patient x is a 2009 filipino horror film directed by filipino director yam laranas and stars richard gutierrez and cristine reyes .

it is co-produced by gma films , viva films , and rgutz productions .

this is the first movie of richard gutierrez under viva films productions .

patient x ( film )

further patient information about these scans can be found on the royal college of radiologists patient information leaflets .
if a patient is 12 years of age and older , the authorization must be signed by the patient .
no radiation remains in a patient ' s body after an x - ray examination .
orthopedic specialist explaining x - ray film with broken bone to patient with leg in plaster cast . vector illustration on medical and orthopedic concept .
a portable x - ray machine is a compact apparatus that can be taken to the patient in a hospital bed or the emergency room . the x - ray tube is connected to a flexible arm that is extended over the patient while an x - ray film holder or image recording plate is placed beneath the patient .
the equipment may also be arranged with the x - ray tube suspended over a table on which the patient lies . a drawer under the table holds the x - ray film or digital recording plate .
since film is more sensitive to light than to x - ray exposure , film can be exposed with much less radiation if an intensifying screen is used . conventional x - ray film has an x - ray exposure sensitivity in the range of 50 mr to 150 mr if exposed directly by the x - radiation . . when the film is combined with intensifying screens , the sensitivity ranges from approximately 0 . 1 mr to 10 mr , depending on the type of screen and film used .
the sensitivity ( speed ) of an intensifying screen - film receptor depends on the type of screen and film used in addition to the conditions under which they are used and the film is processed .
one of the limitations of film for recording x - ray images is its relatively narrow exposure latitude or dynamic range . image contrast is reduced or completely lost when the exposures are not well within the film latitude . this is the contrast transfer characteristics of the film , which are discussed in the chapter
film contrast characteristics .
theatre and mobile x - ray referrals are requested in the same way as inpatient x - ray .
we do not use our website email for specific requests or enquiries about patient information .
handsome doctor talking with his patient for the annual check - up in the hospital .
the technologist is in the next room and can observe the patient through a large window .
what clothing the patient wears depends on the nature of the study . for a ct scan of the chest , abdomen , or pelvis , for example , usually the patient will change into a hospital gown . for a head ct scan , the patient can wear normal street clothes .
the equipment typically used for chest x - rays consists of a wall - mounted , box - like apparatus containing the x - ray film , or a special plate that records the image digitally . an x - ray producing tube is positioned about six feet away .
trillium health partners health information management department supports our customers by maintaining and providing health information for patient care , research , planning and quality / risk management . we are committed to protecting patient confidentiality while providing health information access to authorized individuals . each functional area supports and contributes to patient care .
manila - - a film from
heneral luna
director jerrold tarog was rated x by the movie and television review and classification board ( mtrcb ) .
if the film and intensifying screen surfaces do not make good contact , the light will spread , as shown below , and will produce image blurring . this is an abnormal condition that occurs when a cassette or film changer is defective and does not apply sufficient pressure over the entire film area . inadequate film - screen contact usually produces blurring in only a portion of the image area .
for some studies , the patient will be asked to hold their breath for up to 20 seconds .
any gp referral for a chest x - ray is now made electronically and the gp will hand the patient a sheet of paper to present at the x - ray department . the patient has 7 days from the date of this referral to attend between the hours of 11am and 3pm , if a patient does not attend within this time frame they will be contacted by x - ray appointments to arrange a suitable appointment date and time . if you have a request made by your gp for a chest x - ray your gp will request this electronically
modern x - ray systems have very controlled x - ray beams and dose control methods to minimize stray ( scatter ) radiation . this ensures that those parts of a patient ' s body not being imaged receive minimal radiation exposure .
patients must complete a radiology patient health information release form before the report or images can be released to the patient . the release form is not necessary for the physician who ordered the exam to receive the report .
if the film emulsion does not completely absorb the light from the intensifying screen , the unabsorbed light from one side can pass through the film base and expose the emulsion on the other side . this is commonly referred to as crossover . as the light passes through the film base , it can spread and introduce image blur , as illustrated above . many modern film - screen receptor systems are designed to minimize crossover blurring . crossover can be decreased by placing a light - absorbing layer between the film emulsion and film base , using a base material that selectively absorbs the light wavelengths emitted by the intensifying screens , and designing the film emulsion to increase light absorption . it is not a significant problem with modern radiographic systems .
most receptors are given a nominal speed rating by the manufacturer . the actual speed varies , especially with the x - ray spectrum ( kv ) and film processing conditions .
looking for movie tickets ? enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing the english patient near you .
the patient will be exposed to radiation when undergoing a ct scan . however , it is a safe level .
a young male doctor shows the results of tests on a tablet computer . the patient is a woman aged .
both images recorded on film and digital media undergo some form of processing before they are displayed as visible images .
after the hellfire club attacks and destroys division x , moira helps xavier and lehnsherr train the x - men at xavier ' s mansion .
sedation is rarely necessary . the machine is quiet , so the patient hears during the test is a quiet whirr .
if the patient received a contrast injection , the iv is removed from the arm before going home . there should be no ill effects from the scan or the contrast injection . in the rare circumstance that the patient received sedation , they will be sent home once they are awake and alert . however , someone will have to drive the patient home .
x - rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation , similar to visible light . unlike light , however , x - rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects , including the body . medical x - rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body . if x - rays travelling through the body also pass through an x - ray detector on the other side of the patient , an image will be formed that represents the “shadows” formed by the objects inside the body . one type of x - ray detector is photographic film , but there are many other types of detectors that are used to produce digital images . the x - ray images that result from this process are called radiographs .
note : the contrast in the x - ray beam coming from a patient ' s body is greatly diminished by the scattered radiation produced within the body . that is considered in the next chapter .
the chest x - ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x - ray examination . a chest x - ray produces images of the heart , lungs , airways , blood vessels and the bones of the spine and chest .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged x - men - cinematic - universe chronology x - men - days - of - future - past x - men - the - last - stand .
according to the newly appointed mtrcb chief rachel arenas , two out of the three board members who reviewed the film slapped it with an x rating , while one gave it an r - 18 .
iza calzado in one of the scenes from ' bliss . ' photo from the website of the 2017 osaka asian film festival
jerrold tarog and iza calzado speak to the crowd at the 2017 osaka asian film festival . photo from bliss ' facebook page
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keeping patient information confidential is of utmost importance at trillium health partners . all personnel are bound by a signed pledge of confidentiality .
the tomatometer score — based on the opinions of hundreds of film and television critics — is a trusted measurement of critical recommendation for millions of fans . it represents the percentage of professional critic reviews that are positive for a given film or television show .
the ct scanner looks like a large donut with a narrow table in the middle . unlike mri , in which the patient would be placed inside the tunnel of the scanner , when undergoing a ct scan , the patient rarely experiences claustrophobia because of the openness of the doughnut shape of the scanner . typically the patient lies on their back on the table , which moves through the center of the machine . the patient moves through the scanner either head first or feet first , depending on the part of the body being scanned . for certain scans such as sinuses and middle ear , the patient would lie on their stomach and go through head first .
x - rays are a form of radiation like light or radio waves . x - rays pass through most objects , including the body . once it is carefully aimed at the part of the body being examined , an x - ray machine produces a small burst of radiation that passes through the body , recording an image on photographic film or a special detector .
biopsies can also be performed in this scanner , avoiding the need for a patient to go to the operating theatre for this procedure .
further imaging studies may be necessary to clarify the results of a chest x - ray or to look for abnormalities not visible on the chest x - ray .
moira mactaggert is a cia agent and an ally of the x - men .
the rundown on the x - men spinoff no one ever expected to see .
this was a decent film and i enjoyed it barely enough – it was a bit of a disappointment . director yam laranas’ film before this titled “sigaw” is one of my top ten favorite films of all time . i highly recommend taking a peek at sigaw if you have a chance . laranas’ brilliant cinematography is complemented by a more engaging story line , and also richard guttierez’s acting is far superior . i felt like they both kind of just coasted along in patient x .
plain film work is done on a prioritised “demand basis” ( as they are needed depending on how sick the patient is ) so there may be a wait depending on how busy the department is when you attend . gp patients for most plain film examinations are sent appointments outside the busiest times –weekday afternoons , early evenings and saturdays . current waits for routine apointments are around 3 - 4 weeks .
time to unite dear filmmakers and film audiences . we have to experience ' bliss ' in the philippines ,
he added .
until recently , x - ray images were maintained on large film sheets ( much like a large photographic negative ) . today , most images are digital files that are stored electronically . these stored images are easily accessible and are frequently compared to current x - ray images for diagnosis and disease management .
that’s from the second - to - last scene of the movie , which basically ends with mulder offering to take her on vacation . they then kiss for the second time in this film about two heterosexual adults who have been in something like a committed relationship for about eight or nine years at least , and then scully goes to perform the operation that in theory will save her patient christian patient named christian .
the department is responsible for all plain film work ( normal x - rays ) in the hospital . it is located on the ground floor of weston general hospital . plain films include chest x - rays , x - rays for trauma ( broken bones ) , accident and emergency work , in patients and out patients . the department also operates an appointment service for gp plain films .
the reaction to the contrast is almost always immediate , so it is very rare to have a reaction after the patient leaves the facility . however , if a patient thinks they are having a delayed reaction to the contrast , they should call the facility where they had the exam .
typically , two views of the chest are taken , one from the back and the other from the side of the body as the patient stands against the image recording plate . the technologist , an individual specially trained to perform radiology examinations , will position the patient with hands on hips and chest pressed against the image plate . for the second view , the patient ' s side is against the image plate with arms elevated .
the x - ray images are captured by the receptor and recorded in some form . this can be on film , or on stimulable phosphor plates or some digital media for digital radiography . a desirable characteristic of radiographic recording methods is that all of the contrast in the x - ray image is fully recorded .
these are imaged through one x - ray room and are imaged according to clinical priority according to how sick a patient is ( i . e . some patients may wait if sicker patients need x - rays at the same time ) . demand is always high and there may be patients waiting outside the room .
the screenplay for this film was featured in the 2013 blacklist ; a list of the
most liked
unmade scripts of the year .
the film also slowly rolled out its cast list , which features a motley crew of mutants you may or may not have heard of .
filming on deadpool wrapped in vancouver in late may . the film will land in the uk and north america on february 12 , 2016 .
most ct scans are conducted as an outpatient procedure . since they do not require hospitalization , the patient has the test and then goes home .
to request a copy of your written report , please complete the patient release form and email , fax or mail it to the eradiology center .
a transfer of care document identifies all queries that we need to know about patients prior to them coming for a procedure e . g . does the patient require oxygen or are they travelling in a trolley or bed ? every ward is contacted for each patient prior to an x - ray in order to obtain the information to fill out the transfer of care document and to make arrangements for the patient’s transfer . theatre staff should inform radiographers of theatre cases 20 minutes before requiring our services , so we have time to prepare .
the gp electronically requests the test ( occasionally this may be via fax ) , this is then picked up by the x - ray appointments team who directly contact the patient to offer an appointment time on one of the above clinics .
ct scanners first began to be installed in 1974 . ct scanners have vastly improved patient comfort because a scan can be done quickly . improvements have led to higher - resolution images , which assist the doctor in making a diagnosis . for example , the ct scan can help doctors to visualize small nodules or tumors , which they cannot see with a plain film x - ray .
the receptor used for most radiographic procedures contains two intensifying screens mounted on each side of double - emulsion film . using two screens in this manner increases x - ray absorption and receptor sensitivity with the least amount of image blurring . in some procedures that require high image detail , such as mammography , one intensifying screen is used in conjunction with a single - emulsion film .
the chest x - ray is performed to evaluate the lungs , heart and chest wall .
x - rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam .
the selection of a screen is generally a compromise between exposure and image quality , as illustrated below . thin screens absorb a relatively small fraction of the x - ray photons ; thicker screens absorb a greater fraction and thus require less x - radiation to produce the same film exposure . unfortunately , increasing screen thickness also increases image blur .
women should always inform their physician or x - ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant . see the safety page for more information about pregnancy and x - rays .
patient zero is a movie starring natalie dormer , matt smith , and stanley tucci . after an unprecedented global pandemic turns the majority of humankind into violent
infected ,
a man gifted with the ability to speak the infected ' s new language leads the last survivors on a hunt for patient zero and a cure .
patients who cannot stand may be positioned lying down on a table for chest x - rays .
after the film ' s ending credits , she appears again for a brief scene , where it appears that xavier has transferred his mind into the body of a patient , following his physical body being disintegrated by the phoenix persona that inhabits jean grey . in the director ' s commentary for the movie ' s dvd , it is revealed that this patient is , in fact , the identical twin of professor x , whose mind had been destroyed before birth by the power of charles ' mutation . thus it is that charles ' voice is used and moira instantly recognizes him .
in the pandemic thriller , patient zero , humanity is battling intelligent , adrenaline - fueled creatures born from a viral super - strain . after being bitten , human survivor morgan ( matt smith ) realizes he is asymptomatic and can communicate with the infected , leading the last survivors on a hunt for patient zero and a cure .
exorcist iii wields a mighty sword of scares and contemplation , drilling into those primal areas of nail - chewing tension . . . this film is a humdinger .
a characteristic of radiographic film is that its ability to display object contrast is reduced in areas that are either very light ( mediastinum ) or relatively dark ( lungs ) . if there is a relatively high level of contrast between areas within an image , then the contrast of objects within these areas can be reduced because of film limitations . two actions can be taken to minimize the problem . one is to use a wide latitude film that reduces area contrast and improves visibility within the individual areas in many situations ; this is described in the chapter titled ,
film contrast characteristics .
the other action is to use a very penetrating x - ray beam produced by high kv and more filtration than is used for other types of radiography .
the conventional test for film - screen contact is to radiograph a wire mesh . areas within the image where contact is inadequate will appear to have a different density than the other areas . this variation in image density is most readily seen when the film is viewed from a distance of approximately 10 ft and at an angle .
the results of a chest x - ray can be available almost immediately for review by your physician .
don ' t be fooled by the typically ominous action movie opening - it ' s clear that we can expect a lot of classic deadpool comedy from this film .
bliss
is one of the tarog ' s newest projects following the massive success of
heneral luna ,
the highest grossing filipino historical film of all time .
because x - ray imaging is fast and easy , it is particularly useful in emergency diagnosis and treatment .
when light encounters a boundary between materials , reflection can occur at the boundary surface . reflections at boundaries between film emulsion , film base , intensifying screens , and cassette surfaces are known as halation and contribute to image blur . single - emulsion films generally have a light - absorbing layer coated on the other side of the base to prevent halation .
obstetric ultrasound – to determine the age and health of a foetus in pregnancy . these scans are done by sonographers in the x - ray department and also in the ashcombe out patient clinic / department . patients are referred for these scans by their gp ' s , consultant or midwives .
iza calzado is the lead star of ' bliss , ' a film has that has been deemed unfit to be shown in local theaters . photo from calzado ' s instagram page
she is looked over by her cold husband carlo and a sadistic nurse named lilibeth , and then there is rose , a nurse wanted by authorities for sexually molesting a patient .
3 x gi advanced practitioners ( room 12 ) : roy craven , andrew mort and marie davidson - bamford .
the chest x - ray is a very useful examination , but it has limitations . because some conditions of the chest cannot be detected on a conventional chest x - ray image , this examination cannot necessarily rule out all problems in the chest . for example , small cancers may not show up on a chest x - ray . a blood clot in the lungs , a condition called a pulmonary embolism , cannot be seen on chest x - rays .
there are two basic ways to create images with x - radiation . one method is to pass an x - ray beam through the body section and project a shadow image onto the receptor . the second method , used in computed tomography ( ct ) , employs a digital computer to calculate ( reconstruct ) an image from x - ray penetration data obtained by scanning a relatively thin beam over the patient ' s body . at this time , we consider only projection imaging , which is the basic process employed in radiography and fluoroscopy .
different types of intensifying screens are available for clinical use . the selection of a screen for a specific procedure is usually based on a compromise between the requirements for image detail and patient exposure .
the amount of x - ray contrast produced is determined by the physical contrast characteristics ( atomic number , density , and thickness ) of the object and the penetrating characteristics ( photon energy spectrum ) of the x - ray beam .
an x - ray ( radiograph ) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions . imaging with x - rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body . x - rays are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imaging .
after the credits there is a scene at the hospital , where the comatose man from the video that xavier showed his students is lying in a hospital bed . dr . moira mactaggart enters the room to see the sleeping patient , only to be greeted by the professor ' s voice coming from him . dr . moira looks towards her patient in disbelief and says
charles ?
.
weston’s mri scanner is to be found in the x - ray department and runs 8am – 5pm monday to friday .
bliss
made its premiere early this month at the 2017 osaka asian film festival , where calzado was awarded the prestigious yakushi pearl award for her performance . it also stars ian veneracion .
the formation of the x - ray image within the body by differences in attenuation is controlled by the
matching
of the x - ray beam spectrum to the characteristics of the tissues or contrast media and the body sections being imaged .
ahhh… i have seen “sigaw” and thought it was pretty good . i’m really looking forward to director laranas’s new film , “the road” … . but haven’t managed to snag a dvd for it yet .
multilingual - as shown in x - men : apocalypse , moira is fluent in both egyptian , arabic , and english .
any other saint mary’s patients who can come down for departmental imaging attend viewing area 1 in the x - ray department .
by referring clinicians or authorized nurse practitioners ( non - medical referrers ) . a clinical referral is made to the radiology department and picked up by the inpatient team and justified prior to the patient being booked .
isn’t in the same league as that one , and i can’t see it inspiring a big budget hollywood remake like his last film . not a fatal flaw here , but a disappointment none the less .
different parts of the body absorb the x - rays in varying degrees . dense bone absorbs much of the radiation while soft tissue , such as muscle , fat and organs , allow more of the x - rays to pass through them . as a result , bones appear white on the x - ray , soft tissue shows up in shades of gray and air appears black .
after escaping a cult suicide , a paraplegic hospital patient is tormented by malevolent spirits and cursed to kill whomever hears her voice , unless she offers up the soul of her innocent nephew in place of her own .
the selection of an optimum spectrum for a specific clinical procedure must take into consideration not only the requirements for contrast but also produce the necessary penetration through the body section and limit the radiation dose to the patient .
the entire chest x - ray examination , from positioning to obtaining and verifying the images , is usually completed within 15 minutes .
some equipment have dual - track x - ray tubes so that either molybdenum or rhodium can be selected as the active anode material because of its higher atomic number ( z ) rhodium produces characteristic x - radiation with higher energies than molybdenum as shown above .
moira mactaggert won ' t be in x - men : dark phoenix , since rose byrne confirmed that she would not return .
after the battle at alcatraz island , she returns to muir island to check on her comatose patient . at the hospital , where the comatose man from the video that xavier showed his students , is lying in a hospital bed . moments later , dr , moira mactaggart enters the room , says good morning to her patient and proceeds to view the vital signs on the monitor . the man then turns his head and to moira ' s surprise , returns the greeting and calls her name in charles ' voice . dr . moira looks towards her patient in disbelief and says
charles
, confirming that charles ' consciousness survived his physical death .
in addition to the x - ray penetration characteristics to be considered in this chapter , image contrast is significantly affected by scattered radiation ( scattered radiation and contrast ) and the contrast characteristics of the receptor and display system . ( film contrast characteristics ) . also , the contrast of small objects within the body and anatomical detail is reduced by image blurring ( blur , resolution , and visibility of detail and radiographic detail ) . as the x - ray beam emerges from the patient ' s body it contains an image in the form of variations in exposure across the image area . this is formed by variations in the attenuation through different parts of the body . in this attenuation image contrast is represented by the amount of variation in x - ray exposure between points within the image ; the amount of contrast produced in a specific examination is determined by both the physical characteristics of the body section and the penetrating characteristics of the x - ray beam .
although the total energy of the light emitted by a screen is much less than the total x - ray energy the screen receives , the light energy is much more efficient in exposing film because it is
repackaged
into a much larger number of photons . if we assume a 5 % energy conversion efficiency , then one 50 - kev x - ray photon can produce 1 , 000 blue - green light photons with an energy of 2 . 5 ev each .
women should always inform their physician and x - ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant . many imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy so as not to expose the fetus to radiation . if an x - ray is necessary , precautions will be taken to minimize radiation exposure to the baby . see the safety page for more information about pregnancy and x - rays .
calcium tungstate , the most common screen material for many years , uses tungsten as the absorbing element . the k edge of tungsten is at 69 . 4 kev . for most x - ray examinations , a major portion of the x - ray beam spectrum falls below this energy . for this reason , screens containing tungsten are limited with respect to x - ray absorption . today , most intensifying screens contain either barium , lanthanum , gadolinium , or yttrium as the absorbing element . the k edge of these elements is below a major portion of the typical x - ray beam spectrum . this increases the chance of x - ray interaction and absorption .
ryan reynolds ' s deadpool is the film we never thought we ' d see . 20th century fox kept the x - men spinoff in limbo for years , and after his less than auspicious on - screen debut ( more on that below ) , things didn ' t look good for marvel comics ' ' merc with a mouth ' .
contrast is not the only thing that must be considered in selecting the spectrum for a specific procedure . the spectrum also affects the penetration through the body section being imaged . this has a significant effect on the radiation dose to the patient . also , as the penetration through a body section is reduced , the amount of radiation required from the x - ray tube is increased with a resulting increase in x - ray tube heating . we will see examples as we consider specific procedures .
the inpatient x - ray is situated in waiting area 4 for plain radiography examinations . we see 12 , 675 patients a year , however we hope to increase this number with the help of two extra porters who are critical to the flow of patients in and out of the department . inpatient work includes plain film , mobile work and theatre .
ct is a commonly performed procedure . scanners are found not only in hospital x - ray departments , but also in outpatient offices .
) , detect abnormalities of these organs , and to separate these structures from other structures within the abdomen . the patient will be asked to drink slightly less than a quart spread out over 1 . 5 to 2 hours .
finally , reynolds has said that he hopes hugh jackman will be able to make a cameo as wolverine . jackman is up for it , but it will depend on whether he can fit it into a very busy schedule . if not , it will be fox ' s first x - men film in which he doesn ' t show his face .
x - men team member colossus will also be starring in the movie . reports are claiming that andre tricoteux ( seventh son ) will be replacing daniel cudmore , who played the russian mutant in x2 , x - men : the last stand and days of future past .
reports are automatically sent to your physician who ordered your exam . if you would like additional physicians to receive a copy of your report , please complete the patient release form and email , fax or mail to the eradiology center .
our technologists are highly trained and certified , and focusesd on providing a respectful , prompt and excellent patient care experience . the diagnostic imaging department at rouge valley is a teaching facility affiliated with the michener institute for applied health technology .
this post contains spoilers for “ the x - files : i want to believe . ” but , also , maybe , that’s okay .
the first step in obtaining optimum contrast in an x - ray image is to adjust the x - ray beam spectrum for the specific anatomy and clinical purpose . the penetration and the resulting contrast of a specific object or structure in the body generally depends on the photon energy spectrum .
moira is one of the most significant characters ; she indirectly caused the paralysis of charles’ legs , as well being the first non - mutant to serve as an x - men member , and the one who suggested the name of the team in x - men : first class .
to create a radiograph , a patient is positioned so that the part of the body being imaged is located between an x - ray source and an x - ray detector . when the machine is turned on , x - rays travel through the body and are absorbed in different amounts by different tissues , depending on the radiological density of the tissues they pass through . radiological density is determined by both the density and the atomic number ( the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus ) of the materials being imaged . for example , structures such as bone contain calcium , which has a higher atomic number than most tissues . because of this property , bones readily absorb x - rays and , thus , produce high contrast on the x - ray detector . as a result , bony structures appear whiter than other tissues against the black background of a radiograph . conversely , x - rays travel more easily through less radiologically dense tissues such as fat and muscle , as well as through air - filled cavities such as the lungs . these structures are displayed in shades of gray on a radiograph .
. . . the brain dead patient [ from x - men 3 ] is indeed p . xavier , charles xavier ' s brain dead identical twin brother . when he was born his telepathy was so massive that he essentially stole his brothers brain waves . but when he was killed off by the dark phoenix he transferred the consciousness of his mind into his brain dead identical brother .
you must hold very still and may be asked to keep from breathing for a few seconds while the x - ray picture is taken to reduce the possibility of a blurred image . the technologist will walk behind a wall or into the next room to activate the x - ray machine .
a synopsis for
bliss
reads :
jane ciego ( iza calzado ) started acting in showbiz at a young age . now in her 30s , she decides to produce her own film to win some respect in the industry .
if one looks at a standard x - ray image or radiograph ( such as a chest x - ray ) , it appears as if they are looking through the body . ct and mri are similar to each other , but provide a much different view of the body than an x - ray does . ct and mri produce cross - sectional images that appear to open the body up , allowing the doctor to look at it from the inside . mri uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce images , while ct uses x - rays to produce images . plain x - rays are an inexpensive , quick test and are accurate at diagnosing things such as pneumonia , arthritis , and fractures . ct and mri better to evaluate soft tissues such as the brain , liver , and abdominal organs , as well as to visualize subtle abnormalities that may not be apparent on regular x - ray tests .
. gone is the shape - shifting and flying found in that film , replaced here by a very humanoid creature with super strength , invulnerability , and regenerative powers that comes across as some sort of werewolf crossed with a ghoul . the makeup for them was less than inspired… . although cristine’s look as the slowly healing , burned wretch painfully being consumed by her overwhelmingly torturous need to feed was certainly effective . her role was perhaps the best thing in the entire film… at least for me .
the mouth is not at any point in our film sewn shut . you have your guy who is doing his best to annoy the living s * * t out of everyone around him ,
reynolds reassured fans at comic - con .
the first function performed by the intensifying screen is to absorb the x - ray beam ( energy ) emerging from the patient ' s body . the ideal intensifying screen would absorb all x - ray energy that enters it ; real intensifying screens are generally not thick enough to absorb all of the photons . as we discuss later , increasing the thickness of an intensifying screen to increase its absorption capabilities degrades image quality . in most cases , a significant portion of x - ray energy is not absorbed by the screen material and penetrates the receptor . this is wasted radiation since it does not contribute to image formation and film exposure . the absorption efficiency is the percentage of incident radiation absorbed by the screen material . an ideal screen would have a 100 % absorption efficiency ; actual screens generally have absorption efficiencies less than 100 % . absorption efficiency is primarily determined by three factors : ( 1 ) screen material , ( 2 ) screen thickness , and ( 3 ) the photon energy spectrum .
there is local expertise in the x - ray department to perform a wide range of interventional procedures . these procedures involve the use of scanning equipment or x - rays to perform biopsies ( taking tissue samples ) and other key - hole type techniques . these procedures can be used to treat patients and avoid surgery .
in this chapter we explore the characteristics of both the objects within a body and the x - ray beam and show how optimum image contrast can be achieved .
skilled pilot - moira is a very skilled pilot . she is able to maneuver the x - jet with ease . she and hank often co - pilot .
this weekend marks the seventh anniversary of the film “i want to believe , ” which itself came out six years after what we then called the series finale of the show about two fbi agents investigating the paranormal . which means it’s the seventh anniversary of many people realizing that not only was “the x - files” a franchise that had aged beyond its prime , but maybe it should have remained silent since its unofficial end .
out of the various criticisms levelled against the film , one that kept coming up was the treatment of deadpool . while reynolds ' s initial portrayal was fine , he appeared later in the movie ( spoilers ! ) as a mind - controller monster with no mouth .
the x - ray imaging process transfers physical contrast from within a body ( produced by differences in densities and atomic numbers ) to visible contrast displayed in an image .
the spectrum of an x - ray beam is determined by combinations of the anode material , the filter material and thickness , and the selected kv for the procedure .
we recall that the spectrum is determined by three factors : ( 1 ) x - ray tube anode material , ( 2 ) x - ray beam filtration , and ( 3 ) kv . since most x - ray examinations are performed with tungsten anode tubes , the first factor cannot be used to adjust contrast . the exception is the use of molybdenum and rhodium anode tubes in mammography . most x - ray machines for general radiography and fluoroscopy have essentially the same amount of filtration , which is a few millimeters of aluminum . two exceptions are molybdenum and rhodium filters used with molybdenum anode tubes in mammography and copper or brass filters , sometimes used in chest radiography .
firefly and gotham star morena baccarin will be playing deadpool ' s lover vanessa , known in the comics as copycat . rapper and sometime game of thrones actor ed skrein is taking on the role of deadpool ' s fellow government experiment and the big bad of the film .
but there are two types of “x - files” fans in the world right now : the fans who freaked out with the official announcement , who look toward january 2016 with nothing but untempered enthusiasm… and the fans who saw , and remember , the franchise’s last on - screen adventure , “the x - files : i want to believe . ”
ct of the chest is frequently used to further study an abnormality on a plain chest x - ray . it is also often used to look for enlarged lymph nodes .
we also get a first proper look x - men negasonic teenage warhead and colossus , as well as villains angel dust and ajax and wade wilson ' s lover vanessa .
an insatiably curious lil ' kitten with admittedly odd tastes in film and music , addicted to spicy food and berry wine coolers . . . . generally playful but with a surprising fierceness when annoyed . but don ' t worry . . . she ' s had all her shots !
x - ray radiography : detects bone fractures , certain tumors and other abnormal masses , pneumonia , some types of injuries , calcifications , foreign objects , dental problems , etc .
mind transfer : when his body was destroyed in x - men : the last stand , he transferred his consciousness into a host body ; his twin brother p . xavier .
both the stimulable phosphor plates and direct digital recording methods generally capture and record all of the contrast in the x - ray image because of their wide dynamic range for exposure .
out of hours urgent plain x - rays for saint mary’s may be performed by the children’s department ; please contact mri radiology to discuss , please click here for more information .
ct ( computed tomography ) : combines traditional x - ray technology with computer processing to generate a series of cross - sectional images of the body that can later be combined to form a three - dimensional x - ray image . ct images are more detailed than plain radiographs and give doctors the ability to view structures within the body from many different angles .
skilled hand - to - hand combatant - moira has some degree of fighting experience . this shown when she knocks a man out with one blow in x - men : apocalypse .
film is chemically processed to convert the invisible recorded image into a visible image . if the chemical processing is deficient ( because of inadequate processor quality control , incorrect chemistry , etc ) some of the recorded image contrast ( and visibility of objects ) might not be transferred into visible image contrast .
the contrast in the invisible image emerging from the patient ' s body is an image of the different attenuations through the body and is sometimes referred to as subject contrast , especially in older publications . the contrast in the attenuation image is represented by the difference in exposure among various points within the image area .
x - ray contrast is produced because x - ray penetration through an object differs from the penetration through the adjacent background tissue . for objects that attenuate more of the radiation than the adjacent tissue , contrast is inversely related to object penetration . maximum ( 100 % ) contrast is produced when no radiation penetrates the object . metal objects ( lead bullets , rods , etc . ) are good examples . contrast is reduced as x - ray penetration through the object increases . when object penetration approaches the penetration through an equal thickness of surrounding tissue , contrast disappears .
we are situated in the clinical radiology department at manchester royal infirmary . you can find us in the viewing area 4 , main x - ray department in the purple zone of mri .
you can obtain a copy of your images before you leave johns hopkins radiology after having your exam . if you did not request during your appointment , please complete the patient release form and email , fax or mail it to the eradiology center . a valid photo id is required when picking up your radiology records .
a dismayed noel ferrer , calzado ' s manager , also shared his reaction on social media , saying :
it will be so unfortunate and such a waste if a film that has earned rave reviews and international honors won ' t be allowed to be screened to filipinos in its integral version .
a doctor would not tell a patient ' s family that there was
nothing more that could been done
unless he or she had consulted with multiple professionals beforehand . to do so would not only risk a lawsuit , it would risk the state medical board restrict or removing the doctor ' s license to practice .
x - ray equipment is relatively inexpensive and widely available in emergency rooms , physician offices , ambulatory care centers , nursing homes and other locations , making it convenient for both patients and physicians .
the patient must remain motionless for the length of the study , which is typically just a few minutes . the entire procedure , which includes set - up , the scan itself , checking the pictures , and removing the iv if needed , takes 15 to 45 minutes depending on what part of the body is being scanned .
high anatomical area contrast , as in the chest , is a challenge especially with film radiography . one of the advantages of digital radiography is the ability to overcome some of the problems of high area contrast through a combination of receptors with a wide exposure dynamic range , digital image processing , and digital image windowing .
as moira was having a conversation with levene , charles freezes the surrounding area and tells her to come down to the parking lot telepathically . the man in black then brings them to division x .
this is in the main x - ray department . it is a special type of cross sectional imaging ( simulating slices through the body ) which may be used for any part of the body .
there are six mobile x - ray units which are situated on critical care , outside the lifts near ward 3 , outside the am block lift , on ward 36 / 37 , near ward 12 and one kept in the radiology department for use by a & e . 24 hour theatre cover is provided for cases requiring x - ray support ( covering up to 3 at any one time ) .
moira is the only non - mutant in the films to serve as a member of the x - men , as well as one of the few lead females that aren’t mutants , including vanessa carlysle .
i remember watching x - men 3 and seeing charles xavier get disintegrated by phoenix , however the post - credits scene and his appearance in later movies indicate that he actually survived . how is that possible ?
firstly , the post - credits scene from x - men 3 hints at his survival . if for any reason you can ' t view the video , this is what happens ( from the wiki ) :
in radiography , especially mammography , the objective is to select an x - ray beam spectrum that provides the optimum balance between contrast and dose . both of these factors depend on photon energy as illustrated below .


area code 313 is an area code within the north american numbering plan serving detroit and most of its closest suburbs in wayne county , michigan .

it includes the enclave cities hamtramck and highland park , as well as dearborn , dearborn heights , inkster , melvindale , the grosse pointe communities , lincoln park , redford , and taylor north of goddard road , river rouge , and ecorse .

area code 313

area code 313 is found in the us state of michigan . primarily servicing the city of detroit ( population : 662893 ) , area code 313 covers 1 county of michigan .
the 313 area code ( or area code 313 ) is located in the state of mo . area code 313 is one of the 269 3 - digit telephone area codes in the usa . it covers roughly 2 . 52 million unique phone numbers and 5 . 81 million individuals near the city of saint louis
located in the eastern time zone , area code 313 is on the same time as new york , ny .
the international country codes , city code , area code or dialing code listed on this table are for your information only .
the 713 area code is the second most used area code for spam callers , according to a new list released by a major phone company .
hey , everybody from the 313 , start thinking of new numbers to rally around - - the longstanding detroit area code may be phased out .
the 313 area code lies within the eastern standard time ( or est ) . the current time in eastern standard time is 11 : 45 pm on 04 / 06 / 2018 .
detroit’s 313 area code leads the country in spam call victimization , according to whitepages , which keeps track of every few known phone number in north america . even your number , probably .
women’s abayas , or robes , for sale with “313” designs ( source : bintjbeil . org )
,
all you need do is first dial the area code , and then the desired telephone number . be sure to enter the area code for distant points in the address book with the telephone number .
and at & t released a statement as well , saying in part ,
per your query , an overlay of the 248 area code occurred in 2002 . when an overlay occurs , the prior area code ( 248 ) has a new area code ( 947 ) commingled with it so that either area code is valid in the same geography . at & t does not release information regarding the specific quantity of numbers that are actually assigned to customers .
especially if you have an area code that ' s very popular , you could have people draining area codes out of the area - - even if they ' re not geographically there ,
he said .
houston ' s 832 , 281 , and newest area code 346 didn ' t make the list that was released .
a choice in area code , perhaps for more - strategic reasons , also comes with the use of various phone services .
when buying a cell phone at an at & t ; store , west side resident bob grimm , 24 , asked for the area code 313 , representing detroit , a city in which he never has lived , and probably never will live .
for western hip - hop fans , the number 313 may call to mind the area code for detroit , michigan , made famous by the rapper eminem , who hailed from the city ( “everybody from the 313 , put your motherf * cking hands up and follow me ! ” he bellows at the start of the final verse in the biographical 8 mile film ) .
that placed either a 1 or a 0 as the second digit in each area code . ( those with 0 in the middle
the 313 area code is one of the telephone area codes supported by spokeo ' s reverse phone lookup technology . spokeo ' s reverse phone lookup functions much like a personal caller - id system , and can identify the owner of virtually any phone number in the continental united states . spokeo gathers hundreds of millions of listed phone records and potentially presents the owner ' s full name , address , email , photos , and any other information that may be associated with the record . try searching for any 313 area code phone number today , and discover what spokeo can do for you .
beyond end times theology , yazbek echoed other sources in saying the 313 phenomenon also had significant political connotations , being affiliated with the wilayat al - faqih doctrine shared by the iranian regime and its lebanese ally , hezbollah . iran has incorporated the number more than once into the names of its military hardware , such as the fateh - 313 ballistic missile and the qaher - 313 stealth fighter jet . several pro - hezbollah facebook pages , such as “ the voice of the resistance 313 , ” include the digits in their titles .
the venerable 313 will ultimately become overtaxed . even as detroit’s population has fallen , cellphone usage has accelerated like one of those smoldering srt vipers that dodge has been bolting together at conner avenue assembly — which is , of course , comfortably within the confines of 313 .
verizon released a statement saying in part ,
verizon wireless has numbers from the new 947 area code and has assigned numbers to customers . there are several other carriers that have been allocated from the 947 area code as well . the north american numbering plan administrator ( nanpa ) website at
at that point , the administration plans to add digits to area code or prefix numbers - - thereby changing a little part of pop culture .
note : the above list is based off of the top 25 most populous cities in the area code as per 2012 united states census bureau estimates .
i was very surprised that there was no coverage regarding the new area code unlike when 248 came out and 586 came out ,
said patrick .
milwaukeeans love our 414 , the area code covering the city , the county and parts of muskego and brookfield , and it ' s been around forever .
turns out , milwaukee ' s area code has something to do with the number of clicks on a rotary phone . fewer clicks were easier to dial .
help me hank reached out to the north american numbering plan administration to get more information about the
947
area code , but has not heard back .
the area code - - a number that for six decades has served as a means of caller identification and a symbol of hometown pride - - is becoming increasingly irrelevant .
for many young people , an area code is more an indication of where they bought their first phone ( or where their parents bought it ) than where they live .
of course , the 473 scam is run from area codes other than 473 - - at the bottom of this story is a list of area codes that appear domestic ( because they use country code + 1 ) , but are , in fact , international .
which explains why the area code - - a number that for six decades has served as a means of caller identification and a symbol of hometown pride - - is becoming increasingly irrelevant .
new customers of at & t ; , sprint , t - mobile and verizon are assigned a local area code by default but can request another , regardless of whether it carries geographic significance .
since those early days a few hip - hop musicians have given detroit a taste of glory — but none have managed to spread the love onto every upandcomer that shares the 313 area code or create the kind of infrastructure that could support a burgeoning scene . and , aside from eminem , the most influential albums and artists have remained under the radar of mainstream media and commercial radio .
confusion over digits and time zones aside , phone numbers can be even more disorienting now that many wireless customers can choose any area code in the country , as long as it ' s available .
while area code 473 may appear to be domestic , it is not . this area code was created in the late 1990s for the islands of grenada , carriacou , and petite martinique , which , like the united states , use country code 1 . calls placed to 473 numbers are international calls and can be quite expensive – and , because the criminals sometimes establish the number which the victim sees on his or her caller id as a premium service number – the rate can exceed $ 20 for the first minute !
german village resident jay gaughan , 27 , doubts that he ' ll ever have a land line and thinks he ' d change his new york area code only if he moved out of the country .
here are the u . s . territories ' area codes ( listed by territory ) :
a telephone area code in california . originally ( in 1947 ) covered all of southern california , but its territory has shrunk over the years and it is now one of the smallest area codes in the north american numbering plan , covering only downtown los angeles and a few adjacent neighborhoods ( usc , for example ) . the last split from 213 directly occurred in 1998 , when area code 323 was formed . 323 completely surrounds 213 . 213 is notable in rap culture for being referenced by prominent rappers in the 1980s as the area code at the time of compton and long beach . both cities were split into 310 upon its creation in 1991 . in 1997 , 562 was split from 310 , taking long beach with it .
the area code of a certain part of la , usually used to represent compton or longbeach . also , a rap group that has existed for ten years but has only put out their debut album this year .
you used to be able to access this sparkling little section of the country , over the phone , by dialing the 408 area code ; in 1998 , the area stretching south of san jose , and on down the coast to king city , was split off . it all became , suddenly , 831 .
in theory , then , wannabes could help exhaust the 62 - year - old area - code system , which is projected to run out of numbers in about 30 years , said manning , of the numbering administration .
our friends over at the detroit news report that pending a revised estimate next week , the north american numbering plan administration will stop handing out 313 telephone prefixes on new phone numbers . detroiters with existing cell phone lines would be able to keep their current area codes , while those with land lines would change .
it isn’t only shiites , however , who have shown interest in the number 313 . indeed , to the contrary , it was a sunni militant group calling itself the 313 brigade that claimed responsibility for a july 2013 car comb that injured over 50 civilians in dahiyeh itself . extremist sunni al - qaeda militants have also operated under the name in pakistan and afghanistan . the pan - islamic appeal of the number derives , according to yazbek and others , from the traditional view that 313 was the number of soldiers accompanying the prophet in the victorious battle of badr in 624 — a battle seen as decisive in defeating pagan arab opposition to the new monotheistic faith .
area code in la usually represented by the rap group 213 ( snoop dogg , warren g , wc ) . 213 is in la but many people think about compton and long beach . lbc is 562 , not 213 .
“this year they’re really going for the 313 thing , ” said rasha al - amin , a resident of beirut’s predominantly shiite southern suburb , dahiyeh . “they’re selling a lot of t - shirts , all over the place . ”
this year they’re really going for the 313 thing , ” said rasha al - amin , a resident of beirut’s predominantly shiite southern suburb , dahiyeh . “they’re selling a lot of t - shirts , all over the place . ”
in the area , explaining—through newspaper articles and pamphlets and movie shorts—how to use the new dialing system .
however , verizon wireless ' steve van dinter told me ,
it ' s really more for attaching a bit of geography to a phone number . while most people that grew up using cell phones tend not to memorize phone numbers , there are still plenty of people that identify an area code or exchange with a certain geographic area . and some choose not to pick up phone calls from people with area codes they do not recognize .
the area code for central los angeles , namely downtown la and surrounding cities . in general , used to represent the west coast as a whole and not an individual city within los angeles county ( such as long beach or compton ) .
the toledo native saw the phone number as an opportunity to joke with friends from home - - all of them fans of the detroit - centric film 8 mile , in which rapper eminem talks of being from
the 313 .
yes , despite its popular association with the wealth and status of tony westside neighborhoods and beverly hills , area code 310 does include compton , as does its recent ( 2006 ) overlay , 424 , though all of these places were originally 213 .
in his 2001 hit area codes , rapper ludacris bragged about knowing women in 42 locations across the country .
new york , the most densely populated area of the nation , got 212—2 - 1 - 2 containing the lowest number of clicks possible on the rotary phone . los angeles got 213—the second - lowest—while chicago got 312 , and detroit got 313 . anchorage , alaska , on the other hand , got 907 , which required 26 clicks from the person doing the dialing .
“this figure in general is related to the number of al - mahdi ' s men who will appear with him as per the twelver shiite religious beliefs or doctrine , ” said yazbek . “it was widely accepted in the old societies , but today in modern society this number sounds irrelevant — what can an army of only 313 men do in wars ? so they philosophize that this 313 could be the number of the commanders of al - mahdi’s army , or his most loyal supporters , or his henchmen , etc . ”
now every telephone carrier is required to submit twice - yearly forecasts of its needs in each area code , factoring in everything from birth rates to the detroit bankruptcy — “not something we stuck a number on , ” foley says , “but just something we took into account .
as lori roth , director of mobile products at whitepages says , many fall victim to calls from area codes that they recognize because of the familiarity . you are much more likely to answer an unknown caller with your same area code than one without . it could be a family member or friend in need , after all . just answering the phone gives crooks a chance to swindle you .
dallas has two area codes in the top ten list that whitepages has released . insert your own dallas crack here .
they assume the first three digits are 614 , so it causes a ' who ' s on first ? ' type of thing ,
he said .
i ' ve trained myself to say ' area code 646 ' and go on with the phone number . '
while at & t devised the area code system , it ' s now overseen by the fcc , but handled by a dozen people at neustar , inc . , a spin - off of lockheed martin . but neustar doesn ' t know the significance of the fours , either .
of course , the next three digits in phone numbers are a little easier to trace back , because they sometimes spelled out telephone exchange names or central office names ( think
pennsylvania 6 - 5000
) . but that just doesn ' t jibe with the area code mystery .
actually , forever only extends back to 1947 , when bell telephone established our iconic area code , along with 715 , in wisconsin . the goal back then was to standardize long - distance calls and to remove the switchboard operator from having to manually connect people across systems with patch cords .
for that reason , some dahiyeh residents , such as amin , worry the 313 fad , along with other recent , overt displays of sectarian identity such as the increased wearing of sword necklaces , are further symptoms of deepening communal divisions in lebanon , particularly between shiite and sunni citizens .
this area code is for these cities and surrounding areas . some areacodes extend into two time zones , like 208 id - 7 / - 8 idaho , 219 in - 6 / - 5 nw indiana : gary , 250 bc - 8 / - 7 canada : british columbia , etc .
when it came to creating the area codes for the country , the engineers also made their plans with maximum efficiencies in mind .
also - - canadian numbers that begin 976 after the area code ( these can be like 900 numbers . the u . s . used to have such numbers as well . numbers beginning 540 in new york used to also be premium numbers , but these should no longer be in service . )
area code to the core , although not neccesarily the heart of la . ( for the heart of la , see 323 ) it & apos ; s territory includes all of downtown la , plus surrounding areas such as westlake , boyle heights , and echo park . for other area codes in los angeles , check 310 ( west la ) , 323 ( already mentioned , encircles the 213 ) , and 818 ( the valley )
chances are that spam callers are the bane of your existence . from “free” cruises to deals on cellphones that just you cannot pass up , the 713 area code is popular with spammers across the country . phony irs and caller id spoofing are some of the biggest problems when it comes to spam calls .
473 is not the only area code from which this scam has been perpetrated . beware calls coming in from area codes 809 , 284 , 649 and 876 , which like 473 are international , and are known to have been used for similar scams . of course , if you do not have a calling plan that includes calls to canada , there are many other area codes for which you could be billed international dialing rates , but so - called “one ring , ” “ring and run , ” or “dial and disconnect” scams are not typically perpetrated using canadian numbers .
because they don ' t recognize it , unlike a 248 , 586 , 313 , they don ' t pick up . we leave a voice mail message , and some of them will call back and they tell us ' i didn ' t recognize that number . '
said patrick .
in 2017 , it doesn ' t really matter too much . most of us don ' t memorize phone numbers , thanks to cell phone address books and speed dial . because of number portability and the effective end to long - distance tolls , your neighbor may own a number with a completely different area code .
the help me hank consumer unit did some digging and we found the
947
number has apparently been around since 2002 and it overlays the same geographic area as
248
. the north american numbering plan administration is responsible for creating and administering new area codes .
area codes , of course , weren ' t always simply symbolic . when a
long - distance
call had a monetary value assigned to it , moving meant changing your phone number , almost by default : you couldn’t very well ask your new friends and acquaintances to pay long - distance fees each time they gave you a call . the rise of monthly cell service , with its flattening of the national phone grid , transformed the area code from an economic signal into a purely cultural one—and one that has the ever - more - rare virtue of connecting its owner to a physical place . you could liken an area code , now , to a sports team affiliation . or to an alma mater . or to an insistence that soda is properly known as
pop .
“ring and run” scams are not new ; when 900 numbers and pagers were popular in the days before the proliferation of the internet and cell phones ( it’s hard to believe that was less than a generation ago ) , criminals would page people asking them to return calls to such numbers . eventually , people learned not to call back anyone with a 900 number . likewise , until shortly before the turn of the century , the caribbean islands using the american country code 1 all used the same area code , 809 ; scams were perpetrated , but , after a while , people learned to avoid calling that single area code . the latest crop of scams exploits the advances in technology – the implementation of many new area codes makes it difficult for most people to recognize what is a domestic number and what is not , and the proliferation of cellphones ( rather than pagers ) means that sounds of trouble can be played to victims , exploiting their caring about others in distress .
and , even within the twelver shiite community , many are unimpressed by the 313 trend and some of its accoutrements , including young women painting their nails black and wearing dark kohl eyeliner . when the aforementioned bint jbeil org article was shared on the popular “al - dahiyeh” facebook group , it attracted dozens of critical comments .
—hence dc’s 202 and florida’s 305—while those with a 1 denoted states with multiple codes . ) the system meant that those early computers would be able to distinguish between a long - distance area code and a local number . which meant in turn that they could route calls across the nation , to regions of the network and finally to local networks .
patrick says comcast told them they were out of
248
numbers , so they were given a
947
area code . as the company was close to opening day , they decided to move forward with the number they were given . they assumed it was a number that would be catching on , but instead it ' s causing confusion
when the first five dozen area codes were assigned nearly 70 years ago , says nanpa’s tom foley , “that was expected basically to last forever . ”
seeing area codes as a way to represent a city , clothing designer miche dwenger sells 614 t - shirts on urltoken and at its clintonville store .
according to this doctrine , 313 is the number of military commanders that will lead al - mahdi’s army upon his anticipated reappearance . or , at least , that is the prevailing contemporary view — sheikh abbas yazbek , an independent shiite cleric from lebanon’s baalbek - hermel region , told now it has meant different things at different times throughout history , and to this day there is no complete consensus .
the name
473 scam
comes from the fact that criminals have been known to use caller ids with the area code 473 - - which appears to be domestic , but is actually the area code for the island of grenada and several other islands outside the united states that , like the u . s . , use country code + 1 . calls placed to 473 numbers are international calls , not typically included in calling plans , and can run up quite a bill . also , the criminals perpetrating 473 scams often establish premium numbers - - the equivalent of the 900 numbers that were popular in the united states in the pre - internet era . calls to such numbers can sometimes cost more than $ 20 for the first minute ! ( in fact , a couple decades ago , similar scams used to be run from within the united states - - criminals would send messages to people ' s pagers ( remember those ? ) paging them from premium numbers with the hope that the recipients would call back and be charged for the calls . )
if you have voicemail – as pretty much everyone does today – there is usually no reason to call back missed calls from numbers that you do not recognize , regardless of the area code from which they originated . if a caller has something important to say , he or she can leave a message identifying himself or herself ( or send you a text message ) . don’t let curiosity get the best of you .
as the network grew , it also became more complex . splits and overlays of area codes , especially as the population of phone users grew in the 1980s and 1990s , became common . lapsley points out that , when codes split—as 408 did in 1998 , leading to 831—there can be resentment and even anger associated with the division . as the communications scholar james katz told gene weingarten in 1998 :
when we are assigned an area code we do not like , it feels like a loss of place or position in society . it is one means of alienation . we are losing our sense of place .
indeed , the biggest cities got the easiest to dial area codes : 212 ( new york ) , 213 ( los angeles ) and 313 ( detroit ) . anchorage got the hardest to dial ( 907 ) , which required 26 clicks . new jersey , washington , d . c . , maryland , and connecticut got 201 , 202 , 301 and 203 . there were some odd exceptions , though : dallas , western massachusetts , and manitoba were all promoted above their importance in 1947 , while boston , kansas city ( both kansas and missouri ) , and the suburbs of new york city were demoted .
as the bint jbeil org website reported last week , clothes shops in shiite - majority areas in beirut and across lebanon have been marketing a new range of black robes for women ( ashura , which marks the death of the prophet muhammad’s grandson , hussein bin ali , is a day of mourning ) with “313” printed on the fronts and backs in large white typeface . pictures sent to now — see above — also show black t - shirts bearing the number on sale in south beirut , and even a barber’s salon re - branded with the digits in lebanon’s south region . the number also drew attention when it was seen tattooed on the shirtless torsos of some young men accused of sparking riots at a you stink demonstration in downtown beirut in august ( now saw one demonstrator with a “313” tattoo on his neck at a later , peaceful protest ) .
there certainly was cultural significance to area codes back in the day . brian bergstein of the mit technology review told the atlantic in 2014 :
of course we didn ' t know it at the time , but now it seems that the atomization of area codes was a prelude to the microtargeting that fuels political campaigns and advertising : it refined our perceptions of who people are .
states with multiple area codes had a
1
in the middle of their three - digit codes . states with one area code were assigned a
0
in the middle . additionally , for the first digit ,
0
and
1
were restricted , since those implied operator - assisted or international calls . the second and third digit could not be the same , since those codes were reserved for special purposes , like
411
and
911 .
finally , the last digit couldn ' t be a
0 ,
because those were for
typewriter exchanges ,
an early form of text messaging .
at & t designed the north american numbering plan ( nanp ) for the bell system in the 1940s . originally , it consisted of 86 numbering plan area codes , and they had to follow certain rules .
in addition to the list of international numbers that
look american ,
keep in mind that canada and various u . s . territories are also part of country code + 1 - - and while scammers do not typically run 473 scams from canada or u . s . territories , some domestic telephone plans do not consider calls to these areas to be a domestic or free calls . for that reason , i have included lists of u . s . territory and canadian area codes below as well .
has a wealth of information about area codes , which prefixes ( central office codes ) are assigned to carriers or still available for assignment , etc . nanpa is the third party neutral administrator of numbering resources in the u . s .
criminals target people simply by calling them . intended victims receive a call on their phones from area code 473 which rings once and then disconnects , thereby arousing the call - recipient’s natural curiosity – “who just called me and from where ? ” sometimes the caller actually allows the phone to ring long enough for the victim to answer - - after which the caller ( or the caller’s robocaller system ) makes groaning sounds or otherwise indicates that he or she is in distress and then hangs up , enticing the victim to wonder what is going on and call back .
it ' s not terribly scientific ,
said doug hescox , a california code administrator , who talked about this to the baltimore sun in 1997 .
there ' s a pool of numbers we can choose from , and we ' re getting down to where there ' s no nice , neat numbers left .
it ' s a fairly new phenomenon because of the way the cell - phone industry has evolved ,
said john manning , director of the north american numbering plan administration , which oversees the nation ' s 800 area codes for the federal communications commission .
it ' s like an inside joke with other people from the area ,
said dwenger , 31 , who owns the design company growndflore .
you ' re wearing a 614 shirt in florida , and someone ' s like ' columbus , ohio ! '
i then surmised that the original planners tried to pick area codes for nearby cities that were really different , like 414 and 715 in wisconsin , or 412 , 215 and 717 for pennsylvania . remember that old rotary dial photos were not the easiest devices to use accurately .
“what is this idiocy , al - imam al - hussein deserves better than this , ” said one commenter . “hussein is innocent of this , by god , i feel some of these girls need to be whipped , ” opined one woman . in an indication that perhaps the 313 crowd were not so different from american hip - hop devotees after all , one user ranted : “these people probably don’t pray the prayers on time , and fasting [ during ramadan ] for them is just a trend [ … ] they annoy their neighbors when they’re smoking arguileh in the middle of the night , and shouting , and guffawing with laughter . ”
in other words , 414 may be a source of pride , but someone with one of the other 293 american area codes may be a milwaukeean , too . at least until 2038 , when some have speculated another digit will be added somewhere . then it ' s anybody ' s guess .
while 809 , 473 , 284 , 649 and 876 , may be the primary sources of the current danger , here is a list of ( non - canadian ) area codes that are international . all but a few are relatively new , having been split off from 809 in the late 1990s .
there are also resource concerns : as individuals , we ' re getting , what with skype and google voice and their many equivalents , more and more phone numbers . and the 10 - digit numbering system currently in use throughout the u . s . , canada , and u . s . territories is , manning points out ,
a finite resource .
he doesn ' t see that deci - digital system changing anytime soon : like the bell employees of the last century , manning appreciates the power of user habit when it comes to our technological infrastructure . nanpa , he points out , takes pains to make transitions like area code splits and overlays as seamless as possible for those affected by them .
for years , detroit ' s rap scene was largely self - sustained . acts from the city and the surrounding area , like deshaun
proof
holton ( d12 member and eminem ' s best friend ) and elzhi , made their rounds in venues like the hip - hop shop and the shelter before becoming regional indie powerhouses .
after most americans became aware that 900 numbers were premium numbers , criminals started to use other areas codes - - often 809 ( the caribbean islands ) - - which led to this scam even being known as an 809 scam . after sufficient media coverage educated enough folks not to return calls to area code 809 , criminals shifted to other areas codes - - assisted by the implementation of many new area codes over the last two decades - - making it far more difficult for people to recognize which numbers are domestic and which are not . of course , the fact that today ' s phones allow people to respond quickly to text messages and missed calls means that people are less likely than during the era of pagers to reconsider whether it ' s a good idea to respond before they call or text back . also , psychologically speaking , humans are more likely to become alarmed when hearing the voice of another human crying for help than when seeing a text message - - giving today ' s scammers another edge up over their counterparts two decades ago . scammers adapt their techniques as technologies and awareness levels change .
of course we didn’t know it at the time , but now it seems that the atomization of area codes was a prelude to the microtargeting that fuels political campaigns and advertising : it refined our perceptions of who people are . when i grew up in the san fernando valley , it and all the rest of l . a . was 213 . you had to travel a long way to get out of 213 , which might have subtly enforced the fallacy that l . a . was actually a coherent city rather than a mere patchwork . sure , there were always zip codes to differentiate fancy neighborhoods from nondescript ones , but a phone number was and is part of an introduction—it’s a calling card in itself , not merely numbers on your actual calling card . you give people your phone number if you like them , not your zip code .
at first , i thought that the largest metro areas would get the easy - to - remember area codes , but that ' s not exactly right . los angeles , for example , got 213 , and chicago got 312 . additionally , these aren ' t assigned like the interstate system , in which the number signifies the highway ' s direction and placement in the country ( but that ' s another article ) .
engineers at bell labs designed the numbering scheme beginning in the early 1940s and working into the next decade . they took advantage , in that , of a supremely rare and an even more supremely geeky opportunity : to design a system , from scratch , that would ensure a maximum amount of efficiency for a maximum number of phone users . the area codes that lead our own phone numbers today—212 , 202 , 415—were direct results of their work .
much of the success hip - hop musicians from the detroit area are seeing today has followed tough times . j dilla , proof and blade icewood , who anchored disparate groups of rappers and producers , all died in the mid ' 00s . while acts like guilty simpson , finale and one be lo ( from neighboring city , pontiac ) have maintained successful indie careers , for the five rappers hitting hardest right now it ' s been a rollercoaster ride .
“it feels to me a little bit like a screen name , ” says philip lapsley , the author of exploding the phone : the untold story of the teenagers and outlaws who hacked ma bell . long ago divested of its original role , the three - digit code now functions as a kind of shared social media handle , a collective identity . it’s no longer something to be remembered—we have our phones for that—but is instead something to be talked about . i meet someone at a party . we exchange numbers . “oh , 510 ! ” i might say . “i was in oakland a few weeks ago ! ”
john manning , the senior director of the nanpa , told me that choosing fours were probably about the shorter clicks that milwaukee earned by being a larger city .
only 160 area codes ( were ) available ,
he said .
as such , the quantity of npas to select from was not that large . it had to do with the large call volumes going to the large cities , and the call setup time reflected in the ' register holding time . '
it ' s a tough nut to crack — dominating the sound and style of hip - hop music for any stretch of time . and while detroit may not have a singular sound or any one artist spawning imitators even outside city lines , at this moment , five rappers from the area are in the national spotlight . the cliques that once divvied up motor city ' s underground hip - hop scene have begun working together , intersecting on records , on stage and in national media .
to someone from 213 , which covered the side of the city that was cooler than the valley and its cheesy suburban sprawl . my grandparents lived in 213 and consequently they suddenly seemed more urban to me . even that image is outdated , though , now that l . a . has even more area codes . my grandparents’ old place has shifted from 213 to 310 . the associated vibe is more specific : it’s “west side” rather than “more urban , more interesting half of town . ”
the whole scheme “illustrates how smart the bell engineers were back then , ” phil lapsley points out . they were trying to design a system that was user - friendly—with the user , in this case , being the nation as a whole . they were also trying to design a system that would be , as much as possible , future - proof . there were , given the possible permutations of the rotary dial , 152 potential area codes . at first , only 86 of these were assigned . the engineers , in outfitting their new network , had given it room to grow .
the bell system ' s new codes were first introduced to the public in the early 1950s , as part of a larger push toward automated , or direct distance , dialing . bell , true to form—and recognizing the semi - audacity of its new numbering scheme—rolled them out in a way that will feel familiar to any current user of facebook or twitter : through beta testing . the company chose , as area codes’ introduction city , englewood , n . j . , which was conveniently located near bell labs and featured , as a bonus , switch equipment that was easily adapted to automation .
but there are signs of progress . big sean ' s
hometown heroes
show in the detroit area last december was received well , and black milk ' s release party for album of the year last fall packed st . andrews hall , one of the city ' s most known concert venues . danny brown is currently on tour with popular indie rappers das racist . slaughterhouse is at work on its major label debut . fowl says it hasn ' t been easy , but his lofty goals remain the same : sell 10 million records , and become the greatest rapper of all time .
i grew up in carmel , smack in the middle of the new code region ; my first cell phone number—the only cell phone number i have ever had—bears that 831 preface . i have held on to those three digits through happily - multiple changes of location ( new jersey , new york , boston , washington ) and through unhappily - multiple losses of handset . the powers that be—hardware salespeople , cell service representatives—have , at one time or another , tried to force me into a 609 and a 917 and a 617 ; each time , i have resisted . because i am not , fundamentally , a 609 or a 917 or a 617 . i am not even , my current residence notwithstanding , a 202 . i am an 831 , wherever i may be in body , and will remain an 831 until they pry those three otherwise totally meaningless digits out of my cold , dead iphone .
on november 10 , 1951 , the official rollout of area codes took place . with 100 guests watching , englewood mayor m . leslie denning dialed a number : 415 - la - 3 - 9727 . exactly 17 seconds later , denning’s call was picked up by frank osborn , the mayor of alameda , california . bell engineers called the cross - continental and intramayoral conversation a
historic first in communications .
and newspapers , for their part , were even more jubilant about the proceedings . as the new york times put it in an article announcing the englewood test - call , “the vine - like network of this small community ' s telephone plant will grow tomorrow like an atomic age descendant of jack the giant killer ' s beanstalk . ”
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a scam that repeats itself in modified forms every few years is once again spreading throughout the united states . don’t be a victim !
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long - distance digits long ago shed their monetary worth , but they gained something else in its place : cultural value .
in the mid - 20th century , in response to the united states’ rapidly expanding telephone network , executives at the bell system introduced a new way of dialing the phone . until then , for the most part , it was human operators—mostly women—who had directed calls to their destinations .
dialing systems had reflected this reliance on the vocal cord . phone numbers weren’t numbers ; they were alphanumeric addresses , named after phone exchanges that encompassed particular geographic areas . the elizabeth taylor movie butterfield 8 gets its name from that system : the butterfield exchange served the tony establishments of manhattan ' s upper east side . lucy and ricky ricardo , should you have attempted to call their apartment , were apparently reachable with a request for
murray hill 5 - 9975 .
in 1955 , at & t—after it researched ways to minimize misunderstandings when it came to spoken phone directions—distributed a list of recommended exchange names featuring standardized abbreviations . ( butterfield 8 would become , under that system , bu - 8 ; murray hill 5 - 9975 would have been shortened to mu 5 - 9975 . ) but engineers at bell had been conducting their own research into the scalability of the name - and - number system . they had ambitions to expand the national phone network ; their own research had concluded , among other things , that
the country could not supply enough working women to meet its growing demand for human operators .
automation , bell concluded , would be the future of telephony . and
all - number calling
—no names , anymore , just digits—would be the way to get there .
i want to tell you about the controversy the bell system ' s embrace of numeracy provoked—how resentful some people became when their familiar method of making phone calls was taken from them . i want to tell you about why the change was necessary , and how it still informs our conception of phone calls and text messages . i want to tell you about the future of the phone number .
so when the valley became 818 when i was a kid , suddenly the valley’s separateness became more tangible to me . we weren’t all in it together any more . if you gave someone your phone number you instantly revealed yourself as an
we ' d owe that conversation , in some part , to the bell system . and to the 10 - digit coding system the telecom giant introduced to , and on behalf of , the american public half a century ago . which brings us back to 1962 .
sers of the phone system ( as users of any technology are wont to do when transition comes along ) would likely resist the change , the group did so slowly , and strategically . it built in long grace periods for people to accommodate themselves to the new numbers . it produced pamphlets methodically explaining the new system .
still , people protested . in san francisco , a group sprang up to battle bell and its numbering scheme . the anti - digit dialing league —consisting of thousands of members at its height , including the semanticist s . i . hayakawa