intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity .

the most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop .

intercropping

( read more about other intercropping methods in my blog “ intercropping : why some farmers try something different ” here . [ 2 ] )
if you’d like to read more about intercropping , the university of manitoba has some research on the success of the pea - canola intercropping combination here .
mean number of insect pests per plant ± sd in castor based intercropping systems .
impact of intercropping on gross margin from castor . high quality figures are available online .
rating by farmers of different castor–based intercropping systems . high quality figures are available online .
1 . mixed intercropping : growing two or more crops simultaneously with no district row arrangement .
vandermeer j ( 1989 ) the ecology of intercropping . cambridge university press , cambridge , uk
i started reading discussions on intercropping through the combine forum , and began researching a farmer from midale saskatchewan named colin rosengren who has been intercropping in saskatchewan successfully since 2004 [ 3 ] .
— . 1979b . intercropping—its importance and research needs . part ii . agronomy and research approaches .
srinivasa rao m , dharma reddy k , singh tvk . impact of intercropping on the incidence of
mean occurrence of microplitis on achaea janata across various intercropping systems . high quality figures are available online .
row intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field with a row arrangement .
the use of intercropping systems provides an option for insect control for organic farmers that are limited in their chemical use . additionally , intercropping systems can be attractive to conventional growers as a cost - effective insect control solution .
2 . row intercropping : growing two or more crops simultaneously where one or more crops are planted in rows .
intercropping is the practice of planting crops in between row crops to maximize land use , and also to offer competition to weeds that might otherwise usurp excess water and nutrients . intercropping using a cover crop mixture of legumes and grasses can increase soil organic matter , fumigate the soil , or break weed cycles and suppress weed growth . in addition , intercropping disrupts pest presence on the farm . intercropping is a valuable practice for small - scale organic producers .
intercropping is growing two or more crops together at the same time in the same space in a beneficial manner . row intercropping is working this arrangement with at least one of the components being planted in rows . strip intercropping is a more industrialized version with rows of individual crops big enough to be harvested with machinery . mixed intercropping is more like what we imagine as a guild , in which plants are bunched together more naturally but in purposeful ways . relay intercropping is when the plants being intercropped are timed so that they are planted as the others are between flowering and harvesting .
willey , r . w . 1979a . intercropping—its importance and research needs . part i . competition and yield advantages .
impact of intercropping on castor equivalent yields and land equivalent ration ( ler ) . high quality figures are available online .
1 . rhs level 2 certificate week 19 – outdoor food production . vegetables – crop rotation , intercropping and successional cropping
intercropping is the planting of more than one crop in close proximity as part of the same farming system . the design of intercropping systems can vary dramatically depending on the purpose of the intercrop for the farming operation . intercropping produces the benefits of on - farm diversity , increased productivity , resource distribution balance , farm risk reduction , and weed and insect pest control .
awesome information on intercropping . i did’t know the push - pull cropping was created in africa . thanks for this post !
4 . relay intercropping : seeding planting two or more succeeding crops after flowering and before the harvest of the standing crop .
effects of intercropping grasses on soil organic carbon and microbial community functional diversity under chinese hickory ( carya cathayensis sarg . ) stands
effect of intercropping pattern on stem borer infestation in pearl millet ( pennisetum glaucum l . ) grown in the nigerian sudan savannah
) compared to a castor monocrop . the intercropping systems were observed with respect to land utilization ; land equivalent ratios are presented in
some farmers like sheldon okerstrom like a challenge , and with intercropping a challenge is what he gets . i had the chance to sit down with sheldon for an interview , and for the past 6 years he has been experimenting with intercropping on his and his wife joanne’s family farm in moose jaw , saskatchewan . intercropping is growing two or more crop types on one field . and while there are a few different intercropping methods farmers can use , the okerstroms practice a mixed intercropping method with peas and canola . mixed intercropping is where two or more crop types are seeded together and harvested together . the okerstroms joked , “sometimes people drive by our farm and think we either made a mistake or we just have a really rough looking crop this year , most people don’t realize we meant to do this” [ 1 ] .
intercropping is the practice of growing different crops in the same field . there are many spatial combinations possible for intercropping , including mixed intercropping , in which different crops are planted in the same row or without regard to row , and row intercropping , which involves planting different crops in alternating rows . crop rotation involves planting different crops on the same plot during different times of the year , and can include some of the benefits of intercropping , such as reducing insect pest populations , increasing beneficial insects , and weed suppression . in addition , non - crop plants such as weeds , cover crops , and habitat plantings can be combined in space and time to influence numbers of pest and beneficial arthropods on the main crop .
songa jm , jiang n , schulthess f , omwega c . the role of intercropping different cereal species in controlling lepidopteran stemborers on maize in kenya .
risch , s . j . ( 1983 ) intercropping as cultural pest control . prospects and limitations . environmental management , 7 , 9 - 14 . urltoken
were also fluctuated significantly and varied across different intercropping systems during the crop period . significant reduction of incidence of these pests was not observed over monocrop of castor (
* uses and limitations of multivariate analyses in analysis of intercropping experiments * ( federer , w . t . ; murty , b . r . ) 20 pages
thevathesan nv , gordon am ( 2004 ) ecology of tree intercropping systems in the north temperate region : experiences from southern ontario , canada . agrofor syst 61 : 257–268
subba reddy g , maruthi v , vanaja m , sree rekha m . influence of soil depth on productivity of rainfed castor and clusterbean in sole and intercropping systems .
intercropping systems for insect pest control includes the planting of a crop that has a repellent effect , an attractant effect , or a combination of the two , on a targeted insect in close proximity to a crop that has the potential to be attacked by the insect . here’s an overview of the three mechanisms of intercropping for insect pest control :
was uni— modal , with peak infestation noticed only once when it coincided with the formation of primaries and the incidence varied across the intercropping systems . the intercropping systems castor + cluster bean , castor + cowpea , castor + groundnut , and castor + pigeon pea recorded significantly lower population levels ( 0 . 58 to 0 . 89 per plant ) (
this is much the same as building a guild , though row , strip , and relay intercropping are often also used for large quantity grain , vegetables and legume crops , which don’t necessarily conveniently fit into a food forest . for those interested in introducing or reimagining intercropping within their own gardens , here are some things to consider as you get started .
risch , s . j . 1980 . the population dynamics of several herbivorous beetles in a tropical agroecosystem : the effect of intercropping corn , beans and squash in costa rica .
note : intercropping and crop rotation are not the same thing , as intercropping requires that different types of plants are grown in the same space at the same time while crop rotation is the concept of growing different types of plants in the same space at different times . in crop rotation , the plants don’t necessarily need to be good companions in the same way .
risch , s . j . ( 1983 ) intercropping as cultural pest control . prospects and limitations . environmental management , 7 , 9 - 14 . - references - scientific research publishing
intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field . it also means the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development . the rationale behind intercropping is that the different crops planted are unlikely to share the same insect pests and diseased - causing pathogens and to conserve the soil .
3 . strip intercropping : growing soil conserving and soil depleting crops in alternate strips running perpendicular to the slope of the land or to the direction of prevailing winds for the purpose of reducing errosion .
cocoons at the posterior end of larvae and adult emergence were recorded and noted as indicators of parasitism . the percent parasitism varied across intercropping systems between 5–11 % . a higher level of parasitoid attacks on
intercropping is defined simply as growing two or more crop types on one field . the practice of intercropping has actually been around since farming began . modernization of farming equipment has changed our farming practices into what they are today , which is largely mono - cropping . mono - cropping is planting only one crop on a field that was adapted with the intention of maximizing the amount of seeds you could plant on one field and in a shorter period of time . looking back on it today , it seems our ancestors were on to something , as there still a lot of value held in the practice of intercropping .
gemelle brion is a masters student in the uvm food systems graduate program . she is studying intercropping systems with a focus on insect pest control in uvm’s insect agroecology lab under the guidance of professor yolanda chen .
population was observed in castor + green gram , castor + black gram , and castor monocrop ( 1 . 12 to 1 . 29 per plant ) . the significant effect of these intercropping systems on the population of
while you won’t reach a 40 bushel crop of canola with intercropping due to competition , it’s like getting a free crop because we utilize more of the seed bed . you have to give something up to get something .
in order to have an appropriate discussion , however , we’ll need to define and separate a few ideas so that all readers are on the same page . for those of us who’ve studied permaculture , the point of intercropping will be fairly obvious , if not completely familiar and / or recognized under a different name . nevertheless , we will ultimately examine why we might want to try it , as well as some of the more commonplace considerations for intercropping .
ha smith , and r mcsorley , intercropping and pest management : a review of major concepts : american entomologist [ am . entomol . ] . vol . 46 , no . 3 , pp . 154 - 161 . 2000 .
) . the activity of coccinellids was recorded within a month after sowing and continued through the entire crop growth , and during the later lower levels of coccinellid populations . the peak activity of coccinellids was recorded during the formation of primaries in all intercropping systems . the coccinellid population varied significantly across intercropping systems throughout the crop growth period . systems like castor + cluster bean , castor + cowpea , castor + black gram , castor + green gram , and castor + groundnut had significantly higher populations of coccinellids than the other intercropping systems , that was reflected in mean number ( 0 . 38 to 0 . 48 per plant ) compared to the castor monocrop ( 0 . 13 per plant ) (
< 0 . 01 ) . the fluctuation of the spider population was significant among intercropping systems , and the spider activity was significantly higher in castor + cluster bean ( 0 . 41 per plant ) . the presence of parasitoids such as
host range and host - finding are two aspects of insect behavior that determine how an insect will react to a given crop mixture . the “resource concentration” hypothesis of intercropping and pest management states that it is easier for an herbivore to become abundant when the resources it needs to live and reproduce are concentrated in a monoculture than when these resources are diluted with non - host plants . this explanation for how intercropping can reduce pest densities implicates pests with a narrower rather than a broader host range .
beyond not using the same family , there are some other considerations . with mixed intercropping , it’s imperative to consider root structures , such that plants don’t crowd each other out beneath the surface , as well as above groundsizes , which could interfere with the specific sun requirements of other plants . or , considering strip intercropping , it would be very important to practice sound crop rotation within the rows in order to avoid dormant pests and diseases in the next crop , as well as—again—specific nutrient depletion in soil .
patt , j . m . , g . c . hamilton , and j . h . lashomb . 1997 . impact of strip - insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the colorado potato beetle . advances in horticultural science 11 : 175–181 .
. . . in france , sweden , and canada , the weeds in oilseed rape are tackled by intercropping frost - sensitive legume as living mulch ( bergkvist , 2003 ; thériault et al . , 2009 ; cadoux et al . , 2015 ; lorin et al . , 2015 ) . the advantage of intercropping annual legumes with cabbage and cauliflower in turkey ( guvenc , 2005 , 2006 ) and broccoli in the usa ( coolman and hoyt , 1993 ) over sole crops , were demonstrated in vegetable production . in india , intercropping mustard and annual legumes for oil and food , increases yield stability , nutrient availability , and water use efficiency and provides monetary advantage over sole crops ( banik et al . , 2000 ; singh et al . , 2010 ; devi et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
these are the basic four methods commonly employed . sometimes they involve annual grains and vegetables , such as the mixed intercropping classic of corn , beans and squash . sometimes there are perennial species with annual crops grown amongst them , say perennial garlic and basil with annual tomatoes . perennials also work well with other perennials . in parts of the tropics , bananas , papayas , coffee , vanilla and cacao make a crackerjack intercropping team . sometimes these work in organized rows , other times in other patterns , but the main thought is to make thoughtful combinations .
however , what it isn’t—at least not if done well—is a careless congregation of different plants . some things just don’t belong together . for example , tomatoes , eggplants and potatoes are all from the nightshade family , so they don’t work well for intercropping . for one , they use similar nutrients . as well , they attract similar pests and are susceptible to similar diseases . intercropping with things from the same family is asking for nutrient depletion while promoting troublesome insects and illnesses through a lesser version of , though not far off from , mono - cropping .
advantages : 1 . intercropping gives higher income per unit area than sole cropping . 2 . it acts as an insurance against failure of crop in abnormal year . 3 . intercrops maintain soil fertility as the nutrient uptake is made from both layers . 4 . reduce soil runoff . limitations : intercropping system is uneconomical and undesirable during rabi . crops to be considered for intercropping . a ) kharif crops : 1 . medium black soils : a ) pearl millet + red gram 2 : 1 b ) pearl millet + horse gram / kidney bean / cow pea inter row of pearl millet . 3 . soils up to 20 cm depth a ) pearl millet + red gram ( 30 - 60 - 30 cm ) b ) rabi crops : safflower + gram ( 2 : 1 ) d ) fodder for milch animals : sorghum bajara + cowpea or horse gram or kidney bean .
. . . these similarities may result from the use of polyculture systems or intercropping in the sampled agricultural land plots . intercropping to some extent resembles forested systems where species , through complementary traits , have a complementary resource use , leading to an overall higher productivity ( coolman and hoyt 1993 , denevan et al . 1995 ) . for example , polyculture systems may combine perennial species with less acquisitive traits ( pineapple or cassava ) and seasonal and fast - growing species with more acquisitive traits ( rice , maize , and peanuts ; e . g . , ewel 1999 ) . . . .
. . . these similarities may result from the use of polyculture systems or intercropping in the sampled agricultural land plots . intercropping to some extent resembles forested systems where species , through complementary traits , have a complementary resource use , leading to an overall higher productivity ( coolman and hoyt 1993 , denevan et al . 1995 ) . for example , polyculture systems may combine perennial species with less acquisitive traits ( pineapple or cassava ) and seasonal and fast - growing species with more acquisitive traits ( rice , maize , and peanuts ; e . g . , ewel 1999 ) . . . .
smith , h . a . , r . mcsorley , and j . a . sierra izaguirre . 2001 . the effect of intercropping common bean with poor hosts and nonhosts on numbers of immature whiteflies ( homoptera : aleyrodidae ) in the salamá valley , guatemala . environmental entomology 30 : 89–100 .
. . . the need for healthy vegetables and fruits and the increasing demand helped flourish this type of agrarian system . recent studies showed that intercropping celery with different vegetables plants and nonvegetables , besides decreasing pest attacks , increases the nutrient uptake of the vegetables in this system by forcing them to maximize their biological fixing capabilities ( coolman and hoyt , 1993 ) . consumed worldwide celery is found in many family vegetable gardens due to its taste and flavor , for the important role that this specie has in the relationship between compoments of intercropping systems ( bavec et al , 2010 ) . . . .
ler : it is observed that under the rainfall situation deviating from 2090 to 50 percent , the intercropping system of bajara + red gram is more stable as cowpea to the pure crops tried . on an average , the land equivalent ratio ( ler ) comes to 77 percent compared to pure crop .
. . . these similaries may result from the use of mulple cropping systems or intercropping ( growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field ) in the sampled agricultural land plots . intercropping to some extent resembles nat - ural systems where resource use is comple - mentary rather than compeve ( coolman and hoyt 1993 , denevan et al . 1995 ) . for example , solar radiaon can be more fully used by differenaon in maximum photo - synthesis rate , different pathways of carbon fixaon or by manipulang leaf area and leaf density through combining maximum adult stature , shade tolerance of leaf angle ( ewel 1986 ) . . . .
. . . finally , the cc and cp can be cultivated by relay intercropping . this method involves the sowing of the cp under a well - established cc canopy before maturity ( coolman and hoyt , 1993 ) . the cp emerges within the cc , and grows slowly due to its limited access to light . . . .
depending of the crops intercropped , competition for water , light and nutrients may result in lower yields . one limitation with intercropping is that it is not often compatible in farming systems where there is a high degree of mechanization or when the component crops have different requirements for inputs . intercropping often calls for careful timing of field operations , and it may necessitate special interventions to keep competition between the intercropped species in balance . a crop mix that works well in one year may fail the next if weather favors one crop over another . a mixture of crops with different growth forms or timing of development may make cultivation and use of inputs more difficult and less effective .
1 . intercropping gives additional yield income / unit area than sole cropping . 2 . it acts as an insurance against failure of crops in abnormal year . 3 . inter - crops maintain the soil fertility as the nutrient uptake is made from both layers of soil . 4 . reduction in soil runoff and controls weeds . 5 . intercrops provide shade and support to the other crop . 6 . inter cropping system utilizes resources efficiently and their productivity is increased ( reddy and redid , 1992 ) . 7 . intercropping with cash crops is higher profitable . 8 . it helps to avoid inter - crop competition and thus a higher number of crop plants are grown per unit area .
7 . intercropping and other intensive cropping approaches < ul > < li > intercropping – growing rows or plants of a quickly maturing vegetable between those of a slow growing one . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > catch cropping – growing a quickly maturing crop on soil left vacant by a harvested crop or set aside to be planted later . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > mixed cropping – growing several vegetables together that benefit each other and are harvested at the same time ( e . g . ’the three sisters’ : sweet corn , beans and squash ) . < / li > < / ul >
i’m interested in farming practices that use the ecology of the farm to correct resource and pest imbalances . intercropping is a prime example of such a practice . practices that rely on on - farm ecology can reduce pesticide use , allow farmers to better understand the interplay of organisms on their farm , and are often more cost effective to the farmer .
< 0 . 05 ) altered capsule damage , and were less with cluster bean ( 9 . 89 % ) , black gram , green gram , cowpea , and groundnut ( 10 . 35 to 13 . 38 % ) , and were significantly superior over the rest of the intercropping systems and castor monocrop ( 20 . 84 % ) . the population of
get into permaculture and within no time an entire field of jargon is sprouting up around you , and while it can be exciting to have all these new ideas to ponder and play with , it can also be a bit intimidating…bewildering…intense . well , at some point or another we’ve all felt that way , but even so , it’s time to talk about one of those mysterious terms : intercropping .
focus group discussions were held with farmers before commencement of the on—farm experiments . the discussions revealed a number of important pieces of information : farmers were routinely practicing castor monocropping ; few farmers were aware of the advantages of intercropping in terms of lowering of pest infestation ; adoption of chemical insecticides was the common solution for controlling insect pests ; and although some farmers were aware of the various components of ipm , implementation was not significant .
9 . crop rotation – benefits and limitations inflexible – intercropping , catch cropping or mixed cropping do not fit well planning the rotation also enables planning succession personal taste is vital on a small scale – the grower might like brassicas but not carrots . one crop can benefit the next in the rotation – nitrogen fixing legumes ; potatoes suppress weeds most pests and diseases are mobile or have long persistence minimises plant problems – pests , diseases and deficiencies limitations benefits
associational resistance refers to the reduced herbivore attack that a plant experiences when they are associated with taxonomically different plants ( kaitaniemi et al . 2007 ) , and it may be true for the intercropping systems . associational resistance is due to either resource concentration , the natural enemy hypothesis , or both . favorable intercrops like cowpea and cluster bean recorded higher populations of predators and facilitated in—situ culturing of them . the castor + sorghum intercropping system had lower pest populations . although it is not a legume , sorghum as an intercrop reduced the pest incidence in castor . because of its faster growth and canopy formation , the sorghum crop suppressed growth of the castor plants and made them small and lean . plants suppressed in this way may become less attractive to a pest or provide a less suitable food source ; alternatively , the smaller suppressed plants may constitute a less efficient crop for passively dispersing pests ( trenbath 1993 ) .
crop combining can be a stand - alone approach to pest management , or it can be combined with other pest management strategies , including chemical and biological control and the use of resistant plant varieties . the successful use of intercropping to manage pests depends on a thorough understanding of how distinct crop characteristics and combinations will influence the behavior of pest and beneficial arthropods . in addition , the challenges of combining crops in a manner that minimizes competition and assures acceptable yields must be addressed .
repellant intercrops : an intercrop that has a repellent effect can also be used for insect pest control . this often requires more rows of the intercrop to be planted than in a trap crop system . in this system , the repellent intercrop masks the production crop from the insect pest , deterring the insect from its host crop . whether the repellency is due to chemicals emitted by the plant or due to the physical structure of the intercrop is unknown . an example of repellant intercrops can be seen in a recent study that showed that intercropping leeks with beans ( host plant ) had a repellent effect on the bean fly .
. . . these results are also in agreement with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis ( bongers et al . 2009 ) , which states that at an intermediate level of disturbance species richness and hence , functional diversity , is higher , because of the coexistence of early - successional acquisitive species with late - successional conservative ones ( see also lasky et al . 2014 ) . the large trait variation in agricultural land can be attributed to intercropping systems ( coolman and hoyt 1993 ) . slash - and - burn management techniques can maintain a number of species and functional diversity ( altieri 2004 , chazdon et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . these results are also in agreement with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis ( bongers et al . 2009 ) , which states that at an intermediate level of disturbance species richness and hence , funconal diversity , is higher , because of the coexistence of early successional acquisive species with late - successional conservave ones . the large trait variaon in agricultural land can be abributed to the intercropping systems , in which more than one species of crop are culvated with different strategies of resource acquision ( coolman and hoyt 1993 ) . slash - and - burn techniques thus main - tain species and funconal diversity ( aleri 2004 ) . . . .
push - pull cropping : a combination of repellent and attractant crops can be used in an intercropping system for insect pest control . this type of system was developed in africa and is called a push - pull system . the attractant crop draws the insect in ( acts as the “pull” ) and the repellent crop deters the insect ( acts as the “push” ) . the push - pull system that was developed in africa protects corn from stem boring moth larvae by planting a grass that is more attractive to the moths , napier grass , as a border and planting a repellent crop , desmodium ( a legume ) , in between the rows of corn .
similar focus group discussions were held again at the end of the project with the same set of farmers as before . farmers were asked to rate each intercropping system on a scale of 1 to 10 with respect to three parameters , pest incidence , yield , and cost of cultivation . farmers expressed that the diverse crop systems in fact experienced lower pest infestation than the monocultures . the obtained average indicated that the castor + cluster bean system fared better with a score of 2 . 1 ± 0 . 72 for pest incidence , 7 . 3 ± 0 . 86 for yield , and 6 . 05 ± 1 . 69 for cost and was considered superior to all other systems (
11 . learning outcomes < ul > < li > 1 . cultivation techniques ( 2 ) < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1 . 1 describe the methods used to advance and extend the productive season of outdoor food crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1 . 2 identify a range of propagation methods used in the production of a range of outdoor food crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . crop rotation etc < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 1 state the benefits and limitations of using crop rotation . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 2 describe how crop rotation can be used in the vegetable garden . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 3 describe two methods by which successional cropping can be achieved in the production of a range of vegetable crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 4 define the term : ‘intercropping’ . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 5 explain how intercropping can be used to maximise production . < / li > < / ul >
2 . learning outcomes < ul > < li > a . identify three active revision techniques < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1 . cultivation techniques ( 2 ) < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1 . 1 describe the methods used to advance and extend the productive season of outdoor food crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1 . 2 identify a range of propagation methods used in the production of a range of outdoor food crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . crop rotation etc < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 1 state the benefits and limitations of using crop rotation . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 2 describe how crop rotation can be used in the vegetable garden . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 3 describe two methods by which successional cropping can be achieved in the production of a range of vegetable crops . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 4 define the term : ‘intercropping’ . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 5 explain how intercropping can be used to maximise production . < / li > < / ul >
the rationale for the selection of intercrops to quantify the impact of intercrops on pest incidence is as follows . black gram and green gram are short—duration legumes grown by farmers . cowpea is a short—duration pulse crop also considered as an eco—feast crop , which attracts aphids , thus increasing occurrence of coccinellids ( surulivelu 2004 ) and encouraging multiplication of coccinellids and other predators . pigeon pea is a long— duration crop grown by farmers along with castor . cluster bean is considered a relatively insect pest—free crop and was found to record higher ler ( land equivalent ratio ) values when intercropped with castor ( subba reddy et al . 2004 ) . groundnut and sunflower are grown as intercrops in pigeon pea and castor by some farmers . sorghum is the major food cereal crop grown in dryland conditions . intercropping systems that have been found to be effective along with some other systems , both popular and / or suggested by the farmers were included .
living mulches are minor crops that are planted within a major crop and can be considered as a type of intercropping . living mulches may be planted on adjacent rows of the main crop , within the same row as the main crop and within close proximity of the main crop . non crop plants are typically used as living mulches in vegetable systems including buckwheat and white clover , trifolium repens l . some benefits of using living mulches include reduced pest populations , increased densities of beneficial insects , and improvement in soil texture and structure because of the organic matter added to the soil ( frank and liburd 2005 , nyoike and liburd 2010 ) . nyoike and liburd ( 2010 ) reported higher populations of beneficial insects when buckwheat was intercropped with squash as opposed to using uv - reflective mulch in squash plantings . similarly , frank and liburd ( 2005 ) found lower pest pressure and higher beneficial insect populations in treatments containing buckwheat and squash compared with other conventional systems of growing squash in the absence of a living mulch ( fig . 6 ) .
trap cropping : a system that uses an attractant crop planted close to the production crop is called trap cropping . the plant that is used as an intercrop ( trap crop ) is more attractive than the production crop to the insect , so the insect is drawn to the trap crop . in conventional systems , insecticides can be applied to the trap crop alone , reducing the need for pesticide use on all acres . in organic systems , an organic materials review institute ( omri ) approved insecticide could be used on the trap crop , or a mechanical means of insect control can be used , such as using a tractor - mounted vacuum over the trap crop . a good example of a successful trap cropping system that uses field vacuums is found in the control of lygus bugs on strawberries in california .
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natural forests are multilayer structures built over many years , with tall - and medium - size trees , shrubs , climbing vines and leafy undergrowth . in a natural forest , plants share water and sunlight and provide shade and soil protection .
the multilayer structure of the natural forest can be imitated in the home garden . such a home garden requires careful planning and time , but once established , it provides many benefits .
a multilayer cropping system mixes fast - growing plants with slow - growing plants , and early - maturing plants with late - maturing plants , using the basic multiple cropping principle described in home garden technology leaflet 12 ,
multiple cropping
. figures 1 and 2 provide some ideas for designing parts of a home garden using a system of mixed planting .
table 1 provides examples of trees and other crops that can make up the different layers in a home garden . if the suggested crops are not suitable for a given area , the local agricultural extension worker can advise home garden managers on the crops best suited to that area .
a multilayer plant community is a perfect and cheap support system . yam or runner bean or certain varieties of cowpea can be grown together with maize or sorghum . in this scenario , the cereal stalks provide support to the climbing plants . trees can be planted in the home garden to provide natural trellises .
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mixed or multiple cropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field without a row arrangement .
relay cropping is the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development .
strip cropping is the cultivation of different crops in alternate strips of uniform width and on the same field . it has two types ; contour strip cropping and field strip cropping . contour strip cropping follows a layout of a definite rotational sequence and the tillage is held closely to the exact contour of the field . field strip cropping has strips with uniform width that follows across the general slope of the land .
reduces the insect / mite pest populations because of the diversity of the crops grown . when other crops are present in the field , the insect / mite pests are confused and they need more time to look for their favorite plants .
reduces the plant diseases . the distance between plants of the same species is increased because other crops ( belonging to a different family group ) are planted in between .
minimizes labor cost on the control of weeds . a mixture of various crops gives often a better coverage of the soil leaving less space for the development of weeds .
results in potential increase for total production and farm profitability than when the same crops are grown separately .
provides 2 or more different food crops for the farm family in one cropping season .
mettot , b . the inter planting of vegetables . back home woods magazine . urltoken
boller , e . ; hani , f . ; poehling . editors . ( 2004 ) : ecological infrastructures . : ideabook on functional biodiversity at the farm level . iobc , oilb , mattenbach ag . winterthur , switzerland .
daxl , r . ; von kayserlingk , n . ; klien - koch , c . ; link , r . ; waibel , h . ( 1994 ) : integrated pest management : guidelines . deutsche gesellschaft fur technische zusammenarbeit . eschborn ,
icipe . ( 2003 ) : 2000 - 2003 icipe scientific report . international center for insect physiology and entomology , nairobi , kenya .
in essence , these are all forms of companion planting , in which one plant provides some useful component for another . the technique can be small in scale , something seen in a home garden , but strip cropping is also becoming more common for progressive industrial models .
there are many reasons for why we would want to intercrop . it can help suppress weeds , especially if we time - sequence our planting such that a cultivated choice is always occupying the space . it can help us combat pests and diseases , especially those which are soil - borne and can transfer from one year to the next . it improves the soil structure , alternating root types and adding different forms of organic matter to the surface , all of which helps to create rich , crumbly earth . it also keeps fertility levels balanced by using different plants with different needs , as well as some with valuable soil inputs , such as with the ever - popular nitrogen - fixing legumes .
we intercrop because to do differently—seemingly so—is completely counterintuitive to what serious and sustainable food cultivators would want to do . the modern - day monoculture standard is one completely reliant on petroleum , agrochemicals , endless water supplies , and land expansion . it leaves a wasteland in its wake .
consider how the group of plants might affect each other’s sunlight . shade isn’t always a bad thing , but it might be for the wrong plant .
time - sequencing can be very useful , and combining plants with different growth rates means they won’t be interfering with the other at the most crucial points of development .
legumes , accumulators , and green manures are great plants to include as they help to continually revitalize soils .
include species , such as culinary herbs , that help repel insects . some plants , like onions and carrots , have very specific companions for this .
a complementary sharing of plant resources , such as nitrogen from n fixing plants .
where two or more crop types are mixed together , seeded together , and harvested together .
sometimes termed “fast crop / slow crop” , relay cropping is planting a second crop type into an existing standing crop once it’s reached the reproductive stage .
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first , we had to make sure we have enough tanks for two different seeds and our fertilizer inputs . we would prefer to have four tanks but we make it work with three . next , you have to make sure you have an opener that can triple shoot and place the dual crop and fertilizer . when it comes time to harvest , we harvest the peas and canola together and then separate it in a rotary screen . then , ideally we store the canola and peas separately due to the difference in moisture content between the two ( peas are 15 - 16 % moisture while canola is about 10 % ) to prevent any spoilage . the crop can then be stored in bags or in bins .
fertilizer rates – how much fertilizer do we apply to feed both crops , especially predicting how much to offset the n application due to the peas supplying the canola with n . i usually start with 30lbs of n and then let the peas nodulate and supply the remaining n the canola needs .
finding chemicals compatible with multiple crops can be difficult . there are plenty of chemicals for just peas or canola on their own , but far less when you need to apply an application to both . this can make a weed resistance issue a lot more complicated and can cause you to be forced to use a chemical that may be registered for one of your intercrops , but not the other .
peas feed the canola with nitrogen , while canola gives the peas legs to stand rather than lying flat on the ground . saves money on inputs and no lifters needed to pick the crop up .
when conditions are right and all the factors properly align , these can be some our best paying crops on the farm .
growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land ( field ) . there is a crop intensification in both time and space dimensions . there is intercrop competition during all or part of crop growth .
in rained areas of maharashtra : 1 . sorghum / pearl millet / cotton + red gram / black gram or kidney bean or cowpea or groundnut . 2 . groundnut + sunflower . cotton + soybean , cotton + black gram safflower + gram
selection of intercrop is one the basis of duration of crop and growth rethyms . the short duration crop gets harvested and long duration crop gets the benefits of september showers and produces more yields . e . g . pearl millet + red grams .
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to grow more than one crop in the same field , especially in alternating rows or sections .
a method of growing quick - maturing vegetables between widely spaced , longer - term crops to make efficient use of the growing area .
and plant spacing were recorded in onion field plots as a management tool against t .
are efficient use of labour and food security as it provides insurance against crop failure or against unstable market prices for a given commodity , especially in areas subject to extreme weather conditions such as drought and flood .
system on soil biology and nutrient profile in plastic tunnel to overcome continuous monocropping obstacles .
cover crops under chinese hickory stands may significantly increase soc stock and labile organic c concentrations , and improve microbial community functional diversity .
may provide resources such as food , alternative prey and hosts , and shelter for the natural enemies .
to protect soil condition , by training farmers in water management techniques , and by helping farmers generate income from coffee - farming byproducts - - such as mushrooms cultivated from coffee pulp .
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we are grateful to the faculty of renewable natural resources , kwame nkrumah university of science and technology , ghana , for research support . we would like to acknowledge field and laboratory assistance by a . owusu , e . dawoe , e . adjei and y . teng and constructive comments by two anonymous journal reviewers . financial support for this study was provided by the natural science and engineering research council of canada .


epic records is an american record label owned by sony music entertainment , a subsidiary of sony corporation of america , inc. .

epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 .

it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , r&b , rock and hip hop .

the label has released albums by popular acts such as michael jackson , cheap trick , shakira , travis scott , celine dion , abba , anastacia , george michael , boston , dave clark five , gloria estefan , pearl jam , rage against the machine and sly & the family stone .

along with columbia and rca records , epic is one of sony music entertainment 's three main record labels .

artists signed to epic as of 2017 include fiona apple , sara bareilles , mariah carey , keyshia cole , future , fifth harmony , jennifer hudson , zara larsson , jennifer lopez , outkast , ozzy osbourne , judas priest , busta rhymes , rick ross , sade , 21 savage , travis scott , dj khaled , meghan trainor , camila cabello and louis tomlinson .

epic records

epic records , janelle monae , l . a . reid , sylvia rhone , wondaland records
epic records chief l . a . reid to exit sony music ( exclusive )
epic records 666 fifth ave . p . o . box 4455 new york , ny 10101 - 4455 epic records 1801 century park west los angeles , ca 90067
episode 10 - epic ( clothes horse records ) by third . verse . cfcr
recorded mostly for epic . when epic dropped classical music , the roster and catalogue was moved to
avril lavigne shifts to epic records , reunites with l . a . reid
for the label or releases with the epic logo please use epic this page is for a record company . it should only be used when the company is mentioned exactly as epic records .
look at this new @ epic _ records recording artist . . . and me . urltoken
rca / jive label group is comprised of rca music group ( j records , arista records , rca records , polo grounds , and battery records ) and jive label group ( jive records , laface records , volcano entertainment , battery records and verity gospel music group ) .
under which it operated as an imprint . in july 2011 , as part of further corporate restructuring , epic was split from the columbia / epic group as epic took in multiple artists from jive records .
bobby shmurda blasts epic records , lupe fiascos lost in the atlantic ocean , major vs . independent
dj khaled praises former epic records ceo , l . a . reid , amid sexual harassment allegations
once the transaction is completed , sony music entertainment will include arista records , columbia records , epic records , j records , jive records , rca records and zomba . key recording artists will include celine dion , alicia keys , yo - yo ma , bruce springsteen , justin timberlake , usher and jay chou .
epic record is my one of the favourite records they give us a deep knowledge on different topics .
outkast , ciara headed for l . a . reid ' s epic records , sources say
550 music , bad boy entertainment , cleveland international records , crossroads ( 3 ) , daylight , epic associated , epic dance , epic encore series , epic hall of fame , epic international series , epic jazz series , epic music video , epic soundtrax , epic stereorama , epic street , epidrome , everything you always wanted to hear by . . . but were afraid to ask for , flavor unit records , freebandz entertainment , grand theft auto vice city o . s . t . , greatest original hits – 4 track e . p . , hot international , imagine records ( 2 ) , immortal records ( 3 ) , ivory tower int ' l . records inc . , jazz on epic , mjj music , nemperor records , nu disk , park lane records ltd . , pearl jam 2000 official bootlegs , pearl jam 2003 official bootlegs , roadhouse records ( 3 ) , so so def , solid gold ( 7 ) , strange days presents : electric light orchestra paper sleeve collection , super hits 2 series , sweet city records , vigencia , vooruitblic / vooruitblik , work
dj khaled praises former epic records ceo , l . a . reid , amid sexual harassment allegations - urltoken
1954 saw columbia end its distribution arrangement with sparton records and form columbia records of canada .
additionally , it marks her formal epic records debut , announcing her arrival as the label’s latest powerhouse new voice .
epic records is a perfect sample of how a logo turns up to be a clear distinctive of its brand .
during the 1960s , epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary cbs labels including okeh records and date records . in 1968 , epic recordings began being distributed in the uk by cbs after the distribution deal with emi expired that year ; [ 7 ] epic itself launched in england around 1971 . [ 8 ]
epic records represents in a perfect way the unity of a modern logo with a traditional one , making it everlasting .
anastacia - one day in your life ( swiftness 01 . 25 version edit . ) by epic records inc . ltd .
episode 10 - epic ( clothes horse records ) by third . verse . cfcr | third verse cfcr | free listening on soundcloud
rca records was restructured in 2011 and took in artists from arista and j records and multiple artists from jive records , as those labels closed down . [ 15 ]
subsequently , epic became better known for its signing of newer , fledgling acts . by the end of the 1960s , epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit - making force in
the key to success of epic records is the stength of its color range , that breaks the space turning it into main protagonist .
sylvia rhone has been appointed president of epic records . the appointment comes a year after rhone launched vested in culture ( vic ) , her joint venture with epic . vic will remain an imprint of the label .
during the 1980s , epic was arguably the most successful label of the decade .
jennifer lopez has returned to epic records , billboard has confirmed , signing a new long - term contract with the sony music - owned label and reuniting with longtime mentor , epic chairman and ceo l . a . reid
epic records also currently claims the no . 1 album in the country with dj khaled’s full - length “grateful , ” released june 30 .
apart from being a separate record label under the rca label group , they’re now also managing epic records . ( source : music week )
( november 10 , 2017 – los angeles , ca ) – today , jidenna releases his brand new boomerang ep [ wondaland records / epic records ] at all digital retailers . get it here .
epic records head of promotion todd glassman has been let go from the sony music label , multiple sources confirm to variety . he had recently seen a string of radio hits , with epic artists holding five spots on the top 40 chart , chief among them : dj khaled’s justin bieber - assisted “i’m the one . ” epic records also currently claims [ … ]
formerly known as bmg label group it’s owned by sme . it’s a holding company also responsible for distribution of sony labels rca records and epic records . ( source : wikipedia 4 , 5 and 6 )
call it fifth and final : one direction ’s louis tomlinson has landed at epic records , joining a roster that includes dj khaled , fifth harmony , and french montana . the singer’s deal comes via simon cowell ’s syco records , which , like epic , falls under the sony music umbrella .
in 2004 , sony merged with music distributor , bmg , bringing arista records , columbia records , epic records , j records , jive records , rca records and zomba group of companies to one parent company , sony bmg . [ 10 ] in 2008 , sony bought out bmg for $ 1 . 2 billion , bringing all affiliated labels together as sony music entertainment international , smei . the merger was approved by the european union in 2009 . [ 11 ]
so far so good . but let me finish that sentence : the band was signed up by phonogenic records which is a joint venture with sony music and is currently under rca label group ( which is not to be mixed up with rca records ) formerly known as bmg , also managing record label epic records , distributing in the uk under epic label group .
rca victor label group : the rca victor label group consisted of the rca victor , windham hill records and bluebird records labels .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
the entire interview is a great listen . check it out here . representatives for drake , 21 savage , and epic records were not immediately available for comment .
right now , busta is putting the finishing touches on his forthcoming ninth and first album for the conglomerate ent . / epic records , album title announcement coming soon .
epic records is an american record label , owned by sony music entertainment . though it was originally conceived as a jazz imprint , it has since expanded to represent various
benson records was founded by bob benson & john t . benson , beginning as the john t . benson music publishing company in 1902 . the record label started out as heart warming records and would come to house labels such as impact records , greentree records , riversong , starsong and
after nearly a decade at universal ' s interscope , hitmaker timbaland has jumped ship to sony , entering into a joint venture with epic records for his mosley music group .
epic records is an american record label , owned by sony music entertainment . though it was originally conceived as a jazz imprint , it has since expanded to represent various genres .
epic records is an american record label , owned by sony music entertainment . though it was originally conceived as a jazz imprint , it has since expanded to represent various genres .
call it fifth and final : one direction’s louis tomlinson has landed at epic records , joining a roster that includes dj khaled , fifth harmony , and french montana . the singer’s deal comes via simon cowell’s syco records , which , like epic , falls under the sony music umbrella . fellow 1d members harry styles and zayn malik are also signed [ … ]
@ thirdversecfcr : also curious about the dj epic tapes that came out before 8 : 30 . i saw reference to something called
touch of grey
somewhere . is that an old dj epic tape ?
rca records is a flagship recording label ( alongside columbia records and epic records ) of sony music entertainment ( sme ) . the rca initials stand for radio corporation of america ( later renamed rca corporation ) , which was the parent corporation from 1929 [ 1 ] to 1985 and a partner from 1985 to 1986 . [ 2 ]
mca records was an american - based record company owned by mca inc . , which later gave way to the larger mca music entertainment group ( now universal music group ) , of which mca records was still part . mca records was absorbed by geffen records in 2003 . mca ' s country division ,
halperin , shirley ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) . l . a . reid to run restructured epic records . billboard . biz . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
rhone will report to epic chairman / ceo antonio “l . a . ” reid and help him supervise the overall management and operations of epic . in announcing rhone’s new appointment today , reid stated , “having worked closely with sylvia rhone , i’ve witnessed firsthand how she shares a passion for an artists - first culture . i look forward with genuine enthusiasm to the next chapter of epic records . ”
( march 2 , 2018 — los angeles , ca ) — today , lauren sanderson releases her brand new single “written in the stars” [ feat . pnb rock ] via epic records .
epic records was launched in 1953 by the columbia records unit of cbs for the purpose of marketing jazz , pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream columbia records label . initial classical music releases were from philips records which distributed columbia product in europe . [ 3 ] pop talent on co - owned okeh records were transferred to epic which made okeh a rhythm and blues label . [ 4 ] epic ' s bright - yellow , black , and blue logo became a familiar trademark for many jazz and classical releases . this has included such notables as the berlin philharmonic , charles rosen , the juilliard string quartet , antal doráti conducting the hague philharmonic and george szell conducting the cleveland orchestra .
in july 2011 , l . a . reid became the head of the epic records which also includes various former jive records artists . reid has already begun a new
era
in signing artists , having signed up youtube sensation karmin . through sony music entertainment ' s restructuring , artists such as tlc , toni braxton , avril lavigne , outkast and ciara have joined epic . epic has signed the winners of the x factor and other contestants from that show as well including fifth harmony .
standard victor label rca records used on vinyl lps from 1976 to c . 1990
epic records was launched in 1953 by cbs for the purpose of marketing jazz , pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream columbia records label . pop talent on co - owned okeh records were transferred to epic which made okeh a rhythm and blues label . epic ' s bright - yellow , black , and blue logo became a familiar trademark for many jazz and classical releases . this has included such notables as the berlin philharmonic , charles rosen , the juilliard string quartet , antal doráti conducting the hague philharmonic and george szell conducting the cleveland orchestra .
( january 12 , 2018 — los angeles , ca ) — today , multiplatinum global superstar camila cabello releases her self - titled full - length debut , camila [ syco / epic records ] .
21 savage sat down for a wide - ranging new interview on the rap radar podcast , where the atlanta rapper revealed that he has signed to epic records , and discussed his relationship with drake .
download the vector logo of the epic records brand designed by in encapsulated postscript ( eps ) format . the current status of the logo is active , which means the logo is currently in use .
reid’s former no . 2 at epic was coo mark shimmel , who exited last january . a great big world , fifth harmony , future , outkast , tamar braxton and michael jackson are among the acts comprising the epic roster .
columbia records went on to release records by an array of notable singers , instrumentalists , and bands . from 1961 to 1990 , its recordings were released outside the u . s . and canada by the cbs records label ( which was named after the
he left idj seven years later when morris became sony music’s chief and appointed reid as chairman / ceo of epic .
epic records head of promotion todd glassman has been let go from the sony music label , multiple sources confirm to variety . he had recently seen a string of radio hits , with epic artists holding five spots on the top 40 chart , chief among them : dj khaled’s justin bieber - assisted “i’m the one . ”
halperin , shirley ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . avril lavigne shifts to epic records , reunites with l . a . reid . billboard . biz . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
epic was involved in a notable
trade
of artists . graham nash was signed to epic because of his membership in the hollies . when the newly formed crosby , stills & nash wanted to sign with atlantic records , ahmet ertegün worked out a deal with clive davis whereby richie furay ' s new band poco ( having signed with atlantic due to furay ' s contract from being in buffalo springfield ) would sign with epic . [ 5 ]
until 1989 , columbia records had no connection to columbia pictures , which used various other names for record labels they owned , including colpix records , colgems records , bell records and later arista records . rather , as above , it was connected to cbs ( which stood for columbia broadcasting system ) , a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938 , and had been co - founded in 1927 by columbia records itself . though arista records was sold to bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) , it would later become a sister label of columbia records through its mutual connection to sony music . both columbia records and columbia pictures are connected through their parent company sony corporation of america , which is the parent of both the music and motion picture arms of sony in the united states .
sony hasn’t indicated who might replace reid . sylvia rhone , president of epic , has served as reid’s second in command .
antonio “l . a . ” reid’s abrupt exit from the top job at sony music entertainment ' s epic records followed a claim by a female assistant alleging “unlawful harassment of an employee , ” sources tell billboard .
l . a . reid is out as chairman / ceo of epic records after nearly six years at the helm of the sony - owned label , billboard has confirmed . the move comes just weeks after former columbia records chief rob stringer assumed his new role as ceo of sony music entertainment in april .
janelle monae has joined forces with epic records to boost her independent imprint , wondaland . teaming up with epic president , sylvia rhone , and ceo , l . a . reid , monae is set to deliver a string of singles from her roster of artists that will culminate in a collection of new material later this year , the eephus .
columbia records music moving forward . columbiarecords . com . retrieved on july 16 , 2013 .
sheila e was launched by prince on paisley park records . photograph : paul natkin / wireimage
the band was signed up by phonogenic records which is a joint venture with sony music .
epic soundtrax was founded in 1992 . it was central to epic ' s 1990s success , with 11 releases cumulatively selling more than 40 million records over a three - year period . notable releases included soundtrack albums for honeymoon in vegas , singles , sleepless in seattle , forrest gump , philadelphia , and judgement night . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
wondaland records , singer janelle monáe ' s imprint , entered into a joint venture with epic in 2015 . [ 28 ] acts on wondaland include jidenna , st . beauty , deep cotton and roman gianarthur . [ 29 ]
emi continued to distribute okeh and later epic label recordings until 1968 . emi also continued to distribute columbia recordings in australia and new zealand . american columbia was not happy with emi ' s reluctance to introduce long playing records .
in 2013 , sylvia rhone , former president of universal motown , launched the imprint vested in culture through epic records . a year later , she was named president of the label . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
director bernard macmahon , left , interviews veteran blues musicians homesick james , robert lockwood jr . and honeyboy edwards in ' american epic , ' a four - part documentary series premiering tuesday on pbs . ( lo - max records ltd )
dave marsh ; 360 sound : the columbia records story legends and legacy , free ebook released by columbia records that puts a spotlight on the label ' s 263 greatest recordings from 1890 to 2011 .
17 - year - old singer / songwriter to perform debut release show at el rey theatre july 25 ( june 29 , 2018 — los angeles , ca ) — newly signed epic records’ singer / songwriter aj mitchell makes his major label debut with two new songs released today , “girls” and “high like you . ” both tracks are featured on aj’s forthcoming epic records debut ep , hopeful , scheduled for release on july 20 ! get “girls” here and “high like you” here !
fellow 1d members harry styles and zayn malik are also signed to sony — columbia records and rca records , respectively — while niall horan and liam payne are universal music group artists ( capitol and republic , respectively ) . it had previously been reported that tomlinson would end up at rca , but when epic records president sylvia rhone heard tomlinson’s music — in particular the song “back to you” featuring bebe rexha — she campaigned for the project .
. in 1968 , the epic imprint was added in the uk and distributed by cbs after the distribution deal with emi expired that year .
rca red seal records : the rca red seal classical music label is now part of sony masterworks .
rap on rca records : the original u . s . record company is back in groove
columbia used this label for its 45 r . p . m . records from 1951 until 1958 .
surprising millions everywhere and the industry at large , the grammy® nominated multiplatinum artist , music industry visionary , innovative influencer , mogul and mega - producer just dropped this new anthem at all digital retailers via we the best music group / epic records .
the structure of us columbia remained the same until 1980 , when it spun off the classical / broadway unit , columbia masterworks records , into a separate imprint , cbs masterworks records ( now sony classical ) .
, which generally had not been used by them since the early 1970s . the cbs records label was officially renamed columbia records on january 1 , 1991 worldwide except spain ( where sony acquired the rights by 2004
i imagine people in prison playing d & d ; would be like that . i bet there ' s been some epic campaigns in prison .
the rca music group was separated from the jive label group in july 2011 . multiple jive artists became part of a restructured epic records as jive moved under the rca music group . the rca music group later continued its operations and contained
marquee
jive acts such as britney spears , lucy fleming and pink . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] in 2011 , peter edge became the new ceo of the rca music group . [ 19 ] rca records will start releasing all releases by rca music group artists . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] in october 2011 , the rca music group shut down j records , jive records and arista records . all artists moved under rca records , making it a standalone label under sony music . [ 15 ] as of march 2013 , rca records was home to 82 artists incluiding latin pop sensation shakira . [ 22 ]
sources said the claim prompted a company investigation into his conduct . the labels he has run have included epic , universal music group’s island / def jam and laface records , which was co - founded by reid in 1989 and eventually absorbed into sony .
rca red seal records : the prestigious rca red seal classical music label is now part of sony masterworks .
in 1951 , columbia usa began issuing records in the 45 rpm format rca had introduced two years earlier .
in july 2011 , l . a . reid became the ceo of epic records , signing artists such as tlc , toni braxton , cher lloyd , avril lavigne , outkast , future , yo gotti , ciara , meghan trainor , dj khaled and travis scott . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] epic also signed the winners of the x factor during the seasons that reid appeared on the show . [ 19 ]
says reid :
i ' m thrilled to welcome jennifer back home with me to epic records . jennifer is a true global icon with a magnetism that sears across music , film , and tv and i ' m excited to be working together again .
( march 1 , 2018 — los angeles , ca ) — today , grammy® award - winning singer , songwriter , and multi - instrumentalist meghan trainor returns with her brand new single “no excuses , ” available worldwide now ! get it here via epic records .
rhone served as president of universal motown records before joining epic in 2013 . before motown , the legendary industry executive was chairman / ceo of elektra entertainment group . her vic roster includes electronic soul duo quadron , latin pop artist kat dahlia and rapper casey veggies .
by 2000 , epic had 69 customers , and had yet to figure in a top 20 list of ehr vendors for hospitals . its hospital customers were negligible , but two had quietly garnered awards , notably the northwest branch of kaiser permanente in portland , ore . so , when the oakland , calif . - based hmo , began a search in 2003 to replace its old ibm system , epic found itself on a short list that quickly became a face - off between epic and cerner . the kansas city - based company had over $ 500 million in revenues in 2003 , more than three times epic’s .
the label operates several sub labels for releases from its varying roster of acts . these include , marvel music , dmg nashville , mammoth records , buena vista records & safehouse records ( 3 way joint venture ) . the label has also formed partnerships within umg for releases from several acts including demi lovato , sofia carson and zendaya .
epic ' s bright - yellow , black and blue logo became a familiar trademark for many jazz and classical releases . this has included such notables as the
these are my thoughts , yo ! we sat down with longtime homie epic ! love em or hate him he is truly one of a kind . epic ran down his recollection of the early days and beginnings of the saskatoon rap scene . we touched on the beginnings of clotheshorse records , the recording of 8 : 30 in newfoundland and the beat combers dj crew . this was a real trip down memory lane ! !
jennifer lopez released her brand new single “us” at all digital retailers today . get it here via epic records . upon going live , the song immediately catapulted into the top 10 of itunes overall top songs chart and top pop songs chart where it’s remained ever since .
all of these recordings are now under masterworks broadway records , which has remastered and reissued many of these albums .
sony corporation bought cbs records in 1987 , and the company was renamed sony music in 1991 . it began splitting european operations into two separate labels , epic and columbia , in 1992 , and in 1997 , sony music australia and new zealand followed suit . [ 9 ]
in 2006 , sony bmg merged its broadway music labels , including rca victor , to the new masterworks broadway records . all of these recordings are now on masterworks broadway records , which has remastered and reissued many of these albums .
under the terms of the new partnership , epic will provide marketing , publicity , distribution and overall label services for the imprint . for now , mmg and epic will only reveal a slate of releases scheduled for first - quarter 2015 , including projects by rapper tink and r & b / pop artist v . bozeman .
script logo , late 1978 - 1991 , 2005 - 2011 , revived in 2015 and on the website since 2015 . still used on epic uk since 2005 .
columbia stopped recording and manufacturing wax cylinder records in 1908 , after arranging to issue celluloid cylinder records made by the indestructible record company of albany , new york , as
columbia indestructible records
. in july 1912 , columbia decided to concentrate exclusively on disc records and stopped manufacturing cylinder phonographs although they continued selling indestructible ' s cylinders under the columbia name for a year or two more . columbia was split into two companies , one to make records and one to make players . columbia phonograph was moved to connecticut , and ed easton went with it . eventually it was renamed the
in 2006 , sony bmg merged its broadway music labels , including rca victor , to the new masterworks broadway records .
lyric street records , disney ' s nashville - based country music label with artists such as rascal flatts and shedaisy .
( january 22 , 2018 — los angeles , ca ) — taking over charts around the world , camila cabello’s self - titled full - length debut , camila [ syco / epic records ] , bows at # 1 on the billboard top 200 and is certified gold by the riaa .
columbia began selling disc records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901 , preceded only by their
toy graphophone
of 1899 , which used small , vertically cut records . for a decade , columbia competed with both the edison phonograph company cylinders and the victor talking machine company disc records as one of the top three names in american recorded sound .
in 1961 , cbs ended its arrangement with philips records and formed its own international organization , cbs records , in 1962 , which released columbia recordings outside the usa and canada on the cbs label ( until 1964 marketed by philips in britain ) .
mammoth records , formerly based in north carolina , still has well - known artists such as los lobos in its stable .
it was confirmed in february 2012 that sylvia rhone , former president of universal motown , would be launching a new record label , vested in culture ( vic ) , through epic records . on march 19 , 2014 , it was announced that she is now the new president of the label .
he also confirmed that he has signed with epic records . when asked why he signed to l . a . reid ' s label , savage said
because he ' s black . he ' s probably the last black ceo . why not ? he ' ll understand me before anyone else .
however , as several hollywood records artists including miley cyrus , demi lovato and selena gomez were eventually signed directly to universal music uk ' s fascination records , europe - wide distribution for these artists is instead also handled by universal , rather than by emi .
. sony bought cbs records in 1987 , and the company was renamed sony music in 1991 . in 2004 , sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor , bmg , bringing labels such as rca , arista , columbia , epic , jive , and many others under one parent company , sony bmg . in february
artists . rca music group artists | the official rca records site . sony music entertainment . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
this article uses material from the article rca records from the free encyclopedia wikipedia and it is licensed under the gnu free documentation license .
although reid’s departure was unexpected — even sudden — sony does have a history of shakeups every six or so years . to wit : jive records’ barry weiss’ defection for universal in 2010 , and before that , epic president charlie walk’s exit in 2009 . and , of course , who could forget the ill - fated year - plus run of amanda ghost as epic chief . reid , too , had left sony for universal’s island def jam in 2004 , only to return as a morris lieutenant in 2011 .
still , there’s no denying the radio hot streak epic has been on of late . khaled aside , another epic roster act is crossing over to pop radio — french montana’s “unforgettable” ( feat . swae lee ) — while new songs by camila cabello ( “crying in the club” ) and her former group fifth harmony ( “down” [ featuring gucci mane ] ) continue to climb .
american epic ,
as directed by british filmmaker bernard macmahon with his producing partner allison mcgourty and their lo - max films company , traces how the recordings spread beyond their regionalism .
the american discs turned up in the archive of emi in england , a story as intriguing in itself as many of those behind the artists and songs documented in
american epic .
about camila’s success , epic records president sylvia rhone comments , “it’s unusual to achieve a # 1 chart position on an artist’s debut album . with an untamed passion , camila is one of those rare artists who excels as a vocalist , writer and performer . she made an exquisite album that not only bridges genres but cultures .
bluebird records : launched by rca in 1932 , bluebird was originally a low priced label consisting mainly of jazz , blues and country music .
and housed its first recording studio there . in 1917 , columbia used this studio to make one of the earliest jazz records , by the
just months shy of the 10 - year anniversary of the emancipation of mimi , mariah carey and antonio
l . a .
reid are prepping another kind of comeback . according to multiple sources , the 45 - year - old singer is returning to sony music through epic records , where reid has served as chairman since 2011 .
in 2016 , jennifer lopez returned to sony music , six years after leaving in favor of island def jam and capitol records . lopez ' s multi - album deal reunited her with reid , whom she signed with at island def jam in 2010 . [ 30 ] in january 2017 , 21 savage signed to epic . [ 31 ]
along with actor - director robert redford , who also narrates the series , and americana musical maverick and entrepreneur jack white , burnett serves as one of the executive producers of
american epic .
by the close of the decade , rca records had undergone what billboard described as a
remarkable turnaround
with the success of artists including britney spears , the dave matthews band , natalie imbruglia , the verve pipe , robyn , swv , christina aguilera , nsync , and foo fighters . a distribution deal with loud records yielded hit records from urban artists including big punisher , wu - tang clan and mobb deep . [ 31 ]
in november 2014 , mosley music group created a joint venture with sony music , with marketing , publicity , distribution and overall label services provided by epic . the joint venture was created due to timbaland ' s previous collaboration with l . a . reid on michael jackson ' s posthumous album , xscape . previously operated by interscope , most of mmg ' s roster moved to epic . [ 23 ]
in recent years , reid has worked to turn around epic ' s roster , having brought meghan trainor , fifth harmony and mariah carey into the label , and bolstering his hip - hop roster by signing scott , future , khaled , tribe , busta rhymes , rick ross , french montana and diddy ' s bad boy records in recent years .
in 2002 , bmg fully acquired j records , which it had founded in 2000 as a joint venture with clive davis . davis was then named chairman of rca records and j records under the auspices of a new entity , the rca music group , which included rca records , j , and arista records . [ 32 ] in 2004 , sony and bmg merged their music divisions to create sony bmg , and in 2007 , the rca music group was rebranded as the bmg label group . [ 33 ] in 2006 , sony bmg merged its former broadway music and classical labels , including red seal and gold seal , to sony masterworks . legacy recordings , sony music entertainment ' s catalog division , reissues classic albums for rca .
in addition , in the 1990s , european operations of sony music was integrated into two separate labels , epic and columbia . it was followed by australian and new zealand operation of sony music in 1997 .
( january 18 , 2018 – los angeles , ca ) – kicking off 2018 with meaning and message , french montana uncovers the music video for “famous” on vevo today . it marks the latest single from his riaa gold - certified critically acclaimed sophomore album , “jungle rules” [ coke boys music / bad boy entertainment / epic records ] —available everywhere now .
rca records ( france ) : a division of sony music france . founded as rca cinematre in 1978 . renamed to its current name in 2006 .
reunion records is a christian music record label based in brentwood , tennessee and operating under the provident label group . the label was founded in 1982 by
through its mission , gray dot records has a unique approach to signing and promoting christian and mainstream artists both within and outside of the christian marketplace .
( march 26 , 2018 – los angeles , ca ) – artist , producer , a & r visionary , and “the coolest dj in the world” dj esco will unleash his anxiously awaited major label full - length album , kolorblind [ freebandz / epic records ] , available for download and streaming at all digital retailers and platforms friday march 30 , 2018 .
she has made a fistful . from her remote midwestern outpost , faulkner , 68 , has quietly built epic , which sells electronic health records into a $ 1 . 2 billion ( 2011 revenues ) business—double four years ago . she has done it without outside capital , and no marketing . she remains the company’s single largest shareholder , rebuffing an attempt by her biggest client health care giant kaiser permanente to get a piece of equity , when epic was much smaller . the company won’t disclose earnings , but says it’s profitable , and proudly proclaims to have zero debt . by next year , 127 million patients or nearly 40 % of the u . s . population will have its medical information stored in an epic digital record . helping enrich faulkner is also a piece of government legislation that subsidizes the adoption of electronic medical records , by paying millions to qualifying hospitals . ( see matthew herper ' s story on cerner here ) .
unlike sister label columbia , epic went through five different logos since its launch . some logos were temporarily revived for period reissues . the years shown below list the time served as the label ' s primary logo .
britney spears cuts ties with longtime record label , jive records . urltoken ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
rhino entertainment company is an american specialty record label and production company . it is owned by warner music group . zebra records is a san francisco - based
updated : the music industry was rocked on thursday with the news that epic records chairman and ceo antonio “l . a . ” reid is leaving sony music . the executive was six years into his tenure at the label he relaunched as a hub for urban acts ( future , travis scott , dj khaled ) with a proven track record in pop ( meghan [ … ]
in november 2010 , singer avril lavigne stated that the long delay of her fourth album , goodbye lullaby , was due to
a bunch of bureaucratic bs
related to rca . [ 50 ] the album was ultimately released in march 2011 . in october 2011 , lavigne confirmed that she had left rca and signed with sister label epic records . [ 51 ] [ 52 ]
epic ' s commercial success continued to grow in the 1970s with releases from abba , boston , cheap trick , the clash , charlie daniels , heart , the isley brothers , the jacksons , labelle , meat loaf , johnny nash , ted nugent , reo speedwagon , minnie riperton , pegasus , charlie rich , sly & the family stone , steve vai and edgar winter . also contributing to the labels success was its distribution of philadelphia international records , which produced additional hit records by acts such as the three degrees and mcfadden and whitehead .
rca records ( italy ) : a division of sony music italy . founded as rca italiana in 1949 . it was closed in 1987 and reactivated in 2006 .
, originally released on march 4 , 1946 as an album of four 78 rpm records , which was the first pop album issued in the new lp format .
but in an era pushing for openness , epic has accomplished this in a decidedly old - fashioned way . its electronic health record is based on a 44 - year - old programming language called mumps ( massachusetts general hospital utility multi - programming system ) . it is essentially a closed platform , which makes it challenging and costly for hospitals to interface epic with clinical or billing software from other companies for the purpose of merging patient information . in addition to the software , customers pay dearly for hardware , and for the army of epic - certified technicians that needs to be deployed to get the system up and running . but this is the stodgy world of health care . “the health care industry likes tried and tested systems , ” says richard garnick , chief executive of anthelio healthcare solutions , which helps hospitals implement digital records .
while musicologists have often delved into earlier styles of songwriting and musical performance , there ' s a key difference between the work of ethnomusicologists such as john and alan lomax and what ' s explored in
american epic .
halperin , shirley ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) . l . a . reid ' s first week at epic has some staffers feeling ' energized ' . billboard . biz . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
rca records ( formerly legally traded as the rca records label ) [ 1 ] is an american record label owned by sony music , a subsidiary of sony corporation of america . it is one of sony music ' s three flagship labels alongside its former long - time rival columbia and epic records . the label has released multiple genres of music , including pop , rock , hip hop , electronic , r & b , blues , jazz , and country . its name is derived from the initials of its defunct parent company , the radio corporation of america [ 2 ] ( rca ) . it was fully acquired by bertelsmann in 1986 , making it a part of bertelsmann music group ( bmg ) ; however , rca records became a part of sony bmg music entertainment , a merger between bmg and sony music , in 2004 , and was acquired by the latter in 2008 , after the dissolution of sony bmg and the restructuring of sony music . it is the second oldest record label in american history , after sister label columbia records .
antonio marquis “l . a . ” reid is leaving his post as chairman of epic records , variety has learned . the veteran executive joined the sony music label in july 2011 . during his six - year run , reid signed such hit acts as meghan trainor , future , travis scott , fifth harmony , and dj khaled , the latter of whom currently has the no . [ … ]
. in mid to late 1999 , it was eventually decided that the
walking eye
( previously the cbs records logo outside north america ) would be columbia ' s logo , with the retained columbia word mark design , throughout the world except in japan where columbia music entertainment has the rights to the columbia trademark to this day and continues to use the
magic notes
logo . in japan , cbs / sony records was renamed sony records and continues to use the
walking eye
logo .
[ december 1 , 2017 – london , uk ] today acclaimed producer and artist yogi has releases his newest track , “cakin’” featuring rapper / singer dram and grime mc lady leshurr . taken from his upcoming debut album for epic records / ministry of sound , the song was given its first listen last night via bbc’s radio 1xtra . the song is now available across all digital service providers . listen here .
marmorstein , gary . the label : the story of columbia records . new york : thunder ' s mouth press ; 2007 . isbn 1 - 56025 - 707 - 5
in november 2010 , singer avril lavigne explained the reason for the long delay of her fourth album , goodbye lullaby , which she said was completed a year prior . she wrote to her fans stating she had
experienced a bunch of bureaucratic bs
prior to the label ' s belated decision to release it . [ 26 ] disagreements between lavigne and rca resulted in the album ' s release date being pushed back several times until it finally came out in march 2011 . in october 2011 , lavigne confirmed that she had left rca records for epic records . [ 27 ] [ 28 ]
mmg ceo monique idlett mosley says timbaland ' s close collaboration with epic chairman / ceo antonio
l . a .
reid on may ' s michael jackson xscape project got the ball rolling .
we found these two amazing female urban artists and felt epic was a great place for a fresh start ,
says mosley , timbaland ' s wife .
both l . a . and timbaland have a passion for this music and understand each other from a business perspective .
unveiling the new look rca records . fmqb ( friday morning quarterback album report , inc . ) ( august 23 , 2011 ) . retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 08 .
bec ( brandon ebel company ) recordings is a christian rock record label that is a subsidiary of tooth and nail records . the label was formed in 1997 in partnership with the
dj khaled , music industry mogul , executive , mega producer and multi - platinum award - winning recording artist has been signed to epic records by chairman & ceo la reid , in an exclusive deal that encompasses khaled’s highly successful we the best music group , which is celebrating its tenth anniversary in 2016 . khaled’s hotly anticipated new album , major key , his first release for we the best / epic records , will be available soon . “bringing khaled to epic is a blessed reunion for me , ” said mr . reid , who first signed khaled and we the best to def jam recordings in 2008 . “khaled is a supremely gifted artist and social media guru whose music has defined hip - hop and r & b for the past decade . with an extremely loyal fan base radiating worldwide out of miami , every new release by khaled has now become a firestorm event and his devoted legion of fans only grows bigger by the day . with khaled’s passion and creative savvy , together with our dedicated and versatile staff , we are poised to reach even greater heights together than ever before . ”
in 1983 , arista records owner bertelsmann sold 50 % of arista to rca . in 1985 , bertelsmann and rca formed a joint venture called rca / ariola international . [ 2 ]
epic records continues to host an extensive and diverse roster of incomparable talent ranging from established artists like fiona apple , judas priest , mariah carey , michael jackson , modest mouse , outkast , ozzy osbourne , puff daddy , sade , sara bareilles , timbaland and dj khaled to new talent such as 21 savage , a great big world , fifth harmony , future , jidenna , meghan trainor , camila cabello , travis scott and zara larsson .
epic ' s commercial success continued to grow in the 1970s with releases from abba in the uk , boston , cheap trick , the clash , charlie daniels , gabriel , heart , heatwave , the isley brothers , the jacksons , george jones , labelle , meat loaf , johnny nash , ted nugent , reo speedwagon , minnie riperton , pegasus , charlie rich , sly & the family stone , steve vai , and edgar winter . also contributing to the label ' s success was its distribution of philadelphia international records , which produced additional hit records by acts such as the three degrees and mcfadden and whitehead . [ 6 ]
it was business - motivated desperation . such is the thesis of
american epic ,
an ambitious four - part documentary series . the long - gestating project , a collaboration between pbs and the british broadcasting corp . , premieres tuesday , may 16 .
rca records ( italy ) : a division of sony music italy . founded as rca italiana in 1949 . it went bankrupt in 1987 and was bought by bmg . reactivated in 2006 .
. as was the custom of some of the regional phonograph companies , columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own , and its catalogue of musical records in 1891 was 10 pages .
epic records was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . it later expanded its scope to include diverse musical genres including pop , r & b , rock and hip hop . over the years , the label has housed popular acts such as boston , celine dion , dave clark five , fiona apple , gloria estefan , jennifer lopez , michael jackson , pearl jam , sade , shakira , and sly & the family stone .
in september 1931 , rca victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public , calling them
program transcriptions
. these used a shallower and more closely spaced implementation of the large
standard groove
found on contemporary 78 rpm records , rather than the
microgroove
used for post - world war ii 33⅓ rpm
lp
( long play ) records . in the depths of the great depression , the format was a commercial failure , partly because the new victrolas with two - speed turntables designed to play these records , were exorbitantly priced . the format was abandoned by 1933 and two - speed turntables were no longer offered , but some program transcriptions lingered in the victor record catalog until the end of the 1930s . [ 5 ]