elachista adscitella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in all of europe , except iceland , the balkan peninsula , ukraine and lithuania .

the wingspan is 9 – 11 millimetres ( 0.35 – 0.43 in ) .

adults are pale grey with a whitish head and a white transverse line across the center of the forewing .

they are on wing from may to july and again in august in two generations per year .

the larvae feed on brachypodium sylvaticum , carex elata , calamagrostis arundinacea , deschampsia cespitosa , deschampsia flexuosa , elymus caninus , festuca altissima , festuca drymeja , festuca gigantea , melica nutans , melica uniflora , milium effusum , phleum species , poa chaixii , poa remota , sesleria albicans , sesleria argentea , sesleria caerulea and sesleria sadlerana .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of a gradually widening corridor .

it may run up - or down-wards .

the frass is deposited in the first part of the mine .

two to three larvae may occupy a single mine and more than one mine may be found in a single leaf .

larvae can be found from october to the end of may and from mid june to the end of july .

larvae of the first generation hibernate inside the mine .

elachista adscitella

elachista globulosa elachista globulosa ( c . agardh ) j . agardh , 1848 elachista
elachista intermedia elachista elachista intermedia p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan , 1867
elachista adscitella - lauhahitukoi ( det . miika jylkkä ) , 10 . 7 . 2017 jyväskylä
cephaloziella elachista ( j . b . jack ex gottsche & rabenh . ) schiffn . cephaloziella elachista
id : group d - forewing dark with a single pale transverse fascia at 1 / 2 > 6 species these 6 species divide into 2 groups of 3 based on the frons being white to ochreous in e . adscitella / obliquella / gangabella and grey - brown or darker or mottled in e . bisulcella / unifasciella / cingillella . in e . obliquella and e . adscitella the terminal cilia are ochreous - white while in e . gangabella the apical cilia are concolorous with the forewing . the key inmbgbi3 separates e . obliquella / adscitella on the basis that in e . adscitella the vertex and neck tufts are ochreous - white while in e . obliquella only the frons is white . however the description of e . obliquella then states
frons ochreous - white , slightly brownish on vertex , neck tufts ochreous but brownish at tips
. there may be a slight difference in the forewing fascia whose margins are
rather ill - defined
in e . obliquella and
sometimes almost obsolete halfway across the wing , with proximal edge more clearly defined than distal
and usually broader in female in e . adscitella . however , genital dissection is needed to confidently separate these two species . female genitalia : the ovipositor including the antral region and the signa are illustrated for all 6 species in mbgbi3 . none of the females are shown at dissection group or on any other website that i could find . 2 species have the signa as two diffuse spiculate patches , as shown by §1 - e . adscitella and e . bisulcella . the illustrations ( fig . 109h & i ) show the signum of e . adscitella as a rectangular patch of mixed small and very small conical spicules with pointed apices and of e . bisulcella as an irregular oval patch of more evenly sized small spicules some of which are conical with pointed or blunt apices , some of which are rectangular with a square end and some of which are doubled as if two of the spicules were fused . the shape of the signa can be seen to be rectangular in the images below and the shape of the spicules as seen under the microscope was as described for e . adscitella . the illustration of the antral region ( fig . 104h ) does show a small sclerotisation at the colliculum as shown by §1 but it does not clearly show the pouch - like antrum or the rounded defect in the ventral surface of the sterigma shown by §1 . ( none of the other illustrations look any more like §1 ) .
a pale grey moth with whitish head and white transverse line across the middle of the forewing .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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tufted hair - grass and blue moor - grass are the main foodplants , the larvae forming gallery mines ( ukmoths ) .
gradually widening corridor , running either upwards or down . all frass is deposited in the earliest part of the mine . often 2 - 3 larvae in a mine ; in grasses with broad leaves sometimes more than one mine in a leaf ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
adult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .
comments : festuca gigantea is treated as schedonorus gigantea ( giant fescue ) by stace ( 2010 ) .
the larva of the first generation hibernates in the mine and makes a new mine in early spring . larvae from october to end - may , and mid - june to end - july ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
time of year - adults : there are two generations flying from may to july and again in august ( ukmoths ) .
distribution in great britain and ireland : occurs in woodland habitats in england , wales and locally in ireland ( ukmoths ) ; bedfordshire , derbyshire , durham , flintshire , herefordshire , huntingdonshire , north somerset , south northumberland , shropshire , stafford , west lancashire , westmorland and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) and the channel is . ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
also recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , european turkey , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , north and northwest , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden and switzerland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
§1 silverdale , lancashire ; 19 / 06 / 2014 ; fw 4 . 9mm ; female all images © chris lewis
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kallima , known as the oakleaf or oak leaf butterflies , is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily nymphalinae in the family nymphalidae .

they are found in east , south and southeast asia .

their common name is a reference to the lower surface of their wings , which is various shades of brown .

when the wings are held closed , this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf , further emphasized by their wing shape .

kallima

kallima inachus boisduval , 1846 = inachus ( boisduval , 1846 ) = kallima formosana fruhstorfer .
kallima paralekta ( horsfield , [ 1829 ] ) = paphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] = kallima hewitsoni moore = kallima limborgii moore 1878 .
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frequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different fermented fruit juices . high quality figures are available online .
kallima alompra moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 14
kallima buxtoni moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 10
kallima spiridiva ; [ bow ] : pl . 147 , f . 1 ; [ bor ] , 287
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frequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different colored flowers supplemented with fermented pear juice . high quality figures are available online .
kallima photography is a south florida based photography and videography studio specializing in weddings in south florida , the bahamas , and beyond .
kallima albofasciata moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 584 ; tl : s . andamans
kallima inachus ; [ bow ] : pl . 195 , f . 10 ; [ bor ] , 290 ; [ mrs ] , 563
kallima paralekta ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ bor ] , 288
kallima inachis [ sic ] eucerca fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 191 ; tl : okinawa
kallima limborgii moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; tl : moolai , 3000 - 6000ft
kallima inachis [ sic ] amplirufa fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 192 ; tl : malacca
kallima wellbeing centre is a spiritual goods shop that also provides holistic treatments , 1 - 2 - 1 spiritual readings , spiritual workshops and holistic courses .
at the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by comfort zone , kallima ' s exclusive skincare partner .
kallima buxtoni trebonia fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 1 ) : [ 4 ] 231 , f . 18 ; tl : w . sumatra
kallima chinensis swinhoe , 1893 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 12 ( 70 ) : 255 ; tl : omei - shan , china
callima herrich - schäffer , [ 1858 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 ( unj . emend . kallima doubleday , [ 1849 ] )
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kallima albofasciata ; wood - mason & de nicéville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 288
kallima inachis [ sic ] alicia joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 170 , pl . 21 , f . 9 ; tl : haina , five finger mtns
welcome to kallima club spa at hilton london syon park . experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for the mind , body and soul with a range of treatments , membership options and personalised fitness for a balanced wellness lifestyle .
kallima ' s bright , blue - white shade is perfect for creating beautiful , vivid print and top quality jobs . its consistent printability and reliable runnability on press ensure you get the job done efficiently and on - time .
fsc ® - certified kallima ® c1s , c1s plus and c2s are the ideal grades for all your coated cover printing needs . produce beautiful , vivid print while saving up to 20 % on paper cost and shipping of printed material .
kallima coated cover has a unique , low density , high bulk construction giving your print the stiffness and presence you expect , all while offering savings of up to 20 % over competing products . measure your savings potential today with our savings calculators .
kallima philarchus ; moore , [ 1880 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 1 ) : 37 , ( 2 ) pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 13 ; [ bor ] , 288
at the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by
there’s nothing as memorable as a kallima spa gift certificate – the ultimate indulgence for the people you love the most . choose from a range of treatments , products or experiences , or give them the pleasure of choosing for themselves with any of our monetary value options .
the feeding responses of kallima inachus to different volatiles . a : single compounds at concentrations of 5 % . b : compound mixtures at a total concentration of 5 % . c : different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate ( mean ± sd ) . different letters indicate significant differences with the lsd test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . high quality figures are available online .
no subspecies are listed under this species . it is also known as the south indian blue oakleaf .
this species has been referred to as
southern blue oakleaf
in some recent books . this is a slight misnomer since the species is endemic to the western ghats , it does not occur elsewhere in southern india .
kollar , 1844 – sahyadri blue oakleaf . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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copyright © 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .
600x400 ( ~ 53kb ) upperside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 © kedar tokekar
600x400 ( ~ 55kb ) underside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 © kedar tokekar
w . china , c . china , japan , himalayas , assam , pachmarhi , e . ghats , s . bihar . see [ maps ]
1024x768 ( ~ 118kb ) upperside yonahadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
1024x768 ( ~ 104kb ) underside oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
600x400 ( ~ 96kb ) upperside india : subansiri , 1 . 11 . 2005 , photo © kedar tokekar
1024x768 ( ~ 107kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
paphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] ; descr . cat . lep . ins . mus . east india coy : ( explic ) , pl . 6 , f . 4 ,
philarchus ( westwood , 1848 ) ( amathusia ) ; cabinet orient . ent . : 56
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
aufzählung und beschreibung der von freiherr c . v . hügel auf seiner reise durch kaschmir und das himaleygebirge gesammelten insekten in hügel ,
the butterflies of india , burmah and ceylon , a descriptive handbook of all the known species of rhopalocerous lepidoptera inhabiting that region , with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring countries along the border , with numerous illustrations . vol . 2
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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you can rest assured that our paper meets the most rigorous responsible forestry standards in the world .
rayonier advanced materials is a manufacturer of forest products – lumber , paper pulp , paper and specialty cellulose pulp – and a global leader in sustainable forest management practices .
we are photojournalistic wedding photographers , who strive to provide our clients with amazing portraits as well .
we believe that every wedding has a unique story , each couple is different . we love that our couples come from all walks of life and backgrounds . each have their own passions about their wedding and what they hope for in a wedding photographer . it’s those unique personalities that make weddings fun for us , and we look forward to being a part of your day . here’s a snippet of some of the things clients are saying about us :
i have no words to express how amazing ben and beka are . we got married almost a year ago in the dominican republic and these 2 came along for the ride . it was hands down the best decision we made having them there with us . i think they became a part of the family in this whole process . the pictures we have from that weekend were incredible . we relive our wedding and those amazing memories every time we look at them . not to mention they are amazing human beings . probably would have invited them to the wedding regardless . i recommend them to everyone i know , eyes closed and without a doubt . miss you guys !
purchasing your gift certificates is simple , call us on 0208 380 1590 , email us on kallimaspa @ urltoken or simply pop in to the spa and talk to one member of the team .
includes a 30 minute vitality back , neck and shoulder massage . a 30 minute elemis revitalise express facial . full use of the spa facilities , & lunch .
includes 1 x 30 minute scrub , 1 x 30 minute massage , 1 x 30 minute facial . served with a glass of bubbly and afternoon tea .
relax this summer with two soothing treatments , a glass of prosecco and some delightful strawberries with cream .
includes bed and breakfast , champagne and chocolates in your room , one 25 - minute spa treatment each plus three - course dinner .
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we are proud partners with elemis which is naturally sourced , science led , results driven and always personally prescribed .
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we strive to help others on their spiritual path by providing the tools to help them reach their goals .
feel free to visit us at our centre to view products and take part in our workshops & courses or even to have a nice relaxing holistic treatment .
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rarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after . . .
i had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly . . .
rarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after absolutely nothing being done to resolve my complaints on the day apart from being told a manager would email me , and then coming here to see that . . .
i had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly , welcoming and professional . the first therapist gave me a robe and towel as i hadn ' t checked in yet , which was a nice touch . the massages were slightly different styles . . .
stayed there overnight for a relaxing spa day and i had a great time . the room was beautifull with a nice wiev on the fountain . the main highlight was of course the spa . fantastic design of the swimming pool facility really helped me relax . the . . .
the spa facilities themselves are lovely . we were a group of five and disappointingly 3 out of 5 of us were disappointed with the treatments . therapists felt unqualified , lacking in spa etiquette , ignored requests for a firmer massage , shortened treatment time , no ambient music . two . . .
afternoon tea was not very nice , spa facilities were lacking and service was confusing . a lot of staff coming and going and had to explain the same things to multiple people which was frustrating . the spa rooms were disturbed by loud school children coming in . . .
we booked a spa break and were treated with an upgraded room . the staff were very welcoming and the spa was just what we needed to unwind . dinner in the restaurant was included , the only note is the drinks were pretty pricey with dinner .
me and my sister took my mum as a b - day spa day treat .
this place is nice an calming . i booked 3 30 minute treatments which were body scrub , massage and a facial . this also included afternoon tea . i was unable to book all treatments together and later in the afternoon which wasn ' t a massive problem , just not . . .
we had a fabulous relaxing day here as a birthday celebration . staff were really friendly and showed us around making us feel v welcome , providing slippers and robes . we started our day with a swim - nice size pool and good size jacuzzi . there . . .
i have a monday to friday membership which is great value for money and offers full access to the gym , spa , sauna , steam and pool . . . you get discount on room rates and treatment rates as a member , staff are all very lovely and always willing . . .
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the spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant . . .
the spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant after the spa .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta . pro )
butterfly is famous as an example of protective coloration , as well as being in form ( with folded wings ) is strikingly similar dry leaf .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
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> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
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> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
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to maintain daily life activities and reproduction , adult insects must look for and find suitable nutrients to supplement their diets . insects are known to make use of a variety of sensory modalities in foraging , and the integration of visual , olfactory , and gustatory cues are usually involved in their orientation to and finding of food sources ( barth 1991 ) .
depending on the food type , adult butterflies can be classified into three guilds : nectar - feeding , fruit - feeding , and a combination of both ( gilbert 1972 ; devries 1988 ; devries et al . 1997 ; devries and walla 2001 ; molleman et al . 2005 ; ômura and honda 2009 ) . most butterfly adults are found in temperate regions and feed on nectar , while fruit - feeding butterflies are found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions and feed on rotting fruits , exuded tree sap , mud , carrion , and dung ( boggs and jackson 1991 ; ômura et al . 2000 ; devries and walla 2001 ; krenn 2008 ) .
the scientific literature clearly demonstrates that the flower - visiting behavior of adult butterflies is affected by the color and odor of flowers , which provide specific information for adults , and that colors are extremely important in flower recognition and preference in some species ( use and vaidya 1956 ; weiss 1997 ; andersson and dobson 2003 ; borges et al . 2003 ) . flower scent is an olfactory stimulus that influences butterfly visitation ( andersson 2006 ; ômura 2006 ) . for example , 2 - phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde stimulate the foraging behavior of pieris rapae ( honda et al . 1998 ; ômura et al . 1999a , b ; ômura and honda 2005 ) .
experiments were performed at the experimental station of the research institute of resource insects of the chinese academy of forestry in yuanjiang , yunnan ( 400 m . a . s . l . , 101 . 59°–101 . 00° e , 23 . 35°–23 . 36°n ) . a net house ( 12 m long , 8 m wide , and 5 m tall ) with evenly scattered sunlight was used as the experimental chamber .
four - day - old naive adults of k . inachus were obtained from artificial culture . larvae of k . inachus were reared on fresh leaves of strobilanthes cusia ( acanthaceae ) at 25°c and with a photoperiod of 14 : 10 l : d . adults were supplied with purified water and were not allowed to contact fruit or sap before tests .
when an adult k . inachus landed nearby the food , and then reached to the food and uncoiled the proboscis to probe and feed , it was recorded as a visit .
the cotton flowers were arranged the same as in the test of feeding responses to different colors of artificial flowers . then , we sprayed fermented pear juice evenly on the petals . the juice that couldn ' t be absorbed by the cotton petals flowed into the disk . the evening before the bioassay , about 200 adult butterflies ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 10 : 00–12 : 00 and 15 : 00–17 : 00 ) was recorded for each model . during the bioassay , the positions of the different juice disks were changed in a clockwise direction every hour , and the flowers and juice were renewed at the same times . the observations were repeated on a second day . the data were analyzed with a chi - square test .
based on the results of auto thermal - desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry , we used seven pure chemical compounds in behavioral and eag response tests . all seven chemicals were commercially purchased and were more than 98 % pure . these compounds were 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , α - pinene , the 2 - pentanone homologue butanone , ethanol , and acetic acid . the first five compounds were present in at least three of the six kinds of fermented fruits ; ethanol and acetic acid are the major volatiles of fermentation , but were not found in our fermented fruits .
in our long - term field observation , we found k . inachus habitually basks on light colors . in order to avoid color interference , white disks ( d = 20 cm ) were covered with deep - purple cloth , spaced above the floor in the net house , and filled with 25 ml of a solution , which was dissolved in deionized water as described below . deionized water was used as a control . three feeding experiments were conducted :
in the center of the net house , a 6 m × 6 m square was delimited , and the four corners of the square and the midpoint of the four sides were chosen as the placement points of the treatments . the feeding performances of adult butterflies were characterized by assaying seven single compounds at concentrations of 5 % v / v .
in the center of the net house , a 6 m × 3 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the midpoint of the long sides were chosen as the placement points . the synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were evaluated . based on the results of the single - compound assays , we mixed ethanol , α - pinene , and ethyl acetate at equal volumes in the following combinations : ethanol + ethyl acetate + α - pinene , ethanol + ethyl acetate , ethanol + α - pinene , ethyl acetate + αpinene , and ethanol . each mixture had a total concentration of 5 % .
in the center of the net house , a 6 m × 5 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the one - third point of the four sides were chosen as the placement points . to identify the most effective doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , a concentration series ( 0 . 001 , 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , or 10 % ) of each compound was bioassayed ; 0 . 5 % ethanol was also used .
before each of the three bioassays , about 100 adults ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 09 : 30–11 : 30 and 14 : 00–16 : 00 ) was recorded for the treatment and control models . every model was duplicated . during each bioassay , the positions of the models were rotated clockwise every 30 min , 40 min , or 20 min , respectively , and solutions were renewed to account for evaporation . tests were replicated for two days . significant differences between treatments and controls were determined using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .
the eag responses to the solutions at doses of 5 µl / ml were tested . a series of odorant compounds were applied to butterfly antennal preparations in the following order : ether control , standard stimulus ( see below ) , individual samples ( 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , butanone , αpinene , acetic acid , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate ) in a random order , standard stimulus , and ether control . each sample was tested five times in each antenna .
the eag responses to the solutions at doses of 50 µl / ml were tested , with solutions and procedures as described above .
the eag responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 µl / ml were tested . mixtures mixed at equal volume were as described for the behavioral feeding experiments .
to identify the eag responses to different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , ethanol was tested at six doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 5 , 10 , or 100 µl / ml ) and ethyl acetate was tested at five doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 10 , or 100 µl / ml ) .
ethanol at 5 µl / ml was used as the standard stimulus in eag experiments 1 and 4 , and 50 µl / ml was used in experiments 2 and 3 . the responses were averaged across individual trials and expressed as percentages of the response relative to the standard . data were normally distributed ; sexual differences in eag intensities were analyzed with a t - test . the intensity of eag responses to different compounds within males and within females were analyzed using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .
k . inachus showed no attempted feeding or orientation responses to the four different single colors , suggesting that foraging adults were not innately sensitive to these colors , and that color is not a forging signal for k . inachus .
showed no visits to deionized water . the different fermented fruit juices were not significantly differently attractive to
showed the strongest response to fermented pear juice , accounting for 16 . 47 % of feedings , while ethanol had the weakest effect , attracting only 11 . 01 % of feedings (
< 0 . 01 ) . adults showed the strongest attraction to white , with 35 . 71 % feeding at that color , and weaker attractions to red , yellow , and purple ( 19 . 48 % , 20 . 56 % , and 24 . 24 % feeding , respectively ) . there were no differences in feeding among red , yellow , and purple flowers ( χ
) . the volatile compounds found in more than half of the fruits were as follows : α - pinene , limonene , isobutyl acetate , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , 3 - methylbutyl butyrate , 3 - methyl - 1butanol , and 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one . half of these are esters , so it can be concluded that esters are commonly found in fruit volatiles . all of the fruits we tested contained terpenoids , except for banana . esters were the major volatiles in banana , apple , and watermelon , while terpenoids dominated the orange volatiles , which also contained very small amounts of aromatics , such as 1 - methyl - 4 - ( 1 - methylethenyl ) - benzene . persimmon contained a high relative concentration of 3 - methyl - 4 - oxo - pentanoic acid , about 49 . 36 % . in contrast , esters and nitrogen compounds were predominant in pears , which also contained a small amount of hydrocarbons , such as nonane and 1 - nonene .
chemical components of six kinds of fermented fruits and their relative contents ( % ) .
single - compound bioassays of seven chemicals at 5 % concentration were performed . the number of adult butterflies attracted to these compounds was in the following order , from most attractive to least : ethanol > 3 - methyl - 1butanol > isoamyl acetate > ethyl acetate > αpinene > butanone > acetic acid > deionized water (
the synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were also tested . adults were attracted to these mixtures in the order from most to least , as follows : ethanol + ethyl acetate > ethanol > ethanol + ethyl acetate + α - pinene > ethanol + α - pinene > ethyl acetate + α - pinene > deionized water (
) . ethanol + ethyl acetate was the most effective of all mixtures . overall , the mixtures containing ethanol were significantly more attractive than deionized water (
> 0 . 05 ) . the presence of α - pinene reduced the number of feedings .
the effective doses of ethanol and of ethyl acetate were evaluated . the number of responses was significantly positively correlated with concentration for both compounds ( r = 0 . 974 ,
< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between 0 . 01 % , 0 . 001 % ethyl acetate , and deionized water (
> 0 . 05 ) . ethanol was more attractive than deionized water regardless of its concentration . overall , 10 % ethanol was the most effective lure , and concentrations of 10 % , 1 % , 0 . 5 % , and 0 . 01 % were significantly more attractive than deionized water (
< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between concentrations of 0 . 1 % , 0 . 001 % , and deionized water (
the relative electroantennogram responses of males and females to different compounds , a : reponses to compunds at the dose of 5 µl / ml b : responses to compounds at the dose of 50 µl / ml c : responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 µl / ml d : responses to different doses of ethanol . e : responses to different doses of ethyl acetate ( mean ± se ) . significant differences by the paired t - test are indicated by * ( p < 0 . 05 ) and * * ( p < 0 . 01 ) . high quality figures are available online .
> 0 . 05 ) , indicating that the perception of different compoundswas varied , but the differences were not significant . ethanol , which was used as a standard , elicited the lowest response in both sexes . eag responses of both sexes to six chemicals at the dose of 50 µl / ml were weaker than at 5 µl / ml , except for female and male responses to acetic acid , male responses to butanone , and female responses to ethyl acetate , which were somewhat greater than at 5 µl / ml .
> 0 . 05 ) ( figure5d , e , respectively ) . the values of eag responses were not correlated to the doses of chemicals ( ethanol : females r = - 0 . 194 ,
> 0 . 05 ; ethyl acetate : females r = 0 . 071 ,
alcohols , ketones , and esters were found in all six fruit volatiles , either as the majority components or at lower levels . esters were the main volatiles in most of the fruits tested . ethanol and acetic acid , both of which are characteristic volatile products of fermentation ( ômura et al . 2000 ; ômura and honda 2003 , 2009 ) , were not found in our samples .
this result may be because the fruit was not thoroughly fermented . ripe fruits are high in aromatic volatiles , rather than producing decay odor ( molleman et al . 2005 ) . the six kinds of fruit were fermented under the same conditions , so the variations in volatile composition were most likely due to differences in the fruits themselves and to different microbial species associated with the juice extracts ( wood 1961 ; ômura et al . 2000 ) .
although there was no ethanol or acetic acid in the fruit volatiles , the fruits emitted a variety of different types of chemicals and were strongly attractive to the butterfly , indicating that k . inachus uses a variety of food chemical signals .
in behavioral tests , ethanol was the most attractive volatile , while acetic acid was the least attractive . in contrast , the perception of antennae to acetic acid in eag tests was the strongest , while ethanol was the weakest , regardless of whether the test dose was 5 or 50 µl / ml . this result showed acetic acid induces the strongest perception by antenna , but k . inachus showed the strongest preference for ethanol . thus , the compound that most strongly stimulated feeding behavior did not induce high eag responses , and eag responses did not totally reflect the food choices of adults foraging in the field ( honda et al . 1998 ; ômura and honda 2009 ) . this interesting result suggests that antennal perception of these olfactory cues was caused by a specific sensory system that selectively elicited feeding behavior ( ômura and honda 2009 ) . antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions . therefore , the antennal perception of volatiles is not necessarily interpreted as a food signal ; some signals may relate to host recognition , to the identification of conspecific individuals , or to defense ( kreher et al 2008 ) .
another striking result of the eag experiments was the differences found between genders for a few chemicals , such as 5 µl / ml butanone , 50 µl / ml acetic acid , and 100 µl / ml ethanol . these differences may be due to males and females differing in their dietary needs because of different reproductive strategies ( dierks and fischer 2008 ) . however , these differences were not consistent , as they changed at different volatile concentrations . different concentrations of the same compounds may reflect the distance between adult butterflies and food , but the relative eag responses of males and females to different concentrations of ethanol and ethyl acetate showed no significant correlation . the phenomenon may be caused by the tested concentration , which could have been higher than the perception threshold of the antenna of k . inachus .
according to the results of our study , we conclude the following : 1 ) the foraging , adult k . inachus has no sensitivity to food color , but innately uses olfaction to detect and locate food ; 2 ) the adults feed on a wide range of fruits , so they also use a wide range of volatiles such as alcohols , esters , ketones , and terpenoids , and the coexistence of multiple chemical signals is most attractive ; 3 ) antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions , such as hostrecognition and defense behavior , so feeding preference is not necessary correlated with eag responses .
we thank yong cao , chuang jiang , zhen chen , tichu li , and chunzi luo for their participation in field observations , fei chen for his help in the eag experiment , and cheng - zhu yang for his kindness in rearing butterflies . special thanks to ning liang and other staff of the yuanjiang experimental station of riricaf for their careful logistical services during our fieldwork . this study was supported by science and technology of social development projects in yunnan province and the special fund for basic research cafybb2007018 and riri200705z .
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