the hooded chameleon , calumma cucullatum , is a vulnerable species of chameleon endemic to north-east madagascar ; its geological type locality is madagascar .

it can be found in humid forests over an area of 17,432 km ² ( 6,731 sq mi ) between 400 and 720 m ( 1,310 and 2,360 ft ) above mean sea level .

hooded chameleon

full - body shot of an adult hooded chameleon on a branch in masoala national park , madagascar .
ready - to - assemble , aluminum screen cages are perfect for your chameleon .
cuadrado , mariano and loman , jon . 1997 . mating behaviour in a chameleon
loman , jon . 1985 . social organization in a population of the hooded crow . ardea 73 : 61 - 75 .
come see a wide assortment of veiled chameleons , baby veileds , and veiled chameleon morphs for sale .
characterization of microsatellite loci from a south african endemic , the cape dwarf chameleon ( brad . . .
- - calumma , brevicornis , c . brevicornis profile . short - horned chameleon . calumma , cucullata ,
morphology , ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs : is the casque bigger than the bite . . .
with the proper setup and consistent care , your veiled chameleon should do very well . the veiled chameleon is a striking , beautiful and hardy captive , which is excellent for the first time chameleon owner . their relatively simple care requirements , impressive features and odd behavior make them an interesting and conversation starting display for any dedicated enthusiast .
the veiled chameleon ( chamaeleo calyptratus ) , also known as the yemen chameleon , is a relatively large chameleon species originally from saudi arabia and yemen in the middle east . more recently , this species has been introduced and has established small populations in areas such as the island of maui in hawaii . in its natural range , the veiled chameleon lives in coastal mountain slopes , which experience significant rainfall , and some live in slightly more arid “wadis” with year - round water and vegetation .
water mist four times daily or as needed to maintain the recommended humidity level as well as allow the chameleon to drink .
williams ka . behavioral plasticity in hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) : linking behavior , environmental context and reproductive success . doctoral dissertation , ohio university . 2013 . available : urltoken
loman , jon . 1984 . breeding success in relation to parent size and experience in a population of the hooded crow . ornis . scand . 15 : 183 - 187 .
is occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion
i had originally identified this chameleon as calumma malthe . chameleon expert ardith abate of the chameleon information network was kind enough to correct my identification . in her words , calumma cucullata
is distinguished from malthe by the slightly longer occipital lobes , longer head , and the broad , light - colored stripe extending from the corner of the mouth across the occipital lobes and flanks to the tail .
she included a photo of c . malthe from mantadia national park that made these differences clear .
it is important to keep in mind that veiled chameleons do best as primarily display animals . while different veiled chameleons will tolerate handling to different degrees based on their individual personality , veiled chameleons should not be handled like a bearded dragon . they can be carefully held for short periods but tend to get stressed with excess handling . with time you will learn what your veiled chameleon’s personality is like and what your chameleon will tolerate . when you do handle your veiled chameleon , do not restrain it but rather let the chameleon walk on you from hand to hand . you should be aware that veiled chameleons are most comfortable when they are high up so often times when they are being held , they will attempt to walk up your arm and try to go onto your head . for long - term success with all chameleon species , limited handling is recommended .
burning reduced the grinnellian niche space of hooded warblers in our burned study site . male hooded warblers that occupied territories in the burn habitat primarily foraged , sang and displayed . we detected additional males singing or foraging in the burn ; however , these individuals flew to adjacent non - burned habitat so were not included in analyses . one female each year nested in the burn habitat ( the first year in a ravine characterized by l . tulipifera , plantus occidentalis ( sycamore ) and l . benzoin that was unburned ) , but both nests failed because of predation during egg laying ; therefore , the grinnellian niche space for the hooded warbler was absent in the burn two years post burn . we occasionally observed other females in the burn habitat early in the breeding season but not by late may . in other southeastern ohio forests , hooded warbler and ovenbird ( seiurus aurocapilla ) either declined in burned habitat , using only portions of the habitat that were unaffected by burning for nesting , or they abandoned the habitat all together [ 55 ] . although burned forests may provide habitat structure for foraging hooded warblers , there is a diminishment of the grinnellian niche space in these stands due to lack of sufficient nesting substrate .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
we found that the habitat used by female hooded warblers differed in relation to differences in habitat structure . in the harvested habitat , female nest sites were located in habitat space with increased understory complexity , using a subset of the available ( random ) habitat space (
description : the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long . . .
here , we evaluate the habitat space occupied by a population of breeding hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) among structurally different forest habitats . because many forests exhibit variation in disturbance , we chose forest sites with altered structural features in different strata ( e . g . , understory and subcanopy ) to determine the relationship among habitat structure and reproductive success . because adult hooded warblers were observed in all three ( unaltered , harvested and burned ) habitats during the breeding season , we predicted that individual warblers should track components of their grinnellian niche across the habitat gradient .
we captured hooded warblers using mist nets during late april through mid july in 2010 and 2011 . each captured bird was banded with a usgs numbered band and a unique combination of color bands for individual identification in the field . we also individually marked and weighed nestlings when they were between four to six days of age .
veiled chameleons can be sexed from the day they hatch . veiled chameleon males are born with a small nub on their back foot called a tarsal spur that females lack . veiled chameleon males of this species tend to exhibit more colors as well as a larger casque then female veiled chameleons and on average live 6 - 8 years . females of this species typically show less vibrant colors and live on average 4 - 6 years because even when not bred , they will produce infertile clutches of eggs , which take a lot of energy .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
krysko , k . l . , k . m . enge , and f . w . king . 2004 . the veiled chameleon , chamaeleo calyptratus duméril and bibron 1851 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) : a new exotic species in florida . florida scientist 67 : 249 - 253 .
hooded warblers are a neotropical migrant species that inhabit mature deciduous forests across the eastern united states during the breeding season . these forests are typically dominated by quercus spp . ( oak ) , carya spp . ( hickory ) , acer spp . ( maple ) and fagus spp . ( beech ) and have a well - developed understory and shrub layer for nesting [ 24 ] . despite considerable variation in plant species composition across the breeding range , there are similarities in the habitat structure associated with the forested habitats occupied by hooded warblers . these structural similarities include forests with a high tree species diversity in the canopy and subcanopy and high density of stems in the shrub layer compared to more even aged forests with a high coverage of large saplings and understory trees [ 25 ] .
in many species , males and females are known to require sex - specific habitat characteristics [ 26 – 28 ] . for example , when there are differences between sexes in behavior contexts such as foraging [ 29 ] ; males and females may use different cues to select habitat . male hooded warblers that have been captive reared preferentially orient toward vertical structure while captive reared females orient toward oblique structure [ 30 ] . furthermore , male and female hooded warblers use structurally different habitat during the winter [ 26 , 31 ] . during the breeding season , hooded warbler males sing in the midstory and favor territories with greater vertical structure ( e . g . , mature forest with an open midstory ) to enhance territorial defense and their ability to attract mates . in contrast , females use habitats with increased understory structure ( e . g . , complex , oblique structure like in brier thickets ) for nest concealment in the shrub layer and do not exclusively use their social partner’s territory during the breeding season [ 32 ] . although nest concealment was not associated with nest survival [ 33 ] , high understory coverage at the scale of the territory may increase foraging opportunities for the female and fledged young and decrease predation because predators have more substrate to search .
being arboreal , veiled chameleons do not typically encounter standing water such as a water dish . as a result , they typically do not recognize water dishes as a source of water for hydration . they drink water from morning dew and rain as it falls onto leaves . as a result , it is important to mist your veiled chameleon with a spray bottle twice a day for approximately two minutes getting all the leaves and branches wet in the enclosure . your chameleon will lap water up from the leaves . you can also create a drip system to provide water over a prolonged period . by taking a clean plastic water jug and poking a couple small holes in the bottom , water will slowly drip out over a period of time and fall onto leaves in the enclosure below . finally , while waterfalls may seem like a nice addition to an enclosure and like they would help with humidity , chameleons are attracted to moving water sources to defecate . as a result , waterfalls quickly before cesspools filled with bacteria and can be extremely detrimental to your chameleon’s health .
the cape dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion pumilum ) is an endemic south african species that is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat through urbanization and agriculture . to conduct studies that will assist in understanding these anthropogenic effects on gene flow , population structure , and genetic diversity , we developed eight microsatellite loci using an . . . [ show full abstract ]
the evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments . functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations . the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , has two ecomorphs : a large , brightly colored , ornate form found in . . . [ show full abstract ]
veiled chameleons do well in captive environments with consistent care . the first step toward successfully keeping your chameleon happy and healthy is to set up their enclosure . veiled chameleons do best in screen sided enclosures because of the increased airflow . glass tanks , on the other hand , are difficult to find in appropriate sizes and create stagnant air , which can lead to upper respiratory infections . with adult veiled chameleons , the general rule is that bigger is better as far as their enclosure is concerned . an adult male would ideally be housed in a screen enclosure around 2’ x 2’ x 4’ tall , although they can tolerate somewhat smaller enclosures . female would ideally be kept in a screen enclosure around 18” x 18” x 3’ tall . babies and juveniles can be kept in smaller screen enclosures ( 16” x 16” x 30” ) until they are approximately 8 - 10 months old , at which point they will need to be moved into a larger enclosure . if you are purchasing a baby chameleon , it is best to start with a small enclosure and then move up to a larger cage when the chameleon gets older . finally , it is generally best to keep chameleons individually after they reach sexual maturity at around 8 - 10 months old to avoid potential stress and fighting .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
veiled chameleons can change colors when they are excited , stressed , frightened or trying to blend into the environment . their eyes move independently of each other , allowing them to see two things at once . they have long , sticky tongues up to one and a half times their body length . they eat mostly live insects and are most active during the day . they are solitary , so keep only one chameleon per habitat .
can change color to various shades of green and brown . they tend to turn dark brown when stressed or ill . when content , warm , and healthy , they tend to be green . yet this is an not always the case , their color can also be affected by environmental conditions and even food items . because of their color changing abilities they are sometimes called the
american chameleon
, but they are not related to true
veiled chameleons are a large , colorful species , which are easily recognized by the large casque or helmet of males on the top of the head . with males reaching a total length of as much as 2 feet and females reaching a total length of approximately 18 inches , this is one of the larger chameleon species seen in captivity and one of the most beautiful . adults of this species exhibit coloration including different shades of green , orange , yellow , blue , browns and black with a combination of strips and spotted patterns .
. . . nevertheless , chameleon morphology has been shown to correlate with performance in particular habitats . for example , chameleons in closedcanopy habitats , such as forests and woodlands , tend to possess relatively longer tails and larger feet than do chameleons in open - canopy habitats , such as grasslands and heathlands ( hopkins & tolley 2011 ) . this may enable them to grip harder on the broader perches found there ( losos , walton & bennett 1993 ; herrel et al . 2011 herrel et al . , 2013 ) . . . .
a common misconception with chameleons is that they are very difficult animals to keep in captivity . fortunately , captive bred veiled chameleons purchased from a reputable breeder are actually quite hardy when provided with consistent care and a proper enclosure . in the past , it was difficult to obtain chameleons that were not wild caught . these wild caught chameleons are difficult to acclimate to captivity and often did poorly , even for experienced reptile keepers . now that dedicated , reputable chameleon breeders are reliably producing high quality veiled chameleons , this stigma is no longer an issue .
we quantified the habitat space of males ( territory centered habitat characteristics ) and females ( nest site habitat characteristics ) during the breeding season in three structurally different forest habitats within an 80–100 yr old second growth forest . one habitat was undisturbed , a second was subjected to prescribed burns , and a third forest habitat that was subjected to a selective harvest by mechanical thinning . we used this variation to determine whether individuals selected similar features across sites . moreover , we investigated whether there were differences in habitat space use between the sexes . we hypothesize that male and female hooded warblers should exploit different environmental characteristics within a habitat contingent on behavioral contexts ( e . g . , foraging , reproduction ) . we predicted each sex requires a similar habitat space along the foraging axis , but require different habitat characteristics along the territorial defense ( male ) and nesting ( female ) niche axes . we also had specific predictions for each forest habitat based on the type of disturbance . fire results in the near complete elimination of the shrub layer , which reduces the habitat space available for foraging and nest placement . thus , we predicted that males would sing and defend territories in the burned habitat but that reproductive success would be low as a consequence of unfavorable understory structure required for nest placement . overall , we predicted a reduction of the grinnelian niche space in burned habitats . mechanical thinning entails removing a fraction of the basal area of a forest to increase the amount of sunlight that penetrates the canopy and reaches the forest floor . thinned forests have increased growth in the shrub and understory layers which results in a more heterogeneous and structurally complex understory . hooded warblers are associated with canopy gaps [ 34 , 35 ] and often invade selectively logged forests 1–5 years post logging [ 35 – 37 ] . therefore , we predicted that there would be increased reproductive success in the harvested habitat . in addition , we predicted that the habitat space would be larger and the position in habitat space would include more complex understory vegetation in the harvested habitat compared to undisturbed habitat . finally , we determined if reproductive success , as estimated by the number of fledged young per nest , is related to habitat structure . we predicted that hooded warbler nest success would be positively correlated with complex understory vegetation structure .
we established and measured habitat characteristics in 104 habitat plots ( 11 . 3 m radius circle = 0 . 04 ha each ) that portrayed different types of use by hooded warblers following the bbird protocol [ 43 ] . we described the structure and composition of habitat available to warblers by selecting 10 random plots ( “random plot” ) in each forest habitat , 100 m apart ( using a random number generator ) . we also measured vegetation characteristics in habitat plots used by hooded warblers : habitat plots were established in the center of each male ' s territory ( “territory plot” ) and centered on each nest ( “nest plot” ) after breeding was completed . only nine random plots were retained for analysis in the harvested habitat because one territory overlapped with a random plot . the smaller size ( ~ 20 ha ) of the burn site prevented us from establishing more than five random habitat plots that were 100 m apart . we modified the bbird protocol slightly ( change in size class assignment , below ) in our estimation of canopy , shrub , and sapling cover . we recorded trees by species and size class ( 10–23 cm , 23–38 cm , > 38 cm dbh ) in the 11 . 3 m radius vegetation plots . we recorded all shrubs and saplings in a 5 m radius plot ( centered within the 11 . 3 m radius plot ) by species . we recorded the number of vertical stems at 10 cm above the ground by species and assigned to three size classes ( < 3 cm , 3–6 cm , and 6–10 cm ) .
delimiting the habitat characteristics describing the environmental conditions required by a species has become a critical tool for predicting organismal responses to environmental change . grinnell emphasized the effects of environmental factors on the ability of a population to maintain a positive growth rate , yet few studies have included demographic or reproductive data in analyses of the grinnellian niche . identifying differences in habitat exploitation patterns in response to structural variation in the environment presents an incomplete description of the ability of species to adapt to changing habitats if demographic traits are not included . we estimated the vegetation characteristics used by individuals within a population of hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) across a spatial transect that includes three structurally different forest habitats . we predicted individuals should select similar structural characteristics within each habitat and have similar reproductive success across sample sites . in the two years post burn , adults were present but no young fledged indicating the habitat requirements necessary for reproduction were absent in this habitat . we found significant differences in habitat space occupied by individuals in unaltered and harvested habitats . nesting habitats used by female warblers differed from available habitat . fledging success was lower in the harvested habitat 10 to 12 years post - harvest . in the harvested habitat , fledging success was greater on mesic slopes but decreased along a habitat gradient to xeric ridgetops , suggesting compensation in habitat use does not ameliorate fitness costs . in contrast , there was no difference in the number of fledged young along this gradient in the unaltered habitat . based solely on occupancy data , traditional ecological niche models would incorrectly conclude the environmental characteristics found across the three forested habitats are included in the grinnellian niche of the hooded warbler . however , examination of demographic and environmental data simultaneously allows differentiation between occupied habitat space and niche space .
we engaged in an exhaustive search for nests and territorial birds starting in early may through mid - july during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons . we varied the direction and starting location on each visit to ensure that locations within the forest were sampled at different times of day throughout the breeding season . we georeferenced all hooded warbler observations and nest locations . when observed , we identified individuals by their unique color band combinations . male territories were defined by the detection of an individual in a location on at least three survey days spanning a period greater than 10 days apart . we also used behavioral interactions ( e . g . , territorial defense ) with neighboring males following bibby et al . [ 42 ] . we monitored nests every one to three days following the breeding bird research and monitoring database program ( bbird ) protocol [ 43 ] to determine nest fate .
the interior of the enclosure should be furnished with medium sized vines and foliage for the chameleons to hide in . the medium sized vines provide important horizontal perches for the chameleon to rest , bask and travel on . synthetic plants with plastic leaves ( not silk ) can be used in conjunction with common , non - toxic plants to provide ample foliage . commonly used non - toxic plants that can be used include ficus , schefflera , hibiscus and pothos . these live plants not only provide cover but they also help to maintain humidity inside the enclosure . the bottom of the enclosure should not have a substrate as substrates can cause impaction , provide a hiding place for feeders and harbor bacteria and fungus . instead the floor of the enclosure can be kept bare or have a layer of paper towels , which should be changed regularly .
the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads . most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . chameleons’ eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision . chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting . they are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions , various species occurring in africa , madagascar , southern europe , and across southern asia as far as sri lanka . they also have been introduced to hawaii , california , and florida , and often are kept as household pets .
veiled chameleons can be fed a staple diet of crickets . in general , crickets should be as long as your chameleon’s head is wide . baby and juvenile veiled chameleons should be fed once or twice a day and have almost constant access to food . as they get older , you can feed slightly less often with adults being fed every other day . it is important to supplement your crickets with calcium and vitamins ( reptivite ) to help promote proper growth and health . this is especially important for reproductive females and growing babies and juveniles . for babies and juveniles you will need to dust your crickets with calcium two to three times a week and dust with vitamins once every two weeks . as adults , this dusting regiment can be decreased . it also helps to provide your crickets with nutritious food including collard greens , mustard greens , squash , orange and / or commercial cricket diets .
within a population of hooded warblers , we detected differences in the habitat space occupied in relation to habitat characteristics in structurally different forest habitats . we found no difference in the size ( volume ) of habitat space used by males ( territory ) or by females ( nesting ) ; however there were differences among the centroids of habitat space in the three habitats . the centroids of the habitat space used by males and females in the unaltered and harvested habitats compared to the available habitat also suggest differences in the habitat characteristics selected by males and females . the habitat characteristics at nest locations in the harvested habitat were characterized by canopy white oaks with increased complexity in the shrub layer ( increased q . alba and q . rubra saplings and rubus spp . ) . in contrast , habitat characteristics at nests in the unaltered habitat were characterized by complex canopy structure with q . prinus in the canopy and a shrub layer dominated by smilax spp . . we also found that variation in habitat characteristics explained variation in the number of fledged young in the selective harvest but not the unaltered habitat . consistent with our prediction , females in the harvested habitat occupied habitat space that was characterized by increased understory vegetation ; however , the reduced fledging success indicates a potential reduction in niche space in this habitat . the ability to identify differences in habitat use and any corresponding differences in fitness measures can improve our understanding of how structurally different habitats affect demographic parameters within populations .
. . . analyses of limb kinematics in chameleons are restricted to chamaeleo calyptratus , despite the fact that other genera of chameleons exhibit extensive diversity in ecology and morphology ( bickel & losos , 2002 ) . for example , there is considerable variation in species from the southern african genus bradypodion , highlighted by the recent studies of their performance , morphology , and ecology ( butler , 2005 ; resinger , stuart - fox & erasmus , 2006 ; measey , hopkins & tolley , 2009 ; stuart - fox , 2009 ; herrel et al . , 2011 herrel et al . , , 2013b hopkins & tolley , 2011 ; measey et al . , 2011 ; carne & measey , 2013 ; da silva & tolley , 2013 ; da silva et al . , 2014 ) . it has been noted that populations of the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , occupy different types of habitat ( open fynbos habitat or closed canopy woodland habitats ) ( fig . 1 ) and they exhibit corresponding differences in morphology ( measey et al . , 2009 ; hopkins & tolley , 2011 ) , habitat use ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) , and locomotor performance ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
we monitored habitat use and reproductive success of hooded warblers at tar hollow state forest ( 39°33’0”n , 82°76’7”w ) , which is located in southern ohio within the unglaciated allegheny plateau . the primary canopy species include quercus alba ( white oak ) , quercus prinus ( chestnut oak ) , carya spp . ( hickories ) , and quercus rubus and quercus velutina ( red and black oak ; [ 38 ] ) . understory vegetation includes smilax spp . ( greenbrier ) , viburnum acerifolium ( maple - leaf viburnum ) , rubus spp . , lindera benzoin ( spicebush ) and many small - diameter saplings ( i . e . , < 10 cm dbh [ diameter at breast height ] ) . we established study sites ( 20–30 ha ) at three locations within the forest . we selected sites with divergent physical structure that mimicked different stages of disturbance , yet attempted to control for other environmental characteristics ( e . g . , moisture , slope , elevation ) . one site had experienced no logging for the past 80–100 years ( unaltered habitat ) . another site had been thinned from below in 2001 and resulted in an approximately 25 % reduction in basal area ( harvested habitat ) . the selective harvest focused on removing midstory and subcanopy trees [ 39 ] . this manipulation created canopy gaps , but did not change overall canopy height and the density of canopy trees ( > 38 cm dbh ) . the main effect of the disturbance was to alter the understory vegetation density and species composition [ 40 ] . for example , there was an increase in early - successional saplings such as liriodenron tulipifera ( tulip tree ) and sassafrass albidum ( sassafras ) and an increase in rubus spp . the third site ( burned habitat ) had been burned during the winter or early spring prior to leaf - out in 2001 , 2005 , and 2010 . this study site had reduced understory vegetation structure and low shrub cover [ 40 , 41 ] in the years immediately following burning ( e . g . , 2010 , 2011 ) .
an organism ' s phenotype is to some extent influenced by costs and benefits in terms of natural and sexual selection . the intensity of natural selection can in part be driven by habitat structure , which may result in varying levels of crypsis and / or selection on traits related to maximizing performance in that habitat . this may be countered by sexual selection , which can lead to sexual dimorphism in body size and / or the expression of conspicuous ornamentation relating to maximizing reproductive success . the intensity of these forces can also be different between the sexes , resulting in complex patterns of phenotypic variation . with this in mind , we examined morphological variation within the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum . the species inhabits two geographically disjunct habitat types and , in the present study , we demonstrate that chameleons from the two habitats show morphological differences . large , conspicuous individuals inhabit closed vegetation , whereas small , drab individuals inhabit open vegetation . however , when morphological traits are size - adjusted , the open vegetation morph displays many traits that are larger for its body size than the closed vegetation morph , especially for characters related to locomotion ( limbs ) and bite force ( head width ) . sexual dimorphism is also present , although the degree and number of dimorphic characters was very different between the two morphs , with size - adjusted male - biased dimorphism much more pronounced in the closed morph . overall , our findings suggest that natural selection in open habitats limits both body size and conspicuous characters , although sexual selection in closed habitats favours the development of ornamentation related to display . © 2011 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2011 , 102 , 878–888 .
species account : this species is native to the southwestern coastal regions of saudi arabia and western yemen , where it inhabits mountainous coastal regions , inland river valleys , and agricultural lands where there is more moisture . in a 1 - year period , > 100 individuals of all size classes ( including hatchlings representing several clutches ) have been captured at 1 site in ft . myers ( krysko et al . 2004 ) . males reach 61 cm ( 24 in ) total length , but females are only half as large . the male has a small spur on the heel of the hind foot , and the casque on back of the head is taller than that of a female . coloration is highly variable and changes rapidly depending upon environmental conditions and the mood of the individual . males typically have vertical body bands of bright gold , green , and blue mixed with yellow , orange , or black . females are typically light green with a mottled pattern of white to gold spots on the body and light blue on the dorsal crest . in captivity , 30 - 60 ( up to 85 ) eggs are typically laid per clutch , and 3 - 5 clutches may be laid annually . females are sexually mature at ca . 5 - 6 months old , and a female that is receptive to breeding will often develop bright blue spots ( fife 1999 ) . in the presence of males , gravid females change from light green to almost black with bright mustard and turquoise markings . chameleon eggs often go through a diapause , or rest , period , and they typically take 6 - 8 months to hatch ( fife 1999 ) . the vacant lot where the population was first established has been heavily collected , but the population has probably expanded into the adjacent neighborhood .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type species : chamaeleon cucullatus gray 1831 is the type species of the genus calumma gray 1865 .
the genus has been named after the latin transcription of the greek “kalymma” = veil or hood , referring to the large occipital lobes ofthe type species ofthis genus .
andreone f . , randrianirina j . , jenkins p . d . & aprea g . 2000 . species diversity of amphibia , reptilia and lipotyphla ( mammalia ) at ambolokopatrika , a rainforest between the anjanaharibe - sud and marojejy massifs , ne madagascar . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 1587–1622
boulenger , g . a . 1889 . descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 4 : 244 - 248 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here
gehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps – amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2004 . die herpetofauna madagaskars : vielfalt , lebensweise und gefährdung . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 4 - 21 - get paper here
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by capt . owen in africa . zoological miscellany 1 : 7 . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]
lutzmann , n . 2004 . calumma cucullatum ( gray ) . sauria 26 ( 4 ) : 2 - get paper here
lutzmann , n . & lutzmann , h . 2004 . das grammatikalische geschlecht der gattung calumma ( chamaeleonidae ) und die nötigen anpassungen einiger art - und unterartbezeichnungen . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 4 - 5 ( addendum in issue 5 : 13 ) - get paper here
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
raxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . 2006 . six new species of occipital - lobed calumma chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from montane regions of madagascar , with a new description and revision of calumma brevicorne . copeia 2006 ( 4 ) : 711 - 734 - get paper here
schmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . chamäleons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here
walbrol , u . ; walbrol , h . d . 2005 . additional remarks on the nomenclature of the genus calumma gray , 1865 . sauria 27 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35 - get paper here
werning , h . & n . lutzmann 2014 . illegalen wildtierhandel kann man nicht mehr verbieten . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 106 ) : 14 - 22
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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veiled chameleons need two forms of light for approximately 12 hours a day . first , they need access to a light heat source to bask and regulate their body temperature . heat rocks , heat tape , ceramic heat emitters , etc . , do not provide veiled chameleons with a heat source they recognize so it is important to provide them with a basking spot using a heat bulb and an incandescent fixture . next , they need a special fluorescent bulb that provides uvb light waves . uvb , which is usually provided by natural sunlight , is important in calcium metabolism pathways but is filtered out by glass and therefore must be provided by artificial lights to help prevent disorders such as metabolic bone disease ( mbd ) . as tempting as many bulbs that provide both uvb and heat may be , studies have shown that chameleons are able to regulate their body temperature and their uvb exposure independently so it is important to provide heat and uvb separately . both these lights should be placed on the top of the enclosure with the closest perches approximately 6 - 8” below .
veiled chameleons , like other reptiles regulate their own body temperature and it is thus important to provide them with a temperature gradient inside their enclosure . the best ambient temperature during the day for veiled chameleons is room temperature , between 72 and 80 degrees fahrenheit . by placing the basking bulb approximately 6 - 8 inches away from a basking perch inside the enclosure , a basking spot of approximately 85 - 95 degrees fahrenheit is achieved . this arrangement provides the warmest temperatures directly under the heat bulb and cooler temps lower down in the enclosures . additionally , chameleons do well with a night temperature drop so no additional heat source is needed at night as long as your temps stay above the mid to high 40s and the chameleons are able to bask in the morning . if your night temperatures do necessitate a heat source , it is important not to use one that emits light . instead , a ceramic heat emitter should be utilized from a safe distance .


vokesimurex elenensis , common name the ( santa ) elena murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

vokesimurex elenensis

vokesimurex elenensis ( dall , 1909 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ( invalid : junior homonym of murex plicatus gmelin , 1791 ; m . elenensis is a replacement name )
houart ( 1999 ) transferred 14 indo - pacific species and three subspecies of haustellum in the genus vokesimurex .
species haustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) accepted as vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )
haustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) : synonym of vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )
species haustellum bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 ) accepted as vokesimurex bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 )
species haustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) accepted as vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )
species haustellum rubidum ( f . c . baker , 1897 ) accepted as vokesimurex rubidus ( f . c . baker , 1897 )
haustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) : synonym of vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )
species haustellum dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) accepted as vokesimurex dentifer dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 )
species haustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) accepted as vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )
species haustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )
species haustellum multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) accepted as vokesimurex multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 )
species haustellum rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )
petuch ( 1994 ) introduced vokesimurex for the american long - canalled haustellum sensu vokes ( 1990 ) , such as murex messorius sowerby , 1841 .
haustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) : synonym of vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )
haustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) : synonym of vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )
houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp .
houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of brontes montfort , 1810 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of haustellaria swainson , 1833 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
as currently defined , haustellum is represented by eight to nine species . members of haustellum generally differ from those of vokesimurex in having a globose and low - spired shape , a more rounded aperture , a smooth columella , a less deep anal notch , and no cord spine .
houart , r . ( 1999 ) . review of the indo - pacific species of haustellum schumacher , 1817 and comments on vokesimurex petuch , 1994 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) with the description of h . bondarevi n . sp . apex 14 ( 3 - 8 ) : 81 - 107 .
merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]
( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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murex plicatus sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834 : c america ( renamed )
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schumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau système des habitations des vers testacés . schultz , copenghagen . iv + 288 pp . , 22 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 64 , 213 [ details ]
merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 63 [ details ]
ponder w . f . & vokes e . h . ( 1988 ) a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
like many other genera within the muricidae , the genus has been redefined several times .
ponder & vokes ( 1988 ) and vokes ( 1990 ) included american and indo - pacific species in haustellum , which differs from murex sensu stricto by lacking a labral spine .
there is no record of extinct species in the geological register . the oldest member is the type species haustellum haustellum from the indo - pacific province . it is recorded from the miocene of borneo ( beets , 1941 ) , the pliocene of java , indonesia and the plio - pleistocene of the malaysian archipelago .
houart , r . ; gofas , s . ( 2009 ) . bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . world marine mollusca database . accessed through the world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 08 - 31
schumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau système des habitations des vers testacés . schultz , copenghagen pp . [ iv + 288 + 22 pl . ]
beets , c . ( 1941 ) . eine jungmiocäne mollusken fauna von der halbinsel mangkalihat , ost borneo . verhandelingen geologisch - mijnbouwkunig genootshap nederland en kolonien . geologisch serie 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 218 .
merle , d . , garrigues , b . & pointier , j . - p . ( 2011 ) . fossil and recent muricidae of the world , part muricinae . 648 pp . , 182 colour plates , hackenheim . isbn 978 - 3 - 939767 - 32 - 9 .
petuch , e . j . ( 1994 ) . atlas of florida fossil shells . 394 pp . chicago .
ponder , w . f . & vokes , e . h . ( 1988 ) . a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum , suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 .
vokes , e . h . ( 1990 ) : cenozoic muricidae of the western atlantic region , part viii - murex s . s . , haustellum , chicoreus , hexaplex ; additions and corrections . tulane studies in geology and paleontology 23 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 96 .
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see the world ( and its fossils ) with ucmp ' s field notes .
gastropods are one of the most diverse groups of animals , both in form , habit , and habitat . they are by far the largest group of molluscs , with more than 62 , 000 described living species , and they comprise about 80 % of living molluscs . estimates of total extant species range from 40 , 000 to over 100 , 000 , but there may be as many as 150 , 000 species ! there are about about 13 , 000 named genera for both recent and fossil gastropods . they have a long and rich fossil record from the early cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades , followed by diversification of new groups .
gastropods have figured prominently in paleobiological and biological studies , and have served as study organisms in numerous evolutionary , biomechanical , ecological , physiological , and behavioral investigations .
they are extremely diverse in size , body and shell morphology , and habits and occupy the widest range of ecological niches of all molluscs , being the only group to have invaded the land .
gastropods live in every conceivable habitat on earth . they occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral , as well as freshwater habitats , and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes . they are also the only terrestrial molluscs , being found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest , and from the tropics to high latitudes .
gastropod feeding habits are extremely varied , although most species make use of a radula in some aspect of their feeding behavior . they include grazers , browsers , suspension feeders , scavengers , detritivores , and carnivores . carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial animals , while others engage in hunting their prey . some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey , this method of entry having been acquired independently in several groups , as is also the case with carnivory itself . some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula .
most gastropods have separate sexes but some groups ( mainly the heterobranchia ) are hermaphroditic . most hermaphroditic forms do not normally engage in self - fertilization . basal gastropods release their gametes into the water column where they undergo development ; derived gastropods use a penis to copulate or exchange spermatophores and produce eggs surrounded by protective capsules or jelly ( see busycon spiratus photo below ) .
the first gastropod larval stage is typically a trochophore that transforms into a veliger and then settles and undergoes metamorphosis to form a juvenile snail . while many marine species undergo larval development , there are also numerous marine taxa that have direct development , this mode being the norm in freshwater and terrestrial taxa . brooding of developing embryos is widely distributed throughout the gastropods , as are sporadic occurrences of hermaphrodism in the non - heterobranch taxa .
the basal groups have non - feeding larvae while veligers of many neritopsines , caenogastropods , and heterobranchs are planktotrophic . egg size is reflected in the initial size of the juvenile shell or protoconch and this feature has been useful in distinguishing feeding and non - feeding taxa in both recent and fossil taxa .
gastropods are characterized by the possession of a single ( often coiled ) shell , although this is lost in some slug groups , and a body that has undergone torsion so that the pallial cavity faces forwards . they have a well - developed head bearing a pair of cephalic tentacles and eyes that are primitively situated near the outer bases of the tentacles . in some taxa the eyes are located on short to long eye stalks . the mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening ( aperture )  this is shown in the photo of the caenogastropod
the shell is typically coiled , usually dextrally , the axis of coiling being around a central columella to which a large retractor muscle is attached . the uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell ( the protoconch ) . the shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups , with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs ( nudibranchs ) .
from left , a whelk , busycon spiratus , almost entirely out of its shell  the yellowish disc is the operculum ; another busycon spiratus individual , entirely withdrawn inside its shell , with the operculum sealing off the aperture ; egg capsules being deposited on the sand by busycon spiratus ; a larval harp shell , morum oniscus , begins building its shell ( protoconch ) .
externally , gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical . however , they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known . the ancestral state of this group is clearly bilateral symmetry ( e . g . , chitons , cephalopods , bivalves ) , but gastropod molluscs twist their organ systems into figure - eights , differentially develop or lose organs on either side of their midline , and generate shells that coil to the right or left . the best documented source of gastropod asymmetry is the developmental process known as torsion .
there is still controversy about the phylogenetic position of some gastropod clades . though the clades discussed below are well supported in many modern analyses , their relationships to each other remain somewhat unclear .
in particular , the neritopsina are placed below the vetigastropoda in some analyses ( thus they become the sister group of vetigastropoda + caenogastropoda + heterobranchia ) . also , the enigmatic taxon cocculinidae is still uncertain . it may actually be a member of the neritopsina clade , as some characters indicate . most likely it is the sister clade to neritopsina , though .
neritopsina neritopsina contains several families which have marine , freshwater , and terrestrial members . the largest family , neritidae , includes many marine , brackish , and freshwater lineages . this family alone has probably invaded freshwater habitats at least six times ( holthuis 1995 ) . the two terrestrial families , helicinidae and hydrocenidae , can be found as far back as the devonian .
neritopsines come in all shapes and sizes and can have coiled to limpet - shaped shells , with one species ( titiscania ) being a slug . this group was previously included within the
archaeogastropoda .
the shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . the radula has many teeth in each row .
vetigastropoda the vetigastropoda is a diverse group that includes the keyhole and slit - limpets ( fissurellidae ) , abalones ( haliotiidae ) , slit shells ( pleurotomariidae ) , the top shells ( trochids ) , and about 10 other families .
all are marine , and have coiled to limpet - shaped shells . this group was also previously included within the
archaeogastropoda .
the shell is nacreous in many of these taxa and an operculum is usually present . the radula has many teeth in each row .
assorted vetigastropods : from left , abalone ; puncturella longifissa , a keyhole limpet  note the hole or
keyhole
just above the apex of the shell through which water is expelled ; margarites marginatus , a trochid ; and the radula of the vetigastropod snail sinezona rimuloides , greatly magnified .
caenogastropods were previously comprised of the
mesogastropoda
and
neogastropoda
within the
prosobranchia .
of these two groups only the neogastropoda remains as a monophyletic group . the shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . apart from members of the neogastropoda , the radula usually has only seven teeth in each row . the radula of neogastropods has five to one tooth in each row and is absent in some species .
heterobranchia heterobranchia is a very large group that has only recently been recognized as a clade within gastropoda . several marine and one freshwater group ( valvatidae ) that were previously included in the
mesogastropoda
and two very large groups previously given subclass status , the opisthobranchia and pulmonata ( collectively the euthyneura ) , were found to be related lineages in a recent phylogenetic analysis . the more basal members comprise about a dozen families that are mostly small - sized , poorly - known operculate groups .
the opisthobranchs comprise about 25 families and 2000 species of the bubble shells ( many families ) and the sea slugs ( many families ) as well as the sea hares ( aplysiidae ) . virtually all opisthobranchs are marine with the majority showing shell reduction or shell loss and only some of the
primitive
shell - bearing taxa having an operculum as adults .
assorted heterobranchs : clockwise from top left , the bubble shell hydatina physis from the canary islands ; the clown nudibranch , triopha catalinae , from off the santa barbara coast ; the ragged sea hare , bursatella leachii , from off the florida coast ; the siphonariid physella heterostropha from northeastern florida ; euglandina rosea , a carnivorous terrestrial spiraxid pulmonate from florida ; the florida leatherleaf , leidyula floridana , a veronicellid from florida , about 8 cm long ; and the pond snail lymnaea stagnalis .
the file limpet , lottia limulata ( left ) , and a group of colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . limpets , from the intertidal off california .
a visit to almost any rocky intertidal habitat in the world will reveal these wonderful , cap - shaped gastropods , the true limpets . tenaciously clinging to the rocks with their hard shells to protect them , they have many different behaviors in their environments associated with their feeding strategies . but the true limpets are not restricted to the intertidal , they can be found beneath the waves , in the deep sea associated with hydrothermal vent habitats , and there are even some species which live exclusively on drift - wood that has sunk to the bottom of the ocean .
all are marine and limpet - shaped and many live in the intertidal zone . this group was previously included within the
archaeogastropoda .
the shell is nacreous in some taxa and the operculum is absent in adults . their radula has several teeth in each row , some of which are strengthened by the incorporation of metallic ions such as iron .
cocculinidae cocculinids are a group of simple white limpets that occur on waterlogged wood and other organic substrates in the deep sea .
the relationships of cocculinidae are unclear . several recent phylogenetic analyses place them as closely related to the neritopsina , or as the sister group to the clade that includes caenogastropoda and neritopsina . some authors believe , however , that they are members of the neritopsina . further systematic research is needed to clarify the relationships of this enigmatic group .
holthuis , b . v . 1995 . evolution between marine and freshwater habitats : a case study of the gastropod suborder neritopsina . ph . d . thesis , university of washington .
original text by paul bunje , ucmp . partula taeniata by carole hickman , ucmp ; abalone and colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . by sherry ballard , © 1999 california academy of sciences ; sinezona rimuloides radula © 2004 dr . daniel l . geiger ; ; triopha catalinae © 2002 larry jon friesen ; lottia limulata by e . eugenia patten , © california academy of sciences . all other photos courtesy of urltoken , with pteropurpura trialata by roger clark , nerita fulgurans by marlo krisberg , and bursatella leachii by joel wooster .


cillenus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : cillenus albertisi ( putzeys , 1875 ) cillenus formosanus dupuis , 1912 cillenus sauteri ( jedlicka , 1958 ) cillenus sinicus andrewes , 1938 cillenus lateralis samouelle , 1819 cillenus adelaideae lindroth , 1980 cillenus aestuarii ( habu & ueno , 1954 ) cillenus albovirens ( sloane , 1903 ) cillenus angustatum baehr , 1995 cillenus foochowense lindroth , 1980 cillenus kasaharai habu , 1978 cillenus mastersi sloane , 1895 cillenus sumaoi ( morita , 1981 ) cillenus yakushimanum sasakawa , 2007

cillenus

( of cillenus laterale ( samouelle ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cillenus laterale ( samouelle ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
haghebaert , g . ( 1989 ) . coleoptera from marine habitats , in : wouters , k . ; baert , l . ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) . proceedings of the symposium
invertebrates of belgium
. pp . 301 - 308 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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description : a 3 - 4mm long yellowish ground beetle with metallic green foreparts . on sheltered tidal mud or sand of saltmarshes and estuaries , under ulva and litter on the strandline .
world distribution : a suboceanic southern - temperate species ( 82 ) found on coasts from southern denmark and the british isles south to the iberian peninsula and north africa but not in the eastern mediterranean .
irish status : restricted to sheltered inlets and estuaries but very widespread and fairly common .
ecology : stenotopic for sheltered , usually estuarine , mudflats with fine sand or gravel on the upper middle and upper shores . typically found under stones or deposits of ulva and enteromorpha on or near the strandline , but can withstand considerable periods of immersion in saltwater . found closer to the open sea on estuaries than either b . lunatum or b . maritimum . it feeds largely on talitrids .
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each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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agaronia acuminata , common name the pointed ancilla , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives .

agaronia acuminata

agaronia acuminata by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]
olividae » agaronia acuminata , id : 178115 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
a new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .
( pdf ) a new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .
( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la détermination des espèces de mollusques testacés . annales du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]
agaronia ( anazola ) acuminata boavistensis ( burnay & conceição , 1986 ) live taken , fine + + + , small nick on the lip ; beautiful ! ; 20 . 4 mm ; cape verde islands , boavista , praia de cabral ; scuba diving at 6 - 8m . ; july 2013 . [ oli116 ]
a new species of olivid neogastropod from west java , agaronia johnabbasi sp . nov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by means of its distinctive morphology and colouration .
teso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus olivancillaria ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . zootaxa 2889 : 1–34 . [ details ]
lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la détermination des espèces de mollusques testacés . annales du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]
burnay & conceicao ( 1986 ) . contribuicao para o estudo da fauna malacológica do arquipélago de cabo verde . familia olividae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . urltoken orta sér . zool . 2 ( 1 - 2 ) page 25 - 39 , tav . 1 - 6 . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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teso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus < i > olivancillaria < / i > ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . < i > zootaxa < / i > 2889 : 1–34 .
vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january ( 2010 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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st . thomas and principe islands . sao tome . northwest of lagoa azul . in sand . october 2014 .
from quite to the south and offshore , highly selected , these are fine + to gem .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )
shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 822 seconds . )
senegal . casamance . from fisherman , trawled on a sand bottom . 1990 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325e44fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32634421 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 38483098 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
bieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 9732ef74 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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olividae a semi - precious family with about 400 species , subspecies and forms . olividae thank their success among collectors to the high brilliance of the shells and to the large degree of variability within one species . their taxonomy is difficult and the nomenclature chaotic . because members of the genus oliva , apart from a few exceptions , all live in shallow water , usually in colonies . very popular among collectors are large porphyria and rubrolabiata .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 055 seconds . )
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nov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by
west java , in late 2009 , at a depth of about 60m . their
size as two of the paratypes ( figs 7 - 8 ) . a closer
pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal
( röding , 1798 ) , east pangandaran bay , java , indonesia , 31mm ( juvenile ) .
classification of the caenogastropoda and heterostropha—a list of the family - group names and higher taxa . mala - cological review
sterba , g . h . w . , 2004 . olividae a collectors guide . pp . 1 - 172 . hackenheim ( conchbooks ) .
paratype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg
holotype , mnhn 23267 , 38mm ; 3 - 4 . paratype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg . , 31mm .
olsson , a . a . , 1956 . studies on the genus olivella . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 108 : 155 - 225 .
new caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl
petuch , e . j . , 1987 . new caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal education and research foundation ) .
studies on alien and invasive species of molluscs in the maltese islands , with a particular focus on lessepsian immigrant bivalves and non - marine gastropods .
a new species of chloritis beck , 1837 ( pulmonata : camaenidae ) from sulawesi , indonesia .
the camaenid pulmonate chloritis johannisi n . sp . is described from the island of peleng , sulawesi , indonesia , by means of conchological characteristics . it can be distinguished from the sympatric congener chloritis gruneri by the presence of periostracal hair and from the similar chloritis talabensis by size , colour , hair density and whorl number .
description of a new species of amphidromus albers , 1850 from sumba , indonesia ( gastropoda pulmonata . . .
the camaenid amphidromus ( syndromus ) iunior n . sp . from an isolated forest in the east of sumba island in the indonesian archipelago is described . its closest named relative is amphidromus ( syndromus ) abbasi chan et tan , 2010 , and some conchological features are common for both species . however , the new species is smaller , with consistent differences in shell thickness , pattern and pigmentation .
on the presence of the alien freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) ( gastropoda : plan . . .
an established population of the north - american freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) is recorded from the island of malta ( central mediterranean ) for the first time . this population was found in an anthropogenic habitat at the northeast of malta . ferrissia fragilis is an invader of several freshwater habitats throughout europe and beyond . if released into the wild , it could . . . [ show full abstract ]
contributions to the malacology of malta , iii : first record of planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( g . . .
the freshwater and allochthonous species planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( gastropoda planorbidae ) ( = helisoma duryi wetherby , 1879 ) is reported from the island of comino ( maltese archipelago ) . this is the first record of a freshwater species and also of an allochthonous species for the third largest island of the maltese archipelago .
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cicindela sylvicola is a species of ground beetle native to europe , where it can be found in austria , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , bulgaria , croatia , the czech republic , mainland france , germany , hungary , mainland italy , luxembourg , the republic of macedonia , moldova , poland , romania , southern russia , slovenia , switzerland , ukraine and former yugoslavia .

cicindela sylvicola

no one has contributed data records for cicindela sylvicola yet . learn how to contribute .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
berg - sandlaufkäfer
to
cicindela sylvicola
.
scientific name : cicindela ( cicindela ) sylvicola dejean , 1822 body length : variability : distribution : type locality : original description : ssp . : synonymy : ãåíèòàëèè :
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
hristovski , slavčo & guéorguiev , borislav , 2015 , annotated catalogue of the carabid beetles of the republic of macedonia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , zootaxa 4002 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 190 : 28
; drovenik & peks 1999 : 6 ; hristovski et al . 2002 : 122 ( šar planina ) ; hristovski et al . 2010 : 56 ( jablanica ) ; mitev et al . 2010 : 42 ( kožuf ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .


bostrycapulus pritzkeri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails .

bostrycapulus pritzkeri

no one has contributed data records for bostrycapulus pritzkeri yet . learn how to contribute .
collin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of bostrycapulus ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . zoological journal of the linnean society 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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typical shell - length 25 mm . lives intertidally to offshore on rocks . native . endemic to eastern , western and northern australia ( wa , nt , qld , nsw and tas ) . there are as yet no confirmed records of this species in tasmanian waters , although its presence here would not be surprising .
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respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .
“tropical forests are the result of an accident of history . ” - carlos jaramillo .
white - faced capuchin monkeys in panama’s coiba national park habitually use hammer and anvil stones to break hermit crab shells , snail shells , coconuts and other food items , according to visiting scientists at the smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) . this is the first report of habitual stone - tool use by cebus monkeys .
many in the stri community will remember joan siedenburg , who died on june 9 at 92 years of age , as a wonderful friend of tropical research in panama . her yearly visits to stri gave her a chance to participate directly in both the discovery process and in outreach to local communities .
as researchers ask which disease - carrying mosquito species will rule panama’s azuero penninsula ( and perhaps the world ) , they discover culinary delights along the way .
stri took a gamble on a carbon offset program in partnership with an indigenous community in eastern panama . ten years later , it has successfully met offset goals , empowered women , built environmental stewardship capacity , created a long - term research platform and offered hope for a community’s threatened forest - based traditions .
stri is hosting dr . anna mežaka , originally from latvia and currently employed at the university of marburg ( umr ) , germany , who is doing a project called “life on a leaf : species interactions and community dynamics in epiphyll communities” funded by a marie skłodowska - curie global fellowship from the european union .
the guna , emberá and cattle - ranching communities of eastern panama share the same threatened landscape but have been divided for generations over territorial disputes . a series of filmmaking workshops and film festivals have brought some members of the community together in ways not previously considered possible .
designed to share a hands - on - science experience , the new , brightly - painted van will make it possible for kids and adults to participate in the excitement of the discovery process in cities and towns across panama .
when he’s not racing his bike cross - country , milton garcia is in demand for his expertise flying drones . in the last month , he monitored mangrove deforestation on panama’s pacific coast , mapped a new research station in coiba national park and tracked blooming trees on barro colorado island , the first plot in an international network of forest monitoring sites .
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