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 12 ad . , 20 juv . ] .
previously only known from the brackish part of rivers along the coast of croatia ( radoman 1983 ) .
probably this species has been confused with one of the following species ( ecrobia grimmi , heleobia dalmatica ) , so all former records of this species in iran are questionable . the record for this species is kept until the original material of biggs could be studied .
from the mixomesohaline lake sawa ( iraq ) was possibly transported by migrating birds from the caspian sea . the identification of our material of
was confirmed by using molecular techniques ( martin haase pers . communication ) . an analysis of the specimens from nhmw published by
in russia it is listed as turkmenamnicola raddei ( kantor et al . 2009 ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2e680d0 - aac4 - 45df - 954a - 28d553ec957f
markazi province , ashtian to arak road ( ca . 5 km after ashtian city , ashtian county ) , 50°01 ' e , 34°34 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 21 june 2005 .
( zmh 79370 ) : shell height 2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the whitish shell is conical with 4 . 5 whorls , which are separated by a clear suture . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is blunt , the umbilicus is closed , the aperture is ovate and pointed at the top . shell height 2 . 4–2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
we had only shells with dried tissue at our disposal . since the penis morphology could not be examined , the assignment to the genus pseudamnicola is provisional .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 31bfcb62 - be86 - 43ce - a888 - b0562cc2740e
shell conical . penis broad at the basis , distal part with a bulbous and acute penis tip .
the new genus appears to be close to pseudamnicola , but can easily be distinguished by the unique morphology of the penis with bulbous and acute apex ( vs . a broad elongated triangular penis in pseudamnicola ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8edd45ad - 46f2 - 4bc8 - a7be - 73b44bbcdf6d
kaskakia khorrasanensis sp . n . a shell b penis in situ c–d penis ( c : dorsal view , d : ventral view ) .
khorrasan province , kaskak stream in kaskak village , 59°10 ' e , 35°25 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 11 june 2005 .
( zmh 79372 ) : shell height 2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the yellowish shell is conical to globular with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a clear suture (
) . the whorls increase rapidly with a prominent body whorl . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is acute , the aperture is ovate and angled at the top , the umbilicus is closed . shell height 2 . 3–2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 8–1 . 9 mm .
the mantle and head are black . the penis is broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end (
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4ac287dc - 4e88 - 4043 - ba17 - 880e84883276
shell elongated conical . penis simple , broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end , with a black pigmentation mark . the tentacles are cylindrical .
) , with a black pigmentation mark ( vs . broad and elongated triangular penis ) , and the presence of broad cylindrical tentacles ( slim cylindrical tentacles ) will separate the new genus from
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f7fbd536 - 0970 - 4b9b - a0ac - eaf9e7c91c72
kermanshah province , sarabe–sahne ( = sarabe – bede – sarkh ) city , stream , 27 june 2005 .
( zmh 79374 ) : shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
the yellowish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . the aperture is oval with a sharp periostome , the umbilicus is closed . the surface is dull . shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
this species has originally been placed in the genus pseudamnicola . however , due to the characteristic shape of the penis and the tentacles it is transfered to sarkhia gen . n .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) originally described this species as frauenfeldia elburensis . however , the genus name frauenfeldia is preoccupied , and thus , the species of this genus have been re - assigned to belgrandiella , boleana , graziana and sarajana ( radoman 1983 ) . due to the shape of the aperture in original description ( see starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) we affiliate this species to the genus belgrandiella .
iran , only known from the locus typicus ( gelandoah , 60 km ne of tehran ) .
sistan and baluchestan province ( source lake gomun ) – “ erythropomatiana erythropomatia ” starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) .
most probably , starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) misidentified this subterranean species , known only from its type locality in slovenia , far away from iran . the comparison with the description of hauffenia erythropomatia by radoman ( 1983 ) shows that these species are not conspecific as the umbilicus seems to be broader in later species compared with the species depicted by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) . unfortunately this species could not be found in edlauer’s collection in nhmw ( anita eschner , pers . comm . ) . the record for this species is kept until specimens from the original locality could be studied .
kerman province ( as bythinia uzielliana : issel 1866 , martens 1874 ) , as hydrobia uzielliana : biggs ( 1936 , 1937 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1961 , 1965 ) .
schütt ( 1973 ) classified this species in the genus gangetia and introduced the new subgenus iranothyra schütt , 1973 . mansoorian ( 1994 ) reported gangetia uzielliana with some doubts . however , his species clearly differs from the topotype of gangetia uzielliana illustrated by schütt ( 1973 ) . most probably , the species recorded by mansoorian ( 1994 ) under this name represents an undescribed new species ( glöer and pešić 2009 ) .
farsithyra farsensis ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw “ pseudamnicola uzielliana ” 75000 / e / 50795 ) : a–b shell .
nhmw“ pseudamnicola uzelliana issel” , persien , stark salziger tümpel , südl . von yest ( = yesd ) , leg . starmühlner . nhmw 60 . 459 “ bulimus badiella “ , lake taschk , 07 . 07 . 1956 leg . löffler .
from many sampling sites in yazd province . an analysis of one lot from the edlauer collection ( nhmw ) with the specimens from yazd province shows that these specimens (
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 6 ex . ] . tehran province : ir48 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 944e6ee3 - b23c - 43fb - a305 - 882a4d4cf3d9
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near the caspian see , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79376 ) : shell diameter 3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
( zmh 79377 ) : 2 specimens from type locality ; [ 2 ex . ] , kermanshah province : ir105 - 05 .
the yellowish shell is translucent with 3 circular whorls . the umbilicus is wide , and the first whorl is visible through the umbilicus . the surface is glossy with very fine ribs . shell diameter 3 . 2–3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 83575f59 - e417 - 44d3 - 8f6d - a5db45ea2b21
a–b acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n . : shell c–d acroloxus lacustris ( from hamburg , germany ) : shell .
gilan province , ir82 - 05 , bandar anzali lagoon , 49°27 ' e , 37°26 ' n , 16 june 2008 .
( zmh 79378 ) : shell length 4 . 0 mm , width 2 . 0 mm , height 0 . 9 mm .
2 ex . , nmb 11516a “ acroloxus lacustris ” zwischen nika und aschref , 10 m ü . m . , drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf leg . 22 . x . 1931 .
the oval limpet shell is transparent . the apex is blunt and bent to the left side (
sp . with a blunt apex is known ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
an analysis of the two specimens from forcart’s collection ( nmb 11516a ) identified as acroloxus lacustris from mazandaran province shows that these specimens belong to acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n .
the lymnaeidae of iran . a radix persica ( ir27 - 07 ) b–d radix bactriana ( b ir03 - 05 c ir87 - 05 d ir88 - 05 e ir91 - 05 ) f radix persica ( ir107 - 05 ) g radix iranica ( ir89 - 05 ) h radix sp . i radix sp . k galba truncatula ( ir62 - 05 ) l galba schirazensis .
kerman province – “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” issel ( 1865 ) , “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” martens ( 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea auricularia var . persica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as lymnaea persica : biggs 1937 ) .
khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 ) ; mazandaran , gilan and lorestan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , isfahan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
markazi province : ir03 - 05 [ 1 ex ] , ir87 - 05 [ 9 ex . ] , ir88 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] , ir89 - 05 [ 2 ex ] , ir91 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir67 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] , ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchistan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) , azarbayjan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , as lymnaea auricularia gedrosiana : mansoorian 2001 ) , n iran ( annandale 2000 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
iraq ( euphrates , as limnaea hordea : mousson 1874 ) ; iran : seistan and baluchestan province .
qom , tehran and gilan provinces ( martens 1874 ) ; kerman province ( biggs 1937 ) .
this species has been described from the danube ( germany ) and most probably does not occur in iran . according to subba rao ( 1989 ) radix lagotis is a synonym of radix peregra ( syn . to radix labiata ) . however , recently schniebs et al . ( 2011 ) clearly showed that radix lagotis and radix labiata are distinct species .
( mentioned as radix peregra f . canalifera ) : n iran ( caspian sea ) ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; kermanshah province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , starmühlner ( 1965 ) .
radix labiata is a species which prefers springs and is distributed in m – and s europe and the balkans ( glöer 2002 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea truncatula : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; north iran ( caspian sea ) ( as lymnaea truncatula : eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; manzandaran province ( forcart 1935 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , biggs 1937 ) ; tehran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 , chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; semnan province ( starmühlner 1961 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
khorasan province : ir63 - 05 [ 22 ex . ] ; ir66a - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir77 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
fars province ( küster 1862 ) ; gilan province ( bargues et al . 2010 ) .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; isfahan province ( martens 1874 ) ; qazvin and e azarbayjan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan provinces ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; n iran ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the recent insights on the distribution of stagnicola palustris show that it is a northern european / siberian species . most probably , the species reported from iran as stagnicola palustris represents an undescribed species ( see below ) .
stagnicola sp . ( from forcart’s collection , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris ” ) : shell .
material examined : 35 ex . , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris “zw . nika und aschref , dr . erni & buxtorf 1934 ; 3 ex . , nmb 11518a “iran , prov . mazandaran . meschhediser , geniste am rechten ufer des babul ca . 300 m s der mündung , - 26 m meereshöhe . leg . 23 . 8 . 1931 & don . 1935 drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf” .
spp . are very variable , it is not possible to identify or eventually describe this specis as new to science without anatomical studies .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; gilan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the planorbis spp . of iran . a planorbis carinatus b planorbis intermixtus c indoplanorbis exustus .
northern iran ( as planorbis planorbis : mansoorian 2000 ) ; mazandaran province ( as planorbis planorbis : eliazian et al . 1979 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; fars province ( as planorbis planorbis : forcart 1935 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; isfahanprovince ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) ; yazd province ( as planorbis persicus , planorbis subangulatus : biggs 1937 , 1971 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan province ( as anisus ( gyraulus ) intermixtus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( as planorbis planorbis , planorbis planorbis submarginatus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as planorbis planorbis : biggs 1971 ) ; markazi province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 , glöer and pešić 2010 ) .
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; markazi province : ir51 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; ir87 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir88 - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; ir91 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir93 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir66 - 05 [ 10 ex . ] ; ir67 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir68 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir78b - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; fars province : ir02 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir07 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir26 - 07 [ 9 ex . ] ; ir27 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] .
the species planorbis planorbis and planorbis intermixtus can only be distinguished by the number of prostate diverticula ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) . all planorbis spp . collected in iran have been anatomically studied and no planorbis planorbis could be found . thus we list the old records from iran under planorbis intermixtus .
in addition , planorbis subangulatus philippi , 1844 and planorbis persicus ancey , 1900 have been mentioned from iran ( ancey 1900 , biggs 1937 ) . both species have been described on the basis of the shells , the morphology of which falls within variability of planorbis intermixtus . thus we list these species under planorbis intermixtus .