underground u.s.a. ( 1980 ) is a feature-length underground film directed by eric mitchell and starring patti astor , rene ricard , jackie curtis , cookie mueller , tom wright , john lurie , and taylor mead .

future director jim jarmusch was the sound recordist on this film .

underground u . s . a .

urltoken is an official site of the u . s . government , u . s . department of justice
. lawrence county , sd : u . s . geological survey bulletin ; 1857 - j .
by the next year , the group had claimed credit for 25 bombings—including the u . s . capitol , the pentagon , the california attorney general’s office , and a new york city police station .
it ' s also available to have as a physical copy in the form of a dvd .
a domestic terrorist group called the weather underground claimed responsibility for both bombs . originally called the weatherman or the weathermen , a name taken from a line in a bob dylan song , the weather underground was a small , violent offshoot of students for a democratic society , or sds , a group created in the turbulent ‘60s to promote social change .
bill plympton speaks , oct . 15 & 16 , underground usa : the confluence
underground usa is a one day public history / arts education event focusing on one chapter of oregon print cartooning history .
the wall street putsch , as it ' s known today , was a plot by a group of right - wing financiers .
through talks , presentations , onstage conversations and a culminating panel discussion , underground usa participants will explore these and other questions .
in ' underground airlines , ' america is a modern slave state author ben h . winters imagines a disturbing alternative reality . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
his journey is supposed to be epic , but many of its big turns are anticlimactic , and winters never truly develops the idea of an underground movement that he initially promises . ( there is no airline . ) it’s a strangely underpopulated novel , too , and doesn’t quite succeed in integrating jim’s personal history with the mystery he’s solving .
on oct 15 , 2016 , two time oscar nominee bill plympton will appear as a guest speaker at oregon cartoon institute ‘s one day symposium underground usa . the following evening he will introduce a program of his short films at the mission theater .
underground : usa was an eleven week road trip that i went on during the summer of 2009 .
though it ' s hard for us to imagine today , she says fascism , communism , even naziism seemed like possible solutions to the country ' s ills .
on january 29 , 1975 , an explosion rocked the headquarters of the u . s . state department in washington , d . c . no one was hurt , but the damage was extensive , impacting 20 offices on three separate floors . hours later , another bomb was found at a military induction center in oakland , california , and safely detonated .
critics on the right worried that roosevelt was a communist , a socialist or the tool of a jewish conspiracy . critics on the left complained his policies didn ' t go far enough . some of roosevelt ' s opponents didn ' t stop at talk . though it ' s barely remembered today , there was a genuine conspiracy to overthrow the president .
through talks , presentations , onstage conversations and one gigantic culminating panel discussion , underground usa participants will explore these and other questions .
i ' ve got an app on the itunes store called station master - the definitive guide to travelling around the london underground .
six writers and artists , bill plympton , david chelsea , norman solomon , richard gehr , maurice isserman , patrick rosenkranz , are coming to the white stag auditorium to taik about their eariy experiences in portland’s underground press .
want to share imdb ' s rating on your own site ? use the html below .
blair c . c . , d ' hondt s . , spivack a . j . , kingsley r . h . ( 2007 ) .
i stopped after i went on a road trip to all mainland 48 states around the country visiting underground usa places in america that shared he same name as stops on the tube map .
it’s always possible to quibble with this kind of premise , but the fact is that as a feat of world - building , underground airlines is astonishing , immediately taking its place in the genre’s very first rank . its success lies in the accumulation of subtle details , whose unintrusive presence gradually give the book its own , powerful reality , at once completely familiar and completely alien .
i make videos for a living . i can shoot , produce , direct and edit a video for you . have a look at my showreel here .
hbo ' s new series sharp objects premieres july 8 and follows amy adams as camille . . .
illustrates the correspondence between energy density and resident microbial populations . for instance , organisms capable of oxidizing s
when i got home , it took me a while but i edited up all the footage and cut it down into a feature length documentary , it ' s 65 minutes long and you can watch it on youtube here .
this allows underground airlines to transcend its rather prosaic plotline . the book’s protagonist is a former slave who goes by jim and works catching runaways , one of those tragic supernumeraries that every society of administrated prejudice inevitably produces . searching for an escaped slave , he stumbles upon a secret large enough to shake up his enigmatic handler , and just perhaps to shake the larger stakeholders behind him , too .
and i’m back in charleston . so it’s taken me three weeks to recover , catch up on my sleep and get some sort of resemblance of a ‘normal’ daily life back . which means it’s now time for a post - trip ‘debrief’ interview … in the meantime , you’ll find me down the library most days , writing it all [ … ]
and “ ? ” physiotypes . sulfate reduction with hydrogen was shown to be a poor source of energy in this system ( see chemolithotrophy ) , which seemingly contradicts the abundance of srbs in a number of sites . notably , the s
this puts underground airlines in the genre of the counterfactual novel , which alters a single inflection point in history and follows the resulting divergence . ( most of them have to do with nazis . ) in this timeline , the dispute between the north and south ends with a fractious truce .
patrick rosenkranz , author of rebel visions : the underground comix revolution 1963 - 1975 , will give the keynote address . he will speak about two powerfully influential pop culture practitioners from oregon , carl barks ( 1901 - 2000 ) and basil wolverton ( 1909 - 1978 ) , and the impact they had on the cartoonists of the underground press .
when the bankers plotted to overthrow fdr franklin delano roosevelt was subject to the kind of vitriol we often see directed at barack obama today . but some of fdr ' s opponents didn ' t stop at talk : a new book details a starting plot to overthrow fdr and replace him with a fascist military government .
astor sorrowfully decides that she ' d rather not live any longer . lensed in 16 millimeter by producer / director / star eric mitchell , underground usa is occasionally effective , though for much of the proceedings it suffers from trying too hard to be the big apple counterpart to godard ' s breathless .
when sds collapsed in 1969 , the weather underground stepped forward , inspired by communist ideologies and embracing violence and crime as a way to protest the vietnam war , racism , and other left - wing aims . “our intention is to disrupt the empire . . . to incapacitate it , to put pressure on the cracks , ” claimed the group’s 1974 manifesto , prairie fire .
a rich young woman tries to escape boredom and her controlling boyfriend with a series of dalliances with working - class men . she falls for a communist factory worker who rejects her because of their class differences .
it was a dangerous time in america : the economy was staggering , unemployment was rampant and a banking crisis threatened the entire monetary system .
somewhere on a mainly deserted two - lane highway , sometime between california and oklahoma , someone was driving a dark red jeep east across the country . just another week and another two thousand miles on the clock to add to on top of a ten week epic journey – all alone . google latitude has been turned off , there’s [ … ]
three weather underground members were killed when a bomb they had built exploded in the basement of a townhouse in greenwich village on march 6 , 1970 . in the days following the explosion , police found 57 sticks of dynamite , four completed bombs , detonators , timing devices , and other bomb - making equipment . bettmann / corbis photo .
calculations by the limiting reactant for a more realistic view of potential metabolisms . in previous studies , energy density appears to show a stronger relationship to
underground usa is open to the general public . it is presented by oregon cartoon institute in partnership with uo comics & cartooning studies and psu comic studies , and with support from oregon historical society .
so using my world - record breaking exploits on the london underground as my motivation , i found the names of 48 places ( one for each state ) in america which shared the same name as a place on the london tube map , and travelled round to them all .
she says that during the tense months between fdr ' s election in november and his inauguration in march 1933 , democracy hung in the balance .
rene ricard as kenneth , patti astor as vicky and eric mitchell as victor in underground usa 1980 , 16mm , written and directed by eric mitchell . cinematography by tom di cillo . film sequence courtesy : eric mitchell video clip produced in honor of rene ricard ' s memorial , which takes place may 22 , and posted on the fb memorial page .
underground airlines ( mulholland books , 322 pp . , * * * out of four stars ) , a swift , smart , angry new novel by ben h . winters , illuminates all the ways that slavery has endured into the present day — by depicting an alternate world in which it has endured , quite literally . america , 2016 : a slave state .
a group of actors in the east village of new york city have been rehearsing for a play when the lead actress in the play turns up dead .
“i was a monster but way down underneath i was good , ” jim says . “wasn’t i ? wasn’t i good ? ” slavery is long gone in reality , underground airlines knows ; america is good , the real america is good . except what are we really , way down underneath ?
know what this is about ? be the first one to add a plot .
denton is the author of a new book , the plots against the president : fdr , a nation in crisis , and the rise of the american right .
ignavibacterium album gen . nov . , sp . nov . , a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring and proposal of ignavibacteria classis nov . , for a novel lineage at the periphery of green sulfur bacteria
the fbi doggedly pursued these terrorists as their attacks mounted . many members were identified , but their small numbers and guerrilla tactics helped them hide under assumed identities . in 1978 , the bureau arrested five members who were plotting to bomb a politician’s office . others were captured after two policemen and a brinks’ driver were murdered in a botched armored car robbery in nanuet , new york , in 1981 .
it seems to me that going through history here , there are times that we need to have a demon , somebody that ' s not of us , in order to solidify our fears and our anxieties ,
denton says .
kallmeyer j . , pockalny r . , adhikari r . r . , smith d . c . , d ' hondt s . ( 2012 ) .
the conspirators had several million dollars , a stockpile of weapons and had even reached out to a retired marine general , smedley darlington butler , to lead their forces .
but its vibrant imagination never slackens , and its savage attunement to the evil of slavery feels important , in a moment when our cultural focus is on the black community , which traces so many of its difficulties to our nation’s original sin .
can be used to infer metabolisms for the unknown physiotypes . for instance , in the case of sulfate reduction , it can be seen that this physiotype ( s
some people even called for a dictator to pull america out of the great depression .
this article was submitted to extreme microbiology , a section of the journal frontiers in microbiology .
underground usa is one day public history / arts education event which focuses on one chapter of oregon print cartooning history . it was created in partnership with uo comics & cartooning studies and psu comic studies , and with support from oregon historical society .
c ) and ph ( 6 . 55–8 . 46 ) , but sharp differences in redox chemistry , documented with orp measurements ( 79 to - 292 mv ) and σ s
the underground of the title refers not to crime but to the half - hidden world of two - bit hustlers , artistic poseurs , aberrant lifestyles and shattered dreams . small - time manhattan opportunist eric mitchell latches onto patti astor , a once - popular movie star fallen into penury . he briefly lifts her spirits , but in the final analysis betrays her .
holland g . , lollar b . s . , li l . , lacrampe - couloume g . , slater g . f . , ballentine c . j . ( 2013 ) .
had he been a different kind of person , it might have gone a lot further ,
denton says .
but he saw it as treason and he reported it to congress .
into histograms that more specifically illustrate the energy available from various electron acceptors ( a , c ) and electron donors ( b , d ) . panels a and b ( gibbs energy per mole e
those words could be ripped from today ' s headlines . in fact , author sally denton tells weekends on all things considered host guy raz , they come from a letter written in 1933 by republican sen . henry d . hatfield of west virginia , bemoaning the policies of franklin delano roosevelt .
, gibbs energies are recast as energy densities using equation ( 3 ) . here the colored horizontal bars indicate the electron donor of each reaction . in this view , energy yield is high using s
i perform improv comedy and enjoy going to parkrun a lot to keep fit for tube challenges . . .
there was a lot at play . it could have gone very different directions ,
denton says .
concentrations . hydrocarbon gasses co - occur , although methane is more abundant than ethane by a factor 8–202 .
when roosevelt finally took office , he embarked on the now - legendary first hundred days , an ambitious legislative program aimed at reopening and stabilizing the country ' s banks and getting the economy moving again .
two underground papers , the willamette bridge ( 1968 - 1971 ) and the portland scribe ( 1972 - 1978 ) , provided first jobs for a generation of artists and writers who went on to have nationai careers . oregon cartoon institute invited five of them – artists bill plympton and david chelsea , and writers norman solomon , richard gehr and maurice isserman – to return to portland to taik about these eariy experiences .
allison kugel joins comedian / actor / author d . l . hughley for a frank discussion about . . .
by the mid - ' 80s , the weather underground was essentially history . still , several of these fugitives were able to successfully hide themselves for decades , emerging only in recent years to answer for their crimes . once again , it shows that grit and partnerships can and will defeat shadowy , resilient terrorist groups .
caporaso j . g . , lauber c . l . , walters w . a . , berg - lyons d . , lozupone c . a . , turnbaugh p . j . , et al . . ( 2011 ) .
european secret agent max menace arrives in new york city , waiting for his contact to tell him his assignment . he becomes entangled with an assortment of odd characters and situations , but never learns why he ' s there .
key to disrupting the group for good was the newly created fbi - new york city police anti terrorist task force . it brought together the strengths of both organizations and focused them on these domestic terrorists . the task force and others like it paved the way for today’s joint terrorism task forces—created by the bureau in each of its field offices to fuse federal , state , and local law enforcement and intelligence resources to combat today ' s terrorist threats .
unfortunately for the aerobic microbes , the calculations summarized in panel a and b fail to account for limiting reactants in the systems . oxygen is a high - energy electron acceptor where available , but where it is limiting this potential cannot be realized . figures
i created a subway - style map of all the places that i visited , and how they might be linked together is the usa had a subway / train system that did indeed connect across the country . i ' ve put in some major towns and attractions too just to give it a little more sense . ( click on the image for the full sized version ! )
) . hydrogen oxidation with oxygen is a highly exergonic reaction when viewed per mole of electrons ( rxn . # 1 ; figure
in this ordination , sites are broadly distributed across the diagram with clustering between 800′ level samples , manifold sites , and sulfidic sites from 4850′ level . physiotypes are similarly distributed with clusters of ch 4 , ox , s ox , and h 2 , ox in the upper left , n ox and fe ox on the right , and s red and het anaerobic in the lower left . an example of a physiotype that depends on multiple chemical species is fe ox , which appears directly in between the do and fe + + vectors , illustrating its dependence on both variables . the same is true for ch4 ox and n ox . this also suggests that o 2 is the terminal electron acceptor for these metabolisms , rather than no − 3 , so 2− 4 —or other oxidants . aerobic heterotrophy is very closely associated with do , suggesting that oxygen , not organic matter is limiting in these systems . in contrast , there is a close correspondence between the chemical species hs − and h 2 and their oxidizing phylotypes s ox , and h 2 , ox , respectively , suggesting that reductant supply is the determining factor for these metabolisms . mixed heterotrophy appears antithetical to anaerobic and aerobic heterotrophy , suggesting that it is a combination of the two rather than a poorly characterized phylum .
as an electron donor . many of the srbs identified in surf are capable ( and often require ) heterotrophic modes of growth , lending support to this idea . the big unknown in these , and in most ecosystems , is the metabolic potential of the unclassified organisms . while this analysis is not detailed enough to suggest a specific metabolism , the location of the “ ? ” physiotype near s
presents gibbs energy in terms of energy density , weighting the theoretical energy yield ( shown in 2a ) by the availability of limiting reactants . here , the difference in energy availability for many of the reactions spans several orders of magnitude between sites and some electron donors ( s
denton says that as she was writing the book , she was struck by the parallels between the treatment of roosevelt and that of barack obama . for example , a cottage industry much like the birther movement grew up around proving that the dutch - descended roosevelt was actually a secret jew .
a psychotic saxophone player ( played both by amos poe and john lurie ) lures victims to deserted spots with his music and then guns them down .
sorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .
the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
it was a cockamamie concept ,
she adds ,
and the fact that it even got as far as it did is pretty shocking .
were observed in this study . while a slight primer bias against archaea is contributing to the observed abundance patterns , this bias should not more specifically exclude the
physiotypes and their relationship to geochemistry . comparison of microbial metabolisms and geochemistry at all surf sites . ( a ) a bar chart illustrating binned microbial physiotypes at the family level of identified sequences . ( b ) principle component analysis of physiotype abundance ( black vectors ) and metabolically important geochemical parameters ( gray vectors ) by site .
for instance some cars come from south africa , which makes sad sense given the history of apartheid . there are upmarket corporate slaveholders , with the pr polish of our own companies . the government has adapted : a missing person ' s skin is classified , with chilling bureaucratic efficiency , as “late - summer honey , warm tone , # 76 . ” counterfactual novels thrive on this kind of frisson , sameness and difference at once ; winters is masterful at that particular eeriness .
i felt like my hair was getting long and that it was time to get it chopped . and when you’re in arizona on the route 66 trail , there’s only one place that you can go … unfortunately angel delgadillo was out when we went by the route 66 gift shop in seligman , arizona … but [ … ]
we’re still heading west , into the last week . a crapped out internet connection in the place that i stayed in the last two nights meant not much uploading . i’ve just made up for it with a whole slew of photos ( links below ) to the general group , route 66 gallery and abandoned america as well . if [ … ]
) , is highly exergonic at all sites ( # 102 ) . a similar consortium of methanogens and sulfide oxidizing bacteria could potentially take advantage of this large energy yield in this system . in addition , iron oxidation is a visibly important process within the surf environment , resulting in iron - rich biofilms at boreholes 2 and 5 as well as pool 9 ( see figure
my eyes open . it’s thursday morning . i’ve driven over 18 , 000 miles in the last ten weeks , and i’ve got about 150 more to go to get to my final destination . my last evening of the road trip was not one to remember . in the nothing town of ridgecrest , ca ( formerly known as crumville – no , [ … ]
as electron acceptors , similar to the canonical view of electron acceptor potency . also , there is a relatively tight clustering between different sites , suggesting a broad similarity between energy available at each site , despite large geochemical differences . outliers are reactions involving dissolved gasses whose activities vary dramatically . from this figure we can see which reactions are most exergonic if sufficient reactants are available . in contrast , figure
welcome , rachel . no , not my - best - mates - back - at - home birds name , or even any ‘friends’ connotations with jennifer anniston , but a town with population of just under 100 about eighty miles north of las vegas , that likes to tout itself as the place to be to see a ufo or two . we escaped – literally , more on that tomorrow [ … ]
where a i designates the activity of the i th species and v i , r indicates the stoichiometric coefficient of the i th species in the r th reaction . activities were determined using geochemical data from each field site and the program spec8 ( geochemist ' s workbench 8 , aqueous solutions llc ) . δ g r is presented in units of kilojoules per mole of electron transferred , kj ( mol e − ) −1 . in order to scale energy availability to the limiting reactant , the gibbs energy calculations are also presented in terms of energy densities , e r , which are calculated by
i always knew i ' d want to write up my adventures into a book afterwards , and when people usually take a travel trip they make notes which they can refer back to afterwards . i didn ' t have to - because the twitter feed is in effect my note taking of the whole trip , and by reading them back i ' m able to recall exactly where i was and what i was doing .
in most cases , particular families dominate the physiotypes at a given site . the most extreme example of this is the fe ox physiotypes that are almost exclusively composed of the betaproteobacterial family gallionellaceae , which constitutes 54 . 4 % of sequences in borehole 2 fluid . the energy yield of this reaction at site 2 is correspondingly high , up to 0 . 3–0 . 4 j per kg h 2 o ( rxn . # 2 , 3 ) . generally , the abundance of the fe ox physiotype was correlated with increasing energy density from iron oxidizing reactions ( r = 0 . 44 , see figure s5 ) . only a single known iron reducing bacterium was identified , geobacteriaceae which was found exclusively in pool 6 . this is one of the few sites where this reaction is energy yielding ( rxn . # 119 ) . the ch 4 , ox physiotype is dominated by the methylococcaceae and most common in borehole 8 . the energy density for aerobic methanotrophy here is correspondingly high ( rxn . 14 , 10 −1 . 5 j / kg h 2 o ) . other dominant families from potentially chemolithoautophic physiotypes include : h 2 , ox — hydrogenophilaceae , n ox — nitrospiraceae , thaumarchaeota , s ox — thiotrichaceae , ectothiorhodospiraceae , s red — desulfobacteraceaea , desulfobulbaceae , peptococcaceae / desulforudis .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by ) . the use , distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted , provided the original author ( s ) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited , in accordance with accepted academic practice . no use , distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .
they thought that they could convince roosevelt , because he was of their , the patrician class , they thought that they could convince roosevelt to relinquish power to basically a fascist , military - type government ,
denton says .
) where biofilms contain more heterotrophic constituents . this observation is consistent with trophic structuring and heterotrophic turnover that would be expected in a microbial biofilm or mat . heterotrophy in samples that are open to the atmosphere is mostly performed by aerobic heterotrophs whereas borehole sites contain more mixed and anaerobic heterotrophic representatives . a similar switch can be observed in the sulfur system where sulfide oxidation yields to sulfate reduction as the prevailing oxidation state progresses from more oxidizing to more reducing sites .
the energetic calculations carried out in this study suggest that there is a considerable amount of energy to be had from catalyzing chemolithotrophic reactions . however , gibbs energy can be normalized in multiple ways ( e . g . , moles of e
having lived in america ( in south carolina ) for three years , i knew it was time to come home , but didn ' t want to just get on a plane and fly back . i wanted to go out in style !
clearly , there are many possible exergonic catabolic strategies in the surf system ; however , a number of commonly discussed subsurface metabolisms are absent from this list . perhaps the most commonly cited subsurface energy source is hydrogen ( nealson et al . ,
i published a photobook via blurb on the 3rd june 2010 . i sat down and went thought the 3000 + photos that i ' d taken and took the best ones , adjusted the levels and contrast of all the photos nicely and published it online .
) are considerably more diverse . at this depth , boreholes that produce significant flow must be capped with manifolds or plugged with cement to prevent flooding . a subset of these capped sites were opened and sampled ( samples b , d , and 3a , figure
in this light , the reversal of fortunes that occurs when δ g r is instead presented as energy density is most revealing . energy yields switch from being very dependent on the electron acceptors o 2 , no − 3 , and mno 2 to instead depending on the electron donors s 0 , hs − , nh + 4 , fe + + , and mn + + . notably , this switch is present almost wherever both formulations of δ g r are presented . for instance , boettger et al . ( 2013 ) saw energy yield switch from being primarily dependent on o 2 and no − 3 to depending on ch 4 and h 2 with a range of electron acceptors . similar trends are observed in larowe and amend ( 2014 ) with the energy density emphasis on sulfur species . similar to this study , they found that energy density calculations correspond more closely to resident populations than kj ( mole e − ) −1 calculations . viewing energetic potential in terms of energy density may both more accurately represent environmental systems and introduce a number of potentially profitable , surface independent , metabolisms to fuel the dsb .
illustrates the distribution of physiotypes within the sampling locations of surf . at the largest scale it is clear that there is enormous variability in the potential metabolisms present , which is not surprising given the variety and concentrations of electron donors and acceptors at surf , and therefore the amount of energy available from a diverse set of catabolic strategies . there are distinct differences between the metabolic potential in filtered fluids vs . biofilm samples , as well as between samples from the 800′ and 4850′ levels . in general , the fluids contain a greater proportion of unclassified metabolisms ( and phyla , figure
the newly elected president pursued an ambitious legislative program aimed at easing some of the troubles . but he faced vitriolic opposition from both sides of the political spectrum .
this is despotism , this is tyranny , this is the annihilation of liberty ,
one senator wrote to a colleague .
the ordinary american is thus reduced to the status of a robot . the president has not merely signed the death warrant of capitalism , but has ordained the mutilation of the constitution , unless the friends of liberty , regardless of party , band themselves together to regain their lost freedom .
the observed distribution of aqueous species suggests varying levels of water rock interaction , equilibration with the atmosphere , and active cycling of redox sensitive elements between samples . in order to more critically evaluate the relationship between different sites and chemical species , we performed a principle component analysis of all measured geochemical parameters ( figure
for the next eleven weeks i then drove from coast - to - coast going via all 48 mainland states . i blogged most days as i went ( in fact , my blogging prior to the trip had dropped to about once a week , and then whilst on the trip it went up to five or six times a week ) . i took photos - over 3 , 000 of them in end end , and sent 1 , 200 tweets as well on my twitter feed . i also made sixteen videos ( twenty - two in total , four pre - trip and two post - trip ) about the road trip as well .
so here we go – for the last time – to have a round up of all the important numbers at the end , and the final progress maps too . so if you still don’t include the four days that it took for me to drive up to maine from charleston , or the ( estimated ) six days [ … ]
dna was obtained from filters and biofilms using a modified phenol - chloroform extraction within 30 days of each sample collection . this included three rounds of physical ( freeze , thaw , vortex ) and chemical ( lysozyme ) disruption of the cell wall prior to phenol - chloroform extraction . controls during dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) confirmed that there were no contaminating nucleic acids during the extraction process ( data not shown ) . whole genomic dna was sent to molecular research dna ( shallowater , tx , usa ) . primers 515 forward and 806 reverse ( caporaso et al . , 2011 ) were used to amplify the hypervariable 4 region of the 16s rdna gene according to previously described methods ( dowd et al . , 2008 ) . following amplification , all pcr products from different samples were mixed in equal concentrations and purified using agencourt ampure beads ( agencourt bioscience corporation , ma , usa ) . samples were sequenced on roche 454 flx titanium instruments using recommended reagents and following manufacturer ' s guidelines .
do you remember the good old days of the internet , when the most impressive thing you could see was some flashing text , or maybe an animated gif ? it was over ten years ago back in 1997 , when i had a compuserve account , and my isp – frontier technologies– recommended that you download netscape 4 . 5 to [ … ]
among the many consequences are a later war to keep texas in the union , with “swift boats on the rio grande , ” international disgust depressing the economy until the united states looks something like east germany , and , most significantly of course , more than 3 million slaves living in the “hard four , ” the final states where slavery persists .
four days in las vegas , and i was really starting to hate the place . nothing to do with tube - named stops , i’d always planned to stay in vegas at least one – possibly two nights – just so that i could say i’d been there , seen it , and indulged a little . in the end , it will [ … ]
it became quickly apparent on the trip that the most important thing for me was the tweets that i sent on the way round as you got a real ' feel ' for the trip , rather than wait for blog posts , photos or videos to appear - that just reading the twitter feed gave you an instant feel as to what was going on .
i plotted the route that i took on a google map as i went . in the end , there was so much data plotted ( including towns visited , gas stops made , and other points of interest ) that i hit the limit of how much meta data you can have in a google map , and i had to split it into two . the google maps are still ' live ' and online to this day . the first one is here ( mainly the east side of the usa ) , and here is the second one ( the rest of the trip ) is here , but this shot here gives you an overview of the whole route taken - starting in maine in the top right heading from east to west and finishing in california .
now that there is compelling evidence for metabolisms that could yield significant amounts of energy in this environment , it is incumbent to ask if microbes capable of mediating these metabolisms are in fact present . microbes closely related to known chemolithotrophs ( based on 16s rrna gene sequences ) are found in abundance ; however , the scope of this analysis is incomplete , because many sequences are from uncharacterized strains . to identify likely physiologies , sequencing data were analyzed at the family level for each site , and the families were classified as physiotypes based on the predominant metabolism of cultured representatives as identified in bergey ' s manual of systematic bacteriology and in recent publications of newly defined or cultured groups by iino et al . ( 2010 ) , yamada ( 2006 ) , bollmann et al . ( 2014 ) , chivian et al . ( 2008 ) . where metabolisms were unknown ( such as for the unclassified groups , candidate phyla , or otus with only coarse phylogenetic affiliation ) , the family was placed into the physiotype marked “ ? ” . at some sites this bin constitutes > 50 % of the otus sampled ( borehole 2 ) , whereas in others it is < 10 % ( pool 6 biofilm ) . when the family level proved too metabolically diverse to categorize , the family was put into the physiotype labeled “mixed . ” the group labeled “p / s ? ” consists of organisms related closely to oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesizers that are unlikely to be mediating these metabolisms in the dark mine environment .
i visited places in america that shared the same names as places on the london tube map . e . g . white city in kansas , which served as my route around the country . i got to california on thursday august 27th , where i rested for a few days before driving back to charleston , getting home on sunday 11th september - having spent almost three months on the road .
the hydrological and geological variability present in the continental subsurface can be much greater than in marine environments . for instance , the continental crust is composed of a combination of felsic and mafic , intrusive and extrusive , igneous rocks and sedimentary deposits of numerous compositions and metamorphic grades . consequently , a multifaceted approach is necessary to characterize the environmental complexities of deep terrestrial ecosystems , including understanding the feeding aquifer and the host lithologies encountered by the corresponding subsurface fluids . such information is often available in mines because it is critical to the structural safety and economics of mining . the chemistry of subsurface fluids reflects interaction with different rock lithologies , and thus differs depending on sample location and depth . the variable salinities , phs , temperatures , and oxidation states will , in turn , support different microbial communities that can be probed with biomolecular techniques , including pyrosequencing . although these techniques have limited utility in connecting sequence identity to function , they can be used to rapidly assess the microbial diversity of an environment and to infer putative catabolic strategies . thermodynamic modeling can then be used in concert with geochemical and genomic data to ascertain likely ongoing chemolithotrophic strategies . here , we combined these techniques and present a characterization of the geochemical habitat , microbiome , and energetic framework for chemolithotrophic processes of the subsurface biosphere at surf .
) . here , vectors for each physiotype are plotted in black and geochemical species in gray , in a principle coordinate system derived from both systems at each site . species and physiotypes that co - vary in abundance should point in similar directions , whereas physiotypes that are dependent on two chemical species will appear between the two chemical vectors . surf sample sites are plotted in symbols and their positions reflect proximity to their constituent physiotypes and chemical species .
the samples for this study were acquired over the course of three expeditions to surf in lead , south dakota ( usa ) in sept . 2013 , oct . 2013 , and feb . 2014 ( yates shaft , latitude 44 . 352157 ° , longitude - 103 . 750503 ° ) . detailed geochemical data were acquired only on the last two trips . oxidation - reduction potential ( orp ) , conductivity , ph , temperature , and total dissolved solids ( tds ) were measured in situ with an ultrameter ii 6pfc e ( myron l company ) . redox sensitive species ( do , ∑s 2− , fe + + , mn 2 + , no − 3 , no − 2 , nh + 4 , sio 2 , ∑po −3 4 ) were measured using hach dr / 2400 portable field spectrophotometers and associated reaction kits ( hack company , loveland , co ) .
sequences were analyzed using the programs qiime ( caporaso , 2010 ) and mothur ( schloss et al . , 2009 ) , and compared against the silva 111 database ( quast et al . , 2012 ) . sequences were quality filtered by removing from the dataset any sequence that did not have an exact match to the proximal primer , contained fewer than 200 or greater than 350 bases , had more than one ambiguous nucleic acid base ( ns ) , or had a quality score less than 25 . sequences were clustered using the usearch algorithm ( edgar , 2010 ) at a 97 % identity cutoff , and taxonomy was assigned to the lowest possible level using the silva 111 database ( urltoken ) . it is important to note that these data are not strictly quantitative , and thus all percentages reported below should be taken as relative abundance only . all statistical analyses ( pca etc . ) were performed using the matlab® statistics toolbox .
reduction ( rxns . # 8 , 74 , 133 ; figure s3 ) . exergonicity is controlled by the concentration of ammonium with high ammonium sites ( e . g . , borehole 8 and pool 6 ) yielding energy densities consistently one to two orders of magnitude higher than those with low ammonium concentrations ( e . g . , pool 9 and manifold d ) . in this case , a negative correlation between energy yield and temperature is seen with higher energy density present at lower temperatures . finally , manganese oxidation is exergonic at all sites ( rxn . # 7 , figure s4 ) , with gibbs energy yields on par with that of ammonium oxidation and little relationship with temperature .
a large number of people have contributed to the success of this project . we are particularly indebted to the science and support staff at surf , including jaret heiss , tom reagan , and kathy hart for making mine access and sample collection possible . pratixaben savalia , mark torres , josh west , will berelson , and nick rollins aided greatly in geochemical analyses at usc . we would additionally like to acknowledge other members of the nai team including duane moser , rohit bhartia , victoria orphan , moh el - naggar , ken nealson , brandi reese , greg wanger , and yamini jangir for both physical and intellectual contributions to sample collection , data analysis , and compilation of this work . this is c - debi contribution 235 and nai - lu contribution 006 .
or figure s4a ) ; however , hydrogen concentrations are simply too low in this system to produce significant energy density ( figure s4b ) . it is possible that hydrogen oxidizers are consuming hydrogen rapidly as it is generated , creating a cryptic cycle . while it is difficult to evaluate cryptic cycling for this or really any metabolisms using the methodologies described above , molecular data can shed some light on these potential cycles , ( discussed below ) . in addition to hydrogen oxidation , methanogenesis , sulfate reduction , and iron reduction were also considered as potential sources of energy in surf sites ( rxn . # 92 , 42 , 117 ; figure s4 ) , but were found to yield little to no energy and only at the lowest temperatures . these results contrast with observations of sulfate reducing phyla and probable biogenic methane , but it should be noted that these calculations were performed for only chemolithotrophic reactions .
this is not the first study to quantify environmental energy availability ; previous studies have targeted diverse environments including terrestrial hot springs , submarine hydrothermal systems , igneous marine basement , and marine sediments ( mccollom , 2000 ; amend et al . , 2003 , 2011 ; shock et al . , 2005 , 2010 ; spear et al . , 2005 ; larowe et al . , 2008 ; vick et al . , 2010 ; larowe and amend , 2014 ; teske et al . , 2014 ) . while the sites are unrelated , there appears to be an upper limit on δ g r of approximately −120 kj ( mole e − ) −1 . this value reoccurs in a diversity of environments , including terrestrial hydrothermal systems , marine sediments , marine basement , and shallow marine hydrothermal systems . in different environments , different reactions are the most exergonic : for example , aerobic iron oxidation to magnetite in yellowstone hot springs evaluated in shock et al . ( 2010 ) , the knallgas reaction in juan de fuca ridge basement fluids described in boettger et al . ( 2013 ) , and nitrite reduction with h 2 in an acidic thermal fluid on vulcano island ( italy ) noted in amend et al . ( 2003 ) ; several other reactions , however , yield similarly high energy . in the surf environments described here , the most exergonic reaction is aerobic carbon monoxide oxidation , with a δ g r of −118 kj / mole e − . these most exergonic reactions use o 2 , no − 3 , or no − 2 as the terminal electron acceptor , which is consistent with the canonical electron tower model of microbial metabolism . if this were the whole story , it would have significant and grave implications for subsurface life that is truly isolated from surface processes , not to mention life in the archean oceans .
the surf laboratory is a portal into the dsb that reveals an array of geochemically , taxonomically , and metabolically diverse microbial communities . this variability and the interrelatedness of geochemical and biological processes have been documented here . this study confirms and contributes to the growing body of knowledge that energetics should be viewed in reference to the limiting reactants in environmental systems . these data often correspond well to the metabolic capability of microbial populations and may be generally more representative of the in situ biogeochemical processes . this is substantiated in the current study by presenting both energetic calculations and molecular characterization of microbial populations together . by assigning presumed physiology to taxonomic groups , the predictive power of the energetic calculations can be refined , and in some cases , be used to see what energetic calculations alone cannot . statistical analysis of these data can be harnessed to generate hypotheses for the function of unknown microbial taxa and cryptic biogeochemical cycles . replication of this approach at other terrestrial deep subsurface sites will contribute to our understanding of the metabolic activity of these isolated ecosystems and their importance to global biogeochemical cycling .
plan - view map of sample sites and photographs of sample sites [ 2 ( d ) , 5 ( c ) , 8 ( e ) , 6 ( f ) , and b ( g ) ] . sample locations within surf . ( a ) maps of the 800 ft level and ( b ) 4850 ft level showing sampling locations in circles , boreholes in blue , and tunnels in black , red , and yellow . the numerical grid is an internal reference coordinate system in feet . ( c ) borehole 5 with cascade of iron oxide rich biofilm extending from the source to the tunnel floor below . ( d ) close up of borehole 2 biofilm showing in - line filtering apparatus and microterraced biofilms . ( e ) photo of borehole 8 showing water spraying forcefully from the source and thick hanging microbial mats . ( f ) the edge of pool 6 showing elemental sulfur deposition ( white ) , dark biofilms and mineralization ( black ) , and iron oxides ( orange ) . ( g ) manifold d during in - line filtration and sampling . photos were taken by magdalena r . osburn .
some parts of this page won ' t work property . please reload or try later .
lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .
explore popular and recently added tv series available to stream now with prime video .
patti astor , fab 5 freddy , jean michel basquiat - art in the streets - mocatv ep . 18
ournalist norman solomon wrote for it . historian maurice isserman edited it . graphic novelist david chelsea illustrated it . village voice columnist richard gehr sold it on the street .
log in or sign up for eventbrite to save events you ' re interested in .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken


thuruppu gulan is a malayalam action-comedy film released in 2006 , which had mammootty and sneha in the lead roles .

others in the cast include innocent , jagathy sreekumar , suraj venjaramoodu , salim kumar and cochin haneefa.the film was a commercial successes .

thuruppugulan ( 2006 film )

many malayalam movies released in 2006 managed to impress viewers and critics and the year ends on an optimistic note for the film industry . while the superstars maintained their lead , youngsters came up with a few surprises too .
* * * the big five ` classmates , ' ` rasathantram , ' ` keerthichakra , ' ` thuruppugulan , ' ` lion ' and ` baba kalyani . ' ( this report is based on box office collections and the cost of the film as per trade reports from producers , distributors and exhibitors in kerala . )
the troubles they land in and how they resolve it to successfully lead a married life forms the rest of the film .
mammootty is in the lead of this commercial comedy entertainer directed by johny antony . sneha plays the lead in the film . alex paul ' s music is entertaining and in sync with the mood of the film . laced with stunning songs here is an entertainer to look forward to .
kerala varma pazhassi raja is a 2009 malayalam historical drama film based on the life of pazhassi raja , a hindu king who fought against the british in the 18th century .
thuruppugulan story is focused on kochuthoma ( innocent ) and his son kunjumon ( mammootty ) . kochuthoma is running a typical street side
thattukada
in kochi . at the age of ten , kunjumon accidentally injures a person . after the incident when his son faced trouble to stay at kochi , kochuthoma sent him to kozhikode to stay with his dear friend swami ( jagathy ) .
the film opens with a ‘manthravadi’ ( thilakan ) an evil magician ( pithamagan mahadevan ) to obey to his commands and make spiriting away a friendly ghost money through crime . meanwhile a group of kids and their benefactors are held hostage in a circus camp by the baddies , who has taken over the show .
the biggest blockbuster in the history of malayalam cinema was the lal jose directed “classmates” which according to trade may collect a distributor’s share of rs 10 crore ! . the superstar domination continued in malayalam cinema as mammootty and mohanlal were only actors who commanded an opening which is very crucial for the success of a film .
dileep had six releases and among them only “lion” and “chess” were hits . suresh gopi had a record seven releases but only one film “”chinthamani kolacase” was a hit . it was jagathy sreekumar who did maximum number of films , a record 21 in character roles . jayaram had a “madhuchandralekha” an average grosser . kalabhavan mani did not have a great year .
the film starts with unni ( dileep ) , who hails from a royal family , returning from prison . he had killed the son of a large family who are now searching for him . unni ' s parents take him to chennai and enroll him in a law college . there he meets meenakshi ( rambha ) who falls in love with him . unni had a feud with meera ' s brother ' s gang at the college . as always , unni wins . so they send a
killer
to break his arms , who runs away on seeing unni . meera falls in love with him . unni saves meera her brother and they become friends .
the film , set at city centre , a shopping mall in kochi as backdrop , is all about a few youngsters , roy and sanju and their love interests , annie and meenakshy . long - ignored and mistreated by society for reasons none of theirs , they decide to take matters into their own hands . roy ( vineeth sreenivasan ) is an accountant in a private financing company of kaustubhan , ( deftly played with ease and characteristic gags by jagathy ) who pays his staff , the modest of all salaries . sanju ( vinu mohan ) is a desperate cricketer , left out of ranji team , who is working in the same commercial mall in an electronics shop .
the film begins in the childhood of babumon and babulal chatterji and their mischievous behavior . then it progresses in to a grown up version of both . they run into some troubles with monayi and varki who are the brother and father of angel , babu ' s love interest , and their right hand manikandan . when a bengali worker falls prey to a trap laid by manikandan to kill babu , it turns out to be a life changer . while taking the body back to kolkatta , babu and angel elope in the ambulance to register their marriage there , chatergee takes up the driving , shanthi who is babulal ' s love interest is also there and soman to see bengal .
it was another memorable year for malayalam cinema at the box - office with 64 releases and among them half a dozen turned out to be hits . there were some meaningful off - beat films which were critically acclaimed .
lal jose directed “classmates” turned out to be a cult classic in malayalam . the young guns - pritviraj , jayasurya , indrajeet , narain , kavya madhavan and radhika have become a rage not only among the youth but also family audiences in the state . the songs written by vayalar sarthchandra varma and tuned by alex paul have become chartbusters and “classmates” has become the largest selling audio in recent times .
mohanlal had a dream run with six releases - “rasathantram” , “vadakkumnathan” , “keerthichakra” , “mahasamudram” , “photographer” and ‘baba kalyani” with only “photographer” turning out to be a flop . among them , “rasathantram” and ‘keerthichakra” were blockbusters .
mammootty had seven releases with “thuruppu gulan” , “balram vs taradas” , “prajapathi” , “bhargava charitham moonam khandam” , “pothenvava” , “karuthapakshikal” and “palunku” . for him only “thuruppu gulam” turned out to be a super hit but his off beat films like “karuthapakshikal” , and “palunku” received a lot of critical acclaim .
among heroines it was kavya madhavan who did maximum number of films at six , including the blockbuster “classmates” . padmapriya had five releases and gopiak had four . there were no women centric films . heroines from kerala are making a beeline to kollywood and among them nayanthara and now bhavana have made rapid strides . nitya das , mamta mohandas , mukta have also moved out to kollywood . at the same time out of work girls in kollywood like sneha , lakshmi gopalaswamy , laila , aditi rao and padmapriya are in great demand in superstar films .
audience apathy continues towards young stars . the youth brigade of pritviraj , jayasurya , arun and others continues to struggle and could not make any ripples at the box - office . pritiviraj’s films like “vargam” , “vaasthavam and “pakal” which were good in content turned out to be damp squibs at the box - office . the bottom line is that the box - office is booming for the biggies while the quality of films being churned out is abysmal .
some parts of this page won ' t work property . please reload or try later .
a kind - hearted street - rowdy manages his own problems while his fathers mate ' s daughter arrives . he promises to help her and succeeds in it .
the
most anticipated indian movies and shows
widget tracks the real - time popularity of relevant pages on imdb , and displays those that are currently generating the highest number of pageviews on imdb .
each title is ranked according to its share of pageviews among the items displayed . pageviews for each item are divided by the aggregate number of pageviews generated by the items displayed .
trippy indie madeline ' s madeline is the movie that lakeith stanfield and boots riley from sorry to bother you want to see the most .
want to share imdb ' s rating on your own site ? use the html below .
discover the top 50 malayalam movies as rated by imdb users – from all - time favorites to recent hits .
the story of how a un - educated man rajamanikyam , abandoned as a child , unites his step - father with the latter ' s children who are greedy for his wealth and possessions .
a local barber , due to the immense pressure put by his family and and townspeople , tries to communicate with his old friend , who is a popular cinema actor .
the story deals withe life of ' thomman ' and his adopted kids ' shivan ' and ' sathyan ' who give up their thievery life and decides to lead a happy life , gets involved in village issues .
a journalist is illegally jailed for exposing two corrupt politicians , he exacts revenge through his new mysterious newspaper .
a man is falsely understood as having disabilities , and this proves to be his good fortune .
mahi is nicknamed mayavi for his ability to beat up baddies stealthily without revealing his identity . he often ends up in jail . while serving time he develops a friendship with balan , . . . see full summary »
prabhakara varma is called upon to investigate the death of omana , the daughter - in - law of a local businessman . it looks like a suicide but , varma is sure that is not so .
2 of 3 people found this review helpful . was this review helpful to you ? yes no | report this
with jurassic world : fallen kingdom now in cinemas , we take a look at how imdb users rated the films of the franchise . plus , browse exclusive lego® jurassic world playsets , presented by lego .
check out the indian movies with the highest ratings from imdb users , as well as the movies that are trending in real time .
explore popular sci - fi movies and tv shows available to stream with prime video .
if you would like to receive regular mailings about bbfc resources , workshops , advance information about events and recent classifications or decisions which we think you may be interested in please complete the form below .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
as part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors . please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker . close [ 5 ]
urltoken uses cookies to recognize visitors and provide a better experience . learn more about how we use cookies in our privacy policy . by continuing to use the site , or by pressing agree , you are giving your consent to our use of cookies . agree
when businessman chandrasekhara menon ( devan ) decides to wind down his businesses in singapore & move back to kochi to look after his hotel there , his hotel manager sreedharan unnithan ( kalasala babu ) & sons fabricate a plot to jail menon in singapore , with the aim of getting the hotel for themselves . menon ' s daughter lakshmi ( sneha ) comes down to kochi to sell the hotel & seeks the help of ' gulan ' kunjumon ( mammootty ) , menon ' s old friend kochu thoma ' s son , to get back the control of the hotel . ( by iceblox )
urltoken © 2004 - 2018 - all rights reserved - privacy policy | abuse policy | contact | about us | rss | terms & conditions 16 , 211 , 000 ratings and counting . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mr . menon ( devan ) , a multi - millionaire , buys considerable real estate and entrusts it to one of his trusted lieutenants , sreedharan unnithan ( kalashala babu ) , to construct a 5 - star hotel . he also buys a small plot and gives it to kochuthoma ( innocent ) , kunjumon ' s ( mammootty ) father . menon leaves for singapore and kunjumon is packed off to calicut by his father , as he fears that his son ' s life might be in danger as he badly wounded one of the local goons who picked up a fight with menon .
the movie starts with khaled muhammad aka baba ( sharat saxena ) in jail telling one of his henchmen to kill the kerala chief minister ravi menon ( murali ) . sahadevan ( dileep ) is the son of a police constable ( oduvil unnikrishnan ) who works in the dog squad . sahadevan has only one ambition and that is to join the police department and for that he has cleared the exams and is waiting for the physical test . but he has an enemy , his own brother - in - law peethambaran ( jagathy sreekumar ) who does not like him . some of baba ' s henchmen with the help of commissioner gauri shankar ( ashish vidyarthi ) plan to kill the cm by placing a bomb in his room in the hospital when ravi menon was unwell .
inspector garud has police inspector madhavan kutty ( dileep ) as a very corrupt officer who would do any dirty work for money . he became inspector not through the right channel but by paying 15 lakhs as bribe . so he is now bound on getting his money back through bribes . he is nicknamed inspector garudan , for getting his job done fast like a falcon .
roy has a soft corner for annie ( bhama ) who works as a receptionist in a travel agency in the same complex . and meenakshy ( sandhya ) , the daughter of kaushtubhan , is madly in love , always chasing sanju .
then it happens that her family members are all politicians . soon they become family friends and they fix the marriage between unni and meera . unni then narrates his flashback to meera .
the movie is all about the relationships between two rare bred men from extremely different strata of society , but more in common than is apparent from the first look . they might have never run into each other , with their stark contrast in nature and life styles and would have hardly given each other a second look , if they hadn ' t met in these defined circumstances . but the movie throws them together , intertwined in worst of their days and progressively built in the rapport between the extremes , and infuses the spirit of worthy and meaningful life to all in the screen and those who watches them on screen .
rajiv gandhi was assassinated on 21 may 1991 in sri perumbatur , near the then madras . the government of india constituted sit a day later , and major sivaraman ( mammootty ) a top investigation officer and a nsg commando with a proven track record is put in charge to hunt down the killers . his bosses partipan , the sit chief and dig raju ( lalu alex ) give him all the necessary logical support with only one request -
catch sivarasan alive , before he consumes the deadly cyanide .
shankar das ( mammootty ) is a rich businessman who returns to his native village in ( alappuzha ) . no one in the village is aware of his past . during his childhood he was a servant of the local feudal lord chatothu panickar ( rajan p . dev ) . he left the job after getting severely punished for kissing the lord ' s young daughter . he fled to mumbai and there he became a successful businessman .
the plot revolves around the life in a typical , malayali household - consisting of four brothers - nandakumar - a hindi teacher in the local school , gopakumar - a medical representative , krishnakumar - a court office clerk and chandrakumar - a college student ( also the youngest ) , in order of their age . the first three brothers are married to - kausalya , indumati , anandam , 3 naiive , and shallow wives who adore their husbands dearly and whom the husbands equally love . the family is headed by their father , munshi parameshwaran pillai , a veteran gandhian teacher respected by everyone in their village , who also homeschools his grandchildren .
the youngest brother chandrakumar is in love with his to - be engaged fiancée , asha , his cousin . their relationship is oppressed by the family members because of a small feud between them . but otherwise , the household is a happy , peaceful and satisfied one until the arrival of their new neighbor - an irresistibly charming and beautiful south indian heroine - yamuna rani . this turns the household upside down and sends the ladies into a frenzy . the ladies in order to please the superstar , glamourizes themselves , their husbands and the house . thus , they form a formidable friendship with yamuna rani . soon , trouble starts to brew , when the loan , with which they bought their new household items in order to impress yamuna rani , needs to be paid back to the moneylender . the trouble further escalates when the ladies , each , receive a letter from an anonymous identity , which claims that one of the three men are having an extramarital affair with yamuna rani .
click on the menu icon of the browser , it opens up a list of options .
here click on the “privacy & security” options listed on the left hand side of the page .
a pop up will open with all listed sites , select the option “allow“ , for the respective site under the status head to allow the notification .
once the changes is done , click on the “save changes” option to save the changes .
we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . this includes cookies from third party social media websites and ad networks . such third party cookies may track your use on filmibeat sites for better rendering . our partners use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you . if you continue without changing your settings , we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on filmibeat website . however , you can change your cookie settings at any time . learn more
buzzing comedies such as the spy who dumped me await you in our summer movie guide . check in for all the info you need .