interpretatio christiana ( latin for christian interpretation , also christian reinterpretation ) is adaptation of non-christian elements of culture or historical facts to the worldview of christianity .

the term is commonly applied to recasting of religious and cultural activities , beliefs and imageries of " pagan " peoples into a christianized form as a strategy for their christianization .

from a christian perspective , " pagan " refers to the various religious beliefs and practices of those who adhered to non-abrahamic faiths , including within the greco-roman world the traditional public and domestic religion of ancient rome , imperial cult , hellenistic religion , the ancient egyptian religion , celtic and germanic polytheism , initiation religions such as the eleusinian mysteries and mithraism , the religions of the ancient near east , and the religion of carthage .

reformatting traditional religious and cultural activities and beliefs into a christianized form was officially sanctioned ; preserved in the venerable bede 's historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum is a letter from pope gregory i to mellitus , arguing that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions , while claiming that the traditions were in honour of the christian god , " to the end that , whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted them , they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of god " .

interpretatio christiana

interpretatio christiana
: gems on the shrine of the three kings in cologne / erika zwierlein - diehl .
interpretatio christiana : les mutations des savoirs ( cosmographie , géographie , ethnographie , his : urltoken h . inglebert : 9782851211866 : books
nga library |
interpretatio christiana
: gems on the shrine of the three kings in cologne / erika zwierlein - diehl .
interpretatio christiana : les mutations des savoirs ( cosmographie , géographie , ethnographie , histoire ) dans l ' antiquité chrétienne ( 30 - 630 après j . c . )
interpretatio christiana : les mutations des savoirs ( cosmographie , geographie , ethnographie , histoire ) dans l ' antiquite chretienne ( 30 - 630 apres j . c . ) ( review )
project muse - interpretatio christiana : les mutations des savoirs ( cosmographie , geographie , ethnographie , histoire ) dans l ' antiquite chretienne ( 30 - 630 apres j . c . ) ( review )
, ed . r . w . mathisen and h . s . sivan ( cornwall 1996 ) , 285–298 . cf . also a . delivorrias , “interpretatio christiana : about the boundaries of the pagan and christian worlds , ” in :
eberlein , johann konrad ( munich ) [ german version ] a . introduction ( ct ) by interpretatio christiana ( ic ) is meant in the most general sense the reception of a non - christian cultural element or historical fact with a view to adapting it to christianity by means of appropriate interpretation . since such a method implies a philosophical and philological basis of the kind that would not be expected in the new religion before the end of the 2nd cent . , the idea of the ic is embedded in a complex intellectual history , the premises and components of which have to be taken into consideration [ 1 ] . eb…
this year , i’ve been returning to my roots and thinking more seriously about the archaeology of the early christian world . i’ve been reading a bunch of the recent work focusing on the intersection of early christian studies and archaeology , and surfing through some of my favorite journals to catch up on recent articles on issues like christianization and the construction of christian landscapes . i was fairly intrigued by troels myrup kristensen’s article in the journal of early christian studies , “ landscape , space , and presence in the cult of thekla at miriamlik ” and jacqueline sturm’s , “ the afterlife of the hephaisteon : the interpretatio christiana of an ancient athenian monument , ” in hesperia .
i . law [ german version ] a . concept interpretatio is interpretation , not only of texts but also of oral declarations and other matters of legal import . the topos of simple truth requiring no mediator ( petron . sat . 107 , 15 ) does not apply to the specialist knowledge of astrologers ( cf . divination ) , philologists ( on both : cic . div . 1 , 34 ; 2 , 92 ) and jurists ( cic . leg . 2 , 59 ) . at the end of the republic , the words interpres ( ‘interpreter’ ) and interpretari ( ‘to interpret’ ) become conflated into the abstract interpretatio [ 3 . 80ff . , 91ff . ] ; this is already true of legal interpre…
jacqueline sturm’s article on the christianization of the hephaisteion is remarkable for several reasons . first , like the site of miriamlik , the hephaisteion has not seen significant new archaeological investigation for two generations . in fact , there has been little significant archaeological work on the christianization of athens in the last 50 years and most of the more recent scholarship has been a reconsideration of longstanding archaeological evidence with all of its limitations and ambiguities . sturm’s article argues that the centauromachy on the temple’s frieze was susceptible to an interpretatio christiana which saw the battle as the conflict of good versus evil . this led to the temple undergoing a “gentle” conversion to a church in the fifth - century rather than showing evidence for more destructive forms of spoliation and conversion .
hervé ingelbert ' s interpretatio christiana is an extraordinary work . not only is it well crafted and thoroughly researched , but it also takes up the study of the christian transformation of ancient savoirs with unparalleled intellectual energy and scrupulous attention to detail . in this book inglebert succeeds admirably well in living up to his intention of providing a more comprehensive study of the evolution of the cultural encounter between pagan and christian intellectuals than marrou does in his work on ancient christianity . while recognizing the importance of marrou ' s work , inglebert nevertheless sets out to map a significant portion of the intellectual terrain of the ancient world . the six hundred - plus pages that he devotes to this endeavor span a period of roughly nine centuries and draw upon sources from greek , latin , syrian , armenian , and jewish traditions .
( ic ) is meant in the most general sense the reception of a non - christian cultural element or historical fact with a view to adapting it to christianity by means of appropriate interpretation . since such a method implies a philosophical and philological…
, antiquity volumes edited by : hubert cancik and , helmuth schneider , english edition by : christine f . salazar , classical tradition volumes edited by : manfred landfester , english edition by : francis g . gentry . consulted online on 09 july 2018 < urltoken >
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collection des études augustiennes paris : institute d ' études augustiniennes , 2001 pp . 632 . 49 , 42 bf .
eschewing more frequently studied areas such as philosophy , theology , and biblical studies , he concentrates his attention on four areas of ancient learning : cosmography , geography , ethnography , and historiography . though the latter half of the book focuses solely on historiography , inglebert judiciously prepares the ground for this discussion in the first part of the book . his treatment of what the ancients meant by the first three disciplines displays a sensitivity to the different cultural contexts in which these bodies of knowledge arose : linguistic , regional , and social . on the basis of this nuanced discussion , he adopts the model of a filter and assesses the nature of the christian reaction to these disciplines using the fourfold schema of refusal , indifference , synthesis , and original contribution . what emerges in the end is a clear sense of the complementary nature of the four disciplines and the extent to which christians based their appraisal of these disciplines on the foundation of their own familiarity with greek paideia .
inglebert ' s balanced and illuminating assessment of the christian transformation of ancient learning rests on a complex analysis of the dynamics of this change . on the basis of a preliminary analysis of the christianization of the ancient savoirs of cosmography , geography , and ethnography , the author constructs an intricate argument that requires multiple levels of interpretation . initially , he elaborates the chronological development of the christian transformation of greek paideia as it passed from the greeks to the latins , syrians , and armenians while emphasizing the extent to which the influence of jewish thought and social milieu modified or obstructed the transfer of this knowledge to christians .
next , he demonstrates how christian belief provided the means by which christians were able to transform the ancient notion of scientia . in this context , he disputes the claim that parallels can be found between the ancient notion of knowledge and the rationalistic conception of modern science as well as the belief that if no parallels exist , the christian transformation of greek scientia [ end page 433 ] ends in obscurantism . instead , he argues that faith provided epistemological insight into the unifying knowledge of christian wisdom that enabled christians to overcome the conflicting logoi proposed by pagans in their effort to resolve the dilemma of divergent mythological interpretations of the world . and yet , inglebert acknowledges that while the true philosophy of christianity allowed for the possibility of understanding the contents of faith , at times christians depended upon the same unscientific knowledge of the world as the ancients did . reflection on christian exegesis reveals the use christians made of literal and figurative interpretations of scripture to reconcile conflicts between christian belief and classical paideia .
finally , inglebert examines in considerable depth what he regards as the most astounding achievement of the christian transformation of ancient thought , namely , the invention of a universal history of humankind that had its roots in the messianic trajectory of christianity and its ongoing dialogue with the pagan world . this . . .
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publisher : institut d ' etudes augustiniennes ; 01 edition ( 7 nov . 2001 )
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studies in the history of art ( washington , d . c . ) v . 54 ( 1997 ) , p . 63 - 83 .
discusses the wide range of engraved gems on the medieval shrine of the three kings in cologne cathedral and how their classical subjects were reinterpreted to have christian meanings . focuses on the three large stones from the removable trapezoidal plate on the front of the shrine : the ptolemy cameo from the hellenistic period ( toward 270 b . c . ) ( formerly part of the shrine but now in vienna , kunsthistorisches museum ) , the sard intaglio of venus and mars from the third quarter of the first century b . c . and the sardonyx cameo of nero and agrippina from soon after 54 a . d .
nicholas , of verdun , approximately 1150 - approximately 1210 - - individual works - - shrine of the three kings ( attributed ) gems - - religious aspects . christian art and symbolism - - medieval , 500 - 1500 . gems , ancient . ptolemy cameo .
open mon : 12 p . m . - 4 : 30 p . m . , tue - fri : 10 : 00 a . m . - 4 : 30 p . m .
, all follow this pattern . this distinction was gradually broken down , perhaps earliest in roman africa , as relics of the saints came to be kept in city - centre churches . by the 6th century bishops were often buried inside their cathedral , and other christians followed .
given the plethora of worship locations for various cults , many had fallen into disuse well before the rise of christianity . the establishment of a third century roman military camp in the temple complex at luxor demonstrates an ongoing process of adaptive re - use . obsolete temples often had their stone elements
for use in new construciton . many ancient accounts of the manner of conversion of non - christian places of worship into churches are not borne out by subsequent on - site archaeology .
at the end of the 4th century . initially they were shunned by christians , perhaps because of their pagan associations , but also because their shape did not suit christian requirements :
to the early church , only one sort of building seemed suitable for christianization : the basilica
, which had previously always been a secular type of building .
in rome itself , numerous buildings including pagan temples and other sites were converted into churches , and several major archeological sites owe their preservation to this . on the roman forum alone , the curia iulia or roman senate building ( sant ' adriano in foro ) , the temple of antoninus and faustina ( san lorenzo in miranda ) , and the temple of romulus ( santi cosma e damiano ) were transformed into churches , and the churches of san giuseppe dei falegnami and san pietro in carcere were built above the mamertine prison nearby , where sts . peter and paul were reputed to have been held .
in rome was once a temple dedicated to the roman gods and it was converted to a roman catholic church dedicated to st . mary and the martyrs . eventually the prime sites of the pagan temples were very often occupied for churches , the church of
, christianized about 750 , being simply the most obvious example . the basilica of junius bassus was made a church in the late fifth century . however this process did not really begin in rome itself until the 6th and 7th centuries , and was still under way during the
one of the most richly adorned churches , the basilica di san clemente , was , according to christian tradition , built on top of titus flavius clemens ' s private home , as he had allowed early christians to worship in his home , due to having pro - jewish sympathies . the conversion of pre - christian places of worship , rather than their destruction , was particularly true of temples of mithras , a religion that had been the main rival to christianity during the 2nd and 3rd centuries , especially among the roman legions . an early 2nd century mithraeum stands across the roman street from the house and can be visited by visitors . other mithraea have been excavated under churches , such as santa prisca , and santo stefano rotondo .
several churches , especially in rome , are said to have been built on the sites of the earlier burial places of martyrs in the catacombs of rome or elsewhere . the sanctification of burial places , and placing tombs inside churches , was a novelty of christianity , and a break with pagan tradition , where burials were regarded as unclean , and usually only allowed beyond a set distance from a city ' s walls .
st . peter ' s basilica , the church of the vatican , is traditionally located at the burial place of simon peter , and most scholars parties agree that the basilica was built on top of a large necropolis on the vatican hill . in 1939 , an excavation underneath the grottoes which lie directly under the current basilica , uncovered several surviving roman mausoleums from the necropolis , and in the area directly under the high altar , below the grottoes , the excavators found a structure resembling a temple that they named the aedicula ( meaning little temple ) .
in greece , the occupation of pagan sites by christian monasteries and churches was ubiquitous .
allison franz argues that it was only after temples ceased to be regarded as serious cult sites that they were later converted to churches .
so it was by virtue of necessity rather than in token of a victorious faith that the temples of the old dispensation became the province of the new .
, during the seventh century , reflecting possible conflict between christians and non - christians .
) . it was the fourth most important pilgrimage in the eastern roman empire after constantinople , ephessos and thessalonica .
cassiodorus , the court secretary to the ostrogoth theodoric the great , described in a letter written in a . d . 527 , a fair held at a former pagan shrine of leucothea , in the still culturally greek region of south italy , which had been christianized by converting it to a baptistery ( variae 8 . 33 ) .
, he began by smashing the sculpture of apollo and the altar that crowned the height .
. jonas described it further :
there stone images crowded the nearby woods , which were honoured in the miserable cult and profane former rites in the time of the pagans
.
' s court , an abbey church was built within the heathen site and its
spectral haunts
.
the notre - dame du taur ( our lady of the bull ) , cathedral church of toulouse , which is famous for the encierro festival of running bulls , is thought by archaeologists to possibly be a converted temple of mithras , whose myth focused on the tauroctony , the killing of a sacred bull .
cults ; here the problem became one of still further humanizing the divinities of springs , trees and mountains , in order to rob them of their prestige
.
in britain , the legendary king lucius , was reported by geoffrey of monmouth , the often unreliable christian chronicler , to have deliberately converted all the old temples to churches . the historical actuality is nowhere more forthrightly discussed than in the famous letter from pope gregory i to mellitus , about to join augustine of kent among the anglo - saxons :
so when almighty god has led you to the most reverend man our brother bishop augustine , tell him what i have long gone over in my mind concerning the matter of the english : that is , that the shrines of idols amongst that people should be destroyed as little as possible , but that the idols themselves that are inside them should be destroyed . let blessed water be made and sprinkled in these shrines , let altars be constructed and relics placed there : since if the shrines are well built it is necessary that they should be converted from the worship of demons to the service of the true god , so that as long as that people do not see their very shrines being destroyed they may put out error from their hearts and in knowledge and adoration of the true god they may gather at their accustomed places more readily .
the british isles and other areas of northern europe that were formerly druidic are still densely punctuated by holy wells and holy springs that are now attributed to some local saint . an example of the pre - christian water spirit is the melusina .
in britain and many other parts of europe trees were also sometimes seen as sacred or the home of tree spirits . when britain was christianized this resulted in a change of the landscape . in some instances sacred groves were destroyed to discourage belief in tree spirits . one of the most famous of these was the irminsul , whose ancient location is no longer known ( though it may have been located at externsteine ) , was obliterated by charlemagne . another major ancient holy tree was thor ' s oak , which was deliberately desecrated and destroyed by a christian missionary named winfrid ( later canonised as saint boniface ) .
in britain and the celtic northwest of europe , the divinities of springs were transformed into local saints who were often venerated only at the location of their
holy well
.
sometime toward the end of the fifth century , an abandoned
mithraeum
near present - day motaro , was rebuilt as a church .
santiago de compostela is a major site of christian pilgrimage , and said in christian tradition to originate as the burial place of saint james the great ; pilgrims traditionally follow the way of st . james until they reach the cathedral , but then , having visited the church , continue to cape finisterre . the continuation to cape finisterre is regarded by historians as unjustifiable for christian reasons , but finisterre has a prominent pre - christian significance , it was considered to literally be the edge of the world ( hence the name finisterre , meaning end of the world ) , due to it seeming to be the westernmost point of europe ( in reality , even though it juts out to the west , the more subtle cabo da roca holds the honour ) . in pre - christian times , the souls of the dead were believed to trace their way across all europe to finisterre and follow the sun across the sea , and their route , the santa compaña , became a significant pilgrimage throughout south western europe . santiago de compostela itself was held to be the place where the dead gathered together , and where their paths finally all joined together for the final stretch of the journey ; one possible etymology of compostela is burial ground , suggesting that even the name derives from the pre - christian belief .
, the cross served the symbolic function of physical possession that a flag would occupy today . at the
in 1147 , when a mixed group of christians took the city ,
what great joy and what a great abundance there was of pious tears when , to the praise and honor of god and of the most holy virgin mary the saving cross was placed atop the highest tower to be seen by all as a symbol of the city ' s subjection .
nuestra señora de los remedios doesn ' t efface the great pyramid of cholula , mexico .
the spanish in the new world converted many native american temples into churches , following their procedure in spain against muslim mosques .
of the mosques were destroyed while the mosque itself was converted into a church or left to decay . the
was a 15th - century abandoned ottoman mosque , converted into a church in the 19th century . in
in vietnam , after the french invasion , many buddhist and taoist temples were neglected by the colonial government , notably the bao thien temple in hanoi were razed to make way for the st . joseph cathedral . the tra kieu church in quang nam was built in the 18th century on the site of a hilltop hindu temple in sinhapura , ancient capital of the champa kingdom , and became an important christian pilgrimage site ever since .
this is not solely a feature of christianity , needless to say ; the phenomenon was discussed in broader terms by f . w . hasluck , christianity and islam under the sultans ( oxford ) 1929 .
emmel , stephen , gotter , ulrich , and hahn , johannes .
analyzing a late antique phenomenon of transformation
, from temple to church , brill , 2008 isbn 9789004131415
gregory , t .
the survival of paganism in christian greece
, american journal of philology 107 ( 1986 : 229 - 42 ) .
see r . s . cormack ,
the temple as the cathedral
in c . roueché and k . t . erim . eds . aphrodisias papers : recent work on architecture and sculpture , journal of roman archaeology supplement ( ann arbor 1990 : 75 - 88 ) .
rothaus , richard m . , corinth , the first city of greece , p . 33 , n . 6 , brill , 2000 isbn 9789004109223
anthony kaldellis associate professor ( department of greek and latin , the ohio state university ) , a heretical ( orthodox ) history of the parthenon , p . 3
seznec , the survival of the pagan gods , ( b . f . sessions , tr . ) 1995 : 13 note 8 .
crummy , nina ; crummy , philip ; and crossan , carl ( 1993 ) colchester archaeological report 9 : excavations of roman and later cemeteries , churches and monastic sites in colchester , 1971 - 88 . published by colchester archaeological trust ( isbn 1 - 897719 - 01 - 9 )
monks and nuns , saints and outcasts , religion in medieval society : essays in honor of lester k . little , lester k . little , sharon a . farmer , barbara h . rosenwein , page 190 , 2000
curran , john 2000 . pagan city and christian capital . ( oxford ) isbn 0 - 19 - 815278 - 7 . reviewed by fred s . kleiner in bryn mawr classical review 20
trombley , frank r . , 1995 . hellenic religion and christianization c . 370 - 529 ( in series religions in the graeco - roman world ) ( brill ) isbn 90 - 04 - 09691 - 4
williams , mark f . , the making of christian communities in late antiquity and the middle ages , anthem press , 2005 , isbn 1 - 898855 - 77 - 3 , isbn 978 - 1 - 898855 - 77 - 4 , google books
jorge quiroga and monica r . lovelle ,
ciudades atlánticas en transición : la “ciudad” tardo - antigua y alto - medieval en el noroeste de la península ibérica ( s . v - xi )
the fountain of cassiodorus at the coscia di stalettì the site known as
fountain of cassiodorus
in the area of the vivarium monastery witnesses the christianization of a pagan shrine dedicated to silvan gods , whose cult is attested by cassiodorus in institutiones ' 1 . 32 . 2 . '
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 30 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
in byzantium incorporation of spolia in new architectural compositions was often a means to convey a specific political message , such as the appropriation of the roman past and the legitimacy of the new empire , or to create new aesthetic values , radically different from those of the orderly discipline of the classical art . convenience in recycling earlier building material in new constructions was also an important consideration . in numerous cases a christian reinterpretation of antique sculptures built in churches can be discerned : they often symbolized the defeated paganism and the victory of christianity . although supersitious , beliefs were directly related with the pagan monuments , spolia reworked with crosses were presented as being christianized and as symbolizing that the antique culture in all its manifestations had played a role in preparing the world for christ ' s advent and had not been excluded from salvation .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
( münchen 1975 ) , 8 ff . , 22 ; brenk , “spolia from constantine to charlemagne , ” 105 .
, subsidia hagiographica 32 ( bruxelles 1962 ) , vol . i , 88 ( c . 108 ) ;
( “for carving the capitals of the church columns in various styles” ) ; j . - m . spieser ,
thessalonique et ses monuments du ive au vie siècle . contribution à l ' étude d ' une ville paléochrétienne
, vol . ii , ed . j . wiseman ( belgrade 1975 ) , 15–25 ( irregularity is observed in architectural parts such as the arches , and decorative elements ) ; christine strube , “die kapitelle von qasr ibn wardan . antiochia und konstantinopel im 6 . jahrhundert , ”
eadem , polyeuktoskirche und hagia sophia . umbildung und auflösung antiker formen , enstehen des kämpferkapitells
249 ( 1983 ) , 66 note that “almost no two capitals in the atrium of the civic complex church were alike” ; c . epstein , v . tzaferis , “the baptistery at sussita - hippos , ”
( vinna 1932 ) , 1–9 , 27–40 : variety of the height of columns and types of bases and capitals of the church of the virgin in ephesos . f . w . deichmann , “säule und ordnung in der frühchristlichen architektur , ”
is also found in the literary style in late antiquity : m . roberts ,
( ithaca , n . y . 1989 ) , 44 ff . ( i owe the information to dr . leslie maccoull . )
, ed . a . - m . talbot ( oxford and new york 1991 ) , vol . iii , 1939 .
from classical antiquity to the middle ages . urban public building in northern and central italy ad 300–850
, ed . m . pinder , th . büttner - wobst ( bonn 1841–1897 ) , xiii . 12 . 30–34 .
108 ( 1984 ) , 818–820 . other early byzantine basilicas on the aegean islands on the sites of temples constructed with earlier building material are at phana on chios , on the heraion of samos , at the colona on aegina , haghion kirykos and haghia ioulitta on delos , and the karthaia church on kea .
“il materiale di spoglio , ” 131–146 ; h . - g . severin , “beispiele der verwendung spätantiker spolien . ägyptische notizen , ” in :
, ed . o . feld , u . peschlow , vol . 2 ( bonn 1986 ) , 101–8 . for detailed bibliographical references of spolia in byzantine buildings in pergamon cf . k . rheidt ,
j . w . crowfoot , “the christian churches , ” in : c . h . kraeling ,
, ed . g . w . elderkin ( princeton 1934 ) , 19 and 20 .
r . bar - nathan and g . mazor , “city center ( south ) and tel iztabba area , ”
the bet she ' an excavation project ( 1989–1991 ) , english ed . of hadashot arkheologiyot
, nr . 98 ( 1992 ) , 42 . cf . also the thoughts of brenk , “spolia from constantine to charlemagne , ” with reference to the use of spolia in the monuments of constantine .
, ed . g . barker , j . lloyd and j . reynolds , bar ( = british archaeological reports ) international series 236 , 79 ( oxford 1985 ) , p . 232 .
( new york and london 1988 ) , 187 : “reuse of the statues indicates that , late in the sixth century , urban design at caesarea was nostalgic and antiquarian—a look back at the classical past , to a world that was slipping away . also instructive is the slipshod way in which the builders installed the two statues : they used makeshift bases and odd bits of stone to prop the statues up where parts of the original fabric were missing . ”
similar capitals can be seen in the neoclassical house in heracleion , lassithiou str . 13 / 15 : a . di vita , “gortina 1986–1987 , ”
, “il materiale di spoglio , ” 144 ; saradi - mendelovici , “christian attitudes , ” 51 . for the west cf . ward - perkins ,
48 ( 1994 ) , 167–178 ; brenk , “spolia from constantine to charlemagne , ” 103–9 .
, ed . m . waelkens ( leuven 1993 ) , 93–109 , and fig . 77 , 86 .
the golden age of justinian . from the death of theodosius to the rise of islam
, transl . s . gilbert and j . emmons ( new york 1967 ) , 66–67 . similar appears to have been the function of a lion mask projected in the middle of an ornamental piece in the monastery of saggara in egypt . at the two extreme ends are two vessels from which grow vine branches , while above the branch to the left there is the inscription
( “cross , help” ) . apparently the lion mask was once part of a limestone basis for a vessel : kl . wessel ,
milion . studi e ricerche d ' arte bizantina . costantinopoli e l ' arte delle province orientali
, ed . f . de ' maffei , c . barsanti , a . g . guidobaldi ( rome 1990 ) , 73–134 .
t . e . gregory , “fortification and urban design in early byzantine greece , ” in : r . l . hohlfelder , ed .
g . gualandi , “bosra : la seconda campagna di scavi nella chiesa dei ss . sergio , bacco e leonzio , ”
, ed . h . grégoire and m . - a . kugener ( paris 1930 ) , c . 76 . cf . also r . van dam , “from paganism to christianity at late antique gaza , ”
sardis from prehistoric to roman times . results of the archaeological exploration of sardis 1958–1975
( berlin 1956 ) . for the various ways in which the classical tradition was incorporated into the christian culture of byzantium see also h . saradi ,
aspects of late antiquity and early byzantium . papers read at a colloquium held at the swedish research institute in istanbul 31 may–5 june 1992
, ed . l . rydén and j . o . rosenquist ( stockholm 1993 ) , 99–112 ; c . a . marinescu , “transformations : classical objects and their re - use during late antiquity , ” in :
, ed . i . raeder ( leipzig 1904 ) , viii . 68 :
saradi - mendelovici , “christian attitudes , ” 54–55 . on the other hand , numerous early christian basilicas were built next to pagan temples offering “a challenge to the pagan sanctuary or a choice to those who came to workshop” : t . gregory , “the survival of paganism in christian greece : a critical essay , ”
, 84 , 478 . on the wall of the temple of artemis at sardis opposite a small early byzantine church were inscribed twenty - five crosses and one with the inscription φως zωh ( “light , life” ) : c . foss , “byzantine cities of western asia minor” ( ph . d . diss . , harvard university 1972 ) , 95 . numerous crosses and the tree of life were inscribed on blocks in delphi . particularly remarkable are the dozens of crosses and nine circles engraved on the altar of chios : p . amandry , “chronique delphique ( 1970–1981 ) , ”
37 ( 1987 ) , 84 , ( “byzantine walls of the dark ages are usually faced with spoils arranged in regular courses in imitation of ashlar . in the 7th c . the facing is often elaborate and decorative , becoming simpler in the 9th” ) ;
31 ( 1977 ) , 74 : the facade of the castle was built with large blocks up to a hight of 8–10 m .
, ed . l . bachmann ( rostock 1847 ) , p . 1 . 5 .
( on the founder and the byzantine inscriptions of the church one of which , written in hexameter homeric greek , conveyed a specific political message , cf . n . oikonomidès , “pour une nouvelle lecture des inscriptions de skripou en béotie , ”
two to the right and left of the apse of the church of st . michael synadon ; three on the west wall—the two to the right and left ends of the wall , the third high up in the middle ; another similar block of a sarcophagus is incorporated in the low part of a wall of the church panaghia eleutherotria ( eighteenth century ) . they were decorated with an altar in the middle flanked by two garlands around a taurus ' head each . the reliefs are unfinished . cf . ph . bruneau , “peparethia , ”
[ haunted ] or not , they were placed with no regard for their subject - matter except in such a manner as to form a symmetrical pattern . ”
, ed . a . laiou , h . maguire ( washington 1992 ) , 143–4 ; h . p . maguire , “the cage of crosses : ancient and medieval sculptures on the ‘little metropolis’ in athens , ” in :
( athens 1994 ) , 169–172 . thus he concludes ( p . 172 ) : “such attitudes to ancient statuary make it likely that the pagan reliefs were not incorporated into the little metropolis because the builders admired their beauty , but because they feared them . like the dangerous animals , the pagan sculptures were emphatically neutralized by their setting , by crosses and by circles . in a city that was as full of ancient statuary as athens , this was surely a wise precaution . ”
, 59 . for the ancient origin of the belief of the apotropaic power of wild animals cf . guberti bassett , “the antiquities in the hippodrome of constantinople , ” 89 n . 19 .
iii , patrologia graeca 100 , coll . 464–5 . a . grabar , “l ' esthétisme d ' un théologien humaniste byzantin au ixe siècle , ” in :
, vol . hors série ( strasbourg 1956 ) , repr . in : a . grabar ,
“ ( here the sculptor carved the wooden images of animals” ) . on the meaning of
( “image” ) in neoplatonic and byzantine writers with reference to artistic production cf . g . mathew ,
) ( belgrade 1977 ) , 314 . for other examples cf . e . kitzinger , “list of early byzantine animal and bird capitals , ”
age of spirituality . late antique and early christian art , third to seventh century . catalogue of the exhibition at the metropolitan museum of art . november 19 , 1977 , through february 12 , 1975
( new york 1979 ) , 638 ; j . russell , “christianity at anemurium ( cilicia ) . recent discoveries , ”
2 ( 1897 ) , 490–1 ; see also michael the syrian , ed . j . - b . chabot ,
artistes , artisans et production artistique au moyen age . colloque international . centre national de la recherche scientifique , université de rennes ii—haute - bretagne 2–6 mai 1983
cf . the sources cited in e . dauterman maguire , h . p . maguire , m . j . duncan - flowers ,
( urbana and chicago 1989 ) , 18–19 ; j . engemann , “zur verbreitung magischer überlabwehr in der nichtchristlichen und christlichen spätantike , ”
villes et peuplement dans l ' illyricum protobyzantin . actes du colloque organisé par l ' école française de rome ( rome , 12–14 mai 1982
) ( rome 1984 ) , 311 . crosses are also found on the threshold of the entrance of the central square martyrion of st . babylas at antioch : e . kitzinger , “the threshold of the holy shrine , ” in :
, vol . 4 , 280 suggests a continuity with the ancient greek custom of inscribing prophylactic and apotropaic inscriptions above the lintels of houses . similar conclusion by r . merkelbach , “weg mit dir , herakles , in die feuershölle , ”
crosses are engraved above doors of modest houses of emporio on the island of santorini , a town that maintained architectural elements and planning of an earlier period ; or in the metallic ornamental lintel of the main door of a wealthy resdence , dated from an inscription on may 11 , 1843 , at tripolis of peloponnesus ( 44 kypros str . ) .
philippes et la macédoine orientale à l ' époque chrétienne et byzantine . recherches d ' histoire et d ' archéologie
, ed . l . jalabert , r . mouterde ( paris 1939 ) , ii , no . 424 .
patrologia graeca 155 , col . 337b . cf . also j . goar ,
cf . , for example , w . treadgold , “taking sources on their own terms and on ours : peter brown ' s late antiquity , ”
cf . the convincing observations of j . m . speiser , “remarques complémentaires sur la mosaïque de osios david , ”
d . kinney , “spolia from the baths of caracalla in sta . maria trastevere , ”
( 3rd ed . , athens 1979 ) , 29 . this could be compared with the sculptures above the entrance of the church of st . anne at trebizond ( 884–5 ) : g . millet , “les monastères et les églises de trébizonde , ”
49 / 50 ( 1991 / 92 ) , 33–39 , and n . 22 : in the back of one ring - amulet with the figure of the holy rider are inscribed the opening letters of psalm 90 .
: “with the shape of a dragon or the face of a breast” ) .
( “allow men to subdue the quadruped and irrational animals ; for you submitted them , lord” ) .
( “christ who established the cross , as the only support and salvation of the world” ) . for a parallel from the early byzantine period cf . an inscription from the church at androna ( el - anderîn ) of apamene ,
. . . . ( “i am founded in god , supported by christ , surronded as by a wall by the holy spirit . . . . ” ) :
, ed . l . jalabert† , r . mouterde ( paris 1955 ) , no . 1677 .
the association of the four biblical creatures ( man , lion , ox , eagle ) with the four gospels was made by irenaeus ( patrologia graeca 7 , coll . 885–6 ) . on the pictorial association of these four symbols with the evangelists cf . r . s . neolson ,
millet , “les monastères et les églises de trébizonde , ” 434 ; mango , “antique statuary , ” 63 .
cf . saradi - mendelovici , “christian attitudes , ” 56 . superstitious beliefs about statues and icons were very old : c . a . faraone ,
, ed . c . wachsmuth ( leipzig 1897 ) , p . 16 il . 14–16 : “
( “when statues and images appear sweating or shed tears or when a scorched oven or furnace flashes forth , it is a sign of civil wars” ) ; p . 102 il . 7–12 .
, ed . r . wuensch , iv . 82 ( p . 134 ll . 4–7 ) refers to idols , ghosts and demons which inhabit tombs .
michel and struck , “die mittelbyzantinischen athens , ” 308 . for the west cf . , for example , th . w . lyman , “format and style : the adaptation of cartoons to reused marble at saint - sernin , ” in :
( paris 1850 ) , vol . ii , i . an example from the early byzantine period is the cemeterial church attached to the temple of artemis at sardis , with the exterior originally stuccoed and painted : g . m . a . hanfmann , h . buchwald , in : g . m . a . hanfmann ,
g . gordon , “textes coptes relatifs à saint claude d ' antioche , ” patrologia orientalis 35 , 4 ( turnhout 1970 ) , 583–7 . for the later centuries cf . sp . vryonis , jr . , “the panegyris of the byzantine saint : a study in the nature of a medieval institution , its origins and fate , ” in :
ed . a . papadopoulos - kerameus ( athens 1909 ) , 213–4 . cf . g . m . hanfmann , “the continuity of classical art : culture , myth , and faith , ” in : weitzmann , ed . ,
, 81–82 . for the jewish tradition cf . g . foerster , “representations of the zodiac in ancient synagogues and their iconographic sources , ”
( columbus , ohio 1987 ) , 37–38 who concludes that the helios - in - zodiac in synagogues represents the celestial sphere .
“monuments d ' antiquité figurée , copiés à argos par les membres de la commission et expliqués par m . le bas , ” in : a . blouet ,
( göttingen 1849 ) , vol . 2 , 271–2 , and pl . xiii , 24 ; struck , “vier byzantinische kirchen der argolis , ” 209 .
on the theological developments expressed in art cf . d . olster , “byzantine hermeneutics after iconoclasm : word and image in the leo bible , ”
. in other theological texts abraham symbolizes the advent of christ . see , for example , “les trois derniers traités du livre des mystères du ciel et de la terre , ” ed . s . grébaut , patrologia orientalis vi , 3 ( paris 1911 ) , 436–8 . on the
the great entrance . a history of the transfer of gifts and other preanaphoral rites of the liturgy of st . john chrysostom
, patrologia graeca 98 , coll . 396 c - d , 400 b . 155 , col . 348 a :
, symbolizes bethlehem and the cave of the nativity . therefore , as it stands in the corner , and not far from the altar , although in the past it was placed even further in the large churches for safeguarding the holy vessels . . . ” )
michel and struck , “die mittelbyzantinischen kirchen athens , ” 308 ff . apparently the tradition was old ; an altar of sarapis was incorporated into the northwestern corner of a church in limyra in asia minor ( fifth to sixth centuries ) : r . jacobek , “byzantinische forschungen , ”
11 , 2 ( ankara 1989 ) , 192 and pl . 13a ( 208 ) .
the reuse of pagan sarcophagi by christians is attested already in the early centuries : r . farioli , “i sarcofagi ravennati con segni cristologici : contributo per un completamento del ‘corpus’ ii , ”
, 483 . for the western middle ages cf . χ . barral i altet , “le destin médiéval des sarcophages d ' aquitaine , ”
cf . , for example , the adornment of the entrance door of the kümbet camii ( 1274–5 ) between ankara road and the town of sivrihisar with fragments of the templon architrave of a byzantine church : c . mango , “the pilgrimage centre of st . michael at germia , ”
on this monastery cf . struck , “vier byzantinische kirchen der argolis , ” 189–236 ; g . chora ,
ph . d . diss . , univ . of athens ( athens 1975 ) .
bruneau , “peparethia , ” 487 and fig . 17 . we find a similar use of column bases in antiquity : the upper part of a column base from the temple of athene in priene was used as a table in the northwestern section of the city ' s gymnasium : wiegand ,
in the church of bishop markianos near gerasa ' s hippodrome , built in 570 with spolia , a small column with a marble slab on it was placed by the east wall to serve as an altar : m . gawlikowski , a . musa , in : f . zayadine ,
( amman 1986 ) . in the small chapel of a middle byzantine basilica in maroneia in greece , built on the ruins of an early basilica , the basis of a column placed upside down , and a broken small column of the templon were used for the altar : ch . bakirtzis ,
1987 ( athens 1988 ) , 23 . various other antique blocks used as tables include even grave markers : a roman tombstone was used as a table support in a small church ( sixth to seventh centuries ) in the village of kalavassos in cyprus ( a . papageorghiou ,
( new haven and london 1965 ) , 141–2 , and fig . 124 . the use of objects of pagan art for the
appears to have been a rather recent practice . at the end of the early byzantine period ( sixth to seventh centuries ) the byzantines were disturbed by such a practice :
, ed . c . de boor , revised by p . wirth ( stuttgart 1972 ) i . 11 . 3 ff . ;
, ed . a . - j . festugière ( brussels 1970 ) , c . 42 . but in some other instances such a use was clearly suggesting the victory of the church . at salona , for example , a pagan altar was placed upside down and hollowed to hold the holy water in the basilica of anastasius : e . dyggve ,
( oslo , cambridge , mass . , and london 1951 ) , 9–10 ; at horvath hesheq in upper gallilee a small altar with a dedication to jupiter heliopolitanus was broken and a cavity was cut to place burning incense or a lamp in the sixth - century church : l . di segni , “horvath hesheq : the inscriptions , ” in :
christian archaeology in the holy land . new discoveries . essays in honour of virgilis c . corbo
for the various messages which was conveying the conscious incorporation of ancient spolia in western mediaeval settings cf . m . perry , “st . mark ' s trophies : legend , superstition , and archaeology in renaissance venice , ”
1 ( 1937 ) , 204–220 , repr . in : william s . heckscher ,
, ed . e . verheyen ( baden - baden 1985 ) , 31–51 ; a . esch , “spolien . zur wiederverwendung antiker baustücke und skulpturen im mittelalterlichen italien , ”
51 ( 1969 ) , 1–64 ; m . vickers , “wandering stones : venice , constantinople , and athens , ” in : k . - l . selig , e . sears , eds . ,
, who offers a detailed analysis of the use of spolia in the west and discerns practical considerations , aesthetic and antiquarin motivations , and a christian reinterpretation , each one manifested in different historical periods .
saradi , h . int class trad ( 1997 ) 3 : 395 . urltoken
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word christianized . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word christianized and , of course , christianized synonyms and on the right images related to the word christianized .
christianize chris
tian * ize , v . t . [ imp . & p . p . christianized ; p . pr . vb . n . christianizing . ] [ cf . f . christianiser , l . christianizare , fr . gr . ? . ] 1 . to make christian ; to convert to christianity ; as , to christianize pagans . 2 . to imbue with or adapt to christian principles . christianized philosophers . - - i . taylor .
this is the place for christianized definition . you find here christianized meaning , synonyms of christianized and images for christianized copyright 2017 © urltoken
transition to christianity : art of late antiquity , 3rd – 7th century ad by industry design inc . - issuu
introductory essay by peter brown , and essays by fabrizio bisconti , kimberly bowes , averil cameron , slobodan ćurčić , jaś elsner , henry magui . . .
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the folks on western argolid regional project are heading to the tripoli museum and then to tegea tomorrow while i stay back to take care of some editing and databasing .
in anticipation of their trip , i looked up the section in my dissertation where i talk about the early christian basilica there that was excavated by anastasios orlandos and published in the 1970s . the calendar mosaic from the building is remarkable as is its metrical inscription .
another scrappier inscription seems to evoke the sanctus and might be one of the few inscription from early christian greece that preserves a clear liturgical utterance that has significance in the christological controversies of late antiquity . here’s a link to something i wrote a while back .


more deadly than the male is a 1919 silent film comedy adventure produced by famous players-lasky and released by paramount pictures .

robert g. vignola directed and ethel clayton stars .

more deadly than the male

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we’d love your help . let us know what’s wrong with this preview of more deadly than the male by james hadley chase .
on scripted shows are women or girls . only 11 % of all programs feature casts with more female than male characters , while 68 % consist of casts have more male than female characters .
when the early jesuit fathers preached to hurons and choctaws , they prayed to be delivered from the vengeance of the squaws . ' twas the women , not the warriors , turned those stark enthusiasts pale . for the female of the species is more deadly than the male .
more deadly than the male is a mission in grand theft auto : liberty city stories , given to protagonist toni cipriani by toshiko kasen , the wife of yakuza leader kazuki kasen , from her apartment in the torrington district of staunton island , liberty city .
when nag the basking cobra hears the careless foot of man , he will sometimes wriggle sideways and avoid it if he can . but his mate makes no such motion where she camps beside the trail . for the female of the species is more deadly than the male .
when the himalayan peasant meets the he - bear in his pride , he shouts to scare the monster , who will often turn aside . but the she - bear thus accosted rends the peasant tooth and nail . for the female of the species is more deadly than the male .
more deadly than the male is the first mission in grand theft auto : liberty city stories , given to protagonist toni cipriani by toshiko kasen , the wife of yakuza leader , kazuki kasen , from her apartment in the torrington district of staunton island , liberty city .
although sometimes described as the “male gaze” , mulvey’s concept is more accurately described as a heterosexual , masculine gaze .
, the quintessence of woman as other—strange , foreign , wanton , adulterous , seductive , deadly .
the “male gaze” invokes the sexual politics of the gaze and suggests a sexualised way of looking that empowers men and objectifies women . in the male gaze , woman is visually positioned as an “object” of heterosexual male desire . her feelings , thoughts and her own sexual drives are less important than her being “framed” by male desire .
man ' s timid heart is bursting with the things he must not say , for the woman that god gave him isn ' t his to give away ; but when hunter meets with husbands , each confirms the other ' s tale - the female of the species is more deadly than the male .
and man knows it ! knows , moreover , that the woman that god gave him must command but may not govern - shall enthral but not enslave him . and she knows , because she warns him , and her instincts never fail , that the female of her species is more deadly than the male .
to put it another way , loneliness might be a more significant health factor than obesity , smoking , exercise or nutrition .
write an article and join a growing community of more than 69 , 600 academics and researchers from 2 , 408 institutions .
film festivals are not the only venues where the film industry produces all male panels .
the bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites . read more .
how the avengers might look if the male gaze was also applied to them , according to the hawkeye initiative .
though the name of the mission refers to toni dealing damage to kazuki on the orders of his wife toshiko , it also refers to the black widow spider , a species known for the females , which are quite deadly , and their habit of killing the harmless male soon after mating .
the number of stars nominated for more than one award , inclusive of front - of - camera and - back - of - camera work . these nominees are aziz ansari (
does any of this make the book of ruth a love story or a romance ? whether or not the book itself privileges one relationship ( ruth and boaz ) over the other ( ruth and naomi ) is debatable . what is clear is that relationships in the book of ruth are more complex than at first meets the eye , and much more is at stake in the book of ruth than romance .
“we were told by witnesses there may be many more . there may be other shipwrecks that occurred over the weekend that we’re learning more about , ” iom spokesman joel millman said .
in 2017 , there is no justification for this . for more than four decades , canada has been urged repeatedly to eliminate the sex discrimination from the indian act , and canada has not done so .
to find out more and learn how to opt out , please visit our privacy policy .
the argument that women’s desire is best expressed through sensation rather than a gaze may evoke the cliché that male desire is “visual” whereas women’s is “sensory” . but men’s inner lives have always been conveyed via sound and sensation . action films like rambo ( 2008 ) or casino royale ( 2006 ) , for example , bombard the senses with male anguish and aggression .
but the woman that god gave him , every fibre of her frame proves her launched for one sole issue , armed and engined for the same , and to serve that single issue , lest the generations fail , the female of the species must be deadlier than the male .
portrays one of tv ' s most astute commentaries on race . others did so more abstractly—the misogynistic dictatorship of
for more of the numbers behind this year ' s emmys , check out famemoose ' s emmy guide .
ome animals go to great lengths to attract a mate . but no creature puts more effort or artistry into courtship than the male bowerbird of new guinea . not only does this amazing avian acquire hundreds of objects of art in order to impress the female of his species , but he builds an entire structure in which to house his collection .
horses have four speeds called gaits . they walk ( slow speed ) , trot ( a little faster than walking ) , canter ( faster than a trot ) and gallop ( a horse ' s fastest gait ) .
the hawkeye initiative is a project that draws attention to the different ways male and female superheroes are posed in comics and movies . take this illustration as an example , which poses the male heroes of the avengers in the same hyper - sexualised position as the film’s sole female protagonist , black widow .
at least 3 , 740 people have perished so far , nearly matching the death toll of 3 , 771 for all of 2015 when three times as many people , more than one million , took to the seas , the united nations refugee agency said .
as her skills advanced , katharine became more and more useful to the expedition . a talented artist , katharine’s drawings proved a major contribution to the work at ur and were critical to publicizing and raising funds for the effort . her work appeared regularly in the
the death toll on the mediterranean has nearly matched that of all last year , with more than 3 , 740 migrants and refugees having drowned on their way to europe , and perilous winter months still to come , aid agencies said on tuesday .
central africa is home to not only gorillas , but also the deadly ebola virus . ebola has caused a number of massive gorilla and chimpanzee die - offs in the remote forests at the heart of the primates’ ranges . some scientists estimate that it has killed about one third of the wild gorilla population , mostly western lowland gorillas . the toll has been even greater in some areas , such as the minkébé forest—once considered one of the most important populations—where the virus may have killed more than 90 % of the region’s gorillas and chimpanzees .
she can bring no more to living than the powers that make her great as the mother of the infant and the mistress of the mate . and when babe and man are lacking and she strides unclaimed to claim her right as femme ( and baron ) , her equipment is the same .
1906 - the indian act defined an indian as
a male indian , the wife of a male indian , or the child of a male indian
. indian women did not have status in their own right or the ability to transmit their status to a child . there was a one - parent rule for transmitting status and the parent was male . the differential treatment of transmittal of status on marriage to a non - indian continued , with indian men bestowing their status on non - indians wives , while indian women lost their status and could not transmit it to their children .
so is there a female gaze ? certainly , beautiful men abound in cinema . but i’d argue that there is no direct female equivalent of the male gaze . the male gaze creates a power imbalance . it supports a patriarchal status quo , perpetuating women’s real - life sexual objectification .
the song is unique not only in featuring as its protagonists a couple both desirous and in love , but also in offering a romantic vision of love . romance is more than the lineaments of gratified desire . romance transforms the way lovers look at the world around them ; suddenly the whole world becomes more beautiful , more vibrant , more wonderful . this is what the lovers in the song of songs experience . nature in all its glory reflects and participates in their mutual delight , and everything is felt more intensely . if we did not possess the song , we might safely assume that people in biblical times fell in love , as people do , but we would not know how they felt about it , or dreamed about it , or envisioned its possibilities .
when film critics talk about the gaze , they are often referring to the “male gaze” . but what does that really mean ? and is there a female equivalent ?
in the last decade alone , physicians and researchers have begun looking deeply into the impact of loneliness and social isolation on health , well being , and mortality , and the data on the subject is overwhelming : a lonely person is significantly more likely to suffer an early death than a non - lonely one .
the postman always rings twice ( 1946 ) offers a famous example of the male gaze . in the scene below , the audience is introduced to cora smith , the film’s lead female character . using close - ups , the camera forces the viewer to stare at cora’s body . it creates a mode of looking that is sexual , voyeuristic , and associated with the male protagonist’s point - of - view .
n most animal species , it is the female that carries and gives birth to the young . seahorses , however , are different . the male seahorse sports a pouch like a kangaroo ' s , and during mating the female deposits her eggs in it . the male carries the eggs until they hatch , after which he gives
birth
to a brood of young seashores .
as the only true romance in the bible , the song of songs stands apart and its presence in the bible is all the more remarkable . here we encounter mutual desire and satisfaction—and not a male point of view only—and a positive attitude toward a woman actively seeking to gratify her desire . using direct speech exclusively , in a dialogue format , the song explores love from
pd james hates to be compared to agatha christie –
such a bad writer
– and indeed they have little in common . the one she admires is dorothy l . sayers , though pd james is less exuberant , more sombre and far more scientific in her approach .
following their 1967 protection under the precursor to the esa , the surviving whooping cranes were rounded up for captive breeding . one early experimental attempt—that of placing whooping crane eggs in the nests of more numerous sandhill cranes—failed miserably because of the fact that the hatchlings became socially bonded to sandhills rather than to others of their own kind , and did not reproduce as adults .
a key idea of feminist film theory , the concept of the male gaze was introduced by scholar and filmmaker laura mulvey in her now famous 1975 essay , visual pleasure and narrative cinema .
dult male mountain gorillas drum their chests with their open hands in order to make a popping noise that resounds through the forest . this drumroll warns other male gorillas to stay off their territory and away from their families . young gorillas also drum in an attempt to show how tough they are . in this video , a baby mountain gorilla in rwanda fails hilariously when he tries to prove himself to a group of tourists . there are fewer than 1 , 000 mountain gorillas left in the wild .
results from the largest ever research study of gorillas and chimpanzees in western equatorial africa show population numbers higher than first believed , but their future still remains in peril .
than “love . ” tamar dies a desolate woman in her brother absalom’s house , and absalom has amnon killed—all part of the working out of nemesis in david’s house .
horses have lived on earth for more than 50 million years , according the american museum of natural history . according to scientific american , the first horses originated in north america and then spread to asia and europe . the horses left in north america became extinct about 10 , 000 years ago and were re - introduced by colonizing europeans .
the przewalski ' s horse ( equus ferus ) is a success story , improving its status from critically endangered to endangered . originally , it was listed as
extinct in the wild
in 1996 , but thanks to a captive breeding program and a successful reintroduction program , the population is now estimated at more than 300 , according to the iucn .
when did romance enter the picture ? in the 17th and 18th centuries , when enlightenment thinkers pioneered the idea that life was about the pursuit of happiness . they advocated marrying for love rather than wealth or status . this trend was augmented by the industrial revolution and the growth of the middle class in the 19th century , which enabled young men to select a spouse and pay for a wedding , regardless of parental approval . as people took more control of their love lives , they began to demand the right to end unhappy unions . divorce became much more commonplace .
films like the piano , in the cut or marie antoinette show that cinema can use music , erotic scenes and visual aesthetics to express a feminine point of view . in doing so , such films counter the gaze , depicting women as subjects rather than objects “to be looked at” . whilst not replicating the male gaze exactly , they challenge the enduring dominance of masculine worldviews in film and media .
because they deal with specific situations , the biblical laws give us only a partial picture of the norms and values of ancient israelite society . narrative and poetic texts often offer a different picture of sexual activity and its consequences , but by and large they reinforce the idea that male desire poses a potential threat to the preservation of male status , privilege , and hierarchy , upon which the patriarchal system is based .
western lowland gorillas can be distinguished from other gorilla subspecies by their slightly smaller size , their brown - grey coats and auburn chests . they also have wider skulls with more pronounced brow ridges and smaller ears . large numbers have not protected the western lowland gorilla from decline . because of poaching and disease , the gorilla’s numbers have declined by more than 60 % over the last 20 to 25 years . even if all of the threats to western lowland gorillas were removed , scientists calculate that the population would require some 75 years to recover .
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in 1970 the report of the royal commission on the status of women in canada identified the discrimination of indigenous women under the indian act and provided the following recommendation : “the indian act be amended to allow an indian women upon marriage to a non - indian to ( a ) retain her indian status and ( b ) transmit her indian status to her children . ” nowhere within this recommendation did the royal commission propose that the reinstatement of a woman’s indian status be lesser than her male counterpart .
like michal , jonathan saves david’s life when saul plots to kill him ( 1 sam . 19 : 1–7 ; 20 : 12–42 ) , and , remarkably , he is even willing to yield his rightful claim to the throne to david : “you shall be king over israel and i shall be your second - in - command” ( 1 sam . 23 : 17 ) . but did david love jonathan ? it all depends on how one understands his words in 2 samuel 1 : 26 , “your love for me was wonderful , more than the love of women . ” does this mean that david loved jonathan more than he loved women ? or should we take the comparison to mean “your [ jonathan’s ] love for me is more wonderful than the love of women [ is for me ] ” ; in other words , is david saying that jonathan has shown him greater love than women have ? in light of all the references to jonathan’s love for david , it is striking that david’s love for jonathan is so shrouded in mystery . perhaps , however , jonathan’s love for david is not quite so altruistic as it seems . as later events reveal , he has reason to be concerned about the fate of his progeny should david usurp the kingship .
it was as though the museum was reading my mind - - like they heard about my lady crush on katharine woolley , knew i was hoping to learn more about her , and wanted to help me out . just weeks after i began my study of leonard woolley’s work at ur , the powers that be announced a lecture intended to shed some light on the life of his glamorous wife . finally , i would get to know the lady in this amazing photo - - and she would prove more extraordinary than i could have ever imagined .
. basically , this means that she was genetically male , with both x and y chromosomes , but that her body was insensitive to male hormones , so she appeared female . she would not have had male genitalia , and though she would have developed breasts , she would not have had proper female genitalia , either . mccall explains that women with this disorder have vaginas that range from a mere “dimple” to about one - third the depth of a normal vagina . sufferers do not have uteruses or menstruate , and if untreated , they find sexual intercourse very painful .
as seductive or even just “path of least resistance” that slide into darkness can be , the older i get , the more i have learned that i much , prefer the outcome when i start talking instead .
in my own personal experience , i have found that the lonelier i am , the worse i am doing . and i say that as a guy who , in general , much prefers isolation . i am just a person who is more comfortable and often more content being by myself . i value solitude , and on the flip side , can often get agitated or uncomfortable or even just feel more scattered in social settings . in many respects , this is not really something that bothers me—it’s just a part of who i am .
. it’s about a woman who poses as a man in order to pursue a more exciting life than that afforded her own gender . she joins an archaeological team and makes a male best friend who becomes her partner on numerous daring exploits . toward the end of the book , her friend discovers her true identity and the two are married and live happily ever after . for those who have speculated about katharine’s sexuality , the books’ gender - bending heroine has certainly proved of interest . ( sadly , i’ve not yet found a copy of this book , though i will keep searching . if you have any leads , please
the male gaze takes many forms , but can be identified by situations where female characters are controlled by , and mostly exist in terms of what they represent to , the hero . as budd boetticher , who directed classic westerns during the 1950s , put it :
ike the bower bird , most of the 42 bird - of - paradise species are found on the island of new guinea . compared to male bower birds , male birds of paradise employ an equally elaborate , though completely different , strategy for attracting mates . they rely not only on their spectacular plumage , but also on their dancing ability in their attempts to convince females to mate with them . in fact , you wouldn ' t be wrong to call birds of paradise the exotic dancers of the animal world .
this situation is not so surprising given the traditional status of women as the property of their fathers , brothers , or husbands and subject to their control . adultery , for example , is a crime a man commits against another man . a married woman who has sex with a man other than her husband commits adultery , but a married man who has sex with a woman other than his wife commits adultery only if that woman is another man’s wife .
the foal is able to stand soon after birth and becomes mature at 3 to 5 years of age . at 2 years old , male foals are driven away from the herd by the stallion . the young males ban together in a herd until they find a herd of females that they can lead .
visual media that respond to masculine voyeurism tends to sexualise women for a male viewer . as mulvey wrote , women are characterised by their “to - be - looked - at - ness” in cinema . woman is “spectacle” , and man is “the bearer of the look” .
the crime writer is very much nicer to meet than her books might lead one to expect . but in her writing there is sometimes a certain contempt for many of her characters pd james , queen of crime fiction , dies aged 94
there are more than 400 different breeds of horses . horses can be as big as 69 inches ( 175 centimeters ) from hoof to shoulder and weigh as much as 2 , 200 lbs . ( 998 kilograms ) . tiny horses exist , too . the smallest breeds of horses can be as small as 30 inches ( 76 centimeters ) from hoof to shoulder and weigh only 120 lbs . ( 54 kg ) , according to national geographic .
eastern red wolves the eastern , or “red , ” wolf is a distinct species from its western cousin . it’s smaller , for one thing ; in fact , genetic testing has shown it to be much more closely related to the coyote than it is to the gray wolf . eastern wolves—not all of which are red , despite the name—used to be common from maine to the gulf coast . humans made short work of them , however , and by the 1970s only a ghostly , beleaguered population numbering in the teens remained at large in a strip of coastal eastern texas .
in 1985 bill c - 31 came into effect , as the result of the notable leadership of indigenous women like jeannette corbiere - lavell , sandra lovelace and mary two - axe early . but bill c - 31 did not fully address all forms of discrimination and human rights violations . indigenous women who
married out
and lost their status were reinstated but they were only granted a lesser category of status than indian men who never lost their status . subsequent generations of descendants of indian women were then denied status . and so the discrimination caused by the preferential treatment accorded to indian men and their descendants for more than 100 years continues today . this ongoing discrimination towards indigenous women is unacceptable , and violates the human rights of indigenous women and children .
with few exceptions , what is at stake in laws concerned with sexuality is the regulation of male sexuality . as erhard gerstenberger observes , “ [ i ] t was largely or even exclusively to men alone that sexual needs were conceded in a patriarchal age . ”
for this reason , the amendment to bill s - 3 which was proposed by independent senator marilou mcphedran and passed by the senate committee on aboriginal peoples on may 17 , 2017 is crucially important to indigenous women and their descendants . this amendment to bill s - 3 has the effect of eliminating the central distinction between the descendants of indian men and indian women born prior to april 17 , 1985 , whether they married out , or did not marry at all . this suggested amendment would remedy the discrimination that indigenous women have been struggling to end for more than 100 years .
films about women’s sexuality often face censorship ways that prove their subversiveness . for instance , the makers of the cooler ( 2003 ) , boys don’t cry ( 1999 ) and blue valentine ( 2010 ) claim that their films were rated r or nc - 17 for depicting cunnilingus . such scenes focus on female pleasure and undermine women’s “to - be - looked - at - ness” . censorship bodies like the motion picture association of america , however , seem to treat cunnilingus as “more graphic” than other forms of sex .
one of the few places that humans can see western lowland gorillas in the wild is the dzanga - sangha protected areas in the central african republic . these opportunities for gorilla viewing are so rare , in part , because it takes three or more years of careful and patient gorilla tracking and following to habituate the animals to the presence of humans .
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the intensity of ruth’s devotion to naomi is routinely praised by commentators ; at the same time , her relationship to boaz is frequently romanticized . romanticizing readings find more in ruth and boaz’s relationship than a kinsman’s willingness to take responsibility for the welfare of two needy female relatives , or the juridical issue of redemption , or the obligation of a kinsman to perpetuate his relative’s family and “the name of the dead in his inheritance” ( 4 : 10 ) , or even a model for righteous living—all of which have been hailed as important themes of the book of ruth . romanticizing interpretations find emotions that the text barely hints at in order to develop the love interest between ruth and boaz .
george fraser , a lonely , timid fellow , lived in a dream world of gangsters , gunfights and beautiful women . he began to imagine himself as the toughest gangster of them all - to bolster up his feelings of inferiority . but george boasted once too often - and to the wrong person . from that moment , harmless george fraser was caught up in a deadly net of intrigue and became a cat ' s paw for murder .
horses are very social animals . they live in groups called herds . in the wild , horses will live in herds that consist of three to 20 animals and are lead by a mature male , which is called a stallion , according to national geographic . the rest of the herd is made up of females and their young .
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i’ve attended quite a few lectures at the british museum , and i must say this was among the very best . mccall is obviously a thorough and passionate researcher who delights in her subject , and she presents her work with a warmth and humor that makes listening to her truly enjoyable . but of course , katharine woolley was the true star of the show and led a life even more exciting and tragic than could possibly be gleaned from that glamorous photo in room 56 . her story very much deserves to be told , and i thank ms . mccall for sharing it .
she who faces death by torture for each life beneath her breast may not deal in doubt or pity - must not swerve for fact or jest . these be purely male diversions - not in these her honour dwells . she the other law we live by , is that law and nothing else .
but , at various points in my life , i have noticed that i might begin drifting from “comfortable being alone” to “uncomfortable not being alone” , and from there i start slipping into something less like “loner” and more like “isolated . ”
in lonely people who see the world as a threatening place , their immune systems choose to focus on bacteria rather than viral threats . without the antiviral protection and the body ' s antibodies produced against various ills , the result means a person has less ability to fight cancers and other illnesses . those who are socially isolated suffer from higher all - cause mortality , and
we ask you to eliminate all sex discrimination from the indian act now , before the end of the fall session of parliament on december 15 , 2017 . we ask you to accept the senate ' s ' 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) all the way ' amendment to bill s - 3 , and grant full status to indian women and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 on the same footing as their male counterparts .
the famous five fought to gain recognition for the equal personhood of women in 1929 . so too , the famous six are fighting for recognition of the equal personhood of indian women . but 88 years after the privy council ruled in favour of the famous five , the famous six , and the many thousands of indian women and their descendants whom they represent , still do not enjoy equality with their indian male counterparts under the indian act . this is an embarrassment to canada , and a contravention of our human rights obligations .
the power of desire and the attraction of losing himself in love , transcending the self through the intimate knowing of the other , is overwhelming . the samson story thus illustrates how surrender in love is attractive but dangerous—it costs samson his freedom , his sight , and his life . if even an apparently invincible hero like samson can be undone by a woman , how much more so should the ordinary man be on his guard .
the time for consultation and discussion has passed . on may 17th , 2017 bill s - 3 was amended in the senate committee on aboriginal peoples in order to remove the long - standing discriminatory treatment of indigenous women . onwa is in full support of the amendment and its immediate implementation . furthermore , indigenous women’s children , regardless of their paternity , must have the same equality and recognition as if they were to receive status from the male lineage .
the ontario native women’s association has since 1971 been actively advocating for indigenous women’s rights , equality , and the restoration of indigenous women’s roles within their families and communities . the time for discussion has past , and onwa is in full support of bill s - 3 , and its immediate implementation . furthermore , the recognition of indigenous women’s children regardless of their paternity must have the same equality and recognition as if they were to receive status from the male lineage .
pd james is very much nicer to meet than her books might lead one to expect . she is warm , ebullient and modest . but in her writing there is sometimes a waspish edge , a certain contempt for many of her characters , a hint of a deep disapproval of the world and its follies .
the primary sources for information about desire , love , and romance in the bible are the biblical texts themselves . some texts ( especially those discussed in this essay ) have received considerably more attention than others because of their focus on relationships , but many other texts await exploration , for desire can take many forms , as some of the studies listed in the further reading section of this essay well illustrate . one could examine the biblical views of desire , love , and romance against the ancient near eastern background or look for hellenistic influence on later biblical literature . much work remains to be done in these areas . some comparative analysis can be found in the books by nissinen , heacock , ackerman , and bach listed in further reading . though it does not deal with the bible , gwendolyn leick’s
american crime novels are written by men – hard - bitten , macho , super - cool , gritty tales set in the mean streets among low criminals , rooted in a world where real crimes happen . but most english detective fiction has stayed in a realm of quite extraordinary fantasy , firmly set among the middle classes , on the uncomfortable presumption , perhaps , that the lower classes are too boring to write books about , or that crime among them is too common to merit attention . or perhaps it is just that these women like to imagine what a little murder can do to the deadly dullness of a vicarage tea party .
as these examples illustrate , sexual or affective love , though its strength is recognized , holds little interest for the biblical writers , and in some of these cases “desire” or even “lust after” would be a better translation of ’ahab than english “love . ” none of them qualifies , in today’s terms , as a love story .
horses have live births after around 11 months of gestation . some people mistakenly call baby horses ponies . actually , horse offspring are called foals . ponies are adult horses that are shorter than 56 inches ( 147 cm ) , according to encyclopedia britannica . shetland and welsh horses are common pony breeds .
. her talk was based on a paper she has written about the mysteries surrounding katharine’s life . as i understood it , there are no current plans to publish the paper , but i hope that changes . a lot of information was presented during the lecture - - i’ve really only captured the basic plot here - - and i’d very much enjoy a chance to digest it more slowly .
it also establishes some important plot points : that the hero desires cora , and that cora recognises his lust . but the strongest message is that cora is sexy . indeed , the viewer learns that cora is sexy before they even learn her name . even if a viewer isn’t attracted to women in “real life” , the scene still makes sense . a lifetime of seeing women sexualised in television , music videos and advertisements has made us very comfortable with assuming the male gaze .
by the second decade of the twenty - first century , around 5 , 000 wolves roamed the lower 48 , with about 1 , 600 in yellowstone and the rest of the u . s . rockies , and the remainder in minnesota—a population large enough , at least in the cattle - raising west , to trigger a public , and often bitter , debate about how many wolves constituted too many wolves . conservationists continue to argue that renewed legal hunting would cause the population to nosedive once more . photo credit : usfws
katharine was a demanding - yet - beguiling woman , and mccall speculates that every man on the dig was at least a little in love with her . yet katharine was determined that she would never marry again after her disastrous first marriage , and while she very much enjoyed male attention , she refused all romantic overtures . it took a threat to her position with the excavation to change her mind .
the most earned by any nominee—gordon ramsay—over the past year . the multi - series host and restaurateur ramsay , who was the
in 1987—a mere 20 years later—the alligator was removed from the federal list of endangered species , and is considered one of the esa’s greatest success stories . there are now millions of alligators throughout the southeastern u . s . —so many that they sometimes give people a scare by wandering into their back yards . very occasionally , an alligator even attacks a human ; more frequently , they prey on untended house pets . photo credit : matthew fields
to only are naked mole rats naked , but even though they are mammals , their family structure more closely resembles that of bees , ants , wasps , and other social insects . all the mole rats living in each underground mole rat colony serve the needs of their giant mole rat queen—who , like a queen bee or a queen ant does all the reproducing and is therefore the mother of all her subjects . naked mole rats are native to the grasslands of east africa .
discussions of the relationship between david and jonathan can be found in the books by ackerman , heacock , and harding ( see further reading ) , and deryn guest’s beyond feminist biblical studies offers a salutary critique of the heteronormativity of both the biblical text and biblical scholarship . her discussion of prophetic pornography merits consideration alongside more mainstream studies such as moughtin - mumby’s sexual and marital metaphors in hosea , jeremiah , isaiah , and ezekiel . fiona black’s the artifice of love sheds important light on the intricacies of love and desire in the song of songs .
the amendment will effectively eliminate the two - tier system of status which has relegated indian women and their descendants to a lesser category of status , with more restrictions on their entitlements to obtain and transmit status . the amendment will provide equality under the law for indian women and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 and indian men and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 . the ongoing canadian state violence against indigenous women under current indian act legislation must stop .
so , this post offers up a bit more new - blogger lameness in that it is a review of something that happened , oh , nearly three months ago . that’s because this lecture took place after i had the idea for the blog , but before the blog actually existed ; at the time i attended this lecture , there was simply no place to post this review . and yet there was never any question that i would eventually post it . as you may recall , it was katharine who first sparked my interest in ur , and she simply must be given her due . so , now that the blog is up and running , i promise there will be no more three - month - old reviews . unless , of course , i have a really good excuse . . .
centers on the murder of a beautiful - but - difficult archaeologist’s wife during an excavation in iraq , and the character is apparently instantly recognizable as katharine . according to mccall , katharine didn’t mind this and , in fact , enjoyed the notoriety . i also got the impression that their friendship healed at some point , though mccall didn’t explicitly state this . ( and i ran home and immediately ordered the book from amazon . i found a pristine used copy for less than £3 , shipping included - - sweet ! )
texts of desire typically tell only one side of the story , the man’s . of bathsheba we hear only that she came to the king and returned to her house . having been summoned by the king for sex , did she have a choice ? no blame is assigned to bathsheba by the biblical narrator , who , however , by withholding her point of view leaves her open to the charge of seduction . the narrator is preeminently concerned with male desire and its consequences . desire’s irresistible power drives even the king chosen after god’s own heart to break three commandments : he covets another man’s wife , and he commits both adultery and murder . the moral message is encapsulated in god’s condemnation of david , delivered by the prophet nathan :
toshiko kasen : you won ' t . . . because while i merely want him dead , you need him dead . in truth , you have already dealt him a severe blow , mr . cipriani . however , he is taking delivery of more munitions today . i want you to steal those weapons from right under his ignorant nose .
the effect of the amendment to bill s - 3 made by the senate committee on aboriginal peoples on may 17 , 2017 is to eliminate the two - tier system of status which has relegated indian women and their descendants to a lesser category of status , with more restrictions on their entitlements to obtain and transmit status . the amendment will provide equality under the law for indian women and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 and indian men and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 . canada must stop the ongoing systemic violence against indigenous women legitimized under current indian act legislation .
) she had been following the dig in the london press and was keen to see it first hand . mccall claims that katharine rarely permitted single women to visit the site because she was reluctant to share the male attention , but an exception was made for christie because katharine admired her work . apparently the two women became fast and unlikely friends , though the relationship was strained when christie struck up a romance with max mallowan , one of the archaeologists on the excavation . it seems christie felt that mallowan liked katharine a bit too much , and that katharine liked his liking her a bit too much . . . after christie and mallowan married in 1930 , christie was no longer welcome on the site , and mallowan soon left as well .
that can contribute to an early death . if you have an accident or are struck by a sudden health event , there may not be anyone around to help . you could have some disease state symptom that’s far more likely to be noticed if you regularly interact with other people ( “too often the first sign of someone who has been left alone is a funny smell and post backing up in the mailbox . ” —
it is unacceptable that indigenous affairs minister bennett and her department are justifying this ongoing discrimination and violence as acceptable due to ‘unknown’ issues from the removal of this discrimination , more specifically that as a result of the bill passing , that there will be “hundreds of thousands , or even millions , of new indigenous people” ( globe and mail ) . from bennett’s point of view , the enactment of bill s - 3 would instantly create a whole new indigenous population .
for many years onwa has urged the government of canada to amend the indian act to entitle women and their descendants born prior to april 17 , 1985 to full 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) status on the same footing as their male counterparts . onwa fully supported the senate’s amendments to bill s - 3 passed on june 1 , 2017 which were intended to have this effect . onwa represents 13 incorporated chapters and 40 grassroots councils across the province of ontario who provide services to thousands of indigenous women . onwa has received overwhelming support from agencies and individuals for its call to implement ‘6 ( 1 ) ( a ) all the way’ .
we also know that the discrimination against indigenous women in the indian act is connected to the crisis of violence .
inac minister bennett justifies this ongoing discrimination and violence as acceptable because there may be ‘unknown consequences’ from the removal of this discrimination . but there are known consequences of this discrimination and they are deadly . minister bennett also says that as a result of removing gender discrimination in the indian act , there will be “ hundreds of thousands , or even millions , of new indigenous people ” ( globe and mail 2017 ) . minister bennett ' s projection that there will be two million new indigenous people is
fear - mongering
as senator sinclair pointed out in the senate committee hearings . there are , however , we believe , thousands of indian women and their descendants who are rightfully entitled to indian status , and that entitlement should be granted in law immediately .
the california condor waddles back the california condor is a bare - headed member of the vulture family which , while looking quite unappealingly vulture - like as it hops and waddles on the ground—and especially while it is deconstructing a carcass with it’s large , curved beak—nonetheless appears quite majestic when engaged in soaring , long - winged flight over desolate western canyons . in fact , it has the widest wingspan of all north american birds , at 9 . 5 feet , or 2 . 9 meters . it is also one of the continent’s heaviest birds , weighing up to 23 pounds , or 10 . 4 kilos , which is also close to the maximum size for an adult male wild turkey .
the condor’s appearance and dining habits made it few friends throughout most of modern american history , and by the second half of the twentieth century it was almost gone , the victim of habitat loss , intentional persecution by humans , and lead poisoning resulting from feeding on animals had been killed or crippled by a blast of lead shotgun pellets . finally , in 1987 , the last 22 condors were captured and divided between captive breeding programs at the los angeles zoo and the san diego wild animal park . condor hatchlings were reared by human handlers who fed them with puppets resembling condor heads so that they would not become “imprinted” on—or socially bonded to—people rather than to other condors .
what counts is what the heroine provokes , or rather what she represents . she is the one , or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero , or else the concern he feels for her , who makes him act the way he does . in herself the woman has not the slightest importance .