filifusus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

filifusus

filifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : filifusus filamentosus röding , p . f . , 1798
fasciolariidae » filifusus manuelae , id : 748976 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus manuelae ( l . bozzetti , 2008 ) - id : 1972655713
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus glaber ( r . w . dunker , 1882 ) - id : 1970800020
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]
snyder , vermeij & lyons , 2012 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 607868 on 2018 - 07 - 09
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
( of neptunea cincta link , 1807 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of fusinus filamentosus ( röding , 1798 ) ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]
( of fusinus filamentosa [ sic ] ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the muséum d’histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . page ( s ) : fig . 4a [ details ]
( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the muséum d’histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vingt troisième partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of pleuroploca manuelae bozzetti , 2008 ) bozzetti l . ( 2008 ) pleuroploca manuelae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) a new species from southern madagascar . malacologia mostra mondiale 58 : 8 - 11 . [ details ]
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neptunea cincta link , h . f . , 1807 : n australia ; indo - pacific
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full reference : m . a . snyder , g . j . vermeij , and w . g . lyons . 2012 . the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70
parent taxon : fasciolariinae according to m . a . snyder et al . 2012
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dentifusus rosenberg , g . & g . j . vermeij , 2003 type species : dentifusus deynzeri vermeij , g . j . & g . rosenberg , 2003
microfulgur finlay , h . j . & j . marwick , 1937 type species : microfulgur longirostris marshall , 1937
fasciolaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus , c . , 1758
africolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : africolaria rutila watson , r . b . , 1882
aurantilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson , r . p . , 1842
australaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : australaria australasia perry , g . , 1811
cinctura hollister , s . c . , 1957 type species : cinctura hunteria hunteria perry , g . , 1811
conradconfusus snyder , m . a . , 2002 type species : conradconfusus parilis conrad , t . a . , 1832
granolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : granolaria salmo wood , w . , 1828
kilburnia snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : kilburnia heynemanni dunker , r . w . , 1870
lugubrilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : lugubrilaria lugubris adams , a . & l . a . reeve in reeve , l . a . , 1847
microcolus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : microcolus dunkeri jonas , j . h . , 1844
pleuroploca fischer , 1884 type species : pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus , c . , 1758
pleuroploca ( pleia ) finlay , h . j . , 1930 type species : pleuroploca ( pleia ) decipiens tate , r .
pustulatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951
tarantinaea monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1917 type species : tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus , c . , 1758
triplofusus olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : triplofusus giganteus kiener , l . c . , 1840
turrilatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : turrilatirus turritus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
fusinus rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) ansatus caboblanquensis ( var . ) † ? ( 3 )
fusinus ( aptyxis ) troschel , f . h . , 1868 type species : fusinus ( aptyxis ) syracusanus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( barbarofusus ) grabau , a . w . & shimer , 1909 type species : fusinus ( barbarofusus ) barbarensis trask , 1855
fusinus ( heilprinia ) grabau , a . w . , 1904 type species : fusinus ( heilprinia ) caloosaensis heilprin , a . , 1887
amiantofusus fraussen , k . , yu . i . kantor & r . hadorn , 2007 type species : amiantofusus amiantus dall , w . h . , 1889
chryseofusus hadorn , r . & k . fraussen , 2003 type species : chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman , m . m . , 1911
cyrtulus hinds , r . b . , 1843 type species : cyrtulus serotinus hinds , r . b . , 1844
glaphyrina finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby , g . b . iii , 1880
granulifusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1954 type species : granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith , e . a . , 1879
harasewychia petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : harasewychia harasewychi petuch , e . j . , 1987
harfordia dall , w . h . , 1921 type species : harfordia harfordii stearns , r . e . c . , 1871
marmarofusus snyder , m . a . & w . g . lyons , 2014 type species : marmarofusus nicobaricus röding , p . f . , 1798
ollaphon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : ollaphon molorthus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908
sinistralia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : sinistralia maroccensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791
trophonofusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama , m . , 1920
viridifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons type species : viridifusus buxeus reeve , l . a . , 1847
peristernia mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : peristernia nassatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
peristernia ( nodopelagia ) hedley , c . , 1915 type species : peristernia ( nodopelagia ) brazieri angas , g . f . , 1877
bullockus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
dolicholatirus bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) normalis iredale , t . , 1936
hemipolygona rovereto , g . , 1899 type species : hemipolygona armatus adams , a . , 1855
latirolagena harris , g . d . , 1897 type species : latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus , c . , 1758
benimakia habe , t . , 1958 type species : benimakia rhodostomus dunker , r . w . , 1860
latirus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : latirus aurantiacus montfort , p . d . de , 1810
latirus ( latirulus ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1889 type species : latirus ( latirulus ) subaffinis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1850
latirus ( polygona ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : latirus ( polygona ) fusiformis schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817
latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bilineata hörnes , m . , 1853
crassibougia stahlschmidt , p . & k . fraussen , 2012 type species : niso terebellum dillwyn , l . w . , 1817
cryptofusus beu , a . g . , 2011 type species : cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell , r . k . , 1956
fusolatirus kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : peristernia pilsbryi kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1952
lamellilatirus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : lamellilatirus ceramidus dall , w . h . , 1889
leucozonia gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin , j . f . , 1791
lightbournus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
nodolatirus bouchet , ph . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : unknowngenustype
opeatostoma berry , s . s . , 1958 type species : opeatostoma pseudodon burrow , e . j . , 1815
taron hutton , f . w . , 1883 type species : taron dubius hutton , f . w . , 1878
click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
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not perfect , thin lip , as good as they come . hard to get fasciolariid in any condition .
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dicheirotrichus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : dicheirotrichus abdominalis ( motschulsky , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus alticola bates , 1878 dicheirotrichus angularis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus angustulus j.sahlberg , 1880 dicheirotrichus arnoldii ( kryzhanovskij & atamuradov , 1989 ) dicheirotrichus bradycelliformis reitter , 1900 dicheirotrichus chloroticus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus cognatus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus coreanus mlynar , 1974 dicheirotrichus cymindiformis ( reitter , 1901 ) dicheirotrichus desertus ( motschulsky , 1849 ) dicheirotrichus discicollis ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus discolor ( faldermann , 1836 ) dicheirotrichus externepunctatus ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus glasunowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus godarti ( e.jacquet , 1882 ) dicheirotrichus grumi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus gustavii crotch , 1871 dicheirotrichus hauseri ( reitter , 1894 ) ( trichosellus ) dicheirotrichus henoni ( bedel in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus himalayanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus kozlowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus lacustris ( l.redtenbacher , 1858 ) dicheirotrichus latimanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus maculicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus mannerheimii ( r.f.sahlberg , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus medvedevi ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus microderus ( solsky , 1874 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricollis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricornis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obsoletus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus pallidus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus parvicollis ( tschitscherine , 1900 ) dicheirotrichus placidus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus potanini ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus punctatellus ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus punicus bedel , 1899 dicheirotrichus roborowskii ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus rufithorax ( c.r.sahlberg , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus semenowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus sichuanensis kataev & wrase , 1996 dicheirotrichus stenothorax ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus subangularis kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus tenuimanus bates , 1873 dicheirotrichus tolli kataev & shilenkov , 1996 dicheirotrichus transcaspicus ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus tscheresovae ( komarov , 1995 ) dicheirotrichus tschitscherini ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus ustulatus ( dejean , 1829 )

dicheirotrichus

no one has contributed data records for dicheirotrichus rufithorax yet . learn how to contribute .
activity rhythms and the tide in a saltmarsh beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi . - pubmed - ncbi
field observations at mersea island , essex confirm previous observations at scolt head island , norfolk that the intertidal beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi crotch ( coleoptera : carabidae ) has a rhythm of activity on the saltmarsh surface which is suppressed during periods of submerging tides . although the timing of the tides at the two sites is 180° ( 6 h ) out of phase , the timing of beetle activity at the two sites is the same , with a peak of activity shortly after dusk . beetle activity therefore shows no special phase relationship with the
critical
tide - the first high tide that covers the beetle zone after a period of emergence . at mersea , the peak of beetle activity coincides with the critical high tides , but the beetles were observed to escape from the seawater by scrambling up the mud and vegetation .
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cheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description : a 5 - 7 . 5mm dimorphic ground beetle , the males almost completely black , the females yellow to red - brown , often marked with black . a common saltmarsh species , living in strandline debris at the top of the shore .
world distribution : distributed along the coast from the baltic to the mediterranean in europe ; eurosiberian wide - temperate ( 64 ) . inland a similar form is recorded from central europe east to western siberia and north - west china .
ecology : halobiontic and a common inhabitant of saltmarshes under stones or weed on muddy , well - vegetated ground .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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glycia is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : glycia afgana jedlicka , 1956 glycia bimaculata bedel , 1907 glycia klapperichi jedlicka , 1956 glycia rufolimbata maindron , 1905 glycia spencei ( gistel , 1838 ) glycia unicolor chaudoir , 1848

glycia

acabando de chegar lá do espetinho do siri cascudo , com @ odailsonjunior e # glycia .
tô de volta . acabei de chegar lá da casa de # glycia . tava lá com a mesma , e @ reenatafer .
aêee @ gersonnobrega14 está em todo cantooo . . . e # glycia tbm ^ ^ e é só o começo . . . urltoken
geeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeente to saindo aki beijos amanhã vou twentar la de # glycia < 3 woun . # goodviagem < 3 buenas noiter for you !
acabando de chegar da @ unpmossoro . depois de uma tarde de estudos com meus amigos @ hugooangelo @ patriiciocosta e # glycia , consciência limpa !
saudade de # tainaã , # glycia , # vanessa , # geyce , # geycinha tbm ! sempre aqui ó no meu s2 . : ' )
á caminho do espaço cultural . @ zuleide _ snt mamis # vânia , amigas # glyciane e # glycia . adora joão pessoa . vamos gente ! # vaibrilhar
caraca ' s essa gincana foi muito massa . . . gamey demaaaiis ; e com a # glycia sendo rainha , ah festa rolou ' ; ; # equipecesio ( yn )
eu
@ anii _ costa
, a emo linda da @ _ giovannafelix , a complicada da @ tainapekena & a doidinha da # glycia . . . : d urltoken
maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .
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this project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .
© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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rissoina spirata , common name the spiral risso , is a species of minute sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family rissoinidae .

rissoina spirata

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rissoina ( rissoina ) orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1840 type species : unknowngenustype
chiliostigma melvill , j . c . , 1918 type species : rissoina ( rissoina ) refugium melvill , j . c . , 1918
rissoina ( rissolina ) gould , a . a . , 1861 type species : rissoina ( rissolina ) plicatula gould , a . a . , 1861
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rissoina spirata ( g . b . i sowerby , 1825 ) - id : 5192001062
rissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( alinzebina )
misidentification rissoina decussata ( montagu , 1803 ) [ giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ]
rissoina ( moerchiella ) nevill , 1885 type species : moerchiella gigantea deshayes , g . p . , 1848
( of zebina spirata ( sowerby , 1825 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]
( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sleurs w . j . m . ( 1993 ) . a revision of the recent species of rissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( ailinzebina ) and r . ( pachyrissoina ) ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 63 : 71 - 135 [ details ]
in some areas , a few genera went through a speciation process that led to a high number of both species and endemics , for example , alvania , crisilla , onoba , pusillina , rissoa , and setia at the mediterranean ; benthonellania and rissoina at the caribbean ; manzonia and crisilla at the madeira , selvagens , and canaries archipelagos ; crisilla and schwartziella at the cape verde archipelago ; onoba at iceland ; and cingula at the geographically isolated saint helena island .
( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sowerby i , g . b . ( 1821–34 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821–1834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : plate 209 ; note : no page number [ details ]
sowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821–1834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th page ( s ) : no page number [ details ]
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
publication date the year of publication ( 1833 ) is given by petit ( 2009 ) . [ details ]
taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]
short description shell elongated , high - spired , of 7 - 8 moderately convex whorls with a distinct rim under the suture ; body whorl distinctly constricted . sculpture of spire whorls of oblique axial ribs which fade out on the body whorl or the previous one . spiral sculpture of very faint grooves . aperture oval , with a thickened outer lip , smooth inside , and a hardly indicated siphonal canal .
common size : reported mediterranean specimens 6 - 8 mm , up to 14 mm in the red sea .
distinguishing characteristics this species is unmistakable , owing to the strong subsutural rim crenulated by the axial ribs .
distribution worldwide : indo - pacific . mediterranean : a spurious record in 1974 from the tyrrhenian sea ( bogi et al . , 1984 ) not further documented and possibly based on a displaced specimen . the records from haifa , israel seem more likely ( giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ) .
bogi c . , coppini m . and margelli a . , 1984 . ritrovamento nel mediterraneo di
giannuzzi - savelli r . , pusateri f . , palmeri a . and ebreo c . , 1997 . atlante delle conchiglie marine del mediterraneo . vol . 2 : caenogastropoda . la conchiglia , roma , 258 p .
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
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sowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821–1834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp .
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . < em > aquatic invasions . < / em > 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 .
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1–218 .
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . < em > oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . < / em > 43 : 419 - 453 .
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 .
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sérgio p . ávila , 1 , 2 , 3 , * jeroen goud , 4 and antónio m . de frias martins 1 , 2
4 national museum of natural history , invertebrates , naturalis darwinweg , leiden , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands
this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
rapoport ' s latitudinal rule relates geographical distribution with latitude [ 1 , 2 ] . this rule states that the range of the geographical distribution of species increases with latitude [ 3 ] . several hypotheses were provided : the seasonal variability hypothesis [ 2 , 4 ] , the differential extinction hypothesis [ 3 ] , the competition hypothesis [ 5 – 7 ] , or the milankovitch climate oscillations , which force larger distributional changes [ 8 ] .
to our knowledge , this is the first attempt to summarize present information about the geographic distributional pattern of this family in the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea , with the purpose of identifying the biotic similarities between areas .
the geographical distribution of the rissoidae in the atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea was compiled through an exhaustive search of the primary literature and is up to date until july 2011 . the following sites and references were considered :
por : western atlantic iberian façade ( from cabo vilán , western galician shores , down to cape são vicente ) and southern shores of algarve , portugal ) : nobre [ 33 , 34 ] , nobre and braga [ 35 ] , macedo et al . [ 36 ] , rolán [ 37 ] ,
med : mediterranean : nordsieck [ 19 ] , aartsen and fehr - de - wal [ 38 ] , aartsen [ 39 – 47 ] , verduin [ 48 – 50 ] , aartsen and verduin [ 23 , 51 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , aartsen et al . [ 53 ] , amati [ 54 – 56 ] , amati and nofroni [ 57 – 59 ] , amati and oliverio [ 56 ] , oliverio [ 60 – 62 ] , oliverio et al . [ 63 ] , aartsen and linden [ 64 ] , linden and wagner [ 65 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , aartsen and menkhorst [ 53 ] , giusti and nofroni [ 67 ] , aartsen et al . [ 68 ] , amati et al [ 69 ] , hoenselaar and hoenselaar [ 70 ] , nofroni and pizzini [ 71 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , aartsen and engl [ 73 ] , smriglio and mariottini [ 74 ] , margelli [ 75 ] , bogi and galil [ 76 ] , buzzurro and landini [ 77 ] , peñas et al . [ 78 ] , oliver and templado [ 79 ] , ciesm , clemam ,
azo : azores : watson [ 80 ] , dautzenberg [ 81 ] , amati [ 82 ] , gofas [ 83 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , linden [ 84 ] , linden and van aartsen [ 85 ] , ávila [ 86 – 88 ] ,
lus : lusitanian group of seamounts ( a chain of seamounts located between portugal and madeira ) : gorringe , josephine , ampère , seine : ávila and malaquias [ 89 ] , beck et al . [ 90 ] , gofas [ 91 ] ,
mad : madeira , porto santo and desertas islands , nobre [ 92 ] , van aartsen [ 47 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 ] , segers et al . [ 96 ] ,
can : canary islands : van aartsen [ 47 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 98 ] , rolán [ 99 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , linden and wagner [ 100 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 , 101 ] , segers [ 102 ] , hernández - otero et al . [ 103 ] ,
trs : tristão da cunha island : worsfold et al . [ 112 ] , malacolog ,
crl : carolinian biogeographical province–atlantic shores of usa , between cape hatteras , north carolina ( 35° n ) and cape canaveral ( 28°30′ n ) : rex et al . [ 120 ] , malacolog ,
tro : tropical biogeographical province ( from now on generically designated as “caribbean” ) —atlantic shores of usa , south of cape canaveral ( 28°30′ n ) , including western and eastern shores of florida , gulf of mexico ( louisiana and texas shores , as well as yucatan peninsula , méxico ) , bahamas , caribbean sea , south to cabo frio ( brazil ) ( 23°s ) : dall [ 121 ] , baker et al . [ 122 ] , faber and moolenbeek [ 123 ] , jong and coomans [ 124 ] , leal and moore [ 125 ] , faber [ 126 ] , leal [ 127 ] , rolán [ 128 ] , espinosa and ortea [ 129 ] , rosenberg et al . [ 130 ] malacolog ,
ant : antarctic—from 60°s south , including south orkney islands ( signy island ) , south shetland islands , antarctic peninsula and weddell sea : ponder [ 132 ] .
we have also consulted other bibliographical sources , with a wider systematical or geographical subject , such as babio and thiriot - quiévreux [ 134 ] , aartsen [ 40 ] , fretter and graham [ 30 ] , ponder [ 21 ] , verduin [ 135 ] , templado and rolán [ 136 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 137 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 138 – 140 ] , sleurs [ 141 – 143 ] , hoenselaar [ 70 , 144 ] , bouchet and warén [ 27 ] , sleurs and preece [ 145 ] , warén [ 146 ] , hoenselaar and goud [ 147 ] , goud [ 148 ] , gofas et al . [ 149 ] , rolán [ 150 ] , gofas [ 91 ] , and garilli [ 151 ] . malacolog , ciesm , clemam , and worms web databases were very useful and widely consulted .
the bathymetrical zonation considers shallow species ( those living between the intertidal and 50 m depth ) and deep species ( those usually living below 50 m depth ) . the choice of the threshold at 50 m depth is related with the following reasons : ( i ) algal species to which rissoidae are very often associated are rare below 50 m depth ; ( ii ) direct sampling by scuba - diving is more frequent in waters less than 50 m depth ; ( iii ) in waters deeper than 50 m depth , usually the samplings are obtained via indirect methodologies ( grabs , most often ) .
the complete database was last updated in october 2011 and is available from the authors upon request .
where a is the total number of rissoid species present in area a , and b is the total number of rissoid species present in area b . when a faunal flow happened in historical times , from a source area to the target area , we expect the target area to show a subset of the species present in the source area . so , different values of the two indices ( x a and x b ) are expectable , and the source area must have the smaller value [ 167 ] .
the mediterranean sea is the most diverse site , with 160 species of rissoidae , followed by canary islands ( 89 species ) , caribbean ( 77 ) , portugal ( 74 ) , and cape verde ( 67 ) . the lowest diversity sites are the carolinian province ( 18 species ) , greenland ( 16 ) , arctic ( 13 ) , angola ( 11 ) , new scotia biogeographical province ( 10 ) , antarctic ( 8 ) , virginian biogeographical province , tristan da cunha island , and brazil ( all with just 7 species ,
( 11 ) are species - abundant in the mediterranean and along the portuguese shores .
( as the name indicates ) are restricted to higher latitudes ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) .
is reported to the atlantic shores of north america ( nsc and vir ) .
is a genus with high number of species at iceland and greenland ( 9 and 5 , resp . ) , but the most diverse sites are in the south atlantic : 22 species at southeast of south america and 6 species at tristan da cunha island and antarctic (
are particularly species - diverse in the macaronesian archipelagos , especially at canary islands , selvagens and madeira , porto santo , and desertas islands .
spp . is very abundant at cape verde archipelago ( 26 species ) as well as in the carolinian and tropical provinces , and at saint helena islands ( 4 , 9 , and 5 species , resp . ) .
stosicia and voorwindia occur predominantly in the indo - pacific region [ 21 ] , with just two species reported to the western atlantic , stosicia aberrans [ 172 ] , and stosicia houbricki [ 173 ] ( = stosicia fernandezgarcesi [ 129 ] , all restricted to the tropical province ; voorwindia tiberiana [ 163 ] occurs in the mediterranean , where this lessepsian species is considered as alien ( nonestablished , ciesm database ) . however , fossil species of stosicia are known from the lower miocene of the eastern atlantic and the mediterranean [ 173 ] .
the mediterranean and cape verde islands are the sites with higher numbers of endemic species ( 71 and 58 , resp . ) , with predominance of
( 20 ) at cape verde . caribbean also has a high number of endemisms ( 57 species ) , especially of the genera
) . however , if these figures are viewed in percentages , saint helena island , cape verde , and tristan da cunha are the sites with higher percentages of rissoid endemisms ( 90 . 0 % , 86 . 6 % , and 85 . 7 % , resp . ) . other sites with high percentage values are the meteor group of seamounts ( 76 . 9 % ) , the caribbean ( 74 . 0 % ) , southeastern shores of south america ( 66 . 7 % ) , the azores ( 44 . 7 % ) , and the mediterranean ( 44 . 4 % ) . antarctic ( 37 . 5 % ) , the lusitanian group of seamounts ( 37 . 0 % ) , the west - african shores ( 24 . 0 % ) , and canary islands ( 19 . 1 % ) also have a significant amount of endemic rissoids (
) , thus only 3 species are endemic to these islands ( 7 . 9 % ) . similar percentages of rissoid endemics occur at greenland ( 6 . 3 % ) and scandinavia ( 3 . 3 % ) . iceland has 12 . 0 % of endemisms (
most of the 542 - rissoid species that live in the atlantic and in the mediterranean are shallow species ( 329 ) . one hundred and forty - six are considered as deep species , living in waters with more than 50 m depth , and 23 species are reported to both shallow and deep waters . it was not possible to establish the bathymetrical zonation of 44 rissoid species .
are mostly constituted by shallow species . some of these genera ( e . g . ,
) are exclusively littoral . in the eastern - atlantic shores and at latitudes higher than 55° n ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) ,
bathymetric zonation of the rissoidae . lit—littoral species ( usually living at depths less than 50 m depth ) ; deep—deep species ( usually living at depths higher than 50 m depth ) . other abbreviations as in
) . there is a predominance of nonplanktotrophs in islands , seamounts , and at high and medium latitudes . this pattern is particularly evident in the genera
. planktotrophic species are more abundant in the eastern atlantic and in the mediterranean sea . the british isles and angola are the only sites with excess of planktotrophs in relation to nonplanktotrophic rissoids .
is a very diverse genus in the mediterranean sea and along the shores of portugal , and most are planktotrophic species . in the arctic , greenland , southeastern south america , and antarctic , all rissoid species are nonplanktotrophs (
scandinavia , british isles , portugal , angola , and the carolinian province are the only sites with higher numbers of shallow planktotrophic species relative to the number of shallow non - planktotrophs ( cf . tables
benthonella tenella [ 169 ] , the sole representative of this genus in the studied area , is the rissoid species with wider geographical range in the atlantic ; other species with large geographical ranges are obtusella intersecta [ 174 ] and alvania cimicoides [ 175 ] ; all of them are deep planktotrophic species , although obtusella intersecta may also occur in the littoral .
we used pae separately on the shallow and on the deep rissoid species . after removing all the endemic species ( no cosmopolitan species were found ) , 115 shallow species and 41 deep species of rissoids were analysed with the pae methodology , using paup * .
= 180 , ci = 0 . 6389 , ri = 0 . 7005 ) with three main groups . the first one strongly clusters portugal , the mediterranean , british isles , and scandinavia , with bootstrap values higher than 91 % . a second group subdivides in two : the first subgroup , the macaronesian archipelagos of madeira , canary islands , selvagens , and the azores clusters ; the second subgroup has west - african coast , angola , and cape verde islands . in a third group , western atlantic sites are clustered : caribbean and carolinian province cluster to brazil at 65 % bootstrap value . saint helena island weakly clusters to the previous sites ( bootstrap value of only 51 % ) . new scotia and virginian provinces cluster in an independent group ( 66 % ) , as well as southern south america and antarctic ( 95 % ) (
. bootstrap values are higher than 50 % only for three groups : portugal - mediterranean ( 78 % ) , caribbean - carolinian province ( 75 % ) , and new scotia province - virginian province . some other sites also cluster , but at values lower than 50 % (
, and support the patterns found by both the pae analysis and the geographical distribution . four main source areas for rissoids emerge : mediterranean , caribbean , canaries / madeira archipelagos , and the cape verde archipelago . in the western atlantic , a rissoid movement originating in the caribbean seems to have developed southwards to brazil (
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central west - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northwest atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the south atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central east - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
) . scandinavia seems to be the source area for both iceland and arctic ( 64 and 54 % , resp . ) and iceland probably played an important role as a source for both greenland and arctic . the mediterranean is weakly related with the west - african shores ( 44 % ,
) . the relationships between the azores and both madeira and canaries are weak ( 32 and 24 % , resp . ) , and canaries seem to be the main source of the rissoid fauna of madeira ( 67 % ) and selvagens ( 79 % ) . cape verde archipelago is isolated from all sites (
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the macaronesian islands , northeast - atlantic , and mediterranean . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northeast atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss in detail all hypotheses related with rapoport ' s latitudinal rule ( e . g . , the seasonal variability hypothesis [
] ) , but one of the corollaries of the seasonal variability hypothesis is that , at low latitudes , the expected bathymetrical range of a given species , in average , should be lower than at high latitudes . stevens [
relation between ( a ) number of rissoids with large bathymetrical range ( # sh - de : shallow - deep ) and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( b ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( c ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic ; ( d ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic .
] , when they compared the north and south hemispheres of the east - pacific coast of america . in the northern hemisphere , there is correspondence between the diversity latitudinal gradient and ssts , but in the southern hemisphere , in particular from 40 to 60°s , the number of species increases with latitude , even though ssts decrease monotonically with this variable . this pattern is also evident with the shallow rissoidae along the west - atlantic coasts of south america ( figures
) and the explanation is dependent on the coastal area ( comprising depths less than 200 m ) which , according to valdovinos et al . [
] , is a factor that better explains biodiversity than ssts . thus , the increase of the number of shallow rissoids with latitude along the southern south - america shores (
) . this is certainly due to the high sampling effort for this region , but we think that other reasons are also behind this fact ( see below ) . a similar trend was also reported in several other taxonomic groups ( hydromedusae , siphonophora , chaetognatha , appendicularia , salpida , cephalopoda , euphausiacea , decapoda , and pisces ) [
] , reinforcing the mediterranean as an area of high marine biodiversity . this is even more interesting if we think that the mediterranean area was repopulated just 5 . 33 ma ago , when the “messinian salinity crisis” ended [
] . this dramatic event occurred between 5 . 96–5 . 33 ma and provoked an almost complete annihilation of the mediterranean marine fauna and flora [
] . the reopening of the connection between the atlantic and the mediterranean happened 5 . 33 ma ago and , although there are different hypothesis under discussion such as tectonic movements of the crust [
] , and this may be the reason for the high number of rissoid species that this area possesses nowadays .
by definition , “a species can be endemic to an area for two different reasons : ( a ) because it has originated in that place and never dispersed , or ( b ) because it now survives in only a part of its former wider range” [ 196 ] . we do not know any endemic rissoid to the azores , madeira , or canaries that is documented in the fossil record as formerly having a broader geographic distribution [ 197 , 198 ] . so , they are autochthonous descendents of immigrants , rather than geographic relicts .
it is a well - known fact that biotic communities in high latitudes are usually rich in nonplanktotrophic species [ 157 , 201 ] . this is thorson ' s rule “pelagic development reveals a clear biological polarity : from low towards high latitude pelagic development disappears progressively and becomes replaced by direct development , demersal development , and viviparity” [ 202 , 203 ] . thorson ' s original formulation related also pelagic development with depth , saying that the number of species with such a type of development would gradually diminish from the shallow shelf downwards to the abyssal depths , until its complete disappearance [ 202 ] a concept that did not hold [ 204 , 205 ] .
] stated that species with a planktotrophic larval development and long - distance dispersal usually have wider geographical ranges , longer geological ranges , and smaller speciation and extinction rates than nonplanktotrophic relatives . he detected changes in the modes of larval development of cretacian molluscs , from planktotrophic to nonplanktotrophic , but the reverse was not found . in the mediterranean , sibling species were found , almost identical in their teleoconchs and differing mostly in their protoconchs : one multispiral , denoting a planktotrophic larval development , the other one paucispiral , denoting a nonplanktotrophic larval development [
] at rockall , an isolated and inhabited islet located in the north atlantic ( 57°n , 13°w ) , first noted this phenomenon and stated that a pelagic phase may be an advantage for dispersal , but it may exclude species from certain habitats , namely , from oceanic islands . moreover , larvae of nonplanktotrophic species are protected from the surrounding environment during the initial phase of their development , by the walls of the egg . in addition , they do not need external food supply , as vitelum provides them all energy they need to account for the completion of the metamorphosis [
] and resources for larval stages are available only during short periods , there exists such a predominance of nonplanktotrophic rissoid species .
) . similar speciation events also happened in other families of gastropods ( e . g . , in cape verde , conidae , with about 45 species / subspecies , and
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alvania risso , a . , 1826 type species : alvania ( alvania ) europea risso , a . , 1826
alvania ( alvanolira ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( alvanolira ) lineata risso , a . , 1826
alvania ( coronalvania ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( coronalvania ) corona nordsieck , f . , 1972
alvania ( lanciella ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( lanciella ) lanciae calcara , p . , 1845
alvania ( linemera ) finlay , h . j . , 1924 type species : turboella interrupta adams , j . , 1798