the pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) is a neotropical cuckoo with a long graduated tail and a short crest .

it is one of three species of neoptropical cuckoo which are known to be brood parasites .

pavonine cuckoo

pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .
these long - legged and long - tailed cuckoos have variable breeding habits . three of them are brood - parasitic species , the striped cuckoo ( tapera naevia ) , and the two species of genus dromococcyx , the pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) and the pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) . these three species occur in south america and central america , except the pavonine cuckoo which is only present in ne south america .
the pavonine cuckoo is a medium - sized , long - tailed cuckoo found in the understory of forests of south america . the pavonine cuckoo is known to be a brood parasite , laying its eggs in the nests of other species . but otherwise very little is known of the behavior of this widespread but reclusive species , which is heard far more often than it is seen .
this reed warbler is raising the young of a common cuckoo , the best - known cuckoo .
cuckoo ' s nest
redirects here . for other uses , see cuckoo ' s nest ( disambiguation ) .
in some species the migration is diurnal , as in the channel - billed cuckoo , or nocturnal , as in the yellow - billed cuckoo .
the pavonine cuckoo is rare and difficult to see as it does not move much and remains inconspicuous . it favors terra firme and mature floodplain forests . it is known to range at elevations of up to 900 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in
the african cuckoo was identified as a separate species on the basis of its call .
some species , like the asian emerald cuckoo ( chrysococcyx maculatus ) exhibit iridescent plumage .
, the god of desire and longing , whereas in japan , the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love .
the plumage typically is a dull grayish brown , but some , such as the bronze cuckoos—shining bronze - cuckoo ( chrysococcyx lucidus ) , horsfield ' s bronze - cuckoo ( chrysococcyx basalis ) , and so forth—are brightly colored or iridescent . cuckoo genera differ in the number of primary wing feathers as below .
in this case , raising the cuckoo chick is less of a cost than the alternative—total clutch destruction .
this species is a recent split from fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo surniculus dicruroides . both were previously lumped as
asian drongo - cuckoo
in southeast asia . the square - tailed , however , is the only one to reach palawan , the south - easternmost of the philippine islands . in the rest of the philippines the resident is philippine drongo - cuckoo surniculus velutinus . a final drongo - cuckoo inhabits the moluccas .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
other species of cuckoo lay
cryptic
eggs , which are dark in color when their hosts ' eggs are light .
quite a number of species of cuckoo , such as the well - known european cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) , practice brood parasitism , laying eggs in the nests of other bird species for rearing . such an instinctual behavior adds to the diversity and wonder of the animal world and has made the cuckoo a well - known bird , especially the unforgettable sight of a small parent bird feeding a very large cuckoo nestling—a nestling that may have ejected the parent bird ' s other eggs or nestlings from the nest .
most species of cuckoo are sedentary , but some undertake regular seasonal migrations and others undertake partial migrations over part of their range .
the cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host ' s , and the cuckoo chick grows faster ; in most cases the chick evicts the eggs or young of the host species . the chick has no time to learn this behavior , so it must be an
karubian , j ; carrasco , l ( 2008 ) .
home range and habitat preferences of the banded ground - cuckoo (
cuckoo chicks start to mimic the cries that their foster parents ' young make from the moment they hatch , a scientist has proved .
stoddard mc , stevens m ( july 2011 ) .
avian vision and the evolution of egg color mimicry in the common cuckoo
.
the cuckoo family gets its english and scientific names from the call of the common cuckoo , which is also familiar from cuckoo clocks . some of the names of other species and genera are also derived from their calls , for example the koels of asia and australasia . in most cuckoos the calls are distinctive to particular species , and are useful for identification . several cryptic species are best identified on the basis of their calls .
. the pavonine cuckoo has multi - toned rufous head and neck with a dusky streak from behind the eye . the rest of the underparts are pale . the throat and breast are unmarked ( no black specks ) . it has a buffy superciliary line from above the eye . the tail is long , broad , and graduated with long and ornate rump feathers and uppertail coverts . it forages on the ground where it extends the wings and tail to flush insects before it chases and catches them . it is similar to the
the cuckoo family gets its english and scientific names from the familiar , two - note call of the common cuckoo , which is also familiar from cuckoo clocks . some of the names of other species and genera are also derived from their calls , for example the koels of asia and australasia . in most cuckoos , the calls are distinctive to particular species , and are useful for identification . several cryptic species have been identified on the basis of their calls .
levaillant ' s cuckoo ( below ) — quite a large cuckoo of arid woodlands— parasitizes mostly turdoides babblers , such as arrow - marked babbler t . jardineii , but also uses chestnut - bellied starling spreo pulcher as a host . these hosts are resident in the dry country but they breed in the wet season , and that is when levaillant ' s cuckoo arrives . after the wet season it is an intra - continental migrant back to the equatorial primary forests .
this article is part of project cucuiformes / idae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cuckoo , including made - up species .
several koels , couas , and the channel - billed cuckoo feed mainly on fruit ( corlett and ping 1995 ) , but they are not exclusively frugivores . the parasitic koels and channel - billed cuckoo in particular consume mainly fruit when raised by fruigivore hosts such as the figbird and pied currawong . other species will occasionally take fruit as well .
, being around the same size as the channel - billed cuckoo . the subfamily coccyzinae are arboreal and long tailed as well , with a number of large insular forms . the
not globally threatened . a solitary cuckoo , uncommon to rare , not well known , and sensitive to habitat disturbance . its distribution is patchy and discontinuous , though the . . .
the other ani — the yellow - eyed greater ani c . major — and guira cuckoo are only in south america , favoring , respectively , marshy edges and dry brushy country .
antonov , anton ; stokke , bard g . ; moksnes , arne ; roeskaft , eivin ( 2008 ) .
does the cuckoo benefit from laying unusually strong eggs ?
.
about 56 of the old world species and 3 of the new world species are brood parasites , laying their eggs in the nests of other birds ( payne 2005 ) . the best - known example is the european common cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) . the cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host ' s , and the cuckoo chick grows faster ; in most cases , the chick evicts the eggs or young of the host species . the chick has no time to learn this behavior , so it must be an instinct passed on genetically . the mother still feeds the cuckoo chick as if it were her own , the chick ' s open mouth serving as a sign stimulus for the host to feed it ( campbell 1996 ) .
different species and even populations of cuckoo select different host species , laying eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host . this also seems to have been aided by natural selection , as some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own , leading to those eggs least like the host ' s being thrown out of the nest ( campbell 1996 ) .
in central & south america , squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana is common and do seem
squirrel - like
as they move through the canopy . a very small version is little cuckoo ( left ) . several south american cuckoos are migratory , moving to the equator in the southern winter ( our summer ) . one of these is ash - colored cuckoo c . cinereus . in july 1975 , i discovered this tiny cuckoo on the banks of the amazon river at leticia where it proved to be a first record for colombia ( hilty & brown 1986 ) . it was one of my best personal finds , even though i didn ' t know what it was at the time . i showed the bird to others and together we sorted it out using meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) .
gaines , d . , and s . a . laymon . 1984 . decline , status and preservation of the yellow - billed cuckoo in california . w . birds 15 : 49 - 80 .
cuckoos have played a role in human culture for thousands of years , appearing in greek mythology as sacred to the goddess hera . in europe , the cuckoo is associated with spring , and with cuckoldry , for example in shakespeare ' s love ' s labours lost . in india , cuckoos are sacred to kamadeva , the god of desire and longing , whereas in japan , the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love .
, but there are exceptions . the anis and the guira cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests , although this behaviour is not completely cooperative ; a female may remove others ' eggs when laying hers .
avilés jm , stokke bg , moksnes a , røskaft e , asmul m , møller ap ( november 2006 ) .
rapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler population
.
in the far east are four species of drongo - cuckoo , named for a resemblance to drongos ( genus dicurus ) . this ( right ) is square - tailed drongo - cuckoo . notice it has a shiny plumage like a drongo . here it looks to be consuming a hairy caterpillar . it parasitizes a variety of bulbuls , babblers and tit - babblers . no drongo is known to be a host .
38–40 cm ; 116–163 g . the largest hawk - cuckoo . adult dark morph is brown above , ashy - grey on crown , nape and neck , tail barred brownish grey and black , tipped . . .
laymon , s . a . , and m . d . halterman . 1987 . can the western subspecies of the yellow - billed cuckoo be saved from extinction . w . birds 18 : 19 - 26 .
bogert , c ( 1937 ) birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition . 34 , the distribution and the migration of the long - tailed cuckoo ( urodynamis taitensis sparrman ) . american museum novitates 933 12 p .
they tend to conform to the classic shape , with ( usually ) long tails , short legs , long narrow wings and an arboreal lifestyle . the largest species , the channel - billed cuckoo , also has the most outsized
this is a trick to hide the egg from the host , and is exhibited in cuckoos that parasitize hosts with dark , domed nests . some adult parasitic cuckoos completely destroy the host ' s clutch if they reject the cuckoo egg .
some host species may directly try to prevent cuckoos laying eggs in their nest in the first place – birds whose nests are at high risk of cuckoo - contamination are known to ' mob ' cuckoos to drive them out of the area .
most of the nest - building cuckoos are monogamous , but the anis and the guira cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests . their behavior is not completely cooperative ; a female may remove others ' eggs when laying hers ( payne 2005 ) .
the common cuckoo shown at near right is typically gray male from a population in china . to the far right is a ' hepatic ' ( rufous ) morph female in its first autumn . females of this and other cuculus species often have gray morphs and hepatic morphs . this particular hepatic morph female represents california ' s first and only record of this old world species . long - distance migration can sometimes spin off vagrants on the ' wrong ' side of the pacific . there are a handful of records of common cuckoo and oriental cuckoo c . optatus in alaska , but this one was found by friends ( lois goldfrank , steve gerow ) at watsonville , in nearby santa cruz co . , and lingered from 28 sep–2 oct 2012 .
female parasitic cuckoos sometimes specialize and lay eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host . some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own , leading to those eggs least like the host ' s being thrown out of the nest .
cuckoos are birds of variable size with slender bodies , long tails , pointed wings , down - curved bills , and strong legs . the feet are zygodactyl : the two inner toes pointed forward and the two outer toes pointed backward . cuckoos range in size from the little bronze cuckoo , at 17 grams ( 0 . 6 ounces ) and 15 centimeters ( 6 inches ) , to the channel - billed cuckoo , at 630 grams ( 1 . 4 pounds ) and 63 centimeters ( 25 inches ) .
there are four species of lizard - cuckoos in the caribbean , almost all are single - island endemics and each has a dramatic long and impressive tail , and an equally dramatic long bill . this is puerto rican lizard - cuckoo ( above right ) .
on the other hand , the large forest species of south america often follow swarms of army - ants . these species belong to the genus neomorphus . they are uncommon to rare , and the banded ground - cuckoo ( neomorphus radiolosus ) is evaluated as endangered due to forest destruction .
some hosts do not exhibit egg rejection behavior and the cuckoo eggs look very dissimilar from the host eggs . it has also been shown in a study of the european cuckoos that females will lay their egg in the nest of a host that has eggs that look similar to its own .
the parasitism is not necessarily entirely detrimental to the host species . a 16 - year dataset was used in 2014 to find that parasitized crows ' nests were more successful overall ( more likely to produce at least one crow fledgling ) than cuckoo - free nests . the researchers attributed this to a strong - smelling substance secreted by cuckoo chicks when attacked that repels predators , and commented
interactions that have been clearly classified as ' parasitic ' or ' mutualistic ' might be more complex . perhaps we need to look more closely at these interactions before giving species such tags or labels
.
the roadrunners are fairly common in their habitat . the striped cuckoo is variably common to uncommon while the dromococcyx species are rare and local , as the neomorphus . all are resident in their range . they are sensitive to habitat disturbance , land clearance and overgrazing which destroys the low vegetation , and some species have restricted range .
the majority of cuckoo species , including malkohas , couas , coucals , and roadrunners , and most other american cuckoos , build their own nests . most of these species nest in trees or bushes , but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs . though on some occasions non - parasitic cuckoos parasitize other species , the parent still helps feed the chick .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the stripped cuckoo is the smallest of this subfamily with a length of 26 - 29 cm . this species frequents the open country with scattered trees , low seasonally wet grasslands , clearing in forest , brush at tropical forest edge and roadsides . it feeds on large insects and caterpillars , and forages alone on the ground . it often sways from side to side and fans the alula , probably to flush insects .
the three cuckoos mentioned represent different subfamilies . the variation among the cuculidae ranges from parasitic songsters that lay eggs in the nests of other birds ( the classic old world cuckoo ) to rangy ground - feeders in the new world to secretive skulkers whose gurgling
water - bottle
calls dominate an african swamp . this diversity supports the feeling among some that these wonderfully strange birds might better be separated into several families .
payne , r . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . large hawk - cuckoo ( hierococcyx sparverioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
payne , r . , de juana , e . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lesser cuckoo ( cuculus poliocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the final subfamily [ crotophaginae ] consists of three species of anis ( genus crotophaga ) — all of them all - black birds like the smooth - billed ani ( right ) — and one species in the genus guira , the guira cuckoo ( below ) which is sort - of like a blonde ani . all these birds forage on the ground or in small bushes in small flocks . they are communal birds that often roost together , and are co - operative breeders .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . moluccan cuckoo ( cacomantis aeruginosus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dromococcyx pavoninus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 15 side a track 44 seq . a )
el individuo se manifestó espontáneamente desde el estrato bajo , en un borde de selva marginal secundaria del río paraná con capueras y vegetación cerrada . posado en un gajo visible y bastante confiado , marcaba acústicamente su territorio . el canto de este registro presenta cierta variación con respecto al habitual .
individuo vocalizando de manera espontánea perchando a menos de un metro de altura del suelo en un sector de vegetación arbustiva aledaño a un camino de la isla . todo el sector se encontraba rodeado de bañados .
id accurancy : 95 % . habitat : low montane second growth forest . distance to mic : 20 m . tascam dr - 100mkii reference : 150409 _ 0037
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 16 side a track 2 seq . b )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
proposed race perijanus ( from sierra de perijá , on n colombia–nw venezuela border ) generally considered inseparable . monotypic .
very patchily from colombia # r # r , venezuela and guyana through e peru and bolivia to brazil ( s to mato grosso , paraná , são paulo and rio de janeiro ) , paraguay and n argentina ( misiones ) ; recorded once in e ecuador ( napo ) # r .
27–30·5 cm ; 40·5–54 g . adult small - headed , thin - necked , dark above , with scaly feathers edged white on outer webs ( frosted appearance ) , crown , face . . .
call a whistled “püü , pee , püü - pe - pe” , first note lowest , last note . . .
lowland tropical evergreen forest , montane evergreen forest , scrub thickets , tangled forests with . . .
brood - parasitic : hosts include species with closed or bag - shaped nests ( tyrannidae , formicariidae ) . eggs white with purplish spots ; 21 mm . . .
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a bird looking around while perched on a low branch above the forest floor .
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most cuckoos reside in forests , but some prefer more open country . most are insect eaters , with hairy caterpillars , which are avoided by many birds , being a specialty .
parasitic female cuckoos are grouped into gentes ( singular
gens
) , that is , populations favoring a particular host species ' nest , with each gens laying eggs that match those of the host species in color and pattern . brood parasites , such as cuckoos , which use multiple host species to raise their chicks , evolve different gentes , each one specific to its host species . this specialization allows the parasites to lay eggs that mimic those of their hosts , which in turn reduces the chances of the eggs being rejected by the hosts . there is some evidence that the gentes are genetically different from one another .
non - parasitic cuckoos , like most other non - passerines , lay white eggs , but many of the parasitic species lay colored eggs to match those of their passerine hosts .
the young of all species are altricial ( newly hatched young are relatively immobile , have closed eyes , lack feathers , and must be cared for by the adults ) . non - parasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly , and some new world species have the shortest incubation periods among birds ( payne 2005 ) .
cuckoos are often highly secretive and in many cases best known for their wide repertoire of calls . calls are usually relatively simple , resembling whistles , flutes , or hiccups ( brooke and horsfall 2003 .
although cuckoos are diurnal , many species call at night ( payne 2005 ) .
the following is the systematics of the family cuculidae including coucals and anis as subfamilies within this taxon .
genus cursoricoccyx — fossil ( early miocene of logan county , u . s . ) —neomorphinae
cuculidae gen . et sp . indet . — fossil ( early pliocene of lee creek mine , u . s . : olson 1985 )
genus eocuculus — fossil ( late eocene of teller county , u . s . )
brooke , m . de l . , and j . a . horsfall . 2003 . cuckoos . in c . perrins ( ed . ) , firefly encyclopedia of birds . firefly books . isbn 1552977773 .
corlett , r . , and i . ping . 1995 . frugivory by koels in hong kong . memoirs of the hong kong natural history society 20 : 221 - 222 .
feduccia , a . 1996 . the origin and evolution of birds . new haven : yale university press . isbn 0300064608 .
kaiser , g . w . 2007 . the inner bird ; anatomy and evolution . vancouver , bc : ubc press . isbn 9780774813433 .
olson , s . l . 1985 . section vii . c . cuculidae . in d . s . farner , j . r . king , and k . c . parkes ( eds . ) , avian biology 8 : 110 - 111 .
payne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press . isbn 0198502133 .
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has been thought to be closely related to c . rochii , the two sometimes being treated as conspecific ; dna data , however , do not support a sister relationship between them # r . c . lepidus has been placed in present species , but available evidence does not support that treatment . monotypic .
n pakistan # r and kashmir e through himalayan foothills to khasi and naga hills , n myanmar and n indochina , and across china ( including taiwan and hainan , where seems to be resident # r # r ) to ussuriland , korea and japan . winters in sri lanka and e africa .
22–27 cm ; 40–59 g . adult male slate - grey above , tail and uppertail - coverts contrastingly blackish , tail with white tip and white spots at sides ; bend of wing . . .
loud , husky chattering song , “eat your chóky pepper” , comprising six notes at 1 . . .
forests , both broadleaf and pine , scrub , second growth ; in ussuriland in broadleaf forests of . . .
insects , mainly caterpillars ( geometrids , noctuids ) , also beetles , hymenoptera , mantids .
migratory , entire breeding population apparently moving sw or s to wintering grounds . winters in . . .
not globally threatened . few data on abundance ; common to fairly common locally in nepal . populations depend on maintaining habitat and numbers of its host species . not . . .
usually treated as conspecific with h . bocki . thought to be closer to h . varius , the two forming a clade with h . bocki as sister # r . monotypic .
himalayas from n pakistan and india to nepal , naga hills , manipur and meghalaya , thence e to china ( sichuan , n to lower yellow r valley ) , taiwan , and s to myanmar , thailand and indochina . winters mainly from ne india and thailand s to s & e india , peninsular malaysia , andaman is # r , greater and lesser sundas and philippines .
in breeding season , calls at dawn and at sunset into night ( especially during overcast weather ) , a . . .
deciduous and evergreen wooded areas , especially with oaks ( or oak - rhododendron in nepal ) , also in . . .
insects , mainly caterpillars ( including hairy species ) ; also hemiptera , crickets , grasshoppers , beetles , bugs , roaches , ants and spiders ; . . .
breeds apr–jul in w himalayas , apr–jun in assam ; eggs apr–may in myanmar ( where vocalizes late feb–jun ) . brood - . . .
mainly migratory : most individuals , at least from n of range and over most of china , move s to . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common or fairly common breeder in many parts of range , notably thailand , nepal and india , and considered abundant in bhutan , but . . .
often subsumed within cuculus but shows notable morphological differences ( e . g . in wing shape and tail - barring ) , and genetic data support this grouping # r .
this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
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the other major question is how many families to create out of the diversity in the cuculiformes . sibley & ahlquist ( 1990 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) settled on five families but the handbook of the birds of the world account ( payne 1997 ) considers these five groups to be subfamilies , and further separates the malkohas and couas as another subfamily , making six subfamilies in all . then the malkohas and the couas are given
tribe
status , thus forming at least seven distinctive groups of cuckoos . i recommend that birders learn all seven groups , and that you search for each as you enjoy birding the world . here are the hbw six subfamilies :
prum et al . ( 2015 ) matched molecular evidence with fossil evidence to construct a phylogeny of modern birds . their evidence showed that the old world subfamily cuculinae diverged from the new world coccyzinae group about 22 million years ago ( mya ) and that the combined clade of old and new world cuckoos diverged from the coucals about 32 mya .
smooth - billed and groove - billed c . sulcirostris anis are very widespread species in the neotropics , and both reach north into the united states in south florida and south texas , respectively . smooth - bills , though , have become quite scarce and hard to find in florida ; groove - bills are interesting because vagrants can turn up widely throughout the u . s . ( i have chased three in california and finally got the third one ) . a recent survey on their u . s . status , plus good identification points , is in mlodinow & karlson ( 1999 ) .
was at intervales np , brazil , on 31 july 2010 . the party of
( at the top ) and the lone bird ( bottom of page ) were both taken at porte jofre , pantanal , brazil , on 21 july 2010 . the
was taken from a blind in kruger nat ' l park , south africa , in july 1996 . the
was at rajah sikatuna park , bohol , philippines on 20 dec 2005 . the drying
at mt . makiling , luzon , philippines , on 10 dec 2005 . dan singer shot the
were taken , respectively , at huzu , china , on 23 june 2004 , and watsonville , california , on 28 sep 2012 . the male
was at kalkapa reserve , ghana , on 29 nov 2013 . both shots of
were of a single male at antwikwaa , ghana , on 3 dec 2013 . the
was in puerto princesa np , palawan , philippines , on 23 dec 2005 . the
was in the hills above the baliem valley , irian jaya , new guinea , in aug 1994 . the
was at the olobogu river grasslands , sulawesi , indonesia , on 1 oct 2011 .
was in shirttail canyon , monterey county , california , on 19 oct 2014 . marc fenner photographed the
above lagartos , costa rica , on the road to monteverde , in april 1990 . kevin j . zimmer photographed the
at el valle , panama , on 29 mar 2010 . sarah hamilton took the photos of
that was netted and banded at the big sur ornithology lab , monterey co . , california , on 4 june 2003 . the
was along the rio cuiba , pantanal , brazil , on 22 july 2010 . the
was amongst a small party at ft . lauderdale , florida , on 21 dec 2006 .
uncredited photos © don roberson . credited photos © blake matheson , dan singer , marc fenner , kevin zimmer , and sarah hamilton of big sur ornithology lab , as credited , and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
payne , robert b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford univ . press , oxford .
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics , princeton univ . press , princeton , n . j .
collar , n . j . , and a . j . long . 1995 . taxonomy and names of carpococcyx cuckoos from the greater sundas . forktail 11 : 135 - 150 .
fry , c . h . , s . keith , and e . k . urban , eds . 1988 . the birds of africa . vol iii . academic press , london .
hilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton univ . press , princeton , n . j .
meyer de schauensee , r . 1966 . the species of birds of south america and their distribution . livingston publ . , narbeth , pa .
mlodinow , s . g . , and k . t . karlson . 1999 . anis in the united states and canada . n . am . birds 53 : 237 - 245 .
payne , r . b . 1997 . family cuculidae ( cuckoos ) , pp . 508–607 in handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , & j . sargatal , eds . ) . vol . 4 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
prum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569–573 .
sibley , c . g . , and j . e . ahlquist . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds : a study in molecular evolution . yale univ . press , new haven , ct .
sibley , c . g . , and b . l . monroe , jr . 1990 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale univ . press , new haven , ct . .
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the cuckoos are generally medium - sized slender birds . the majority are arboreal , with a sizeable minority that are terrestrial . the family has a cosmopolitan distribution , with the majority of species being tropical . some species are migratory . the cuckoos feed on insects , insect larvae and a variety of other animals , as well as fruit . many species are brood parasites , laying their eggs in the nests of other species , but the majority of species raise their own young .
the chestnut - breasted malkoha is typical of the phaenicophaeinae in having brightly coloured skin around the eye .
in size , but where it exists , it can be either the male or the female that is larger . one of the most important distinguishing features of the family are the feet , which are
, meaning that the two inner toes point forward and the two outer backward . there are two basic body forms , arboreal species ( like the
) which are more heavy set and have long tarsi . almost all species have long tails which are used for steering in terrestrial species and as a rudder during
in the arboreal species . the wing shape also varies with lifestyle , with the more
. the subfamily phaenicophaeinae are the non - parasitic cuckoos of the old world , and include the couas , malkohas , and ground - cuckoos . they are more terrestrial cuckoos , with strong and often long legs and short rounded wings . the subfamily typically has brighter plumage and brightly coloured bare skin around the eye . the
are another terrestrial subfamily of long tailed long legged and short winged cuckoos . they are large heavyset birds with the largest , the
of the cuckoos are generally soft , and often become waterlogged in heavy rain . cuckoos often sun themselves after rain , and the anis hold their wings open in the manner of a
plumage , whereas others have bright and elaborate plumage . this is particularly true of the
plumage . some cuckoos have a resemblance to hawks with barring on the underside ; this apparently alarms potential hosts , allowing the female to access a host nest .
the young of some brood parasites are coloured so as to resemble the young of the host . for example , the
in plumage is uncommon in the cuckoos , being most common in the parasitic old world species .
cuculinae is the most widespread subfamily of cuckoos , and is distributed across europe , asia , africa , australia and oceania . amongst the phaenicophaeinae cuckoos the malkohas and asian ground - cuckoos are restricted to southern asia , the couas are endemic to madagascar and the yellowbill widespread across africa . the coucals are distributed from africa through tropical asia down into australia and the solomon islands . the remaining three subfamilies have a new world distribution , all three are found in both north and south america . the coccyzinae reaches the furthest north of the three subfamilies , breeding in canada , whereas the anis reach as far north as florida and the typical ground - cuckoos the south west united states .
species breeding at higher latitudes migrate to warmer climates during the winter due to food availability . the
, which breeds in new zealand , flies to its wintering grounds in polynesia , micronesia , and melanesia , a feat described as
perhaps the most remarkable overwater migration of any land bird .
within africa , ten species make regular intra - continental migrations that are described as polarised ; that is , they spend the non - breeding season in the tropical centre of the continent and move north and south to breed in the more arid and open savannah and deserts .
this is the same as the situation in the neotropics , where no species have this migration pattern , or tropical asia , where a single species does . 83 % of the australian species are partial migrants within australia or travel to
, including noxious hairy types avoided by other birds . they are unusual among birds in processing their prey prior to swallowing , rubbing it back and forth on hard objects such as branches and then crushing it with special bony plates in the back of the mouth .
, specialised in taking lizards . larger , ground types such as coucals and roadrunners also feed variously on snakes , lizards , small rodents , and other birds , which they bludgeon with their strong bills . ground species may employ different techniques to catch prey . a study of two
ran and pounced on prey . both species also showed seasonal flexibility in prey and foraging techniques .
, although some studies in eastern australia found several species participated in the non - breeding season , but were mobbed and unable to do so in the breeding season .
they snatch prey flushed by the cattle and enjoy higher foraging success rates in this way .
. other species occasionally take fruit as well . couas consume fruit in the dry season when prey is harder to find .
the cuckoos are an extremely diverse group of birds with regards to breeding systems .
and is suspected to occur in the other coucals , perhaps explaining the reversed sexual dimorphism in the group .
( see below ) . most of these species nest in trees or bushes , but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs . though on some occasions non - parasitic cuckoos parasitize other species , the parent still helps feed the chick .
non - parasitic cuckoos , like most other non - passerines , lay white eggs , but many of the parasitic species lay coloured eggs to match those of their passerine hosts .
. non - parasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly , and some new world species have the shortest incubation periods among birds .
these species are obligate brood parasites , meaning that they only reproduce in this fashion . in addition to the above noted species , yet others sometimes engage in non - obligate brood parasitism , laying their eggs in the nests of members of their own species in addition to raising their own young . the best - known example is the european
they have two distinct layers with an outer chalky layer that is believed to provide resistance to cracking when the eggs are dropped in the host nest .
cuckoos have various strategies for getting their egg into a host nest . different species use different strategies based on host defensive strategies . female cuckoos have secretive and fast laying behaviors , but in some cases , males have been shown to lure host adults away from their nests so that the female can lay her egg in the nest .
, with each gens specializing in a particular host . there is some evidence that the gentes are genetically different from one another .
parasitic cuckoos that show the highest levels of egg mimicry are those whose hosts exhibit high levels of egg rejection behavior .
. calls are usually relatively simple , resembling whistles , flutes , or hiccups .
and to attract a mate . within a species the calls are remarkably consistent across the range , even in species with very large ranges . this suggests , along with the fact that many species are not raised by their true parents , that the calls of cuckoos are innate and not learnt . although cuckoos are diurnal , many species call at night .
hackett , s . j . ; et al . ( 2008 ) .
a phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history
.
payne r . b . ( 1997 )
family cuculidae ( cuckoos )
, pp . 508–45 in del hoyo j , elliott a , sargatal j ( eds ) ( 1997 ) . handbook of the birds of the world volume 4 ; sandgrouse to cuckoos lynx edicions : barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 22 - 9
ellis , d ; kepler , c ; kepler , a ; teebaki , k ( 1990 ) .
hockey , p ( 2000 ) .
patterns and correlates of bird migrations in sub - saharan africa
.
chan , k ( 2001 ) .
partial migration in australian landbirds : a review
.
kaiser , g . w . ( 2007 ) the inner bird ; anatomy and evolution . ubc press . vancouver . isbn 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1343 - 3 .
chouteau , philippe ; raymond fenosoa ( 2008 ) .
seasonal effects on foraging behaviour of two sympatric species of couas in the western dry forest of madagascar
.
bell , h ( 1986 ) .
the participation by cuckoos in mixed - species flocks of insectivorous birds in south - eastern australia
.
smith , s ( 1971 ) .
the relationship of grazing cattle to foraging rates in anis
.
corlett , r ; ping , i ( 1995 ) .
frugivory by koels in hong kong
.
goymann , w ; wittenzellner , a ; wingfield , j ( 2004 ) .
competing females and caring males . polyandry and sex - role reversal in african black coucals ,
robert b . payne , michael d . sorenson , karen klitz ( 2005 ) the cuckoos : cuculidae . oxford university press . p . 127


nassarius castus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius castus

what type of species is nassarius castus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius castus species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of nassarius castus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius castus .
how to identify nassarius castus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus are marked in green .
where is nassarius castus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius castus can be found .
nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
kool h . h . 2008 . on the identity of < i > nassarius castus < / i > ( gould , 1850 ) , with the description of < i > nassarius multivocus < / i > n . sp . from the northwestern pacific . < i > miscellanea malacologica < / i > , 3 ( 2 ) : 13 - 20 .
( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) castus ( gould , 1850 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
specimen count 1 paulay , g . ! ; bfij - 44 ; 15 jul 1985 ; ex . paulay ; loc . 117 record last modified 16 may 2016 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name gastropods taxonomy animalia mollusca gastropoda nassariidae ocean / sea / gulf south pacific ocean preparation dry see more items in inventory invertebrate zoology place south pacific ocean ; ; fiji ; ; , fiji , south pacific ocean other numbers sort order : gp - r19 - c057 - 275 usnm number 879932 published name nassarius castus ( gould , 1850 )
( of nassarius maldivensis ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . marine mollusca from diego garcia . atoll research bulletin . 149 : 105 - 125 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) minoensis itoigawa , 1960 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) miyazakiensis shuto , 1962 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( hinia ) caelatus danitensis makiyama , 1927 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) caelatus verbeeki ( k . martin , 1895 ) † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ( invalid : junior homonym of nassa costata s . v . wood , 1848 )
( of nassa casta gould , 1850 ) gould , a . a . ( 1850 ) . [ descriptions of new species of shells from the united states exploring expedition ] . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 3 : 151 - 156 , 169 - 172 , 275 - 278 , 292 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 154 [ details ]
( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) thiele j . ( 1925 ) . gastropoden der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . ii teil . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen tiefsee - expedition auf dem dampfer
valdivia
1898 - 1899 . 17 ( 2 ) : 35 - 382 , pls 13 - 46 [ reprints paginated 1–348 , pls 1–34 ] . page ( s ) : 183 , pl . 20 fig . 11 [ details ]
( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) adams a . ( 1852 - 1853 [
1851
] ) . catalogue of the species of nassa , a genus of gasteropodous mollusca belonging to the family buccinidae , in the collection of hugh cuming , esq . , with the description of some new species . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 19 : 94 - 112 [ 7 december 1852 ] , 113 - 114 [ 29 april 1853 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa lactea marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa mukulensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa sinensis marrat , 1877 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( telasco ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( zeuxis ) levukensis r . b . watson , 1882 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fekuensis koperberg , 1931 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fischeri koperberg , 1931 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym nassa casta gould , 1850 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
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cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .
cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp .
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in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 439 - 451 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
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yang cc 1 , han kc , lin tj , tsai wj , deng jf .
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antipodolycaena includes four species that are endemic to new zealand : lycaena boldenarum white , 1862 ( type species ) lycaena feredayi ( bates , 1867 ) lycaena rauparaha ( fereday , 1877 ) lycaena salustius ( fabricius , 1793 )

antipodolycaena

antipodolycaena is a subgenus of the genus lycaena which is found only in new zealand . antipodolycaena includes four species that are endemic to new zealand :
how can i put and write and define antipodolycaena in a sentence and how is the word antipodolycaena used in a sentence and examples ? 用antipodolycaena造句 , 用antipodolycaena造句 , 用antipodolycaena造句 , antipodolycaena meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
robert : hi robin , thank for your clarification on these matters . there is certainly great confusion on the genus naming of admirals & coppers . confusion regarding blues is not as bad , but is still there too . any chance you can point me to the relevant articles by for the vanessa ( field ) & zizina genus ' ? as i would like to read through them . as for the genus lycaena , i have a copy of the russians work ( * see quote ) , but have never heard of antipodolycaena being used , this is news to me . any chance this is to do with smart , p . 1975 : the international butterfly book . n . y . : thomas c . crowell . ? quote * on the systematics of the genera lycaena f . and heliophorus geyer ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) by ab zhdanko , institute of zoology , kazakhstan national academy of sciences , alma - ata . english publication in entomological review , 75 ( 9 ) , 1996 . 595 . 789 take care , robert .
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type - species : lycaena boldenarum white , 1862 . trans . r . ent . soc . lond . ( 3 ) , 1 : 26 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : ? type status new zealand : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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urltoken
robert : quote from : copper on ( 10 aug 2010 ) tue 09 : 30 pm there is no evidence of hybridization between southern and common blue blues in new zealand . i have updated the common & southern blue pages urltoken & urltoken from ; quote in the areas where both the common & southern blue hybridise , like north canterbury & the waiho gorge . these hybrids are extremely viable in pattern on the underwing ( which makes the females impossible to tell apart & the males need close inspection of their genitals to tell ) . to ; quote there are rumours of hybridisation between the common & southern blue in north canterbury & the waiho gorge , however there has being no published evidence of this . for the time being , i ' m going to leave the boulder copper page alone as i have it as lycaena ( boldenaria ) boldenarum & refer to boldenaria as a sub - genus . i put it this way after reading the kazakhstani article i mentioned above as it concluded this same answer . robert .
copper : yes its quite ok to use boldenaria as ` a subgeneric name ; the zizina article is accessible on google scholar and was published in zootaxa 2008 ; the field revision was published in early 1970s in smithsonian contributions to zoology .
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