elizabethan express is a 1954 british transport film that follows the elizabethan , a non-stop british railways service from london to edinburgh along the east coast main line .

although originally intended as an advertising short , it now acts as a nostalgic record of the halcyon years of steam on british railways and the ex-lner class a4 .

it was directed by tony thompson , with a tongue-in-cheek poetic commentary written by paul le saux .

it is also notable for its music by clifton parker , who also wrote the score for blue pullman and several other british transport films .

he was later to write the music for the 1959 version of the thirty-nine steps , which also features an a4 .

elizabethan express

an account of the first journey by the new elizabethan express service from london to edinburgh .
an article on architecture , literature , and daily life in elizabethan england . from the britain express site .
the journey from london ' s kings cross to edinburgh ' s waverley station on the steam train the
elizabethan express .
the british transport film collection is preserved by the british film institute .
relive the summertime express between kings cross and waverley , which covered 393 in just 6 hours non - stop .
at platform 5 , the elizabethan , a special express for the holiday season , summons its strength . and the time to depart marks an ending for some , but , for many , a start .
the star of the much–loved documentary elizabethan express is the steam–powered locomotive silver fox . she was part of the elizabethan service , whose daily non–stop journey took passengers the 393 miles from london to edinburgh in six–and–a–half hours . at the time the film made this was the world’s longest daily non–stop run above 60mph .
one of the most popular films from the legendary british transport films takes viewers on the record–beating express service from london to edinburgh .
claustrophobic train - set comedy - thriller with a gang of crooks intent on stealing a gold shipment on a scotland to london express .
flourished . the epithet elizabethan is merely a chronological reference and does not describe any special characteristic of the writing .
a fine site by lara e . eakins that comprehensively covers every conceivable historical aspect of tudor / elizabethan england .
the a1 steam locomotive trust , the registered charity behind famous new steam locomotive 60163 tornado , is the recreating ‘the elizabethan’ express in celebration of hm the queen’s diamond jubilee . ‘the elizabethan’ was the premier train on the east coast main line in the post - war period and this unique railtour will showcase tornado at her best and provide nearly 400 miles of travel behind an iconic deltic .
made in 1954 , this documentary follows the summertime express from kings cross , london to waverley station , edinburgh . the steam train covered 393 miles in six and a half hours .
but for the elizabethan , being a special express for the holiday season , no delays are tolerated . upon reaching newcastle , maccloud is given the go - ahead to cut four minutes off the running time if he can . the fireman crunches chunks of coal and heaves them into the furnace , and the silver fox pushes on .
britain express is a labour of love by david ross , an avid historian , photographer , and ' britain - ophile ' . connect with us on facebook and ( soon ) google plus
elizabethan express is an honest - to - goodness charmer with integrity . the obvious enthusiasm for its subject - the world ' s longest non - stop daily to average 60 mph - is put into the premise of a question , one that seems to ask , ' isn ' t this marvelous ? how does it all come about ? '
“having hauled the royal train during hrh the prince of wales’s visit to northumberland , we are delighted to be able to join in the celebration of hm the queen’s diamond jubilee with the re - creation of ‘the elizabethan’ express . this iconic train of the 1950s was british railways’ response to the optimism prevalent at the dawn of the new elizabethan era . with both tornado and alycidon on the route they were designed for , this unique railtour will be a day out to remember for all of those lucky enough to be on - board . ”
the film unfolds in classic british transport films manner , moving deftly between the contentment of the passengers and the labour required to provide this pleasure . how can the train run so smoothly that diners are capable of
filling stomachs without filling laps ?
it is due to
the state of the tracks , provided by these chaps on the maintenance gang . elizabethan express , then , is both celebration and revelation .
the web version of walter nelson ' s fine handbook , this is a basic primer on the historical background that a participant in an elizabethan renaissance faire should know or have at hand .
‘the elizabethan’ express was steam hauled from 1953 to 1961 and deltic diesel hauled in 1962 . therefore 2012 will mark the 50 th year since ‘the elizabethan’ service was withdrawn and 2013 will mark the 60 th year since the service was introduced . “the lizzie” as the service was affectionately known was principally hauled by gresley class a4s due to their corridor tenders , although there were times when other classes of steam locomotive deputised for the a4s . some of the occasions when a1s deputised are 60121 silurian on 24 th & 25 th july 1954 , unique thompson class a1 / 1 60113 great northern on 25 th august 1954 and 60155 borderer on 12 th september 1954 .
elizabethan express was produced by the british transport commission’s in–house film unit , the celebrated british transport films . like many btf titles it is both a promotional film and a documentary , combining realism , romanticism and whimsy . for many years it was among the most popular films in the catalogue . justly so : superbly crisp black–and–white cinematography of footplates and carriages , countryside and stations , railwaymen and customers , burning coal and rising steam positively glistens onscreen and in viewers’ memories .
as the elizabethan passes york , a scots crew - consisting of driver maccloud and fireman mungo - relieves the first pair . the passengers gaze contentedly at the lovely yorkshire landscape . porters commence their corridor service .
from kings cross station , london , to waverley station , edinburgh is 393 miles . the elizabethan , a summertime express , covered the journey in 6 hours non - stop , at the time the longest non - stop journey in the world to be timed at over 60 mph . this film captures the speed and excitement of one of those runs , recalling the glamour of the great days of steam , as well as the hard work of the men who maintained the service .
before her combined . the subject matter of the elizabethan grants . , more than anything else , drew public notice to elizabeth ' s patent policies and it is to this subject matter that we now turn our attention .
the long beginning of the elizabethan popular theatre , like that of the greek theatre , lay in religious ceremonials , probably in the drama in the liturgy of the two greatest events in the christian year , christmas and easter . in the…
it is , therefore , an object of this paper to illuminate some of these dusty truths from the elizabethan era and it will seem that , although the years have clouded our view of them , they are substantially the same today as they were then .
in order to celebrate the coronation of queen elizabeth ii , british railways renamed ‘the capitals limited’ express to ‘the elizabethan’ . the first runs of ‘the elizabethan’ were made on monday 29 th june 1953 , and then resumed for each summer season , until at the end of the 1961 season on friday 8 th september , when the last steam hauled runs were made . being non - stop between london and edinburgh in both directions , only corridor tender fitted gresley class a4s could be used , the sheds at king’s cross and haymarket being those to provide them . the inaugural time for the journey was 6¾ hours but in 1954 that was reduced to 6½ hours or only 390 minutes start to stop for the 392 . 7 miles . from 1962 , deltic diesels took over and whilst nominally non - stop to passengers , they halted briefly at newcastle for crew changing .
at waverly station , a voice announces the happy news : the elizabethan is running on time . moments later , it pulls into the station . the stationmaster puts on his top hat and prepares to greet the new arrival . picturesque edinburgh stands ready to do the same .
in elizabethan london , dramatists wrote in an extraordinary range of dramatic genres , from native comedy and farce to senecan tragedy , from didactic morality plays to popular chronicle plays and tragicomedies , all before the advent of shakespeare . although shakespeare developed certain genres , such as the chronicle play…
…exacting and brilliant achievements , the elizabethan and early stuart periods have been said to represent the most brilliant century of all . ( the reign of elizabeth i began in 1558 and ended with her death in 1603 ; she was succeeded by the stuart king james vi of scotland , who took the…
in the wide expanse of king ' s cross station , a host of people mill about . it is summertime - the time for traveling . a portly station superintendent sits with phone in his quiet office , arranging things with a jaunty air . a new seasonal service begins today : the elizabethan .
at this time , london was the heart of england , reflecting all the vibrant qualities of the elizabethan age . this atmosphere made london a leading center of culture as well as commerce . its dramatists and poets were among the leading literary artists of the day . in this heady environment , shakespeare lived and wrote .
fication nor written disclosure was required in the vast majority of the elizabethan grants . however , the patentees were obliged to teach the invention to native apprentices and therefore this was not a bone of contention among the vociferous common law enthusiasts of 1601 and 1623 because the public gained the benefit of the invention . [ 90 ]
this principle was recognized at an early time . bartolomeo verde , who received a payment from the venetian special privilege fund in 1332 to build a windmill , [ 93 ] had to refund the money at once if he did not complete his installation and make it work within six months . [ 94 ] even the letters of protection granted to john kempe and other alien artisans were granted on the express condition that they come to england and practice their trades .
shakespeare ' s audiences would have been familiar with the bible and christianity , regardless of where they fell on the religious spectrum . while shakespeare often commented on current events regarding the protestant / catholic debate within the action of his plays , his personal religious leanings are unknown . his plays , however , do give a clear picture of the religious climate in elizabethan england and its effect on daily life .
in the 1580s , the writings of the university wits ( marlowe , greene , lyly , kyd , and peele ) defined the london theatre . though grounded in medieval and jacobean roots , these men produced new dramas and comedies using marlowe ' s styling of blank verse . shakespeare outdid them all ; he combined the best traits of elizabethan drama with classical sources , enriching the admixture with his imagination and wit .
the elizabethan grants may be divided into four main categories . [ 76 ] first , there were those industrial monopolies which were perfectly valid both at common law and after the statute of monopolies . included here were grants for inventions originating in the minds of the inventor and those communicated to an englishman from abroad . other grants considered unobjectionable in elizabeth ' s day were those for the importation into the realm of new products theretofore unknown and those for new trades .
le saux ' s verse is at its best providing quick sketches of worker activities rather than fashioning real characters . the naming of a scots crew , for example , may drive the plot but at the expense of turning them into cartoons . interestingly , at its most serious , the film recalls early soviet cinema . the maintenance crew are shot with low - angles , in glorification of their work . elsewhere , a ' fitter ' gazes nobly after the departing elizabethan , whose journey he helped prepare through his sweat and toil .
an even more striking divergence between elizabethan and modern patents is that most of the former gave the exclusive right of manufacture or importation and not the right of sale ( although patentees could frequently prevent sales of infringing products ) . the consumer could thus purchase the commodity from anyone who could manufacture it under a different process . what is even more important , the consumer could buy it from an importer , since the patentee usually had no monopoly over importation . [ 81 ] today a patentee obtains the sole privilege to vend the invention in addition to the manufacturing privilege .
elizabethan theatre and the name of william shakespeare are inextricably bound together , yet there were others writing plays at the same time as the bard of avon . one of the most successful was christopher marlowe , who many contemporaries considered shakespeare ' s superior . marlowe ' s career , however , was cut short at a comparatively young age when he died in a tavern fight in deptford , the victim of a knife in the eye . theatre had an unsavory reputation . london authorities refused to allow plays within the city , so theatres opened across the thames in southwark , outside the authority of the city administration .
another difference between elizabethan patent law and the present english system exists in the definition of novelty . elizabeth desired to introduce those industries into the realm which would produce manufactures imported theretofore , such as alum , glass , soap , oils , malt , saltpeter , latten , etc . the petitioner had only to show that the industry had not been carried on within the realm within a reasonable period of time . [ 80 ] today , however , the proof of a single public sale of an article before application for a patent can render a subsequent issued patent invalid . similarly , a . printed publication of the invention can negate patentability .
queen elizabeth i was an incredibly popular queen whose reign is remembered as a “golden age” of culture and growth even during foreign and domestic challenges . the elizabethan era , during which shakespeare lived and wrote , is also known for sir francis drake ' s exploration of the “new world , ” the english defeat of the spanish armada ( a naval campaign to invade and bring roman catholicism back to england ) , sir walter raleigh ' s colonial exploration , the blossoming of theatre and poetry in england , and setting the stage for english empire and colonization . yet it was also a time marked by war , economic depression , and complex spiritual and political conflict . deep tensions between protestants and catholics came from england ' s recent departure from the roman catholic church , initiated by elizabeth ' s father , king henry viii .
the elizabethan age saw the flowering of poetry ( the sonnet , the spenserian stanza , dramatic blank verse ) , was a golden age of drama ( especially for the plays of shakespeare ) , and inspired a wide variety of splendid prose ( from historical chronicles , versions of the holy scriptures , pamphlets , and literary criticism to the first english novels ) . from about the beginning of the 17th century a sudden darkening of tone became noticeable in most forms of literary expression , especially in drama , and the change more or less coincided with the death of elizabeth . english literature from 1603 to 1625 is properly called jacobean , after the new monarch , james i . but , insofar as 16th - century themes and patterns were carried over into the 17th century , the writing from the earlier part of his reign , at least , is sometimes referred to by the amalgam “jacobethan . ”
the best english soap at this time was soft mottled bristol soap . . hard spanish soap of castile was employed for fine laundry work , for which the english soap was unsuitable . on january 3 , 1561 , elizabeth ' s first patent grant was given to stephen groyett and anthony le leuryer for the making of “white sope” . the grant extended for ten years and stipulated that at least two of the servants of the patentees were to be of native birth ( which indicates that the patentees were probably aliens ) and the white hard soap to be made was to be as good and fine as that made in the “sope house of triana or syvile . ” the patentees ' wares were to be submitted to the municipal authorities for inspection and , on proof of defective manufacture , the privilege was to be void . [ 71 ] this was the first of a long line of elizabethan industrial
years . s altpeter had not been produced in england , most of it having been imported via antwerp , a port controlled by the catholic king of spain . elizabeth bargained with gerard honricke , “an almayne captain , ” ] to come over and teach her subjects the art of making saltpeter as good as the product from beyond the seas . [ 83 ] saltpeter was used to make gunpowder and elizabeth was greatly concerned with the production of military supplies at this time . [ 84 ] it is doubtful if honricke was required to reduce the secrets of the process to writing before the bargain was struck but it was an express condition of the agreement that he was to disclose the process in writing before he received the promised reward of £300 . honricke was probably not the inventor of the process . upon his arrival in england , the queen assigned the contract to cockeram and barnes , who were london merchants . [ 85 ] the english apprenticeship clause was , of course , to be found mainly in those patents granted to foreigners , just in case they left the country at or before the expiration of the patent term . [ 86 ]
by modifying his source materials in this way , shakespeare was able to take an unremarkable revenge story and make it resonate with the most fundamental themes and problems of the renaissance . the renaissance is a vast cultural phenomenon that began in fifteenth - century italy with the recovery of classical greek and latin texts that had been lost to the middle ages . the scholars who enthusiastically rediscovered these classical texts were motivated by an educational and political ideal called ( in latin ) humanitas—the idea that all of the capabilities and virtues peculiar to human beings should be studied and developed to their furthest extent . renaissance humanism , as this movement is now called , generated a new interest in human experience , and also an enormous optimism about the potential scope of human understanding . hamlet’s famous speech in act ii , “what a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason , how infinite in faculty , in form and moving how express and admirable , in action how like an angel , in apprehension how like a god—the beauty of the world , the paragon of animals ! ” ( ii . ii . 293–297 ) is directly based upon one of the major texts of the italian humanists , pico della mirandola’s oration on the dignity of man . for the humanists , the purpose of cultivating reason was to lead to a better understanding of how to act , and their fondest hope was that the coordination of action and understanding would lead to great benefits for society as a whole .
credits ( 0 . 09 ) [ credits overlay ] gvs ints . victoria station , london ( 0 . 21 ) gvs british rail staff planning new non - stop service from london - edinburgh ( 0 . 50 ) gvs br manual staff arriving for work at kings cross ( 1 . 29 ) gvs ints . kings cross station on a june morning ( 1 . 57 ) gvs catering staff putting food in train fridge ( 2 . 10 ) gvs
silver fox
steam engine is coupled with the
elizabethan ' s
carriages and passengers board the train ( 2 . 50 ) gvs the train departs ( 3 . 43 ) gvs br fitters carrying out train maintenance ( 4 . 20 ) gvs passengers in the bar / buffet of the train ( 5 . 33 ) gvs workmen making train ' s upholstery and other fittings ( 6 . 22 ) gvs passengers having lunch on the train ( 7 . 43 ) gvs rail maintenance gang at work ( 8 . 38 ) gvs br signalling / route system ( 9 . 00 ) gvs train crew at work ( 11 . 18 ) gvs train passes durham cathedral ( 11 . 37 ) gvs train crossing the tyne at newcastle , with a tug on the river ( 14 . 24 ) gvs driver and footplateman at work ( 15 . 37 ) gvs train passes berwickshire coastline ( 15 . 55 ) gvs train enters edinburgh , with children waving from tenement windows and playing in the street ( 16 . 59 ) gvs inside waverley station ( 17 . 30 ) gvs station master greets train at waverley with his top hat on ( 18 . 33 ) gvs edinburgh with buses crossing waverley bridge ( 18 . 58 ) ecs ( 19 . 27 )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the narration is a poetic monologue inspired by the gpo film unit ' s beloved night mail ( d . harry watt / basil wright , 1936 ) . the whimsical , rhyming verse , however , takes less after w . h . auden than edward lear - less lofty but more fun . writer paul le saux ' s words dart in and around station offices and buffet cars , ably served by the stylistically - varied photography . director tony thompson unites the exaggerated imagery at key moments with inspired close - ups , such as on the lips of control managers who sit with microphones ,
like prompters assisting the course of a play / breathing out words like arabian perfumes .
the repeated hints at a connection between train travel and storytelling reveal the slightly mournful tone of these promotional films . beneath the brisk , buoyant tone , a train ride , it seems , is much like a tale to be swept up in - but one that can end all too soon :
the loud hiss of steam as the train seems to slow to the pace of a cloud , breaks the afternoon task and disperses the dream .
* this film is included on the bfi british transport films dvd compilation ' on and off the rails ' .
this 1954 documentary is uploaded in a couple of places , but here it is without breaks and in the correct aspect ratio . one of the classic railway films .
britain ' s greatest machines with chris barrie - s02e04 : trains - the steam pioneers ( 5 . 1 dpl ii , hd )
some parts of this page won ' t work property . please reload or try later .
lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you crew reveal their most soul - crushing jobs in our freewheeling interview .
want to share imdb ' s rating on your own site ? use the html below .
10 of 11 people found this review helpful . was this review helpful to you ? yes no | report this
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
we use cookies and other technologies to enable you to watch films . continued use of this site indicates acceptance , as part of our privacy policy .
your cookies are disabled - you ' ll need to enable them to play any film . find out how in our privacy policy .
iphone and ipad users : to use bfi player on your ios device , you need to update to the latest version of our app ( 2 . 7 ) via the appstore .
sign up for news on the latest rentals , subscription classics and free archive highlights .
the exciting footplate photography is a fine tribute to the top link drivers of gresley’s mighty a4 locomotives . despite its classic status within the railway fraternity , the film proved controversial for its use of a rhyming commentary by paul le saux , which was perhaps trying to emulate w h auden’s famous recitation on night mail ( 1936 ) . however , its 914 cinema bookings in 1954 and its numerous re - releases are testimony to the film’s lasting popularity .
the earliest film kiss held by the bfi national archive is this stolen smooch aboard a steam train , an important example of victorian film .
laughs and thrills come thick and fast in this edgar wallace comedy - thriller with a hair - raising car versus train chase .
reporter michèle brown visits london ' s western hospital , where a computer is on the medical staff to help doctors with routine doctor \ patient consultations .
one of the most gruesomely memorable of all british anti - smoking promos depicts fat oozing out of nonchalant smokers ' cigarettes .
the social and political revolutions of 1968 seem a long way from the musings of a moderate tory on the nhs and government .
straight - talking anti - smoking promo , which introduces us to janice , a 51 - year - old woman who uses a ventilator to breathe .
a well - to - do woman is unable to answer her child’s cries due to a coughing fit , in this exaggerated anti - smoking advert .
a child ' s life is save through a blood transfusion and this incident demonstrate s the need for blood donors .
future learning and skills – giving everyone the opportunity to build a lifelong relationship with film .
the commentary is made up of fanciful and humorous rhyming couplets . though in the tradition of the feted night mail ( 1936 ) , no one would seriously rate this verse alongside w . h . auden’s . by turns eccentrically inspired and enjoyably awful , its contrived but tongue–in–cheek rhymes are more reminiscent of the popular children’s comic whizzer and chips .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this film is protected by copyright and is provided for personal , private viewing only . please use the hire , buy or ask a question button to ask about obtaining a copy of this film or a licence to use it , or to ask about its copyright status .
please read understanding catalogue records for help interpreting this information and using footage for more information about accessing this film .
ph . james ritchie , ronald craigen , robert paynter unit m . jim garrett asst . technicians w d williams , cyril moorehead , ken cooper , paul khan , alice ross , pat holmes ed . wm j maclean w . paul le saux spoken by howard marion crawford and alan wheatley p . edgar anstey m . clifton parker cond . alvir mathieston rec . at anvil films , beaconsfield
warning : screenonline full synopses contain ' spoilers ' which give away key plot points . don ' t read on if you don ' t want to know the ending !
people and things mobilise for its departure : the driver and his fireman sign in , passengers begin to form lines , porters follow and the chef checks his resources .
finally , a locomotive pulls into the station , with the words the silver fox emblazoned on its side . workers carefully link it up to carriages , and families begin to board . a guard nervously checks his timetable and - given the ok - the train eases forward . a lone fitter watches it pull away and pictures the hard work he did to get the engine ready .
the silver fox chugs resplendently ahead at top speed . a dapper man behind an elegant counter serves a variety of refreshments . behind a door , the kitchen staff is bustling . several waiters begin to serve the meal with flair . far ahead of the train walk rail workers , checking for gaps in the tracks to ensure a smooth journey .
picking up a signal , driver maccloud pulls back on the brake and the silver fox slows to a crawl . the decision was made by ' men in control rooms ' , who sit armed with microphones and switches , directing the flow of train traffic .
daytime shows - £2 . 50 ( for each show ) £2 . 00 for svr members ( please bring card )
daytime five - show ticket - £7 . 50 ( five for the price of three ) £6 . 00 for svr members ( please bring card )
there will be 100 seats for each show and tickets will be sold on a first come , first served basis .
there will be no admittance to any show without a valid ticket , and there will only be 100 tickets available for each show .
a look at how the british transport industry was progressing six years after the war . it includes whitemoor and woodhead , bus operations in bristol and road transport in scotland .
the movement of a complete farm , livestock and machinery , from yorkshire to sussex by rail .
sam is a train driver whose loco breaks down , and then shows three sides to his character trying to solve the problem , with only one succeeding . a br staff instruction film .
ilm about the digging out and rescue of a freight train stranded in snow in the westmorland hills .
the development plan for the waterways in action and a glimpse of the north - eastern division at work .
as a port for great ocean liners , including film of the two ‘queen’s .
a record of track renewal at st pancras station and showing the large amount of manpower that was used .
version no 2 of film 8334 , the edit is slightly different . the journey from kings cross to waverley station in edinburgh , many views and scenery on route plus interesting scenes of the passengers . for full description see synopsis on huntley archives website .
…life of a majority of elizabethans , but the christian faith was no longer single . rome’s authority had been challenged by martin luther , john calvin , a multitude of small religious sects , and , indeed , the english church itself . royal prerogative was challenged in parliament ; the economic and social orders were disturbed by…
we welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .
encyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .
you may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .
at the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )
your contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .
our editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .
please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .
literature , a body of written works . the name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works…
corrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .
if you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .
our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .
on wednesday 25 th july 2012 , deltic d9009 alycidon will set out from london king’s cross station with her first main line passenger train for many years and head north to edinburgh , pausing to collect passengers at peterborough , york and darlington . after a break in the scottish capital , tornado will head the train south covering the 393 miles to london – the reverse of her famous bbc top gear ‘race to the north’ with jeremy clarkson on - board – setting down as outward . this will be the first time a brunswick green liveried peppercorn class a1 will have departed edinburgh waverley station since the 1960s and we are pleased to confirm that the carriages will be in the historic carmine and cream livery . passengers in premier dining will receive a traditional silver service throughout the journey based upon an anglo - scottish menu .
we expect there to be much fast running at the permitted maximum of 75mph and with this being a summer tour we anticipate wonderful views of the scottish coast and the northumberland and yorkshire scenery with the long daylight hours .
the trust respectfully requests that anyone wanting to see tornado follows the rules of the railway and only goes where permitted .
60009 union of south africa on depot at roberts road this evening , ahead of tomorrow ' s # raf100 trip to london . @ rafmarhammedia @ royalairforce
spotted some @ 60163 _ tornado advertising today on the side of a lorry at chieveley services on the m4 motorway .
we will be holding two guided tours at darlington locomotive works in between the birthday trains on 29th july . these will be given by david elliott . each lasting an hour , with one at 9am , prior to the 11am train and one at 3pm prior to the 5pm train . all images - a1slt
we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .
the age of shakespeare was a great time in english history . the reign of queen elizabeth i ( 1558 - 1603 ) saw england emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the western world . england consolidated its position with the defeat of the spanish armada in 1588 , and elizabeth firmly established the church of england begun by her father , king henry viii ( following henry ' s dispute with the pope over having his first marriage annulled ) .
sir francis drake circumnavigated the world and became the most celebrated english sea captain of his generation . sir humphrey gilbert and sir walter raleigh sent colonists eastward in search of profit . european wars brought an influx of continental refugees into england , exposing the englishman to new cultures . in trade , might , and art , england established an envious preeminence .
london in the 16th century underwent a transformation . its population grew 400 % during the 1500s , swelling to nearly 200 , 000 people in the city proper and outlying region by the time an immigrant from stratford came to town . a rising merchant middle class carved out a productive livelihood , and the economy boomed .
shakespeare was hardly the only working playwright in london back in the day . here ' s a quick guide to his competition .
digital library containing some of the core printed primary and secondary sources for the medieval and modern history of the british isles . created by the institute of historical research and the history of parliament trust .
the bbc presents a very good history of elizabeth i as part of their online
church and state
series .
urltoken ' s encyclopedic entry of elizabeth i and her reign . a good site to know , as you can also get information to
michael best of the university of victoria has assembled an impressive collection of web resources on shakespeare .
this is just an incredible site by maggie secara and paula kate marmor . more information than you could wish for about everyday life in shakespeare ' s time .
from the official web site of the british monarchy . this is an excellently presented resource on the kings and queens of britain , scotland , and the uk from the original anglo - saxon kings to present day .
the official archive of the uk government . the national archive ' s vision is to lead and transform information management , guarantee the survival of today ' s information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone .
copyright © 1997–2018 , j . m . pressley and the shakespeare resource center contact the webmaster with feedback .
the english were not the first to grant patents to inventors but they were the first to develop a lasting patent law . the patent system of the united states , originating at a time when the english law was in full flower , drew heavily from it and might never have come into being at all had the english law not been what it was in the eighteenth century . by this time the english lawyer had been victorious over the old monopoly abuses and had provided the fathers of our country with history from which considerable profit could be taken . knowing the problems england had had it was an easy matter to avoid the pitfalls of a . monopoly system and create a body of law which began where the english law had left off .
because we interpret and apply our patent law in the light of its history and because this history extends back to the beginning of the english law , there is value in the study of the early efforts of the english people . to fully know our patent law we must be familiar with its origin . the basic truths found by the english 400 years ago are still valid today and should continue to influence us in the interpretation and application of our law , even though it has become greatly refined and perfected .
a letters patent for an invention is a monopoly . in the united states the monopoly is :
… a . grant to the patentee , his heirs or assigns , for the term of seventeen years , of the right to exclude others from making . using , or selling the invention throughout the united states . [ 1 ] '
* associate professor of law , texas southern university , houston , texas . member of the new york bar .
1 . the patent act § 154 , 66 stat . 804 ( 1952 ) , 35 u . s . c . § 154 ( 1952 ) .
in england it is the “sole privilege” to “make , use ; exercise and vend” [ 2 ] the invention for sixteen years . [ 3 ] the united states inventor receives a negative right , the english a positive one .
the ancient greeks originated the term “monopoly . ” it is derived from… ( alone ) and… ( to sell ) and was first used by aristotle in 347 b . c . [ 4 ] for the purpose of this paper , a monopoly will mean a privilege consisting of the exclusive right to carry on a . particular business or trade , manufacture a particular article , or control the sale of the entire supply of a particular commodity . [ 5 ] we need deal here only with monopolies granted by the sovereign .
a grant of a letters patent was a personal and direct grant of some dignity , office , monopoly , franchise or other privilege by the english sovereign through the exercise of the royal prerogative and was recorded on the patent rolls in the record office . the documents received by the patentee were called letters patent , the term being derived from the latin literae patentes or “open letters” because they were addressed , not to particular individuals , but “to all to whom these presents shall come . ” the documents were traditionally sealed so that they could be read without breaking the seals , while “letters close” could not be read without first breaking the seals . [ 6 ]
this paper will be concerned with the history of letters patent for inventions . it will be necessary , however , to consider monopoly grants other than those for inventions to fully understand what kind of a privilege the inventor received . a short summary of some of the more important early developments outside of england before the beginning of english patent law will be helpful .
3 . the seventeen year term in the united states dates from the date of issuance of the patent whereas the sixteen year term in great britain dates from the date of the filing of the complete specification .
4 . aristotle , politics , bk . i , chap . xii , 48 .
5 . black ' s law dictionary 1158 ( 4th ed . 1951 ) .
athenaeus , writing in the third century a . d . , in his “banquet of the learned , ” quotes phylarchus , the historian , as saying that in about 500 b . c . in sybaris , a greek colony famous for luxurious living and self - indulgence , if any confectioner or cook invented a peculiar and exclusive dish , no one else was allowed to make it for a year . [ 7 ] in . a . d . 337 the roman emperor constantine decreed that artisans of certain trades who resided in cities were exempt from all civil duties , especially if their leisure hours were employed in perfecting themselves and instructing their sons . among the artisans so privileged were the locksmiths , chariot makers , engineers , workers in lead and manufacturers , which groups probably included most the inventors of the time . [ 8 ] while this was no monopoly grant , it was the grant of a privilege and a recognition of the value of rewarding those working in the arts and sciences . the romans were , in fact , distasteful of monopolies . the emperor zeno , in a . d . 483 , made it clear that there was to be no monopoly of any kind over clothing or food , regardless if it was procured under a rescript of an emperor . [ 9 ]
7 . athenaeus , “the deipnosophists , ” 3 bohn ' s classical library 835 ( 1854 ) .
8 . code of justinian , x , lx iv , 1 ; 15 scott , the civil law 155 ( 1932 ) . the following artisans were listed in the edict :
in a . d . 344 surveyors , geometers and architects occupied in dividing land and other property and who took measures , established boundaries , conducted or removed water were added to the above list . code , x , lx i v , 2 .
abbot by count william of mortagne , authorizing him to establish windmills in a certain area . this is the first historical mention of windmills . [ 10 ] benjamin of tudela , who travelled around europe and the near east about 1160 to 1173 , in his “itinerary” reported that the king of jerusalem granted annual fees to certain dyers and at that time dyeing consisted of trade secrets . [ 11 ] in 1236 the english king henry iii , who also ruled western france , confirmed a grant by the mayor of bordeaux to bonafusus de sancta columbia under which he and his fellows alone in bordeaux were permitted to make cloths of many colors after the manner of the flemings , french and english for fifteen years , after which time anyone could make the cloths and bonafusus was to have no advantage . [ 12 ] these early grants of privileges were not necessarily for inventions and did not all result in monopolies .
one of the first real patents for invention was granted by the signoria of florence to fillippo brunelleschi , the great engineer and architect of the magnificent cupola of the cathedral of florence . the patent privilege was given in 1421 for three years for a device for transporting heavy loads on the armo and other rivers . the work of anyone imitating his invention was to be burned . [ 13 ]
the world ' s first patent law developed in the early republic of venice . around 1400 she largely monopolized the trade between europe and the rest of the world and possessed great power and wealth until the discovery of the sea route to the east around the cape of good hope . it is known that venice maintained a special privilege fund in 1332 from which a payment was made to one bartolomeo verde , who promised to build a windmill within six months of the payment . other payments from this fund were repeatedly made in the fifteenth century
10 . frunkin , the origin of patents , 27 j . p . 0 . s . 143 ( 1945 ) .
to persons claiming knowledge of millwork and ship design and probably to many others . [ 14 ]
in 1469 a venetian patent of monopoly was granted to john of speyer , a german printer who established himself on the lagune . john ' s patent states that it was usual to grant such monopolies . [ 15 ] after this time patents were granted systematically and the custom was confirmed by a written pronouncement in the nature of a statute or administrative decree in 1474 in which it was said that :
privileges of ten years are generally promised to the inventors of new arts and machines . [ 16 ]
a substantial number of patents and copyrights were granted in venice between 1500 and 1550 . in 1568 andrea brugone obtained a . patent for printing in red and black and francesco zamberlin received a . patent in 1572 for certain types of mirrors . many other grants were made and decrees were obtained enforcing them . as venice declined in power skilled artisans and inventors , many of them expert glass makers , began migrating to other countries . most of them went to france but , after the massacre of st . bartholomew in 1572 and the subsequent extreme religious intolerance , many of them migrated to england , holland and germany . [ 17 ] being familiar with the venetian patent system they were eager to obtain similar protection in their new homelands .
one of the most interesting patents granted by venice was that to galileo in 1594 . from 1592 to 1610 galileo was professor of mathematics at padua . , which was then part of the republic of venice . he developed a machine for raising water which was successfully operated in the garden of the contarini in venice . a patent for the device was granted , giving galileo the sole right to make or use such a machine for twenty years . infringers would lose their machines and be required to pay a fine of 300 ducats . [ 18 ]
14 . prager , a history of intellectual property from 1545 to 1787 , 26 j p . 0 . s . 711 ( 1944 ) .
18 . federico . galileo ' s patent . s j . p . 0 . s . 576 ( 1926 ) .
other countries also granted a few patents about this time . in 1545 the emperor charles v of germany granted one hans hedler a twelve year patent for wind and water mills and other grants are known to have been made at the same time in the saxon and german states . patents are also recorded in antwerp , holland and spain in the sixteenth century . [ 19 ]
the french patent law developed about the same time as the english law , although the english were subsequently much more successful industrially with their law . french inventors were officially encouraged in about the same manner as they were in venice . [ 20 ]
in 1536 the french consular government of lyons , with the consent of king francis i , granted etienne turquetti from piedmont a privilege for the production of silk . turquetti obtained safe conduct for his workers , who came from genoa and other countries , and also received the right to collect royalties from silk makers in lyons who established there after turquetti . his privilege also made him exempt from taxes and under it he could obtain loans and other aid . the privilege was non - exclusive and hence non - monopolistic . [ 21 ]
the first monopoly patent in france was granted to another italian , theses mutio , of bologna , in 1551 for the art of venetian glass making . it was to run for ten years but it was registered by the parliament de paris for only five years . in the same year a french inventor , abel foullon , was granted a patent for a range finder which was also to run for ten years . [ 22 ] the french king henry ii felt at this time that the inventor should fully disclose his invention so the public could benefit from it when the patent expired and foullon was required to prepare what became printed in 1555 as the first patent specification . in 1557 henry ii issued an exclusive right to one gran -


the spanish earth is a 1937 propaganda film made during the spanish civil war in support of the democratically elected republicans , whose forces included a wide range from the political left like communists , socialists , anarchists , to moderates like centrists , and liberalist elements .

the film was directed by joris ivens , written by john dos passos and ernest hemingway , narrated by orson welles and re-recorded by hemingway ( with jean renoir doing the narration in the french release ) , with music composed by marc blitzstein and arranged by virgil thomson .

the spanish earth

spanish village art centerart . . . it’s elemental . fire , water , earth and air - spanish village art center
the spanish earth ( 1937 ) : the circumstances of its production , th . . . : ingenta connect
the fictionalized stories about the spanish earth are piling up . another novel about ivens’ documentary on the spanish civil war was published by british author james kellen : ´hemingway´s spanish earth´ . the storyline follows the days of shooting and editing , from 27 february 1937 until 8 july 1937 .
spanish earth issue
of avant - scène du cinema ( paris ) , 1 january 1981 .
the spanish have had reason to identify with the losing side lately . in his
scorched earth : jesús carrasco’s novel describes the struggle for survival on a barren spanish plain . photo : borja alcazar photo / getty
the cinematic modes , the overall structure of parallel syntagmas , and the careful attention to editing and narration work together in the spanish earth to make the war in spain a reality for viewers in america .
the screen ;
the spanish earth , ' at the 55th st . playhouse , is a plea for democracy - - ' gangway ' at the roxy at the roxy at the teatro hispano at the 86th st . garden theatre
the screen ;
the spanish earth , ' at the 55th st . playhouse , is a plea for democracy - - ' gangway ' at the roxy at the roxy at the teatro hispano at the 86th st . garden theatre - the new york times
with the headline : the screen ;
the spanish earth , ' at the 55th st . playhouse , is a plea for democracy - - ' gangway ' at the roxy at the roxy at the teatro hispano at the 86th st . garden theatre .
award winning canadian documentary filmmaker peter davis presented his documentary digging the spanish earth . thanks to his interviews with joris ivens , martha gellhorn , helen van dongen and george seldes , this film is of historical importance itself . peter davis also revisited locations in madrid and fuentedueña de tajo where the spanish earth was shot in spring 1937 .
spanish colonial missions architecture and preservation ( u . s . national park service )
the spanish have had reason to identify with the losing side lately , and two debut novels reflect it .
it is not the first time astronomers have found earth - like planets outside our solar system .
the project was conceived by charity cool earth , and led by the royal commonwealth society in partnership with cool earth and the commonwealth forestry association . it was unveiled at the commonwealth heads of government meeting in 2015 in malta .
the original outline of spanish earth called for an exploration of one spanish village over a span of six or seven years , featuring a peasant family and the struggles of their young son julian in the war ravaged country . this footage was obtained in addition to actual fighting , air bombings , and the political and emotional unrest of the people .
snoek , s . ,
orson welles , ernest hemingway : le voci di spanish earth ,
in cinegrafie ( ancona ) , vol . 5 , no . 8 , 1995 .
the spanish earth was directed by jorisivens with a budget of $ 2 , 000 and , due to the fact it is structured upon two pivotal elements : the struggle of the militants and the farmworkers’ movements , the film is one of the most shocking documents about the civil war . it was narrated by hemingway .
the great reception of the project as well as the results obtained makes it a valuable and reliable tool for improving the orbital parameters of near - earth asteroids .
planet earth can heal herself no matter what terrible things human beings have done to harm her .
ercolano estimated then that there were about one billion earth - like planets in the universe which could have liquid water .
earth ' s seven sisters and its potential inhabitants will still be there when we are long gone .
the spanish earth is one of the major films on the spanish civil war and one of the most important films in joris ivens ' s career . as in many of his other films , ivens finds a balance between the daily lives of people and their struggles to survive . the strong photography , mainly by john ferno , combined with powerful editing by helen van dongen and the commentary written and spoken by ernest hemingway , make the film a masterpiece of documentary filmmaking .
less than a year later , they found enough data to show there are seven earth - like planets .
the two bursts of radiation from the sun were so intense that high - frequency blackouts were experienced on earth , lasting for about an hour .
when directed at earth , such flares create radiation storms that affect satellites and communications systems , even affecting technologies on the ground .
, the writer supplied three sentences :
we gained the right to cultivate our land by democratic elections . now the military cliques and absentee landlords attack to take our land from us again . but we fight for the right to irrigate and cultivate this spanish earth which the nobles kept idle for their own amusement .
solar flares : huge ion gas clouds heading to earth ? | news | dw | 07 . 09 . 2017
the circular kiva in the middle of the convento , next to the church .
i examine the political significance of the classic documentary the spanish earth in the context of the spanish civil war , 1936 - 1939 , challenging russell campbell’s argument that it should be considered in the light of ‘an overriding need for unity in the face of the enemy’ . i argue instead that the film reflected the international communist agenda . this emphasized defence of the republic rather than engaging with its political complexities or with the demands of urban workers . i underline the film’s rural and castilian focus , and describe its reception in the united states and united kingdom , before offering an explanation for its continued currency in those countries , and an overview of the consequences .
inspired by the true stories of farm workers who became winemakers in the vines of the earth — napa valley region of california , this is a story of motivation and perseverance .
orson welles ' narration of the original version of the spanish earth ( 1937 ) , considered too emphatic by the film ' s producers , led to the organization of this first release version narrated by ernest hemingway . minor changes were made to the spoken text ; also the removal of praise for the popular front , which at the time of its formation included factions that went against moscow ' s orthodoxy .
an epic saga of love and power . tensions mount in an andalusia mining town between local spanish workers and their british employers .
the press reviews for the spanish earth tended to be a bit more equivocal . some felt the film descended into out - and - out propaganda , to which ivens later replied ,
on issues of life and death , democracy or fascism , the true artist cannot be objective .
but the writer of a 1938 article in time magazine saw the film in a positive light :
early , james . presidio , mission , and pueblo : spanish architecture and urbanism in the united states . dallas : southern methodist university press , 2004 .
while harmful radiation from such flares cannot pass through earth ' s atmosphere to harm humans on the ground , they can disturb the atmosphere where gps and communications signals travel .
a documentary showing the struggle of the spanish republican government against a rebellion by ultra - right - wing forces led by gen . francisco franco and backed by nazi germany and fascist italy .
it might not be any bigger than your own refrigerator , but the tess telescope will deliver the stuff of your wildest sci - fi fantasies : earth - sized planets by the hundreds , and all in the next two years .
fired earth is a business name of fired earth limited , part of the aga rangemaster group ltd . registered in england and wales no . 1733704 . vat registration no . gb 100 5835 13 . registered office : c / o aga rangemaster , meadow lane , long eaton , nottingham , ng10 2gd
the spanish earth story by archibald macleish and lillian hellman , with commentary written and spoken by ernest hemingway ; photographed by john ferno and produced by joris ivens , with a musical score by marc blitzstein and virgil thompson ; presented by contemporary historians , inc . at the fifty - fifth street playhouse . view full article in timesmachine »
michaël gillon from liege university in belgium , and his colleagues , discovered seven new planets - their size all comparable to that of earth .
the film ' s avoidance of overt propagandizing reflected not only ivens ' s conception of the documentary aesthetic—it was also hoped that this might help spanish earth achieve a wide theatrical release . however , as in britain , there was thought to be no cinema audience for documentary films , and the plan failed . nor did it help the film to escape the watchful eye of the british board of film censors ( who had previously attacked ivens ' s new earth ) , who insisted that all references to italian and german intervention were cut from the commentary , those countries being regarded as
friendly powers
at the time .
the heart of the earth a spanish - british - portuguese production ; manufacturas audiovisuales ; future films ; coasta do castelo ; handmade films international presents ; a film by antonio cuadri ; produced by antonio cuadri . . . [ et al . ] ; directed by antonio cuadri ; screenplay by antonio cuadri , shelley miller , doc comparato .
astronomers have discovered seven new planets which may host liquid water . their find shows that earth - like planets are even more common in the universe than previously thought .
the newly discovered planets orbit the star trappist - 1 , a dwarf star only one tenth the size of our sun , and about as big as jupiter . trappist - 1 lies 39 light years away from earth .
all seven planets - simply called : 1b , 1c , up to 1h - are quite close to trappist - 1 , much closer than earth is to the sun .
the largest x - class flares are by far the largest explosions in the solar system , with loops of material tens of times the size of earth being spat from the solar surface . they ' re caused when magnetic fields – which guide the motion of the sun ' s plasma – cross over each other and reconnect .
these quaint buildings and courtyards were built in 1935 to depict a charming old village in spain for the second california pacific international exposition . spanish village is located in balboa park next to the san diego zoo .
beyond the church building , missions also included a number of buildings , structures , features , and open spaces . each contributed to the establishment of a community whose day - to - day functions were to serve the spanish colonial enterprise .
giffords , gloria fraser . sanctuaries of earth , stone , and light : the churches of northern new spain , 1530 - 1821 . tucson : university of arizona press , 2007 .
seven new earth - like planets discovered around nearby star | science | in - depth reporting on science and technology | dw | 22 . 02 . 2017
the heart of the earth [ videorecording ] / a spanish - british - portuguese production ; manufacturas audiovisuales ; future films ; coasta do castelo ; handmade films international presents ; a film by antonio cuadri ; produced by antonio cuadri . . . [ et al . ] ; directed by antonio cuadri ; screenplay by antonio cuadri , shelley miller , doc comparato . – national library
we know now that most stars have planets and that even earth - like planets in the habitable zones are quite common ,
barbara ercolano , an astrophysicist at the university of munich , said last november .
this documentary tells of the struggles during the spanish civil war . it deals with the war at different levels : from the political level , at the ground military level focusing on battles in madrid and the road from madrid to valencia , and at the support level . with the latter , a key project was building an irrigation system for an agricultural field near fuentedueña so that food could be grown to feed the soldiers .
( 1927 ) . these spanish soldiers always seem local boys temporarily uprooted from their homes , but essentially individual village lads joined in a cause , fighting against heavy odds .
the law , which is part of a complete restructuring of the bolivian legal system following a change of constitution in 2009 , has been heavily influenced by a resurgent indigenous andean spiritual world view which places the environment and the earth deity known as the pachamama at the centre of all life . humans are considered equal to all other entities .
the first flare was measured at x2 . 2 , with the second at x9 . 3 . the number indicates the intensity of the burst .
this documentary film uses footage of war and glimpses of rural spanish life in its portrayal of the struggle of the spanish republican government against a rebellion by right - wing forces led by general francisco franco and backed by nazi germany and fascist italy . the film was written by ernest hemingway and john dos passos ( among others ) and was narrated by hemingway . please help seeding this video ! this video is in the public domain , visit urltoken for more informations .
the sun ' s surface is seething away . hot and brightly glowing material ascends from the sun ' s inside , cools and sinks down again , appearing much darker . our sun is the only star in the universe so close to earth that astronomers can observe in such detail .
four new nasa satellites have been launched to find out what happens when magnetic fields disconnect briefly from earth and then reconnect in another direction . on the sun , the same phenomenon triggers sunspots . ( 13 . 03 . 2015 )
the initial radiation from the solar flare would have created the radio disturbances experienced on wednesday .
of course , the authors could have been lucky , but finding seven [ . . . ] earth - sized planets in such a small sample suggests that the [ our ] solar system [ . . . ] might be nothing out of the ordinary .
the field museum collections are among the top natural history collections in the world for their breadth , scope , and quality . the field is one of the few institutions with collections that cover planetary origins and the full history of life on earth with botanical , zoological , geological , and anthropological specimens and artifacts . the museum’s strategy in science and education ( s & e ) creates a strong opportunity for the museum to increase the impact of its collections .
the architectural styles of spanish colonial missions were influenced by those popular in spain and europe at that time –gothic , baroque , plateresque , mudéjar , churrigueresque , neoclassicism –but their application in the americas cannot be fit easily into any specific stylistic category . the local context of available materials , labor , and technical expertise challenged the spanish frontier builders to find the expertise to interpret their foreign cultural expression . as a result , mission architecture evolved into a fusion of imported and indigenous expressions that are unique to each mission and best understood through the analysis of various architectural elements .
scholarly understanding of the spanish colonial enterprise ' s impact in the americas , which mission architecture represents , continues to evolve . viewing missions as part a comprehensive cultural landscape helps us to tell their complex stories from multiple viewpoints , and to understand the impact of colonialism on native communities . this has required an inclusive approach to recognizing and preserving a variety of mission features in order to interpret this complex historical narrative . contemporary property boundaries and the encroachment of cities and suburbs into many of the original mission communities complicate the challenge of preserving these formerly vast cultural landscapes . such urbanization often means the destruction of outlying mission features that erases part of the complete story of the spanish colonial enterprise .
eckhart , george boland .
spanish missions of texas , 1680 - 1800 ,
in kiva , vol . 32 , no . 3 , feb . 1967 , pp . 1 - 28 .
it makes world history . earth is the mother of all
, said vice - president alvaro garcía linera .
it establishes a new relationship between man and nature , the harmony of which must be preserved as a guarantee of its regeneration .
the boy did as the old man asked and emerged from the inn dragging a sack half filled with chestnuts . following the goatherd’s instructions , he took it over to the donkey , untied the string and . . . poured part of the contents of the sack into the panniers , with most of the chestnuts slipping into any available gaps among the food , flasks and tools .
ernest hemingway’s novel about the republican resistance , based on his experience in spain while the spanish earth ( 1937 ) was in production , was filmed by director sam wood ( ironically , a noted anti - communist ) and stripped of much of its political specificity . nonetheless it constituted hollywood ' s only popular treatment of the war , and was prohibited in spain until after the death of franco . ucla film & television archive’s restoration adds several minutes to truncated versions that were circulated for years , and will be presented with entry music and an intermission .
when you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .
. his flat , sometimes raw intoning of his own words gives them an urgency a slicker - sounding narrator would have undermined .
this spanish earth is dry and hard ,
are the first words we hear him speak . this is hemingway before he became hemingway the litterateur , before his clipped style became imitated into parody . each word seems a polished stone , a piece of the human condition taken to an irreducible minimum . and it is hemingway who sums up in a sentence the reason ivens had to scrap his original filming blueprint and give himself and the film over to the very thing that makes it the powerful human experience it is :
men cannot act in front of the camera in the presence of death .
the denver museum of nature & science is the rocky mountain region’s leading resource for informal science education . located in the heart of denver city park , and neighbor to the denver zoo , the museum offers a variety of exhibitions , programs , and activities that help museum visitors experience the natural wonders of colorado , earth , and the universe . more than 300 , 000 students and teachers are served by museum each year . the museum houses nearly 1 . 5 million artifacts and specimens in its collections from around the world .
her majesty the queen and the duke of edinburgh visit pangbourne college to celebrate the school ' s centenary .
when the sun is very active , geomagnetic storms develop . it ' s when the sun catapults a particularly high number of charged particles into space . those particles can hit and destroy satellites . they might also disturb electric power substations on earth and even lead to power breakdowns .
there are are billions of stars like our sun scattered across the universe . but without it , life on earth wouldn ' t have been possible . the sun has been fascinating researchers for centuries . let ' s have a closer look ! ( 21 . 08 . 2017 )
this is another , much more beautiful effect of geomagnetic storms : an aurora , also called polar light . it occurs when charged particles of the sun hit the earth ' s atmosphere . the frequency of how often we may enjoy this spectacle depends on the solar cycle . every eleven years the sun is particularly active - that ' s when many geomagnetic storms and auroras can be observed .
the second mode is the spontaneous shooting on the front lines . using two hand held cameras , ivens captured the horrors and heartaches of fighting . the final cinematographic mode is that of the static
newsreel
footage of the people ' s army rally .
: now the people ' s opposition to fascism surprises the rebels . . . even in the smallest villages .
then the chances of life might depend on the amount of detrimental radiation that those planets receive from the star .
the land is dry and irrigation is needed to provide food for the defenders of spain . fuenteduena , one village twenty miles from madrid , can put food on the road for freedom . there is the constant sound of machine guns and canons . yet ,
men cannot act for the camera in the prescene of death .
at the front line , war becomes part of life . a huge phonograph blares music to the troops . death is all around . the lawyer turned soldier dies and the innocent bookeeper is killed by enemy fire on his way to work . the duke palace is destroyed , but thankfully a few pieces of spanish art are salvaged . the people ' s army unites , the air attack is coming , the working man fights on !
spanish colonial mission cultural landscapes express a strong connection between the natural environment of each distinct region and the subsequent layers of human settlement over time . the preservation of these cultural landscapes , and the complex set of values they represent , has required an integrative approach to determining their significance , conservation treatments , and stewardship strategies to ensure each site ' s viability for current and future generations .
we really appreciate your support and role in the project . the success of the project is largely due to the important work done by earthcheck .
given the primal place both orson welles and ernest hemingway hold as titans of american culture , it seems strange that so little has been written about their memorable meeting to work on joris ivens the spanish earth . perhaps this is because so little seems to be known about what actually took place , other than what welles himself has reported . even welles only mentions this encounter in two interviews that i am aware of . but given the flourishing number of stage shows that have re - created welles in a fictional setting , it seems like the welles - hemingway encounter might provide the basis for a very interesting two man play ( or even a movie ) .
on 19 october the vietnam film institute ( vfi ) in hanoi is organizing a ceremony of the transfer of solidarity films from the medical committee netherlands - vietnam ( mcnv ) and the european foundation joris ivens . representatives of the dutch embassy , of the ministry of culture , sports and tourism of vietnam , the director of the vfi , the director of the mcnv and the representative of the ivens foundation will be present when the 45 films will be handed over to the national film iinstute . afterwards a study meeting will take place for . . .
the boy who stole attila’s horse is , above all , the moving story of a savage and tender love between brothers , whatever its allegorical meaning . however , one economic development is relevant to this novel , repila’s second : the company that published the spanish original in 2013 closed later that year , citing the “economic situation” . foreign - language editions of the book have been orphaned unexpectedly . big and small’s parents have , once again , left them to fend for themselves .
bolivia is set to pass the world ' s first laws granting all nature equal rights to humans . the law of mother earth , now agreed by politicians and grassroots social groups , redefines the country ' s rich mineral deposits as
blessings
and is expected to lead to radical new conservation and social measures to reduce pollution and control industry .
the infamous propaganda film of the 1934 nazi party rally in nuremberg , germany .
the wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .
the beginning of the film uses descriptive syntagma to familiarize the viewer with spain and its struggles . the village is shown and shots of a map displaying its geographical importance to the cause . after this introduction ,
mission priests modeled church plans after old world churches with which they were familiar . mission churches tended to follow two basic types based on their shape in plain view : hall and cruciform . the hall church is composed of a tall rectangular room divided into the nave space for the worshipers and the sanctuary where the clergy celebrate mass . the sanctuary is the most sacred of church places as it holds the altar and is often elevated above the nave . the sanctuary is located within the apse , a polygonal or semi - circular space at the end of the nave that is the visual focal point for worshipers entering the church .
the cruciform church plan is in the form of a latin cross with the bottom portion designated as the nave , the upper portion as the apse housing the sanctuary , and transepts on either side of the crossing containing chapels . above the crossing , a hemispherical dome typically covers the sanctuary , symbolizing a celestial heaven . the sacristy , a private room where sacred objects are stored and the clergy robes his vestments , always is connected to the sanctuary . other distinct spaces within the church building include a baptistery located next to the nave and a choir loft located above the church entry foyer . in europe , church plans are typically oriented with worshippers facing east , the direction of the rising sun and symbolizing the risen christ . in new world mission churches , however , orientation varies extensively and without consistency .
find out more about the life and work of her majesty the queen . . .
the queen hosts a ceremony at windsor castle to celebrate the 40th anniversary of motability .
oversee the preparation and staging of newly acquired specimens for their integration into the collection .
the royal tyrrell museum of palaeontology is seeking a motivated individual with a passion for alberta’s fossil resources to join the resource management program . the resource management assistant will work as part the of the resource management team to preserve the palaeontological heritage of alberta . the position involves communicating with the public and staff members regarding the laws surrounding the collection , preparation and ownership of fossils in alberta , assisting in the regulatory role of the rtmp and tracking and mapping applications . computer knowledge is needed to support staff , researchers and palaeontological consultants in the research and protection of fossil resources .
but the abstract new laws are not expected to stop industry in its tracks . while it is not clear yet what actual protection the new rights will give in court to bugs , insects and ecosystems , the government is expected to establish a ministry of mother earth and to appoint an ombudsman . it is also committed to giving communities new legal powers to monitor and control polluting industries .
the oldest ever recipient of a message from the queen was a canadian gentleman , who reached the age of 116 in december 1984 .
both were x - class flares – the most intense classification of coronal ejection – with the second being the biggest observed since 2006 .
the researchers will use the james webb space telescope , scheduled for launch next year , to detect atmospheric components from the new planets .
participate in acquisition of specimens for the division by facilitating donations and by occasional fieldwork and expeditions at the direction of the curatorial staff .
sponsorship of the large carnivore initiative for europe ( lcie ) , leading to the development of an action plan for the iberian lynx .
postings for job openings will now be accepted . please email the webmaster with the complete details of the positions . postings will remain on the site until the latest date of application or three months if no date is included .
the big camera was the most expensive thing we had and if it was smashed we were through . we were making the film on almost nothing and all the money was in the cans of film and the cameras . we could not afford to waste film and you had to be awfully careful of the cameras .
the long awaited book ( in german ) about ivens and his east - german films , written by thé specialist in this field , günter jordan , has been published by the defa foundation . this beautiful book describes in 680 pages the triumph in the 1950’s , the condemnation at the end of the 1960’s when ivens became persona non grata in the gdr , until the resurrection of ivens’ defa - films .
acclaimed actor - writer - director of stage , radio , television and screen . best known for the infamous the war of the worlds radio broadcast , the mercury theatre stage production of julius caesar , and the movies citizen kane , the magnificent ambersons and touch of evil .
equates them , merges them into the ideological concept of the people ' s war .
orson welles : my relationship with hemingway has always been very droll . the first time we met was when i had been called to read the narration for a film that he and joris ivens had made about the war in spain ; it was called the spanish earth . arriving at the studio , i came upon hemingway , who was in the process of drinking a bottle of whiskey ; i had been handed a set of lines that were too long , dull , had nothing to do with his style , which is always so concise and so economical . there were lines as pompous and complicated as this :
here are the faces of men who are close to death ,
and this was to be read at a moment when one saw faces on the screen that were so much more eloquent . i said to him ,
mr . hemingway , it would be better if one saw the faces all alone , without commentary .
seen from earth , the sun doesn ' t seem big - it is just a bright spot in the sky . but it does have a radius of about 700 , 000 kilometres ( 435 , 000 miles ) . its core is 15 million degree celsius ( 27 million degree fahrenheit ) . temperatures on the sun ' s surface still reach 5500 degree celsius ( 10 , 000 degree fahrenheit ) .
the next step will be to investigate the atmosphere on those planets . the results might give a hint as to possible life out there .
go behind the scenes of the mission : impossible movies , check out the latest videos and trailers , and see which spy movies topped the box office in our mission : impossible guide .
spanish village ' s gallery 21 is available for rent to all san diego county artists . we encourage artists who have never exhibited with us before to apply . we encourage one national / international exhibit per year . we are pleased to offer this outreach gallery at a nominal fee .
the exterior finishes of mission churches often depended on the durability of the structural wall materials used . adobe required the building to be sheltered from damaging rainwater either protected with deeply overhanging pitched roofs , or covered with lime or mud plaster . even the type of mortar and plaster depended on the availability of the raw materials , as well as the resources and expertise to process them .
spanish village art center members and guild members are invited to chose one element and create a modular piece of work that will be a part of a larger installation in gallery 21 . artists will add comments and quotes about the elements to inspire viewers to think more deeply about the world . this is not your ordinary show ! come and see how this creative village of artists sees the world and how those worlds fit together . then tell us how the elements move you !
mildred e . mathias botanical garden - ucla reporting to the director of the botanical garden , the assistant director will work with the garden director and staff to ( i ) develop and oversee the horticultural plan for mildred e . mathias botanical garden ( membg ) ; ( ii ) administer and curate the complex collection of gardens and plant collections that make up the membg and the ucla herbarium ; ( iii ) coordinate the activities of the garden staff of four individuals and technical staff associated with the herbarium ; ( iv ) update and maintain database collection records for both the garden and herbarium . the assistant director will also work with faculty and the ucla development office to seek funding to expand the programs and collections of membg and the ucla herbarium , and work with faculty and staff to expand and improve the teaching , research , and extension missions of the botanical garden .
start ) . the intern will participate in an nsf - funded project to upgrade the microfossil collections in the invertebrate paleontology collection at amnh . a summary of the project can be found here :
participate in acquisition of specimens for the utep - bc by facilitating donations and by occasional fieldwork and expeditions at the direction of the curatorial staff .
on 28 march the award ceremony of the society of cinema and media studies , the world ' s largest organisation devoted to the scholarly study of film and media , paid tribute to the best film scholarship of the previous year . prof . thomas waugh received the best book award for his outstanding book about the complete film oeuvre of joris ivens . maryse elliott ( amsterdam university press ) and giovanna fossati ( eye filmmuseum amsterdam ) , editors of the framing film series , attended the presentation .
namu in prague , the publishing house of the academy of arts , presented the czech translation of andré stufkens book joris ivens . filmmaker of the world ( 518 pages ) . this czech book explores the content , production , meaning and reception of 21 ivens films and was first published in dutch and german in 2008 and 2009 as part of the dvd box . especially a chapter about the relationship between joris ivens and the czech republic has been added , focussing on the documentary the first years .
hardly had dutch documentarian joris ivens walked down the gangplank of the ship that brought him to america in february , 1936 , than he found himself immersed in a fast - breaking film project . in july , 1936 , the five - month - old elected republican government of spain was attacked by rebel right - wing generals soon to be led by francisco franco . thus began the bloody , divisive spanish civil war that raged until 1939 , when franco ' s professional soldiers finally overcame democracy ' s amateurs and the foreign volunteers that rushed to their aid , including , from america , the lincoln brigade .
this position reports to the vice president of s & e and works as part of a team with the directors of the integrative research , science action , and learning centers to set the vision and agenda for science and education at the field museum .
an exciting opportunity exists to join the staff of the mütter museum . the college of physicians of philadelphia seeks a dynamic and resourceful professional to manage the museum’s collection and assist in a strategic merging of museum and library collections . the collections manager must demonstrate flexibility , teamwork , and collegiality essential in a small organization . the collections manager will join the college staff at a pivotal time as the institution creates a unified collections management system . the collections manager will shape a valuable historical medical collection for the future .
fight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .
it follows an unnamed boy’s fight for survival on some barren , baking - hot spanish plain in the early 20th century . having fled his home , he is hunted by the county bailiff , his former tormentor in repeated sexual abuse facilitated by his father . in scene after scene , we see him pursued , beaten , burned and starved ; he usually has blood on his face and uncontrollable bowels , and his clothes stink of sweat and urine . he has one piece of luck , which comes in the form of a monosyllabic goatherd who takes the boy under his wing . the unlikely duo then struggle on together across the “endless , pitiless plain” , caught between starvation on the one hand and violence on the other .
we feel that earthcheck is the most stringent and relevant benchmarking tool for us to first measure our performance then systematically take actions for improvement . the robust system and the strength of the underlying research and approach from the stcrc have given us the confidence to entrust earthcheck to provide us with accurate measures and benchmark intelligence
monitor the ethical , legal , and regulatory environment surrounding natural history and cultural collections and lead the revision of the museum’s collection and ethics policies as appropriate .
well , taking the bull by the horns , i began to make effeminate gestures and i said to him ,
mister hemingway , how strong you are and how big you are !
that enraged him and he picked up a chair ; i picked up another and , right there , in front of the images of the spanish civil war , as they marched across the screen , we had a terrible scuffle . it was something marvelous : two guys like us in front of these images representing people in the act of struggling and dying . . . we ended up toasting each other over a bottle of whisky .
priests and master builders designed mission churches to manipulate sunlight for ornamental and religious purposes . light is channeled to illuminate symbolically the sanctuary , its source unseen by the worshiper in the nave . mission churches with domed roofs over the sanctuary have windows incorporated in the base of the dome , or as a lantern atop the dome , distributing a uniform light onto the altar . in new mexican flat - roofed hall churches , a narrow upper window between the nave roof and the raised apse roof creates a horizontal band of light shining directly on the altar screen . some are oriented precisely to have direct light cast on a figure of the church ' s patron saint , usually the centerpiece of the altar screen , on his saint day .
orson welles : it was all of that , but wasn ' t i living second hand through the lives of those toreros , who were my friends ? wasn ' t i living and dying second hand ? wasn ' t there something finally voyeuristic about it ? i suspect my aficion . i still go to bullfights , i’m not totally reformed . i can’t ask for the approval of the people who have very good reasons for stopping it . by the way , almost all spanish intellectuals have been against bullfighting for the last 150 years . lorca is one of the few spanish intellectuals who ever approved of bullfighting . was it a waste , waste , waste ? you asked me . a waste because i wasn’t doing anything . my short little period of doing it was just for the fun of it . as a kid , i didn’t think i was going to grow up to be the ( juan ) belmonte of my generation . the rest of my life that i spent among bull breeders and bullfighters was enormous fun , but what have i extracted from it that’s of any value to anybody ?
orson welles : well , there are two kinds of people who follow the bulls , as they say in spanish . there are those people who follow because they love the bullfighters , and there is a very small minority who are interested in the bulls , and i was always most interested in the bulls . now that will be incomprehensible to an english audience , that somebody could be fundamentally interested in the animal who is going to be killed . but my interest in bulls was like the interest of somebody who is very keen and very knowledgeable about horses . i know a great deal about bulls , and i’m much more interested in them , than in the men who fight them , in spite of the fact that some of the dearest friends i have in my life have been bullfighters .
we have not verified that the email belongs to you . please check your inbox for the verification email .
open culture editor dan colman scours the web for the best educational media . he finds the free courses and audio books you need , the language lessons & movies you want , and plenty of enlightenment in between .
the country , which has been pilloried by the us and britain in the un climate talks for demanding steep carbon emission cuts , will establish 11 new rights for nature . they include : the right to life and to exist ; the right to continue vital cycles and processes free from human alteration ; the right to pure water and clean air ; the right to balance ; the right not to be polluted ; and the right to not have cellular structure modified or genetically altered .
the academy of natural sciences of drexel university is searching for a project manager for the rehousing of the alcohol - preserved collections of the malacology department . the position is initially for two years , and requires efficiency , organization and above - average attention to detail . qualifications
thanks to censorship throughout the world there are many other versions . in the east german version , for instance , the scene with gustav regler was cut out , because regler , an anti - fascist writer , had rejected communism . the most infamous mutilation of the film was made for the french release in 1938 by jean renoir . the film was shortened by 10 minutes by removing the all - too - explicit critique of nazi germany in order not
to offend the neighbors .
the director of the field museum’s collections center ( the gantz family collections center ) will expand and shape the role that these collections play in global efforts to explore the past , understand the present , and ensure a future rich with biological and cultural diversity . the director focuses the strategic growth of the collections , broadening their relevance and increasing their accessibility . this leadership position provides general oversight for the museum ' s holdings of close to 30 million specimens and objects , in addition to the library and archive collections . the director works closely with the center’s leadership ( heads of the anthropological , botanical , geological , zoological , and library collections ) to supervise personnel in collections management , oversee collections - related policies and procedures , and develop the center’s annual budget . the director will have active programs in one or more of the museum’s collection areas , interact with members of the other s & e centers on collaborative initiatives , and develop strong ties with academic institutions locally and worldwide .
the royal tyrrell museum of palaeontolog y is seeking an individual to join the preparation program . the preparation technician - education liaison position is first and foremost a preparation technician , with particular responsibility for assisting in the development , and support , of ongoing educational activities at the museum .
education / experience : the job requires general knowledge equivalent to a bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in an earth science field ( e . g . , geology ) ; with 2 years work experience in museum collections’ management , care , and documentation or over 5 years extensive experience in a managerial position of a natural history collection ; or an equivalent combination of education and experience .
the western front at casa de campo on the outskirts of madrid was just a few minutes ' walk from the florida hotel , where the filmmakers were staying . any doubt about whether the passage from
night before battle
is autobiographical are dispelled in the following excerpt from one of hemingway ' s nana dispatches , quoted by schoots :
ingenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .
specialized knowledge in a field relevant to the museum ' s collections and resources . general proficiency in the sciences .
in an effort to generate support for the loyalists , as the republican side was known , the american popular front , whose ranks were swelled by artists of anti - fascist conviction , launched a film project to propagandize for the republican cause . ivens , a militant communist who had made films in the soviet union and the depressed belgian mining area known as the borinage , was to direct it . the republican sympathizers ' efforts first resulted in a film called
most of the star ' s light is in the infrared spectrum which we cannot see . triaud speculated that the sky might be painted in a
salmony
color .
the division of paleontology at the american museum of natural history is seeking 1 full - time ( 35 hours per week ) scientific assistant in the invertebrate paleontology preparation lab .
photo of the modern san ildefonso church , which was restored by a collaboration between the pueblo of san ildefonso , the catholic archdiocese and other catholic organizations , and outside donations . the church was rededicated dec . 15 , 1968 .
the language supports the story’s imaginative breadth . writer and translator have managed to be playful yet shocking , without recourse to
the biggest solar flare in modern times was in 2003 and it was off the charts , being recorded at x28 .
general information : the sam noble museum is an organized research unit of the university of oklahoma and is one of the finest university museums in the world . the museum has an outstanding curatorial , collections , education , exhibits , and support staff that serves the museum’s mission from research to preservation to education at all levels . the department of biology is a leading academic department with a tradition of excellence in organismal biology . it is home to 20 of the 44 faculty in the university ' s graduate program in ecology and evolutionary biology , and it is currently in the process of hiring several new faculty in the next two to three years to expand on its strengths in geographical ecology and the biology of behavior .
the denver museum of nature & science is an equal opportunity employer . the museum is dedicated to the goal of building a culturally diverse staff committed to serving the needs of all our visitors and we encourage applications from individuals of all backgrounds .
in 1936 the production company contemporary historians was set up to raise money for a documentary filmed in spain about the civil war raging there . the dutch filmmaker , joris ivens went to fuenteduena , on the road between madrid and valencia , to film on the front lines of the republican armies , with cameraman john ferno , and initially with writer john dos passos , who left the production and was replaced by ernest hemingway .