pinctada longisquamosa is a species of pearl oyster , a saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pteriidae .

this species occurs in the tropical western atlantic , from florida to the virgin islands , including the gulf of mexico and the bahamas .

the species was originally described as being from the eastern pacific ocean , but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data .

partly because of this confusion , the species has in the past fairly frequently been misidentified as pteria colymbus or as pinctada radiata .

pinctada longisquamosa

pinctada longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . – mikkelsen & bieler , 2000 : 376 ( table 1 ) .
pinctada sp . – brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 [ “important florida bay faunal constituent” ] .
pinctada xanthia ( schwengel , 1942 ) . – mcginty & nelson , 1972 : 11 [ “rare” ; name only ] .
meleagrina longisquamosa “d’orbigny . ” – arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 : 268 [ name only ] .
avicula longisqvamosa dunker [ error pro longisquamosa ] . – krebs , 1864 : 131 - 132 [ name only , citing beau , 1858 ] .
avicula ( meleagrina ) longisquamosa dunker , 1852 : 76 - 77 ; – dunker , 1872 : 12 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 .
avicula longisquamosa dunker . – s . petit , 1856 : 151 [ name only ] ; – beau , 1858 : 21 [ name only ] ; – dall , 1885 : 34 [ name only , citing dunker ( 1852 ) , s . petit ( 1856 ) , beau ( 1858 ) and krebs ( 1864 ) ] .
pinctada radiata [ non pinctada radiata ( leach , 1814 ) ] . – smith , 1937 : pl . 5 , fig . 6 ; – pulley , 1952b : pl . 4 , fig . 14 ; – ? voss & voss , 1955 : 226 ; – ? abbott , 1958 : 115 ; – hudson et al . , 1970 : 7 ; – turney & perkins , 1972 : 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 - 16 , 30 , 31 , figs . 6 , 8 , table 3 ; – wingard et al . , 1995 : 7 ; – ishman et al . , 1996 : table 2 ; – brewster - wingard et al . , 1996 : 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , tables 3 , 4 ; 1997 : 9 , 11 , table 2 ; 1998a : 164 , 166 ; 1998b : 6 , 9 , 12 , 14 , table 2 , figs . 5 , 6 ; – brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 - 376 , fig . 4 .
pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . – hayes , 1972 [ unpubl . ] : 52 - 58 , pl . 2 , fig . 2 , pls . 6 - 8 , 11f ; – abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5121 ; – abbott & dance , 1982 : 301 , fig . ; – espinosa et al . , 1994 : 114 [ “rare” , name only , citing arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 ] ; – camp et al . , 1998 : 9 [ name only ] ; – brewster - wingard et al . , 2001 : 210 - 212 , 214 - 216 , 218 , 220 , 223 - 225 , 227 , 228 , 230 ; trappe & brewster - wingard , 2001 : fig . 3 , table 1 .
( of pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]
malacolog is a database for research on the systematics , biogeography and diversity of mollusks . malacolog attempts to document all names that have ever been applied to marine mollusks in the western atlantic from greenland to antarctica . the database was described in rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . malacolog also includes dictionaries for gender of names , a bibliography and browse lists for families and geographic ranges , as well as search help and an information model .
if you use data from malacolog in a scientific paper , please use this citation : rosenberg , g . 2009 . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url urltoken it is not necessary to cite the date on which malacolog was queried , as a new version number is assigned each time the data are updated .
malacolog was first described in : rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 .
to cite the search interface or information model , please use this citation : morris , p . j . and g . rosenberg , 2005 . search interface and documentation for malacolog , an online database of western atlantic marine mollusks . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url http : / / www . malacolog . org .
web served relational database using mysql and php , moved to www . malacolog . org , with version 4 . 0 . 2 remaining on urltoken includes 18912 names , of which 6949 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . significant revision of the scheme used to code the status of names and display of information about the status of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . added some dynamic html using walter zorn ' s tooltip library .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17287 names , of which 6174 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods added for the first time , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .
web served relational database using mysql and php . includes 14505 names , of which 4894 are names in current use .
web served relational database using mysql and php . display of parent / child lists in geographic name lists altered to remove repeating references to parent region . added experimental search . php ? nameid = url
web served relational database using mysql and php . display of family heirarchy revised .
web served relational database using mysql and php . substantial revision of familial placements . display of family heirarchy revised , with superfamily , family , and subfamily included . fixed outdated link on another search button . added description page for map drawing url .
web served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised . unlocalized within country added as a geographic region so that complete fauna for countries can be tallied . family assignments revised . format of references occuring in larger works fixed . changed counts of included entries in search results from names to species . added mapping url .
web served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised ( cuba in particular ) .
web served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of authorship link for names by an author in another authors publication . corrected authorship and added missing synonyms for extralimital synonyms .
web served relational database using mysql and php . no web interface changes from version 3 . 2 . 2
web served relational database using mysql and php . minor changes to format of search results . fixed bugs in bibliography search and added more explanatory text to bibliography search form
web served relational database using mysql and php . range and size summary added to result details . form added to search both generic and trivial gender dictionaries from one point . version history table shown on home page .
web served relational database using mysql and php . made new simplified search interface the standard interface with link to old web interface , uploaded new set of data to web .
web served relational database using mysql and php . linked new simplified and accessable search page ( on web and in development since early 2002 , but not linked ) to wasp home page .
web served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of commas in author , year and fixed several other display problems on web including display of original literal combination , display of partialy blank ranges . display of previous combinations only as combining genera list .
web served relational database using mysql and php . added parent / child relations of localities . corrected errors in locality abbreviations . fixed display of original combinations , type locality , and maximum size in details .
web served relational database using mysql and php . removed subgenera ( not maintained ) from full current name .
web served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses problem fixed . 4974 names currently regarded as valid
web served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses displayed incorrectly , format problems with display of taxon records .
wais indexed gopher search . more than 9000 names treated , with about 4240 currently regarded as representing valid species . described in rosenberg ( 1993 )
turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
tëmkin i . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives ( mollusca , bivalvia , pterioidea ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
distribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys , dry tortugas ; usa : texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : carabobo ; bermuda , bahamas : bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera , long island ; cuba : pinar del rio , golfo de batabano , north matanzas ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas
references : mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) llddnsewm ; temkin ( 2009 ) t
references : coan et al . ( 2000 ) s ; mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) s
comments : described from the eastern pacific , but type material appears to be mislocalized ( coan , valentich scott & bernard 2000 ) .
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biology and ecology of this species were described by mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) .
small western atlantic pteriid , with radial rows of narrow shell lamellae , generally bright coloration ( commonly green to yellow ) , thin nacre ( allowing external color and ornamentation to show through shell ) , a relatively strong ridge interiorly delimiting anterior auricle of lv , and anterior dentition with tooth in rv and corresponding socket in lv ; intestine with twisted loop within visceral mass and passing dorsal to heart ; pallial tentacles simple .
bermuda , peninsular florida ( from st . augustine to the florida keys to the panhandle ) , ? texas , bahamas , greater and lesser antilles , caribbean coast of mexico , colombia , and venezuela .
pteria viridizona dall , 1916b : 403 ; 1916a : 15 [ nomen nudum ] ; – abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5119 ; – keen , 1937 : 25 [ “extralimital” to eastern pacific fauna ] .
pteria viridozona [ error pro viridizona ] dall , 1916 . – dall , 1921 : 17 ; – oldroyd , 1924 : 48 ; – burch , 1944 : 8 [ “specimens in the golisch collection taken from the backs of deep sea crabs off san pedro … a very questionable species with no member of the club sure of what it is” ] ; – burch , 1945 : 5 [ name only ; “questionable member of our [ eastern pacific ] fauna” ] .
pteria xanthia schwengel , 1942 : pl . 3 , figs . 1 - 1a [ july , nomen nudum ] , 64 [ october ] ; – aguayo & jaume , 1948a : 1 ; – fischer - piette , 1982 : 174 .
pteria colymbus [ non pteria colymbus ( röding , 1798 ) ] . – tabb & manning , 1961 : 584 .
type material and repository : zmb 101 . 674 , 1 pair with byssus attached to rv ; rv 27 . 6 mm h , 35 . 9 mm l ; lv 34 . 0 mm h , 40 . 2 mm l . kind of type and mode of designation : holotype by monotypy . figured by : dunker , 1872 : pl . 2 , fig . 6 .


the two-barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) , known as the white-winged crossbill in north america , is a small passerine bird in the finch family fringillidae .

it has two subspecies , white-winged crossbill loxia leucoptera leucoptera in north america , and two-barred crossbill loxia leucoptera bifasciata in ne europe and n asia .

the scientific name is from ancient greek .

loxia is from loxos , " crosswise " , and leucoptera means " white-winged " from leukos , " white " and pteron , " wing " .

this bird breeds in the coniferous forests of alaska , canada , northernmost united states and across asia extending into northeast europe .

it nests in conifers , laying 3 – 5 eggs .

this crossbill is mainly resident , but will irregularly irrupt south if its food source fails .

the american race seems to wander more frequently than the eurasian subspecies .

this species will form flocks outside the breeding season , often mixed with other crossbills .

it is a rare visitor to western europe , usually arriving with an irruption of red crossbills .

the crossbills are characterised by the mandibles crossing at their tips , which gives the group its english name .

they are specialist feeders on conifer cones , and the unusual bill shape is an adaptation to assist the extraction of the seeds from the cone .

two-barred crossbill has a strong preference for larch ( larix ) , in eurasia using siberian larch ( larix sibirica ) and dahurian larch ( l. gmelinii ) , and in north america tamarack larch ( l. laricina ) .

it will also take rowan sorbus berries , and in north america , also eastern hemlock ( tsuga canadensis ) and white spruce ( picea glauca ) cones .

adult males tend to be red or pinkish in colour , and females green or yellow , but there is much variation .

two-barred is easier to identify than other crossbills , especially in north america , where only red crossbill and this species occur , but some care is still needed .

within its eurasian range , this species is smaller-headed and smaller-billed than parrot crossbill and scottish crossbill , so the main confusion species both there and in north america is common or red crossbill .

the main plumage distinction from common crossbills is the white wingbars which give this species its english and scientific names .

there are also white tips to the tertials .

the adult male is also a somewhat brighter ( pinker ) red than other male crossbills .

some common crossbills occasionally show weak white wingbars , so care is needed with the correct identification of this species .

the chip call is weaker and higher than that of common crossbill .

another crossbill on hispaniola was previously treated as a subspecies , loxia leucoptera megaplaga , but is now treated as a distinct species , hispaniolan crossbill , loxia megaplaga .

it is associated with the hispaniolan pine pinus occidentalis , and differs from two-barred crossbill in darker plumage and a stouter bill .

two - barred crossbill

the latest sighting details and map for two - barred crossbill are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
two - barred crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( © keith bilverstone ) . this bird is not the controversial one and clearly is a genuine two - barred . it has replaced most of its greater coverts , resulting in a much better marked wingbar than the controversial bird . however , its tertials similarly lack obvious white spots , and this is perfectly consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill at this time of year .
it isn ' t impossible for the two barred seen in the area to be a misidentification . has happened locally recently .
harrop , a . h . j . , mcgowan , r . y . & knox , a . j . , 2007 . britain’s first two - barred crossbill . british birds 100 : 650 - 657 .
uppertail coverts – one feature which may prove to be diagnostic in the identification of two - barred crossbill is the colour and pattern of the uppertail coverts . svensson states “other features to note which separate l . leucoptera from l . curvirostra are darker , blackish centres to the upperparts ( esp . scap . , mantle and longest upper tc… ) … . and fine whitish tips to upper tc . ” bwp also describes adult male two - barred as having “black upper tail - coverts tipped pink - white” . in contrast , common crossbill appears to have greyer uppertail coverts , with rather diffuse paler fringes , either similar to the colour of the upperparts or rather dull buffy . the upper tail coverts also appear to me to be slightly longer in two - barred crossbill than common crossbill , perhaps corresponding to the longer tail overall of two - barred . the lynford bird appears consistent with two - barred crossbill in this regard – the uppertail coverts are distinctly blackish with comparatively broad , contrasting paler tips ; some of the shorter feathers have rather reddish tips , but the longer feathers are tipped rather strikingly just off white .
two - barred crossbill , finland , dec 2008 ©robert pekkarinen . rather like the controversial crossbill , this bird has retained most of its juvenile greater coverts , and shows only a small number of more extensively white - tipped replaced inner feathers . the tertials are also all worn retained juvenile feathers lacking large white tips .
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , december 2013 ( © jonathan theobald ) . in this photo at least , the bird looks rather small - billed and round - headed . however , there is actually a large degree of overlap in biometrics between two - barred and common crossbill , so size and structure may be little help .
hybrid two - barred x common crossbill – this is perhaps the most convenient place to park the lynford bird , as has undoubtedly been the case for other controversial individuals in the past . these difficult birds often seem to occur in invasion years , alongside other two - barred crossbills . however , though hybrids have been reported in captivity , there is no documented instance of hybridisation in the wild . if they do occur very rarely , what is the likelihood of one arriving with such a small invasion of two - barreds ? as discussed above , there is not necessarily any need to invoke the hybrid option to explain the plumage of the lynford bird , which is consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill after a more limited post - juvenile wing moult .
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , november 2013 ( © dave astins ) . again , the uppertail coverts are long and conspicuously pale - tipped , with redder tones to the shorter feathers and whiter tips to the longer ones . the pattern of the tertial tips / edges is perfectly consistent with the pattern of worn juvenile two - barred crossbill feathers .
tertial tips – the lynford crossbill lacks the obvious pale tips to the tertials usually quoted as diagnostic of two - barred , and this has led some to condemn it out of hand . however , it appears these are only rarely replaced in the post - juvenile moult , so a 1st winter two - barred would most likely have retained all its juvenile tertials . the white tips of juvenile two - barred tertials are also much smaller than the equivalent adult feathers or just a thin white fringe round the end of the feather and , by this time of year , these would be heavily abraded . indeed , the other three two - barred crossbills at lynford recently have also lacked white tertial tips and both the controversial bird and those three show very worn feathers . in addition , in photographs taken of the controversial bird back in november , it appears to show slightly more white here . so the lack of white tertial tips is entirely consistent with a 1st winter two - barred .
fischer , s . , g . mauersberger , h . schielzeth & k . witt ( 1992 ) : first breeding record of two - barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) in central europe . j . ornithol . 133 : 197 - 202 . ( in germ . )
i have quite a few crossbill pictures and there is a variance between those showing a white fringe and those not . i was quite lucky to catch a two barred male in 2013 and they are clearly bars , not fringes . light was awful but you can see the difference
two - barred crossbills and controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( © sean nixon ) . the uppermost bird in this photo is the one which has caused all the debate . here , it doesn’t appear to be particularly larger than the other two - barred crossbills . the only question is why it has not chosen to remain with these birds , rather than return to the group of common crossbills with which it has probably been associating all winter .
lewis thomson had a bit of a shock when he sparked the discovery of the third - largest flock of two - barred crossbills ever recorded in britain on his forest of dean patch .
congeners – the lynford crossbill seems to associate most closely with a small group of common crossbills . partly , this may have been forced upon it – over the winter , there were no other two - barred crossbills on site . however , in recent weeks , the lynford bird has remained faithful to its small group , despite other two - barreds being present . indeed , on at least one occasion it has even been seen in the same tree as the other two - barreds , and i have seen it in a neighbouring larch . if it is a two - barred , why has it not decided to join other members of the same species ?
it would perhaps be too ambitious for me to state categorically that the lynford bird is a 1st winter two - barred crossbill , but it does show a number of features which appear to point strongly towards that species . all the apparently anomalous plumage features can be explained in terms of age and moult . certainly , it seems difficult to argue that it is just a wing - barred common . it could perhaps be a hybrid , which might explain the lack of diagnostic vocalisations or its choice of flock , but would this be any more likely than a silent two - barred ? there is also nothing specific about it which points to a hybrid origin rather than a relatively retarded 1st winter two - barred . unless it actually calls , we may never know for sure . in the meantime , together with the other 1st winter two - barred crossbills at lynford , it can potentially teach us a lot about the variation in post - juvenile moult and appearance of 1st year birds .
biometrics – two - barred crossbill is generally deemed to be a bit smaller than common crossbills and with a slightly smaller bill . van duivendijk ( 2010 ) states “generally more slender and less strongly curved mandibles than other crossbills , making bill look longer ( but variable as in all crossbills ) ” . some observers have suggested that the controversial bird is as big as a common and that the bill looks too heavy . to my eye , the bill of this bird did look slim or weak compared to a common bill . whilst i didn’t see it together with the other two - barred crossbills , photographs of all the birds together suggest that it is similar in size . however , looking at published biometrics , there is actually a very large amount of overlap both in size and bill size between two - barred and common , suggesting that these are not diagnostic . harrop et al . ( 2007 ) also states that “the bill of bifasciata [ the eurasian race of two - barred crossbill ] is heavy and often indistinguishable from that of common crossbill” . measurements from svensson are shown in the table below .
wing - barred common crossbill – these were historically considered to be a separate form , ‘rubrifasciata’ ( latin for red banded or barred ) . as the name suggests , these often have red or pink colour bleeding into the wing bar , which is not as well defined as in two - barred . the wingbar of the controversial bird appears consistently to be pure white . the width of the wingbar in ‘rubrifasciata’ is “closely similar” to juvenile two - barred , according to bwp . however , 1st year male common crossbill has “orange but rarely any pure red tones” to the body plumage “until the first complete moult” . so the reddish body plumage of the lynford bird would be at odds with a 1st winter common crossbill . as well as this , the pattern of the uppertail coverts and the apparently moulted inner greater covert would not be consistent with that species either . this seems like the least likely explanation for the identity of the lynford bird .
if you ' ve got collins birdguide 2nd edition take a look at page 387 . under the two - barred illustrations you will see it shows a common crossbill variant with similar white fringing to the wings on your bird . admittedly , the example shown is a female but perhaps it can also occur in males .
body plumage / colour – male two - barred crossbill is generally assumed to have pinkier - red body tones than the more brick - red of common . in the field , the lynford bird appeared to me to have some raspberry red tones , especially to crown and flanks . however , other observers have questioned that it is not pink enough and it is true that it looks rather red overall . again , this may not be the issue it first appears . bwp actually states “head and body of advanced 1st adult male orange - or rosy - red , less bright and less deep rosy than in adult male” . in addition , two - barred crossbill has scapulars and some mantle feathers with very dark bases , and this certainly seems to be the case with the lynford bird . bwp also states that male two - barred shows “dusky grey cast on mantle & round shoulder” and this is shows well in the attached photos of the bird in question . so the body plumage of the lynford bird is actually more consistent with a 1st winter male two - barred .
excited trumpet calls when two birds flew in and joined the feeding flock . ( 6 + birds altogether ) .
probably the most important thing to do with a bird such as this , is to establish its correct age . on close examination , the lynford crossbill shows an apparent moult contrast in the greater coverts and retained juvenile tertials , both discussed in more detail below . the colour of crossbill body plumage can vary with diet , more particularly lacking red colour if it is deficient in certain carotenoid pigments , but the majority of birds still show particular colours or combinations which are related to age and sex . for example , van duivendijk ( 2010 ) states about 1st winter two - barred crossbill “some 1w male completely orange , others nearly still complete juv at same time with mix of green - yellow and red - orange underparts and upperparts” and even for 1st summer “rest of plumage very variable , some males already entirely red” which implies that some are not yet totally red . the lynford crossbill shows a mixture of red - toned adult body plumage mixed with patches of yellow , particularly around the face and upper breast , as well as more strikingly in a band across the lower rump , which would seem to be most consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill . interestingly , the other two 1st winter male two - barred crossbills currently at lynford also show a similar mix of red and yellow body feathering , to a greater or lesser extent . this all points to the controversial crossbill being a 1st winter . once correctly aged , it is then important to look at the individual features in more detail .
previously treated as conspecific with l . megaplaga , but differs in plumage details ; recent genetic analysis indicates that the two are better treated as separate species . furthermore , vocal and genetic differences have been employed to suggest that present species might be separated into two , eurasian and north american , species # r # r # r . two subspecies recognized .
i ' ll confess i ' ve never seen a two - barred although i remember trying ( unsuccessfully ) to see them in lynford arboretum , norfolk a few years ago when they turned up there . they are pretty rare in the uk .
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , february 2014 ( © neil rendall ) . this photo shows all the features which suggest that this bird may in fact be a two - barred crossbill – the distinctive uppertail coverts , the moulted inner greater coverts with well defined white tips , the extensively dark - centred scapulars and upper mantle and some pinkish tones to the red body feathers . interestingly , the tertial tips appear more worn than in the picture taken by dave astins 3 months earlier , above .
same bird as on xc89063 , later being joined by more two - barreds and commons that came flying in from the baltic .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . two - barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
on first glance , it looks distinctly underwhelming . initially reported as a male two - barred crossbill , it has subsequently been put down variously as either a wing - barred common , 1st year two - barred or even a hybrid . unfortunately , it has been rather elusive through much of its stay , being reported at lynford only sporadically . given questions over its identity and the difficulty over seeing it , i had made no effort to find it myself over the winter . as better photos emerged , i became more and more intrigued . it appeared to be a very interesting bird and potentially rather educational , and i wondered whether it was being dismissed unfairly . however , despite trying several times to see it , i had failed consistently . on 23rd march , another group of three more obvious two - barred crossbills appeared at lynford , and this prompted me to try again . whilst we failed to see the obvious birds , those present on 25th were rewarded with prolonged and at times very close views of the controversial bird , as it fed in deciduous trees and came down to drink . i returned again on 27th , and this time saw the three clear - cut 1st winter two - barred crossbills ( 2 males & 1 female ) as well as the bird in question . following discussion with those around me , particularly james mccallum and dick filby , i was prompted to put pen to paper to try to dispel a few myths and narrow down the debate .
wingbars – the other feature which immediately seems at odds with two - barred is the greater covert wingbar , which is rather thin and does not appear to bulge significantly towards the innerwing . however , as with the tertial tips , all may not be as simple as it seems . two - barred crossbill has a very protracted breeding season and therefore very variable timing , and correspondingly also extent , of the post - juvenile moult . consequently , the appearance of 1st winter birds can vary substantially between individuals . bwp ( cramp et al , 1998 ) states “advanced birds similar to adult , but juvenile flight feathers , tail , usually all tertials and often at least outer greater upper - wing coverts retained . in more retarded birds , many juvenile wing coverts retained , as well as scattered juvenile feathering on body . ” this is evident on the other 1st winter two - barred crossbills currently at lynford – one male has seemingly replaced all its greater coverts , whereas the other appears to have retained a number of outer greater coverts , resulting in a clear moult contrast and a ‘step’ in the greater covert wingbar . bwp goes on to say “in 1st adults… when coverts and tertials all juvenile , white tips partly wear off” , suggesting that it is not impossible to find some 1st winter two - barred crossbills with completely retained juvenile greater coverts .
two - barred crossbill , cley , norfolk , july 2013 ( © julian bhalerao ) . this bird has a similarly poorly - marked greater covert wingbar , with a large number of very worn juvenile feathers . the pattern of some of these feathers is similar to the older greater coverts on the controversial lynford bird , with the small white tip bleeding up the outer edge . thankfully , this bird showed white tertial tips and was heard to call .
calls – the trumpet call of two - barred crossbill is generally deemed to be diagnostic . in addition , the flight call is slightly more clipped , even ‘clicky’ than common’s ‘glip’ , though the difference is subtle . as far as i am aware , the lynford bird has not been conclusively heard to call . however , at no point has the distinctive ‘toot’ been heard from the group it hangs out with . in addition , we didn’t hear two - barred flight calls from that group , despite listening hard . the other group of two - barred has generally been very vocal . even watching a lone juvenile in north norfolk last summer , it would regularly ‘toot’ , particularly on take - off or when coming in to land , despite no other members of the species being present . could the lynford bird just be a silent individual ? i have struggled to tell whether any single birds seen previously in the uk have been silent , but it is interesting that many observers report never having heard the trumpet call in this country prior to this most recent invasion .
details , including photos and sound recordings , of the western palearctic ' s first ' white - winged crossbill ' , found in south - west iceland .
i profess not to be an expert so you might want to wait for someone more knowledgeable than me but at the moment i would go for common crossbill .
) . this photo shows the uppertail coverts particularly well , with deep blackish centres and very contrasting and rather wide pale tips . it appears that this feature alone may exclude common crossbill
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( © sean nixon ) . in this photo , the inner two greater coverts on the left wing are more spread out , given the way the wing is held , particularly highlighting the moult contrast . the more extensive white tips to these feathers are clearly shown , contrasting with the much narrower white tips to the outer greater coverts . the retained yellow in the lower rump also stands out here .
please if someone can help me , i saw 7 common crossbills last week and this one in the photo was the only one that had white on the wings . . . . could it be a juvenile 2 - barred ? thank you
on close examination of the controversial bird , it would indeed appear that most of the greater coverts are actually retained juvenile feathers , with a very restricted white tip and slightly more white extending a short way up the outer web , consistent with the illustration in svensson ( 1992 ) . in addition , when seen well , it would appear that one or two of the innermost greater coverts have a much more extensive white tip , with a more squared off border to the dark base , consistent with adult - type feathers . this is visible in some photographs as a slight bulge in the greater covert wingbar where it meets the tertials , but can be difficult to see in the field , especially when viewing from below . this would appear to be entirely consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill which has retained the majority of its juvenile greater coverts . a similar bird with substantially retained juvenile greater coverts was photographed in helsinki , finland in december 2008 and is shown below .
lynford arboretum , in the norfolk brecks , seems particularly attractive to two - barred crossbill . i remember seeing my first there , a female , way back in 1990 . admittedly , none were reported there from then until february 2012 , when a pair appeared briefly one morning . however , as the latest invasion started last summer , a group very quickly appeared at lynford , with up to 4 birds reported from 21st july until 29th . whether it was any of these same birds which remained in the area is unclear , but a juvenile was reported erratically through august and the first half of september , then up to 4 birds again through the second half of the month and october . at some point during this period , a rather controversial bird turned up at the site . certainly seen from november 2013 , it has remained throughout the winter .
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( © keith bilverstone ) . the first impression of this bird is always rather underwhelming , given a rather narrow greater covert wingbar and no white tertial tips . however , there are clues here to its age and state of moult and on closer examination there are some much more encouraging signs .
controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( © jake gearty ) . raspberry - red tones are visible in the crown / face , mantle and flanks . the blackish - centred feathers to the scapulars , upper mantle and across the shoulders also stand out . the tertials are clearly worn , retained juvenile feathers and the squared - off white tips to the new inner greater coverts are very different pattern of the older outer feathers
thank you tony , thank you robbo , crossbills are difficult as of the 7 i saw , there were no 2 alike . . . . . . . all different colours . . . . . this one was the only one with white fringing . another reason why i questioned it is because 2 - barred had been seen in the same area . i shall go back over the weekend to see if i see one . many thanks again .
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aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the european population is estimated at 1 , 500 , 000 - 4 , 260 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 000 , 000 - 8 , 510 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 10 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 30 , 000 , 000 - 85 , 100 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : this species has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( - 67 . 8 % decline over 40 years , equating to a - 24 . 7 % decline per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) . the european population size is estimated to be fluctuating ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
this species occupies dense conifer forests and plantations , mainly larch and larch - pine ( larix - pinus ) forests . it is found predominantly with siberian pine ( pinus sibirica ) in central siberia and also uses fir ( abies ) and spruce ( picea ) , and occasionally resorts to deciduous trees in absence of preferred conifers . in eastern russia it is mostly found in larches and mainly in spruce and in north - west russia and scandinavia mostly in spruce ( clement 2016 ) . the breeding season is from february to mid - may in years of a good seed crop of pine and spruce , but in poor crop years it is delayed to from june to august ( snow and perrins 1998 ) . it breeds from january to august in north america with timing largely determined by availability of seed crop ( clement 2016 ) . the nest is constructed mostly of conifer twigs , plant stalks , grass stems , lichens , moss , plant fibres and down , animal hair or fur and feathers . it is set 2–20 m above ground against the trunk of a conifer , typically spruce . on occasion it is placed at the end of a branch . clutches are three to four eggs . the diet consists mainly of conifer seeds , buds , berries and shoots , chiefly of larch and spruce but it also takes a range of invertebrates and larvae ( clement 2016 ) . the species is resident and dispersive but also irruptive in years of poor seed crops ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .
conservation actions underway bern convention appendix ii . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its european range .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22728944a111144194 .
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second male featured in xc192150 singing from the top of a tree . habitat : mature coniferous forest .
first male featured in xc192150 singing from the top of a tree . habitat : mature coniferous forest .
one adult male calling from different perches with a female nearby . habitat : mature coniferous forest .
one adult male calling with a female nearby . habitat : mature coniferous forest .
during a spell of unusually warm weather ( 8 to 9° c in january . ) these birds were foraging on white spruce , especially in sunny spots .
one juvenile calling from the top of a black spruce tree in the first part , then flying ( 1 : 15 ) and perching much closer in a young white birch tree .
female - type bird , giving excitement calls non - stop ( with a few flight calls at the very end of the recording ) . it seemed to interact vocally with the trumpet - calling bullfinch that can be heard in the background . note that towards the end , there are a few calls that are clearly higher - pitched than most of the calls .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a front view of a female extracting seed from a berry then eating it .
éric roualet , mkennewell , robert schaefer , erkki lehtovirta , bruce steger , daniêl jimenez , ken simonite , malcolmmarkswan .
marvinhyett , éric roualet , lars petersson , tom dudones , david cooper , hal and kirsten snyder , morten venas , guy poisson , brian kuebel , manakin , will hayward , ken havard , guenther karmann , erkki lehtovirta , laurent demongin , ahvenainen , ken simonite , pascal christe , ivan sjögren .
– n fennoscandia , nw & n russia ( kola peninsula e in broad band through siberia to sea of okhotsk , s to c urals , l baikal area , yablonovy mts and w amurland ) , probably also extreme ne china ( n heilongjiang ) ; winters also s to ne europe ( irregular ) , ne china ( liaoning and hebei ) and s siberia .
– alaska and c & s canada e to c & e quebec , newfoundland and nova scotia , s in usa to n washington , n wisconsin and s maine ; also c oregon and rocky mts s to w wyoming , n utah and even s colorado and n new mexico ; in winter also s to s minnesota , n ohio , pennsylvania and massachusetts , occasionally further south .
14·5–17 cm ; 25–40 g . medium - large , short - legged and fork - tailed finch with broad white wingbars and distinctive crossed mandibles . male nominate race has . . .
song , usually from treetop or in display - flight , in north america a long , rapid series of rich and . . .
season feb to mid - may or jun–aug in europe and russia , jan–aug in north america , timing largely determined by availability of . . .
resident , migratory and irruptively nomadic . occasionally present throughout entire winter n to . . .
not globally threatened . common to locally abundant . estimated european breeding population between 1000 and 10 , 000 pairs , and up to a further 100 , 000 pairs in russia . in se . . .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
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my understanding is that the bars are much more prominent than the white shown on the bird in your photo . i think it ' s way too early for any juveniles to be about .
paul , i was told by birding experts on a recent trip to mallorca where we saw crossbills that the males get redder as they mature . they were high up in the canopy so didn ' t really get a view of their wing plumage . my photo isn ' t as good as yours but there was no evidence of white fringing on the wings as far as i could see .
the opinion was that this was a young ( ish ) male so i guess there ' s a good deal of colour variation . good luck in seeking them out a again . you never know your luck .
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i would like to thank james mccallum and dick filby in particular , for the interesting discussion about this bird before , during and after we saw it , and for their help in the preparation of this article . i would also like to thank all those photographers who very kindly allowed me to use their images .
cramp , s . , ( ed . ) , 1998 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and north africa .
svensson , l . , 1992 . identification guide to european passerines , 4th edition .
jon dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the week ' s best birds from around britain , ireland and the western palearctic , including pacific golden plover and squacco heron . more here >
hen harrier has bred on the national trust ' s high peak moors , in the peak district national park , for the first time in four years . more here >
research has found that young turtle doves raised on a diet of seeds foraged from arable plants rather than food provided in people ' s gardens are more likely to survive after fledging . more here >
copyright rare bird alert 2018 . rare bird alert - 17 keswick close , norwich , norfolk nr4 6uw enquiries : admin @ urltoken or call 01603 457016


malacoctenus zonogaster , the belted blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of the americas from baja california to peru including the galapagos islands .

it is an inhabitant of tide pools and rocky shores being found from near the surface to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl .

malacoctenus zonogaster

the following term was not found in genome : malacoctenus zonogaster [ orgn ] .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .
) has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion d2 . this species is only known from a single location ( galapagos islands ) . major threats to this shallow water species are oceanographic environmental changes from enso events and global warming .
the belted blenny is the second most common blenny in the galapagos islands ( allen and robertson 1994 ) .
the belted blenny is a reef - associated species , found in shallow rocky and coral reef areas to depths of 10 m , as well as in tidepools .
there are no known major threats to the belted blenny . however , given its shallow reef habitat and restricted range it may be negatively impacted by localized stochastic events , such as oceanographic environmental changes from current or future enso events and climate change ( soto
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the belted blenny . however , this species is present in the galapagos marine reserve , the galapagos archipelago particularly sensitive sea area , the galapagos island world heritage site , and the galapagos island man and biosphere reserve ( wdpa 2006 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
greek , malakos = soft + greek , kteis , ktenos = comb ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5227 )
lives in tide pools , shallow , rocky , boulder strewn areas and walls . prefers deeper water habitats ( ref . 5227 ) .
allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )
) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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radios dorsales xx a xxii , 10 - 12 ( usualmente xxi , 11 ) ; radios anales ii , 20 - 22 ( usualmente 21 ) ; radios pectorales 14 ; escamas de la línea lateral 57 - 64 ; escamas presentes o ausentes en la línea media enfrente de la aleta dorsal , presente en el torso , ausentes en la región prepectoral ; mandíbulas con una sola fila de dientes cónicos grandes ; con dientes vomerinos ; dientes palatinos ausentes ; con cirros en las aberturas nasales , arriba del ojo y en la nuca .
verdusco en la mitad superior y blanco abajo , con 5 - 6 barras oscuras de forma irregular en el costado ; una mancha oscura grande ( del tamaño del ojo ) en la mitad superior del opérculo , y bandas café verduscas en la parte inferior de la cabeza y del pecho .
attributes abundance : común . cites : no listado . climate zone : ecuatorial ( costa rica hasta ecuador + galápagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 10 m . depth range min : 1 m . diet : gusanos móviles bentónicos ; crustáceos móviles bentónicos ( camarones / cangrejos ) . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : béntico ; larva pelágica . feeding group : carnívoro . fishbase habitat : asociado a arrecifes . global endemism : pacífico oriental tropical ( pot ) endémico ; pacífico este endémico ; todas las especies . habitat : asociado a arrecife ( arrecife + bordes - columna de agua y fondo suave ) ; rocas ; arrecife ( rocoso y / o coralino ) ; arrecife solamente . inshore offshore : costeros ; solamente costeros . iucn red list : no evaluado / listado . length max : 8 . 5 cm . regional endemism : solo islas ; isla ( s ) ; pot endémico ; pot isla ( s ) oceánica ( s ) endémico ; islas galápagos endémico ; todas las especies . residency : residente . salinity : marino ; solo marino . water column position : fondo ; fondo solamente ;
heller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .
humann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .
kendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .
snodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .
) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
head slender , snout pointed ; a close - set pair of heavily branched nape cirri , a branched cirrus over eye ; 3 - 8 ( 1 - 14 ) pores behind chin , between bases of operculae ; upper part of rear end of top jaw covered by bone under eye ; no small teeth behind outer row of large teeth on upper jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; gill rakers 10 - 13 ; dorsal fin xxi , 11 , ( xx - xxii , 10 - 12 ) , notch between spines and rays ; anal ii , 21 ( 20 - 22 ) ; pectoral 14 ; 3 pelvic soft rays ; 57 - 64 lateral line scales ; belly scales smaller than flank scales ; scales present or absent on midline in front of dorsal fin , present on breast , absent from prepectoral region .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical , preferred ?
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chionodes permacta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western alaska , southern yukon and alberta to idaho , wyoming , montana , washington , colorado and southern oregon .

chionodes permacta

chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius , 1794 ) = chionodes lugubrellus = gelechia luctificella hübner , [ 1813 = lita lunatella zetterstedt 1839 .
hodges , r . w . 1999 . gelechiodea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes ) . in dominick , r . b . , et al . , moths of america , north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . the wedge entomological research foundation , washington , 339 pp .
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lee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .
pohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .
poole , robert w . and patricia gentili ( eds . ) . 1997 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 4 ( non - holometabolous orders ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online at : urltoken
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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percrocutidae is an extinct family of hyena-like feliform carnivores endemic to asia , africa , and southern europe from the miocene through the pliocene , existing for about 17.41 million years .

the first percrocutids are known from the middle miocene of europe and western asia and belonged to the genus percrocuta .

percrocuta already had large premolars , but did not carry such a massive bite as the later form dinocrocuta , from the later miocene .

originally , these carnivores were placed with the hyenas in the family hyaenidae .

today , most scientists consider the percrocutidae to be a distinct family — although usually as sister-taxa/immediate outgroup to hyaenidae .

sometimes it is placed with carnivoran genera , such as stenoplesictis , into the family stenoplesictidae .

percrocutidae

revision of some percrocutid carnivorans [ mammalia : eutheria : carnivora : aeluroidea : †percrocutidae ] .
percrocuta was introduced as a genus of percrocutidae in 1938 . percrocuta ' s relation to the hyaenidae family was debated until 1985 , when percrocuta , dinocrocuta , belbus , and allohyaena were accepted as the four genera of percrocutidae .
nevertheless , occupying the top of food chain as giant species in steppe landscapes throughout the late miocene , by the end of the late miocene , percrocutidae surrendered their positions to the numerous canidae , presumably mostly due to the more effective social organization of the latter .
percrocutidae are miocene carnivores whose evolution was distinguished by the strengthening of bone - fracturing adaptations . such adaptations allowed them to quickly assume the position of active carnivores in the steppe landscapes of southern europe , western and central asia , as well as china and northern africa .
p . abessalomi is known only from a skull , two mandibles , and two teeth . these fossils were all collected from the belomechetskaja , georgia area and date from the sixth mammal neogene ( mn ) zone . this species is the best known of the percrocutidae family . p . miocenica is known from only a few mandibles , found in yugoslavia and turkey . these fossils also date from 6 mn .
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belongs to turritella ( kurosioia ) according to g . rosenberg et al . 2006
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
morales , j . & pickford , m . , 2006 : a large percrocutid carnivore from the late miocene ( ca . 10–9 ma ) of nakali , kenya . –annales de paléontologie : articles in press [ urltoken ] [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . annpal . 2006 . 07 . 004 ]
wyss , a . r . & flynn , j . j . , 1993 : a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . 32 - 52 in szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . , ( eds . ) 1993 : mammal phylogeny – placentals . –springer - verlag , new york , 1993
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time period : the late miocene of eurasia ( 11 . 8 – 11 . 2 mln years ago )
size : 1 . 3 m in length , 60 cm in height , 55 kg of weight .
roman uchytel’s galleries constitute the first resource solely dedicated to the reconstruction of prehistoric animals beyond the dinosaurs . these are not photographs , but rather , artistic recreations from the skeletons of ancient animals that roamed the earth millions of years ago . many of these fascinating creatures are unfamiliar to the public and remain a mystery even to science .
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new materials from the middle part of the bahe formation are described as dinocrocuta gigantea . review of the species reveals that it is derived in the evolutionary lineage of dinocrocuta , and biochronologically later than vallesian records from turkey . the only possibly related vallesian species from china is crocuta gigantea xizangensis from biru , tibet , which may prove to be conspecific with d . senyureki . based on the mammalian faunal sequence from lantian , and with reference to red clay paleomagnetic data , the duration of d . gigantea in china should be later late miocene , rather than the previously postulated early late miocene ( vallesian equivalent ) age .
deux nouveaux spécimens provenant de la partie moyenne de la formation bahe , un fragment de mandibule gauche portant p2–p4 et un fragment de maxillaire gauche portant p3–p4 , sont décrits et attribués à dinocrocuta gigantea . une révision de cette espèce révèle sa position dérivée au sein de la lignée évolutive de dinocrocuta ; cette espèce est biochronologiquement postérieure au vallésien de turquie . la seule espèce vallésienne de chine possiblement reliée est crocuta gigantea xizangensis de biru , tibet , qui pourrait être conspécifique à d . senyureki . sur la base de la séquence de faunes de mammifères de lantian , et en référence aux données paléomagnétiques de la red clay , d . gigantea pourrait se maintenir , en chine , jusqu ' à la fin du miocène supérieur , et non jusqu ' au début du miocène supérieur ( équivalent au vallésien ) , comme postulé jusqu ' à présent .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
is an extinct genus of hyena - like feliform carnivores . it lived in europe , asia , and africa , during the miocene epoch .
with a maximum length of 1 . 50 m ( 5 ft ) , percrocuta was much bigger than its modern relatives , but smaller than a female lion . like the spotted hyena , percrocuta had a robust skull and powerful jaws . similar to modern hyenids , its hind legs were shorter than the front legs , resulting in a characteristic sloping back . [ 1 ]
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revision of some eurhinodelphid toothed whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : odontoceti ] .
a new balaenid mysticete [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added and a revision of balaenidae .
revision of some cetotheriid whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : cetotheriidae ] .
numerous missing fossil species of baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added .
a new family with one new genus and species of basal baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : janjucetidae ] added .
some missing ceratomorphan perissodactyls [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : perissodactyla : ceratomorpha ] added .
some missing basal anthropoids [ mammalia : eutheria : primates : anthropoidea ] added .
a new species of emballonurid bats [ mammalia : eutheria : chiroptera : microchiroptera : emballonuridae ] added .
some new fossil dormouses [ mammalia : eutheria : rodentia : glirimorpha : myoxidae ] added .
some species revisions in hyaenodontine creodonts [ mammalia : eutheria : creodonta : hyaenodontidae : hyaenodontinae ] .
revision of basal sloths [ mammalia : eutheria : xenarthra : phyllophaga ] and a new species added .
revision of eucynodonts [ synapsida : therapsida : theriodonta : cynodontia : eucynodontia ] added .
revision of the phylogeny of swifts and hummingbirds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae : apodiformes ] .
a missing species of basal cypselomorphan birds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae ] added .
a new species of basal birds [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : avialae ] added .
some missing and two new species of dromaeosaurids [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : dromaeosauridae ] added .
a missing basal coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria ] added .
a revision of coelophysoid theropods [ dinosauria : theropoda : “ceratosauria” : coelophysoidea ] added .
a new “ halticosaurine coelophysoid theropod ” [ dinosauria : theropoda : “ceratosauria” : coelophysoidea : coelophysidae : “halticosaurinae” ] added .
two new basal titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : macronaria : titanosauriformes ] added .
a new diplodocimorphan sauropod [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : diplodocimorpha ] added .
a new eusauropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : eusauropoda ] added .
a new species of parrot - peaked dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia : psittacosauria ] added .
two new species of basal horn - faced dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia ] added .
two new species of thick - skulled dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : pachycephalosauria ] added .
revision of phylogeny of the basal bird - hipped dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia ] .
a new dinosauriform [ archosauria : ornithodira : dinosauriformes : ? dinosauria : ? ornithischia ] added .
a new ctenochasmatid pterosaur [ archosauria : ornithodira : pterosauria : pterodactyloidea : archaeopterodactyloidea : ctenochasmatoidea : ctenochasmatidae ] added .
a new species of crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : crocodylidae : crocodylinae ] added .
a new species of “nettosuchid” caimans [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : alligatoridae : caimaninae ] added .
one new genus and species , and two new species of ziphosuchian crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia : ziphosuchia ] added .
an alternative phylogeny of mesoeucrocodylians [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia ] added .
a new species of gymnophthalmid lizards [ reptilia : diapsida : lepidosauria : squamata : scincomorpha : teiioidea : gymnophthalmidae ] added .
a new elasmosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : elasmosauroidea : elasmosauridae ] added .
a new rhomaleosaurid ( ? ) pliosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : pliosauroidea : ] added .
a new choristodere [ reptilia : diapsida : neodiapsida : choristodera ] and and a revison of the group .
a new fossil species of side - necked turtles [ reptilia : parareptilia : testudinata : pleurodira : podocnemidae ] added .
a new basal stegocephalian [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : elpistostegalia : stegocephalia ] added .
revision of tetrapodomorph sarcopterygians [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : tetrapodomorpha ] added .
a new species of tonguefishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : pleuronectiformes : cynoglossidae ] added .
a new species of scorpionfish [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : scorpaeniformes : scorpaenoidei : scorpaenidae ] added .
two new species of geophagine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : geophaginae ] added .
five new species and a new genus of ptychochromine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : ptychochrominae ] added .
some missing fossil lutjanids and two new fossil genera [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : lutjanidae ] added .
revision of some eocene sparids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : sparidae ] added .
a new species of killifishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontoidei : cyprinodontidae : cyprinodontinae : orestiini ] added .
a new species of parasitic catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : trichomycteridae : stegophilinae ] added .
a new species of auchenipterid catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : auchenipteridae ] added .
three missing species of madtoms [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : ictaluridae : noturus ] added .
a new species of the rasborine genus raiamas [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : cypriniformes : cyprinoidea : cyprinidae : rasborinae ] added .
a new species of bony - tongue fishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : osteoglossomorpha : osteoglossiformes : ? osteoglossidae ] added .
a new species and several missing ones of gyracanthid acanthodians [ acanthodii : †“ climatiiformes ” : † climatiida : † gyracanthidae ] added .
a new genus and species of pteraspidid agnathans [ vertebrata : “agnatha” : pteraspidomorphi : heterostraci : pteraspidiformes : pteraspididae ] added .
two new fossil lampreys [ chordata : craniata : vertebrata : hyperoartia ] added .
a new species of hagfishes [ chordata : craniata : myxini : myxinidae ] added .
revision of ants [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : aculeata : vespoidea : formicidae ] added .
several species of pelecinid wasps [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : pelecinidae ] added .
revison of adephaga [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : coleoptera ] and some species added .
some palaeontinid hemipterans [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera : hemiptera : auchenorryncha ] added .
a revison of the sphaeropsocid psocodea [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera ] and genera and species added .
partial revision of web - spinners [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : embiodea ] and a new genus and species added .
a new species and some missng species of rock crawlers [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : notoptera : mantophasmatodea ] added and a partial revision of the group .
a new fossil species and recent european species of julid diplopods [ arthropoda : myriapoda : diplopoda : julida ] , and a revision of diplopod myriapods added .
revision of hoplocaridan crustaceans [ arthropoda : schizoramia : crustacea : malacostraca : hoplocarida ] and fossil and recent genera of mantis shrimps added .
some missing families and genera nad species of sea scorpions [ arthropoda : schizoramia : chelicerata : eurypterida ] added .
revision of nepeid trilobites [ arthropoda : schizoramia : lamellipedia : trilobita : ptychopariida : nepeidae ] added .
a new genus and species of lobopods [ protostoma : arthropodomorpha : lobopoda ] added .
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ardiç - mordoğan is a new fossil mammal locality in the karaburun peninsula of western turkey . among its fauna , which is described here , the carnivores are especially interesting , with the most complete specimens ever found of percrocuta miocenica and of a primitive species of hyaenid , of which a new subspecies is described , protictitherium intermedium paralium . this fauna is strongly reminiscent of those of sever - al other middle miocene localities in this area , çandir , paşalar and inönü in turkey , and prebreza in serbia , and they must all belong to the same mammalian zone . their ungulates attest an open environment which must have been widespread in the turko - balkanic area in serravallian times .
ardiç - mordoğan ist ein neue fundstelle auf der karaburun - halbinsel in der westtürkei . unter ihre fauna , das ist hier beschreibt , sind die carnivoren besonders interessant , mit die vollständigste bekannten exemplaren von percrocuta miocenica und von eine primitiv hyänen - art , von welche ein neue unterart , protictitherium intermedium paralium , beschreibt ist . die fauna stark gleicht die von mehrere anderen mittelmiozän lagerstatten in derselben gebiet : çandir , paşalar und inönü in türkei , und prebreza in serbien , und sie müssen sich allen zu dieselben mammal - zone gehören . seinen huftieren bezeugen ein offenes umwelt , das bei der türko - balkanisch gebiet in serravallien zeit verbreiten mussten .
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