the american soles are a family ( achiridae ) of flatfish occurring in both freshwater and marine environments of the americas .

the family includes about 35 species in seven genera .

these are closely related to the soles ( soleidae ) , and have been classified as a subfamily of it , but achirids have a number of distinct characteristics .

eyes are on the right side , and the eyed-side lower lip has a distinctive fleshy rim .

the dorsal and anal fins are usually separate from the caudal fin .

the pectoral fins are small or nonexistent .

they are fairly small ; only achirus achirus is known to surpass 30 cm ( 1 ft ) in length .

american sole

glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at american sole , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the american sole company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at american sole .
…20 species family achiridae ( american sole s ) eyes small , dextral ; sensory papillae on head ; margin of preoperculum represented by a superficial groove ; dorsal and anal fins free from caudal fin ; right pelvic fin attached to anal fin . 7 genera and about 30 species . marine and freshwater , along the atlantic and…
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greek , acheir , - eiros = without hands ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
eagle creek expansetm collection awd 26 ( stone grey ) l . . . 191163489990
sanuk casa vintage ( brindle vintage ) men ' s slip on sh . . . 190108481082
astral loyak water shoe - men ' s navy / brown , 11 . 0 818040014525
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
cfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12
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this place does what it does very well and thoroughly . that is , selling flip - flops . they have hundreds of brands and varieties across a range of prices to satisfy nearly all beachgoers in need of some soles . they have havaianas in tons of fun colors , rainbow , reef , the classier , fancier bernardo ( around $ 100 a pair , if that ' s your style ) , and many others i can ' t remember .
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constantia elegans is a species of sea snails in the family vanikoridae .

it is the type species of its genus .

it is found in japan .

constantia elegans

constantia adams , a . , 1860 type species : constantia elegans adams , a . , 1860
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 300 [ details ]
warén a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 023 seconds . )
barbosa rodrigues , joão . 1877 . genera et species orchidearum novarum 1 : 78 .
forzza , r . c . 2010 . lista de espécies flora do brasil urltoken . jardim botânico do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro
berg pana , h . 2005 . handbuch der orchideen - namen . dictionary of orchid names . dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee . ulmer , stuttgart
adams a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 405 - 413
warén a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 .
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species macromphalina dipsycha h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina equatorialis h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina hancocki a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1939
species macromphalina hypernotia h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1952
species macromphalina immersiceps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina peruvianus h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina philippii h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina recticeps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species macromphalina symmetrica h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945
species vanikoro galapagana j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
species zeradina parva g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015
species zeradina translucida g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015
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species crepidula capensis j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1835
species calyptraea radians g . p . deshayes in j . b . lamarck , 1836
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epitonium röding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758
epitonium ( epitonium ) röding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758
epitonium ( asperiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) bellastriatum carpenter , p . p . , 1864
epitonium ( avalitiscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : epitonium ( avalitiscala ) avalites jousseaume , f . p . , 1912
epitonium ( connexiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( connexiscala ) connexum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
epitonium ( eburniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( eburniscala ) venosum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
epitonium ( foliaceiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1912 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) dubium röding , p . f . , 1798
epitonium ( fragiliscala ) azuma , m . , 1962 type species : epitonium ( fragiliscala ) tosaense azuma , m . , 1962
epitonium ( fusicoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( fusicoscala ) turtonis turton , 1819
epitonium ( graciliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype
epitonium ( gradatiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( gradatiscala ) gradata
hinds , r . b .
sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
epitonium ( hirtoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) cantrainei weinkauff , h . c . , 1866
epitonium ( hyaloscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathratulum kanmacher in adams , j . , 1798
epitonium ( labeoscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( labeoscala ) labeo jousseaume , f . p . , 1912
epitonium ( laeviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( laeviscala ) subauriculatum souverbie , s . m . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1866
epitonium ( lamelliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( lamelliscala ) fasciatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844
epitonium ( librariscala ) röding , p . f . , 1798 type species : unknowngenustype
epitonium ( limiscala ) dollfus , g . f . , 1913 type species : epitonium ( foliaceiscala ) lyra sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
epitonium ( mazescala ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : epitonium ( mazescala ) thrasys iredale , t . , 1936
epitonium ( nipponoscala ) masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973 type species : epitonium ( nipponoscala ) aureomaculatum masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973
epitonium ( nitidiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( nitidiscala ) unifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
epitonium ( papyriscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( papyriscala ) latifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1874
epitonium ( pupiscala ) masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971 type species : epitonium ( pupiscala ) pupiforme masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971
epitonium ( tenuiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype
epitonium ( turbiniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( turbiniscala ) souverbiei boury , e . a . de , 1909
epitonium ( viciniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( viciniscala ) pallasi pallasi kiener , l . c . , 1838
globiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : globiscala bullata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
aciculoscala sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : aciculoscala acuta sohl , n . f . , 1963
acrilloscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : acrilloscala geniculata brocchi , g . b . , 1814
acrilloscala ( bifidoscala ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1888 type species : unknowngenustype
alexania strand , 1928 type species : alexania natalensis tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1926
alora adams , h . g . , 1861 type species : alora gouldii adams , a . , 1857
amaea adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
amaea ( amaea ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
amaea ( acrilla ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( acrilla ) acuminata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
amaea ( clathroscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : amaea ( clathroscala ) cancellata brocchi , g . b . , 1814
amaea ( elegantiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( elegantiscala ) elegantissima deshayes , g . p . , 1861
amaea ( filiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( filiscala ) martinii wood , w . , 1828
amaea ( firmiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) multicostatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844
belliscala stephenson , l . w . , 1941 type species : belliscala rockensis stephenson , l . w . , 1941
boreoscala kobelt , w . , 1902 type species : boreoscala greenlandica perry , g . , 1811
camposcala bandel , k . , 1992 type species : camposcala bisertus munster , 1841
cerithiscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : cerithiscala primula deshayes , g . p . , 1861
chuniscala thiele , j . , 1928 type species : chuniscala agulhasensis thiele , j . , 1925
cingulacirsa higo , s . & y . goto , 1993 type species : unknowngenustype
cirsotrema mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
cirsotrema ( dannevigena ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( dannevigena ) martyr iredale , t . , 1936
cirsotrema ( propescala ) cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : cirsotrema ( propescala ) translucida gatliff , j . h . , 1906
cirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) fregata iredale , t . , 1936
clathrus oken , l . , 1815 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathrus linnaeus , c . , 1758
confusiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : confusiscala dupiniana orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1842
coroniscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author
crebriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : crebriscala crebrilamellata mayer - eymar , 1900
crisposcala boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : crisposcala crispa sacchi , 1844
cycloscala dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : scala dunkeriana dall , w . h . , 1889
cylindriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scala fulgens boury , e . a . de , 1909
dauciscala boury , e . a . de , 1917 type species : dauciscala boriesi doncieux , l .
depressiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria aurita sowerby , g . b . i , 1844
discoscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : discoscala scaberrima michelotti , o . g . , 1840
eccliseogyra dall , w . h . , 1862 type species : eccliseogyra nitida verrill , a . e . & s . i . smith , 1885
eccliseogyra ( foratiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype
eglisia gray , j . e . , 1840 type species : eglisia spirata sowerby , g . b . i , 1825
amaea ( fragilopalia ) azuma , m . , 1972 type species : amaea ( fragilopalia ) nebulodermata azuma , m . , 1972
funiscala boury , e . a . de , 1891 type species : funiscala speyeri sacco , f .
goniscala marwick , j . , 1943 type species : goniscala diurna marwick , j . , 1943
gregorioiscala cossmann , a . e . m . , 1912 type species : gregorioiscala romettensis gregorio , a . de , 1889
gyroscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : scalaria commutata monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1877
innesiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : innesiscala innesi jousseaume , f . p . , 1912
itiscala maxwell , p . a . , 1992 type species : itiscala exilis maxwell , p . a . , 1992
kurodacirsa masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975 type species : kurodacirsa lotus masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975
littoriniscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : littoriniscala lapparenti boury , e . a . de , 1887
minabescala nakayama , t . , 1994 type species : minabescala littorinoides nakayama , t . , 1994
murdochella finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : murdochella levifoliata murdoch , r . & h . h . suter , 1906
narrimania taviani , m . , 1984 type species : narrimania concinna sykes , e . r . , 1925
narvaliscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : narvaliscala dorysa iredale , t . , 1936
obstopalia iredale , t . , 1936 type species : obstopalia lixa iredale , t . , 1956
opalia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
opalia ( opalia ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
opalia ( claviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : opalia ( claviscala ) richardi dautzenberg , ph . & e . a . de boury , 1897
opalia ( dentiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : cycloscala crenulata crenulata linnaeus , c . , 1758
opalia ( granuliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype
opalia ( nodiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : opalia ( nodiscala ) bicarinata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844
opalia ( pliciscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : opalia ( pliciscala ) gouldi deshayes , g . p .
opaliopsis thiele , j . , 1928 type species : opaliopsis elata thiele , j . , 1925
papuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : papuliscala praelonga jeffreys , j . g . , 1877
parascala cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : parascala minutula unknown author
parviscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) algerianum weinkauff , h . c . , 1866
periapta bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : periapta polygyrella fischer , p . in locard , e . a . a . , 1897
perlucidiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : perlucidiscala perlucida jousseaume , f . p . , 1912
pictoscala dall , w . h . , 1917 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author
plastiscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : plastiscala morchi angas , g . f . , 1871
problitora wenz , w . , 1939 type species : alexania moerchi adams , a . & g . f . angas , 1864
punctiscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : punctiscala plicosa philippi , r . a . , 1844
rutelliscala kilburn , r . n . , 1985 type species : rutelliscala bombyx kilburn , r . n . , 1985
scalina conrad , t . a . , 1865 type species : scalina staminea conrad , t . a . , 1865
sodaliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) multistriatum say , t . , 1826
spiniscala boury , e . a . de , 1910 type species : spiniscala frondiculoides boury , e . a . de , 1910
springvaleia rutsch , r . f . , 1943 type species : springvaleia leroyae guppy , r . j . l . , 1867
sthenorytis conrad , t . a . , 1862 type species : sthenorytis expansa conrad , t . a . , 1842
striaticostatum sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : striaticostatum harbisonae sohl , n . f . , 1963
subuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : subuliscala banoni tournouër , r . in bouillé , r . de , 1874
tasmalira dall , w . h . , 1956 type species : tasmalira wellingtonensis dell , r . k . , 1956
turriscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : turriscala torulosa brocchi , g . b . , 1814
undiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : undiscala undosa sowerby , j . de c . , 1827
variciscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria raricostata carpenter , p . p . , 1857
epidendrium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epidendrium sordidum gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005
epifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epifungium ulu pilsbry , h . a . , 1921
surrepifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : surrepifungium ingridae gittenberger , a . in gittenberger , a . & j . goud , 2000
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tischeria quercitella , the oak blotch miner moth , is a moth of the family tischeriidae .

it has been sighted in north america in ontario , district of columbia , illinois , kentucky , massachusetts , missouri , new jersey , ohio , pennsylvania and virginia .

the larvae feed on castanea dentata , quercus alba , quercus ilicifolia , quercus prinus and quercus velutina .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of a distinctive upperside blotch .

it is the only species of the oak-feeding group of north american tischeria species that constructs a nidus as a pupal chamber within the mine .

tischeria quercitella

figure 1 . tischeria quercitella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .
species tischeria quercitella - oak blotch miner - hodges # 0144 - bugguide . net
i had four different insects emerge ( or try to emerge ) yesterday , and i think i’ll just show them all here rather than make four different posts . first , to follow up on my last post , another tischeria quercitella mine yielded an …
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
tischeria quercitella
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
the image across the top of my blog is a leaf mine of tischeria quercitella ( tischeriidae ) , a moth , in an oak leaf . the whitish area is the mine , and the brownish streaks are excrement * smeared on the underside of the …
( trans . amer . ent . soc . 202 , 1882 . should refer to t . quercitella clem . saint louis - refering to
murtfel )
tischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .
from urltoken found here :
tischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .
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several species of fagaceae ( oak and chestnut ) - feeding tischeriids occur in illinois . one species aligns with the genus
coptotriche citrinipennella ( fig . 2 ) makes a tightly - rolled mine along the margin of the leaf , on several oak species , including shingle oak , quercus imbricaria . the blackish patch at the base of each hind wing of the male ( shown ) is diagnostic for this species .
figure 2 . coptotriche citrinipennella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .
coptotriche zelleriella ( fig . 3 ) feeds on several species of oak , quercus . the male adult ( shown ) is readily diagnosed by the atypical form of the hind wing , which is unusually broad and apically truncate , with some specialized scales on the anterior margin .
figure 3 . coptotriche zelleriella . adult , reared from oak , quercus sp .
the larva of coptotriche castaneaeella ( fig . 4 ) makes a trumpet mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .
figure 4 . coptotriche castaneaeella . adult , and leaf mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .
figure 5 . coptotriche probably badiiella . adult , and larva in leaf mine on oak , quercus sp .
( insect life 2 : 324 , 1889 - 90 . waisinham rev . ( as t . tinctorella )
kirkwood
( murtfeldt ) . )
( trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 202 , 1882 . murtfeldt ' s list as l . quercifoliella clem . )
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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an oak blotch miner moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 8 / 27 / 2013 ) . length 6mm . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )
an oak blotch miner moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 5 / 5 / 2010 ) . verified by terry harrison / bugguide . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )
the diagnostic mine of oak blotch miner moth on an oak leaf in st . mary ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 29 / 2014 ) . photo by rick borchelt . ( mbp list )
an oak blotch miner moth mine ( topside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )
an oak blotch miner moth mine ( underside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )
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chloropteryx paularia is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in florida , as well as on the greater antilles .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the larvae feed on myrica cerifera .

chloropteryx paularia

chloropteryx paularia female , reared ex ovum , parent female collected andros island , bahamas .
above , chloropteryx paularia , adult male , collected florida city , fl , 17 may 1938 . collection of rutgers university .
7077 - chloropteryx paularia . this is essentially a west indies species that is also found in southern florida . i thank john gruber for identifying this photo . john has a fine website dealing with geometrine moths .
chloropteryx ( hemitheini ) ; [ nacl ] , 99 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] , 11 , 111
chloropteryx hulst , 1896 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 23 : 314 ; ts : nemoria tepperaria hulst
chloropteryx paularia ; [ nacl ] , # 7077 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d , 26d , 28g - h , pl . 4 , f . 66 - 68 ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39 , f . 186
chloropteryx nordicaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7076 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 28k - l , 30d , pl . 4 , f . 73 - 75
chloropteryx tepperaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7075 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 4b , 26c , 28i - j , 30e , pl . 4 , f . 69 - 72
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
ferguson , d . c . , 1985 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 18 . 1 : p . 113 ; pl . 4 . 66 - 68 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
hover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .
florida - texas , kentucky , virginia , maryland , new jersey , mississippi , louisiana . see [ maps ]
nemoria tepperaria hulst , 1886 ; ent . amer . 2 : 122 ; tl : north carolina
larva on ( reared on ) taxodium distichum , tsuga canadensis , rhus copallina [ mna18 . 1 ] , 112
gelasma nordicaria schaus , 1901 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 27 : 253 ; tl : orizaba , mexico
florida , antilles , cuba , dominican republic , puerto rico , jamaica , martinique . see [ maps ]
larva on myrica cerifera becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
warren , 1904 new american thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae novit . zool . 11 : 1 - 173
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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starksia atlantica , the smooth-eye blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the western central atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea where it inhabits coral reefs at depths of around 8 metres ( 26 ft ) .

starksia atlantica

distribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .
distribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .
trunk pigment in the images and preserved specimen is similar to that of starksia atlantica from the bahamas and starksia springeri from curacao ( i . e . , mottled vs . barred as in starksia sangreyae ) , but the saba specimens lack the horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek characteristic of starksia atlantica and the distinctive dark and pale markings on the cheek of starksia springeri . the blotches of trunk pigment in the saba bank specimens are neither conspicuously block - like nor clearly organized in horizontal tiers as they are in starksia atlantica . specimens from saba bank presumably represent another new species within starksia atlantica , but additional specimens are needed for comparative purposes and description .
range kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri species complexes based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . within - complex ranges are shown in bold .
starksia langi is easily distinguished from starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri based on pigmentation of the trunk , head ( females ) , and first dorsal fin ( males ) . the trunk pigment of starksia langi comprises both larger and more prominent markings than that of starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri , and only in starksia langi are the markings in the second row vertically elongate ( generally round in the other species and sometimes considerably more diffuse in starksia greenfieldi ) . starksia greenfieldi lacks dark markings on the head in both sexes , and starksia sluiteri lacks them in females ; starksia langi males have a prominent dark blotch on the cheek , and females have numerous small , discrete , dark spots . males of starksia langi lack a dark blotch on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin , whereas this blotch is present in starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri .
starksia atlantica , greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) , fieldiana zoology 8 : fig . 3a–b ( black and white drawings of male and female specimens from belize )
seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species
seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species
seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species .
seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence . . . - pubmed - ncbi
article : seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species
modal differences in some counts also help separate other species : starksia lepicoelia modally has 28 total dorsal - fin elements , 33 vertebrae , and 78 total dorsal elements + anal soft rays + vertebrae ( vs . 32 , 27 , and 75 , respectively , in starksia williamsi and starksia weigti ) . starksia williamsi modally has xix dorsal - fin spines , whereas starksia lepicoelia and starksia weigti modally have xx .
details - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species - biodiversity heritage library
starksia lepicoelia and starksia starcki are the only previously described western atlantic starksia with the combination of an orbital cirrus , two externally obvious pelvic - fin rays , and a scaled belly ( williams and mounts 2003 ) . starksia starcki is easily distinguished from the species of the starksia lepicoelia complex by the presence of eight or nine irregular dark bars on the body and usually 19 segmented anal - fin rays .
descriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae ) .
starksia sluiteri ( metzelaar ) is most easily distinguished from starksia langi by having the second row of trunk blotches almost perfectly round ( vs . vertically elongate ) , in lacking conspicuous dark spots on the head ( females ) , and in having a dark marking on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin ( males ) . from starksia greenfieldi , starksia sluiteri differs in lacking pale round spots on the head . although starksia sluiteri and starksia langi have very similar chromatophore patterns , starksia sluiteri appears to have more orange pigment on the second dorsal , caudal , and anal fins .
the purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic results of our recent genetic and morphological investigations of western atlantic starksia , work that was prompted by our discovery of incongruences between preliminary genetic data and the current species classification . we describe seven new species within starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri and provide keys to the species of each of those species complexes . we provide photographs of living and preserved pigment patterns to help in future identifications of the included species and in distinguishing them from western atlantic starksia species likely to be discovered in the future . finally , we discuss geographical distributions of starksia species and comment on congruence between dna barcoding data and morphologically recognizable species .
all material that we examined is from belize . the range of the species also apparently includes honduras , as greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) noted that a specimen of starksia atlantica from honduras has regular vertical bars of pigment on the body .
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starksia atlantica
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in life , starksia weigti is easily distinguished from starksia lepicoelia , starksia williamsi , and starksia robertsoni by the conspicuous pale round spots on the lips . in preservative , starksia lepicoelia males are distinctive in having at least some very dark spots , streaks , or bars on the lips and lower jaw , and starksia robertsoni males have at least one ( up to three ) dark spots or bars on the ventral portion of the lower jaw ( but not on the lips ) . although the differences are subtle , preserved males of starksia williamsi typically can be separated from preserved males of starksia weigti in having the lips uniformly covered with melanophores except for the pale anterior tips . in starksia weigti males , lip pigment is variable , but there are usually one or two thin , faint , poorly formed bars of pigment following the pale anterior portions of the lips ; posteriorly , the lips may be uniformly covered with melanophores as in starksia williamsi or be quite pale .
starksia y - lineata , a new clinid fish from grand cayman island , british west indies .
neighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .
neighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .
starksia greenfieldi can be distinguished from starksia langi and starksia sluiteri by the white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region . this pattern is present in both sexes but is often much more prominent in males . williams and mounts ( 2003 ) noted that starksia sella , another species of starksia known only from tobago , has small pale spots on the head , but that species lacks dark blotches along the trunk , lacks a dark blotch in the anterior dorsal fin of males , and may be larger ( williams and mounts specimens of starksia sella are 13 . 7–27 . 7 mm sl , our specimens of starksia greenfieldi are 11 . 0–23 . 0 mm sl ) .
because we do not know how much more investigation is required to obtain a reasonably complete picture of starksia biodiversity and biogeography , the words of winston churchill included as an epigraph in this paper seem particularly appropriate . the study of starksia must continue .
starksia sluiteri williams and mounts 2003 , aqua 6 ( 4 ) : fig . 9 ( male and female specimens from tobago )
for starksia , future investigation must include more taxonomic and geographic coverage . increased sampling will assuredly result in the recognition of new species and likely of new species complexes . the faunal breaks that separate members of the species complexes are unknown . in starksia atlantica and starksia lepicoelia , our specimens from bahamas and turks and caicos represent the same species , and in starksia sluiteri , specimens from belize , honduras , and panama appear to be the same . specimens in close proximity geographically thus tend to cluster into recognizable species . as better coverage is attained , it will be interesting to see if the same geographical boundaries characterize more than one of the species complexes or if the boundaries are different for each . likewise it will be interesting to compare geographic boundaries of starksia species with faunal breaks in other reef fishes such as elacatinus . future phylogenetic studies in which relationships among species and species complexes of starksia and other groups are hypothesized should help shed light on patterns of speciation in small reef fishes of the western atlantic .
comparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males – usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females – usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved – usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .
comparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males – usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females – usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved – usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .
comparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .
comparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .
baldwin , carole c . , cristina i . castillo , lee a . weigt & benjamin c . victor . 2011 . seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species . zookeys 79 : 21–72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
s . atlantica occurs in the bahamas . s . springeri is found in the netherlands antilles and s . sangreyae is the species in the bay of honduras . other deeply - divergent dna lineages have been identified elsewhere in the caribbean .
average ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold . n / a = no average ( one specimen ) . bar – barbados , sab – saba bank , pan – panama .
a review of the western atlantic starksia ocellata - complex ( pisces : clinidae ) with the description of two new species and proposal of superspecies status .
diagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male—note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female—note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .
diagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male—note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female—note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .
ty - jour ti - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species t2 - zookeys vl - 79 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2011 sp - 21 ep - 72 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 79 . 1045 au - baldwin , carole au - castillo , cristina au - weigt , lee au - victor , benjamin kw - biogeography kw - dna barcoding kw - new species kw - species complex kw - starksia er -
the species name is in honor of david w . greenfield , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , particularly his work on the starksia ocellata complex .
a comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
a comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
@ article { bhlpart99078 , title = { seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 79 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2011 } , author = { baldwin , carole and castillo , cristina and weigt , lee and victor , benjamin } , year = { 2011 } , pages = { 21 - 72 } , keywords = { biogeography | dna barcoding | new species | species complex | starksia | } , }
a color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
a color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
most information is from bohlke and springer ' s 1961 monograph
a review of the atlantic species of the clinid fish genus starksia
, greenfield ' s
. . starksia ocellata - complex . .
( 1979 ) , greenfield & johnson ' s 1985 large survey paper on
the blennioid fishes of belize and honduras . . .
, jeff williams ' 2003 review
descriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae )
by williams and mounts ( note that there are many post - publication corrections by jeff ) , and our recent 2011 review paper .
böhlke and springer ( 1961 ) noted that counts of dorsal - and anal - fin elements in specimens of starksia sluiteri they examined from off colombia and venezuela ( xix dorsal spines and 15–16 anal rays ) differ from those given by metzelaar ( xx and 17 ) . based on pigment , their colombian and venezuelan specimens appear to be starksia sluiteri . our specimens from curacao , as well as böhlke and springer’s two venezuelan specimens ( usnm 195750 ) , have xix dorsal spines and 15–16 anal rays . there is thus a discrepancy between counts in our material and those reported by metzelaar for the holotype . we examined a photograph of the holotype , and there appear to be xx dorsal - fin spines as noted by mezelaar ; xx is likely a non - modal count for starksia sluiteri . we note that there is more variation in dorsal - and anal - fin counts in some starksia species than suggested by metzelaar’s description ; for example , starksia greenfieldi has xviii–xx dorsal spines , 7–9 dorsal rays , and 14–16 anal rays .
metzelaar ( 1919 ) described brannerella sluiteri from two specimens from bonaire , netherland antilles . longley ( 1934 ) synonymized brannerella with starksia jordan and evermann ( type species labrisomus cremnobates gilbert , from the eastern pacific ) . böhlke and springer ( 1961 ) concurred with longley’s synonymy , noting that brannerella is distinctive in a single character , and generic recognition of one - character differences would require the erection of several new genera within caribbean starksia .
note : some starksia species can barely overlap the lower range of fin - ray counts for those few malacoctenus species that can have 8 or 9 dorsal - fin soft rays and 14 or fewer pectoral - fin rays .
male and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .
male and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus , regular vertical brown bars on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces , and a well defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of dark pigment on cheek .
paraclinus larvae superficially look much like starksia larvae , but can be distinguished by their distinctive all or all - but - one spinous dorsal fin . they also have no preopercular spines and more melanophores , including the deep nuchal and deep pelvic and often the cheek and otic melanophores , as well as a regular anal row with more than 18 total pvm . the starksia species that share deep nuchal ( rarely ) and pelvic melanophores can be distinguished from paraclinus by having diagnostic irregular large or deep anal - row melanophores and shorter anal rows ) . starksia typically have 5 or 6 procurrent caudal - fin rays , one or two more than paraclinus larvae , and one to several fewer than the malacoctenus and labrisomus .
there are no taxognomonic characters uniquely identifying all starksia larvae , but the absence of a set of common markings is typical of most starksia larvae . typically , the only anterior larval melanophore is at the isthmus . notably , most larvae are missing the cranial , deep nuchal , cheek , internal otic , and pelvic melanophores ( there are exceptions for all but the cheek melanophore among the s . atlantica and s . ocellata complexes ) . on all species , the anal row spares one or more of the last rays and usually there are no ventral caudal - peduncle melanophores ( at most one on some individuals of some species ) . the absence of some of the usually consistent melanophores on a labrisomid larva should prompt a closer examination . chaenopsidae larvae share the light marking patterns but have more total pvm ( 19 or more ) and more dorsal and anal - fin soft rays .
comparative material . starksia atlantica . bahamas : usnm 386971 , 1 specimen ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386580 , 1 ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386242 , 6 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399619 , 3 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399620 , bah 8175 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 ; usnm 399622 , bah 8177 . turks and caicos islands : usnm 399643 , tci 9044 ; usnm 399644 , tci 9106 ; usnm 399645 , tci 9107 ; usnm 399647 , tci 9205 . navassa island : usnm 360422 , 3 ; usnm 360194 , 2 ; usnm 359543 , 2 ; usnm 360210 , 3 .
comparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .
comparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .
museum specimens examined from the lesser antilles ( dominica ) and puerto rico appear to be starksia sluiteri based on trunk pigment ( round vs . elongate blotches in the second row of markings ) and no conspicuous round pale spots on the cheek . the pigment is somewhat faded in those specimens , however , and more material , including tissue samples for genetic analysis , is needed . two female specimens from navassa ( usnm 361059 ) are not starksia sluiteri , as the markings in the second row of trunk blotches are elongate , not round . however , those markings are rectangular in the navassa specimens , and the markings in the upper row are square—much more so than in our material of starksia langi from the western caribbean . the larger of the two females has some dark spots on the head as in starksia langi . more material is needed . other museum material examined ( e . g . , the uf specimens from antigua and mexico ) are too faded to identify to species .
named in honor of victor g . springer , senior scientist emeritus , smithsonian national museum of natural history , for his contributions to the systematics of blennioid fishes , including starksia , and for advice and friendship he has bestowed upon the first author .
average ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia sluiteri species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold .
an additional character quickly separating paraclinus larvae from the far more abundant larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus is the absence of cranial melanophores . paraclinus larvae also have no obvious preopercular spines , while many immature malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and starksia ) larvae have preopercular spines at the size of overlap with paraclinus larvae . a useful character , even on poorly preserved larvae , is the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays : paraclinus larvae have only 3 or 4 vs . 6 to 10 in malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and 5 to 6 in starksia ) .
comparison of starksia lepicoelia specimens from bahamas from genetically distinct lineages ( see fig . 1 ) : a usnm 399615 , bah 8077 , 25 . 0 mm sl , female b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin .
named in honor of jeffrey t . williams , smithsonian’s national museum of natural history , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , including starksia . jeff’s field - collecting efforts at saba bank , tobago , and turks and caicos resulted in numerous specimens utilized in this study .
comparative material . starksia sluiteri . curacao ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399623 , cur 8162 ; usnm 399624 , cur 8226 ; usnm 399625 , cur 8227 ; usnm 399626 , cur 8271 . los roques , venezuela ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 195750 , 2 specimens . dominica ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 198263 , 15 . puerto rico ( not a dna voucher ) : usnm 219143 , 1 . antigua ( not a dna voucher ) : uf 11344 , 1 . mexico ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 209342 , 2 . starksia fasciata , turks & caicos islands ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399681 , tci9204 ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 ; usnm 399684 , tci 9350 ; usnm 399685 , tci 9714 . starksia sp . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 361059 , 2 .
other than the diagnostic dorsal - fin spine complement , paraclinus larvae can be distinguished from the similar starksia larvae by the consistent presence of the deep nuchal and deep pelvic melanophores and often the cheek melanophore . deep melanophores , however , are not always visible on well - developed larvae . interestingly , transitional paraclinus larvae collected at night over the reef do not have the metamorphic melanophore patterns over the head typical for transitional starksia larvae and frequent on larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus . nevertheless , by the morning ( in collections made by unattended crest nets ) , metamorphic melanophores have developed .
color and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .
color and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .
average ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia lepicoelia species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold ; n / a = no average ( one specimen ) .
male and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi – ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
male and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi – ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
male and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
male and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .
starksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .
starksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .
unfortunately , fin - ray counts for the entire genus are similar and broadly overlapping . furthermore , adult markings on starksia are both highly variable and patterns are often shared among species , making identifications particularly challenging . it certainly does not help that males and females often have different sets of markings . much of the variation in appearance occurs in live coloration only and the dearth of live specimens or underwater photographs makes identifications quite difficult .
nemaclinus atelestos , a rare labrisomid found only on deep dropoffs , looks much like the starksia species . it has higher median - fin ray counts , but fewer pectoral - fin rays : d - xxi - xxiii , 7 - 9 a - ii , 18 - 19 and only 11 - 12 pectoral - fin rays . it also has notably long pelvic - fin rays , extending well beyond the origin of the anal fin .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting , distinct banding , or dark bars—usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens ; total dorsal elements 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .
male and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c–d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male – c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .
male and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c–d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male – c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .
male and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c–d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life – c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .
male and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c–d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life – c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus ; trunk with irregular dark blotches on pale background ; pectoral - fin base with relatively straight margins defining pale gap that separates two dark blotches ; cheek with distinctive dark and pale markings : anterior portion of cheek with prominent dark blotch , anteroventral and posterior margins of blotch well defined by pale regions ; posterior pale area on cheek bordered posteriorly by thin , dark , anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale ( pale red in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips peppered with white spots in life ; lacrimal region with single row of small white spots in life ; jaws usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens , without distinct banding or dark bars ; entire gular region usually covered with scattered melanophores ; total dorsal elements usually 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .
specimens used in this study were collected from barbados , belize , bahamas , curacao ( netherland antilles ) , florida , honduras , panama ( atlantic ) , saba bank ( netherland antilles ) , st . thomas ( u . s . virgin islands ) , tobago ( trinidad and tobago ) , and turks and caicos . that material and additional museum specimens examined are listed in the appropriate species and comparisons sections . starksia specimens included in the genetic analysis but not in the species accounts are tabulated in appendix 1 . institutional abbreviations for collections follow sabaj pérez ( 2010 ) .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to dark tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting in life ; ventral surface of lower jaw of males with one to three dark blotches or bars in preserved specimens , lips without distinct banding or dark bars ; dorsal - fin elements usually xx , 7 – 27 total ; vertebrae usually 10 + 22 = 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two rows of prominent , very dark blotches on side of body , at least some of those in lower row vertically elongate to oval , rarely round ; males with dark , fat , crescent - shaped marking on cheek and without dark blotch on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; females with scattered dark spots on lower half of head and on pectoral - fin base ; first anal - fin spine in males two - thirds to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .
a species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two to three rows of dark blotches on side of body , blotches in middle row ( or ventral row if only two rows ) mostly circular , never vertically elongate or oval ; white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region , this spotting pattern more prominent in males ; males with dark blotch of pigment on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; first anal - fin spine one - half to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .
there is a quite consistent count of 13 caudal - fin segmented rays in the blennioids , 7 dorsal and 6 ventral , with a variable number of procurrent rays . procurrent - ray counts usually vary within species by one , and usually there is one additional procurrent ray in the dorsal series than in the ventral series . among the labrisomids , paraclinus have the fewest , with only 4 or 5 , while starksia typically have 5 or 6 , and malacoctenus and labrisomus have 6 to 10 . although the numerical differences can be slight , the procurrent rays look distinctly more crowded in the latter genera . other blennioid families can also be distinguished : chaenopsids have few , from 3 to 5 , while the tripterygiid enneanectes have 6 to 8 .
specimens examined ranging from 12 . 0 to 19 . 0mm sl ; hl 25–32 % sl ( 32 % in holotype ) ; genital - papilla length in 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype 0 . 3 mm , one - fourth length of first anal spine ( broken ) ; papilla adhered to spine proximally . note : the presence of a small but measurable genital papilla on 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype suggests that it is a male : although female starksia sometimes have a small genital papilla , the 19 mm female holotype does not . as noted below , the 15 mm paratype has a pupil - size dark spot at posterior base of anal fin , which usually characterizes females . we tentatively recognize this paratype as a male .
comparative material . starksia lepicoelia . bahamas ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399615 , bah 8077 ; usnm 399616 , bah 8078 ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 . bahamas ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399923 , 1 specimen ; usnm 399924 , 1 ; usnm 399925 , 1 ; usnm 399926 , 1 ; usnm 399927 , 9 ; usnm 399928 , 1 ; usnm 399929 , 1 ; usnm 399930 , 1 ; usnm 399931 , 1 ; usnm 399932 , 1 ; usnm 399933 , 1 ; usnm 399934 , 1 ; usnm 399921 , 1 ; usnm 399922 , 1 ; usnm 386919 , 3 specimens ; usnm 386972 , 15 ; usnm 386383 , 1 ; usnm 386402 , 8 ; usnm 386651 , 2 ; usnm 386581 , 3 ; usnm 386500 , 4 ; usnm 387026 , 3 ; usnm 386244 , 13 ; usnm 387069 , 6 ; usnm 399618 , 1 ; usnm 399614 , 2 ; turks and caicos islands ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 ; usnm 399639 , tci 9292 ; usnm 399640 , tci 9293 ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 ; usnm 399636 , tci 9112 ; turks and caicos islands ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399637 , 7 ; usnm 399642 , 1 . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 359448 , 5 ; usnm 359699 , 19 . u . s . virgin islands , st . croix ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 149809 , 11 ; uf 149815 , 33 ; uf 149814 , 10 .
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the unusual genus stathmonotus is still considered chaenopsid even though their dorsal fin is made up of all spines and they can have scales . some labrisomids of paraclinus also have a dorsal fin made up of all spines ; fortunately the larvae of the two genera are easily distinguished by morphology .
labrisomid larvae generally resemble those of the other blennioid families of reef fishes - they can be distinguished easily from larvae of the combtooth blennies ( family blenniidae ) , which have fewer dorsal - fin spines than soft rays and blunt snouts at all stages ( labrisomids have twice as many dorsal - fin spines as rays ( or more ) and pointed snouts as larvae ) . larvae of the blennioid triplefins ( family tripterygiidae ) have three separate dorsal fins and distinctive markings and the stargazers ( family dactyloscopidae ) have relatively foreshortened anterior bodies and curled - up pelvic fins .
larval labrisomids are superficially similar to the larvae of gobies and scarids , which also often have a similar anal - fin row of melanophores and are very common in collections and are about the same size as labrisomid larvae . however , those larvae notably have many fewer dorsal - fin spines , short and / or fused pelvic fins , and narrowed or oddly - shaped eyes , while later - stage labrisomids have long thread - like pelvic fins and large round eyes . larval gerreids ( mojarras ) are also common and can be mistaken for labrisomid larvae , however they have silvery abdominal linings . larval grunts ( haemulidae ) often have an anal - fin row of melanophores and can resemble earlier - stage labrisomids , but they develop a notably short anal fin and characteristic tail spots .
there is sufficient divergence in appearance among labrisomid larvae in the region to identify most later - stage larvae to species and all to the genus level . the exceptions are those species recently shown by dna sequencing to be made up of sets of closely - related species that can be hard to distinguish , even as adults ( i . e . cryptic species ) . some labrisomids , unlike most other reef fishes , have benthic eggs and short larval lives which promote reproductive isolation and genetic divergence within the region . as a result , there can be a proliferation of cryptic species and lineages and quite complex phylogeography . the larvae and juveniles of cryptic species would be expected to be almost identical and are thus pooled into a type for that species complex in the descriptions below .
the diagnosis paragraph under each species listed in the following sections describes the criteria that confirm the species designation for a larval type , usually the fin - ray counts , narrowing the possibilities to one or a few species and sometimes a morphological feature to distinguish among the remainder . of course , a dna - sequence match is the ultimate confirmation . a sequence match has been used for many of the taxa described below , indicated by the notation ( dna ) .
the analogues section briefly describes how to distinguish larvae at particular stages from other similar - appearing species , highlighting which of the characters - fin - ray counts , melanophore patterns , morphology , or various combinations thereof - are most useful for each comparison . in most cases , especially for late - stage larvae , these features can rapidly narrow down an id to the species level .
some diagnostic characters are more easily visible on larvae than on larger fishes . one of the more obscure characters that is useful for distinguishing among the numerous blennioid families and genera is the number of procurrent rays in the caudal fin . these accessory rays are defined as the non - segmented rays anterior to the large segmented caudal - fin rays . the transparency of fish larvae allows for an easy assessment of the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays . adjustment of the transmitted - light angle highlights bony tissues well . fortunately , the caudal - fin rays are usually preserved in otherwise - damaged larvae and they can provide diagnostic information for identifications when little else is available .
labrisomid larvae share , to varying degrees , a basic set of melanophores that develop progressively after hatching and are very useful for identifying larvae at least to genus and often to species . the timing of the development of each marking can be somewhat variable within a species , resulting in a variety of patterns on earlier - stage larvae that preclude a simple key to species identification . late and pre - transitional larvae typically have their full complement of larval melanophores , making identifications at these larger sizes somewhat easier . during transition , however , larval melanophores begin to disappear and metamorphic melanophore patterns develop . metamorphic melanophores consist primarily of intricate patterns of small surface melanophores , usually starting on the head and spreading over the body to form the juvenile markings . this transitional sequence is also variably timed , promoting a proliferation of intermediate melanophore complements that can easily lead to the impression of a greater number of species than are actually present .
note : a number of other melanophores are present at specific , and often diagnostic , locations on the larvae of particular species ( or groups of species ) and are discussed under the genus or species descriptions in the next sections .
these dorsal melanophores shield the brain and are near the surface , usually on the meningeal membrane or over the skull . they can best be labeled by the quadrant of the brain they overlie , i . e . the forebrain , the smaller lobes forming a triangle between the eyes , and the large midbrain ( optic ) lobes , behind the eyes (


brachmia fuscogramma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by janse in 1960 .

it is found in south africa and zimbabwe .

brachmia fuscogramma

brachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209
brachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16
brachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17
brachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau
brachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
brachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]
brachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy
brachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81
brachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano
brachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
brachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai
brachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa
brachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa
brachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai
brachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands
brachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri
brachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo
brachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97
brachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton
brachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 79
brachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408
brachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38
brachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft
brachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching
brachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje
brachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong
brachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum
brachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder
brachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis
brachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling
brachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
brachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft
brachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina
brachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone
brachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara
brachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram
brachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )
brachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )
brachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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anacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft
ballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298
apethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills
aulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3
dryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
gelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton
gelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124
dichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
monotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420
murinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80
opaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9
orthomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
philochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514
philodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7
ceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115
stactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84
subsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61
lecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore
aulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
xeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
zur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
the percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
janse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - — 6 ( 2 ) : 145—240 , pls . 33—129 .
bippus m . 2016a . notes on lepidoptera from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 ( 1 ) : 35—71 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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