the narrow-barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) is a mackerel of the scombridae family found in a wide-ranging area centering in southeast asia , but as far west as the east coast of africa and from the middle east and along the northern coastal areas of the indian ocean , and as far east as the south west pacific ocean .

narrow - barred spanish mackerel

mackerel , macko , narrow - bar , narrow - barred spanish mackerel , snook , spaniard .
barred mackerel , commerson’s mackerel , cybium , king mackerel , kingfish , macko , narrow - bar , narrow - barred king mackerel .
common names : narrow - barred spanish mackerel , spanish mackerel , striped mackerel , tenggiri batang , tohok , dengkeh .
thazard rayé indo - pacifique , carite estriado indo - pacífico , narrow barred spanish mackerel , . . . more
sri lanka : barred spanish mackerel , konam ( tamil ) , striped seer .
the narrow - barred spanish mackerel is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
en - narrow - barred spanish mackerel , fr - thazard rayé indo - pacifique , sp - carite estriado indo - pacífico .
information on the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the torres strait spanish mackerel fishery operates predominantly in the eastern torres strait targeting the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) . in 1999 , the fishery was expanded to include the mackerel species school mackerel ( scomberomorus queenslandicus ) , grey mackerel ( scomberomorus semifasciatus ) , spotted mackerel ( scomberomorus munroi ) and shark mackerel ( grammatorcynus bicarinatus ) .
population dynamics parameters of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lacèpéde , 1800 ) , from commercial catch in the northern persia . . .
contribution to the feeding habits and reproductive biology of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lacèpéde , 1801 ) ( teleostei : scombrid . . .
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narrow - barred mackerel , known internationally as tanguigue , inhabit coastal waters from perth , western australia , around the top end to bermagui in nsw . spanish mackerel have also been caught in victorian and tasmanian waters .
mcpherson , g . r . 1993 . reproductive biology of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson lacèpéde , 1801 ) in queensland waters . asian fisheries science 6 : 169 - 182 .
bakhoum , s . a . 2007 . diet overlap of immigrant narrow–barred spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson and the largehead hairtail ribbonfish trichiurus lepturus in the egyptian mediterranean coast . animal biodiversity and conservation 30 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 .
states that the notice applies in conjunction with other notices in place for the spanish mackerel fishery .
fauvelot , c . and borsa , p . 2011 . patterns of genetic isolation in a widely distributed pelagic fish , the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) . biological journal of the linnean society 104 : 886 - 902 .
fisheries management notice 74 prohibits the taking , processing and carrying of spanish mackerel in the torres strait spanish mackerel fishery . it does not impose any restrictions on where or when a fisher can operate .
mcpherson , g . r . 1992 . age and growth of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson lacepede , 1800 ) in northeastern queensland waters . austral . j . mar . freshw . res . 43 : 1269 - 1282 .
spanish mackerel are carnivores that predominantly feed on a variety of baitfish and to a lesser extent squid .
kaymaram , f . , ghasemi , s . , vahabneshad , a . , and darvishi , m . 2013 . growth , mortality and exploitation rate of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson in the persian gulf and oman sea , iran , hormozgan’s waters .
meriem , s . b . , al - marzouiqi , a . and al - mamry , j . 2006 . fisheries exploitation pattern of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in oman and potential management options . journal of applied ichthyology 22 : 1 - 7 .
motlagh , s . a . t . and m . g . shojaei . 2009 . population dynamics of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in the persian gulf , bushehr province , iran . indian j . fish . 56 ( 1 ) : 7 - 11 .
sulaiman , z . h . and ovenden , j . r . 2010 . population genetic evidence for the east - west division of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson , perciformes : teleostei ) along wallace ' s line . biodiversity conservation 19 : 563 - 574 .
the narrow - barred spanish mackerel is another pelagic belonging to the “razor gang” . they sport an impressive set of razor - sharp teeth , capable of removing trolled live / dead baits without registering so much as a twitch to the line ( not an over - statement ) . the spanish mackerel is an extremely fast and powerful fish and puts up an impressive fight when hooked much like a wahoo .
bakhoum , s . a . 2007 . diet overlap of immigrant narrow - barred spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson ( lac . , 1802 ) and the largehead hairtail ribbonfish trichiurus lepturus ( l . , 1758 ) in the egyptian mediterranean coast . animal biodiversity & conservation 30 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 .
mackie m , lewis p . 2001 . assessment of gonad staging systems and other methods used in the study of the reproductive biology of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in western australia . w . austral . dept . fish . , fish . res . rep . 136 : 31 .
grandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . t . 2005 . priliminary assessment of biology and fishery for the narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson in the southern persian gulf . fisheries research 76 : 277 - 290 .
hoolihan jp , anady p , van herwerden l . 2006 . mitochondrial analyses of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) suggest a single genetic stock in the ropme sea area ) arabian gulf , gulf of oman , and arabian sea ) . ices j . mar . sci . 63 : 1066 - 1074 .
spaniards are also known as “narrow - barred mackerel” or “bar - ees” for short . the average sized fish encountered by rock fishermen is usually around 5 - 20kgs and any landbased capture over the 30kg mark is considered as a fish of a lifetime .
abedi , e . , zolgharnein , h . , salari , m . a . and qasemi , a . 2012 . genetic differentiation of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) stocks using microsatellite markers in persian gulf . american - eurasian journal of agriculture and environmental science 12 ( 10 ) : 1305 - 1310 .
grandcourt , e . m . ; al - abdessalaam , t . z . ; francis , f . & al - shamsi , a . t . 2005 . preliminary assessment of the biology and fishery for the narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lacèpéde , 1800 ) . fisheries research 76 : 277 - 290 .
mackie , m . c . , lewis , p . d . ; gaughan , d . j . & newman , s . j . 2005 . variability in spawning frequency and reproductive development of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) along the west coast of australia . fishery bulletin 103 : 344 - 354 .
the upper body varies from bright blue to dark grey in colour that fades to a silvery - blue over the sides . more than 40 narrow grey - blue wavy , vertical bars are present on each side of the fish . the large dip in the lateral line below the second dorsal fin is a clear diagnostic feature of the narrow - barred mackerel .
grandcourt , e . m . 2013 . a review of the fisheries , biology , status and management of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in the gulf cooperation council countries ( bahrain , kuwait , oman , qatar , saudi arabia and the united arab emirates ) . third working party on neritic tunas : 17 .
bibless lures are trolled at high trolling speeds for spanish mackerel . but i have found different methods works better at different situations and environments .
similar in appearance to wahoo . narrow - barred mackerel have less dorsal fin spines ( 15 - 18 compared with 23 - 27 ) , the second dorsal fin is located closer to the centre of the body and they have a more prominent fork in their tail .
sport fishing fiji video - from matava resort , kadavu island - wahoo , sailfish and spanish mackerel with capt . adrian watts aboard the bite me
this notice sets out prohibitions relating to the taking , processing and carrying of spanish mackerel ( gear and size restrictions and take and carry limit ) .
details who is exempt from the spanish mackerel prohibition based on licence type or their engagement in traditional fishing ( which does not require a licence ) .
island’s great astrolabe barrier reef is producing large numbers of mid sized fish with frequent fish to 70lbs and the occasional rod snapping monster getting the best of astonished anglers . even the narrow barred mackerel are getting into the action with many good sized fish caught on poppers right in close to the reef .
catch estimates for narrow - barred spanish mackerel are highly uncertain . the catches of spanish mackerel increased from around 50 , 000 t the mid - 1970s to 100 , 000 t by the mid - 1990s . the current average annual catch is around 112 , 200 t ( for the period 2002 to 2006 ) , with most of the catch obtained taken from the west indian ocean area . in recent years , the countries attributed with the highest catches of spanish mackerel are indonesia , madagascar , pakistan , iran and saudi arabia . the overall catch in the eastern indian ocean is relatively stable , whereas in the western indian ocean it peaked in 1988 and has levelled off since then ( iotc 2006 ) .
engage in three distinct spawning periods between january and september . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas .
adult ( read huge ) spanish mackerel usually hunts alone or in very small group . smaller spaniards can be found in schools . they are seldom found far offshore making them easily accessible to game fishers and commercial netters alike . spanish mackerel are often caught trolled with live or deadbaits and also on lures and metal jigs .
scomberomorini , commonly called the spanish mackerels or seerfishes , is a tribe of ray - finned bony fishes in the mackerel family , scombridae – a family it shares with the mackerel , tuna and bonito tribes , plus the butterfly kingfish .
shojaei , m . g . , taghavi motlagh , s . a . , seyfabadi , j . , abtahi , b . and dehghani , r . 2007 . age , growth and mortality rate of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomerus commerson lacepède , 1800 ) in coastal waters of iran from length frequency data . turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 7 : 115 - 121 .
multiple hook - ups are common when a troll goes near a schooling spanish mackerel . if a big fish is landed , that is usually the only fish in that area . big spanish mackerel are capable of making sizzling runs after getting hooked . if a sport fish usually puts up a fight by swimming away from the angler , be ready for the highly unpredictable directions a spanish mackerel might make . they often swim towards the boat at high speed making the angler think they have lost the fish .
the spanish mackerel’s incredible speed often results in them rocketing meters out of the water when attacking from below . snelling is often deployed when using two hooks on a live or dead bait .
spanish mackerel live throughout the indo - west pacific region , particularly in tropical and sub - tropical waters . in western australia , they’re found from cape leeuwin northwards to the northern territory border .
the wahoo fishing just keeps getting better in part 2 , but there ' s more . some big giant trevally and spanish mackerel join sailfish to make for two great days of matava resort fishing .
latin , scomber = mackerel + greek , moros = silly , stupid ( ref . 45335 )
specifies the minimum size limits for each of the mackerel species covered by this fisheries management notice .
most commercial fishing for spanish mackerel is done north of geraldton , especially along the kimberley and pilbara coasts . recreational fishers also target it , mainly between perth and dampier , for its good fighting and eating qualities .
tobin , a . and mapleston , a . 2004 . exploitation dynamics and biological characteristics of the queensland and east coast spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) fishery . crc reef research center tech report 51 : 56 .
scientific synonyms and common names scomberomorus commerson ( lacepède , 1802 ) synonyms : scomber commerson lacepède , 1800 , hist . nat . poissons , 2 : 599 , pl . 20 ( fig . 1 ) . scomberomorus ( cybium ) commerson : fraser - brunner , 1950 : 161 , fig . 34 . scomberomorus commerson : zarov et al . , 1961 : 48 , fig . 22 . scomberomorus commersoni : george & athanassiou , 1965 : 1 , fig . 1 . common name : narrow - barred spanish mackerel [ en ]
mackerel – plenty of small ones inshore , some very nice fish hitting ballyhoo rigs outside the reef .
5 stars . spanish mackerel are a popular commercial and recreational target due to their high yield and popularity on the table . they are high in fats and oils such as omega 3 making them a healthy and tasty choice .
the content of the proposed notice includes all existing arrangements ( specified in fisheries management notice no 74 ) and the addition of a gear restriction on a class of licence operating in a specific area of the spanish mackerel fishery .
igfa anglers digest fishing show
week of 8 / 27 and 9 / 1 ( two part episode ) we venture far off the beaten path to fish the great astrolabe reef from matava resort on kadavu island , fiji . we set a new fijian record for wahoo plus sailfish , giant trevally , and barred spanish mackerel with igfa capt . adrian watts .
igfa anglers digest fishing show
small mackerel up to five years old tend to school and appear to be more mobile than larger fish .
spanish mackerel are a great target for rock fishermen as they commonly hunt for prey extremely close to the shore . large rocky headlands that are surrounded with deep water and inshore reef systems usually hold excellent numbers of mackerel . manmade structures which hold large aggregations of baitfish such as large jetties and breakwalls will also produce good numbers of fish .
begg , ga , chen , cc - m , o’neill , mf , rose , db . 2006 . stock assessment of the torres strait spanish mackerel fishery . crc reef research centre technical report no 66 . townsville , australia .
dudley , r . g . ; aghanashinikar , a . p . & brothers , e . b . 1992 . management of the indo - pacific spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in oman . fisheries research 15 : 17 - 43 .
gas ballooning is a unique method of fishing used by land based anglers to target a wide variety of pelagic fish such as spanish mackerel , cobia , longtail tuna , yellowfin tuna and the indo - pacific sailfish . this techn . . .
the largest mackerel , commonly 2 - 15kg and 55 - 125cm , but can grow to 50kg and at least 200cm .
buckworth , r . c . and clarke , r . 2001 . fishery assessment report for the northern territory spanish mackerel fishery – 1999 : summary of assessment information . in : department of primary industry and fisheries ( eds ) , fishery report 52 . darwin , australia .
welch , d . j . , hoyle , s . d . , mcpherson , g . r . and gribble , n . a . 2002 . preliminary assessment of the queensland east coast spanish mackerel fishery . information series qi02110 . queensland government department of primary industries .
. 2002 ) that indicated the stock was around 40–50 % of the unfished biomass . the commercial catch per unit effort ( cpue ) of spanish mackerel has historically exhibited a stable trend , despite inter annual variability in total catch . assessments have also been carried out in northern australia ( buckworth
roa - ureta , r . h . 2014 . stock assessment of the spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson in saudi waters of the arabian gulf with generalized depletion models under data - limited conditions . fisheries research : doi : 10 . 1016 / j . fishres . 2014 . 08 . 014 .
spanish mackerel are fished by trolling ( towing lures or bait behind the boat ) , generally from dories / dinghies ( aluminium or fibreglass boats under 6 meters ) operating either to a primary vessel or by themselves . the majority of the catch is taken by a small number of commercial operators .
spanish mackerel are a fantastic fish that should be chilled immediately for best results . they are regarded as one of the best eating fish in the north so if you’re going to take one for a feed look after it properly . immediate bleeding and placing in a salty ice slurry will enhance the flesh .
depending on temperature regime , the spawning season may be more or less extended . in australian waters , each female spawns several times over the season , about two to six days apart , depending on the locality . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas .
mcpherson , g . r . 1981 . preliminary report : investigations of spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in queensland waters . in : grant , c . j & walters , d . g ( eds . ) , northern pelagic fish seminar , australian government printing series , canberra . pp . 51 - 58 .
mackie , m . , lewis , p . d . , gaughan , d . j . and buckworth , r . c . 2003 . stock assessment of spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in western australia . final report . fisheries research and development corporation project 1999 / 151 . fisheries department of western australia .
these toothy predators occupy the tropical and sub - tropical waters along the northern half of australia . on the east coast consistent numbers of fish can be found north of south west rocks . some of the best spinfishing locations for targeting mackerel in northern nsw are hat head and the iluka breakwall . further north in queensland locations such as the urangan pier in hervey bay , the catwalk at 1770 and bustard head are also well known hot spots for targeting spanish mackerel .
spanish mackerel mature at approximately 80cm and grow to about 240cm and 60kg in weight . in australian waters spawning occurs in the open ocean along reef edges when water temperatures are highest . studies indicate that there are three separate genetic stocks in australia ; papua new guinea to east coast , torres straight , and papua new guinea to wa .
spanish mackerel are widely distributed across the indo - west pacific region and range as far as the east coast of africa and east as far as the fiji islands . in australia they follow the warmer tropical to sub - tropical waters between the continental shelf and the mainland . they range between augusta in western australia northwards to the east coast of victoria .
depending on temperature regime , the spawning season may be more or less extended . in australian waters , each female spawns several times over the season , about 2 to 6 days apart ( ref . 30196 ) , depending on the locality . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas ( ref . 6390 ) .
collette , b . b . & russo , j . l . 1984 . morphology , systematics , & biology of the spanish mackerels ( scomberomorus , scombridae ) . fishery bulletin 82 : 545 - 689 .
when i’m spinning for mackerel from long tropical jetties like the mandorah wharf in darwin harbour or the urangan pier in queensland i always use smaller metals such as surecatch bishops . the 50gm and 60gm bishop are the perfect profile size for mimicking baitfish such as hardy heads and herring which commonly congregate under large jetties . i usually let the lures sink next to the pylons and then jig them up using an erratic retrieve . the technique works well on smaller sized spaniards between 6 - 12kg and other mackerel species such as school , shark and broad bar mackerel .
the great astrolabe reef wraps around nearly 75 miles of the coastline of kadavu island , fiji where we find matava resort and capt . adrian watt ' s
bite me
sport fishing charters . waters are chock full of wahoo , sailfish , spanish mackerel and giant trevally plus the reef diving is perhaps the best in the world with incredibly healthy corals and plenty of tropical fish and reef species .
abdulqader , e . a . a . 2001 . the gcc spanish mackerel fisheries monitoring program . in : goddard , s . , al - oufi , h . , mcilwain j . , and claereboudt ( eds ) , proc . 1st international conference on fisheries , aquaculture and environment in the nw indian ocean , pp . 49 - 55 . sultan qaboos university , muscat , sultanate of oman .
wire leaders above 20 - 30 lbs are usually needed to combat the razor - sharp scissor - like teeth of the spanish mackerel . nylon coated wires are also popular when trolling . if nylon leaders are used , you can only hope for the best that the fish has bitten at the lure or hook shank . another thing is there can be a lot of hits & misses with the spanish mackerels as they tend to attack bait at high speed . often , a bait is sliced clean in half but the fish misses the hooks . they also often hit the leaders rather than the lure or jig sometimes getting themselves foul hooked .
govender , a . 1994 . growth of king mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) off the coast of natal , south africa - from length and age data . fisheries research 20 : 63 - 79 .
collette , b . b . and russo , j . l . 1985 . morphology , systematics , and biology of the spanish mackerels ( scomberomorus , scombridae ) . fishery bulletin , u . s 82 : 545 - 692 .
high - speed spinning from the rock was discovered on the australian coast in the late 60’s . throughout this era throwing metal lures with long rods and cranking them through the water with a high - speed overhead reel became extremely popular amongst land based anglers . although the majority of chrome plated lures on the market today are a lot more refined , high - speed spinning from the stones is still a productive method for catching spanish mackerel .
high - speed spinning for spanish mackerel is definitely one of the most exciting brands of sport fishing . with one glimpse of a spaniard it’s obvious that evolution has perfectly crafted this fish for destroying lures at warped speeds . the classic strike from one of these tropical speedsters usually starts with a serious bone jarring jolt , followed by a series of aggressive head shakes before the fish powers off towards the open ocean leaving your reel screaming like a banshee .
research suggests the mackerel in wa’s northern waters don’t move more than 100 kilometres along the coast . in southern waters , they are thought to migrate over hundreds of kilometres , following the warmer waters of the leeuwin current .
swimming lures such as deep divers and bibless minnows also work well on mackerel when they are retrieved at medium to high speeds . i have found that these lures can often out fish metals when the water is discoloured and murky . swimming lures are designed with in - built action and constantly vibrate through the water . predatory fish like mackerel can use their lateral line and other senses to hunt down swimming lures without relying on their eyesight .
in western australia good numbers of fish usually show up north of kalbarri . the rugged cliffs of steep point and quobba are famous for producing epic runs of mackerel and are both considered as world class land based gamefish destinations .
it is often said that “the early bird catches the worm” , this saying certainly applies to mackerel fisherman . the best time to spin for spaniards is definitely during first light and over the years i’ve caught 80 percent of my fish between 6 - 9am . mackerel are also known as “wolves of the sea” and always feed with more intensity during low light periods . spaniards also have excellent eyesight and will utilise the low light conditions to ambush and seek prey .
i have found that the best moon phase for mackerel is around the new moon . the dark skies make it extremely difficult for the fish to hunt throughout the night which makes them feed a lot more aggressively during daylight hours .
for a number of years a gentleman’s agreement has existed in the bramble cay area of the spanish mackerel fishery where fishers have worked the area in the early morning and late afternoon and have rested the fishery during the day . in 2003 industry members of the working group requested this arrangement be formalised during the months of august to december when the spawning aggregations are occurring in this area . it was also requested that the bramble cay area be designated a troll only area . this was on the basis that the area fished is very small and gear conflict could become a major issue should other permitted methods be used to target mackerel in this area . of particular concern is the potential conflict that may arise should png cross endorsed vessels choose to take up their rights to fish within the australian jurisdiction and adopt incompatible fishing methods .
jenkins , g . p . ; milward , n . f . & hartwick , r . f . 1985 . occurrence of larvae of spanish mackerels , genus scomberomorus ( teleostei ; scombridae ) , in shelf waters of the great barrier reef . austustralian journal of marine and freshwater research 36 : 635 - 640 .
to secure your catch from the stones a good quality two - piece aluminium rock gaff is highly recommend and should cover you on most ledges . if you’re targeting mackerel on the wild west coast a classic three pronged rope gaff is perfect for extracting fish from these remote cliffs .
picking the most suitable tides for chasing spaniards can vary heavily on the location you are fishing from . for example rock platforms which are adjacent to large rivers such as iluka , fish well on the outgoing tide as the mackerel seem to come in and hunt the baitfish that are being flushed out of the river . while on shallow sandy bottomed ledges like the catwalk at 1770 the bigger mackerel seem to come closer to the shore on the high tide . in areas with massive 7m tidal variations like darwin harbour the spaniards are a lot more prolific during neap tides as the water gets extremely silty during the massive spring tides .
in my opinion i don’t think the colour of the sticker really matters when it comes to chrome lures as i have caught plenty of mackerel on every single colour available . when the lure is flying through the water at breakneck speeds the fish will only see a silver flash in the water and will simply attack on instinct .
most people think we are nuts to even contemplate fishing such light tackle in waters that are filled with marlin , big sailfish , wahoo , mackerel and dogtooth tuna but i have to say , as far as fishing goes , its the most fun you can have without a tub of haagen daz ice cream and a lady i know called mandy .
the rapala x - rap srx - 14 in the “glass ghost” colour and the 5 inch lively lures mack bait in the “blue mack” colour are two of my favourite swimming lures for targeting spaniards . another popular swimming lure which is commonly used for mackerel at steep point in wa is the nilsmaster invincible deep runner 15cm in the yellow belly colour .
mackerel prefer water temperatures between 22 - 26 degrees and will often migrate down the coastline following the warm currents at the start of each summer and head back up the coast during the autumn months . along the top end of australia in areas like darwin where water temps rarely drop past 24 degrees good numbers of fish can be found almost all year round .
surface lures such as poppers and plugs are great for attracting mackerel and can lead to some spectacular aerial strikes . large spaniards will often charge from the depths and launch at surface lures with tremendous force . on many occasions the fish will often smash the lure and miss the hooks . this can be a little frustrating at times but it’s still an awesome sight to see .
when it comes to spinning for spaniards i’ve certainly gone right on with it . over the past decade i’ve spent a wasted youth chasing big bar - ees from the stones . jamming a hook into one of these line burning fish is an experience that i will never get sick of and in my opinion landing a monster mackerel on a lure is what high - speed spinning is all about .
igfa angler’s digest brings you light - tackle fishing from fiji with igfa certified captain adrian watts and first mate joe tucco . we target wahoo and sailfish and tie into a spanish mackerel for good measure . the area we work is up tight to the great astrolabe reef where finding sailfish just a couple of hundred yards from the reef is just as common as tying into huge wahoo that run in packs . we ' ll finish up the episode with some underwater footage filmed on a few dives on the great astrolabe reef – this reef has perhaps the healthiest coral any of us has ever seen . if you ' re looking for an unspoiled place to dive , snorkel or a world - class fishery just minutes from your accomodation , you have to do yourself a favor and check out matava resort and the bite me sportfisher on kadavu island in fiji .
when i’m targeting mackerel i always use a wire trace . i use a short 30cm length of 69lb single strand wire with a swivel at one end and a small solid brass ring on the other . the single strand wire can easily be attached to the terminals via a haywire twist . the solid brass ring is attached to the split ring of your lure while the swivel end is tied to a 2m length of 60lb mono shock leader .
metal lures are excellent for land based anglers as they are relatively cheap , durable and cast well against strong winds . my favourite metal for spinning up xos oceanic bar - ees is the 85gm surecatch knight . these lures are made from chrome plated brass and are perfect for imitating popular baitfish such as slimy mackerel , yellowtail scads , mullet and fusiliers . to increase my hook - up rate i retrofit my trebles to a 4 / 0 mustad 7794ds treble hook . these triple strength hooks have a much larger gape than the original trebles that these lures come with .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
collette , b . , chang , s . - k . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . , miyabe , n . & nelson , r .
this species is found in the indo - west pacific from the red sea and south africa to southeast asia , north to china and japan and south to southeast australia , and to fiji . it is an immigrant to the eastern mediterranean sea by way of the suez canal where it can be found westward to at least tunisia ( ben souissi
. 2006 ) . in the southeast atlantic , it is has been reported from st . helena as a vagrant .
this species is taken throughout its range by commercial , artisanal , and recreational fisheries . worldwide reported landings show a gradual increase from 7 , 186 tonnes in 1950 to 23 , 5985 tonnes in 2006 ( fao 2009 ) .
the species comprises at least two stocks in the indo - pacific separated by the wallace line ( suleman and ovender 2010 ) .
. 2000 , motlagh and shojaei 2009 ) , but none at a regional level . in the persian gulf , catch increased from 3 , 939 t in 1997 to 8 , 149 t in 2003 mostly from gillnets but also handlines , and this species is considered to be heavily overexploited ( motlagh and shojaei 2009 , shojaei
. 2005 ) . in south africa , a recent report indicates that there is no indication of overfishing ( govender 1994 ) .
. 2006 ) . based on assessments in 2000 and 2002 , it was acknowledged that there was a significant degree of uncertainty in fisheries models because the fisheries for this species in queensland were projected to collapse ( tobin and malupusan 2004 ) .
. 1999 ) . urgent measures are needed to regulate the trawlers and drift gill nets .
there is no information on stock assessments or specific fisheries for this species . in taiwan , this species is a bycatch species in gillnet and trawling . in the western central pacific , this species is recorded as bycatch in a number of different fisheries . fao reported landings are increasing , but effort is not known .
in the mediterranean region , this species represents 2 . 08 % total catch of egyptian mediterranean coast and its main food is the anchovy ,
( bakhoum 2007 ) . this species is reported to the fao in catches from libya where it is targeted .
. 2005 ) . in north queensland , australia the oldest male was 10 years ( 127 cm , 19 . 0 kg ) , and the oldest female 14 years ( 155 cm , 35 kg ) . this species may live up to 15 years ( iotc 2006 ) , 16 years ( grandcourt
. 2003 ) . generation length is conservatively estimated to be at least 8–9 years , but possibly may be longer .
the all - tackle angling record is of a 44 . 91 kg fish caught off scottburgh , natal , south africa ( igfa 2009 ) .
this is a highly commercial species caught primarily with gillnets , but also caught with purse seines , bamboo stake traps , mid - water trawls , rod and reel and by trolling ( collette 2001 ) . this species is also taken as bycatch in long - line , purse - seine and gill net gear targeting larger scombrids .
a lipid - soluble toxin , similar to ciguatoxin has been found in the flesh of specimens caught on the east coast of queensland , australia .
collette , b . , chang , s . - k . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . , miyabe , n . & nelson , r . 2011 .
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marine ; pelagic - neritic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 70 m ( ref . 12260 ) . tropical ; 39°n - 41°s , 7°w - 180°e ( ref . 54880 )
indo - west pacific : red sea and south africa to southeast asia , north to china and japan and south to southeast australia , and to fiji ( ref . 6390 ) . immigrant to the eastern mediterranean sea by way of the suez canal . southeast atlantic : st . helena .
maturity : l m 85 . 0 , range 55 - 82 cm max length : 240 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5765 ) ; common length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 70 . 0 kg ( ref . 5765 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 18 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 15 - 20 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 21 ; vertebrae : 42 - 46 . interpelvic process small and bifid . swim bladder absent . lateral line abruptly bent downward below end of second dorsal fin . intestine with 2 folds and 3 limbs . vertical bars on trunk sometimes break up into spots ventrally which number 40 - 50 in adults , and less than 20 in juveniles . juveniles with large oval dark spots on body ; middle third of first dorsal fin white , rest of fin black ( ref . 11228 ) .
collette , b . b . and c . e . nauen , 1983 . fao species catalogue . vol . 2 . scombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos and related species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 2 ) : 137 p . ( ref . 168 )
) : 22 . 8 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1324 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00592 - 0 . 00772 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 12 - 0 . 21 ; tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 14 ; fec = 590 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 54 , 2 sd range = 0 . 27 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 62 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 35 , based on : 23 k , 6 tgen , 6 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .
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les métacestodes de trypanorhynques de téléostéens des récifs coralliens de l’est de l’australie et de nouvelle - calédonie ont été examinés . à partir de plus de 12000 poissons examinés , 33 espèces nommées de trypanorhynques ont été collectées ainsi que trois espèces de tentacularioidea qui sont décrites mais non nommées . des listes hôtes - parasites et parasites - hôtes sont fournies , et incluent plus de 100 nouvelles mentions d’hôtes . les taxa appartenant aux lacistorhynchoidea et tentacularioidea prédominaient et les otobothrioidea et gymnorhynchoidea étaient moins nombreux . cinq espèces , callitetrarhynchus gracilis , floriceps minacanthus , pseudotobothrium dipsacum , pseudolacistorhynchus heroniensis et ps . shipleyi étaient particulièrement fréquentes et montraient une faible spécificité d’hôte . des données limitées suggèrent une plus grande diversité de trypanorhynques larvaires dans les familles de poissons piscivores de grande taille . plusieurs familles de poissons étudiées intensivement ( blenniidae , chaetodontidae , gobiidae , kyphosidae et scaridae ) n’avaient pas de larves de trypanorhynques . la similitude globale entre les faunes de la grande barrière de corail et de la nouvelle - calédonie était de 45 % . des informations sur les stades adultes chez des élasmobranches ont été incluses quand disponibles .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
the identification of significant threats to the coral reefs of the world [ 9 , 17 ] has been partly responsible for focussing attention on the full diversity of reefs rather than simply on the diversity of fish and corals , the most obvious examples of reef diversity . the contributions of other groups of invertebrates to diversity on reefs have been largely overlooked in the past [ 7 , 32 ] . part of this “hidden” invertebrate diversity includes the endoparasites of vertebrates .
in recent years , teleost fish occurring on coral reefs have been recognised as harbouring a particularly diverse array of parasites [ 20 ] . studies to date have focussed either on specific parasite groups such as the monogenea ( e . g . [ 33 ] ) or digenea ( e . g . [ 13 ] ) , or more recently have examined the diversity of all helminth parasites found in or on specific families of fish such as the lethrinidae or serranidae [ 21 – 23 ] .
in this study , we examined the larval trypanorhynch cestode parasites of teleosts , and where applicable the corresponding adults in elasmobranchs , from the great barrier reef ( gbr ) and compared them with those from similar reef environments in new caledonia ( nc ) . new caledonia is separated from the gbr by about 1200 km of deep oceanic waters .
teleosts and elasmobranchs were collected opportunistically between 1986 and 2010 . the two main collecting sites were heron island in the southern great barrier reef and lizard island in the northern barrier reef . small numbers of parasites were collected on reefs between these two sites ( mossman , townsville ) and in these instances , the nearest geographical feature on the coast was recorded rather than the specific reef near which the collection was made (
records of adults from elasmobranchs are included only for species in which larval stages have been identified in teleosts ; these are based on both published data and specimens held in museum collections . additional species of trypanorhynch cestodes from elasmobranchs have been found and their larval stages may be found in the future , but for the present study , these records have not been added .
) , authorities of cestodes are included and host species are listed in alphabetical order without authorities . in instances where both generic and specific names of cestodes have changed , synonyms have been included . in the host - parasite list (
) , fish hosts are arranged in orders , families and genera , but within each group , the order is alphabetical . authorities of fish are indicated and the parasites are arranged in alphabetical order without authorities .
parasite - host list . species of trypanorhynch cestodes collected from teleosts and elasmobranchs on the great barrier reef , australia and from new caledonia . authorities of cestodes are included and host species are listed in alphabetical order without authorities .
species of trypanorhynch cestodes collected from teleosts on the great barrier reef , australia and from new caledonia . authorities of fish are included and cestodes are listed in alphabetical order without authorities . gbr : great barrier reef ; nc : new caledonia .
authorities of hosts or parasites which are indicated in the lists are not repeated in the text . the systematic arrangement of trypanorhynch taxa follows palm ( 2004 ) [ 27 ] . all host names were verified in fishbase [ 15 ] .
) . plerocercoids of tentaculariids were found either in the body cavity or in the gastrointestinal lumen ; the latter were not contained within a “cyst” . occasionally , plerocerci were found in the musculature and in the gill arches (
) , although there was no systematic search of such sites for plerocerci . merocerci of
metacestodes of trypanorhynch cestodes from teleost fishes . 2 . viable plerocerci of callitetrarhynchus gracilis in the body cavity of scomberomorus commerson . 3 . melanised trypanorhynch plerocerci in the body cavity of epinephelus sp . 4 . melanised and contracted cysts of trypanorhynch metacestodes in the body cavity of cephalopholis miniata ; no viable plerocerci were recovered from these cysts . 5 . plerocerci of pseudogilquinia spp . ( arrows ) around the oesophagus of lethrinus nebulosus . 6 . merocerci of molicola horridus in the liver of diodon hystrix . 7 . plerocerci of grillotiella exile in the gill arches of scomberomorus commerson ( histological section ) .
species of larval trypanorhynch cestodes found in both teleost ( as larvae ) and elasmobranch ( as adult ) hosts at sites along the gbr and off nc are shown in tables 1 and 2 .
from the gbr , the specimens examined were obtained from the dissection of more than 9000 fish , although not all were specifically examined for trypanorhynch cestodes . likewise , from nc , approximately 3800 fish were examined but the body cavity was not examined in every fish , as explained by justine et al . [ 21 – 23 ] . consequently , prevalence data were available for some species only and abundance data were not available ; for most species only presence - absence data were available ( with one exception from lizard island ) .
no trypanorhynch metacestodes were found in the families blenniidae ( n = 215 ) , chaetodontidae ( n = 1638 ) , gobiidae ( n = 183 ) , kyphosidae ( n = 30 ) and scaridae ( n = 147 ) from the gbr . likewise , no metacestodes were found in the families atherinidae ( n = 13 ) , apogonidae ( n = 19 ) , echeneidae ( n = 10 ) and haemulidae ( n = 10 ) in nc . in addition , although the families serranidae , lethrinidae and lutjanidae were frequently infected with trypanorhynch metacestodes , this pattern was not uniform across all species within these families and in nc , no trypanorhynch metacestodes were found in epinephelus areolatus ( n = 12 ) , e . merra ( n = 18 ) , lethrinus atkinsoni ( n = 12 ) , l . nebulosus ( n = 14 ) , lutjanus fulviflamma ( n = 10 ) and lu . kasmira ( n = 14 ) .
members of the tentacularioidea differ from other trypanorhynch metacestodes as they are present as plerocercoids ( = post - larvae ) rather than plerocerci [ 14 ] and may be found in intestinal contents as well as in the viscera . in new caledonia , tentacularioids were frequently found in smaller schooling fishes , often being the only trypanorhynchs encountered in these fishes .
) as well as three species of tentaculariid cestodes to which no current name could be applied . lacistorhynchoid and tentacularioid trypanorhynchs dominated the fauna in terms of numbers of species recovered (
summary of the fully identified taxa of larval trypanorhynch cestodes found in teleost fishes from the great barrier reef and from new caledonia .
prevalence data were obtained from 182 fish from various families collected during a single collecting trip to lizard island . the prevalence of trypanorhynch larvae was : 4 / 6 ( 77 % ) in scombrids , 5 / 7 ( 71 % ) in lethrinids , 2 / 13 ( 15 % ) in lutjanids , 8 / 9 ( 89 % ) in serranids and 1 / 109 ( 0 . 9 % ) in apogonids . other fish families were represented by smaller numbers and were excluded .
tentacularioid metacestodes incompletely identified . 8 . nybelinia sp . a from herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus ( rüppell , 1937 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature , hook profiles . scale - bars : scolex and tentacle , 0 . 1 mm ; hooks , 0 . 01 mm . 9 . nybelinia sp . b from parupeneus multifasciatus ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature , hook profiles . scale - bars : scolex and tentacle , 0 . 1 mm ; hooks , 0 . 01 mm . 10 . heteronybelinia sp . c from sufflamen fraenatus ( latreille , 1804 ) . scolex , bothrial metabasal armature and antibothrial metabasal armature . scale - bars : scolex 0 . 1 mm ; hooks 0 . 01 mm . 11 . nybelinia basimegacantha carvajal , campbell & cornford , 1976 , specimen from neoniphon sammara ( forsskål , 1775 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature . scale - bars : scolex 0 . 1 mm ; tentacle 0 . 01 mm .
material examined : plerocercoids from herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus ( rüppell , 1937 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc2669c1 , 2671a1 .
scolex length 1200 , pars bothrialis 580 , pars vaginalis 520 ; bulbs ovoid , bulb length 250 ; velum 160 ; metabasal hooks : length 15 , base 10 .
this species is similar to n . queenslandensis , but all measurements including those of the hooks are substantially smaller . in addition , the shape of the hooks differs ( fig . 8 ) . the hook shape aligns the species with n . lingualis ( cuvier , 1817 ) , n . bisulcata ( linton , 1889 ) , n . anthicosum heinz & dailey , 1974 and n . hemipristis palm & beveridge , 2002 , but n . lingualis and n . bisulcata differ in having much larger scoleces ( 2025–2700 and 2500 , respectively ) and bulbs ( 365–425 and 450–505 , respectively ) while the latter two species have much larger hooks ( 25–40 ) . consequently , these plerocercoids most closely resemble n . lingualis but cannot be assigned to this species with certainty .
material examined : plerocercoid from parupeneus multifasciatus ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc2172 c4 .
scolex length 1750 , pars bothrialis 1100 , pars vaginalis 1000 , bulbs elongate , 560 long , velum 200 , metabasal hooks : length 20 , base 14 .
this specimen most closely resembles n . strongyla dollfus , 1960 in scolex length , bulb length and hook size and shape , but differs in the length of the velum ( 690–830 in n . strongyla compared with 200 in the present material ) .
material examined : plerocercoid from sufflamen fraenatus ( latreille , 1804 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc3034 .
scolex length 1440 , pars bothrialis 770 , pars vaginalis 680 , bulbs elongate , bulb length 375 , velum 125 , metabasal hooks on antibothrial surface : length 17–19 , base 8 ; on bothrial surface : length 25 , base 18 ; basal armature heteromorphous .
this specimen clearly belongs to heteronybelinia as the hooks differ markedly in shape on the bothrial versus the antibothrial surfaces of the tentacle . hook sizes are closest to h . eureia ( dollfus , 1960 ) , but the specimen differs from this species in the number of hooks per half spiral and by the fact that in this specimen the bulbs are entirely posterior to the pars bothrialis while in h . eureia , they do not extend beyond the pars bothrialis . therefore , this specimen cannot be accommodated within any known species of heteronybelinia .


the pacific footballfish ( himantolophus sagamius ) is a species found in the pacific : kuril-kamchatka trough , coast of the hokkaido and honshu islands ( gulf of sagami ) , and from california to peru .

pacific footballfish

pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophidae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california
by cynthia klepadlo , phillip a . hastings et al .
pacific : new guinea , japan , hawaiian islands , california ( u . s . a . ) , ecuador .
pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophidae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with . . . ( southern california academy of sciences ) publisher : learn how customers can search inside this book . more
in 1985 , deep - sea fishermen in monterey bay , california , hauled up their nets to find a menacing - looking fish with a 6 - inch - long globular body , prickly skin , needle - sharp teeth , miniscule eyes , and a strange stalk on its head . this was the same pacific footballfish ( himantolophus sagamius ) we now have in our collections , and one of more than 300 living species of anglerfish ( of the order lophiiformes ) found around the world .
h . sagamius lives in the pacific ocean at depths of 2 , 000 to 3 , 300 feet , where sunlight doesn ' t penetrate . food is scarce in the deep , and chance encounters in total darkness are rare , so the footballfish have evolved to feed on whatever fits in its mouth—including other fish , squid , and crustaceans . using its esca as a lure , an anglerfish remains motionless until prey comes within striking distance . in a lightning - fast motion , it sucks the prey into its mouth , where its teeth—which point inward—ensure that what goes in doesn’t come out .
greek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 613 - 1200 m ( ref . 82206 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 82206 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 ; anal soft rays : 4 . distinguishing characteristics of adult female : length of anterior escal appendage 11 - 38 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2 - 11 % sl ; blunt distal lobes of esca ; posterior escal appendage 12 - 41 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; posterolateral appendages 2 - 4 pairs , situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30 - 45 % sl ( ref . 86949 ) .
pietsch , t . w . , 1999 . himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deep - sea anglerfishes ) . p . 2029 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the wcp . vol . 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 12944 )
) : 4 . 3 - 7 . 8 , mean 5 . 7 ( based on 325 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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the first spine of an anglefish ' s dorsal fins , called the illicium , extends outward to end in a fleshy , phosphorescent bulb ( or esca ) , which the fish use to lure prey . male and female anglerfish differ dramatically in size , with some females measuring up to ten times larger than their male counterparts . the males of some anglerfish species , including the football fish , have evolved into “sexual parasites . ” using well - developed olfactory organs , they find and fuse themselves to females , eventually losing their eyes , internal organs , and everything else but the testes . the male becomes a permanent appendage that draws nutrition from its female host and serves as an easily accessible source of sperm .
the bioluminescent glow of an anglerfish ' s esca comes from bacteria . these photobacteria ( light - emitting bacteria ) flow into the esca through small pores ; once inside , they multiply due to the protection and nutrition provided by its host .
fish biomass estimates now 10 times as high as previously thought in the deep sea .
anelasma squalicola , a parasitic barnacle , sucks the life and the reproductive capabilities out of its host .
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cynthia klepadlo , university of california at san diego phillip a . hastings , university of california at san diego richard h . rosenblatt , university of california at san diego
pietsch tw . 2009 . oceanic anglerfishes : extraordinary diversity in the deep sea . berkley : university of california press . 638 p .
holotype of corynolophus sagamius : originally scmt 8201 ( lost or mislaid at zumt ) , 200 mm sl .
within the size range of 111–274 mm , no distinct changes evident in relative lengths of illicium and escal appendages or in diameter of escal bulb with increasing size of specimens ( the low value for length of the distal escal appendage of ish 18 / 55a , obtained from the stomach of a sperm whale , may be due to shrinkage , and the short posterior escal appendage of mcz 29854 appears to have been broken ) . each primary branch of distal escal appendage with a simple or bifurcated tip and a pair of short side branches ; anterior escal appendage simple in most specimens , bifurcated distally in ish 18 / 55b and an additional short appendage above and / or below anterior escal appendage present in lacm 43760 - 1 , ish 18 / 55b , and mcz 29854 ; posterior escal appendage simple in most specimens , bifurcated distally in ish 18 / 55a ; distal - most pair of illicial appendages bifurcate ; illicial appendages and anterior and posterior escal appendages black , with bright silvery tips in fresh and recently preserved specimens ; body and fin rays uniformly black or dark brown ; papillae of snout and chin low and darkly pigmented ; illicial stem , esca , and escal appendages densely covered with small dermal spinules ; 4 or 5 large skin spines on each pectoral peduncle , 40–75 spines on each side of body ( in specimens 111–274 mm ) ; dorsal - fin rays 5 ; anal - fin rays 4 ; pectoral - fin rays 15–18 . the three tentatively identified specimens ( 32–40 mm ) are juveniles , that differ from the larger specimens described above in having much shorter relative lengths of the escal appendages , including a distal escal appendage of 1 . 0–1 . 6 % sl , less distinct snout and chin papillae , and fewer teeth and dermal spines .
himantolophus sagamius has been recorded from off japan and along the west coast of the americas from off northern california to ecuador and chile . two of the three tentatively identified specimens were caught at nearly the same position in the halmahera sea ; the third specimen is from off hawaii .
females of the h . groenlandicus - group differ from those of other species of the genus in having the following combination of character states : the light - guiding distal escal appendage is divided at the base , its total length 0 . 4–2 % sl , shorter than the diameter of the escal bulb in specimens less than 110 mm , 1–11 % sl in larger specimens . each primary branch of the distal escal appendage has a simple or bifurcated tip and 0–2 tiny papilliform side branches . the base of the distal appendage is surrounded by four escal lobes of about equal size . an anterior escal appendage is present in most species ( but rudimentary or absent in h . paucifilosus ) , its length 1 . 5–42 % sl . the posterior escal appendage is longer ( about 1 . 5–34 % sl ) than the distal escal appendage ; its proximal part is undivided , with a simple bifurcated tip , or it is trifurcated ( but never bifurcated ) at its base ( in some specimens it is represented by a transverse series of 2–3 separate , simple filaments ) . two to 23 posterolateral appendages are present on and below the base of the escal bulb , the distal - most pair measuring 5 . 9–49 % sl , longer than the posterior escal appendage , and emerging just below the base of the bulb . small dermal spinules are present on the stem of the illicium , the escal bulb , and the escal appendages of specimens greater than 33 mm . the dermal papillae of the snout and chin are low and rather indistinct . the skin is devoid of “white patches . ” the caudal - fin rays are white or only faintly pigmented , with dark tips in specimens less than 70–100 mm , but covered with dark pigment in larger specimens .
20 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 82206 ) )
distinguishing characteristics of adult female : length of anterior escal appendage 11 - 38 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2 - 11 % sl ; blunt distal lobes of esca ; posterior escal appendage 12 - 41 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; posterolateral appendages 2 - 4 pairs , situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30 - 45 % sl ( ref . 86949 ) .
adult females ( 111–380 mm ) of himantolophus sagamius differ from those of all other species of the himantolophus groenlandicus - group in having the following combination of character states : length of anterior escal appendage 11–38 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2–11 % ( 3 . 1 % ? ) sl ; distal lobes of esca blunt ; posterior escal appendage 12–41 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; 2–4 pairs of posterolateral appendages situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30–45 % sl .
bathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 613 - 1200 m ( ref . 82206 )
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynolophus sagamius tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]


murexsul octogonus , or the octagonal murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

murexsul octogonus

murexsul cuvierensis finlay , c . c . , 1927 : cuvier island , nw north island , new zealand
scott , i . oct / 2000 : murexsul feeding at leigh , poirieria , 26 ( p . 23 )
scott , i . apr / 1989 : a closer look at muricopsis octogonus , poirieria , 15 ( 6 ) ( p . 6 )
( of muricopsis ( murexsul ) octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
( of muricopsis octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
( of murex octogonus quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de découvertes de l '
astrolabe
exécuté par ordre du roi , pendant les années 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
( of murex peruvianus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
marshall , b . a . , burch , k . w . 2000 : the new zealand recent species of muricopsis bucquoy , dautzenberg and dollfus , 1882 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , the nautilus , 114 ( 1 ) ( p . 18 )
beu , a . g . , maxwell , p . a . 1990 : cenozoic mollusca of new zealand , new zealand geological survey , 58 ( p . 359 )
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 170 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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sowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;
, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species
n . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus
is characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of
( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .
with two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .
in its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species
in the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .
as distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera
as examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .
) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .
is common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .
cite this publication as :
a . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .
© gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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petasina filicina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

petasina filicina

petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
pesi portal - petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
mollusca slovenska : mikuláš j . lisický : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
lisický m . ( 1991 ) . mollusca slovenska . veda , vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied . 244 pp . isbn 80 - 224 - 0232 - x . english summary : mollusca of slovakia the study examines data of distribution of extant species of molluscs from slovakia and eastern moravia . list of errata is at the end of the book all errata from this list are in the scanned book marked by a pencil . русский резюме : моллюски словакии
about the author : rndr . mikuláš j . lisický , csc . ( * 1946–†2008 )
distribution of extant species of molluscs ( mollusca ) from slovakia and eastern moravia .
copyright holder released mollusca slovenska under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license in august 2012 . see biography of the author at web pages of czech and slovak malacologists ( stránky českých a slovenských malakologů ) . original publisher of the book has no objections about publishing this book online .
this is one of the best books about molluscs of slovakia . it includes distribution of molluscs ( gastropods and bivalves ) of slovakia , references to all data and distribution maps of species . all species are also sorted into ecological groups , into a group according to its geographical point of view and other criteria .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . identified threats do not affect the whole population significantly at present and there is no evidence to suggest that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .
1995 ) to central bosnia and western serbia ( moellendorff 1873 , soós 1943 ) . its range includes the drainages of the drava and sava rivers . there are isolated occurrences in the inovec mountains ( western slovakia ) and in the vértes mountains ( hungary ) .
there are several known locations ( klemm 1973 , lisicky 1991 , pintér and suara 2004 , soós 1943 , prockow 2009 ) , but this might underestimate the real number of existing subpopulations . there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
this is a silvicol species with a preference for humid , deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man . it lives on the ground among leaf - litter , under stones or decaying dead wood .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering the relatively large geographical range of this species , local logging or recreational activities are not thought to affect the whole population significantly .
the species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs . some of the subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the mecsek mountains and vértes mountains in hungary , however no conservation actions are currently required for this species .
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pfeiffer , l . 1841 . symbolae ad historiam heliceorum . - pp . 1 - 88 . cassellis . ( th . fischer ) .
shell horny brownish with whitish band at the keel in the first whorls , transparent but solid , striated , often with soft hairs but not granulated , 5 . 5 - 6 convex whorls , regularly increasing , first whorls keeled , last whorl initially with edge at periphery , more rounded near aperture , lower side relatively flat , aperture with lip inside , stronger at basal side , weaker and reddish or whitish at upper side , visible from outside as a yellow structure , aperture flattened at lower side , umbilicus narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin . larger than trochulus edentulus and t . unidentatus .
shady habitats in the herbal layer in highlands and lower mountain forests , often in river valleys .
in italy only in alpi giulie and carso . references : westerlund 1889 : 46 , pavlović 1912 : 35 ( w serbia , bosnensis ) , tomić 1959 : 18 , falkner 1990 : 206 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 27 , falkner et al . 2001 : 58 , proćków 2009 : 125 , welter - schultes 2012 : 561 ( range map ) .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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according to falkner ( 1995 ) , the correct year of description is 1859 , which is accepted here . according to animalbase , it was mentioned in 1859 just as a nomen nudum and valid date of description is 1860 ( animalbase ) .
, but according to polinski ( 1924 ) , it is a distinct species . there are two accepted subspecies :
this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . the identified threats of deforestation and disturbance do not affect the whole population significantly and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species is distributed in the eastern carpathians and in the apuseni mountains . distribution data are provided by polinski ( 1924 ) , soós ( 1943 ) , grossu ( 1983 ) , wiktor ( 2004 ) , lisicky ( 1991 ) , kerney et al . ( 1983 ) , fehér et al . ( 2008 ) and prockow ( 2009 ) . there is also a recently found and therefore unpublished hungarian occurrence ( r . farkas , in prep . ) . there are several known locations and at the present moment there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to diminish in that region therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering its relatively large geographial range , local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly .
this species is protected in poland and several known subpopulations live within protected areas . no further conservation actions are required for this species at this time .
conservation status iucn : lc ; rdbukr : вразливі ; endemic this species is protected in poland .