the fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) , previously known as the fairy warbler , is a species of bird in the family acanthizidae native to new guinea and queensland .

fairy gerygone

fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .
fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
the fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) / occurrences
murphy , s . ( 2002 ) . why do male fairy gerygones gerygone palpebrosa burst into song on hearing predators or loud noises ? sunbird 32 : 62 - 66 .
this dataset includes observations of fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
the white - throated gerygone is found in open eucalypt woodlands and forests and in vegetation along watercourses .
until relatively recent years , fairy gerygone was not known to occur south of the gin gin - childers region . whether it has spread southward or was overlooked in the past is not known ; this is one of several essentially tropical species which appears to be extending its range south . in the sunshine coast littoral scrubs , it occurs side by side with mangrove gerygone . more rarely in the hinterland , it may be in the same habitat as brown gerygone , which is absent from the coastal scrubs .
gregory , p . ( 2018 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
gerygone , the gerygones or peep - warblers , is a genus of bird in the acanthizidae family . the . . .
the fairy gerygone , g . palpebrosa differs from the white - throated gerygone in that it does not have the white tail tips , and some males have a black chin and / or throat . it also only overlaps in the queensland part of the white - throated gerygone ' s range , from tropic of capricorn to northern cape york . the smaller weebill , smicrornis brevirostris , can resemble young white - throated gerygones , but does not have a red eye , lacks the white throat and forehead and is generally paler above , with a shorter , paler bill .
ford j ( 1986 ) phylogeny of the acanthizid warbler genus gerygone based on numerical analyses of morphological characters . emu 86 : 12–22 .
the white - throated gerygone ranges from south - eastern australia through queensland and across northern australia to the kimberley region , western australia .
this fairy gerygone was singing today at mudjimba on the sunshine coast . there are six pairs of this species in a 3 - km stretch of coastal vine scrub in the vicinity . i ' ve also seen the bird elsewhere along the coast including noosa national park and coolum . occasionally in turns up in the hinterland - at ninderry , kenilworth and bli bli - but it does not appear to be resident there .
the white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees .
10–11·5 cm ; 8 g . medium - small gerygone with distinctive male plumages . male nominate race has forehead , side of head and throat to upper breast black , crown . . .
citation : nyári ás , joseph l ( 2012 ) evolution in australasian mangrove forests : multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the gerygone warblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31840 . urltoken
despite ford ' s ( 1986 ) pioneering attempt to analyze gerygone phylogenetically , the conservative morphology of the group has inhibited development of a comprehensive phylogenetic framework . this in turn has complicated interpretations of biogeographic patterns . a recent phylogenetic study of the largest radiation of australasian songbirds , the meliphagoidea [ 8 ] , was the first molecular analysis of acanthizids that included gerygone . the eight species of gerygone analysed there comprised a monophyletic group , which , together with the monotypic fernwren oreoscopus gutturalis , was basal to all other acanthizids . support for the monophyly of the eight species was high but relationships within the genus were not well resolved .
complex evolutionary and biogeographic scenarios in the history of gerygone are clearly apparent from our results . they identified g . chrysogaster and g . mouki as a sister clade to the rest of gerygone , consistent with an australo - papuan center of diversity for the group . the geographic distributions of these two taxa correspond to australo - papuan tropical lowland ( irian ) and subtropical - montane rainforest ( tumbunan ) avifaunas [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 49 ] .
picture of an australian brood parasite and its host : ( a ) little bronze - cuckoo nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) ; ( b ) large - billed gerygone nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) .
the white - throated gerygone is a very small grey brown bird with a white throat and spot on forehead , distinctive bright yellow underparts and a white - tipped tail . it has a red eye . most often heard during breeding season , it is not obvious at other times .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : gerygone palpebrosa . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
g . cinerea was consistently recovered by all loci as not closely related to other ingroup species , rendering gerygone paraphyletic ( figure 1 , 2 ) . analysis of our 13 - locus dataset placed this species among the three outgroup members , and specifically with the species we used of acanthiza ¸ a . apicalis .
the white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees . breeding season : september to november ; longer in north of range . clutch size : 2 to 3 incubation : 12 days time in nest : 15 days
the most novel relationship that we recovered is the exclusion from gerygone of g . cinerea , which clearly belongs in acanthiza ( figure 2 and 3 ) . based on plumage and biogeography , ford ( 1986 ) suggested that g . cinerea was closely related to g . chloronota . we conclude that g . cinerea should be assigned to acanthiza vigors and horsfield , 1827 , and so be known as a . cinerea ( salvadori , 1876 ) .
the species tree inferred from all 13 loci mirrored closely the consensus among the underlying gene trees and the analysis of the concatenated and partitioned dataset . topologies obtained throught the best and * beast algorithms were congruent . again , gerygone was not monophyletic and the sister species relationships of g . chrysogaster / g . mouki , and g . igata / g . modesta were strongly supported ( figure 2 ) . similarly , the three mangrove specialists were not a monophyletic group , and their constrained monophyly constitutes a significantly worse likelihood under the au test . the majority of nodes in the species tree received strong support ; however , several low - to - moderately supported nodes prevailed , especially in the recently evolved clades sister to g . magnirostris .
thus , gerygones colonized mangroves on several occasions and those that occur in mangroves are not each other ' s closest relatives within the genus gerygone . this lends further support for case - by - case exploration of the rich australo - papuan mangrove avifauna . phylogeographic analysis of diversity within and among the three gerygones adapted to mangroves and their closest relatives especially g . fusca , will bring additional insights to levels of intraspecific genetic diversity , influence of geographic barriers , and the history of any hybridization events . contrasting these molecular findings with data based on morphology , plumage , song and ecological niche will broaden our understanding of historical biogeography within this group . in particular , it should clarify the importance of the mangroves of australia and new guinea in the evolution of the region ' s avifauna and its ecological diversity .
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warblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : 10 . 1371 / annotation / 2e9dfd8d - 413c - 47bd - 84c2 - d7df5db7859c .
editor : robert c . fleischer , smithsonian institution national zoological park , united states of america
copyright : © 2012 nyári , joseph . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : csiro ecosystems science ( ces ) , atlas of living australia provided funding for laboratory work , consumables and travel within australia . the university of kansas biodiversity institute provided funding for laboratory consumables , sequencing fees and data analysis . the american museum of natural history frank m . chapman memorial fund provided funding for laboratory consumables and sequencing fees . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
several molecular phylogenetic studies have now documented the importance of island radiations in diversification of continental avifaunas [ 9 ] – [ 11 ] . they have led to the conclusion that islands are not necessarily evolutionary dead ends , but rather that they can be sources of biological diversity for mainland groups through back - colonization events . by analogy , the role of mangrove forests as ecological islands for closed - canopy - dwelling birds , especially during australia ' s long history of aridification [ 12 ] , might also be tested .
complementary gene sequence contigs derived from all 13 loci for all taxa were aligned using clustalx 2 . 0 . 7 [ 25 ] , and scrutinized further by eye in mesquite 2 . 74 [ 26 ] . separate data matrices of 19 taxa ( 16 ingroup and 3 outgroup ) were assembled for each of the 11 nuclear loci , while the two mitochondrial genes ( nd2 and nd3 ) were combined in a single dataset . subsequent analyses examined individual loci and a partitioned dataset through model - based phylogenetic algorithms under both maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian analysis ( ba ) approaches . modeltest 3 . 7 [ 27 ] was used to determine the most appropriate model of sequence evolution via the akaike information criterion ( aic ) .
additionally , a species tree was estimated from the joint distribution of individual gene trees via the program best 1 . 6 [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . the dataset was again partitioned by locus , each with an appropriately specified model of evolution . we assigned default settings for the parameter values of the bayesian search , as recommended by the authors : flat priors , inverse gamma distribution with values of α = 3 and β = 0 . 003 for priors of population size , and a uniform distribution with bounds of 0 . 5 and 1 . 5 for priors of the mutation rates . two runs with four separate chains ( one heated and three cold ) were run simultaneously for 10 8 generations , sampling every 1000 generations . a consensus topology from the two separate runs was obtained after discarding an initial burn - in of 50 % of the sampled topologies . additionally , we also used the species tree reconstruction options in the program * beast 1 . 6 [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] using the same set of model parameterizations and number of generations as for the best run .
alignment of sequence data derived from all thirteen loci was straightforward , resulting in a total of 8124 base pairs ( bp ) . overall sequence length ranged from 279 bp to 1350 bp for nuclear loci , whereas the two mitochondrial genes were 1041 bp and 351 bp in length ( table 2 ) . among the nuclear loci , mameal - 23 , musk , and tgfb2 were the most variable ; however , mameal - 16 , cdc132 and fib5 had the highest percentage of informative sites ( table 2 ) . the two mtdna protein - coding genes nd2 and nd3 had no insertions , deletions , or anomalous stop - codons . base composition was typical of avian mtdna ( table 2 ) , consistent with true mitochondrial origin as opposed to nuclear pseudogenes [ 40 ] . information content in the two mitochondrial loci was significantly higher than in the nuclear loci : out of the total number of variable sites , nd2 and nd3 had over 70 % and 64 % parsimony informative sites , respectively ( table 2 ) .
phylogenetic estimates of gene trees obtained via bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis of individual loci .
locus acronyms follow table 2 and references therein . nodal support is indicated by circles , where the upper half corresponds to bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) and the lower half depicts ml bootstrap values ( mlbv ) . bpp support values greater than 95 % are given in bold above branches , and indicated by dark upper half - circles . mlbv greater than 80 are in bold below branches , and indicated by dark lower half - circles . support values below these thresholds are in regular font and depicted with an open circle half . values below 50 % bpp and 50 mlbv are denoted by double dashes or not at all where both algorithms failed to recover that value at a node . the mitochondrial protein coding genes nd2 and nd3 have been combined in a single partition , indicated as “mtdna” . mangrove specialists are highlighted in bold .
all gene trees indicated clearly that the three mangrove - inhabiting species g . magnirostris , g . tenebrosa , and g . levigaster , do not form a monophyletic group . strong support was evident in all gene trees for two sister species relationships , one between g . chrysogaster and g . mouki , and the other between g . igata and g . modesta . the mtdna dataset further indicated strong support for sister species relationships between g . chloronota and g . palpebrosa ( also supported by fib5 ) , between g . inornata and g . albogularis ( also supported by musk , hmg2 , al16 ) , and between g . fusca and g . levigaster ( also supported by rag2 , tgfb2 , hmg2 , cdc132 ) .
extended taxon sampling included in the analysis of g . cinerea within the acanthizidae . all samples are listed in gardner et al . ( 2010 ) and include genbank accession numbers from multiple sources used in building a multilocus dataset for testing relationships within the meliphagoidea .
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recorded at dawn ; campsite twelve mile lagoon , lakefield np . background : white - throated honeyeater ( 0 : 07 ) ; yellow honeyeater ( 0 : 02 , 3 calls ) ; rainbow lorikeet ( 0 : 28 ) ; blue - faced honeyeater ( from 0 : 38 onwards ) .
recording at dawn in iron range np . a lot of species in the background ( some in the front ) , for instance :
yellow - spotted honeyeater ( song ) at 0 : 06 ; white - eared monarch ( buzzing call ) from 0 : 20 ; little shrikethrush at 0 : 24 ; dusky myzomela ( call ) at 0 : 29 ( can be heard more often ) ; lovely fairywren ( song , faint recording ) at 0 : 27 ; graceful honeyeater ( ' plik ' song ) at 0 : 39 .
there ' s an unknown bird calling at 0 : 10 and 0 : 59 , possibly also graceful honeyeater . a possible yellow - breasted boatbill ( short shong ) at 0 : 44 , although lovely fairywren might also be possible .
recording was modified slightly : amplifying , some noise removal , high pass filtering ( < 1000 hz ) , some low pass filtering ( > 5500 hz to muffle insects a bit ) ; interval shortened at 0 : 19 .
the usual quiet
tip tip
feeding calls from mid - stratum , generally by a pair or family group feeding together .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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two views of a foraging female in a tree , the second one repeated in slow motion .
john o ' malley , holger teichmann , lindsay hansch , aviceda , nick athanas , rhonda hansch .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31b7981a - a45e - 46a6 - 9702 - 67dfb17cb744
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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male of northern race personata - & apos ; black - throated warbler & apos ; .
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( a . b . meyer , 1899 ) – yapen i and n new guinea ( e to n coast of se peninsula to the kumusi r ) .
rand , 1941 – s new guinea from morehead r e to fly r .
e . p . ramsay , 1878 – se new guinea e from upper fly r .
gould , 1866 – ne queensland ( cape york peninsula s to mitchell r and townsville area ) , in ne australia .
often located by quiet but insistent , rather nasal “tt tt” contact note . song , by male . . .
edges of tropical rainforest and ecotone between that and other habitats , vine thickets ( e . g . at 40 . . .
insectivorous ; no details of items . seen mostly singly , in pairs or in small parties of up to five individuals , probably family groups . . . .
birds in breeding condition in oct ( at end of dry season ) in new guinea ; breeding recorded in jul–may in australia . nest reported as . . .
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( w new guinea , w papuan islands and aru is . . sw of new guinea . )
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taxonomy : psilopus olivaceus gould , 1838 , new south wales , australia . three subspecies recognized ( source : handbook of the birds of world )
* cinerascens sharpe , 1878 - se new guinea ( around port moresby area and gulf coast ) , and ne australia ( n & c cape york peninsula ) . * rogersi mathews , 1911 - n australia from western australia ( roebuck bay ) e to se corner of gulf of carpentaria . * olivacea ( gould , 1838 ) - e australia from base of cape york peninsula s ( extending inland to w slopes of great dividing range ) to se & sc victoria ; scattered records in extreme e coastal south australia .
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this small bird can be occasionally seen in the thickly vegetated areas on the eastern part of the douglas campus . the male has a blackish throat with a white stripe , then yellow underparts , female yellow underparts , both sexes are brownish - green on the back . legs and feet black , eyes red , bill grey . photograph courtesy ian montgomery , urltoken
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ctx _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & rft ; _ val _ fmt = info % 3aofi % 2ffmt % 3akev % 3amtx % 3adc & rfr ; _ id = info % 3asid % 2fands & rft . title ; = catchment restoration / coommonderry swamp / habitat restoration & rft . identifier ; urltoken ; = atlas of living australia & rft . description ; = the project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands . & rft . creator ; = anonymous & rft . date ; = 1970 & rft ; _ rights = & rft . type ; = dataset & rft . language ; = english
the project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands .
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it is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .
this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .


amphilepis is a genus of brittle stars of the family amphilepididae .

it contains the following species : amphilepis antarctica amphilepis guerini amphilepis ingolfiana amphilepis mobilis amphilepis neozelandica amphilepis norvegica amphilepis nuda amphilepis papyracea amphilepis patens amphilepis pycnostoma amphilepis sanmatiensis amphilepis scutata amphilepis tenuis amphilepis teodorae

amphilepis

species amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 accepted as amphilepis patens lyman , 1879 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )
worms - world register of marine species - amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911
worms - world register of marine species - amphilepis pycnostoma ( h . l . clark , 1911 )
amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )
( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) stöhr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
species amphilepis gymnopora hertz , 1926 accepted as amphiura belgicae koehler , 1900 ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )
species amphilepis diastata murakami , 1942 accepted as amphiura diastata ( murakami , 1942 ) ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )
to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3173 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3383 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 4 records ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 5 records ) to itis
species amphilepis remittens koehler , 1922 accepted as ophiomonas remittens ( koehler , 1922 ) ( transferred to ophiomonas by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )
o’hara t ( 2009 ) . amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) .
( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]
this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article mills , sadie , o’hara , timothy ( 2010 ) : amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) . zootaxa 2514 : 47 - 54 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 196098
( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1917 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the tropical pacific , 1899 - 1900 ( part 18 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , 1904 - 1905 ( part 30 ) . ophiuroidea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . 61 ( 12 ) : 429 - 453 . [ details ]
stöhr , s . ; o’hara , t . & thuy , b . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . world ophiuroidea database .
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
lyman , t . ( 1879 ) . ophiuridae and astrophytidae of the “challenger” expedition . part ii . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , cambridge , mass . 6 ( 2 ) , 17 - 83 , 10 pl . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) ljungman , a . v . ( 1865 ) . tillägg till kännedom af skandinaviens ophiurider . öfversigt af kgl . vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar 1863 . 21 ( 7 ) , 359 - 367 , pl . xv . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ( transferred by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )
( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]
( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , a . m . ( 1970 ) . notes on the family amphiuridae ( ophiuroidea ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 81 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) stöhr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( holotype usnm 25641 ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 )
clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]
clark , h . l . ( 1917 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the tropical pacific , 1899 - 1900 ( part 18 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , 1904 - 1905 ( part 30 ) . ophiuroidea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . 61 ( 12 ) : 429 - 453 . [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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clea wykoffi is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks , most of which are marine .

clea wykoffi

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : clea wykoffi r . a . m . brandt , 1974 - id : 5288000028
worms - world register of marine species - clea h . adams & a . adams , 1855
overally , clea species feed like their marine cousins . although clea helena is the most well - known in the genus , there are plenty of other species . here ' s a list from
while clea gemma ( conolly 1929 ) is the type for the afrocanidia ( sub ) genus from africa .
species clea fusca ( h . adams , 1862 ) accepted as anentome fusca ( h . adams , 1862 )
one more update ! i just found that canidia bocourti brot was synonymised as clea helena by brandt ( 1974 ) . best ! gianluca
clea helena is sometimes called clea ( anentome ) helena or anentome helena . it is a member of the whelk family buccinidae , and one of very few whelks that lives its entire life in freshwater habitats . common names in the trade include assassin snail and snail - eating snail .
clea are whelks , most of which live in the sea . like their marine relatives , clea are opportunistic carnivores that feed on both live prey and carrion . among the prey taken are snails , and it is this that has made them popular with fishkeepers . clea stay partially hidden under the sediment , and if a snail slides past , then quickly ( by snail standards ) jump into action , chasing their prey and eventually subduing it .
most clea live in clean , fast - flowing streams where they can be found in sandy or muddy substrates . clea helena is exceptional in being found in ponds and ditches too , and its tolerance for a wider range of water conditions is probably why this one particular species does so well in captivity .
clea helena is not difficult to breed , though it does so slowly , and isn’t likely to become a pest in the same was as many other snails . for one thing , being carnivorous , it is fussier about food , and that means an aquarium of given size will support a much smaller population of clea helena than omnivorous or herbivorous snails .
hello guys , i thought you may be interested in some updates : 1 ) afrocanidea gemma conolly , 1929 is an invalid taxon , synonym of gutturnium muricinum ( röding , 1798 ) it is a ranellidae ( note also the spelling of the invalid genus ) urltoken 2 ) the species list of congeners is not complete : c . broti ( deshayes 1876 ) c . cambojiensis ( reeve , 1861 ) c . funesta adams , 1861 c . fusca ( adams , 1861 ) c . scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) c . spinosa temcharoen , 1971 c . wykoffi brandt , 1974 some sites you may find useful : worldwide molluscan species database - bagni liggia urltoken urltoken
sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsular malaysia . another typical habitat for many clea species as they have abundant prey to feed on and nutrient - rich waters flowing from nearby caves .
in the author’s experience , controlling a runaway malayan livebearing snail ( or malayan trumpet snail , melanoides tuberculata ) is to use 4 - 6 clea helena per 60 litres ( about 15 us gallons ) of water . while they won’t exterminate every last one of the malayan livebearing snails , the clea helena will keep the population of them small enough that they’re no longer troublesome .
usually , clea snails can be found in abundance when present in a water body . thus , when a prey is detected , a large number of snails will search and assemble around it .
steung saen , kampong thom , cambodia . this is the preferred habitat for clea species as it has a wide , muddy river bottom . such habitats are widespread across delta plains of southeast asian countries .
meanwhile , other clea snails will try to loosen the grip of the feeding predator on its prey by using their foot to
pull
the prey out , much like a tug - of - war game .
on the other hand , like all snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . are vulnerable to predation when kept with large fish . cichlids , pufferfish , loaches and certain catfish ( e . g . , synodontis ) are likely to view clea helena and the smaller tylomelania as potential food . even if they don’t eat them outright , fish that like to peck at things may stress these snails sufficiently that they’ll cause damage and eventually death .
clea helena are known as assassin snails and snail - eating snails precisely because they’re so good at catching and killing small snails . are they worth using though ? in short , yes , but you will need quite a few of them .
besides malayan livebearing snails , clea helena will also eat other small snail species including physa spp . ( tadpole snails ) . they will also eat juvenile tylomelania snails , and that may be an issue if you want to keep them together .
clea helena is a predator , and it will eat any small snails it can catch . it will likely eat fish eggs too , and quite likely immobile ( “wriggler” ) fish fry too . but otherwise clea helena is an excellent community tank resident . it does not harm snails that are substantially larger than it is , and things like adult nerite snails as well as tylomelania seem to coexist amicably enough . fish are at no risk at all once mobile , and even livebearer fry are ignored .
these are true freshwater snails and do not need salt added to the water . but having said that , the authors experience is that both clea helena and tylomelania spp . tolerate slightly brackish water conditions ( around sg 1 . 003 ) perfectly well .
( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) smith e . a . ( 1895 ) observations on the genus clea , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the malacological society of london 1 : 251 - 253 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hi ! nice work you ' ve done here ! i ' m portuguese malacologist currently finishing my phd thesis on gastropods in the aquarium trade . clea helena was one of my studied species ! i wonder if you could contact me by email so we could exchange some thoughts ? rita . coelho @ urltoken kind regards , rita
like most other snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . will not do well in water that is too soft or acidic . while the precise water chemistry values do not seem to be important , aim for moderately hard to hard water with a ph above neutral ( 10 - 20 degrees dh , ph 7 - 8 ) .
hello , i am trying to id a species of clea i collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . i think it might be c . nigricans . however , i found descriptions of other species that are rather similar ( c . funesta , c . bockii ) and would like to share some thoughts . could you pls send me a mail to gianluca . polgar @ urltoken
it is not possible to tell male and female clea helena apart , so to start breeding them , a small group will be necessary . when clea helena mates , pairs or groups of snails clamber over each other and seem to hold position like that for hours at a time . eventually the males and females separate , and the females go off to lay their eggs . eggs are deposited one at a time in tiny transparent blobs , usually on solid objects such as bogwood roots . hatching takes a few weeks , and it is fully six months before the juveniles are big enough ( around 8 mm ) to be seen actively hunting at the surface . before they get that big they are presumably hidden away in the sand feeding on whatever small organisms they find there . lifespan is around two years .
clea helena is a burrowing species , and does best in tanks with a sandy substrate . if nothing else , this gives the aquarist an opportunity to watch the natural behaviour of the species . it is also more likely to reproduce successfully in a tank with a sandy substrate since the juvenile snails seem to spend a lot of time hidden underground . perhaps they need to avoid being eaten by the adults ?
tylomelania spp . and clea helena have much to attract the aquarist keeping small , gentle freshwater fish . compared to the existing species on offer , these snails are far less likely to become a pest , and once settled in , hardy and easy to maintain . while we’re not quite at the stage of having a freshwater reef tank just yet , these snails are a good few steps in that direction !
hello i am gianluca , i am trying to id a clea that i think is c . nigricans , collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . however , the original description of c . nigricans adams , 1855 closely resembles that one of c . funesta and c . blockii . . . if anyone likes to share some thoughts , i would love to have a chat by email : gianluca . polgar @ urltoken cheers , gianluca
the assassin snail ( clea helena ) has been welcomed by fishkeepers as the single best all - around snail - killing animal in the hobby . existing choices were limited to things like pufferfish and the larger loaches , particularly botiine loaches , but these fish are often difficult to maintain , and in the case of puffers especially , tend to be nippy towards their tankmates . the assassin snail is very different . it is small , completely harmless towards fish and shrimps , and generally very easy to keep . it is also very pretty , bright yellow with chocolate brown stripes .
alright , the next big question is probably : how does it feed ? i have heard many who discovered them congregating around rotting carcasses of frogs , dead swiflets and bats near caves . personally , i have encountered a group of clea helena feeding on picnic leftovers of fried fish at water ' s edge in sungai jernih , perlis , malaysia . so , these buccinids are no different from their marine cousins - scavengers and predators at the same time . i ' ve brought some back home for further observations of their feeding behaviour . here ' s a photo - essay of it :
information on the african species is particularly void while asia ' s ones received more attention ( from the aquarium trade , not researchers ! ) . clea genus is widespread across southeast asia and have not been recorded elsewhere . it ' s abundance is notable especially in alluvial plains and around large water bodies like the irrawaddy delta ( myanmar ) , mekong river ( indochina countries ) , chao phraya river ( thailand ) and other major waterways and lakes of malaysia , brunei and indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) . the question is - how did they managed to reach other rivers and lakes divided by tall mountain ranges and vast seas ?
on the scientific front though , little is known about this enigmatic group of snails . however , it is generally accepted that there are two genus of this family that somehow abandoned the sea in favour of creeks and ponds . the african species is categorised into the ( sub ) genus afrocanidia while asia ' s is grouped into the clea genus . now , this may shed some light to its origins . perhaps , they first appeared from a common ancestor when africa and south asia was in one piece ( called pangea ) 225 million years ago ? or did they adapted to freshwater separately ( convergent evolution ) since it is more likely to be a recent adaptation ?
the possible answer can be found when we turn the clock back to around 20 000 years ago . the waters of south china sea , gulf of siam , straits of malacca and java sea recede and is replaced by alternating grasslands and swamps . now , one would notice that major rivers were being drained out of this large peninsula , dubbed sundaland , by
mega rivers
( much like the present day amazonian basin ) . so , it ' s possible that the clea genus or its ancestor have had its early millenias conquering much of sundaland ' s freshwater systems before rising sea levels cut off many populations and from there each evolved into seperate species or subspecies .
tylomelania spp . are almost but not quite livebearers . again , males and females are separate , so for breeding purposes a group is required . there is no easy way to sex them . once mating has taken place , the female broods the eggs internally almost to the point when they are ready to hatch . the eggs are then released , and within an hour than juvenile snail crawls out from the shell . at this point the juvenile has a shell that is a good 5 mm in length , and can be reared alongside the adults without problems . they are , however , vulnerable to predation by clea helena , so while adults of both species can be mixed , you won’t get many tylomelania if they’re kept together .
adams a . ( 1855 ) . description of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 23 : 119 - 124 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 119 [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) houbrick r . s . ( 1986 ) transfer of quadrasia from the planaxidae to the buccinidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington 99 ( 2 ) : 359 - 362 . [ details ]
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the various species of tylomelania imported from the southeast asian island of sulawesi are not kept to do a job , but because they’re interesting and attractive . in the past aquarists have kept apple snails ( pomacea spp . ) but these don’t always do well . in the wild most apple snails spend a few months resting in the mud , but they can’t do this in an aquarium , and because of this seem to ‘burn up’ , dying within a year or so and never attaining full size . tylomelania spp . do much better in aquaria , and unlike apple snails , they do not eat plants , so can be kept in planted tanks without risk .
tylomelania are members of the family pachychilidae , a freshwater - dwelling group within the predominantly marine cerithioidea superfamily of gastropods . there are numerous tylomelania species , and telling them apart is difficult . many retailers simply sell them as tylomelania , or else under trade names such as sulawesi elephant snails , helmet snails , rabbit snails and various other names .
tylomelania spp . are primarily inhabitants of lakes and rivers . they are more scavengers than carnivores , and feed on various types of decaying organic matter besides carrion . they also eat some algae , though they are less dedicated algae - eaters than , say , nerite snails , which seem to eat nothing else .
what makes tylomelania so remarkable is their size and variety . their shells come in a range of shapes and sizes , the biggest ones more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) in length . ornamentation consists of different arrangements of ribs and grooves . the soft body of the animal is variable too , and can be yellow , green , grey or black .
water quality is important , particularly in the case of tylomelania . these are not species for immature aquaria , and are best added after the aquarium has been running for at least a couple of months . unlike the other freshwater snails kept by hobbyists , such as apple snails , these are not air - breathing snails , and they will not do well in tanks with poor water circulation or inadequate oxygen .
tylomelania are less fussy and do well in tanks with either sand or gravel substrates . if sand is provided , they will root about a bit more naturally , and this is fun to watch , but they don’t seem overly bothered by gravel substrates . tylomelania will breed successfully in tanks with either type of substrate .
feeding these snails is extremely easy , since both species consume any meaty food they find , including uneaten fish food . to a degree then , they’re scavengers . but for optimal health they will need some food left out specifically for them . catfish pellets are a good staple , but these could be augmented with calcium - rich fare that will help them build their shells . wet - frozen brine shrimp , mysis and krill all seem to be very popular . small pieces of frozen lancefish are also welcomed , especially the more bony bits like the head that fish tend to ignore .
tylomelania spp . are essentially non - predatory so far as aquarium fish and invertebrates go .
good companions are things like tetras , non - nippy barbs , rainbowfish , livebearers , corydoras catfish , bristlenose catfish and so on .
tylomelania are excellent scavengers and a good choice for the aquarist after a snail that will consume uneaten fish food and organic detritus . they are especially good at cleaning up any leftover bones and shells , as well as things like shrimp moults .
of course no snail actually “cleans” an aquarium , and that remains the job of the filter ( as well as the weekly water changes ) . but tylomelania seem to be able to compete reasonably well with things like corydoras catfish , and aquarists might even consider using these snails , perhaps alongside shrimps , as the only bottom feeders in the aquarium .
brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 204 , pl . 15 fig . 69 [ details ]
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like all snails in the clade neogastropoda , snails in this genus are carnivorous .
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from sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsula malaysia . note its difference from thai varieties offered in the aquarium trade .
is a very resilient snail . it can lay dormant for more than a month without food . in this stage , it usually buries or half - buries itself in the loose , sandy or muddy substrate .
when food ( meat or snail ) is detected , it prolongs it ' s proboscis ( siphon ) and crawls out to search for its quarry . occasionally , it will also react similarly when there is movement in the water ( especially if it lives in still waters most of the time . )
it will then wander around to locate the prey . however , it takes a straight path towards the prey if there are no others in the vicinity .
the first to reach the prey will grab it with its foot and inserts a thin , fleshy tube ( siphon ) into the snail and suck the animal within the shell .
( proably excreting digestive enzymes and dissolve the prey alive before consuming it . )
to finish its meal but that may be because of the miniature size of the prey . for larger size meals like frog carcasses , it might take a day or more to finish the entire body . most of the time , they will abandon their meal when they are full and return back when they ' re ready for the next meal .
after some time devouring its prey , other snails will lose interest and gradually retreats back to their hideouts , leaving the lucky snail and its meal alone . at last , when the meal is finished , the predator will crawl back to its own resting spot , leaving empty shells of the prey behind .
not surprisingly , buccinids aren ' t the only one which has migrated to freshwater environments in southeast asia . there are also genus
( thailand ) of pyramidellidae . so , who knows what more lurks in the muddy depths of these tropical rivers and lakes ?
the melvill - tomlin collection . parts . 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 . buccinacea ( pyrenidae , buccinidae , galeodidae , nassariidae and fasciolariidae ) .
maps of holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the sunda shelf . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , supplement 2 : 1 - 44 , august 2006 .
ellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008
global diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149–166
according to the report : ellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008 global diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149–166 . freshwater buccinids are first recorded in the fossil assemblages of the miocene period ( approximately 23 - 5 million years ago ) .
a young nature - lover aspiring to be a malacologist . inspired by the amazing biodiversity of tropical rainforests and coral reefs ( snails , clams and slugs in particular ) ; intrigued by the fields of paleotology , geology and many other fields that suffix with
- logy
; motivated by the never ending discoveries of nature and the ecology within . traveled extensively around southeast asia & beyond . this blog showcases snapshots of my discoveries , explorations , views and admiration of the intricacies in molluscs and nature while on the journey towards achieving my childhood dream .
last wednesday i received an email from mike cole of cole ecological , forwarded by our good buddy tim pearce . attached to mike’s message was the jpeg bel . . .
the ubin community came together to celebrate singapore ' s last unspoilt island from 26 may ( sat ) to 24 jun ( sun ) 2018 . here ' s a look back at pesta ubin 201 . . .
there are a lot of cases where you may need the help of a committed locksmith so it is of utmost importance that you have the contact number of a reliable . . .
red - legged pademelons ( * thylogale stigmatica * ) are not sociable animals , but they put up with each other . but every now and then , especially towards the en . . .
to come out again , mr / ms mantis shrimp… . . and true enough , patience paid off and here’s he / she peeking out of his / her hole ! more of the mantis shrimp and . . .
today is halloween . in my own culture , it is never part of our ' habit ' to celebrate this event . but in my adopted country , this is big ! the children are lo . . .
article id : 2013 - 07 - 22 - wetecol * jamilah , ms * & muhammad razali salam coastal biodiversity and conservation research group department of biological scien . . .
the 15th meeting of the mid - atlantic malacologists took place yesterday at the delaware museum of natural history ( dmnh ) in wilmington , delaware . i counted . . .
the ariophantid * hemiplecta belerang * sp . nov . from south sumatra is described in this paper . it is compared with its closest congeners , from which it is g . . .
snakes ! tigers ! lizards ! pangolins ! bears ! calling all wildlife in the forest ! run for your lives ! for the wildlife kingpin is freed - again . . . old habits . . .
i pick my way along the beach the sky is blue , the tide is out , exposed pools glitter ; down i reach to touch a sea hare on the snout . * – * ( perhaps it’s not . . .
borneo is totally smaller than india or australia , but very rich with biodiversity . i am interested on terrestrial snail fauna especially the micro - terres . . .
19 october 2009 after the not - so - satisfying snorkeling experience at bare island in the morning , i went snorkeling at little bay in the afternoon and had a . . .
this is a short article written on coral reef ecosystem for ekomar coffeetable book : ) .
coral reef ecosystem is the most diverse ecosystem in the sea . it . . .
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lottia langfordi is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets .

lottia langfordi

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : lottia langfordi ( t . habe , 1944 ) - id : 5004000058
( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors
( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79–99 . [ details ]
kase t . , nakano t . , kurihara y . & haga t . ( 2013 ) . a middle pleistocene limpet assemblage from central japan ( gastropoda : patellogastropoda ) and selective extinction of intertidal rocky shore molluscs in response to glacio - eustatic sea - level changes . paleontological research . 17 ( 3 ) : 261 - 281 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( habe , 1944 ) . accessed through : xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) chinese register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456595 on 2018 - 07 - 09
xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) . chinese register of marine species .
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fuchigami , t . and sasaki , t . , 2005 : the shell structure of the recent patellogastropoda ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . paleontological research , vol . 9 , no . 2 , pp . 143–168 . ( reference no . 0793 )
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cymbium marmoratum , commonly known as the marble cymbium volute , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family volutidae , the volutes .

cymbium marmoratum

bail p . & poppe g . t . 2001 . a conchological iconography : a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae . conchbooks , hackenheim . 30 pp , 5 pl . ( updated october 2008 for worms ) [ details ]
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trawled at 30 - 40m . 1995 . gem - . from old collection . really top quality ! wonderful specimen . ( un )
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calathus metallicus is a species of ground beetle from the platyninae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , greece , poland , romania , slovakia , ukraine , all states of former yugoslavia ( except slovenia ) , and near east .

calathus metallicus

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hans - martin braun added the german common name
rothalsiger kahnläufer
to
calathus melanocephalus linnaeus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
hellschildiger breithalskäfer
to
calathus melanocephalus linnaeus
.
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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paleartic . open habitats , xerophilous . pteridimorphic , with winter larvae . small size . predator .
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