virginia valeriae , commonly known as the smooth earth snake , is a species of nonvenomous natricine colubrid snake native to the eastern half of the united states .

virginia valeriae

conservation and management : virginia v . valeriae is not a species of special concern in virginia due to its widespread occurrence .
the western smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae elegans , is the subspecies found in iowa .
ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria . . . | kufs research
a relatively small snake , adult virginia valeriae measure 17 . 5 - 25 cm ( 7 - 10 in ) .
virginia valeriae is found in portions of northeast texas , oklahoma and kansas east to the atlantic coast from new jersey to florida .
valeriae is to honor miss valeria blaney , the first documented collector of the species .
virginia - virgo ( latin ) meaning virgin . this name might have been coined for the state of virginia ;
the single subspecies of virginia valeriae present in texas , v . v . elegans , is found from the austin and san antonio areas northeastward towards tyler and longview .
noteworthy snake records from false cape state park , city of virginia beach , virginia - gary m . williamson and steven m . roble
virginia valeriae is a live - bearing species . litters of between 5 - 10 snakes , measuring 6 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) , are typically seen in august and september .
subspecies : virginia v . valeriae has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody and smooth scales ( except above the cloaca ) , and is usually gray . virginia v . pulchra has 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody and weakly keeled scales , and is usually brownish .
1861 - 1862 asst . surgeon , 5th pa cavalry . served in virginia .
a herpetological survey of mole hill in rockingham county , virginia . - matthew neff
a herpetological survey of the quarry gardens at schuyler , virginia . - matthew neff
fluctuations in mating activity of hyla chrysoscelis in southside virginia - richard l . hoffman
some noteworthy lizard observations from virginia and nearby areas - w . h . martin
turtle mortality in powhatan county , virginia - jason d . gibson ( full article )
amphibians and reptiles from candler mountain , campbell county , virginia - paul w . sattler
reproduction in a western smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae elegans ) from western kentucky ; 1991 ; article ; journal ; bulletin of the chicago herpetological society ; morris , m . a . ; walsh . , s . j .
an annotated checklist of reptiles and amphibians from highland county , virginia - david a . young
naomi and darson found a smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) . this species does not grow large - 7 to 10 inches . they live in moist environments - under logs boards on the ground , eating soft - bellied insects .
virginia herpetological society survey of back bay nwr and false cape state park - david a . perry
an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of shenandoah national park virginia - william l . witt
pisani , g . , w . h . busby . 2011 . ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria occipitomaculata ) in northeastern kansas . kansas biological survey , lawrence , ks report no . 172 : 37 pp .
smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae , which it shares range and habitat . the keeling on the scales being the only way to distinguish the species . for additional detail , see identification of smooth and keeled scales , university of florida , department of herpetology . more
checklist and keys to the amphibians and reptiles of virginia ' s eastern shore - joseph c . mitchell
the smooth earth snake is currently listed by south carolina and virginia as a species of special concern . more
the new kent county , virginia timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) locality is invalid . - joseph c . mitchell
a survey of the amphibians and reptiles of old colchester park in fairfax county , virginia - john m . orr
results of the spring 2008 annual vhs survey : colonial national historic park yorktown , virginia - timothy p . christensen
the upland chorus frog ( pseudacris feriarum ) in virginia : a species in decline ? - carol a . pollio
reptile and amphibian survey of selected tracts on the northern neck and middle peninsula of virginia - robert s . greenlee
copperheads on the york - james peninsula , virginia - robert a . s . wright and warren p . gray
the wood turtle ( clemmys insculpta ) in eastern fairfax county , virginia - joseph c . mitchell and john pilcicki
geographic variation : male v . v . pulchra in virginia had a slightly higher average number of ventral scales ( 116 . 0 ± 2 . 2 , 113 - 118 , n = 4 ) and a higher average number of subcaudals ( 41 . 8 ± 2 . 9 , 38 - 45 , n = 4 ) ) than male v . v . valeriae ( ventrals 113 . 8 ± 3 . 2 , 107 - 119 , n = 28 ; subcaudals 34 . 1 ± 2 . 7 , 29 - 40 , n = 28 ) . the total v . v . pulchra sample exhibited a higher average number of ventrals + subcaudals ( 157 . 2 ± 3 . 6 , 154 - 162 , n = 5 ) than the sample of v . v . valeriae ( 146 . 6 ± 4 . 4 , 139 - 156 , n = 66 ) . the largest known female virginia valeriae in virginia ( 320 mm total length ) is a v . v . pulchra ; the largest v . v . valeriae female is 308 mm total length .
a herpetological survey of dixie caverns and explore park in roanoke , virginia , and the wehrle’s salamander . - matthew neff
amphibian and reptile survey of the naval security group activity northwest , city of chesapeake , virginia - michael j . pinder
eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) in mathews county , virginia - john b . bazuin , jr .
summary of virginia geographic distribution records and natural history notes published in herpetological review from 1991 - 2005 - steven m . roble
amphibians and reptiles of beaver pond habitats in the laurel fork recreation area , highland county , virginia - steven m . roble
valeriae - ( new latin ) in honor of valery blaney ( 1828 - 1900 ) , collector of the type specimen ; elegans - ( latin ) meaning tasteful , choice , fine , select .
turtle diversity of u . s . army installation , fort eustis , virginia - james d . dolan and timothy p . christensen
herpetofaunal biodiversity of the rice center for environmental life sciences , charles city county , virginia - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
summary of virginia sea turtle strandings during 2002 - erin e . seney , katherine l . mansfield , and john a . musick
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort lee , prince george county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
amphibians and reptiles of sugarland run , fairfax and loudoun counties , virginia : estimated numbers and commercial value - joseph c . mitchell
1712 - 1719 studied flora and fauna of virginia . he was one of the first english naturalists working on southeastern us coastal plain .
confusing species : in virginia , this species may be confused with several other small snakes . virginia striatula has strongly keeled scales and 17 dorsal scale rows ; juveniles have a light collar behind the head . other potentially confusing species are in the h . striatula account .
results of the 2013 herpblitz at dick cross wildlife management area , mecklenburg county virginia - paul w . sattler and jason d . gibson
mark - recapture study of an isolated population of the mediterranean gecko ( h . turcicus ) in bedford co . , virginia - kyle harris
effects of ph and heavy metal concentrations on amphibian breeding and community structure on a reclaimed pyrite mine in northern virginia - carol a . pollio
records of amphibians and reptiles from
the cedars
region of lee county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
survey of herpetofauna on the campus of hampden - sydney college in prince edward county , virginia - rachel e . goodman and e . davis carter
preliminary estimation of capture rates for red - backed salamanders at the randolph - macon college environmental station , doswell , virginia - j . d . mcghee
scalation of the eastern mudsnake ( farancia abacura abacura ) in virginia - john d . kleopfer , anne b . wright , and holly s . houtz
herpetofauna of logged and unlogged forest stands in south - central virginia : preliminary results - todd s . fredericksen , ken graves and tim pohlad - thomas
paul r . burch ' s herpetological collection at radford college , virginia : a valuable resource lost - richard l . hoffman and joseph c . mitchell
records of amphibians and reptiles from breaks interstate park , dickenson county , virginia - jason d . gibson , paul w . sattler and steven m . roble
impact of prescribed burning on three eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in southwestern virginia . - todd s . fredericksen , gage station and javin metz
timing of juvenile amphibian dispersal from small ponds in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen , anthony garcia , justin hall , kaitlyn deforest , and adam morehead
opportunistic anuran surveys in southeastern virginia : looking for oak toads , but finding . . . . . . spadefoots ! - paul sattler and jason daniel gibson
an unusual breeding event in an urban park in danville , virginia with specific notes on the eastern spadefoot ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
overwintering behavior of the eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in the virginia piedmont - david ellington , kelly rae ingram , tiffany walker and todd s . fredericksen
observations on the responce of four eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) to clearcut logging and chipping in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen and joshua l . bernard
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort pickett , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , katharine l . derge , and christopher s . hobson .
netting and mittleman , 1938
to a collector , mr . neil d . richmond , who has done much to increase our knowledge of the herpetofauna of
( west virginia ) .
m . c . swartwout , r . andrews , and d . linzey . 2014 . geographic distribution hemidactylus turcicus from montgomery county , virginia . herpetolocial review 45 ( 1 ) : 92
discovery of a population of scarlet kingsnakes ( lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ) in the virginia piedmont - steven m . roble , gregory n . woodie and michael d . kinsler ( full article )
salamander diversity and abundance along buck run in the laurel fork area of highland county , virginia - h . steve adams , michael s . hayslett , and chris hobson ( full article )
opportunistic surveys for the oak toad ( bufo quercicus ) in southeastern virginia : on the trail of leslie burger - steven m . roble , christopher s . hobson , and anne c . chazal
a preliminary survey of the amphibians and reptiles of savage neck dunes natural area preserve , northampton county , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , and amber k . foster
collins ( 1991 ) suggested that v . v . pulchra should be elevated to full species status , largely because it was allopatric with v . v . valeriae . this suggestion and others have not been verified or accepted by the herpetological community . any taxonomic conclusion about the specific status of pulchra should await a definitive systematic study .
. other names that have been used in the illinois literature include haldea valeriae elegans ( stejneger & barbour , 1939 , a checklist . . . 4th ed . ) ; v . harpeti elegans ( boucourt , 1886 ) and potamophis striatulus ( van cleave , 1928 , illinois state acad . sci . trans . 20 : 133 - 136 ) .
fulton , j . n . , m . couch , and w h . smith . 2014 . new geographic distribution records for herpetofauna in southwestern virginia , usa . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 105 - 106 .
syntopic occurrence of eurycea lucifuga ( cave salamander ) , e . longicauda longicauda ( long - tailed salamander ) , and e . guttolineata ( three - lined salamander ) in the piedmont of virginia - norman reichenbach and liberty university students
remarks : other common names for this snake in virginia are valeria ' s snake ( hay , 1902 ; dunn , 1936 ) ; eastern ground snake ( carroll , 1950 ) ; and brown snake , worm snake , and ground snake ( linzey and clifford , 1981 ) .
an investigation of co - infection by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus ( fv3 ) in anurans of two natural areas in anne arundel county , maryland and fairfax county , virginia , usa . - lauren d . fuchs , todd a . tupper , christine a . bozarth , david fernandez , and robert aguilar
several steps are recommended for conserving and managing this snake . the full extent of its distribution in virginia needs to be revealed , as does its ecological requirements and life history . we also need to determine the extent of logging threats and where selected populations should be protected . management could include limitations on logging practices , exclusion of some areas from logging , and maintenance of open sunlit areas for gravid females .
description : a small snake reaching a maximum total length of 393 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . in virginia , maximum known snout - vent length ( svl ) is 276 mm ( 10 . 9 inches ) and maximum total length is 320 mm ( 12 . 6 inches ) . in this study , tail length / total length was 11 . 0 - 21 . 8 % ( ave . = 15 . 8 ± 3 . 0 , n = 72 ) .
range and habitat : this species can be found in scattered locations throughout the eastern and central u . s . and throughout georgia and south carolina . its geographic range includes much of the coastal plain , piedmont , and mountains , from southern virginia to louisiana , but the species is absent from peninsular florida and most of the region of either side of the mississippi river . this species is found in a variety of forested habitats with plenty of ground cover , but is most common in moist deciduous forests and edge habitats .
alexandria city alleghany county amelia county amherst county bedford county botetourt county campbell county caroline county charles city county chesterfield county clarke county cumberland county danville city fairfax city fairfax county falls church city fauquier county fluvanna county franklin county fredericksburg city gloucester county hampton city hanover county henrico county henry county highland county james city county lancaster county lynchburg city mecklenburg county new kent county newport news city northumberland county page county petersburg city pittsylvania county powhatan county prince george county prince william county richmond county rockingham county scott county shenandoah county southampton county spotsylvania county stafford county suffolk city surry county virginia beach city westmoreland county williamsburg city york county verified in 52 counties / cities .
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klauber , 1945 :
named for clinton g . abbott , director of the san diego society of natural history , a friend , editorial guide and a scientific associate for many years .
1881 born in liverpool , england , son of american citizens , april 17th .
member of the american ornithologists union , western society of naturalists and many other professional societies .
] after the celebrated zoologist , whose work on the development , anatomy and classification of american turtles [
contributions to the natural history of the united states
] leaves nothing to be desired in these particulars . we may hope before long to see his descriptions of the genera and species , on which he has been engaged for several years , and which , like the tortoise itself , though slow in coming , will doubtless prove of solid worth and durable quality .
studied at jardin des plantes , paris , france under baron cuvier , the founder of comparative anatomy .
1832 lecturer and curator at the u neuchatel , switzerland . by the time he left switzerland , he had 175 publications including : 20 books with 2000 plates .
1846 awarded funds by king friedrich wilhelm iv of prussia to travel to america and study glaciers . he was appointed to the lowell lectureship at harvard . his popular lectures in us paid neuchatel debts and provided funds for continuing researches .
my intention is not , however , to impart information , but to throw the burden of study on you . if i succeed in teaching you to observe , my aim will be attained .
1848 chair of zoology and geology , lawrence scientific school , harvard , cambridge , ma . henry d . thoreau sent agassiz , turtles , fish and a black snake . the fish was new to science .
1850 wed elizabeth cabot cary , who had to become adjusted to snakes in the closet and worse .
1865 went to brazil with mrs . a . , paid assistants and student volunteers aboard the
. dom pedro ii , emperor of brazil opened the amazon to the expedition for study .
1866 in july , the thayer expedition returned home with more than 80 , 000 specimens .
1871 explored a glacier in the strait of magellan . named it in honor of their steamer , the
1873 john anderson , gave his island of penikese in buzzard ' s bay off new bedford , ma and $ 50k to start a summer school for marine natural history , which became the marine biological laboratory at wood ' s hole , ma . authored
contributions to the natural history of the united states of america ,
1st 2 volumes on turtles .
neill , 1949
in honor of mr . [ e . ross ] allen , for it was his assiduous collecting which focused attention on the form . . .
1911 - 1922 family moved several times : topeka , ks ; mt . vernon , oh ; muncie , in ; akron , oh ; middletown , oh . he studied the natural history of each of those areas .
1929 founder and director of the ross allen reptile institute , silver springs , florida .
1941 - 1945 directed the milking of 73 , 960 poisonous snakes to fill war contracts for antivenin .
biography by hylander , c . j .
adventures with reptiles , the story of ross allen .
julian messner inc . new york , 1957
scion of two historic american families , the allen ' s back to 1640 , and the trumbull ' s to 1639 .
1852 at the age of 14 , made a collection of birds and attempted to draw and color them .
1861 sold his collections to wilbraham academy , springfield , ma , to finance his studies at harvard with louis agassiz .
1865 - 1866 zoological assistant , thayer expedition to brazil , under prof . agassiz .
1867 collecting expedition to western ny , southeastern in , northern il , western ia , southern mi .
1868 - 1869 expedition to east florida , via st . johns river to the head of lake george for mcz .
1868 - 1880 curator of reptiles , birds and mammals , boston society of natural history .
1870 - 1875 asst . ornithology and curator of birds and mammals , museum of comparative zoology ( mcz ) , harvard .
1871 - 1872 fort leavenworth , ks , west to northern ut for mcz .
1873 chief of the party of naturalists of the n . pacific railroad expedition from bismark , nd to the yellowstone and back for the smithsonian .
1876 - 1883 corresponding secretary , nuttall ornithological club and editor of its bulletin .
1883 - 1891 president of the american ornithologist union . editor of
the auk
from 1883 - 1912
1910 + member of the commission on zoological nomenclature of the international congress of zoology .
he received many honorary degrees and continued writing until close to his death . he was impatient of careless work and generalizations based on insufficient data .
pre 1859 collected type in the town of hyatt in anderson county , ks .
1887 - 1933 began collecting for the us department of agriculture and continued the work until his retirement as chief field naturalist of the us biological survey .
1893 wrote
spermophiles of the mississippi valley ,
and many other publications .
1894 - 1895 studied at the columbian u ( now george washington u , washington , dc ) .
fellow of the american association for the advancement of science , american ornithologists union , and the cooper ornithological club .
1846 baird ' s collection added to those of the us exploring expedition ( wilkes expedition ) specimens formed core of natural history specimens at the smithsonian institution .
biographies : ( 1 ) dall ,
spencer fullerton baird ,
lippincott , philadelphia 1915 . and
letters of spencer fullerton baird ;
( 3 ) biographical memoirs of spencer fullerton baird , published in both the auk , vol . 5 , 1888 , # 1 ; and smithsonian report for 1888 , washington , dc , 1890 ; ( 4 ) bibliography : bull . us natl . mus . # 20 .
babcock , 1937
in proposing subspecific distinction for this isolated group , i associate the name of my friend the late mr . outram bangs who first called by attention to this unique new england colony .
attended noble ' s school , boston and the lawrence scientific school , harvard .
1895 traveled to lake edward , quebec and micco , brevard county , fl .
1896 worked at st . mary ' s , ga and made short visits to cumberland island , and localities on the fl side of the st . mary ' s river .
1897 collected at pt . matanzas , carterville , anastasia is . , oak lodge , eau gallie and gainesville , fl .
1899 his collection of mammals , over 10 , 000 skins and skulls and including over 100 type specimens was purchased by subscription and presented to harvard college . appointed asst . in mammalogy .
1906 visited jamaica . collected over 100 birds , but his trip was cut short by dengue fever .
1908 his collection of birds , over 24 , 000 skins was presented to the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . he assumed charge of the arrangement and increase of the bird collection .
kraus and petranka , 1989
. . . the name of dr . thomas barbour , who has contributed extensively to our knowledge of florida reptiles and amphibians .
1903 presented his preserved collection of reptiles and amphibians to the museum of comparative anatomy ( mcz ) at harvard . many specimens came from the ny zoological gardens whose keepers had saved dead animals for him .
1907 - 1908 delegate from harvard to first pan - american scientific congress , santiago , chile .
1911 - 1927 from assoc . curator to curator reptiles and amphibians , mcz , harvard u .
authored
checklist of north american amphibians and reptiles
with stejneger ( 5 editions ) .
1923 - 1945 executive officer in charge of barro colorado island laboratory ( now the canal zone biological area ) , gatun lake , panama .
received honorary degrees ( scd ) from harvard u in 1940 and u of fl in 1944 .
explored e and w indies , india , burma , china japan and s . and central america for mcz .
his popular writings include :
a naturalist in cuba , this vanishing eden ,
and
a naturalist ' s scrapbook
( 1946 ) . he was a huge , sentimental irishman and a fine writer . adjacent to his mcz office was the
eateria ,
to which he invited all to eat and converse . his secretary , helen robinson , prepared all the food for his , literally , thousands of guests .
harper , 1939 [ son of john bartram , ( 1699 - 1777 ) , quaker botanist . ]
1791 published
travels through north and south carolina , georgia , east and west florida .
seminole native americans called him
puc - puggy
which means
flower - hunter .
planted seeds and cuttings of the plants he collected during his travels to the family residence and garden , kingsessing , on the west bank of the schuylkill river , pa .
pre1803 drew a majority of the plates for professor william barton ' s
elements of botany .
, as captain , reached cape of good hope . turned back from australia by hurricanes . continued to india , persian gulf and cape of good hope . shipwrecked .
1795 returned to france leaving his botanical collection from the indies at trinidad . involved with the jardin des plants , museum national d ' histoire naturell , paris .
1797 - 1803 voyaged to australia in command of the geographe and the naturaliste .
taylor , 1895
this species is named for dr . baur , who first noticed the peculiarities of the type , but having only the one specimen considered it an exceptional individual of
porter , 1968
named in honor of george t . baxter who discovered the relict population .
van denburgh , 1905
i take pleasure in naming this island form in honor of mr . r . h . beck who collected the specimens .
1870 born in los gatos , santa clara county , ca , august 26 .
joined the fb webster - harris expedition to the galapagos to collect giant tortoises for lord rothschild .
1905 2nd expedition to the galapagos , collecting birds and tortoises for the ca academy of sciences .
1906 - 1908 collected sea birds off the ca coast near monterey bay and waterfowl in the san joaquin valley near los banos .
1912 rediscovered the hornby petrel on the coast of peru . head of the whitney south sea expedition . spent several years exploring the islands of the south pacific and the interior of new guinea for the american museum of natural history .
1936 published a brief autobiography in rc murphy ' s
oceanic birds of south america .
stejneger , 1894
i take great pleasure in naming this new species after mr . l . belding , whose extensive and excellent herpetological ( contribution ) in lower california as well as in upper california has never been adequately recognized .
1879 authored
a partial list of the birds of central california ,
containing notes on 220 species .
1881 - 1883 trips to the cape region of lower ca . collected new birds and studied avifauna of the region .
1883 elected an active member of the american ornithologists ' union . selected by the committee on bird migration to take charge of the migration work in the pacific district .
schwartz , 1952
. . . of the u of miami , whose aid in securing the original series cannot be minimized .
1958 - 1960 served in u . s . air force in minnesota and montana
1977 - 1981 attended university of california at berkeley . bs in entomology and phd graduate student for three years . published several small papers on acquatic beetles ( dytiscidae and helmidae )
royal college of surgeons , described as a
dental surgeon and naturalist .
( agassiz , 1857 )
collected by the late mr . berlandier , a zealous french naturalist , to whom we are indebted for much of what we know of the natural history of northern mexico .
studied with decandolle , author of
prodomus ,
a world botany book .
1826 left europe for mexico as a collector for decandolle and other genevese botanists .
1827 - 1828 worked for mexican government on their survey of eastern tx . it was a very difficult trip and many specimens were lost and destroyed . his work with the boundary commission was the first extensive collecting in texas . primarily interested in botany , also collected fauna . contracted malaria which made collecting for his patrons impossible . decandolle was not pleased with the condition and quantity of botanical materials . berlandier stayed in mexico , settled in matamoros and married a local woman . engaged in a pharmaceutical business and made frequent botanical exploration in various parts of mexico .
1834 collected in goliad and bexar , tx . lt . couch reported that berlandier was well respected in matamoros and had served as an interpreter to general arista during the mexican war . he was in charge of the hospitals at matamoros during the war . collected the type specimen of
viosca , 1937
named for the pioneer student of louisiana herpetology , the late george e . beyer .
1918 - 1926 la state board of health ( note : viosca also worked there ) .
president of the la naturalists society and a member of the us yellow fever institute and commission to veracruz , mexico . he was a special inspector for the biological survey of the us department of agriculture .
grobman , 1943
it is fitting to associate with this hitherto unrecognized salamander the name of sherman c . bishop , of the university of rochester , who has contributed largely to our understanding of the salamanders of the united states .
1887 born in sloatsburg , ny , november 18 . spent his childhood by erie canal , clyde , ny .
1928 - 1951 asst . professor biology to professor vertebrate zoology , u rochester , ny .
1943 completed
handbook of salamanders ,
the first serious and comprehensive work on north american salamanders since cope ( 1889 ) .
1822 authored
new classification of animals based on external rather than internal organs .
mecham , littlejohn , oldham , brown and brown , 1973
. . . in honor of w . frank blair because of his early suggestion that there were cryptic `
in texas in 1963 ) , and more generally in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and evolutionary biology of anurans .
1922 - 1930 lived in tulsa where his interest in biology was influenced by two teachers .
1935 - 1937 asst . mammal division , u mi . 1938 , phd , u mi .
1941 - 1946 drafted into the army , served in the air force altitude training and survival programs . he taught the use of natural foods and his delight in serving snake , rodent , etc . to high - ranking officers is featured in his recollections .
1972 director of the breckenridge field laboratory , u tx , austin , tx .
authored 129 articles ( 19 more with co - authors ) , 5 books , 8 testimonies before congressional committees , innumerable book reviews and abstracts , and supervised over 100 scientific publications resulting from his student ' s work , without being listed as co - author .
1888 born in stoneham , ma . promoted the careful study of habits and life histories of snakes .
1913 - 1916 taught zoology , ma agricultural college ( ma state college ) , amherst , ma .
1918 - 1919 aide , division of reptiles , us national museum , smithsonian , worked under stejneger .
1927 - 1928 sabbatical in new zealand , australia and tasmania , studied tuatara and urged its conservation .
1935 spent a semester with hk gloyd on a trip through the southwestern and western us . began work on a manual of the snakes of the us which dr . gloyd continued after his death .
( holbrook , 1838 )
this animal was first observed by dr . william blanding , of philadelphia , an accurate naturalist , whose name i have given to the species .
c1830 collected the holotype known as : ansp ( phila , pa ) 26123 , illinois fox river .
1834 he was a
newer member
of the academy of natural sciences ( ansp ) at this time .
collected many reptiles for ansp . and in 1838 holbrook acknowledged dr . blanding
. . . formerly of columbia , south carolina and now residing in philadelphia for several undescribed reptiles from the south and west .
for baird and girard in kent county , on the eastern shore of md .
1856 married august 20 to brig . general washington lafayette elliott ( 1825 - 29 jun 1888 )
1883 wrote
etudes sur les poissons
( studies of fish ) with leon vaillant .
1870 co - authored
etudes sur les reptiles et les batraciens
( studies of reptiles and amphibians ) with auguste dumeril .
dowling and price , 1988
charles m . bogert , emeritus curator of the department of herpetology of the american museum of natural history , in recognition of his many contributions to the systematics of colubrid snakes .
price ( 1990 ) , cat . amer . amphib . rept . 497
1936 - 1940 assistant curator , department of herpetology , american museum of natural history ( amnh ) .
1939 faunal investigations in mexico were initiated with a grant - in - aid from the carnegie corporation . since then collections have been assembled in nearly every state in mexico , except those in the peninsula of yucatan .
1940 - 1941 associate curator , in charge of the department of herpetology , amnh .
1946 initiated explorations in the mexican state of coahuila , with k . p . schmidt of the field museum of natural history .
1946 first president of the herpetologist ' s league , appointed by chapman grant , founder of the herpetologists league .
1946 - 1948 served as secretary to the council of the scientific staff of the amnh .
1948 - 1950 researches in honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and bimini island , bahamas .
1951 - 1953 traveled in the southwest : az , nm , tx and mexico .
1953 initiated investigations of the behavioral significance of anuran vocalizations in chiricahua mountains , in az and in mexico , continued in florida ( archbold biological station ) and in az , mexico , fl , tx , wy , ut , ca , and ceylon ( 1965 ) .
1953 taped recordings of various animals initiated in the chiricahua mountains , az , during this year led to four long - playing discs issued by folk records , including
sounds of the american southwest
in 1954 ,
sounds of north american frogs
in 1958 , as well as two records of folk music recorded in mexico in 1958 and 1960 .
1960 university of colorado , lectures to teachers enrolled in biological sciences curriculum study .
1965 traveled to ceylon . continued faunal , thermal and behavioral investigations in mexico .
1979 + has traveled widely in north , south , and central america , australia and africa . worked on a monograph on the genus salvadora as well as a revision of the 1956 monograph on heloderma until his death at home in santa fe .
1843 - 1846 archaeological pioneer , excavated and identified khorsabad as ninevah , discovered sargon ' s palace . found 7th cent b . c . dictionary for class iii cuneiform script at kuyunjik .
1847 - 1846 wrote
monuments de ninive decoverts et decrits par botta , mesures et dessines par e . flandin .
1821 born in blacklick township , indiana country , pa , december 12th . the family moved to columbus , oh . he was educated in local schools , worked at a printing press and as a public school teacher .
c1840 ' s entered starling medical college ( now included in oh state u college of medicine ) .
1848 - 1849 caught
goldrush fever
and joined the columbus and california industrial association party as its official physician , travelling the oregon trail to ca in summer .
1849 - 1850 prospected briefly along the south fork of the american river , near coloma , el dorado county , ca . apparently spent more time practicing medicine than prospecting . by summer 1850 , he had a practice in placerville , ca . collected reptile and amphibian specimens which were later sent to the smithsonian and examined by baird and girard . collected the syntypes ,
1850 - 1852 moved to san francisco in the fall . built a sailboat with several friends and sailed it around cape horn arriving in norfolk , va in april 1852 .
1860 - 1865 served as a surgeon in the 9th oh regiment . achieved the rank of captain . after the war returned to medical practice in columbus .
dr . boyle was an accomplished linguist ( fluent in 32 languages ) and speaker . although largely self educated , he was much in demand for local meetings and clubs due to his vast knowledge , phenomenal memory , and often accurate predictions of future events . he also gave much of his time and practice to the poor of the city and as a result never amassed much money and died poor himself
on february 16th , 1870 .
stejneger , 1894 ( see h . h . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1863 born in great linford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . a book on taxidermy inspired cs and his brother hh to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1907 authored
artificial key to the species of snakes and lizards which are found in nc .
1919 + division of entomology , state department of agriculture , raleigh , nc , became state museum .
1919 co - authored
birds of north carolina
with hh brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1938 u of nc awarded him a doctor of laws degree in recognition of his achievements .
1938 wrote
the insects of north carolina < listing more than 10 , 000 species .
member of the american ornithologists union , the wilson club , nc bird club and other professional societies .
stejneger , 1894 ( see c . s . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1861 born in willington , bedford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . taught school in a one - room log building on the present meredith college campus ( nc ) . a book on taxidermy inspired hh and his brother cs to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1884 prepared exhibits for the north carolina board of agriculture and immigration . the work eventually grew into the development of a state museum .
1884 - 1907 mounted specimens for the state centennial exposition ( 1884 ) , the chicago exposition ( 1892 ) , the charleston exposition ( 1901 ) , the saint louis exposition ( 1904 ) , the boston food fair ( 1906 ) and the jamestown exposition ( 1907 ) .
1895 took charge of the nc state museum . accommodated exhibits returning from expositions .
1919 co - authored
the birds of north carolina
with cs brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1941 nc board of agriculture designated the library as the
brimley library of natural history .
founder and life member of the north carolina academy of science , the raleigh natural history club , the raleigh bird club and the north carolina bird club .
stejneger , 1890
. . . in recognition of his successful researches in that territory ( tucson , az ) . . .
1873 moved to tucson , az . prospected in the desert mountains of az and northern sonora . he had several narrow escapes from apache indians and from death by thirst on the waterless plains of that region .
he was connected with newspapers in tucson as a reporter , editor and owner .
to 1913 president of the audubon society of az and clerk of the superior court of pima county .
1954 - present collected extensively in the southwestern us , northwestern us and the american midwest .
1973 - 2000 environmental specialist in vector control , nm environmental department , working extensively investigating human and animal cases of plague , hantavirus , other vector - borne diseases ; co - author of
a manual for the investigation of plague cases in new mexico
and several papers on plague and hantavirus in nm ; retired december 2000 .
he just recently retired from nm environment dept . in santa fe after about 25 years of service in their vector control program . ted ' s an avid non - professional herpetologist who knows nm intimately and is a walking database of local herp information ( and he ' ll gladly share it with you ) . j . n . stuart
did not publish as much as some of his colleagues ; reportedly encouraging his students ( a who ' s who of natural history for the next 50 years ) to take credit for their discoveries while under his wing . developed the dermestid beetle method of cleaning specimens .
1927 u mi , student of ht gaige , fn blanchard , and ag ruthven .
1932 wrote the amphibian and reptiles section of report on the amnh whitney expedition to the pacific islands . received a grant in aid from the national research council to prepare an illustrated key to the lizards of the us and canada .
1936 published
a key to the lizards of the us and canada .
at kansas state college at quivira , authored more than 80 scientific papers , a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science and the american society of zoologists .
a founder of american anthropology society and american association of mammalogists , in audubon society , and the academy of sciences of in .
haynes and mckown , 1974
we name it in memory of fred r . cagle whose research greatly increased our knowledge of
1938 - 1940 southern il normal u , carbondale , il ( now southern il university ) .
1950 professor of zoology and chairman of the graduate department of zoology , tulane u .
marlow , brode and wake , 1979
the new species is named in honor of the late charles l . camp , herpetologist , paleontologist , and historian , who contributed greatly to our knowledge of the american west . prof . camp discovered the genus
in the new world . . . and very early recognized the diversification within the genus
1918 - 1919 1st lt . american expeditionary forces , served in europe , south africa and china .
member of the california academy of sciences , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , and the california folklore society .
wrote
james clyman : american frontiersman ,
an invaluable source of information on early explorations of the american west .
was secretary of
american ornithologists
as shown by minutes in the auk , vol . 5 , number 2 , pages 220 to 224 .
1731 - 1748 produced the
natural history of carolina , florida and the bahama islands
with 200 color plates , vol . i in 1731 , vol . 2 in 1743 , and the appendix in 1748 . combined illustrations showing birds in natural environments . studied reptiles , etc . on isle of providence . illustrated book on american insects , died in london .
1850 - 1855 zoologist , us / mexican boundary survey , under colonel jd graham .
while surveying , clark and schott made very fine zoological collections . their vertebrates contained possibly 100 new species .
c1852 collected type of rana areolata for baird and girard in calhoun county , tx ; and type of eumeces obsoletus , rio san pedro , tx . worked in md , tx , nm and sonora , mexico .
rossman , 1958
named for roger conant , zoological society of philadelphia in recognition of his contributions to herpetology .
academic course in biology at the u pa terminated by causes stemming from the great depression .
1929 - 1933 curator of reptiles , toledo zoological park , toledo , oh .
1936 - 1969 wrote and presented a 15 minute , weekly , educational , radio program entitled
let ' s visit the zoo
for kyw in philadelphia , pa .
1943 - 1945 served in the volunteer port security force of the us coast guard .
1953 - 1958 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1957 - 1973 vice - president of the ludwick institute , which provides educational opportunities for children .
1961 - 1973 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1973 a plaque was dedicated in the reptile house of the philadelphia zoo , designating the natural habitat settings throughout the building as the
roger conant exhibits .
1983 delivered the distinguished herpetologist ' s lecture , herpetologists ' league , u ut , salt lake city , aug . 8th .
national consultant for reptile study , and author of the reptile merit badge pamphlet for the boy scouts of america . past - president of the museum council of philadelphia , an organization of all cultural museums and similar institutions in that metro area . past - president and former secretary of the american association of zoological parks and aquariums ( aazpa ) . editor of the zoo section of
magazine , ( aazpa ) for 20 years . served on the board of directors of the american institute of park executives , formerly affiliated with aazpa . editor of
, the magazine of the philadelphia zoo , during its ten years of publication . editor of
, for 18 years . president of the american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists ( asih ) . secretary and vice president of asih .
until 1956 chairman of committee on standardization of common names for north american amphibians and reptiles ( results published in 1956 ) .
author of 198 primarily herpetological papers , including a monograph on the water snakes of mexico , many popular articles , and three books . contributions have been published in eight countries . wrote literally hundreds of short articles , many of which are not signed by him .
wrote
the field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america .
conducted extensive field work on reptiles and amphibians , largely in the us and mexico , but also to a lesser extent in africa and asia . has visited and consulted natural history collections worldwide .
served as a member of the national research council , national academy of sciences , for three years .
member of many scientific and cultural organizations from whom he has received numerous awards and honors .
received three grants from the national science foundation for field research on reptiles and amphibians in mexico .
1989 published
snakes of the agkistrodon complex ,
a monograph begun by dr . conant and the late dr . hk gloyd in the early 1930 ' s .
1863 - 1864 studied in europe , at the british museum and jardin des plantes .
1869 - 1870
systematic arrangement of the extinct batrachia , reptiles and aves of north america .
1870 paleontologist us geological survey , discovered 100 ' s of new species of extinct vertebrates .
biographies : ( 1 ) osborn ,
cope : master naturalist ,
1931 , princeton u press ; copeia , 1932 , # 1 , pp . 39 - 41 ; ( 2 ) copeia , 1940 , # 2 , pp . 60 - 69 ; davis , w . h .
edward drinker cope , herpetologist ,
bull . of the antivenin inst . of america , vol . 5 , no . 3 , pp . 71 - 80 , may 1932 .
baird , 1854 . geiser wrote that the species were named
in honor of its indefatigable discoverer , lt . d . n . couch , who , at his own risk and cost , undertook a journey into northern mexico , when the country was swarming with bands of mauraders , and made large collections in all branches of zoology . . .
1847 fought in the battle of buena vista , promoted to 1st lt . for gallantry .
. purchased berlandier ' s papers , herbarium and zoological and mineral collections from his widow . shipped some to smithsonian and sent part of the plant collection to switzerland . by early 1854 , he had returned to washington , dc .
1861 - 1863 volunteered - colonel 7th ma infantry , appointed brigadier general of volunteers .
offered resignation due to ill health , but was promoted to major general of volunteers .
biography : conant , roger , american museum novitates , # 2350 , 10 - 4 - 1968 .
1804 bought land in ga , his father had a large plantation on san simeon island , ga .
1814 graduated yale . spent time in holland studying water control . one of first us farmers to conduct plantation on basis of scientific research and experimentation .
1838 changed crop from sugar to rice . introduced exotic plants including bermuda grass , now the principle grass in georgia .
1846 presented on fossils at chatahoochie river , ga to boston society of natural history .
c1861 the civil war destroyed his way of life . he opposed secession , but all 5 of his sons enlisted in the confederate army . 2 were killed . couper died broken financially and spiritually . he is buried on san simeon island .
lowe and norris , 1956
named in honor of professor raymond b . cowles of the university of california , los angeles .
( blatchley , 1901 )
two specimens are in the writer ' s collection from sevier county , tn , collected by mr . l . e . daniels to whom i dedicate the species .
1922 - 1934 instructor , school of medicine , u mi and part time asst . professor .
1925 - 1929 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , grace hospital , detroit , mi .
1928 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , women ' s hospital , detroit , mi .
he was a republican , episcopalian and was active in the american boxer club and judged many dog shows throughout the us .
1842 - 1844
zoology of new york ,
volume 3 , reptiles and amphibians .
collected a specimen of storeria dekayi while it was
swimming across a large bay on the northern coast of long island .
scudday , 1973
patronym for dr . james r . dixon who has contributed much to our understanding of the herpetology of the southwest .
1959 - 1961 assoc . professor , veterinary medicine , texas a and m university , where he is affectionately known as
bwana jim .
1965 - 1967 curator of herpetology , life sciences division , los angeles county museum , ca .
1971 + professor , wildlife and fisheries science , texas a and m university u .
1987 published
amphibians and reptiles of texas .
specializes in : zoogeography , systematics and ecology of geckos .


in american comic books published by marvel comics , a mutant is a being ( usually otherwise human ) who possesses a genetic trait called an x-gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .

human mutants are considered to be of the subspecies homo sapiens superior or simply homo superior , an evolutionary progeny of homo sapiens , and are considered the next stage in human evolution , although whether this is true or not is a subject of much debate in the marvel universe .

unlike marvel 's mutates , which are characters who develop their powers only after exposure to outside stimuli or energies ( such as the hulk , spider-man , the fantastic four , and absorbing man ) , mutants are those whose mutations are pre-natal , and whose powers typically manifest at puberty .

mutant ( marvel comics )

mutant ( marvel knights 2099 ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
alpha the ultimate mutant - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
nothing lasts forever , but nothing stays dead in comic books . marvel comics ' november solicitations
namor the sub - mariner is often labeled as marvel ' s first mutant , which is true insofar as he is the first mutant character published by marvel .
so for your benefit , here are the six basic categories of mutants in the marvel comics universe .
cage , luke - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
boudreaux , bella donna - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
the simple answer that marvel would give you is that they don’t have the mutant gene .
in american comic books published by marvel comics , a mutant is a being who possesses a genetic trait called an x - gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .
marvel comics is an american comic book line published by marvel entertainment , inc . affectionately called the house of ideas by the fan press , marvel’s best - known comics titles include fantastic four , the amazing spider - man , the incredible hulk , iron man , daredevil , thor , captain america , and x - men . most of marvel’s fictional characters reside in the marvel universe .
marvel adventures take place in this reality . the marvel adventures line replaced the marvel age line which replaced the tsunami line . namor has faced the fantastic four and the hulk and the avengers in this universe . marvel adventures fantastic four # , marvel super heroes #
deadpool ( wade wilson ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
beast ( henry mccoy ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
cypher ( douglas ramsey ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
the recent dates are given regarding the comics ' edition . due to the sliding timescale , the temporal connections ( sometimes stated in the comics ) may be incoherent outside of the comics context .
apocalypse ( en sabah nur ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .
another mutant birth was witnessed , by the mutant wolfsbahne : tier . [ 176 ]
though the mutants are considered a modern concept , introduced with marvel comics uncanny x - men # 1 ( september , 1963 ) , the term was ( seemingly ) introduced by marvel predecessor atlas comics . also , some timely comics ( atlas predecessor ) characters were later retconned as mutants . please consult the
mutant editorial history
page for more informations .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged comics marvel x - men or ask your own question .
pak , greg , and carmine di giandomenico . x - men : magneto testament . new york : marvel comics , 2009 . print .
some call thanos a mutant , but he really isn’t . he’s a titan who is a eternal / deviant hybrid . which makes him a “mutant” but not a marvel mutant . which is what makes all this difficult .
comics which tackle real world issues in society using real world groups : better .
in 1973 , perfect film and chemical corporation changed its name to cadence industries , which in turn renamed magazine management co . as marvel comics group . goodman , now completely disconnected from marvel , created a new company called atlas / seaboard comics in 1974 , reviving marvel’s old atlas name , but this project lasted only a year - and - a - half .
- - - . “i , magneto ! ” classic x - men # 19 . new york : marvel comics , 1988 . 21–32 . print .
we want to see ourselves in comics . we want to celebrate freaks like us .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged marvel x - men mutant or ask your own question .
in the mutant x universe , namor allied with doctor doom at the request of magneto . mutant x # 12
mutant gila monster or dr . paine’s artificial mutant crocodiles… there’s also the extradimensional mutant hauk’ka ( i sould recheck if they are said to be mutants ) or devil dinosaur .
in the wake of dc comics’ success reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s , particularly with the justice league of america , marvel decided to follow suit .
in 1990 , marvel begin selling marvel universe cards with trading card maker impel . these were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the marvel universe , which would spawn several more series of cards and imitations by dc .
given there was little internal logic being directed toward mutant populations in the marvel universe before m - day , all we can offer is speculation based upon cultural , social , environmental and technological possibilities in the marvel universe .
could be . know one really knows who / what / u / vargas is , so he / she / they could in fact be marvel comics comic book villain vargas .
the mutant rogue is now an alpha level mutant since she can control her power , but once was a beta level .
such a trigger further enhances the original powers of a mutant or can substantially alter the powers already possessed by a mutant .
the new mutants are three series featuring an eponymous group of teenaged mutant superheroes - in - training . the three series , two of which are now defunct , are spin - offs of the popular x - men franchise published by marvel comics .
sinister was also listed as an alpha - level mutant , [ 17 ] although he is not a mutant but a mutate .
however , the first , as in oldest known mutant in the marvel universe , would be selene , being well over 17 , 000 years old .
namor had his own segment in the marvel super heroes , voiced by john vernon .
is talking about when it mentions “the most dramatic return in the marvel universe . ”
edit : better not be teenage logan or i will kick marvel in the genitals .
“it really saved the industry at that time , ” longtime comics journalist heidi macdonald said . “ultimate [ marvel ] reignited interest among marvel fans and got new readers . ” to bring some shine and excitement to its non - ultimate universe , marvel put bendis and millar in charge of mainstream marvel titles like the avengers and wolverine as well . marvel regained the top spot in market share , and ultimate marvel was the engine that drove it there . as ultimate fantastic four writer mike carey put it , if you were an ultimate writer , artist , or editor , you were in the “cool kids’ club . ”
boycotting marvel since one more day boycotting dc since damian wayne and the pu52 never boycotting hcrealms . ya ' ll are too much fun ! dc comics : just one more to go !
publisher : marvel comics writer : jeff lemire artists : humberto ramos , victor olazaba colourist : edgar delgado editor : daniel ketchum release date : out now ! price : $ 3 . 99
namor ( or the sub - mariner as he was then known ) debuted in the golden age of comics and was the original anti - hero of comics . interestingly , namor was the first super - hero who was able to fly . his meeting and subsequent battle with the original human torch ( the android called jim hammond ) in marvel mystery comics # 8 ( june 1940 ) , made comic history as it was the first superhero meeting and team - up in comics history and it established for the first time the concept of a shared fictional universe inhabited by many various superheroes in comics .
it began as a hail mary maneuver . ultimate marvel was a publishing experiment launched by marvel comics — the superhero - comics company that had invented the avengers , spider - man , the x - men , and countless other icons — during its darkest hour . the idea was simple : launch various comics series where all the famous marvel characters are young again and just starting their superhero careers in the modern day . give the series flashy titles like ultimate spider - man and ultimate x - men and make sure no reader will have to go back and read decades’ worth of comics to understand what’s going on . return to core principles . make these icons fresh again .
non - marvel copyright info all characters mentioned or pictured are ™ and © 1941 - 2099 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved . if you like this stuff , you should check out the real thing ! please visit the marvel official site at : urltoken
now that i’ve got that out of the way . mutants in marvel is a tricky thing because there is a “mutant” race . humans who are born with the “x - gene” . however , in the comics the term “mutant” is also frequently used to describe anyone of any race who happens to be different from the norm .
marvel has not officially stated why mutant populations appeared to be greater in the european and western world than they do in the rest of the planetary populations .
after necrosha and the loss of many mutant lives , doctor nemesis stated that the mutant population consisted of 181 individuals . [ 171 ]
marvel comics was founded by established pulp - magazine publisher martin goodman in 1939 as an eventual group of subsidiary companies under the umbrella name timely comics . its first publication was marvel comics # 1 ( oct . 1939 ) , featuring the second appearance of carl burgos’ android superhero , the human torch , and the first generally available appearance of bill everett’s mutant anti - hero namor the sub - mariner . the contents of that sales blockbuster were supplied by an outside packager , funnies , inc . , but by the following year timely had a staff in place .
non - marvel copyright info all other characters mentioned or pictured are ™ and © 1941 - 2099 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved . if you like this stuff , you should check out the real thing ! please visit the marvel official site at : urltoken
genter , robert . “‘with great power comes great responsibility’ : cold war culture and the birth of marvel comics . ” journal of popular culture 40 . 6 ( 2007 ) : 953–978 . print .
lee , stan ( w ) , and jack kirby ( p ) , et al . , essential uncanny x - men vol . 1 . new york : marvel comics , 1999 . print .
monet st . croix is a mutant with a wide variety of mutant powers at superhuman levels and representing a near - perfect human being .
today ' s marvel solicits didn ' t just give us a new look at doctor octopus ' return to amazing spider - man . we also have one hell of a tease for something to come in one of the new x - men comics , x - men : blue — one that marvel is very much wanting you to think involves a potential return for wolverine to the marvel comicsverse .
it doesn ' t help that the terms homo superior and homo sapiens superior are used interchangeably in the comics .
comics which tackle real world issues between individuals using the lens of “mutants” instead of real world groups : fine .
comics which tackle real world issues in society using the lens of “mutants” instead of real world groups : stop .
except that in logan , unlike in the comics that inspired it , that hope is very much in vain .
marvel’s comics were noted for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them . this was true of the amazing spider - man , in particular . its young hero suffered from self - doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager . marvel superheroes are often flawed , freaks , and misfits , unlike the perfect , handsome , athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books . some marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters . in time , this non - traditional approach would revolutionize comic books .
, felt in love with marvel at giant size x - men 1 . never stopped since .
follow the avengers of the marvel cinematic universe in their adventures leading up to this . . .
in 1968 , company founder martin goodman sold marvel comics and his other publishing businesses to the perfect film and chemical corporation . it grouped these businesses in a subsidiary called magazine management co . goodman remained as publisher .
claremont , chris ( w ) , and john bolton ( a ) . “a fire in the night ! ” classic x - men # 12 . new york : marvel comics , 1987 . 21–32 . print .
all names of characters and the distinctive likeness ( es ) thereof are trademarks of marvel character , inc . and are used with permission . copyrightš 2001 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved .
, a mutant is a being who possesses a genetic trait called an x - gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .
there were many reasons the initiative could have failed , but it instead succeeded beyond its creators ' wildest dreams . indeed , the world of marvel movie adaptations — including this summer ' s megahit avengers sequel and upcoming fantastic four — owe more to the ultimate imprint than any other single marvel comics initiative . and yet , 15 years after the ultimate line’s birth , marvel just killed it . last week , a five - issue miniseries called ultimate end debuted , and when it ' s done , there will be no more ultimate marvel . there is little mourning , even among die - hard comics fans who once loved the imprint .
namor appeared in toybiz ' s second ever marvel legends series , complete with an aquatic display base .
i ' d say genetic ethnicity is closer to what the marvel u . identifies then as though .
follow the avengers of the marvel cinematic universe in their adventures leading up to this summer ' s blockbuster event , marvel ' s avengers : infinity war ! plus , tales from the long and villainous history of the mad titan , thanos ! collecting : marvel ' s avengers : infinity war . . .
claremont , chris ( w ) , john byrne ( p ) , and kieron dwyer ( p ) . “showdown ! ” classic x - men # 19 . new york : marvel comics , 1988 . 1–20 . print .
james is a staff writer for io9 . he reads comics so you don ' t have to—but sometimes you should anyway !
those dates can also be replaced if proven in comics ( or handbooks ) to be different from the publication dates . a
as far , no known mutant has been classified as being as a dreg .
he is a human mutant with an undisclosed amount of lupine ancestry .
- he lost his adamantium - he regained his adamantium lol i loved and hated when marvel did that .
investor carl icahn attempted to take control of marvel , but in 199 7 , after protracted legal battles , control landed in the hands of isaac perlmutter , owner of the marvel subsidiary toy biz . with his business partner avi arad , publisher bill jemas , and editor - in - chief bob harras , perlmutter helped revitalize the comics line .
mutants , marvel comics & apos ; best known superhuman minority group , have long served as an imperfect analogue for real world minority struggles and injustices , from the concentration camps of days of future past to the segregationist society of genosha .
dipaolo , marc . war , politics and superheroes : ethics and propaganda in comics and film . mcfarland , 2011 . print .
namor , notorious mutant , attacked new york city and caused tens of thousands death and millions of displaced , along with early anti - mutant sentiment . [ 56 ]
genosha is a fictional country appearing in american comic book series published by marvel comics . it is an island nation that exists in marvel ' s main shared universe , known as
earth 616
in the marvel universe and a prominent place in the x - men chronology . the fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for south african apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone . the island is located off the southeastern african coast northwest from seychelles and northeast of madagascar . its capital city was hammer bay .
there was a wide array of causes for marvel’s woes — the collapse of a comics - as - collectible - items bubble and multiple defections by top artists , for example . but one ailment was obvious to any brand - new reader who bought a marvel comic for the first time : there was so much backstory that the stories were almost incomprehensible .
namor ' s mutant power are the wings on his ankles which appear to allow him to fly and his greater degree of strength . namor was actually the first comic book character with the power of flight , already flying in his second comic book appearance in marvel comics # 1 , while all other contemporary characters like captain marvel , superman and wonder woman only could leap great distances and didn ' t fly canonically until several months later .
claremont , chris ( w ) , dave cockrum ( p ) , and sam grainger ( i ) . “the gentleman’s name is magneto . ” classic x - men # 12 . new york : marvel comics , 1987 . 1–20 . print .
“when i got hired , i literally thought i was going to be writing one of the last — if not the last — marvel comics , ” says now - legendary comics writer brian michael bendis , who wrote the first comic of the ultimate line and will be writing the final one , too . when he wrote that first issue in 2000 , the once - venerable marvel was in chaos . “it ' s so the opposite now , that people don ' t even know . ”
in the marvel universe there are humans , mutates ( humans bestowed with powers ) , gods , aliens , homo superior superiors ( evolution ' s solution to the mutant problem ) , and mutants .
i think ol wolvie is a mutant , but one thing hade thinking forever and bugging me whenever i go to sleep . . . is spiderman a mutant or what ?
apocalypse was not happy to learn that he was not the oldest mutant after all .
jimmy jupiter , maybe an early mutant , was active in wwii . [ 114 ]
since her first appearance , destiny aka irene adler has always looked older than even aunt may ( the elderly comics version , not the hot new marvel cinematic universe marisa tomei version ) and with good reason – she was born in the early 1900s .
if they do a trade of frankencastle , i will buy it . i never buy comics but that is straight up my fucking alley .
lund , martin . “rethinking the jewish - comics connection . ” centre for theology and religious studies , lund university , 2013 . print .
in 1986 , marvel was sold to new world entertainment , which within three years sold it to macandrews and forbes , owned by revlon executive ronald perelman . perelman took the company public on the new york stock exchange and oversaw a great increase in the number of titles marvel published . as part of the process , marvel productions sold its back catalog to saban entertainment ( acquired in 2001 by disney ) , and marvel management closed the animation studio , opting to outsource .
nope . there have been a number of non - human mutants important to x - men and the marvel universe .
for a number of years , the “x - men” were so popular that most of marvel’s highest - selling titles were either “x - men” or related to “x - men” in some way ( “x - factor , ” “wolverine , ” “new mutants” / ”x - force , ” etc . ) . it got to the point when characters began to associate with “x - men” even if they had no connection at all . “spider - man” promoted itself as marvel’s most popular non - mutant . a new “namor” ongoing series launched by touting him as marvel’s first mutant . being a mutant was the thing to be for many years .
dc was the equivalent of the big hollywood studios : after the brilliance of dc’s reinvention of the superhero … in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it had run into a creative drought by the decade’s end . there was a new audience for comics now , and it wasn’t just the little kids that traditionally had read the books . the marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the french new wave… . marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization , addressing more serious themes , and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond . moreover , among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves , within the new style that marvel had pioneered , and push the creative envelope still further .
juston seyfert ' s sentinel considered that lethal force was necessary to take down brian rinehart , a mutant whose mutant power level classification was beta demonstrated powerful telekinetic powers . [ 16 ]
why are these comics brought into the film only for logan to dismiss them ? in part they serve as a convenient means for laura’s surrogate mother to learn about eden ( which does in fact exist , raising the question of who the writers of these comics are and where they’re getting their information ) , but they’re also symbolically important as another reference to mythology . superhero comics have often been called “modern mythology” or “american mythology , ” as they are where we in the contemporary world get most of our ideas about heroism . it’s not hard to see how superhero comics have inherited the role that mythology played in earlier civilizations , particularly with comics frequent adaptation of mythological figures like thor , hercules , and so on .
and what’s more , among the guest creators , the solicitation lists “a legendary comic strip artist making his marvel debut . ”
thus , the third and final evocation of mythology is in the repeated appearance of x - men comics within the movie itself . we’re shown that someone has been publishing comics based loosely on the real - life adventures of the x - men . according to logan , only about a quarter of it really happened , and what did happen didn’t happen like that . this leads logan to doubt even the existence of eden , dismissing it as wishful thinking from a desperate reader . the existence of comics featuring “real life” superheroes is straight out of the marvel comics , where official , semi - official , and unofficial publications depicting the heroics of the fantastic four , avengers , x - men , and others are occasionally referenced .
you can have felines : the beast - like cat , or mutant lions created by dr .
and the prime skrull , only known individual of the prime skrulls , who became a mutant .
since the 1960s , it has been one of the two largest american comics companies , along with dc comics . located in new york city , marvel has been successively headquartered in the mcgraw - hill building on west 42nd street ( where it originated as timely comics in 1939 ) ; in suite 1401 of the empire state building ; at 635 madison avenue ( the actual location , though the comic books’ indicia listed the parent publishing - company’s address of 625 madison ave . ) ; 575 madison avenue ; 387 park avenue south ; 10 east 40th street ; and 417 fifth avenue .
namor appeared in the marvel legends showdown figure game from toybiz and upper deck . he came packaged with a hammerhead shark toy .
although his father never officially received the classification , david’s psionic ability to absorb consciousnesses and superpowers into his own persona classifies him as an “omega - level mutant . ” although in the comics the term has not been fully defined , but has still changed in meaning over the years , typically it denotes a rare mutant of vast , vast power .
fingeroth , danny . disguised as clark kent : jews , comics , and the creation of the superhero . new york : continuum , 2007 . print .
absolutely . it’s certainly not a perfect metaphor– few are– but in this case the comics have done a pretty good job of addressing both of these concerns .
sure , occasionally marvel’s non - mutant heroes have to pacify public apprehension , but that’s the exception , not the rule . civil war ‘s superhuman registration act ( which has been quickly forgotten ) is little more than a blip in avengers’ history , whereas mutants have been fighting the mutant registration act for decades . ( for more oppressive anti - mutant legislation see prop x which sought to rob mutants of their reproductive rights . )
this article suggests that scholarship on comics and identity is vulnerable to strong confirmation bias . engaging with a few common assumptions presented in writing on x - men comics ( 1963–1970 , 1975–1991 ) and identity , it offers alternative interpretations on the series’ engagement with the cold war , civil rights , individual authenticity , persecution , and the holocaust . based on these discussions , the article then offers a few methodological suggestions that might help reduce bias in future studies of comics and identity .
of course , within the marvel universe there is an option beyond registering mutants . eradicating them . at its most extreme , that idea means death camps . just below that in terms of atrocities is the idea of a mutant cure .
hammond was apparently a mutant , having the ability to pass through solid walls and possibly other abilities .
on earth - 616 , the mutant classifications are not really used , except for the omega levels .
the term
alpha mutant
( less powerful ) can , but does not necessarily , intersect .
which x - men or mutant death struck you the hardest ? let’s mourn together in the comments .
i remember an issue where a dying mutant was detected , i think by professor x using cerebro .
xavier : the x - men will stop you , magneto ! it will be mutant against mutant—to the death , need be ! ! but mankind must be saved ! ( # 4 , 10 . )
in the sole xavier institute , the mutant students count went from 182 to 27 . [ 158 ]
i this article is an abridged and revised version of an argument that first appeared in the author’s dissertation , rethinking the jewish–comics connection . see bibliography for information .
logan – the tenth movie in the x - men franchise of films – takes its characters and storylines from a number of different sources in the original comics .
marvel in 1992 acquired fleer corporation , known primarily for its trading cards , and shortly thereafter created marvel studios , devoted to film and tv projects . avi arad became director of that division in 1993 , with production accelerating in 1998 following the success of the film blade .
millar’s initial stories for ultimate x - men may have sold like gangbusters in 2001 , but they weren’t especially groundbreaking ( other than the awful goatees that artist adam kubert gave to wolverine and cyclops ) . his greatest achievement was brewing in the background . jemas and quesada had asked him to team up with superstar artist bryan hitch for the launch of ultimate marvel’s take on marvel comics’ premier superteam , the avengers . hitch had drawn for the authority ( though his run didn’t overlap with millar’s ) , where he earned a reputation for drawing comics that looked like movies : full of photorealistic figures and enormous action sequences . the ultimate - universe avengers series would be called the ultimates , and marvel wanted it to be the imprint’s biggest series yet .
who is the most powerful x - men character in the marvel universe ? check out our ranking of the top mutants and their powers .
namor the sub - mariner is the ruler of undersea atlantis . the offspring of a sea captain and an atlantean princess , he has been both a hero and a villain to the surface world . namor is one of marvel ' s oldest published characters with his origins in the golden age of comics .
until a certain point , the soviet union euthanized mutant children . afterwards , they started having them serve the state instead . { { r | official handbook of the marvel universe a - z update # 2 | ; ursa major ' entry }
they technically are mutants . . . but the term and all of its
baggage
wasn ' t in vogue when the comic book series was begun . also in the marvel universe , being a
mutant
implies that one was born with mutant traits or abilities , rather than gaining them through an accident or by an act of design .
saul was one of the externals , a rob liefeld creation that is best consigned to mutant history books .
rachel summers was the first mutant referred to as omega - level in uncanny x - men # 208 .
) there was talk of “anti - mutant hysteria . ” just after “days , ” claremont remarked that “
belén was an emerging mutant whose powers wreaked havoc on barcelona , spain . she was targeted by bastion ' s reprogrammed
mutant sentinels ,
which neutralized her powers and intended to take her to their master .
from 1840 to 1870 , there was a small yet significant increase in the mutant population . [ 17 ]
despite an alleged normalization of the mutant - inhuman relations , resent and defiance kept on . [ 200 ]
to be fair to marvel , eye - scream’s power was supposed to be a joke . he was a nemesis of obnoxio the clown who starred in marvel’s mad magazine rip off called crazy . i’m pretty sure that if i had this power , i would eat myself to death .
running from 2000 to 2015 , the “ultimate marvel” line featured a reimagined marvel universe for the modern world . at first , it served as a way for creators to tell updated origins for classic marvel heroes and villains . later in the line’s life , however , it became a place where comic book creators could tell stories that took huge risks and do things they could never get away with in the main comic book line .
anyway , the release of the x - men : apocalypse movie revisits the whole “who’s older” question but from a “who’s the first mutant” angle . the main antagonist apocalypse , a . k . a . en sabah nur , is declared to be the world’s first mutant . that was true in the comics for quite some time , but it has since been overtaken by other developments .
tom baker is the comics editor at whatculture ! he ' s heard all the doctor who jokes , but not many about randall and hopkirk . he also blogs at urltoken
she was at the end of her cat years , and all she wanted was to be left alone to die in peace . one of the saddest comics i’ve read .
) , marvel comics’ mutants have been increasingly inscribed with allegorical otherness . they have been subject to many of the prejudices that have historically plagued marginalized minorities , including , among other things , forced and voluntary segregation , slurs , persecution , and genocidal campaigns , and , conspiracy theories about their aims as a group .
after a reading on cerebro , xavier sent hank mccoy and bobby drake to investigate about
a possible class one [ mutant ]
, who was revealed to be the gargoyle - like mutant alistair . [ 102 ]
ultimately , mutants with cgt or inhumans with kgt embedded in their genes will likely continue to exist for the foreseeable future as marvel works out its licensing issues and will return to the marvel universe in manageable numbers , likely with little consideration toward how or why their populations are what they are . what i offer here are potential reasons such disparities could exist despite the lack of awareness on the part of marvel ' s writers or editors .
ironically , scarlet witch & apos ; s attempted genocide must be a major moment in the shared history of marvel & apos ; s mutant community . it & apos ; s probably in her interests to pretend there & apos ; s no such thing .
vary , adam b . “mutant is the new gay . ” advocate 23 may 2006 : 44 - 45 .
hope summers is an omega - level mutant in the card - and - figurines game heroclix . [ 49 ]
vargas isnt a mutant he claims to be the next stage in human evolution like a naturally created captain america .
, it is a social stigma to be a mutant . that is , to have superpowers . one issue of
the mutant population have varied on earth - 616 , climbing to millions and decreasing to a few hundred individuals .
soon after that event , yet another rise in mutant birth occurred , tied to solar flares . [ 140 ]
creatively and commercially , the ’90s were dominated by the use of gimmickry to boost sales , such as variant covers , cover enhancements , regular company - wide crossovers that threw the universe’s continuity into disarray , and even special swimsuit issues . in 1996 , marvel had almost all its titles participate in the onslaught saga , a crossover that allowed marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters , such as the avengers and the fantastic four , in the heroes reborn universe , in which marvel defectors jim lee and rob liefeld were given permission to revamp the properties from scratch . after an initial sales bump , sales quickly declined below expected levels , and marvel discontinued the experiment after a one - year run ; the characters returned to the marvel universe proper . in 1998 , the company launched the imprint marvel knights , taking place within marvel continuity ; helmed by soon - to - become editor - in - chief joe quesada , and featuring tough , gritty stories showcasing such characters as the inhumans , black panther and daredevil , it achieved substantial success .
my first “mutant experience” came from the pages of x - men # 1 ( 1963 ) , when professor charles xavier gathered the original x - team of cyclops , marvel girl / jean grey , angel , iceman and beast . by default , xavier being the oldest person in the team made him the oldest / first mutant … or so i thought at the time .
this year , the big blue villain is set to steal the limelight again , with the ongoing apocalypse wars currently unfolding in marvel’s x - titles .
reintroduces the seemingly still vampiric monet st . croix to the marvel universe – who was revealed to be behind recent troubles the new team has faced .
1990s peter parker : spider - man # 1 ( aug . 1990 ; black & gold edition ) , one of many spin - offs of the amazing spider man . cover art by todd mcfarlane . marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the early decade’s comic - book boom , launching the highly successful 2099 line of comics set in the future ( spider - man 2099 etc . ) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker clive barker . yet by the middle of the decade , the industry had slumped and marvel filed for bankruptcy amidst investigations of perelman’s financial activities regarding the company .
definition of a species is any isolated group that can reproduce and create stable and viable offspring . in terms of the comics i think they consider them a different species than humans but that only shows the writers have a lack of understanding of biology . mutants have had offspring with non mutants in the comics and humans are able to produce mutant offspring therefore while the mutants have a specific gene giving them powers it ' s not enough to consider them a new species .
marvel studios and warner bros . are currently the big two producers of superhero television . if you’re watching network television , you’ll likely come across dc comics series like supergirl and the new powerless . if you prefer to stream everything you watch , you’ve almost certainly seen marvel series like daredevil and luke cage . these are good and sometimes great efforts , and more series are already on the way in their respective camps . however , something has been missing : the x - men .
this was all well and good back in the 1970s when writers were able to tackle racism , homophobia , religious persecution , etc . in coded terms , flying under the radar of the comics code authority . but it’s not the 1970s anymore and marvel can ( and should ) just go ahead and tackle those issues directly . if the creative staff at marvel isn’t sure they can handle these topics using real people and cultures properly , go ahead and find some people who can .
despite being the first mutant , she has had minimal impact on the overall marvel mythos – her major feuds involving the likes of rachel summers and firestar – aside from headlining the necrosha x - event . she is currently a member of the sisterhood of mutants and looks resigned to the fact that she will only be famous for being the undisputed first mutant , and little else .
rather than being represented as a force for good , as had previously been the norm in superhero comics , institutional authority was increasingly depicted as cracking down on the denizens of the marvel universe ( cf . costello 133–138 ) . senator kelly was already well - established , “days” presented the pentagon as “more truly representative—for good or ill—of the
here’s some context to understand the red - alert disaster the comics industry had become by the eve of the ultimate experiment . in 1993 , annual combined comics sales across all publishers had been close to a billion dollars ; in 1999 , that same number was a microscopic $ 270 million . in 1989 , batman was the most - talked - about movie in america ; by 1999 , the disastrous batman & robin had squirted a stink on the very idea of a cinematic comic - book adaptation . marvel especially was feeling the burn : it went through a humiliating chapter 11 bankruptcy in the late ' 90s , saw wave after wave of layoffs , and executive leadership was shuffled every few weeks . in 1999 , after years of comics - publishing dominance , the company lost its top spot in industry market share and watched its rival , dc comics , take the throne .
ink . joined in young x - men , his mutant tattoo artist imbued him with super - powers through symbolic tattoos . he didn ' t find out he wasn ' t a mutant until a few issues into the series .
namor , born in 1920 , [ 47 ] is considered the
first of the first mutant boom
( he is also considered sometimes as the very first mutant erroneously ) . [ 99 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ]
arguably what is at issue here is that marvel’s mutant toys do not represent actual human beings , even though they ( like the kingpin toy ) represent fictional human beings . no actual human has been or ( probably ) could be like kingpin or marvel’s mutants ( who are perhaps more properly called saltations urltoken ) even if when we tell the story of kingpin or longshot or wolverine we speak of those characters as humans .
namor is now a zombie attacking black bolt . he was later killed by the silver surfer in the initial attack of the marvel zombies against the herald .
the mutant response division ( or mrd ) was originally conceived in the wolverine and the x - men television series .
mister sinister returned in extraordinary x - men # 4 to deliver a shocking twist in the mutant / inhuman conflict .
born in 1932 , [ 113 ] james
jimmy jupiter
jankovicz was maybe an early mutant . [ 114 ]
a mutant baby boom occurred in 2001 , linked by hank mccoy to his feline form secondary mutation . [ 133 ]
steve rogers stated that blindfold was the sole remaining mutant precog among the past larger number of them . [ 43 ]
to marvel’s credit , the ultimate universe is getting a viking funeral . there has been a years - long story line in the mainstream marvel universe , written by hickman , which has climaxed in a massive crossover event called secret wars . the catalyst , seen in this month’s secret wars no . 1 , is an interdimensional apocalypse in which the ultimate universe and the mainstream marvel universe literally collide , destroying each other . at the end of the issue , a sparse page features text reading “ the marvel universe • 1961 - 2015” and “the ultimate universe • 2000 - 2015 . ” this is , however , a bit of a misdirect : marvel has already announced plans for its post– secret wars status quo , which appears mostly to be a reconstruction of mainstream marvel ( it remains to be seen how much of this new status quo will be a reboot of its own ) . the only real death here is an ultimate death .
when wanda maximoff declared “no more mutants” it sent a shockwave through marvel comics , with the x - men being the most affected . rogue resented scarlet witch , even though she was a former ally in the past . when steve rogers and havok created the unity squad , rogue is the most hesitant , having a strong distrust of wanda .
when you expand it out to the grander narrative of marvel comics of the past fifteen years , it gets really silly . as everybody knows , mutantkind was decimated in 2005 when wanda maximoff used her poorly defined mutant powers to take away all mutant powers except for a few of the most marketable ones . for the next eight or so years , the mega - arc of all of the x - books was about people desperately trying to “preserve / re - ignite the mutant race” , culminating in 2012’s avengers vs . x - men , where the x - men’s militant leader cyclops thought that rolling the dice on “the destruction of the planet earth” versus “a cosmic being might bypass planetary annihilation and instead reignite the mutant gene” is a gamble worth taking , and the avengers thought it might not be ? chaos ensued .
royal , derek parker . “jewish comics ; or , visualizing current jewish narrative . ” shofar : an interdisciplinary journal of jewish studies 29 . 2 ( 2011 ) : 1–12 . print .
) argues his anti - mutantcy from a workingman’s perspective ( np ) . mutant otherness , expressed in a variety of ways that recall real - life corollaries , had become an unmistakable part of the marvel universe’s fabric . indeed , in # 234 ( late sept . 1988 ,
in 1981 marvel purchased the depatie - freleng enterprises animation studio from famed looney tunes director friz freleng and his business partner david h . depatie . the company was renamed marvel productions and it produced well - known animated tv series and movies featuring such characters as g . i . joe , the transformers , jim henson’s muppet babies , and such tv series as dungeons & dragons , as well as cartoons based on marvel characters , including spider - man and his amazing friends .
i admit , this is a better fit , especially in terms of localized social groups and especially in terms of sinister being oscar wilde . you get the whole “coming out” process , self - loathing closeted politicians , people trying to ‘pass’ , praying the mutant away , taking medication to suppress their mutant powers , girls pretending to be mutants at frat parties to impress humans… at least some of these things have happened in comics !
there’s also longshot . who isn’t really human , mutant , or even alien . he’s a manufactured humanoid who resembles a human except for having 3 fingers . oh , and he has luck powers , but he’s not a mutant despite appearances .
namor appears in the 2006 marvel ultimate alliance game as an npc . he also appears in the game boy advance version of the title as a playable character .
ideally , a critical perspective that pays attention to history , context , and biography , and takes authorial self - representation and stated intentions seriously should be developed as scholarship on comics and identity proceeds . in an ideal world , the meaning of neither comics characters nor cultural identities should be asserted without consideration of their contingency . similarly , no critical study should reduce a writer’s or artist’s biography to only their group belongings . and no critical study should assume , for example , that simply because jews wrote comics , they surreptitiously wrote their jewishness into them or that , because there are jews in some stories , it is ethnography . nothing should take precedence over direct engagement and quotation of the comics themselves . from the shoddiest piece of golden age hackwork to the most ostensibly literary graphic novel , every work of comics speaks volumes about the identity climate in which it was created ; as scholars , we should try to set aside our preconceived notions and listen .
so in the movie , the reason for the mutant extinction has changed ( spoiler warning : genetically modified corn ) , and the identity of the new mutant who must be protected has changed , but the essence of the story is the same : drive across america , protect this little girl at all costs , because she is the last hope for the mutant species .
but there were cracks in the foundation , and they were widening . jemas was ousted in 2004 after a string of high - publicity publishing flops — some related to ultimate marvel , some tied to mainstream marvel . the second volume of the ultimates began in 2005 and was perpetually delayed due to hitch’s agonizingly slow artistic process , infuriating fans and retailers . aging sci - fi writer orson scott card wrote a reviled ultimate iron man miniseries . on top of all that , marvel was simply running out of characters to ultimize . to keep this massive reboot effort relevant , quesada needed something big to get readers excited again , so he and longtime superhero writer jeph loeb concocted a major story to shake up the ultimate line . what they created was one of the biggest creative disasters in comics history , one from which ultimate marvel never quite recovered .
the final comic to bear the atlas globe logo was dippy duck # 1 , the company’s only release with an october 1957 cover date . the first comic book labeled “marvel comics” was the science - fiction anthology amazing adventures # 3 , which showed the “mc” box on its cover . cover - dated august 1961 , it was published may 9 , 1961 .
enter bill jemas . he was a relative outsider to the comics world ( he’d gotten his law degree from harvard before spending most of his career in the collectible - trading - card industry ) who was put in charge of marvel’s editorial direction in 2000 . he hated what marvel had become : a place that was “publishing stories that were all but impossible for teens to read — and unaffordable , to boot , ” as he put it to me . but jemas had an idea , born of a suggestion he says the ceo of wizard , a comics - industry magazine , gave to him : “turn our middle - aging heroes back into teens . ” in other words , he wanted to launch a reboot .
presenting stories that , in the context of the title , were created by marvel characters ( if you remember , steve rogers was once a working comic artist ) .
claremont , chris ( w ) , et al . essential x - men vol . 1–11 . new york : marvel publishing , inc . , 1998–2013 . print .
) , about an enemy who thinks that “the only good mutant is a dead mutant , ” that his cheyenne “ancestors knew the type” ( np ) . there are also references to nazism and the holocaust scattered throughout the run ( e . g .
david haller is a mutant — as in x - men , mutant . while he appears alongside ( and against ) many of the x - men in marvel comics , the fx show will take place in an unconnected universe to the established films . “the us government is in the early days of being aware that something called mutants exists but the public is not , ” said fx president john landgraf during a press tour last year . in other words , don ' t expect to see the x - men running around . legion aims to be more of a stand - alone supernatural character drama than a superhero show .