allogalathea elegans ( known as the feather star squat lobster , crinoid squat lobster or elegant squat lobster ) is a species of squat lobster that is sometimes kept in marine aquariums .

allogalathea elegans

what type of species is allogalathea elegans ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the allogalathea elegans species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of allogalathea elegans species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species allogalathea elegans .
how to identify allogalathea elegans marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans are marked in green .
where is allogalathea elegans found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species allogalathea elegans can be found .
development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea . . . | download scientific diagram
elegant squat lobster - allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , . . . | download scientific diagram
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
as trusted .
joanne taylor marked the classification from
world register of marine species ( worms )
as preferred for
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
.
hi molly - - your ' s is a relative of allogalathea elegans but it ' s not a crinoid commensal . this is what a . elegans looks like - urltoken notice how the carapace is elongated forwards in a point between the eyes and then look at yours which has a blunt carapace .
. . . of these , only one species , a . inermis , was identified at the species level . its appearance is related to changes in the taxonomy of a widespread , opportunistic symbiont of crinoids allogalathea elegans . a . elegans has recently been shown to be a species complex including four dif - ferent species , which , although genetically very dis - tinct , are morphologically very similar [ 11 ] ; we have two of these in our samples : a . elegans and a . inermis . allogalathea sp . . . .
fig . 6 . allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , second zoea ; c , third zoea ; d , fourth zoea ; e , megalop . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
citation :
elegant crinoid squat lobsters , allogalathea elegans ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 5 / 25 / 2013 10 : 28 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hi leslie ! thanks for clarifying . i have been wondering about that . i haven ' t been able to find the exact scientific name of this one . i , too , thought the rostrum is too short to be allogalathea . either way , the one i have is the ones la is selling , and they call them allogalathea elegans . so these aren ' t crinoid commensals ? that is interesting . i wonder if they are commensal on anything .
figure 4 . 2 : development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . c ) zoea iii . d ) zoea iv . e ) megalop . b ) chirostylus stellaris ( fujita and clark 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . e ) megalop .
cabezas , p . ; macpherson , e . ; machordom , a . ( 2011 ) . allogalathea ( decapoda : galatheidae ) : a monospecific genus of squat lobster ? zool . j . linn . soc . 162 ( 2 ) : 245 - 270 .
research allogalathea elegans » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
in the case of the expensive harlequin shrimp hymenocera picta dana , 1852 , and h . elegans heller , 1861 , the main bottleneck impairing the culture of these species is the diet of juvenile and adult specimens , because they feed exclusively on sea stars .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) lewinsohn , c . ( 1969 ) . die anomuren des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : paguridae , galatheidae , hippidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 104 . 213 pp . [ details ]
ok , now i ' m kinda lost here . . . . crinoid commensal means what exactly ? do they need a some sort of companion with whom they share a symbiotic relationship ? the true a . elegans is stunning ! i ' ve never seen anything like that before . how are they suited for a reef enviornment ? athough i ' m sure that i ' d never find one for my tank .
. . . in the indo - west pacific region , including mozambique , madagascar , red sea , indonesia ( banda and celebes seas ) , philippines , taiwan , new caledonia , chesterfield islands , and vanuatu ; subtidal to depth of 120 m ( cabezas et al . , 2011 ) . the present material confirms the occurrence of a . elegans in singapore , although johnson ( 1970 ) previously reported this species . . . .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
adams , a . & white , a . ( 1848 ) crustacea . in : adams , a . ( ed . ) the zoology of the voyage of the hms
samarang
under the command of captain sir edward belcher , c . b . , f . r . a . s . , f . g . s . , during the years 1843 - 1846 . benham and leeve , london , pp . 1 - 66 , 13 pls . [ details ]
baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
( of galathea longirostris dana , 1852 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea longirostris yokoya , 1936 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea deflexifrons haswell , 1882 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea grandirostris stimpson , 1858 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
morton b . & morton je . ( 1983 ) . the sea shore ecology of hong kong . hong kong : hong kong university press . [ details ]
the species has several possible body colour patterns : either uniformly dark ( red , blackish purple , orange or brown ) or dark , with either two narrow light stripes , or alternating longitudinal dark and light stripes ( patterns 1 , 3 , and 4 of baba , 1979 ) , the number and width of which varies . other colour patterns include a narrow lighter stripe in the middle of each dark stripe . pereiopods also show variable coloration : p1 uniformly dark or with longitudinal light dorsal stripe along merus , carpus , and palm , finger tips light ; some specimens with p1 uniformly dark and fingers whitish . p2–p4 uniformly dark or pale on distal portion of carpus , distal portion of propodus and entire dactylus ; in some specimens , p2–p4 meri dark , and carpi , propodi , and dactyli whitish .
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haswell , w . a . 1882 ,
description of some new species of australian decapoda
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 6 , no . 4 , pp . 750 - 763
adams , a . & white , a . 1848 ,
crustacea . part i
, ed . adams , a . ( ed . ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang under the command of captain sir edward belcher during the years 1843–1846 , pp . 1 - 66 pls i - xiii , reeve , benham & reeve , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04f3b944 - 5f55 - 44b6 - a76a - 6023415810e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7b98f0f2 - 3bff - 445f - 9a32 - 3fc58ab42242
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dd8a8a95 - 4e52 - 456c - b9b7 - 5cb02913ab73
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97c5dfda - c6da - 42d5 - 9db4 - fd6fb056ecfb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372957
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this species lives inside the arms of crinoids ( feather stars ) for protection . it adopts the colour pattern of its host by repositioning chromatophores ( pigment cells ) in its carapace . it feeds on plankton collected from the arms of its host .
1 - 12 m depth , size up to 2 cm . females are larger than males .
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just curious , saw that la had a couple in the diver ' s den and thought thet they looked interesting . has anyone ever kept one or had any experiance with them in a reef set - up ?
i do ! i love mine . he is very cute . he eats mysis and filter feeds . i target feed him with frozen cyclops and mysis . urltoken
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - felicia - current tank info : 55 + two 20 gallon refugiums coldwater with puffer , seahorses , gobies , crabs , starfish all from the atlantic . 90 gallon w 20 gal refugium with tilefish , swallowtail angel , blue tang , clingfish , naked clown , fancy white clown , brachio blenny , mollies
wow that ' s sweet , nice pics ! thx for the info molly , glad to know that they ' re reef safe . is he out and about all day and takes nights off ? i take it thet stay pretty small .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cheers , leslie so many worms , so little time . . . natural history museum of los angeles county
i just found it - galathea inflata - and i was wrong about it not being a crinoid commensal . oops ! urltoken
thank you so much leslie ! you are awesome ! i have been trying to id this guy for months ! being a crinoid commensal means they hitch a ride on crinoids , which are starfish like feather stars . they don ' t require their crinoids in captivity , thank goodness , because crinoids are impossible to keep in captivity .
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bold black or brown droplet shaped body , with 2 white stripes on the carapace and a thin yellow line in the middle , and one 1 white stripe on the arms . long pointed rostrum with tiny spines along the edges . row of spines below and behind the ( red ) eyes . however there are many variations in appearance of this species .
unevaluated by the iucn red list . fairly common , but well hidden between the arms of crinoids .
tropical waters from the indian ocean and the indo - pacific . they live exclusively on crinoids ( feather stars ) .
it feeds on plankton , as does the crinoid it lives on . the crinoid provides good locations for catching plankton .
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a remarkable anomuran : the taxon aegla leach , 1820 . taxonomic remarks , distribution , biology , diversity and conservation
a squat lobster with egg shaped body , mostly with longitudinal stripes , and long front legs with claws . colour may vary according to host crinoid , in the fronds of which it is most often found .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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small squat lobsters , from relatively shallow waters ( found in depths from 0 - 146 m ) and often associated with crinoids .
they can be distinguished from the other genera by the flat and triangular rostrum ( with a carina underneath and 5 - 9 lateral teeth ) and a carapace with setiferous striae . coloration varies from solid red to black and white stripes and generally matches the crinoid colouration .
until recently this was the only species in the genus . it has now four species , with slight variations in morphology ( such as length and proportion of claws ) , colour patterns and distribution .
commensal on crinoids , feeding on detritus . can oftern be found in pairs on crinoids
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poore , g . c . b . ; ahyong , s . t . ; taylor , j . eds ( 2011 ) . the biology of squat lobsters . 363 p . collingwood , vic . csiro publishing
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insights into life - history traits of munidopsis spp . ( anomura : munidopsidae ) from hydrothermal vent fields in the okinawa trough , in comparison with the existing data
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. . . here , we examined all this material analyzing both morphological and molecular characters , which include partial sequences from two mitochondrial genes ( cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and 16s rrna ) frequently used in molecular studies of squat lobsters ( machordom & macpherson 2004 ; ahyong et al . 2011 ; cabezas et al . 2011 ) . bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed in mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck & ronquist 2001 ) using only the coi sequences because 16s sequencing was not successful for all species . . . .
. . . the genetic divergence between f . cultrata n . sp . and f . chani n . sp . was 10 . 57 % ( coi ) ( table 2 ) . such divergence values are estimated to be in the upper range of molecular interspecific divergences so far found for squat lobsters , normally beyond 3 % among coi sequences and higher than 0 . 7 % among 16s sequences ( cabezas et al . 2008 cabezas et al . , 2011 poore & andreakis 2012macpherson & robainas - barcia 2013 , 2015 . . . .
. . . symbionts were sorted accord - ing to major taxonomic groups and then identified . papers [ 5 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] were used to identify decapods , and paper [ 7 ] was used to polychaetes . porcelanid crabs were identified by dr . werding ( institute für tierökol - ogie und specielle zoologie der justus - liebig - uni - versität giessen , germany ) and an ophiuroid was identified by a . martynov ( zoological museum , moscow state university ) . . . .
. . . recently , cabezas et al . ( 2011examined numerous specimens from various localities in the indo - west pacific and described three new species based on the molecular evidence and subtle morphological characters . the present material includes two species , of which a . longimana cabezas , macpherson & machordom , 2011 , is recorded for the first time from singapore . . . .
. . . ( fig . 8 . 1 ) , are also found in heterosexual pairs at relatively high frequency ( c . 50 % ) on their host crinoids , such as oxycomanthus bennetti ( zmarzly , 1984 ) ( cabezas et al . 2011 ) . in g . inflata , the remaining hosts are mostly occupied by single galatheids including males , ovigerous females , symbiotic chirostylids have been reported from shallow environments . . . .
baeza , j . a . 2011 . squat lobsters as symbionts and in chemo - autotrophic environments . ( chapter 8 ) . in : the biology of squat lobsters ( poore g . c . b . , ahyong s . t . , and taylor j . , eds ) . csiro publishing : melbourne and crc press : boca raton . pp . 249 - 270 .
in the mediterranean sea , the intensive use of maritime space calls for integrated management to avoid cumulative impacts and user conflicts . maritime spatial planning ( msp ) – the harmonization of …
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the principal expected achievements are : to provide a reduced set of parameters describing synthetically the effects of defence structures from the different points of view . to provide validated an…
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coconet project full title :
towards coast to coast networks of marine protected areas ( from the shore to the high and deep sea ) , coupled with sea - based wind energy potential .
taxonomic revision of the genus paramunida baba , 1988 ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) : a morpholo . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the family galatheidae , one of the most species rich families among anomuran decapod crustaceans . in spite of the genus has received substantial taxonomic attention , subtle morphological variations observed in numerous samples suggest the existence of undescribed species . the examination of many specimens collected during recent expeditions and morphological and . . . [ show full abstract ]
morphological and molecular description of new species of squat lobster ( crustacea : decapoda : galath . . .
the family galatheidae is among the most diverse families of anomuran decapod crustaceans , and the south - west pacific is a biodiversity hot spot for these squat lobsters . attempts to clarify the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of the galatheidae on the basis of morphological and molecular data have revealed the existence of several cryptic species , differentiated only by subtle . . . [ show full abstract ]
deep under the sea : unraveling the evolutionary history of the deep - sea squat lobster paramunida ( de . . .
the diversification of indo - pacific marine fauna has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists . previous studies have mainly focused on coral reef or shallow water - associated taxa . here , we present the first attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history - - phylogeny , diversification , and biogeography - - of a deep - water lineage . we sequenced the molecular markers 16s , coi , nd1 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of paramunida baba , 1988 from the central pacific ocean and a new genus to accommodate . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the most diverse family of galatheoids and it is commonly reported from the continental slope across the indian and pacific oceans . examination of material collected by the noaa rv townsend cromwell cruise near christmas ( kiritimati ) island , kiribati , revealed the existence of a new species of paramunida ( p . haigae ) , which represents the fourth record of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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( jl ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
( alr ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
ricardo calado , junda lin , andrew l . rhyne , ricardo araújo , luís narciso ; marine ornamental decapods—popular , pricey , and poorly studied , journal of crustacean biology , volume 23 , issue 4 , 1 december 2003 , pages 963–973 , urltoken
the objective of the present work is to present a list of decapod crustaceans currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , highlighting possible ecological impacts of their harvest from the wild , and the main bottlenecks impairing the commercial culture of these species . possible management and conservation guidelines to preserve these highly priced marine resources are also suggested .
in order to evaluate the number of decapod species currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , monthly surveys were conducted year round during 2002 . information was gathered from eight portuguese aquarium retail stores , seven virtual pet stores on the world wide web ( one portuguese , one german , one british , and four north american ) , and two marine aquarium hobby magazines ( tropical fish hobbyist and marine and freshwater aquarium ) . this preliminary list was complemented with the marine ornamental decapod species listed in debelius ( 1984 ) , baensch and debelius ( 1994 ) , fosså and nielsen ( 2000 ) , dakin ( 2001 ) , fenner ( 2001 ) , and sprung ( 2001 ) . in addition , several decapod species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters were included , because recent studies have revealed the potential use of such species in the marine aquarium trade .
the average unitary retail value of the most heavily traded ornamental decapods was estimated based on the prices presented by virtual pet stores on the world wide web .
species were grouped according to the classification proposed by martin and davis ( 2001 ) .
the most heavily traded marine tropical decapods , as well as potential ornamental species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters , are listed in tables 1 – 4 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental stenopodidean shrimp and lobsters in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental squat lobsters and anomuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental brachyuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
caridean shrimp species ( 49 ) clearly outnumber other decapod groups , with the hippolytidae family alone accounting for 15 species . anomuran and brachyuran crabs are the next two most traded groups , with 32 and 27 species respectively . diogenid hermits clearly are the most popular anomuran species ( 20 species ) . the pricey stenopodidean shrimp , astacidea , and palinura lobsters are represented by a considerably lower number of species ( 7 , 7 , and 6 species , respectively ) ( fig . 1 ) .
number of marine decapod crustacean species , per infraorder and family , traded in the marine aquarium industry ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) .
for the majority of species , larval development is either unknown or partially described ( tables 1 – 4 ) . even for the best - studied group , the brachyuran crabs ( particularly majids ) , information on larval development only exists for a reduced number of species ( table 4 ) .
several ornamental decapod groups , especially caridean shrimp , display associative behaviour , either with invertebrate or vertebrate organisms ( tables 1 – 4 ) . certain caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are believed to be fish cleaners ( e . g . , lysmata amboinensis , l . debelius , l . grabhami , and stenopus hispidus ) , whereas alpheus and periclimenes are known to live in close association with fish and invertebrates , respectively .
suitable commercial culture techniques for marine ornamental decapods are still far from being established . caridean and stenopodidean shrimp species have the highest number of established culture methodologies for traded species ( 10 % and 14 % , respectively ) or for which culture methodologies are now being developed ( 43 % and 12 % , respectively ) . no study has addressed the culture of ornamental palinurid lobsters or anomuran crabs at a commercial level ( fig . 2 ) .
number of traded ornamental stenopodidean , caridean , astacidian , palinurid , anomuran , and brachyuran decapod crustaceans ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) and status of the commercial culture techniques ( % ) ( established , e ; being developed , bd ; not addressed , na ) .
though some brachyuran and anomuran crabs also attain high market values ( e . g . , lybia tessalata ( latreille , 1812 ) , percnon gibbesi ( h . milne edwards , 1853 ) , and manucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) ) , lobsters and caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are the groups commanding the highest market prices ( table 5 ) . the high prices of certain paired specimens ( e . g . , hymenocera and stenopus ) is a consequence of their agonistic responses towards conspecifics of the same sex .
average commercial value ( u . s . dollars per specimen ) of some popular and highly priced marine ornamental decapod crustaceans .
important bottlenecks impairing ornamental decapod culture ( namely larviculture and broodstock maintenance ) have been partially overcome in recent years ( calado et al . , 2003 ) . however , research efforts are still being focused on a very small number of traded species of the genus lysmata , stenopus , and hymenocera .
rearing systems used to culture frail palinurid and scyllarid larvae ( illingworth et al . , 1997 ; kittaka , 1997b ; ritar , 2001 ) appear to be suitable for the culture of other decapod larvae . the system developed by calado et al . ( 2003 ) , inspired by greve ' s ( 1968 ) “planktonkreisel” and other larval spiny lobster culture systems , has proven to be suitable to raise caridean , stenopodidean , brachyuran , anomuran , and lobster larvae . in addition , this system allows larvae to be fed with nutritional prey ( while assuring good water quality ) , to test settlement cues ( by placing adult specimens or host organisms in the system head - tank ) , and to provide suitable settlement surfaces for late - stage larvae .
though cyanide use for ornamental fish collection is now a widespread practice in the major marine ornamental exporting countries in southeast asia ( jones and steven , 1997 ) , the physiological effects of this asphyxiant in decapod crustaceans and other invertebrate organisms in coral reefs are still unknown .
the only suitable way to achieve a sustainable management of the collection of marine ornamental decapods , while continuing to solve the bottlenecks impairing these species ' culture , is to promote a multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers working on larval biology , population dynamics , ecology , aquaculture , and fisheries .
the authors thank fundação para a ciência e a tecnologia ( scholarship sfrh / bd / 983 / 2000 and research project pocti / bse / 43340 / 2001 ) from the portuguese government for the financial support . we thank joana figueiredo and lueji pestana for their comments on the manuscript . we express our sincere gratitude to paul f . clark from the natural history museum , london , and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript . we thank martin a . moe , jr . , of green turtle publications , for making available to us his report “culture of marine ornamentals : for love , for money , and for science” during the marine ornamentals 2001 meeting .
phyllosoma larvae and phylogeny of palinuroidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) : a review .
later stage larvae of panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( decapoda , palinuridae ) with notes on the identification of phyllosomata of panulirus in the caribbean sea .
the influence of shell type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size ( decapoda , anomura ) .
the effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus .
puerulus of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( palinuridae ) .
the complete larval development of coenobita compressus ( crustacea : decapoda : coenobitidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
tracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms : the importance of cites and its limitations .
larval development of the mediterranean cleaner shrimp lysmata seticaudata ( risso , 1816 ) ( caridea ; hippolytidae ) fed on different diets : costs and benefits of mark - time molting .
on the first phyllosoma stage of parribacus caledonicus holthuis , 1960 , scyllarides squamosus ( h . milne - edwards , 1837 ) and arctides regalis holthuis , 1963 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia .
the larval development of pagurus prideauxi leach , 1814 , under laboratory conditions ( decapoda paguridea ) .
components of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis in tropical marine shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea and stenopodidea ) .
larvae of decapod crustacea . part i . stenopidae . part ii . amphionidae . part iii . phyllosoma .
larval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacea , diogenidae ) .
delayed metamorphosis in florida hermit crabs : multiple cues and constraints ( crustacea : decapoda : paguridae and diogenidae ) .
larval and post - larval development of the slender legged spider crab , macropodia rostrata ( linnaeus ) ( oxyrhyncha : majidae : inachinae ) , reared in the laboratory .
on palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae and their distribution in the south china sea ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
associative behaviour of the fish cryptocentrus cryptocentrus ( gobiidae ) and the pistol shrimp alpheus djiboutensis ( alpheidae ) in artificial burrows .
culture of larval spiny lobsters : a review of work done in northern japan .
larval development of the snapping shrimp alpheus heterochelis say , reared in the laboratory .
cleaning of fish ectoparasites by a palaemonidae shrimp on soft bottoms in new caledonia .
contribution a l ' étude du développement larvaire de clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacé decapode anomure diogénidé ) .
the puerulus of the spotted spiny lobster , panulirus guttatus ( latreille 1804 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) .
note sur les puerulus de palinuridae et les larves phyllosomes de panulirus homarus ( l . ) . clef de détermination des larves phyllosomes récoltêes dans le pacifique équatorial et sud - tropical ( décapodes ) .
complete larval development of the spider crab stenorhynchus lanceolatus ( brullé , 1837 ) ( decapoda , brachyura , majidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
the larval and post - larval development of percnon gibbesi ( crustacea , brachyura , grapsidae ) and the identity of the larval genus pluteocaris .
larvae of decapod crustacea of the families diogenidae and paguridae from the bay of naples .
the larval development of the tropical land hermit coenobita clypeatus ( herbst ) in the laboratory .
the larval development of calcinus tibicen ( herbst ) ( crustacea , anomura ) in the laboratory .
the complete larval development of the west indian hermit crab petrochirus diogenes ( l . ) ( decapoda , diogenidae ) reared in the laboratory .
the larval development of the west indian sponge crab dromidia antillensis ( decapoda : dromiidae ) .
the larval development of the sponge crab dromia personata ( l . ) ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) reared in the laboratory .
the experimental culture of phyllosoma larvae of southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) in a flow - through system .
phyllosoma larvae of a palinurid lobster , justitia longimana ( h . milne edwards ) , from the western atlantic .
larval and postlarval development of pisa tetraodon ( pennant , 1777 ) ( decapoda , majidea ) reared in the laboratory .
description of some planktonic larval stages of stenopus spinosus risso , 1826 : notes on the genus and systematic position of the stenopodidea as revealed by larval characters .
the phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster palinurellus gundlachi von martens ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
l ' étoile de mer “couronne d ' épines” ( acanthaster ) et les récifs de la grande barrière .
early growth and mortality of the caribbean king crab mithrax spinosissimus reared in the laboratory .
studies on decapod crustacea from the indian river region of florida . xiii . larval development under laboratory conditions of the spider crab mithrax forceps ( a . milne - edwards , 1875 ) ( brachyura : majidae ) .
quantifying hermit crab recuitment rates and megalopal shell selection on a wave - swept shore .
larval development of lysmata amboinensis ( de man , 1888 ) ( decapoda : hippolytidae ) reared in the laboratory with a note on l . debelius ( bruce , 1983 ) .
studies on the interspecific relationship between gobbid fish and snapping shrimp . ii . life history and pair formation of snapping shrimp alpheus bellulus .
the early zoeal stages of alpheus heeia banner & banner , 1975 reared in the laboratory ( decapoda , caridea , alpheidae ) .
studies on the western atlantic arrow crab genus stenorhynchus ( decapoa , brachyura , majidae ) . i . larval characters of two species and comparison with other larvae of inachinae .
larviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden coral shrimp stenopus scutellatus .
effects of food and temperature on survival and development in the peppermint shrimp lysmata wurdemanni .
mating behavior and spawning of the banded coral shrimp stenopus hispidus in the laboratory .
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srilanka in stock [ archive ] - gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area .
gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area . > vendors > aquatic kingdom > srilanka in stock
: ( was there 2 days ago . it was my first time going there and their corals were beautiful . also saw the stingray being feed : )
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umbonium vestiarium , common name the button tops , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family trochidae , the top snails .

umbonium vestiarium

common button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) in sealife base : technical fact sheet .
common button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) on the nparks flora and fauna website .
umbonium vestiarium ( vestigastropoda : trochidae ) button snail by jenny , 2015 , on taxo4254 .
. the genus globulus , assigned by schumacher in 1817 , is an objective synonym of genus umbonium , meaning that both globulus and umbonium contain the same species ( i . e . u . vestiarium ) , but umbonium
umbonium vestiarium , a filter - feeding trochid by vera fretter in journal of zoology ( 20 aug 2009 ) .
figure 17 : description on umbonium vestiarium . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london
umbonium vestiarium linnaeus 1758
. gbif secretariat : gbif backbone taxonomy , 2013 . url : urltoken ( accessed on 11 november 2015 )
no valid holotype was found for umbonium vestiarium . this is because the specimen ( trochus vestiarius ) that was assigned as the type actually referred to
berry , a . j . , 1987 . reproductive cycles , egg production and recruitment in the indo - pacific intertidal gastropod umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) .
kalyanasundaram , n . , s . s . ganti , & a . a . karande , 1972 . the habitat and the habitat - selection by umbonium vestiarium l .
berry , a . j . , 1984 . umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) as the food source for naticid gastropods and a starfish on a malaysian sandy shore .
species umbonium zelandicum a . adams , 1854 accepted as zethalia zelandica ( hombron & jacquinot , 1848 )
sivadas , s . , b . ingole , & a . sen , 2012 . some ecological aspects and potential threats to an intertidal gastropod , umbonium vestiarium . journal of environmental biology , 33 : 1039 - 1044 .
[ 30 ] chan , z . w . i . , 2013 . quantifying shell pattern and colour polymorphism in umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) . unpublished student report , national university of singapore , singapore . 17 pp .
species umbonium striolatum a . adams , 1855 accepted as ethalia striolata ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )
button snail is a suspension feeder . it belongs to genus umbonium , the only filter - feeding gastropod group with inhalant and exhalant siphons
. no record of syntypes and lectotypes of u . vestiarium could be found . its type locality , as appointed by linnaeus in his original description , is mediterrranean , asia , and china
( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable . . .
description solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable and colourfully patterned exterior . habitat : eulittoral sand . distribution : indo - pacific . [ details ]
drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bosch d . t . , dance s . p . , moolenbeek r . g . & oliver p . g . ( 1995 ) seashells of eastern arabia . dubai : motivate publishing . 296 pp . [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
hickman , c . s . ( 1985 ) . comparative morphology and ecology of free - living suspension - feeding gastropods from hong kong . in : morton b , & dudgeon d , editors . proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong . the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china ii . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 217 - 234 . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
a big pile of living button snails chek jawa , feb 05 they can float , forming ' rafts ' . changi , jul 08 closeup of shell opening and operculum . tanah merah , feb 07 tanah merah , mar 10
tiny button snails leaping away from a hunting moon snail . east coast , jun 06
cyrene reef , dec 10 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .
family trochidae tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
tan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .
davison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .
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this species has been recorded at changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , tanah merah .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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figure 1 : button snails found on sandy beach ( left ) and a close - up of the snail ( right ) . photo : © 2008 & 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )
button snail has round and glossy shell with various patterns and colours ( figure 2 ) . its average shell width is 1 cm , with maximum of 1 . 5 cm
. more information about its identifying features can be found on 5 ( ii ) diagnostic features .
figure 2 : various shell patterns of button snail . photo : © 2015 jenny
empty shell may be occupied by hermit crab , so do take a closer look to find out whether it is button snail or hermit crab . the main distinguishing feature is that button snail has soft body while hermit crab has claws and legs like crabs ( figure 3 and 4 ) .
figure 4 : hermit crab living in an empty button snail . photo : © 2005 ria tan
polymorphism , which refers to having two or more different sizes , shapes , colours , patterns , etc . , within a population
, is a characteristic feature of many gastropod shells . button snail exhibits particularly high polymorphism : 11 colour patterns were recorded in kalbadevi beach in india
. however , the development and maintenance of the polymorphism is still a mystery . both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role , but more studies need to be conducted to investigate this . one possible mechanism is apostatic selection through differential predation rates on morphs
however , this is unlikely given that the main predators of button snail , such as moon snails and sea stars , hunt primarily by smell and not visual . another possible mechanism is heat management
, especially in tropics where solar radiation and temperatures are high . indeed , darker morphs were observed to be lower in number
button snail inhabits surface layers of marine sands in shallow water and also low - shore mud flats . it prefers sand of medium grade and avoids finer sand grains or muddy sand
it is abundant in the sandy shores in singapore ( figure 5 ; e . g . changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , and tanah merah )
figure 5 : global distribution of button snail . source : global biodiversity information facility (
figure 6 : distribution of button snail in singapore . base map from global biodiversity information facility ( cc by 3 . 0 )
. this may explain why button snail is found on sandy shores , and not rocky ones . to escape predators , button snail may perform a series of rolling movements by twisting their foot side to side
figure 7 : labels of selected anatomy . photo : © 2012 ria tan (
figure 8 : path marking made as button snail creeps on sand . photo : © 2011 ria tan (
figure 9 : aggregation of floating button snail . photo : © 2008 ria tan (
figure 10 : button snail buried in sand in feeding position . left photo : © 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 ) , labelled by jenny . right illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 13 ]
figure 11 : button snails being preyed by moon snail ( left ) and haddon ' s carpet anemone ( right ) . photo : © 2011 & 2005 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )
button snail has separate sexes ( i . e . dioious ) . similar to other trochacaeans in the family , button snail is a broadcast spawner and carries out external fertilization because it lacks the accessory reproductive organs for internal fertilisation
the trochophore and early veligers larvae , which are negatively gravitaxis and will orient themselves against gravity and move upwards , to have light - enhanced upward swimming . this promotes faster growth
. as a result of weak dispersal , the offspring is likely to settle on the same shore . however , weak dispersal is favourable to button snail . given that the juvenile live and grow for one year before breeding and then die the following mid - year
figure 12 : different stages of development of button snail . illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 18 ]
. therefore , over - collection may be a possible threat to button snails . they are often used as accessories in aquarium and home decorations ( figure 13 ) . human consumption is another threat : vendors may use aromatic thorns ( acacia pennata ) to pry the meat out from the shell
has precedence because it is older . later on , lamarck thought that the snail had
remarkably callous
lower surface compared to other trochus , so he gave a new name ,
figure 15 : description by linnaeus in 1758 . extract from göttinger digitalisierungszentrum ( pending approval ) . translation by jenny .
figure 16 : description on rotella lineolata . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london
traditionally , phylogeny of family trochidae was constructed based on morphology such as radula and ctenidium . for instance , subfamily umboniinae , lirulariinae , and halistylinae were grouped together owing to them having monopectinate ctenidium and reduced radula
figure 18 : molecular phylogeny of trochidae and calliostomatidae , with subfamily umboniinae highlighted in blue , based on concatenated sequences from four genes using bayesian analysis with uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock using beast . source : williams
[ 1 ] carpenter , k . e . , & v . h . niem , 1998 . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 1 . seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 686 pp .
leimar , o . , 2005 . the evolution of phenotypic polymorphism : randomized strategies versus evolutionary branching . the american naturalist , 165 ( 6 ) : 669 - 681 .
allen , j . a . & b . c . clarke , 1984 . frequency - dependent selection – homage to poulton , e . b” . biological journal of the linnean society , 23 : 15 - 18 .
miura , o . , s . nishi , & s . chiba , 2007 . temperature - related diversity of shell colour in the intertidal gastropod batillaria . journal of molluscan studies , 73 ( 3 ) : 235 - 240 .
tamaki , a . , & t . kikuchi , 1983 . spatial arrangement of macrobenthic assemblages on an intertidal sand flat , tomioka bay , west kyushu .
( linnaeus , 1758 )
. lee kong chian natural history museum , n . d . url : urltoken ( accessed on 7 november 2015 )
ansell , a . d . , 1969 . escape responses of 3 indian mollusks .
heller , j . , 2015 . sea snails : a natural history . springer , switzerland . 354 pp .
hickman , c . s . , 1992 . reproduction and development of trochacean gastropods .
( linnaeus , 1758 )
. flora & fauna web , n . d . url :
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata
children , j . g . , 1823 . lamarck ' s genera of shells .
quarterly journal of science , literature and the arts , 15 : 216 - 258 .
[ 25 ] de lamarck , j . b . d . m . & c . dubois , 1825 .
an epitome of lamarck ' s arrangement of testacea : being a free translation of that part of his works , de l ' histoire des animaux sans vertebras . longman , hurst , rees , orme , browne , and green , london . 317 pp .
hermannsen , k . , 1851 . on some genera of shells , established in 1807 by the late h . f . link .
catalogue of type specimens . 4 . linnaean specimens
. uppsala university museum of evolution zoology section , 2001 . url :
williams , s . t . , donald , k . m . , spencer , h . g . , & t . nakano , 2010 . molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) .
herbert , d . g . ( 1992 ) . revision of the umboniinae ( mollusca : prosobranchia : trochidae ) in southern africa and mozambique .
hickman , c . s . , & mclean , j . h . ( 1990 ) . systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods . natural history museum los angeles county science series , 35 : 1 - 169 .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]
williams s . t . , karube s . & ozawa t . ( 2008 ) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda : trochidae , turbinidae and trochoidea redefined . zoologica scripta 37 : 483–506 . [ details ]
shell small , compressed ; disc shaped ; solid ; surface smooth and glossy ; umbilicus present , densely calloused ; numerous colour forms of the shell present varying from white greyish to dark purple ; operculum thin , circular .
biju kumar , a . 2012 . ‘kerala theerathe kadal jeevikal’ ( marine animals of kerala coast - a field guide ) . kerala state biodiversity board , thiruvananthapuram , kerala , 304 pp . ( in malayalam )
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bijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .
this map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution .