the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri , also known as the european brook lamprey and the western brook lamprey ) is a small european lamprey species that exclusively inhabits freshwater environments .

the species is related to , but distinct from , the north american western brook lamprey ( lampetra richardsoni ) .

brook lamprey

his lamprey is the most common irish species of lamprey and is also the smallest . adult brook lamprey (
brook lamprey larvae are active filter feeders , feeding on detritus similar to both seam and river lamprey species ; however , the adult brook lamprey does not feed .
unlike its relative , the sea lamprey , the brook lamprey is non - parasitic . the american brook lamprey is also small , only 10 inches long at the most . ( below )
: the american brook lamprey is located in the northeastern quarter of iowa , mostly in small streams .
colouring : the belly of the brook lamprey is a uniform pale colour , while that of the river lamprey is similar but has irregular dark spots .
the brook lamprey lampetra planeri is a non - parasitic freshwater lamprey that undertakes only localised migrations . it is the smallest of the three species occurring in ireland and is normally up to 15 cm long . identification between the ammocoetes of river lamprey and brook lamprey is difficult , except when nearing metamorphosis ; however , the adults can easily be distinguished by size and the absence of developed teeth in brook lamprey .
three other lamprey species are found in the lake champlain basin . two species - the northern brook lamprey and the american brook lamprey - are non - parasitic filter feeders similar in size and habits to sea lamprey ammocoetes . the silver lamprey is parasitic , but does not have the negative impact on the lake champlain fish community that the sea lamprey does , due to its smaller size and fewer numbers .
although morthern brook lamprey often share habitat with mayfly nymphs and small mussels , there is little evidence that there is any competition amongst these species . unlike many lamprey species , this species is non - parasitic . there is currently no research available regarding parasites of northern brook lamprey .
the wye is an extensive river system spanning the border between england and wales and the brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is widely distributed in its catchment . the river provides exceptionally good quality habitat for brook lamprey and supports a healthy population .
additional research needs for the southern brook lamprey include minnesota life history studies , genetic analysis , and identification of habitat guilds .
brook lamprey are likely to be spawning in a wide range of rivers and streams all over the country over the coming weeks . we would love to hear from you if you come across brook lamprey spawning over the next several weeks ; email your sightings to
the brook lamprey is the most abundant and widespread of the lampreys of the british isles , and still present in many areas throughout northern europe where other lamprey species have gone extinct .
it is likely that the brook lamprey has been affected by pollution , river engineering works and changes in land use ( 2 ) .
brook lamprey spawn in shallow flowing water during march - may when water temperatures are over 10 - 11°c . typical brook lamprey spawning requirements include water depths of 3 - 30cm and current velocities between 0 . 2m s - 1 and 0 . 3m s - 1 . the spawning nest is constructed on a sand or shallow gravel with average particle size of the substrate used by the brook lamprey less than 0 . 5cm . the nest of the brook lamprey is an oval depressions 20×15 cm in width and 5 - 10 cm deep .
photo : brook lamprey active in an area where some digging of the bed material has commenced . they can be hard to spot !
the recent inception of minnesota’s clean water legacy program will eventually yield benefits to southern brook lamprey habitats through nutrient and sediment load reductions .
to be endangered means to have a creature ' s habitat , or prey taken away , or the invasion of another species that pushes the native one out . one reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered because of the invasive sea lamprey . the sea lamprey is parasitic and feeds on the blood of fish . since it is very invasive , it is sometimes found in the same places as the brook lamprey . the sea lamprey is harmful and a poison called chemical tfm targets its ' young to kill them off . unfortunately , when the brook lamprey is in the same place as the sea lamprey , they get killed off too .
felbaum , m . 2007 .
northern brook lamprey
( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
lampetra lamottei , the american brook lamprey , is an inhabitant of streams throughout the great lakes region . i have gathered data on this species with specimens collected in the maple river in northern lower michigan . this paper will focus on the morphology and ecology of the brook lamprey .
the endrick brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is strong and healthy and represents the species in scotland . the site also supports important populations of 1099 river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis , for it is also selected .
video : underwater video of brook lamprey at spawning time in an irish stream . in this clip you can see the lamprey use its sucker mouth to carry a stone back to its redd or nest .
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although ammocoetes are blind , adult northern brook lamprey have small eyes . this species also has a lateral line through which the fish may sense vibrations .
northern brook lamprey only feed as ammocoetes . during this time , they feed mainly on organic detrius , diatoms , desmids , protozoans , algae and pollen .
the minnesota dnr lists northern brook lamprey as a species of special concern . in order to keep game fish populations high and parasitic sea lamprey populations low , a lampricide treatment is put into streams and rivers where many lamprey , including non - parasitic northern brook lamprey , reside . this lampricide , among other poisons and pollutants , is adversely affecting population size . there is not currently a direct management / conservation plan in place for this species .
unlike most species of lamprey , the adults do not migrate to sea nor do they have a parasitic phase . adult brook lamprey do not feed and they spawn close to the soft sediment in which they were previously resident .
kott , e . 1971 . characteristics of pre - spawning american brook lamprey from big creek , ontario . can . field - nat . 85 : 235–240 .
brook lampreys are communal spawners usually nesting in groups of 2 - 10 but occasionally as many as 30 have been recorded using the same nest . brook lampreys are characteristically known to spawn at the lower ends of pools and sometimes favour shaded spawning sites , such as under bridges . the spawning ritual is similar to that of the other two species but due to the smaller size of the brook lamprey , females can be less fecund . spawning activity may last over one week and brook lamprey adults die within one month of spawning .
distribution and habitat : brook lampreys occur in small streams throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland .
the freshwater brook lamprey lives in small streams , rivers and lakes ( 6 ) with clean gravel beds to spawn in and silt or sand for the larvae ( 7 ) .
purvis , h . a . 1970 . growth , age at metamorphosis and sex ratio of northern brook lamprey in a tributary of southern lake superior . copeia 1970 : 326–332 .
loan - wilsey , a . 2012 .
iowa fish atlas : northern brook lamprey - ichthyomyzon fossor
( on - line ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
the eden is an example of a brook lamprey lampetra planeri population associated with an extensive river system on a varied and base - rich geology in northern england . the highly erodible nature of the rock results in extensive areas of gravel and finer silt being deposited throughout the system , providing conditions for spawning and nursery areas . brook lamprey is supported widely within the catchment .
northern brook lamprey are solitary outside of breeding season . this species is also mainly sessile , spending the first 4 - 6 years of its life in a burrow until they complete metamorphosis .
cochran , p . a . 1987 . the southern brook lamprey ( ichthyomyzon gagei ) in the st . croix river drainage of wisconsin and minnesota . copeia 1987 : 443 - 446 .
northern brook lamprey typically live for 5 - 8 years in the wild , dying within a few days of reaching sexual maturity and completing mating . there is no data available regarding captive lifespan .
minnesota department of natural resources . 2012 .
ichthyomyzon fossor : northern brook lamprey
( on - line ) . minnesota department of natural resources . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
photo : spawning usually occurs in relatively shallow and slow flowing water in areas of sandy / gravely bed material . here 3 brook lamprey work together to move stones and form a redd or nest
, a new species of lamprey from northern italy . copeia 1955 : 215–223 .
the river teith rises and flows through upland areas before crossing the highland boundary fault , a major geological feature in scotland , at the falls of leny and meandering through the central lowlands to the east coast . the river system supports a strong brook lamprey lampetra planeri population . brook lampreys have been recorded from the headwaters downstream to the lower reaches . the river provides excellent habitat with usually pristine water quality , well - vegetated banks and a substantially unaltered river channel . the river teith supports high densities of brook / river lamprey ammocoetes and also supports a healthy population of sea lamprey .
although the southern brook lamprey population in minnesota is apparently healthy , it is limited in range and highly disjunct from the southern population . this makes it especially vulnerable to impacts such as habitat degradation .
the sea lamprey ( petromyzon marinus ) is one of 31 species of lamprey found throughout the world and one of four lamprey species found in the lake champlain basin . lamprey are eel - shaped fish with a skeleton made of cartilage , not bone . they belong to a relic ( primitive ) group of jawless fishes called agnathans .
ivanova - berg , m . m . 1933 . biology of the river lamprey (
the adult lamprey are preyed upon by walleyes , muskellunge , and small mouth bass .
the usk in south wales supports a healthy population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri and is considered to provide exceptionally good quality habitat likely to ensure the continued survival of the species in this part of the uk .
another possible outcome if the brook lamprey goes extinct , would be an overabundance of its food . since the american brook lamprey often feeds on algae and organic matter that falls into the water , the streams could eventually become clogged with it , causing great harm to all creatures that inhabit the waters . such a change of habitat will lead to a rise of another species , which will adapt and dominate the streams .
the brook lamprey is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .
during mating , 3 - 7 northern brook lamprey will build a nest together and spawn in groups of 10 - 30 . once eggs are fertilized and laid they are often covered with the substrate surrounding the nest .
2010 .
the northern brook lamprey ( great lakes - upper st . lawrence ) …a species at risk
( on - line ) . fisheries and oceans canada . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
the sea lamprey was first noted in lake champlain in 1929 by j . r . greeley , who reported that sea lamprey were found in moderate numbers at that time . it is not clear if , or for how long , sea lamprey had existed in lake champlain prior to this time . taking into account that salmon and trout were sought by both the native people and settlers as a source of food , and later for commercial purposes , coupled with the obvious signs of lamprey parasitism - wounds , scars and attached lamprey - the lack of mention of lamprey in the oral and written history is consistent with the position that sea lamprey may be a non - native invasive species .
environment agency . ( 1998 ) species awareness leaflet number 5 . lamprey . environment agency , bristol .
southern brook lamprey and chestnut lamprey have been observed spawning together in the same nests in the st . croix river system ( namekagon and yellow rivers , wi ) , and samples from the adults and eggs were preserved for genetic analysis ; however , there has been no funding available to run the analyses ( j . lyons , personal communication ) .
the habitat of northern brook lamprey varies throughout the life cycle . adults are generally found in areas of rapidly flowing water above a very coarse bed , spawning and then laying eggs in crevices beneath rocks and boulders . ammocoetes ( larvae ) are generally found in the the calmer waters of brook , stream and river side channels where there is fine sediment or organic debris in which to burrow .
region 5 fisheries p . o . box 296 1115 state route 86 ray brook , ny 12977 518 - 897 - 1333 send us an email
commitee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) . assesment and update status report on the northern brook lamprey ichthyomyzon fossor . canada : her majesty the queen in right of canada . 2007 . accessed april 24 , 2012 at urltoken .
another reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered is because of the loss of its habitat caused by none other than humans . although it is not only the loss of its habitat , but also changes , like changes of water depth or sedimentation .
brook lamprey spawn during april and may in streams and rivers all over ireland . the adult brook lamprey is relatively small , up to 15 cm in length . they are eel - shaped fish with a sucker - like mouth instead of jaws . they spawn in gravel areas , loosening stones and excavating shallow nests or redds . they can use their sucker mouth to lift and move stones and pebbles . they can also attach on to larger stones , leaving the tail free to swish about and loosen material and brush away sand .
northern brook lamprey spawn in the spring at approximately 6 years of age , just after reaching sexual maturity . females lay thousands of eggs , possibly due to high mortality rates during the early stages of the species ' life cycle . eggs hatch 2 - 4 weeks after fertilization .
during periods when sea lamprey are abundant in lake champlain , anglers often catch salmon and trout with wounds or lamprey attached . frequently these fish have multiple wounds , multiple scars and / or multiple lamprey attached to them . these high wounding rates indicate that sea lamprey are having a significant impact on the lake trout and salmon populations . angler catches of lake trout and salmon in lake champlain were found to be just a fraction of catches in similar lakes , despite intensive stocking efforts by fishery agencies . sea lamprey were preventing the restoration of these native fish species to lake champlain .
igoe , f . , quigley d . t . g . , marnell , f . , meskell , e . , o’connor w . and byrne , c . ( 2004 ) the sea lamprey petromyzon marinus ( l . ) , river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) and brook lamprey lampetra planeri ( bloch ) in ireland : general biology , ecology , distribution and status with recommendations for conservation . biology and environment : proceedings of the royal irish academy . 104b ( 3 ) : 43 - 56 .
a number of areas have been proposed as candidate special areas of conservation ( sacs ) for the brook lamprey . the areas chosen support healthy populations and reflect the geographical range of the brook lamprey in the uk as well as the range of habitat features required by the species ( 7 ) . although this should help to improve the conservation status of this primitive fish in the uk , it has been noted that further measures will be required to maintain the species ( 7 ) . draft action plans have been produced for the three lamprey species found in the uk in order to guide their conservation ( 2 ) . the life in uk rivers project is helping to conserve this species .
regardless of whether the sea lamprey is native or not , due to the severity of the impacts that sea lamprey currently have on the lake champlain fishery and ecosystem , and the social and economic impacts on the people who live in the lake champlain basin , sea lamprey populations must be controlled to balance the lake´s ecosystem and restore its world class fishery .
background : the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri ) is the smallest of the three lampreys native to ireland , the adults generally ranging in size from 10 to 15 cm . it is the only one of the three species which is non - parasitic and spends all its life in freshwater . it is clearly distinguished from the sea - and the river lamprey , in the adult form , by its small size .
three recent genetic studies provided evidence to support the position that sea lamprey may be native to lake champlain and existed in the lake for around 10 , 000 years . if true , the lamprey may be having a detrimental impact on salmon and lake trout because the original lake champlain strains of these fish that may have evolved with the sea lamprey disappeared in the late 1800s .
. information that would help us most would include name of river or stream , location ( as much detail as you can ) , number of redds seen at the site and number of brook lamprey seen in the redd . if you can record the water temperature it would be very valuable additional information .
the derwent represents brook lamprey lampetra planeri in a high - quality , oligotrophic river in northern england . good populations of the species are known to occur , and this river has features that provide the necessary conditions for both spawning and nursery areas – extensive gravel shoals , good water quality and areas of marginal silt .
in typical brook lamprey streams the water over the spawning area is moderately swift ( 0 . 3 - 0 . 5m / sec ) , bed material is gravel and sand and water depth to the base of the nest rarely exceeds 40cm , although in large rivers it is possible that the species spawns in deeper water . lamprey adults generally keep away from bright light but this behaviour changes completely during spawning , when they are active in full daylight .
should the brook lamprey go extinct , it may affect mostly its predators . either its ' predators will die off , or more likely they will have to feed on other things like smaller fish . if the predators feed on smaller fish , then the bigger fish that originally ate those small fish will go extinct also .
is a primitive , jawless fish resembling an eel , and is the smallest of the lampreys found in the uk . it is a non - migratory freshwater species , occurring in streams and occasionally in lakes in north - west europe . like other lamprey species , the brook lamprey requires clean gravel beds for spawning and soft marginal silt or sand for the ammocoete larvae . it spawns mostly in parts of the river where the current is not too strong .
the brook lamprey has declined in some areas of the uk but is relatively widespread and common in parts of england . in scotland it is generally absent north of the great glen ( 7 ) . in europe it extends from sweden to france ( 6 ) , and has declined in parts of this range ( 7 ) .
sea lamprey also feed on other fish species , including lake whitefish , walleye , northern pike , burbot , and lake sturgeon . the lake sturgeon is listed as a threatened species in new york and an endangered species in vermont and it is likely that sea lamprey are affecting their survival . most sea lamprey hosts are native fish species that have been part of the lake champlain basin ecosystem for thousands of years
the teifi is a predominantly mesotrophic river in west wales supporting a large population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a mixture of habitat and substrate types provides the combination of spawning gravels adjacent to silt beds that are favoured by this and other lamprey species . a large number of tributaries have been included in the sac ; these are thought to be important for lampreys in the teifi because the main channel is prone to severe floods that may result in washout of smaller ammocoetes .
northern brook lamprey are found in many areas of the midwestern and northeastern united states , including the mississippi river drainage in wisconsin , northeastern illinois , and northern indiana , and in parts of canada . they are also found in a lake erie tributary in new york and certain tributaries of the st . lawrence river in quebec , canada .
juvenile parasitic sea lamprey are 6 to 24 inches in length with smooth , scaleless skin that is mottled grey / blue to black , darker on top and fading to a lighter colored belly . adult sea lamprey , preparing to spawn , are 14 to 24 inches in length and exhibit mottled dark brown / black pigmentation . sea lamprey have two separated fins on their back ( dorsal fins ) and suction disk mouth filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue . the sea lamprey is a jawless parasite that feeds on the body fluids of fish .
more information about the southern brook lamprey ' s distribution , population size , genetics , and habitat requirements in minnesota are necessary to better conserve this species . lyons et al . ( 1997 ) found the species to be much more widespread in wisconsin than just the st . croix drainage , and this may be the case in minnesota as well .
redds are identified by a small , cleared area along a gravel channel – often little more than a few centimetres wide and long . there may be brook lamprey inside the redd digging it out or actively spawning . numbers inside a redd can vary from one to many . ifi staff on teh boyne found eight adults actively spawning in the r . moynalty . the recent warm weather seems to have got the brook lamprey spawning earlier this year ! on march 31st , 2011 , ifi staff recorded redd digging and spawning in westmeath ( a tributary of l . owel ) , in meath ( r . moynalty ) , in kilkenny ( r . nore at insitioge ) and in limerick ( r . maigue at adare ) .
the lamprey prefers cool streams that are not too big . small or medium size is best and they are often found in streams that are spring fed . the bottom is commonly gravel or sand and they share a habitat with many other fish . like other creatures , the lamprey prefer clean streams .
the avon is a high - quality river that represents the southern part of the range of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a healthy , stable population occurs in the main river and in a number of tributaries . the main river , and in particular its tributaries , provides clean beds of gravel for spawning and extensive areas of fine silt for juveniles to burrow into .
youson , j . h . 1980 . morphology and physiology of lamprey metamorphosis . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1687–1710 .
reproduction : larvae of the brook lamprey spend the first 4–6 years of their life buried in the mud of the stream , filtering out nutrients from the water . they then metamorphose directly into sexually mature adults , at which point they cease feeding . the adults remain in the stream of their birth , where they spawn on sand or gravel the following spring and after spawning die .
prior to egg release the female attaches herself to a stone . the male then uses his oral disc to fasten himself to the female , usually to one side of her head and twisting his body round hers . at this moment the female starts to vibrate rapidly and eggs and milt are extruded in a backward stream . the vibration whirls up sand and the eggs , fertilised externally , become embedded in the downstream end of the nest . brook lampreys often spawn in large groups of 10 to 30 in a nest . the female brook lamprey may carry 900 – 1500 eggs . the adults die shortly after spawning .
habitat degradation , water pollution , and dams on almost every tributary in the basin during the last two centuries may have kept lamprey numbers low . recent improvements in habitat and water quality , along with the annual stocking of their preferred hosts , may be providing lamprey with a new opportunity to prosper . if native to lake champlain , sea lamprey either remained in the lake as a remnant population after the retreat of the
champlain sea
or migrated into the lake via the richelieu river .
in the spring , sexually mature adult sea lamprey migrate up tributaries to spawn . they locate spawning streams by following pheromones ( naturally produced chemical attractants ) released by ammocoetes living in those waters . a pair of male and female sea lamprey build a nest , called a redd , in a gravel stream bottom in section of flowing water . the female lays tens of thousands of eggs and the male fertilizes them , then having completed this act the sea lamprey die . the eggs lie in the small spaces between the gravel , and are provided oxygen by the flowing water . weeks later the eggs hatch and the complex life cycle of the sea lamprey begins again .
the national parks and wildlife service has published a series of studies ( irish wildlife manuals series ) on lamprey within individual irish catchments , including maps of distribution and photographs . these can be accessed through the npws website at urltoken under publications . issues relevant to lamprey include nos 5 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 and 26 .
sometime in mid to late summer of their third or fourth year the ammocoetes undergo a dramatic change in both form and function . they develop eyes and a suction disk mouth , and become a smaller version of the adult sea lamprey . also during this stage their kidneys change to allow them to live in saltwater . once the ammocoetes´ change is complete , the newly transformed sea lamprey , known as a transformer , leaves its burrow and moves downstream towards lake champlain . the sea lamprey is then ready to begin the next stage in its life as a parasite of fish . the juvenile sea lamprey move into deeper water and begin to seek host fish on which to feed .
the holes along the side of the lamprey ' s head are several gill openings . a single nostril lies in the center of the head as you can see below .
) measure from 10 - 15cm and spawn in gravels during the springtime . they have a wide distribution in ireland . although they are found in small streams , as their name suggests , they are also found in larger rivers . brook lamprey ammocoetes ( larvae ) live in soft sandy / mud for a number of years before maturing . these young lampreys are blind and are filter feeders , eating detritus and other organic matter .
moore , j . w . & j . m . mallatt . 1980 . feeding of larval lamprey . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1658–1664 .
o ' boyle , r . n . & f . w . h . beamish . 1977 . growth and intermediary metabolism of larval and metamorphosing stages of the landlocked sea lamprey ,
studies on the great lakes show a 40 to 60 percent mortality rate for fish attacked by sea lamprey . other studies have found that a single sea lamprey can kill 40 or more pounds of fish during its life . even when fish survive the attacks , the fish populations will decline as the fish expend more energy on healing than on producing eggs and mating .
the juvenile sea lamprey uses its suction disk mouth which is filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue to attach to fish , puncture the skin , and drain the fish ' s body fluids . an anticoagulant in their saliva ensures that the blood of the host fish does not clot while the sea lamprey feed . often the host fish die from loss of blood , or infections resulting from stress . fish that survive sea lamprey attacks will have decreased reproduction . sea lamprey in lake champlain prefer landlocked atlantic salmon ( salmon ) , lake trout and other trout species , due to their small scales and thin skin . the same native fish species prized by anglers , and that are such an important part of the natural ecosystem of the lake .
spawning and adult brook lamprey : water temperature is the decisive factor in determining the onset of spawning . in british rivers , the spawning season for l . planeri generally extends from march to april and begins when water temperatures reach 10 - 11oc . observations in ireland have recorded spawning in the mid april – mid may period . however , recent warm weather in march 2011 led to spawning being observed at sites in limerick , kilkenny , meath and westmeath on 31st march .
wigley , r . l . 1959 . life history of the sea lamprey of cayuga lake , new york . u . s . fish . wildl . serv . fish . bull . 59 : 559–617 .
the blind worm - like larval lamprey , known as ammocoetes [ am - mah - seats ] , can grow up to 5 inches long . they hatch from eggs in gravel nests in tributaries and drift downstream with the current . when they locate suitable habitat - usually silt / sand stream bottoms and banks in slower moving stretches of water - they burrow in and take up residence , filter - feeding on algae , detritus and microscopic organisms and materials . in the lake champlain basin this stage of the sea lamprey ' s life cycle usually lasts 3 to 4 years ; in other waters lamprey spend up to 10 years in their larval form .
sea lamprey , like many salmon , are
diadromous
. they spend the early stages of their life in streams and rivers . the middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large freshwater lake . then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers , and die shortly after spawning . sea lamprey in lake champlain take about six years to complete this life cycle .
lyons , j . , p . a . cochran , and m . e . sneen . 1997 . taxonomic status and distribution of the lamprey ichthyomyzon cf . gagei . american midland naturalist 138 : 69 - 76 .
northern brook lamprey have two developmental stages : ammocoete ( larval ) and adult . larvae hatch approximately 2 weeks after egg fertilization and drift downstream before burrowing into the substrate . once settled in burrows , larvae feed on suspended algae , bacteria and other detrius for 5 - 6 years until they metamorphose into non - feeding juveniles , typically in the fall . the transformation process lasts for 2 - 3 months . juveniles spend 4 - 6 months drifting until spring , when spawning occurs and they become sexually mature adults . adults die shortly after spawning .
lamprey hold on to the bottom , suckered on with the use of their mouth . they feed on bacteria , algae and other types of detritus from the water and the mud . they are present in the swansea canal in quite high numbers and occasionally appear elsewhere .
if sea lamprey are invasive , they are thought to have entered lake champlain during the 1800s from the hudson river estuary through the hudson / champlain canal or possibly from the st . lawrence river through the richelieu river - both the hudson and the st . lawrence rivers empty into the atlantic ocean .
( above ) the lamprey has a long slender body and is often confused with an eel . ( below ) it has no true teeth or jaw . it is blind up until it becomes an adult . also unlike eels , they have cartilage instead of bones , and skin instead of scales .
during spawning , these lampreys coil together in groups of 3 to 7 individuals before going into the nest . once in the nest a male attaches to , but does not wrap around , a female ( as in some other lamprey species ) to complete egg fertilization . adults then leave the nest and die soon thereafter .
the cleddau rivers are a predominantly lowland catchment in the pembrokeshire peninsula . the substrates consist mainly of sand , gravel and well - aerated silt , providing an excellent mosaic of lamprey spawning and nursery habitat . this is reflected in electrofishing surveys carried out by the environment agency , which indicate the presence of ammocoetes throughout the catchment .
during the late 1800s and early 1900s numerous attempts were made to restock trout and salmon , but all failed . in the late 1950s and 1960s new york state began experimental stockings of lake trout and salmon with some limited success . it became clear that one of the factors limiting the success of stocking was parasitism by sea lamprey .
the american brook lamprey adult does not feed . only the offspring burrow into soft silt and filter feed on protozoans , algae , pollen , desmids , diatoms , and small plant and animal life . they live as offspring for about 4 - 7 years before becoming an adult . spawning season is from april to may . the males arrive at the spawning ground before the females in order to make a nest . the males make a nest similar looking to how a hen ' s nest would look . it is saucer shaped and formed by the male moving pebbles in the stream bed with his mouth . the females come and attach themselves to a rock at a nest with their mouth and lay eggs as the males feritilize them . depending on the size of the female , 1 , 000 - 5 , 000 eggs are produced . the adults die shortly after spawning .
sea lamprey are an ancient fish , with a complex life cycle and mouth parts that are well adapted for their parasitic life . the elimination of this species from lake champlain is neither desired nor possible . however , their population must be reduced to lessen their negative impacts on the lake champlain fishery to an acceptable level , to balance the lake champlain basin ecosystem and its world class fishery .
kelly , f . l . and king , j . j . ( 2001 ) a review of the ecology and distribution of three lamprey species , lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) , lampetra planeri ( bloch ) and petromyzon marinus ( l . ) : a context for conservation and biodiversity considerations in ireland . biology and environment : proc . r . ir . acad . 101b , 165 - 185 .
spawning migration : the migration of non - parasitic lamprey to upstream spawning grounds takes place over short distances . in l . planeri , movement appears to begin in spring only a short time before the onset of spawning and the distances travelled are often less than 1km although this varies with the character of the stream and its gradient . in a swedish study on l . planeri , the critical temperature for onset of migration was 7 . 5c and migration was essentially nocturnal , although daytime migration was also observed late in the season .
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urltoken
latin , petra = stone + greek , myzo = to suckle + greek , odous , odontos = teeth ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
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the adults spawn in may and june , and the eggs are deposited into depressions in the riverbed . as in river lampreys , a number of males mate with one female ( 5 ) . the larvae ( known as ammocoetes ) live for three to seven years in the sand or mud , and filter organic matter from the water for nourishment ( 5 ) . as they mature they develop eyes and the sucker - like mouth , and as sexual maturity is approached they stop feeding entirely . a few weeks after spawning the adults die ( 5 ) . unlike river and sea lampreys this species does not migrate out to sea , but spends the whole life - cycle in fresh water ( it is not anadromous ) ( 4 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
anadromous in fish : those species that spend most of their lives at sea but migrate to fresh water to spawn . larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
davies , c . , shelley , j . , harding , p . , mclean , i . , gardiner , r . and peirson , g . ( 2004 ) freshwater fishes in britain – the species and their distribution . harley books , colchester .
cihar , j . ( 1991 ) a field guide in colour to freshwater fish . aventium publishing , prague .
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still rare in some areas , but populations have markedly recovered following earlier pollution problems in central europe .
great britain north to scottish highlands , rivers draining to north sea north to scotland and about stavanger ( norway ) , baltic sea basin , atlantic as far south as adour drainage ( france , spain ) and an isolated population in tagus ( portugal ) , mediterranean basin in france and western italy ( south to about tevere drainage ) . locally in ireland , upper volga , upper danube and some of their tributaries , and pescara drainage on adriatic coast of italy .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t11213a97806694 .
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we have vacancies across all of our waterways and in the offices , museums and attractions that support them . we ' re one of the uk ' s biggest charities and we take pride in everything we do
we ' re continually carrying out work to improve our canals and rivers . find out if we ' re working along your route before you set off on a boat trip
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listed on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .
appearance : lampreys lack gill covers and paired fins and instead of a jawed mouth , have a sucker disc with two tooth plates with a few blunt teeth .
they are eel like in shape , being long and cylindrical with a rear dorsal fin near to the tail and seven breathing holes on each side of the body . they are dark brown or dark grey in the body , have a white belly and bright yellow eyes .
our teams of regular volunteers meet up and down the country to help us care for their local waterway . join us today
canal & river trust is a charity registered with the charity commission no . 1146792 and a company limited by guarantee registered in england & wales no . 7807276 .
greek , letheia = apathetic + greek , enteron = intestine ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 18 . temperate ; 5°c - 20°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 51°n - 35°n
north america : canada and usa : lake superior basin , michigan ; lake michigan basin , michigan ( carp lake , betsie , pine , and pentwater rivers ) and indiana ; lake huron basin , michigan ; lake erie basin , ontario and michigan ; lake ontario basin , ontario and new york ; mississippi river basin , minnesota , missouri , pennsylvania , kentucky , tennessee , and alabama ; st . lawrence river basin , québec and new york ; atlantic slope basins , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , delaware , maryland , and virginia ( ref . 89241 ) . two subspecies lethenteron appendix appendix and i > l . appendix wilderi
maturity : l m 15 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 15 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 12193 )
semelparous ( ref . 1998 ) . the female attaches with her oral disc to a rock at the upstream end of the nest . the male attaches to the back of her head using his oral disc and wraps his tail around her trunk region in such a way as to have each others urogenital papilla in close proximity and through muscular contraction of his body assists in the extrusion of the eggs . they vibrate vigorously for a few seconds . this results in the release of their gametes and disturbance of the substrate , which partially buries the fertilized eggs ( ref . 89241 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00120 ( 0 . 00052 - 0 . 00277 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 6 ; tm = 5 ; fec = 2 , 883 ) .
prior r = 0 . 36 , 2 sd range = 0 . 16 - 0 . 84 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 02 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 42 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 57 of 100 ) .
spawning is initiated when water temperatures are between 13 and 20 . 5°c . males begin nest building by moving stones and gravel to create a small dip in the substrate within shallow , pool - riffle , high - gradient stretches of streams .
there is no parental investment by adults of this species as they die soon after egg fertilization .
this species is prey for many larger fish throughout its life . while eggs and ammocoetes are particularly vulnerable , adults may be consumed as well . known predators include rainbow trout , rock bass and brown trout .
bronte karvel - fuller ( author ) , minnesota state university , mankato , robert sorensen ( editor ) , minnesota state university , mankato .


paeromopodidae is a family of large cylindrical millipedes of the order julida native to the western united states of america .

the family contains two genera and ten species and includes the longest millipedes in north america , with individuals reaching up to 16.5 cm ( 6.5 in ) long .

paeromopodidae

revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status . . .
revision of the millipede family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida , paeromopodoidea ) . by shelley r . m . , in
shelley , r . m . 1994 . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . insect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 .
shelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .
shelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .
shelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14
shelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]
shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 195 ; note : from atopolus chamberlini [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 200 ; note : from klansolus euphanus [ details ]
( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 201 ; note : from klansolus parvior [ details ]
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1 : north carolina state museum of natural sciences , p . o . box , 27647 , raleigh , north carolina 27611 , u . s . a .
r . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
insect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 . , 1994
full citation : shear , w . a . 2010 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 2 : the genera trichopetalum , zygonopus and scoterpes ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 2385 : 1 - 62 .
the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n .
full citation - shear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .
shelley , r . ( 2000 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of florida ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . insecta mundi , 14 ( 4 ) , 241–251 .
a detailed key to the millipedes of the british isles ( 52 species as of 1985 ) , with an introductory section on basic biology of millipedes . useful to students from north america and other areas due to widely introduced british species such as blaniulus guttulatus .
shelley , r . m . ( 2002 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of california ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . monographs of the western north american naturalist , 1 : 90–115
cook , o . f . ; collins , g . n . ( 1895 ) . the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences , 9 : 1 - 100 . new york , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 6 ; note : bhl : urltoken [ details ]
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
c . michael hogan marked
paeromopus angusticeps
as trusted on the
paeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )
page .
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
paeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )
.
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
brölemann , h . w . ( 1922 ) . notes on female parajulids ( myriapods ) , with description of a new species . annals of the entomological society of america , 15 ( 4 ) : 281 - 303 page ( s ) : 298 [ details ]
causey , n . b . ( 1955 ) . new records and descriptions of californian diplopoda . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 68 : 87 - 94 page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]
verhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 123 ; note : description of species [ details ]
hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
verhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 122 [ details ]
jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]
chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 ; note : atopolus chamberlini [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1938 ) . new diplopods . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 51 : 205 - 208 . washington page ( s ) : 205 [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 163 [ details ]
( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]
cercopoidea types of species described by edmund schmidt in the u . s . national museum of natural history , with lectotype designations ( homoptera : cercopoidea )
bhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
the millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida ) » brill online
the millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida )
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this is a huge book with beautiful pictures of insects and many illustrations as well . i would put it as an age range from 7 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .
contributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 6 : 09pm
a book similar to monster bugs , a book for beginning readers who are interested in bugs . note this is not a field guide .
contributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 12am
a good book with common bugs and some cool facts about them . i would say an age range from 6 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .
contributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 07am
a good book for young kids to read about bugs . note this is not a field guide .
contributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 10 : 58am
wikipedia is growing to be a good information source for insects and their like . i ' m thinking having this
book
will make it easier to reference citations on guide pages , much like bold systems and moth photographer group
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( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1940 ) . four new western millipeds . j . ent . zool . claremont cal . , 32 ( 4 ) : 81 - 83 page ( s ) : 83 [ details ]
( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 3 ; note : aigon parvior [ details ]
( of aigon parvior ( chamberlin , 1940 ) ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]
( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) loomis , h . f . ; schmitt , r . ( 1971 ) . the ecology , distribution and taxnomy of the millipeds of montana west of the continental divide . northwest science , 45 : 107 - 131 . pallman page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]
a contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 . . .
full citation : hennen , d . a . & shelley , r . m . 2015 . a contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 ; identities of fontaria oblonga c . l . koch 1847 , and nannaria minor chamberlin 1918 ; elucidation of the tribal range ; and commentaries on nannaria chamberlin 1918 , and oenomaea hoffman 1964 . insecta mundi 0418 : 1–21 . open access , available online here .
distribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) occurrences in new england and west . . .
by shelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano
shelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano . 2006 . distribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) : occurrences in new england and west of the mississippi river , and a summary of peripheral localities ; first records from connecticut , delaware , maine , and minnesota . western north american naturalist , 66 ( 3 ) : 374 - 389 . full text
by walker , m . j . , a . k . stockman , p . e . marek , & j . e . bond
walker , m . j . , stockman , a . k . , marek , p . e . , & bond , j . e . ( 2009 ) . pleistocene glacial refugia across the appalachian mountains and coastal plain in the millipede genus narceus : evidence from population genetic , phylogeographic , and paleoclimatic data . bmc evolutionary biology , 925 ( 25 ) full text
keeton , william t . ( 1960 ) . a taxonomic study of the milliped family spirobolidae ( diplopoda ; spirobolida ) . memoirs of the american entomological society 17 : 1–146 . a detailed study of the family spirobolidae , with keys and copious illustrations .
hoffman , r . l . 1999 . checklist of the millipeds of north and middle america . special publication no . 8 . , virginia museum of natural history , martinsville , virginia . 584 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
shear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : choreumatida , cleidgonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .
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full pdf worthington , r . d . , c . lieb and w . anderson . 2004 . 2010 . biotic resources of indio mountains research station : southeastern hudspeth county , texas . authors , el paso , texas . 85 pp . ( continually reviewed and updated by jerry d . johnson , last update : 2010 ) the indio mountains research station and utep are members of the chihuahuan desert biosphere reserve . other members are the biosphere reserves of mapimi in mexico , big bend national park and the jornada experimental range ( near las cruces , new mexico ) . for information on indio mountains research station and use opportunities , contact the director , dr . jerry d . johnson , department of biological sciences , the university of texas at el paso , el paso , texas 79968 ; ( 915 ) 747 - 6984 ; jjohnson @ urltoken
dictionary of natural history terms with their derivations , including the various orders , genera , and species .
northern territory government , department of primary industry , fisheries and mines , agnote no . 159 , 2003
this australian pest control publication includes description and life cycle for : cucumber moth ( diaphania indica ) , pumpkin beetle ( aulacophora hilaris ) , two - spotted mite ( tetranychus urticae ) and melon aphid ( aphis gossypii ) . full text pdf
the 10th edition is the official starting point of zoological nomenclature . online at urltoken or urltoken . the current ocr rarely gets more than a few characters in a row right .
usda forest service , pacific northwest res . station . gen . tech . rep . pnw - gtr - 512 . portland , or . 74 pp . , 2001
bugs rule ! provides a lively introduction to the biology and natural history of insects and their noninsect cousins , such as spiders , scorpions , and centipedes . this richly illustrated textbook features more than 830 color photos , a concise overview of the basics of entomology , and numerous sidebars that highlight and explain key points . detailed chapters cover each of the major insect groups , describing their physiology , behaviors , feeding habits , reproduction , human interactions , and more . ideal for nonscience majors and anyone seeking to learn more about insects and their arthropod relatives , bugs rule ! offers a one - of - a - kind gateway into the world of these amazing creatures .
contributed by jeffrey a . heupel , whn . on 16 november , 2013 - 7 : 15am
cl koch on yeast cells by byzov b . a . , thanh v . n . , babeva i . p . , tretyakova e . b . , dyvak i . a . , rabinovich y . m . in
the energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede . by telford sr , webb pi in
verhoeff ( diplopoda : xystodesmidae ) on litter decomposition in a natural beech forest in central japan . 1 . density and biomass of soil invertebrates . by niijima k . , in
inhabiting seasonally inundated and non - flooded amazonian forests . by bachmann l . , tomiuk j . , adis j . , vohland k . , in
tutunema tutu n . g . , n . sp . , a primitive member of the hethidae ( nematoda : rhigonematida : ransomnematoidea ) parasitic in a papua new guinea diplopod . by hunt d . j . in
on the identity of further two millipede species ( diplopoda ) from the environs of manaus , central amazonia , brazil . by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l . , adis j . , vohland k . , marmol a . in
rendering the inedible edible : circumvention of a millipede ' s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva ( phengodidae ) . by eisner t . , eisner m . , attygalle a . b . , deyrup m . , meinwald j . , in
on the semiaquatic behaviour of a new troglobitic millipede from northern italy ( diplopoda , polydesmida : polydesmidae ) . by adis j . , caoduro g . , messner b . , enghoff h . in
study of a soil julidae community in mediterranean forest ( diplopoda , julida ) . by serra a . , miquel c . , mateos e . , vicente c . in
millipedes in small - scale farming systems in zimbabwe : abundance and diversity ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by mwabvu t . , in
pelmatojulus tigrinus , a key detritivore of a tropical gallery forest ( diplopoda , spirobolida : pachybolidae ) . by mahsberg d . , in
year - round pitfall trapping of millipedes in mainly open grassland in belgium ( diplopoda ) . by kime r . d . , in
comparative biological study of the penicillate diplopods in japan ( diplopoda , penicillata ) . by ishii k . , in
cold - hardiness of european millipedes ( diplopoda ) by david j . f . , vannier g . , in
influence of human activities on the diplopod populations irt the region of abidjan , ivory coast . by bourdanne d . k . , in
in south australia : the need for a better understanding of the mechanism ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) . by bailey p , t . , in
millipede communities of inundated ash - alder forests in puszcza bialowieska , poland ( diplopoda ) . by wytwer j . , in
the millipede fauna of the drava region , southern hungary ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . in
preliminary assessment of the southern african millipede fauna : diversity and conservation ( diplopoda ) . by hamer m . l . , in
distribution of millipedes along an altitudinal gradient in three mountain regions in the czech and slovak republics ( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , in
on the main traits of millipede distribution and faunogenesis in eurasia ( diplopoda ) . by golovatch s . i . , in
fine structure and possible functions of antennal sensilla in polyxenus lagurus ( diplopoda , penicillata : polyaenidae ) . by duyjacquemin m . n . , in
- a cave - dwelling millipede from yugoslavia ( diplopoda , chordeumatida : anthroleucosomatidae ) . by curcic b . p . m and makarov s . e . , in
gonopods of some south indian paradoxosomatid millipedes ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by bano k . and murthy j . b . in
a new species of the previously monotypic genus allocotoproctus from the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( diplopoda , polydesmida : oxydesmidae ) . by sorensen l . , in
the glomeris - taxa hexasticha and intermedia : species or subspecies ? allozyme data ( diplopoda , glomerida : glomeridae ) . by hoess r . , scholl a . and lortscher m . , in
is the family atopogestidae based on a case of teratology or a periodomorphic stage ? ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : odontopygoidea ) . by mauries j . p . , in
intense receptor - mediated endocytosis in nephrocytes of myriapoda . by rosenberg j . , kruger e . and peters w . in
in vitro phagocytic activity of hemocytes of ommatoiulus sabulosus ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) : preliminary observations . by kania g . and rzeski w . , in
diversification and biogeographic features of millipedes in serbia , yugoslavia ( diplopoda ) . by curcic b . p . m . and makarov s . e . in
diplopod defensive secretions as attractants for necrophagous scarab beetles ( diplopoda ; insecta , coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . by krell f . t . , schmitt t . and linsenmair k . e . , in
granular hemocytes as the main location of prophenoloxidase in the millipede rhapidostreptus virgator ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : spirostreptidae ) . by xylander w . e . r . and bogusch o . , in
. by byzov b . a . and rabinovich y . m . , in
( attems , 1898 ) ( polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) secretions as possible defense substances . by noguchi s . , mori n . , higa y . and kuwahara y . in
swarming of millipedes , a new case noticed in the district of patrocinio - mg - brazil . by boccardo l . , penteado c . h . s . and jucachagas r . , in
giant millipede ' burns ' and the eye . by hudson b . j . and parsons g . a . , in
biology and biological action of the defensive secretion from a jamaican millipede . by williams l . a . d . , singh p . d . a . and calebwilliams l . s . , in
two new and one little - known species of the millipede family pyrgodesmidae from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda : polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in
. by david j . f . , celerier m . l . and vannier g . , in
effects of yeast on the growth and reproduction of the saprophagous millipede polydesmus angustus ( diplopoda , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in
australian chordeumatidan millipedes . 3 . a review of the millipede family metopidiotrichidae attems in australia ( diplopoda : chordeumatida ) . by shear w . a . and mesibov r . , in
soil in millipede diet : implications on faecal pellet stability and nutrient release . by mwabvu t . , in
changes in supercooling with body size , sex , and season in the long - lived millipede polyzonium germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in
the allometry of metabolism in southern african millipedes ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) . by frears s . l . , webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in
( diplopoda ) . by zanger m . and kohler h . r . , in
in canada ( chordeumatida , conotylidae ) . by shelley r . m . and lesage l . , in
revision of the millipede genus xystodesmus , with reference to the status of the tribe xystodesmini ( diplopoda , xystodesmidae ) by tanabe t . and shinohara k . , in
defense - mechanisms of arthropods . 142 . millipede defense - use of detachable bristles to entangle ants . by eisner t . , eisner m . and deyrup m . , in
functional - morphology of genitalia of 4 species of julidan millipedes ( diplopoda - nemasomatidae , julidae ) . by tadler a . , in
fate of actinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed on streptomycete spores . by polyanskaya l . m . , babkina n . i . , zenova g . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . in
revision of the millipede genus xystocheir cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
actinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed with vermicompost or litter . by zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , polyanskaya l . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in
mycophagy by a millipede and its possible impact on an insect - fungus mutualism . by bultman t . l . and mathews p . l . in
effects of starvation and mechanical manipulation of leaf - litter on fecal pellet production and assimilation in some millipedes from southern africa - implications for feeding strategies . by dangerfield j . m . in
millipede communities in rehabilitating coastal dune forests in northern kwazulu natal , south - africa . by vanaarde r . j . , ferreira s . m . and kritzinger j . j . , in
the millipede order callipodida in western north - america ( schizopetalidae , tynommatinae ) , and a summary of the new - world fauna . by shelley r . m . in
millipede fecal pellet production in selected natural and managed habitats of southern africa - implications for litter dynamics . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . , in
( spirobolida , spirobolidae ) in wisconsin . by watermolen d . j . , in
the millipede family paradoxosomatidae on borneo , with contributions to the faunas of some other islands of the sunda area ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in
the stress - 70 protein family in diplopods - induction and characterization . by zanger m . , alberti g . , kuhn m . and kohler h . r . in journal of
redefinition of the millipede genus pycnotropis , and description of a new species from manaus , brazil ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae , euryurinae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in
( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) at different photoperiod conditions . by boccardo l . and penteado c . h . s . , in
, 1989 ( nematoda , hethidae ) . by hunt d . j . in
the sigmocheirini , a xystodesmid millipede tribe in the sierra - nevada mountains , california , usa ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) by shelley r . m . , in
sp n ( nematoda , rhigonematidae ) , parasite of a millipede ( diplopoda , spirobolida ) from myanmar . by hunt d . j . and moore d . in
identification plate for the millipede orders populating the neotropical region south of central mexico ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l , . adis j . and demorais j . w . , in
, no . 3 , pp . 159 - 164 seasonal field analyses of water and fat - content in the long - lived millipede polyzonium - germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in
( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by barnett m . , telford s . r . and tibbles b . j . in
interactions between introduced and native millipede species in south australia by griffin t . t . and bull c . m . in
( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) by webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in
( peters ) ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by adolph s . c . and geber m . a . , in
seasonal abundance of millipedes in a mediterranean oak forest ( southern france ) . by david j . f . , in
silvestri , 1898 ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . in
( diplopoda , julida ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . in
( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) in southern australia . by terrace t . e andbaker g . h . , in
millipede behavior in a savanna woodland habitat in south - east botswana . by dangerfield j . m . and kaunda s . k . , in
. by sugita m . , hayata c . , yoshida t . , suzuki m . , suzuki a . , takeda t . , hori t . and nakatani f . , in
the timing of insemination and its implications for sperm competition in a millipede with prolonged copulation . by barnett m . and telford s . r . , in
the chonaphini , a biogeographically significant millipede tribe in eastern and western north - america ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
, pp 51 , 1993 ) . by shelley r . m . , in
koch c . l . . by byzov b . a . , zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , dobrovolskaya t . g . , tretyakova e . b . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in
the millipede family nearctodesmidae in northwestern north - america , with accounts of sakophallus and s - simplex chamberlin ( polydesmida ) . by shelley r . m . , in
potential of earthworms , ants , millipedes , and termites for dissemination of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil . by harinikumar k . m . and bagyaraj d . j . , in
- another case of cohort - splitting . by david j . f . , couret t . and celerier m . l . , in
mysterious lesions - the burning millipede . by mason g . h . , thomson h . d . p . , fergin p . and anderson r . , in
koch ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
a new species of millipede ( myriapoda , diplopoda , chordeumatida ) from the british - isles . by gregory s . j . , jones r . e . and mauries j . p . , in
. by barnett m . , telford s . r . and devilliers c . j . , in
. by mathews p . l . and bultman t . l . , in
phylogenetic biogeography of a holarctic group - the julidan millipedes - cladistic subordinateness as an indicator of dispersal . by enghoff h . , in
( julida , julidae ) . by bailey p . t . and kovaliski j . , in
mating - behavior and mate choice experiments in some tropical millipedes ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in
. by attygalle a . b . , xu s . c . , meinwald j . and eisner t . in
a new family of mites , costacaridae ( mesostigmata , trigynaspida , celaenopsoidea ) , associated with millipedes in mexico . by hunter p . e . , in
diversity and structure of millipede communities ( diplopoda ) in 4 different biotopes . by tajovsky k . , in
the millipede genus isaphe cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
biology and myriapod egg predation by the neotropical myrmicine ant stegomyrmex vizottoi ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by diniz j . l . m . and brandao c . r . f . , in
aggregation in the tropical millipede alloporus uncinatus ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . in
haplopodous diplopods - a new - type of millipede body construction discovered in cambalopsid juveniles ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by enghoff h . , in
genitalia fitting , mating - behavior and possible hybridization in millipedes of the genus craspedosoma ( diplopoda , chordeumatida , craspedosomatidae ) . by tadler a . , in
silvestri , 1932 , with the description of 3 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . by golovatch s . i . , in
review of the neotropical fauna of the millipede family fuhrmannodesmidae , with the description of 4 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in
studies on the respiratory metabolism of glomeris - balcanica ( diplopoda , glomeridae ) . by stamou g . p . and iatrou g . d . in
( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in
ingestion and assimilation of leaf litter in some tropical millipedes . by dangerfield j . m . and milner a . e . , in
diplopoda from borneo in the museum - dhistoire - naturelle - de - geneve . 1 . a new genus and species of cryptodesmoid millipede from sarawak ( polydesmida , cryptodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in
latzel ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in
the millipede genus underwoodia ( chordeumatida , caseyidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
seasonal activity patterns and behavior of juliform millipedes in south - eastern botswana . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . and matthews r . , in
species - diversity of julid millipedes - between habitat comparisons within the seasonal tropics . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . , in
the role of diplopoda litter grazing activity on recycling processes in a mediterranean climate . by bertrand m . and lumaret j . p . , in
( diplopoda ) in forest soil . by tajovsky k . , santruckova h . , hanel l . , balik v . and lukesova a . , in
( diplopoda , pyrgodesmidae ) a facultative myrmecophile introduced into the united states . by wojcik d . p . and naves m . a . , in
( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , villemin g . and toutain f . , in
diplopoda collected by the soviet zoological expedition to the seychelles - islands in 1984 . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in
on a small collection of millipedes ( diplopoda ) from northern pakistan and its zoogeographic significance . by golovatch s . i . , in
centipede and millipede ( chilopoda and diplopoda ) faunas in sandhill communities of florida . by corey d . t . and stout i . j . , in
strips millipedes for prey - a novel predatory behavior in ants , and the 1st case of sympatry in the genus ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by brandao c . r . f . , diniz j . l . m . and tomotake e . m . , in
occurrence , isolation and partial characterization . by prasath e . b . and subramoniam t . , in
a revised cladistic - analysis and classification of the millipede order julida - with establishment of 4 new families and description of a new nemasomatoid genus from japan . by enghoff h . , in
pierrard in the cape - verde islands , west - africa . by mckillup s . c . , vanharten a . and neves a . m . , in
mahogany discoloration of the skin due to the defensive secretion of a millipede . by shpall s . and frieden i . , in
, to declining oxygen pressures . by penteado c . h . s . and heblingberaldo m . j . a . , in
( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by penteado c . h . s . , heblingberaldo m . j . a . and mendes e . g . , in
a new millipede of the genus metaxycheir from the pacific coast of canada ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) , with remarks on the tribe chonaphini and the western canadian and alaskan diplopod fauna . by shelley r . m . , in
a test of the copulatory guarding hypothesis . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in
( lucas , 1860 ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) at different altitudes on tenerife ( canary - islands ) . by baker g . h . and baez m . , in
a phylogenetically interesting sphaeriodesmid millipede from oaxaca , mexico ( polydesmida , sphaeriodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in
( brandt ) in virginia ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
a new millipede of the genus riukiaria from is yaku - shima , japan ( diplopoda , polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by tanabe t . , in
hungarian zoological studies in vietnam . 13 . contributions to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . 3 . spirobolida . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in
species on the south - western iberian peninsula . by bailey p . t . and demendonca t . r . , in
( attems ) . by vanderwalt e . , mcclain e . , puren a . and savage n . , in
addenda to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . and golovatch s . i . , in
( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julida , julidae ) in australia . by bailey p . t . , in
new species , a biogeographically significant millipede from the chisos mountains , texas ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in
( pocock , 1892 ) ( polydesmida , pratinidae ) , a grassland millipede of west - bengal . by mukhopadhyaya m . c . , bhakat s . and bandyopadhyay s . , in
( lucas , 1845 ) ( myriapoda , diplopoda , julida ) . by sahli f . , in
this is the family that contains the longest millipede known from north america , a 6 1 / 2 in . paeromopodid from yosemite nat . pk . , california . rowland shelley
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .


cymatiella verrucosa is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons .

cymatiella verrucosa

how can i put and write and define cymatiella verrucosa in a sentence and how is the word cymatiella verrucosa used in a sentence and examples ? 用cymatiella verrucosa造句 , 用cymatiella verrucosa造句 , 用cymatiella verrucosa造句 , cymatiella verrucosa meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
sassia ( cymatiella ) peroniana iredale , t . , 1929 : new south wales , australia - s new guinea
( of triton verrucosa reeve , 1844 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of cymatiella peroniana iredale , 1929 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton quoyi reeve , 1844 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
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figures a - b : 23 mm , cape portland , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove . figures c - d : 25 mm , taroona , tas ( s ) , coll . s . grove . figures e - f : 22 mm , somerset , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove . figures g - h : 7 mm , clayton , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove .
typical shell - length 25 mm . lives subtidally amongst rocks and seaweed . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( nsw , tas , vic and sa ) . in tasmanian waters , this is a widespread and common species .
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urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
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the lady helen blackburn collection features more than five hundred seashells from australian beaches , reefs and islands .
lady helen blackburn was born bryony helen dutton in 1918 , the third of four children to a pioneering pastoralist family . she grew up on the historic anlaby station near kapunda ( the oldest stud sheep station in south australia ) and formed a close relationship with her younger brother geoffrey dutton , who would become a celebrated poet , novelist and historian . the dutton family spent summers at rocky point , the beloved family holiday home on the north coast of kangaroo island , where helen ' s curiosity and love of nature led to a passion for shell collecting that would last a lifetime .
in 1951 , helen married lawyer richard blackburn ( later sir richard ) . they lived in adelaide and started a family . rocky point remained a focal holiday destination , and helen ' s passion for shell collecting continued to thrive .
shell collecting has been my greatest joy in life
, she later wrote .
just walking on a good beach , hoping to find beach specimens has made me as happy as hunting for live specimens .
( lady helen blackburn collection file : national museum of australia ) .
in 1966 , richard was appointed resident judge of the supreme court of the northern territory , where he presided over the first aboriginal land rights case heard in an australian court : milirrpum v nabalco ( 1971 ) . during her time in the northern territory , helen pursued her passion for collecting shells . she visited the gove peninsula of arnhem land ( the country of the yolngu people of yirrkala ) with her husband , and took the opportunity to search for shells .
collected at stanley beach , south coast , kangaroo island . collected by h . blackburn 1982
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