powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina , known as one of the amber snails , is a subspecies of large , carnivorous land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae .

powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina

worms - world register of marine species - powelliphanta hochstetteri ( l . pfeiffer , 1862 )
the holotype of powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina . the holotype is the standard against which to measure similarities between related species as well as differences that may lead to recognition of new species .
. 5–7 . —pa yphanta ( powelliphanta ) hochstetteri ( pfeiffer ) . subgenotype . x 1 .
type : helix hochstetteri pfeiffer , mal . bl . , viii , 146 , 1862 ( see pi . 6 , figs . 5–8 ) .
powelliphanta will include all new zealand species previously included in paryphanta except the type of that genus , p . busbyi ( gray , 1840 ) which is confined to the north auckland peninsula .
p . busbyi ( pi . 5 ) has a very thick coating of conchin , as well as an inner limy shell , and specimens are not infrequently found in north auckland pleistocene dune deposits which have weathered down to a strong , limy shell even when all the conchin has gone . all other new zealand paryphantas have a flexible shell composed chiefly of conchin with a much reduced limy layer , so that they generally collapse soon after death . powelliphanta is known in a sub - fossil condition only in limestone caves where replacement of conchin by lime has apparently occurred . empty , “dead” shells of some species of powelliphanta , which are mostly conchin with practically no inner limy shell , such as gagei , fletcheri , rossiana and spedeni , are sometimes so collapsed and distorted when found that they appear worthless as specimens . they can usually be restored , however , by soaking in very hot water , but on no account must they be lifted out until the water is absolutely cold . in most cases , if this is done , it will be found that the shape has been brought back without any alteration in colour . on no account must any of the other coloured species be treated in this way , otherwise the colour will be spoilt .
the australian and tasmanian species of paryphanta ( i . e . , victaphanta and melavitrina , ( iredale , 1933 ) agree with paryphanta busbyi in shell colour , in radula characters , and it is likely that they have the same type of egg , while in new zealand , the genus wainuia has comparable shell colouration . it would appear that the production of limy eggs without cuticle , and the possession of a uniformly dark coloured conchin coating to the shell are primitive features shared by wainuia , p . busbyi and the australian species [ v . atramentaria ( shuttleworth , 1853 ) , v . compacta ( cox and hedley , 1912 ) , m . milligani ( pfeiffer , 1854 ) ] , and that the variously complicated colour patterns , and cuticled eggs of the hochstetteri—lignaria—gilliesi series are specialised characters . to give taxonomic recognition to these differences , which are accompanied by anatomical differences ( murdoch , 1904 ) , the two groups may therefore be separated sub - generically .
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notes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus .
[ read before wellington branch , october 26 , 1944 ; received by the editor , october 26 , 1944 ; issued separately , june , 1945 . ]
, and , in the process , have acquired quite a good range of their eggs . of the latter , most have not previously been described , and as they are of interest , i have compiled a list of measurements and other data concerning the eggs of the various species and subspecies available .
it may be noted that the eggs are not as easily procured as some people imagine . their finding entails a lot of hard work in searching amongst leaf mould , or , as an alternative , they may be obtained by shutting up live captive snails in damp moss in the hope that they will lay . although the latter method is uncertain , it is the way by which most of the specimens have been obtained . if the captives do not lay in a few days , or at the most , in say a fortnight , it is practically certain that no eggs will be obtained from them , and the collector often shuts up snails to no purpose . in odd cases , where laying has occurred after some time in captivity , the eggs are generally not normal , owing no doubt to uncongenial conditions . the usual laying period is late october , november , and early december , but in one case—i . e . , spedeni , new - laid eggs have been taken in march .
the eggs are generally deposited in leaf mould . as i have not obtained many in natural conditions , there are few records of the numbers usually laid together . mrs . i . worthy informs me that she has found eggs of paryphanta busbyi at kaeo in nests of 3 , 5 , 8 and 10 . rhytida eggs are found in larger numbers , viz : r . dunniœ 8 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 19 ( mrs . worthy ) ; r . greenwoodi 9 , 14 , 22 , 25 , 26 ; r . patula , 3 to 9 ; schizoglossa : 4 , 9 , 14 , but generally about 9 . wainui : unfortunately i omitted to take an exact count of those i found , but mr . r . a . prouse , of levin , has found them in nests of 4 , 5 , 9 and 13 .
paryphanta eggs are all large in relation to the size of the shell and animal , but the most remarkable case is that of p . spedeni , a snail which reaches a maximum size of 40 mm . and produces an egg up to the amazing size of 11 . 5 mm . , or . 2875 of its parent ' s major shell dimension—truly this species is the “kiwi” of the family . shape of the eggs is seldom constant ; most are oval , and in one species , unicolorata , they occasionally are completely round .
[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]
without cuticle ( pi . 5 ; fig . 4 ) . all other new zealand paryphanta species have eggs with a glossy membranous cuticle ( pi . 6 , fig . 8 ) , which , when the egg is new laid , is always of a pale buff colour , but which after preservation very seldom keeps its colour . they are very hard to preserve , especially when not treated . the best method of treatment is to puncture a small hole in the side , place in methylated spirits for , say 24 hours , then dry out slowly in a cool place . never dry out quickly , or in a hot room , as the percentage of breakages then would be very high . even when treated as above , quite a number will break . after treatment the eggs alter in colour to brown or palish green .
eggs found in leaf mould , which are not known to be freshly laid , are nearly always either dark brown or badly stained , an effect possibly due to development of the embryo , and to contact with the leaf mould .
the difference in egg structure between paryphanta busbyi and the more southern members of the genus is paralleled by differences in shell shape , structure and colour . in his first paper on the family , powell ( 1930 , p . 32 ) stated : —
“the species of paryphanta in new zealand are covered by two groups , occupying two distinct areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 300 miles . the northern area is represented by p . busbyi , a shell having a uniformly dark greenish - black coating of conchin , while the southern area is represented by seven distinct species and three sub - species , all differing from the northern busbyi in being variously coloured and banded . ”
the number of species and sub - species , of course , has been much added to since the above was written .
alternating and contrasting colours . more important is the paucity of lime compared with conchin in the shell .
distribution : north island of new zealand , in and south of the ruahine range ( possibly once as far north as east cape ) and south island .
( for list , see powell , 1938 , pp . 140 , 141 . )
the sub - genus is named in recognition of the great service rendered to the study of the family by mr a . w . b . powell .
the writer is indebted to mr . j . t . salmon for the fine photographic illustrations accompanying this paper , and to the various collectors who have generously provided material as acknowledged in the table .
—— 1938 . the paryphantidae of new zealand no . iv . rec . auck . mus . , vol . ii , no . 3 , pp . 133–150 .
. 1–3 . —paryphanta ( paryphanta ) busbys ( gray ) . genotype . x 1 .
transactions of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 75 , part i , pp . 57–64 , 2 text figs .
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
the paryphantidae of new zealand . 3 . further new species of paryphanta and wainuia ( primary title ) records of the auckland institute and museum , 2 ( 1 ) , 29 - 41 ( other title ) a . w . b . powell 1936
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atelopus andinus , the andes stubfoot toad , is a species of toad in the family bufonidae endemic to peru .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers .

atelopus andinus

atelopus pulcher andinus — peters , 1973 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 145 : 42 .
atelopus andinus — lötters and de la riva , 1998 , j . herpetol . , 32 : 481 - 488 .
atelopus spumarius andinus rivero , 1968 , caribb . j . sci . , 8 : 23 . holotype : amnh 43200 ( erroneously cited as 4300 in the original publication , according to lötters , 1996 , neotrop . toad genus atelopus : 49 ) . type locality :
upper biabo valley , perú
.
can be differentiated from other atelopus species by its grandular skin and color pattern . specifically ,
rivero , j . a . ( 1968 ) . ' ' more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . ' '
duellman , w . e . , lynch , j . d . ( 1969 ) . ' ' description of atelopus tadpoles and their relevance to the atelopoid classication . ' '
the species authority is : rivero , j . a . 1968 . more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . caribbean journal of science : 19 - 29 .
lotters , s . ( 2003 ) . ' ' on the systematics of the harlequin frogs ( amphibia : bufonidae : atelopus ) from amazonia . iii : a new , remarkably dimorphic species from the cordillera azul , peru . ' '
there are no reports of chytridiomycosis impacting this atelopus species , but it is presumed to be susceptible to this pathogen , which is now causing amphibian declines in northern peru . it is possible that populations of this species at lower altitudes might be able to survive an outbreak of the disease .
is diurnal . when these frogs lay eggs , they come out in stringed clusters that are unpigmented in torrential streams . based on the study of other atelopus tadpoles , it could be likely that tadpoles of this species would possess a large ventral mouth , suctorial disk , a median anal tube , and breathe by using buccal pumping . ( duellman and lynch 1969 ) . these frogs prey primarily on small insects and other small organisms ( lotters 2003 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
justification : listed as critically endangered because of a population decline , projected to be more than 50 % over the next 10 years , inferred from the possible impact of chytridiomycosis on this species .
this species is restricted to the upper río biabo valley ( northern versant of the cordillera azul ) ( departamento de san martín ) , the río pisqui , ( departamento loreto ) , and río cachiyacu ( on the border of departamentos san martín and loreto ) , peru . its recorded altitudinal range is 1 , 000 - 2 , 000m asl .
there is no information on its current population status , but it has been seen as recently as 2004 near iquitos .
it is a terrestrial species restricted to submontane tropical forest . breeding is thought to take place in streams . this species is presumed to be susceptible to habitat change and is therefore not expected to occur in any modified or degraded habitats
this species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . given the susceptibility of this species to chytridiomycosis , successful conservation measures are likely to require some form of disease management programme and the maintenance of captive populations .
stefan lötters , antonio salas , ariadne angulo , javier icochea , robert reynolds , enrique la marca . 2004 .
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are slender toads with type male of this species reach 28 mm and type female 34 . 9 mm in terms of total length . the head is approximately as long as it is wide . total leg length is slightly shorter than snout vent length . and the foot is about a third of the snout vent length . their skin is highly granular with a spiny texture that is concentrated on their eyelids , dorsolatera area , and posterior end . the limbs are less granular . otherwise the description is similar to that of
by having more dense tubercles , especially on the eyelid , dorsolateral area , and posterior end . additionally , the dorsolateral band and dorsal spots are tan instead of ranging from green to green - yellow in
has a black dorsum with a tan dorsolateral band and tan dorsal spots ( rivero 1968 ) . they exhibit bright colors , which serve as visual warnings that these frogs do secrete toxins in their skin ( lotters 2003 ) .
species are habitat degradation , destruction , and disease . currently the population is declining . this species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . a disease management program is likely needed for successful conservation due to this species vulnerability to chytridiomycosis ( lotters et al . 2004 ) .
lötters , s . , salas , a . , angulo , a . , icochea , j . , reynolds , r . , la marca e . ( 2004 ) .
. in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 11 april 2014 .
taylor bonnet ( taylor62591 at gmail . com ) , university of nevada , reno
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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upper río biabo valley in the amazon basin of eastern peru ( departamentos san martín and loreto ) , 1000 - 2000 m elevation .
see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 160 . lötters , 2005 , in rueda - almonacid et al . ( eds . ) , ranas arlequines : 55 , provided a brief account .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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coralliophila aedonia is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

the world register of marine species ( worms ) states that the subgenus murex ( pseudomurex ) has been brought into synonymy with pseudomurex monterosato , 1872 , leaving the status of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius unchanged .

the genus pseudomurex in turn has been brought into synonymy with coralliophila h. adams & a. adams , 1853 by m. oliverio in 2008 .

this genus contains the species coralliophila ( pseudomurex ) aedonia .

therefore , there is good reason to believe that both species are synonyms .

coralliophila aedonia

worms - world register of marine species - coralliophila aedonia ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
matthew fowler added text to
coralliophila abbreviata ( short abbreviate coral shell )
on
coralliophila abbreviata ( lamarck , 1816 )
.
no one has contributed data records for coralliophila robillardi yet . learn how to contribute .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from coralliophila to their own page .
explore what eol knows about coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) .
globose coralsnail - coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to clemam to clemam ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to clemam ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to pesi ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to itis
( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) haas f . ( 1949 ) . on some deepsea mollusks from bermuda . buttletí de la institució calalana d ' història natural 37 : 69 - 73 page ( s ) : 69 - 70 [ details ]
watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 .
in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .
challenger
, zoology .
in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .
challenger
, zoology
date of publication 1886 according to low & evenhuis , 2013 ( zootaxa 3701 ( 4 ) : 401–420 ) , but pp . 1 - 608 marked
1885
, pp . 609 - 756 marked
1886
online electronic edition at the library of 19th century science , prepared by dr . david c . bossard , dartmouth college , hanover new hampshire
ambon for bittium diplax r . b . watson , 1886 ascension exclusive economic zone for rissoa ( setia ) triangularis r . b . watson , 1886 azores exclusive economic zone for rissoa quisquiliarum r . b . watson , 1886 brazilian exclusive economic zone for rissoa rustica r . b . watson , 1886 fijian part of the south pacific ocean for phosinella transenna ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) hawaiian exclusive economic zone for rissoa scopulorum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium leucocephalum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 new south wales for bittium furvum r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa edwardiensis r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa transenna r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium porcellanum r . b . watson , 1886 south atlantic for onoba aedonis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) tonga for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 torres strait for bittium xanthum r . b . watson , 1886 tristan da cunha exclusive economic zone for rissoa philomelae r . b . watson , 1886
referred to by watson ( 1886 : 468 ) as
turritella fastigiata , adams and reeve ,
samarang
1840 , p . 48 , sp . 8 , pl . . . .
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ( original combination )
watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .
challenger
, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . 181 - 182 , pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]
( of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .
challenger
, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 181 - 182 ; pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]
note off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43°s , . . .
type locality off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43°s , 12 . 48°w , 185 - 277 m ) [ details ]
distribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hyères , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately . . .
distribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hyères , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately common in 280 m - 1180 m . [ details ]
garrigues b . & lamy d . ( 2017 ) . muricidae récoltés en guyane au cours de l’expédition la planète revisitée . xenophora taxonomy . 15 : 29 - 38 . [ details ]
biology type of larval development : planktotrophic , inferred from multispiral protoconch . [ details ]
diagnosis shell fusiform , rather solid , up to 20 mm high . protoconch of 3 . 3 whorls , with latge pustulose protoconch 1 and sculpture formed by two spiral keels and small , interrupted axial riblets on protoconch 2 . teleoconch of 7 - 8 whorls , rather convex with deep suture . sculpture of strong , high , slightly prosocline axial folds developed throughout and hardly fainting on the last part of the body whorl ; spiral sculpture of numerous , squamose spiral cordlets overruning the folds and alternating stronger and lesser . body whorl making up ca . 70 % of total height , with regularly rounded profile towards the periphery , distinclly constricted around the siphonal canal whic is marked by a prominent fasciole . aperture rounded , outer lip somewhat thickened internally with small denticles reaching far inside , columellar and parietal edge bordered by a narrow , appressed callus . colour whitish , tending to ivory . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .
challenger
, zoology : 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 and caecidae pl . 1 - 3
( watson , 1886 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


synodontis budgetti , known as budgett 's synodontis , is a species of upside-down catfish native to benin , cameroon , central african republic , côte d'ivoire , mali , niger , and nigeria where it occurs in lake nokoue and the niger .

it was first described by belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger in 1911 , from specimens collected in lokoja , nigeria .

the species name budgetti comes from name of the collector of the original specimen , j.s. budgett .

synodontis budgetti

lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . ©
synodontis
may also squeak when they are taken out of the water .
a comparative study of the effect of six different preservation techniques was carried out using two fish species : synodontis budgetti and clarias gariepinus for four weeks . the results revealed that there was a significant loss in crude protein and a considerable gain in fat contents ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all thed preservation techniques . the highest loss in protein was recorded in refrigerated synodontis budgetti with 14 % , while the least loss in protein was recorded in oven dried sample with 6 . 11 % . there was no significant loss in ash and nitrogen free extract ( nfe ) , during the study period . it is concluded that it is best to consume fresh fish as protein deterioration occurred in all the preservation techniques employed in this study .
gonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria .
gonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria . | open access journals
in this study , the sex ratio of 1 : 1 . 35 in favour of females is similar to that reported for synodontis schall in asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] . however , imevbore observed almost equal proportion of male and female for s . gambiensis ( i : i ) , hemisyonodontis membraceous ( i : i ) , s . budgetti ( 1 : 050 ) and s . violaceous ( 1 : 077 ) from river niger [ 17 ] . according to araoye , a higher female population can reduce competition among males for courtship activities with the females during the season of reproduction [ 10 ] .
musschoot , t . , and p . lalèyè . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 13031331 .
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .
fossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .
6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a–b ) … synodontis
olatunde aa . some aspects of the biology of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1801 ) in zaria . j aquatic sci . 1989 ; 4 : 49 - 54 .
day , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548552 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193202 .
sanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 8999 .
willoughby ng . the buoyancy and orientation of the upside - down catfishes of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluroidei ) . j zool . 1976 ; 80 : 291 - 314 .
araoye pa , jeje cy . the diet of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1901 ) in asa dam , ilorin . nigerian j sci . 1999 ; 33 : 67 - 76 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 8597 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98113 .
most medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99154 .
synodontis is a common mochokid genus in many lakes and rivers in tropical africa [ 1 ] . in nigeria , there are about 18 species and these are of great commercial importance [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] .
araoye pa . morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) in asa lake ilorin , nigeria . j aquatic sci . 2001 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .
synodontis schall is widely distributed and abundant in the jamieson river , a tributary of the coastal benin river in the niger - delta . they are tasty , much cherished by the local riverine inhabitants and supports a thriving fisheries .
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294300 .
halim aia , guma ' a sa . some aspects of the reproductive biology of synodontis schall ( bloch - schneider , 1801 ) from the white nile near khartoum . hydrobiologia . 1989 ; 179 ( 3 ) : 243 - 251 .
sadiku soe , olademeji aa . relationship of proximate composition of lates niloticus ( l ) synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider ) and sarotherodon . galilaeus . nigerian j fisheres . 1991 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 244 .
koblmüller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .
adedeji ra , araoye pa . study and characterization in the growth of body parts of synodontis schal ( pisces ; mochokidae ) from asa dam ilorin , nigeria . nigerian j fisheres . 2006 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 214 .
oni sk . , olayemi jy , adegboye jo . comparative physiology of three ecologically distinct fresh water fishes , alestes nurse : reppell , synodontis schall bloch and schneider and tilapia zilli : gervais . j fish biol . 1983 ; 22 : 105 - 109 .
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .
friel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 312 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the ogôoué river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 4556 .
de weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngounié and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121128 .
nine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .
even more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .
beyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .
based largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized ‘species flocks’ of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this ‘flock’ is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .
the testicular and ovarian cycle of synodontis schall in this investigation can be divided into five stages - immature , recovery , maturing , ripe and spawning . all the gonad stages showed visible morphological and histological changes during development . these changes , which occurred during the maturation processes , conformed to the general pattern of development of the gonads in most teleosts [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] .
dorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . ©
little is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .
in addition to being numerous and widespread on the african continent , the mochokidae are actually quite diverse in terms of morphology . mochokids are small to medium sized catfishes , ranging from less than 40 mm sl as an adult in certain species of chiloglanis and microsynodontis , up to a reported 800 mm sl in some species of synodontis . most of the larger species are in the genus synodontis ; still , the majority of those are less than 300 mm sl . the morphology of mochokids is notably diverse aside from size as well ; the size and shape of the mouth and the shape of the body are notable examples . most mochokids exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , with papillose lips and , more often than not , branched mandibular barbels ( e . g . , most synodontis ) . species exhibiting this type of mouth are quite often deep bodied and somewhat triangular in lateral view , their greatest depth being at the base of the dorsal spine . yet others with this same type of mouth tend to be more cylindrical along their entire length ( microsynodontis and few synodontis ) . species of chiloglanis , atopodontus , atopochilus and euchilichthys exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , but it is formed as a sucker - like oral disc , wherein the lower lip is greatly expanded and incorporates the mandibular barbels . here , the body shape tends to be quite cylindrical or depressed and the head is quite often greatly depressed . some mochokids do not possess a ventrally directed mouth . mochokiella paynei , acanthocleithron chapini and members of the genus mochokus have mouths that are only slightly subterminal ; while the mandibular barbels are still branched , the lips are not nearly as fleshy . here , again , the body shape tends to be relatively cylindrical .
figure 2 : photomicrographs showing changes in testes of synodontis schall ( a & b ) transverse section of the immature and maturing testes showing spermatogonia ( sp ) and clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes ( ps & ss ) with a few spermatids ( s ) . ( c & d ) ripe and spawning testes showing active spermatogenesis . sperm ducts distended with spermatozoa ( sz ) . mag . x400 in a , b , d & d .
the mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes . ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .
results from this investigation , showed that fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight logarithmic relationships were more highly correlated and significant than the fecundity - total length relationship . similar observation was reported by araoye for s . schall [ 10 ] , but halim and guma ' a noted a high correlation between fecundity and body length for same species from the white nile near khartoum [ 9 ] . the positive correlation between fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight may be attributed to the high fecundity characteristic of members of the genus synodontis [ 10 ] .
the fecundity of 81 ripe females of synodontis schall from jamieson river ranged from 1530 - 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the total lengths of these ripe specimens range from 19 . 40cm to 26 . 20cm with body weights of 73 . 62gm to 252 . 15gm and ovary weights of 2 . 30gm to 28 . 41gm . maximum fecundity was recorded from a fish measuring 21 . 70gm in total length and 138 . 69gm in body weight and the minimum , from a fish measuring 24 . 80gm in total length and 131 . 71gm in body weight .
figure 3 : photomicrographs showing changes in the ovary of synodontis schall . ( a & b ) transverse section of immature and recovery ovaries showing oogonia ( o ) ( c ) the maturing ovary with primary vitellogenic oocyte ( pvo ) , showing increase in size and accumulation of yolk granules ( yg ) droplets . ( d ) the ripe ovary with secondary vitellogenic oocytes ( svo ) and post - vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) . ( e ) the spawning ovary with hyaline post vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) ready for spawning . mag x100 in a , d & e ; x160 in b and x200 in c .
monthly samples of synodontis schall were collected from four locations in the river from october 2010 and october 2011 . the fish samples were obtained from hired fishermen who carried out fishing between 0730 - 1200h during the day and 0200 - 0400h in the night . the principal gears employed in all the sampling zones were cast nets ( 35 - 55 mm stretched mesh size ) and gill nets ( 20 - 70 mm stretched mesh size ) . fish samples caught were transported in an ice box from the fishing site to the laboratory . routine measurements of length ( standard and total ) were taken to the nearest 0 . 1 cm and specimens were weighed to the nearest 0 . 1 g .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a nondescript but fairly common import .
pigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .
many mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .
in the juvenile stage , the ovary consists of very small spherical oogonia and a few primary oocytes , constituting the first growth phase or previtellogenesis . the recovery and maturing stages constitute the second growth phase or vitellogenesis ; which is characterised by rapid growth . during this period oocytes increase rapidly in size due to accumulation of yolk materials in the oocytes cytoplasm . next is the ripe and spawning stages which consist mainly of secondary vitellogenic and post - vitellogenic oocytes . this is the period of oocyte maturation , when oocytes had accumulated enough yolk , become matured and ripe and ready for ovulation and spawning . similar observations were reported for synodontis schall from asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] , african lungfish ( protopterus annectens ) from river niger [ 21 ] and tilapia mariae and chromidotilapia guentheri from jamieson river [ 22 , 23 ] . however , araoye , who worked on same species as in the present study , only examined the morphological features of the gonads [ 10 ] . the use of histological descriptions is important in clearly separating the different maturity stages and enables one to access correctly the level of reproductive activity ( fertility ) of a measured fish specimen .
absolute fecundity of s . schall ranged from 1530 to 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the estimate of fecundity in the present study was much lower than the estimates reported for same species ( 10 , 000 - 90 , 000 eggs ) [ 9 ] and ( 7910 to 64 , 450 eggs ) [ 10 ] . although , the ovary weights of the specimens ( 6 . 30 - 43 . 75g ) from asa lake were observed to be larger in size than those of the present study ( 2 . 30 - 28 . 41gm ) . however , similar fecundity estimates were reported for s . batensoda ( 6850 - 20 , 400 eggs ) and s . nigrita ( 952 - 11 , 400 eggs ) from lake kainji [ 26 ] . the change in fecundity estimation could be due to different environmental conditions in which these different populations live . in general , compared to most freshwater fishes , willoughby , noted that members of - the genus synodontis have always exhibited high fecundity and this can be attributed to the small size of their eggs [ 26 ] . according to olatunde , high fecundity is an advantage because of the continued existence of fish which depends on the number of eggs hatched and their survival to adult stage [ 4 ] .
400mm or 15 . 7
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
first lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .
africa : niger and ouémé rivers , nokoue lake . also known from the bénoué .
sinking catfish pellets are taken , frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp are eagerly devoured , will also take algae wafers and most other commercially prepared foods .
a sandy substrate is best but a smooth rounded gravel will suffice . prefers wood to stone . must have its own hideaway in the form of a cave or pipe .
more suited to the larger community . as with many other catfish species it will eat what it can fit into its mouth so no small tetras .
does well with larger barbs ( such as tinfoil and lemon barbs ) . will tolerate other catfish so long as they are no competition . a good fish for the larger cichlid aquarium .
catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa v . 2 - pp403 - fig . 305
( 1 ) synodont _ fan , ( 2 ) mrfishydude , ( 3 ) arapaimag , ( 4 ) mcjlance , ( 5 ) n0body of the goat , who also notes :
very stocky ~ 15cm sl catfish , very outgoing and diurnal for a syno ,
troy
is often one of the first to greet me when looking into the 6 - foot african tank .
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catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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mochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .
lateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . ©
vigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .
1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2
1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5
2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e–f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) … chiloglanis
2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3
3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) … atopodontus
3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4
4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus
4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys
5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c–f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6
5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7
6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) … microsynodontis
7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron
7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8
chapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130135 .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1628 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the ogôoué and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 1323 .
jubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .
ng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 113 .
otero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141169 .
roberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151178 .
sato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 5859 .
seegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . musée royal de lafrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1407 .
seegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .
stewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177230
vigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73136 .
winemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 10431061 .
wisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 4570 .
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. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .
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entsua - mensah , m . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
this species is found in the niger basin , including the benue . the specimens reported from the ouémé by poll ( 1971 ) belong to s . melanopterus .
this is a benthopelagic species of 39 . 7 cm tl . recorded size at maturity is 20 . 1 cm tl for female and 22 . 4 cm tl for male in kainji lake in nigeria .
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greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 2 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 6 - 20 . tropical ; 22°c - 27°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10°n - 4°n
africa : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 ) . report from the ouémé ( benin ) ( ref . 3202 ) refers to misidentified s . melanopterus specimens ( see dvd version of ref . 57223 ) . report from the chari - logone ( chad basin ) in central african republic ( see map in ref . 57223 ) questionable .
maturity : l m ? , range 20 - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; anal spines : 0 . diagnosis : gill slits not extending ventrally beyond pectoral - fin insertions ; maxillary barbels distinctly fringed , longer than head , unbranched and lacking tubercles , but with a broad , long and dark basal membrane ; outer mandibular barbels with few simple , short ramifications , inner mandibular barbels with tuberculate , subdivided branches ; mandibular teeth moderately developed , numbering 45 - 64 ( 64 in the holotype ) ; denticulations on pectoral - fin spines weaker on outer than on inner margin ; dorsal - fin spine smooth anteriorly ; first ray of dorsal and pectoral fins , as well as both caudal - fin lobes extended into filaments ; humeral process pointed , granulose , its ventral margin keeled and bearing 3 backward - pointing spines ( sometimes only 1 or 2 in young individuals ) ; adipose fin normally developed and distinctly separated from rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 57223 ) . coloration : ground colour uniformly greenish - yellow ; series of black spots sometimes present on fins in young individuals ( ref . 57223 ) .
oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .
oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
paugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . lévêque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saumâtres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .
africa : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 )
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boulenger , george a . 1911 . catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . , london . vol . 2 : i - xii , 1 - 529 .
anonymous ( 1998 ) fisheries statistical bulletin , kainji lake , northern nigeria , 1997 . : nigerian - german kainji lake fisheries promotion project technical report series 9 . 29pp .
baensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1995 ) aquarien atlas . band 4 . : mergus verlag gmbh , verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
gosse , j . - p . ( 1986 ) mochokidae . : p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 .
olaosebikan , b . d . and a . raji ( 1998 ) field guide to nigerian freshwater fishes . : federal college of freshwater fisheries technology , new bussa , nigeria . 106 p .
varjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlström ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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department of animal and environmental biology faculty of life sciences , university of benin , benin city , nigeria .
biological studies of s . schall have been reported [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . however , only few reports exist on the aspects of its reproduction . the morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of s . schall from asa lake , ilorin nigeria has been studied [ 9 , 10 ] . reproductive biology is an important branch of fishery science and it is useful in fish culture and management . the ultimate aim of fisheries management is to attain sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources and this requires a proper understanding of the population dynamics of the fish stock . reproductive biology is one of the major factors influencing the dynamics of a given population .
the present study was therefore undertaken with a view to contributing to the reproductive biology of s . schall in nigeria , with emphasis on the histology of its gonads which clearly assist in separating the different stages of gonadal development .
the study was carried out in the jamieson river ( 5°41’ - 5°58’e ; 5°54’ - 6°08’n ) , one of the two confluent tributaries of benin river ( fig . 1 ) . it takes its origin from ugboko - niro and flows in a south - westerly direction , 70 km , to sapele , where it empties into the benin river , which discharges into the atlantic ocean at the bight of benin .
figure 1 : map of study area ( a ) south - west coastal zone of nigeria showing the location of river jamieson ( b ) the course of river jamieson showing the sampling zones .
jamieson river lies in an area with a tropical rainforest climate . two main seasons prevail ; the wet ( may to october ) and dry season from november to april the following year . the river flows all year round with the highest level and discharges during the flood period ( july - november ) . the river is subjected to tidal inundation from the benin river at the sapele - sakponba stretch . the fringing plants consists mainly of cyrtosperma senegalense ( schott ) egnl . , lonchocarpus griffonianus dunn , anthocleista vogelii planch , pandanus candelabrum p . beauv and crinum jagus thomps .
the fish samples were dissected , sexed and the state of the gonads were recorded [ 11 ] . ovaries and testes were detached and weighed to the nearest 0 . 01g . the data on the body and gonad weights were used to compute the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) [ 12 ] .
immature ovaries and all stages of testes were fixed in bouin’s fluid . for specimens with maturing to mature ovaries , one of the ovaries was fixed in bouin’s fluid and the other in gilson’s fluid . all gonads fixed in bouin’s fluid were later processed , embedded in paraffin , sectioned at 4 - 6μm , stained with haematoxylin and eosin and used for histological evaluation [ 13 ] .
ovaries preserved in gilson’s fluid , had their eggs separated from the ovarian tissues by frequent vigorous agitation of the specimen bottles after a week . the eggs were then cleaned thoroughly by rinsing with the fixative three to four times and the number of eggs in each pair of ovaries was determined by direct enumeration . size frequency distribution of intraovarian oocytes was determined by measuring the diameter of one hundred oocytes taken at random from anterior , middle and posterior region of five ripe female specimens [ 14 ] . the egg diameters were measured with a calibrated micrometer mounted in the eye - piece of a binocular microscope [ 15 ] .


venefica procera is an eel in the family nettastomatidae ( duckbill/witch eels ) .

it was described by george brown goode and tarleton hoffman bean in 1883 , originally under the genus nettastoma .

it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the western central atlantic ocean , including north carolina , usa , suriname , the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .

it dwells at a depth range of 326 to 2,304 metres ( 1,070 to 7,559 ft ) .

males can reach a maximum total length of 109 centimetres ( 43 in ) .

venefica procera

latin , vena = vein + latin , fica , facere = to make ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 326 - 2304 m ( ref . 37039 ) . deep - water
western central atlantic : north carolina , usa to suriname , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 109 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37039 )
vertebrae : 200 - 205 . other characteristics : color brown to gray , with vertical fins edged in black and stomach and intestine black . lateral line to anus number 60 - 64 .
mceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm , 1998 . fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . university of texas press , austin . 1112p . ( ref . 37039 )
) : 4 . 6 - 10 . 7 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 217 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00060 ( 0 . 00023 - 0 . 00156 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tmax > 10 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . böhlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / böhlke , eugenia b . , ed .
fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . böhlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / böhlke , eugenia b . , ed . , 1989 : orders anguilliformes and saccopharyngiformes . fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1 . xvii + 1 - 656 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .
hanel , l . and j . novák ( 2001 ) české názvy zivočichů v . ryby a rybovití obratlovci ( pisces ) ii . , nozdratí ( sarcopterygii ) , paprskoploutví ( actinopterygii ) [ chrupavčití ( chondrostei ) , kostnatí ( neopterygii ) : kostlíni ( semionotiformes ) - bezostní ( clupeiformes ) ] . : národní muzeum ( zoologické odděleí ) , praha .
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
mceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm ( 1998 ) fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . : university of texas press , austin . 1112p .
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith , 2003 : an annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the new england region , with new area records . northeastern naturalist , vol . 10 , no . 2 . 159 - 248 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .