coelioxys , common name leaf-cutting cuckoo bees or sharp-tailed bees , is a genus of solitary kleptoparasitic or brood parasitic bees , belonging to the family megachilidae .

coelioxys

the australian species of the genus coelioxys latreille are revised . six species are recognized : coelioxys albolineata cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys froggatti cockerell , 1911 ; coelioxys reginae cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys weinlandi schulz , 1904 and two new species : coelioxys julia sp . n . and coelioxys tasmaniana sp . n . three names are synonymized : coelioxys biroi friese , 1909 syn . n . and coelioxys albolineata darwiniensis cockerell , 1929 syn . n . under coelioxys albolineata , and coelioxys victoriae rayment , 1935 syn . n . under coelioxys froggatti . species descriptions and redescriptions , illustrations , distribution maps , floral records and a key to both sexes of all species are provided .
a female coelioxys nectars on a flower . ( photo by diane wilson . )
species coelioxys coturnix - red - tipped cuckoo - leaf - cutter - bugguide . net
restoring the landscape with native plants : native bee spotlight : cuckoo bees ~ coelioxys spp .
a female cuckoo bee , coelioxys sp . nectars on hairy false goldenaster , heterotheca villosa in late fall
coelioxys mexicana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( this observation is from smith . . .
did you know : there are 18 species of coelioxys in colorado . while they mostly parasitize megachile , there are very specific host - parasite relationships – so each coelioxys species can only parasitize certain megachile species .
coelioxys rufitarsis rufitarsis smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .
coelioxys germana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , smith . . .
coelioxys alternata alternata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .
coelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi
coelioxys sayi robertson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
coelioxys octodentata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
coelioxys modesta smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
baker , j . r . ( 1971 ) . development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus coelioxys .
coelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi - urltoken
© j . r . baker . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin . 50 ( 12 ) : 649 - 730 · 1 coelioxys mitchelli , female , top view
holmberg , e . l . ( 1918 ) suplemento i a las especies argentinas de coelioxys . physis ( buenos aires ) , 4 , 145–165 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species
moure , j . s . ( 1951 ) notas sinonímicas sôbre algumas espécies de coelioxys ( hymenopt . - apoidea ) . dusenia , 2 , 373–418 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species .
biology and morphology of the immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera , apoidea , megachilidae ) . ( american museum novitates , no . 3679 )
holmberg , e . l . ( 1916 ) las especies argentinas de coelioxys . anales del museo nacional de historia natural de buenos aires , 28 , 541–591 .
baker , j . r . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . university of kansas science bulletin 50 : 649 - 730 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the des . . . - pubmed - ncbi
friese , h . ( 1921 ) über die kegelbienen ( coelioxys ) brasiliens . zoologische jahrbücher . abteilung für systematik , ökologie und geographie der tiere , 44 , 421–486 .
there are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . distribution
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species | filho | zootaxa
baker , j . r . ( 1975 ) taxonomy of five neartic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin , 50 , 649–730 .
jeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of
coelioxys - sayi , - female , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 07 - 15 . 12 . 41 - zs - pmax
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rozen jr , j . g . , & kamel , s . m . ( 2006 ) . interspecific variation in immature larvae of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .
schwarz , n . ( 2001 ) revision der gattung radoszkowskiana popov 1955 und ein beitrag zur kenntnis der gattung coelioxys latreille 1809 ( hymenoptera : apidae : megachilinae ) . linzer biologische beiträge , 33 , 1267–1286 .
voith , j . ( 1997 ) coelioxys mandibularis nyl . as a cuckoo bee of osmia villosa ( schck . ) ( hymenoptera , apiformes , megachilidae ) . nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen entomologen , 46 , 20–25 .
a photographic test key by rowson and pavett is available via the bwars website . else and edwards cover coelioxys in their new book handbook of the bees of the british isles , which is due for publication soon .
mitchell t . b . 1973 : a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , nc , 129 pp .
mitchell , t . b . ( 1973 ) a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , 129 pp .
scott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . , & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) . reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .
coelioxys decipiens is distributed from north africa towards cyprus , crete , turkey , asia minor and central asia , until the himalayas ( ornosa et al . 2007 , ortiz - sánchez et al . 2009 , grace 2010 ) .
monodontomerus wasps , pteromalus wasps , chaetodactylus osmiae pollen mites and cacoxenus indagator fly are all not guilty ! i watched a female coelioxys cuckoo bee enter this cavity and marked where the cell was she entered on the glass viewing window .
i was lucky with my timings as when i opened this cell it was pure good luck to find the formidable mandibles of the coelioxys cuckoo bee larvae . it hatches before its host and is ‘unarmed’ feeding on the pollen nectar mix .
schwarz , h . f . & michener , c . d . ( 1954 ) coelioxys barbata . in : michener , c . d . bees of panamá . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 104 , pp . 104–105 .
leafcutting bees are found throughout the world and are common in north america . in florida there are approximately 63 different species ( plus five subspecies ) within seven genera of leafcutter bees : ashmeadiella , heriades , hoplitis , coelioxys , lithurgus , megachile , and osmia .
vinson , s . b . , frankie , g . & rao , a . ( 2011 ) field behavior of parasitic coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) toward the host bee centris bicornuta ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . apidologie , 42 , 117–127 . urltoken
coelioxys elongata is found throughout mainland britain from the south coast to inverness in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and also coastal bias with an apparent absence from the entire english midlands , and inland scotland and wales . also recorded from ireland and the channel islands .
coelioxys , gerstacker ( l . c . ) gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revision of the following species : - a . pale spots and bands of the thorax and abdomen formed of adpressed hairs . eyes with long hairs . fore coxae male appendiculated .
scott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america , 93 , 941–948 . urltoken ; 2
virginia l . scott , scott t . kelley , karen strickler ; reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 93 , issue 4 , 1 july 2000 , pages 941–948 , urltoken ; 2
in britain coelioxys quadridentata is restricted to england and south wales . there are no records for scotland or ireland . the greatest density of records is from dorset and surrey with more scattered records from the south - east up towards yorkshire . the bee is also recorded from jersey in the channel islands .
rocha - filho , l . c . d . ( 2016 ) . a revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) from australia . eur . j . entomol . , 113 ( 1 ) , 2016 . 000 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2016 . 002 .
rozen , j . g . & kamel , s . m . ( 2007 ) investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera radoszkowskiana and coelioxys and their hosts in the genus megachile ( hymenoptera : apoidea : megachilidae : megachilini ) . american museum novitates , 3573 , 1–43 . urltoken ; 2
this species is a cuckoo bee , acting as a cleptoparasite of megachile willughbiella and m . circumcincta . female megachile bees construct nests of larval cells from leaves and provision each cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar for the young . female coelioxys bees seek out these nests and use their sharp abdomens to pierce the cells and lay an egg . this egg hatches before that of the megachile bee and the second instar larva uses its long curved jaws to crush the egg or young larva of the megachile host . the coelioxys larva can then feed on the contents of the cell , having normal jaws in its later instars . it pupates within a cocoon spun within the host cell where the larva overwinters as a prepupa before emerging the following summer .
there are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . a distinctive group of largely black bees , with the females of most species having a pointed tip to the gaster . this species flies low over the ground looking for its host’s nests , often in a purposeful manner .
as it develops through its larval stages , the journal of apicultural research states that it grows a strong mandible , which it uses to crush the egg , or kill its host or other coelioxys larvae in the same cell . you can clearly see the fang like mandibles in the video . it can open them very wide which is useful when searching for its victim ( s ) in the dark .
ty - jour ti - description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) t2 - entomological news . vl - 112 ur - urltoken pb - american entomological society , cy - [ philadelphia ] py - 2001 sp - 73 ep - 84 sn - 0013 - 872x au - torres , f au - gayubo , s f er -
the species is not listed in any national red lists or red data books . it is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas . further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species . additional studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution as it has only recently been described . if the host species become known , it will be possible to understand more about the ecology of coelioxys elsei .
most leafcutting bees are moderately - sized ( around the size of a honey bee , ranging from 5 mm to 24 mm ) , stout - bodied , black bees . the females , except the parasitic coelioxys , carry pollen on hairs on the underside of the abdomen rather than on the hind legs like other bees . when a bee is carrying pollen , the underside of the abdomen appears light yellow to deep gold in color .
this is a darkly coloured bee 11 to 15 mm in length with narrow , sharply defined bands of pale hairs on the abdomen , hairy eyes and a toothed scutellum . as with all species in this genus , the female has a distinctively pointed end to the abdomen , whilst that of the male has several prongs . female coelioxys should be treated with care as they may sting ; males are said to emit an unpleasant odour when handled .
the species ' preferred habitat is unknown , but the areas where it has been collected are mediterranean forest and shrubs , xeric and anthropogenic areas ( cultivated lands ) and temporal streams . it has been collected from the sea level ( bulgaria ) up to approximately 2 , 150 m asl ( turkey ) . the species is kleptoparasitic , in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species , like every other coelioxys species ( michener 2007 ) , although the host is unknown . the species flies from april to july .
@ article { bhlpart30989 , title = { description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) } , journal = { entomological news . } , volume = { 112 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ philadelphia ] american entomological society , 1925 - } , author = { torres , f and gayubo , s f } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 73 - - 84 } , }
mature larvae of five species representing each of the three principal groups within the genus megachile sensu lato ( i . e . , including creightonella and chalicodoma , which are often recognized at generic rank ) are described and are revealed to be quite similar to one another . on the basis of their descriptions a larval description of the genus is formulated . this , in turn , is compared with and found quite similar to a previously published preliminary description of mature larvae of the megachilini based on study of larval representatives of the three genera in the tribe : megachile , all species of which are pollen - collecting , and coelioxys and radoszkowskiana , both of which are cleptoparasitic , usually with megachile hosts .
these bees have no family loyalty . they parasitize nests made by their cousins , the
, and probably don’t even feel bad about it . they’ve been doing this for so long they’ve lost all pollen - carrying adaptations–adults only need to feed themselves and never provision nests . instead , female
nests and wait for the mother to leave . once the coast is clear , they pounce on a fully provisioned cell , using their pointy abdomens to pierce the leaf lining and lay their own eggs inside . the really clever part is how they hide the treachery . eggs are laid either within leaf layers or under the pollen provision so that the rightful nest owner won’t suspect a thing .
the young cuckoo larva has gigantic mandibles that point forward rather than downward . this has one purpose : to kill the host larva . now the
larva has all of its host’s pollen provisions to feed off of . after it’s grown , it must time its exit from the nest with that of it’s host “siblings” to avoid detection or destruction . if it makes good on this short window , it can repeat the cycle . next time you’re block - watching , look to the surrounding area for cuckoo bees waiting to strike . they’re usually active from june to september .
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46 spp . in 9 subgenera in our area , ~ 500 spp . in 15 subgenera worldwide
adults take nectar at flowers . ( they must be eating for themselves , because they do not provision a nest . )
( other hosts known outside our area ) . using their sharp abdomen , the female breaks into
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
field book of insects of the united states and canada , aiming to answer common questions , frank eugene lutz . 1935 . putnam pub group .
insects of north carolina c . s . brimley . 1938 . north carolina department of agriculture .
insects : their natural history and diversity : with a photographic guide to insects of eastern north america stephen a . marshall . 2006 . firefly books ltd .
insects of the texas lost pines ( w . l . moody , jr . , natural history series , no . 33 ) stephen w . taber , scott b . fleenor . 2003 . m university press .
contributed by cotinis on 3 october , 2004 - 8 : 05am additional contributions by beatriz moisset , john s . ascher , v belov , h . go last updated 26 february , 2014 - 10 : 21pm
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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on the near continent , the bee is found in many western european countries ( including scandinavia ) from finland to spain and across to slovenia in the east . worldwide it is found in asia from turkey to siberia .
shirt ( 1987 ) and falk ( 1991 ) both list this bee as being rare ( rdb3 ) .
typical habitat includes sandy heaths and coastal dune systems ( else , in prep ) . however , it has been found in other situations , such as flying with anthophora quadrimaculata ( panzer ) against a wall at a surrey railway station ( d baker , pers . obs . in baldock , 2008 ) .
the bee is reported to forage from common bird’s - foot trefoil and white bryony .
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where a photo is surrounded by a red box it means that it is representative of the species but may not be the actual species described .
widespread but local . found throughout mainland britain from cornwall to the highlands in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and coastal bias with an apparent absence from the english midlands , east anglia and inland scotland and wales .
australian faunal directory 2006 ( by j . c . cardale , 2001 , updated by k . l . walker , 2006 ) : hymenoptera : apoidea . australian biological resources study , canberra . urltoken ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .
ascher j . s . & pickering j . 2015 : discover life bee species guide and world checklist ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) . urltoken guide = apoidea _ species . htm / ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .
batley m . & hogendoorn k . 2009 : diversity and conservation status of native australian bees . - apidologie 40 : 347 - 354 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1905 : descriptions and records of bees . i . - ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 7 ) 16 : 216 - 225 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1911 : the bees of the solomon islands . - proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 36 : 160 - 178 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1929 : bees from the australian region . - am . mus . nov . 346 : 1 - 18 .
daly h . v . & magnacca k . n . 2003 : insects of hawaii . vol . 17 . hawaiian hylaeus ( nesoprosopis ) bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . university of hawai ' i press , honolulu , 216 pp .
diva - gis 2015 : diva - gis program , ver . 7 . 5 . urltoken
friese h . 1909 : die bienenfauna von neu - guinea . - ann . hist . nat . mus . natl . hung . 7 : 179 - 288 .
gonzalez v . h . , engel m . s . & griswold t . l . 2013 : the lithurgine bees of australia ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , with a note on megachile rotundipennis . - j . melittology 11 : 1 - 19 . go to original source . . .
latreille p . a . 1809 : genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita , iconibus exemplurisque plurimis explicata . vol . 4 . koenig , paris , 399 pp .
michener c . d . 1965 : a classification of the bees of the australian and south pacific regions . - bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 130 : 1 - 362 .
michener c . d . 2007 : the bees of the world . 2nd ed . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md , 992 pp .
rayment t . 1935 : a cluster of bees . sixty essays on the life - histories of australian bees , with specific descriptions of over 100 new species , and an introduction by professor e . f . phillips , d . ph . , cornell university , u . s . a . endeavour press , sydney , 752 pp .
schulz w . a . 1904 : ein beitrag zur kenntnis der papuanischen hymenopteren - fauna . - berl . entomol . z . 49 : 209 - 239 .
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around this particular nest box , used by leafcutter bees , i filmed 7 different solitary bee parasites . there are several suspects that killed the bee larva , though some can be eliminated from the investigation !
the gruesome looking mandibles drop off after the ‘deed’ is done as they would prove almost useless when eating the nectar / pollen mixture . it therefore gets rid of the evidence ! the lava becomes ‘unarmed’ once again , finishing its development inside the leafcutter bee cell . a leafcutter bee larva mandibles could not be used to kill another larva . they are better equipped to eat and drink the pollen / nectar mix , which contains much more fluid nectar than that of a red mason bee cell .
an extremely useful resource supports this book by a special web site feature within steve falk’s flickr web site which furnishes extra photos and other useful resources to assist with identification .
hi , i have found a cigar shaped “nest” about 6 inches long , stuck up underneath my garden parasol . half of it fell down when i opened the umbrella and i have had to take the other bit down . will the bee return to it if i just put it in a box underneath the umbrella or what shall i do with it ? put it in the shed or something ? does it need to hang upside down ?
aw shame ! she will not find them now . keep it level if possible and try not to move it too much as the eggs / larvae are very delicate . keep in a warm place out of sun . then leave them there ! if they are still alive contact me in october for more info ! hth george
hi i bought a red mason bee nest box , it looks like the mason bee hasn’t had a good year but i have evidence of a leafcutter bee and living larvae . i need to remove them so i can reuse the tubes nxt year . there are also nectar packages along with larvae . i have placed them in a small tin together with nectar , will they find their way to it ? these may seem silly questions but i’m not all clued up on bees at the moment . thanks
anna , i have seen your photos . leave the bees inside the paper tubes and do not open any more cells exposing the larvae . put them in a mouse proof container inside an outdoor shed etc then contact me in the spring . hth cheers , george ps you need a much better bee home !
i have a bee house and have 7 off sealed tubed . however today i have noticed 2 of them seem to have been opened . do any solitary bees hatch the same year as sealed up . or has some predatory pest opened them up to get at the larva .
hi joseph , difficult to say , as i have had several over the years and the small hole has usually been in the middle of the mud wall and the larvae have been fine in some cases and predates in others . i don’t know the design of your box which may make it difficult to see into the tubes… . i can see in all of mine which helps 😊
hi , i have a fairly young bird of paradise plant which i recently put outside to get some summer sun . then today i noticed a leaf cutter bee taking leaves into a hole she’d burrowed into the soil in the pot . as this is an indoor plant sooner or later it should come back indoors but i don’t want to have the bees hatching out indoors . i think the plant will be ok in the greenhouse over winter but will this be ok for the bees ? when do they normally hatch out by the way ? thanks for your help . alyson
the bees wont hatch until next year so hopefully the green house should be fine . cheers , george
hi george i have several leaf cutter bees in my nest box this year . is there anything i can do to help them hatch successfully . i know with mason bees people harvest the cocoons , but what about leafcutters ?
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genus , there are approximately 46 speces . the common name
cuckoo bee
is typically used for any bee species that lays its eggs in the nests of other bees . these bees are known as cleptoparasites , where the cuckoo bee larvae kill the host larvae and feed on the provisions ( pollen and nectar ) provided by the host bee .
cuckoo bees are common in the summer months ; in central minnesota i typically see them from june until october . both males and females can be observed visiting flowers for nectar and females looking for , or waiting to enter a host ' s nest . these cuckoo bees lay their eggs in the nests of leafcutter bees ,
a female cuckoo bee watches for the female leafcutter bee to exit the nest in the rock cavity .
the cuckoo bee flies closer to the entrance anticipating the exit of the host bee .
bees actively look for a host ' s nest . once a nest is found , the female cuckoo bee waits until the host bee leaves the nest to collect provisions . with a short window of opportunity , the cuckoo bee slips in the empty nest and looks for a fully provisioned brood cell to lay its eggs in .
the host leafcutter bee , megachile sp . enters the nest in the rock cavity carrying a piece of leaf to line or cap the brood cell .
females have a sharply tapered or triangular - shaped abdomen . this acute point on the end of the abdomen is used to pierce through the layers of leaf pieces that line the brood cells of their host , leafcutter bees . the egg ( s ) is laid within the layers of leaves , or underneath the pollen mass hidden from sight in case the host leafcutter bee is still in the process of provisioning the nest . the cuckoo bee eggs are often different in size or appearance which may be another reason why the cuckoo bee hides the eggs .
the large sickle - like mandibles that the cuckoo bee larvae use to kill its siblings and host larva . illustration from : michener , c . d . ( 2000 ) . the bees of the world ( vol . 1 ) . jhu press .
the menacing part of this cleptoparasitic life cycle occurs after the cuckoo bee larva has hatched and begins to develop . the larva develops large sickle - shaped mandibles that are directed forward ( instead of downward ) to prepare to kill the host egg or young host larva . by the third or fourth instar , the
larva has killed any sibling larvae and the host . it now has an empty brood cell stocked with pollen and nectar provisions to feed on and develop .
the timing of adult emergence of cuckoo bees is very critical ; there is a short window of opportunity to overlap the timing of the host ' s adult emergence .
spp . have been documented emerging slightly earlier or around the same time as their host . a larvae will often develop into an adult the same year as the nest is constructed and more female cuckoo bees are produced earlier in the season .
a female cuckoo bee perches on foliage low to the ground watching for a leafcutter bee to emerge from a nest in the ground .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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global environmental change threatens biodiversity , species persistence and distributions as well as antagonistic and mutualistic interactions ( barlow et al .
) . in the tropics , ongoing deforestation results in a mosaic of forest fragments distributed between pastures and plantations ( vitousek et al .
) . habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity ( davies et al .
) and to disruption of trophic interactions , e . g . , predation and parasitism . the remaining forest fragments are influenced by edge effects because of the new matrix . edge effects in turn are known to change both the microclimate and the biotic communities ( laurance et al .
) , since their coverage is expanding while that of continuous primary forest habitat is limited , and they enhance landscape connectivity ( barlow et al .
) . however , studies along a fragmentation gradient of small secondary forest remnants are lacking .
most studies investigating whole communities of trap - nesting bees with large sample sizes in tropical countries have been done in agro - ecosystems or along land - use gradients ( klein et al .
) . none of the studies investigated a fragmentation gradient that included different tree locations in order to measure edge effects of secondary forest remnants , which is important due to their potential for conservation and maintenance of ecosystem services for agricultural areas ( klein et al .
) , materials for nest construction such as mud and plant materials ( wood chips , resin , leaves , oil ) ( taki et al .
) especially in the canopy . trap nests are well suited for gaining information on biodiversity , abundance , and community parameters such as mortality and parasitism rates ( tscharntke et al .
) . higher trophic levels are more affected by habitat modification ( valladares et al .
) because their interactions are more sensitive to phenology , behavior , physiology , and abundances of multiple species ( suttle et al .
this study investigated the vertical distribution of bee communities , single species patterns , and community parameters along a fragmentation gradient including locations at different distances from the forest border of small secondary forests in the sarapiquí region in costa rica . we hypothesized that larger fragments would contain a more species - rich and abundant bee community that would sustain a more abundant and diverse community of antagonists and therefore higher parasitism rates . we also expected lower mortality rates in larger fragments because of a higher variety of microhabitats and more natural microclimatic conditions . we expected a higher abundance and species diversity in the canopy and at the forest edge , although individual species may respond differently . we assumed that mortality rates would be lower in the forest center compared to the edge and that the rate would not respond to different heights , because this would be species dependent . concerning the parasitism rate of
species and their cuckoo bees , we expected that cleptoparasites would be more affected by fragmentation due to their sensitivity to environmental changes and their higher trophic level ( holt et al .
this study was conducted in lowland rainforest fragments in the sarapiquí region in northeastern costa rica during a 1 - year period , between february 2011 and february 2012 . to test for the effects of fragment size , we selected 12 differently sized secondary forest fragments ( 0 . 9–16 . 62 ha ) with no recent management activities and with at least a 2 - km distance between each . to minimize the influence of landscape and of foraging bees , every fragment had a similar landscape context with a forest cover of approximately 30 % forest cover and 70 % coverage of plantation ( banana , pineapple , ornamental plants ) or pasture in a 2 - km radius .
in each of the 12 fragments , three trees , one in the forest fragment center , one at an intermediate distance , and one at the forest edge , were selected along a transect line to measure the influence of edge effects . we selected trees with a low and comparable vine cover . none of the selected trees flowered during the study period , and there was no mass flowering observed in the direct neighborhood . overstory density increased from the edge to the center of forest fragments , but not with fragment size .
we also did not include % cover of understory in our analysis , because it is significantly negatively related to the fragment size and also to the forest interior . at each tree , three packages of three trap nests were placed at three heights ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) , amounting to 27 trap nests per fragment . trap nests consisted of a pvc tube filled with different diameters of about 120 reed internodes (
) , were collected and replaced by empty internodes of similar diameters . in the lab , nests were opened and identified to morpho - species ; living , dead , and parasitized cells were counted in order to calculate number of brood cells and the mortality and parasitism rates . only cells containing bees that died of unknown causes , most likely due to mold or other pathogenic microbiota ( keller et al .
) , were included in the mortality rate . the nests were then placed in pieces of transparent plastic tube and closed with cotton at both ends . after emergence , adults were killed for later identification to species or morpho - species level .
the shannon index and the incidence - based coverage estimator ( ice ) were calculated with the software estimates ( vs . win 910 , 2014 ) .
for the variables ( 1 ) number of brood cells , ( 2 ) parasitism rate , ( 3 ) mortality rate , ( 4 ) raw species richness , ( 5 ) mean ice , and ( 6 ) shannon index , we calculated linear mixed effect models containing all interactions of size , location , and height with the statistical program r ( r development core team vs r 3 . 0 . 3 ) . the number of brood cells was analyzed with a poisson model , whereas the mortality and parasitism rates were analyzed with a binomial model and the species diversity measures with a gaussian model ( crawley
) . to account for the nested design , the random term “fragment” was included . where necessary , an overdispersion correction term was included in the final models . during model selection , we also tested for the effects of overstory density on abundance , diversity and parasitism , and mortality rate . since it never was one of the most important factors and was related to tree location , we did not include this factor in our final models .
cells of all brood cells , and ( 3 ) percentage parasitism per fragment were analyzed with linear models . the same procedure was chosen to analyze the preferences of individual species with sufficient sample size with respect to fragment size , tree location , and height . the best models were chosen according to the lowest aic ( burnham and anderson
we found a total of 2340 brood cells of 16 different bee species , comprising 10 non - parasitic and 6 parasitic bee species . fragment size alone had no impact on the response variables ( table
) . location ( tree 1 at the forest edge , tree 2 at an intermediate distance , tree 3 at the forest center ) and height ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) had significant effects on the response variables .
effects of fragment size , tree location , and height on bee abundance , parasitism and mortality rates , species richness , ice , and shannon diversity index .
fragment size did not affect species diversity calculated per fragment ( species richness : p = 0 . 112 ; ice : p = 0 . 256 ; shannon : p = 0 . 09 ) . the percentage of the most abundant genus and the parasitism rates calculated per fragment did not respond to fragment size ( % centris : p = 0 . 25037 ; parasitism rate : p = 0 . 835090 ) .
vertical distribution of bee abundance ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .
< 0 . 001 for 20 m at the intermediate tree , and 10 - and 20 - m heights for the inner tree ) .
vertical distribution of species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .
vertical distribution of the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 , height in meters ) .
) , but species diversity was higher in the forest center compared to the forest edge . all three diversity variables ( raw species diversity , ice , and shannon index ) responded positively to the forest center ( observed species richness :
edge effects on species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .
most species preferred forest conditions , but individual species responded differently . we found that
edge effects on the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .
a mortality rate in relation to different heights ( 2 , 10 , 20 m ) . b parasitism rate of centris and their cuckoo bees in relation to different locations in the forest ( tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ; * p < 0 . 05 ) .
contrary to our expectations , fragment size had no effect on bee diversity . previous studies in tropical systems relating bee diversity to size have revealed variable results , some showing an increase in diversity with size ( chacoff and aizen
) and others finding no relationships between fragment size and diversity ( brosi et al .
) . this variability could be due to many factors , since little is known about the nesting behavior of bees in tropical forests . the presence or absence of specific tree species , occurrence of natural nesting sites , and food availability ( tscharntke et al .
) among other factors can affect bee species diversity unrelated to fragment size . however , our small - sized fragments appear to offer nesting opportunities and food resources for bees since we found similar species numbers as morato and campos (
) in large amazonian fragments . possibly size would have had a significant impact if we had included larger fragments , since the latter contain more tall dead trees with nesting sites for bees ( didham and lawton
in small fragments , there is often a dominance of few abundant species ( laurance et al .
) , but parasitism rates did not respond to fragment size . fragments in our size range seem to provide sufficient hosts , but further research is needed to see whether a size effect would occur when larger fragments or primary forest are included .
was abundant in the understory and the canopy . however , none of the species preferred the intermediate height of 10 m . the reasons for strata preference could be microclimate and natural nesting availabilities ( morato
species richness declined with height , which was opposite to the trends of the ice and the shannon index . the latter two variables are more sensitive for changes in community structure since they include species numbers and abundance data and because of their better suitability for greater numbers of rare species ( pianka
species and their related cleptoparasites mainly occurred at the 2 - m height , whereas all other species were less abundant and mainly occurred at other heights . we conclude that species diversity of trap - nesting bees was higher at the canopy level . the abundant species in the understory can be considered rainforest specialists , e . g . ,
) , whereas the majority of bees preferred the sunny dry conditions in the canopy . moreover , bee pollination is especially predominant in the canopy of tropical lowland forest ( bawa et al .
) , so nesting closer to their food resources might be more attractive . our results suggest that the canopy preference could also be due to the lower mortality rate and the lower risk of being parasitized . previous studies investigating the vertical distribution of trap nesting bee communities in tropical rainforest found a canopy preference by bees in primary forest and large fragments ( morato
) like we did in small secondary forest remnants . therefore , it is important to monitor bees and other insects at the canopy level .
species diversity at 10 and 20 m was lower in larger compared to smaller fragments and at the forest fragment center at 10 and 20 m , which can be explained through our study design . ten and 20 m have different microclimatic conditions depending on forest structure since canopy height is lower in smaller fragments and at the edge ( didham and lawton
) . the trap nests at 20 m at the edge and in smaller fragments were more sun exposed than those in larger fragments or in the forest center , where there are taller trees , resulting in more humid conditions , which affects nesting success . bees also find more natural nesting sites in larger fragments and the forest center , which could result in a lower colonization probability of trap nests ( viana et al .
total bee abundance did not vary from edge to center due to opposing preferences of individual species .
preferred the forest edge . this suggests that single species responses can be more informative than aggregated abundance and richness data in tropical forest remnants ( nemésio and silveira
) , and species - based analyses can help to understand contradictory responses to habitat fragmentation in the tropics .
) . with ongoing deforestation and fragmentation and the resulting increase of edge conditions , aboveground nesting solitary bees could become more threatened in the future .
the lower ice estimates at the inner trees in larger fragments could be the result of more available natural nesting cavities inside larger fragments with taller trees and a higher amount of dead trees . the availability of natural nesting sites is known to affect nesting frequency in trap nests ( viana et al .
most study species preferred the forest center , but a few species preferred edge conditions , e . g . ,
) . these two species seem to be better adapted to tolerate steeper temperature and humidity fluctuations and will probably profit from ongoing fragmentation and increased edge conditions . morato and campos (
) also found that despite an overall preference for continuous forest and natural gaps , some species preferred disturbed habitats and deforested areas . with respect to the effects on pollination , we conclude that small forest fragments can help to sustain bee communities and to stabilize pollination services , which has been shown for stingless bees ( brosi et al .
) . however , further fragmentation leading to an even greater increase in edge conditions will negatively affect trap - nesting bees .
mortality rates tended to increase in larger fragments which is probably due to higher humidity that results in a higher fungal infestation rate of nests ( personal observation ) . however , larger fragments contain more tall trees ( didham and lawton
) , so that larger fragments may be more suitable for some of the scarcer species . tree location did not affect mortality rates , because of the preferences of individual species . species probably prefer certain locations due to their advantage in survival , which is dependent on individual species traits ( nemésio and silveira
the most interesting pattern was the significantly lower mortality in the canopy . most studied bee species preferred the canopy ( morato
) , probably because it provides better conditions for survival as shown in our data . it is possible that the drier sunnier conditions in the canopy help to reduce infestations by fungi . it is also probably easier for bees to find nectar and pollen resources in the canopy ( bawa


tritia reticulata , common name the " netted dog whelk " is a species of small european sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family nassariidae , the dog whelks or nassa mud snails .

tritia reticulata

tritia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - syn . nassarius reticulatus - netted dog - whelk
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , medium shot . black sea . ukraine .
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , close up . black sea . ukraine .
gastropoda ( tritia reticulata ) crawling on a sandy bottom in search of food , close - up . black sea . ukraine .
scientific and european names : tritia reticulata , nassarius reticulatus , hinia reticulata , netted dog whelk , dvaergkonk , fuikhoren , gevlochten fuikhoorn , gevlochten fuikhoren , grande nasse , nasse reticulee , netzreusenschnecke .
gastropods ( tritia reticulata ) crawling from different sides to the smell of bivalve destroyed by crab , wide shot . black sea . ukraine .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : tritia reticulata ( c . linnaeus , 1758 ) - id : 1950001060
nassa reticulata viriditincta ( var . ) dautzenberg , ph . & h . fischer , 1925
nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ( synonym )
habitats type , critical habitats , limiting factors : inhabiting shallow water sandy bottom shelf areas . the critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones . the main limiting factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline in populations of the gastropod mollusc tritia reticulata .
( of hinia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
pizzolla , p . f 2005 . tritia reticulata netted dog whelk . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
the paper deals with statistical processing of information on the tritia distribution ; collected during summers of 1973—1976 in some testing grounds near the black sea coasts , of the crimea and the caucasus . it is established that the random value x distribution ( tritia biomass ) does not correspond to the normal law . coming from the fact that the mass is a function proportional to the volume , it is suggested to transform the initial value x into the randomvalue z = ³√х whose distribution is close to the normal one . the dependence of the average z values on the depth of the tritia habitat and the ground type is determined by dispersion analysis .
biology : a psammophilic hermit crab , inhabiting shallow water biotopes including low salinity areas . prefers sandy and shelly grounds , usually at depths of 1 - 10 m , but sometimes can be found up to a depth 40 - 42 m . it is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a snail shell of tritia reticulata , ceritium vulgatum , or sometimes , young rapana thomasiana , in which the unarmored diogenes abdomen is concealed .
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finistère et en particulier de la région de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
( of nassa reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum anglicum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum chrysostomum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum marginulatum lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 278 [ details ]
( of buccinum porcatum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa oblonga mörch , 1852 ) mörch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d’alphonso d’aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) locard a . ( 1886 ) . prodrome de malacologie française . catalogue général des mollusques vivants de france . mollusque marins . lyon , h . georg & paris , baillière : pp . x + 778 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 135 - 136 , 549 [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) sanjuan a . , pérez - losada m . & rolán e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 . [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassa limicola martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa oblonga mörch , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa poirieri locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa bourguignati locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa cancellata martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa coronata nobre , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) landau b . m . , da silva c . m . & gili c . ( 2009 ) the early pliocene gastropoda ( mollusca ) of estepona , southern spain . part 8 , nassariidae . palaeontos 17 : 1 - 101 . [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) van dingenen f . , ceulemans l . , landau b . m . & da silva c . m . ( 2015 ) . the family nassariidae ( gastropoda : buccinoidea ) from the late neogene of northwestern france . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 75 - 122 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of buccinum anglicum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum porcatum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum chrysostomum röding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rolan , e . ; luque , a . a . ( 1995 ) . nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus . 12 , 59 - 76 . [ details ]
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vliz belgian marine species consortium ( 2010 onwards ) . belgian register of marine species .
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
buccinum marginulatum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
nassa bourguignati locard , e . a . a . , 1887 : nw france
( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : sergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09
sergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) . black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema .
a small creamy - brown whelk ( up to 3 cm in height ) it has a pointed , straight sided spire . the criss - crossing of longitudinal and spiral ridges gives the whelk its characteristic netted ( reticulate ) pattern . it has an oval aperture with an outer lip that is thickened and toothed in mature animals . the inner lip extends over the body - whorl and the siphonal canal is deep and at an oblique angle .
has been recorded from the moroccan coast , extending through the mediterranean as far east as greece and into the black sea . populations are scattered around european coastlines including france and northern spain , to northernmost records in the baltic sea ( just east of stockholm ) .
common on the lower rocky shore , from the low water of spring tides ( lwst ) extending to sublittoral depths of up to 15 m . as a burrower , it can be found on both rocky and sandy shores in a mixture of rock , mud and sand , or within pockets of soft material on rocky shores under runnels of water at low tide .
is also tolerant of salinities as low as 16 ppt and can be found in estuaries .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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a common mollusc species often found living on the middle but especially the lowershore . can be found under rocks and weed ; and in rockpools with sandy bottoms . locally very common around the south - west coast .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
the gastropod netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) crawls along the sandy bottom .
gastropod netted dog whelk crawling on muddy ground , then leaves the frame , close - up .
the gastropod mollusc netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) is buried in the sandy soil .
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norway to canarias , madeira to black sea . original taxon : buccinum reticulatum . synonyms : anglicum , cancellata , chrysostomum , coronata , minor … limicola … 25m deep , adra , almeria , andalucia , spain . 28 - 29mm .
in nets , marina di ravenna , emilia - romagna , italy . 23mm .
a specimen from near atlantic . 10m deep , taliarte , gran canaria , canarias . 20 - 21mm .
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merci pour votre contribution à l ' amélioration de l ' inpn . nous avons transmis ces informations à un expert pour vérification et correction .
correspond à un signalement sur la base d ' au moins une observation avérée dans une période de 10 ans ( 20 ans pour les invertébrés peu connus ) précédant l ' année de référence et aucune présomption de disparition depuis l ' obtention de la dernière donnée ni doute sur le caractère reproducteur et implanté de cette population . pour les espèces migratrices , la pr & easence ; indiqu & eae ; concerne les zones de reproduction .
une dernière observation fiable remontant à plus de 10 ans par rapport à la date de référence , aucune recherche spécifique récente et aucune présomption de disparition depuis cette date [ vertébrés , plantes et invertébrés bien étudiés ( rhopalocères , orthoptères , odonates . . . ) ] ;
une dernière observation fiable remontant à plus de 20 ans , aucune recherche spécifique récente et aucune présomption de disparition depuis cette date [ taxons peu connus : fonge , nombreux invertébrés . . . ] .
ce point recouvre l ' absence , par nature plus difficile à démontrer que la présence . ce statut se base sur un ou plusieurs des critères suivants :
ce statut doit également être attribué à un département dans lequel la présence de l ' espèce est occasionnelle .
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dans l ' état des connaissances , on ne peut pas se prononcer sur la présence ou l ' absence actuelle dans le département . il s ' agit du statut utilisé par défaut quand on ne se situe pas dans une des catégories précédente ou dès lors qu ' il y a un doute .
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inventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp .
lamarck and 19th century authors treated planaxis as a genus of feminine gender . worms follows prevailing current . . . [ details ]
bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
common names : engl : hermit crab ; russ : rak otshel ' nik diogen ; ukr : rak - diogen samitnik .
taxonomic descriptions : one of two species of the paguridae family in the black sea . the first left leg with claw is much bigger than the right leg . dactylus moves on vertical plane . the coloration of its body is yellow . the anterior edge of the carapace has acute triangular lateral projections . the internal sides of the dactyli have unequal tooths . length up to 30 mm .
distribution : black sea coastal waters and southern sea of azov , mediterranean sea , east atlantic coast from the north sea untill the coasts of angola .
population trends : decline in population numbers since the late 1970s . a reduction of 60 - 70 % over the last 10 years according to direct visual observations .
conservation measures proposed : enter in the black sea red data book . reduction in black sea coastal zone pollution .
povchun , a . s . , 1992 . izmenenie donnykh soobschestv karkinitskogo zaliva ( changes in the bottom communities of karkinitsky bay ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 105 - 138 ( in russian ) .
kiseleva , m . i . , 1992 . smena donnykh soobschestv biotopa peska u yugo - zapadnogo poberezhya kryma ( changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the south - western crimean coast ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 62 - 69 , ( in russian ) .
sources : hayward , p . ; nelson - smith , a . ; shields , c . ( 1999 ) . gids van kust en strand : flora en fauna [ coast and beach guide : flora and fauna ] . tirion : baarn , netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 327 - 5 . 352 , ill . pp .
sources : lindner , g . ( 1999 ) . schelpengids : schelpen uit de wereldzeeën , vorm , voorkomen , systematiek [ the shell guide : shells from the world oceans , shape , distribution and systematics ] . tirion : baarn , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 409 - 3 . 320 pp .
sources : muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp .
rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda .
rolan e . & luque a . a . ( 1995 ) nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus 12 : 59–76 .
sanjuan a . , pérez - losada m . & rolán e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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the knifetooth dogfish , is a harmless sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found in the eastern atlantic , from scotland to spain , portugal , and senegal , and the southwest pacific from new zealand , between latitudes 58 ° n and 15 ° n , at depths of between 200 and 1,600 m. its length is up to 1.1 m.

knifetooth dogfish

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knifetooth dogfish
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northeast atlantic : atlantic slope from scotland to spain , portugal ( compagno in prep ) . eastern central atlantic : mauritania and senegal ( fernández et al . 2005 , compagno in prep ) .
compagno ( in prep ) reports this species as relatively common in the eastern atlantic . this temperate to tropical species is rarely caught in commercial or research trawling west of scotland ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) and this is likely the northern fringe of its distribution . the species is caught in very small numbers in commercial trawl catches and fisheries research services ( frs ) deep - water surveys west of scotland fishing at depths between 500 m and 1 , 900 m ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . it is not mentioned in the report of the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food ( maff ) surveys in the 1970s , fishing at depths between 366 m and 1 , 280 m , indicating that it was not common in this area at that time either ( bridger 1978 ) . there is therefore no information from which to infer trends in this area or other areas of the eastern atlantic .
a little - known deepwater , temperate to subtropical shark , found on or near the sea bottom at depths of 200–1 , 600 m ( compagno in prep ) . probably ovoviviparous ( compagno in prep . ) . maximum size is reported at about 110 cm tl ( compagno in prep . ) .
reportedly captured in bottom trawls , with line gear , and with fixed bottom nets in the eastern atlantic , but apparently of limited interest to fisheries ( compagno in prep . ) .
areas of the northeast atlantic , for example the rockall trough have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks ( gordon 2003 ) . the species is a known bycatch of the longline fishery targeting black scabbardfish (
. 2005 ) . it is also taken by the basque artisanal longline fleet targeting deepwater sharks in the bay of biscay ( heessen 2003 ) .
very infrequently caught by french and scottish deep - water trawlers working west of scotland ( ices sub - area via ) ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . very limited data exists on the catches of gill - netters in this area but one retrieved net did not contain any of this species ( in a total catch of 8 . 5 tonnes ) ( stecf 2006 ) .
. ( 2005 ) report that the catch of these squalids declined from 158 tons ( 87 % of elasmobranch landings ) in 1992 to 22 tons ( 59 % ) in 2001 , with a minimum of 3 . 5 tons in 1999 . the decline may be attributable to a set of factors , including a shift in the depths fished , economic reasons ( the value and quality of elasmobranch landings fell during the period of the study ) and probable over - exploitation of both the target and bycatch species .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . scymnodon ringens is not included in the list of species covered by the european union total allowable catch for deepwater sharks , thus it is not covered by fisheries measures . recommended actions : the affect of deepwater fishing pressure on this species is of concern , particularly off mauritania , where this species is taken of bycatch of expanding deepwater fisheries . it is strongly recommended that efforts be made to quantify and monitor bycatch in these fisheries and determine the impact of these on this species .
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greek , skymnos , - ou = little lion + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 200 - 1600 m ( ref . 247 ) , usually 550 - 1450 m ( ref . 10717 ) . deep - water ; 58°n - 15°n
eastern atlantic : along the slope from scotland to spain , portugal , senegal . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 110 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 )
anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . black in color ; small dorsal fin spines ; short snout ; small lanceolate teeth without cusplets in upper jaw and huge high , knife - cusped cutting teeth in lower jaw ; mouth very wide and broadly arched ; caudal fin with weak subterminal notch and no lower lobe ( ref . 247 ) .
a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
probably ovoviviparous ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 4 . 2 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 7 ( based on 164 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00203 - 0 . 01128 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 58 of 100 ) .
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continental slope , on or near the bottom at depths of 200 to 1600 m . probably
bigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .
maurin , c . and m . bonnet , 1970 . poissons des cotes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassia ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . peches marit . , nantes , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 70
krefft , g . and e . tortonese , 1973 . squalidae . in clofnam . check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean , edited by j . - c . hureau and t . monod . paris , unesco , vol . 1 : 37 - 48
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
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n . e . i . starry ray blonde ray sandy ray small - eyed ray undulate ray white skate round ray rabbit fish ratfishes n . e . i . knife - nosed chimaeras longnose chimaeras cartilaginous fishes n . e . i . groundfishes n . e . i . pelagic fishes n . e . i . marine fishes n . e . i . finfishes n . e . i .
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fusinus dimassai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus dimassai

this book treats 31 species of fusinus , 4 of these new to science . new taxa : fusinus dimassai n . sp . , fusinus dimirii n . sp . , fusinus eviae n . sp . , fusinus margaritae n . sp .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : fusinus dimassai g . buzzurro & p . russo , 2007 - id : 1972655584
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p .
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . page ( s ) : 83 - 85 , 244 - 245 [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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buzzurro & russo , 2007 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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