gelophaula trisulca is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 29 – 31 mm for males and about 33 mm for females .

the forewings of the males are deep ochreous yellow with a broad pale ochreous-yellowish median streak , suffused beneath and posteriorly .

the costal area above the streak is deep red brown , the costal edge suffused with dark leaden grey .

the dorsal third of the wing is suffused with ferruginous .

the hindwings are dark grey , tinged with blackish towards the apex and termen .

females have pale ochreous-yellowish forewings with two dark-fuscous dots in the disc .

the hindwings are pale whitish yellowish sprinkled with grey .

gelophaula trisulca

gelophaula trisulca ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 48 , 44 .
genus : gelophaula meyrick , 1923 . trans . n . z . inst . 54 : 163 . [ bhl ]
type - species : harmologa trisulca meyrick , 1916 . trans . n . z . inst . 48 : 414 . [ bhl ]
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transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1915 . [ electronic resource ]
♂ 21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax light grey , palpi moderate , ascending . antennal ciliations 1 . abdomen pale ochreous - grey , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , costa moderately arched , without fold , apex tolerably pointed , termen nearly straight , rather strongly oblique , pale grey , with scattered black scales tending to form rows ; costa rather broadly suffused with whitish , a conspicuous black dot m disc at ¾ : cilia whitish - grey . hindwings light grey : cilia whitish - grey .
arthur ' s pass , 3 , 000 ft , m december ( hudson ) ; one specimen . allied to indigestana .
♀ 33 m . head and palpi pale ochreous , palpi 4 . thorax with pale - ochreous hairs , blackish - scaled beneath . abdomen whitish - ochreous forewings elongate , moderate , slightly dilated , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen faintly sinuate , little oblique , pale ochreous - yellowish ; two dark - fuscous dots in disc before and beyond middle , just below upper margin of cell . cilia whitish , basal third pale - yellowish . hindwings pale whitish - yellowish sprinkled with grey , dorsal ⅖ suffused with grey : cilia yellow - whitish .
arthur ' s pass , 3 , 500 ft . , m december ( hudson ) , four specimens . the ♂ is much like siraea , but a larger and finer insect , more brightly coloured , the costal area of forewings very much darker than dorsal , the head and thorax without grey suffusion , whilst in siraea the costal and dorsal areas are nearly the same in colour , the costal edge distinctly whitish , and the median streak forms a distinct projection along fold ; the ♀ , however , are entirely different , siraea having grey - whitish forewings and white hindwings , whilst this species is much more like aenea . a ♂ sent by mr hudson from the hunter mountains is true siraea .
mount arthur , 4 , 500 ft , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . formerly identified by me incorrectly as siraea , of which my series was taken by myself in the same locality ( broadly speaking ) ; i now see that it must be regarded as quite distinct . there is evidently a not inconsiderable group of allied species , and other mountains should be searched for them . as the sexes are always very dissimilar , both should be obtained from the same locality if possible .
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t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )
by gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .
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eurythecta eremana ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 17 , 144 .
several bred from larvae found feeding on phyllocladus alpinus . the moths emerged early in february ( lindsay ) .
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chrysallida sarsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .

the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the chrysallida genus of gastropods .

chrysallida sarsi

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : chrysallida sarsi f . nordsieck , 1972 - id : 5364000068
^ a b gofas , s . ( 2011 ) . chrysallida sarsi nordsieck , 1972 . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 10 - 26
aartsen , j . j . van , 1977 . european pyramidellidae : i . chrysallida . conchiglie , 13 : 49 - 64 .
van der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]
^ van der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]
linden , j . van der & j . c . a . eikenboom , 1992 . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) . basteria , 56 : 3 - 36 .
van aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]
^ van aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]
van der linden , j . ; eikenboom , j . c . a . ( 1992 ) . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria . 56 ( 1 - 3 ) : 3 - 63 . , available online at urltoken ; = 596988 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van aartsen , j . j . & menkhorst , h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) . nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n evalea ) and menestho . basteria . 60 ( 1 - 3 ) : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ] . , available online at urltoken ; = 597086 [ details ]
nordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europäischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp : page ( s ) : 98 ; pl . pii fig . 4 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
on the atlantic coasts of europe . rare in brittany and only rather common on the dutch coast (
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
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^ gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
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nordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europäischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp :
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
nordsieck , 1972 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
ankel , w . e . , 1926 . lamellibranchia . in grimpe , g . & wagler , e . : die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee .
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
. pyramidellids are most often found in association with molluscs and tubiculous polychaetes . as many as 40 species occur around the british isles but most are rare , or only infrequently recorded .
aartsen , j . j . van , 1987 . european pyramidellidae : iii . odostomia and ondina . boll . malac . , 23 : 1 - 34 .
graham , alastair f . r . s . , 1988 . molluscs : prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 2 : 1 - 662 .
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
in the latter case have become adapted to every kind of habitat from abyssal oozes to oceanic surface currents .
may be adapted for grasping the substratum , for locomotion , burrowing or feeding , and is often closely associated with the head . in the gastropods the head is usually well developed , with paired sensory
head has regressed , and feeding and sensory functions are carried out by other parts of the body .
- bearing end of the animal . the main body organs of the mollusc are concentrated in the
shell , characteristic of molluscs , although secondarily absent in many taxonomic groups . the shell is three - layered , with an organic outer layer , the
are aided by cilia and mucus - secreting cells . in the bivalves , in which the whole animal lies within an enlarged
cleansing has been adapted to microphagous feeding ; the head has largely disappeared , and the mouth is equipped with pronounced labial palps for the collection of detritus - laden mucus .
in all molluscs the coelom is represented by a small cavity surrounding the heart and gonads . the blood circulatory system is open , and both blood and coelomic fluid circulate through extensive haemocoelic spaces which serve as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton . in primitive molluscs sexes are separate , fertilisation is external , and embryos develop as planktonic
poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
tebble , n . , 1966 . british bivalve seashells . 212 pp . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london .
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galerida is a genus of birds in the family alaudidae .

the current scientific name is derived from latin .

galerida was the name for a lark with a crest , from galerum , " cap " .

the name galerida is synonymous with the earlier genus names calendula , heliocorys and ptilocorys .

galerida

valter jacinto marked
galerida cristata
as hidden on the
galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )
page . reasons to hide : low quality
galerida theklae huei : s - c ethiopia ( bale mts . , arussi )
valter jacinto marked
file : galerida cristata ( crested lark ) . jpg
as trusted on the
galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )
page .
galerida cristata caucasica : e aegean is . , n turkey , s caucasus and w transcaucasia
galerida theklae theresae : sw morocco ( s from anti - atlas mts . ) and western sahara
galerida cristata kleinschmidti : nw morocco ( e to rif mts . and s to middle atlas )
galerida theklae theklae : e and s portugal , spain , balearic is . , and extreme s france
galerida cristata cinnamomina : w lebanon ( w from beirut ) and nw israel ( mt . carmel and haifa )
valter jacinto marked
n52 _ w1150
as hidden on the
galerida cristata
page . reasons to hide : low quality
jennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import , clements checklist resource , clements checklist resource , and clements checklist resource from galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : galerida theklae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
ryan , p . ( 2018 ) . large - billed lark ( galerida magnirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
move nicator species from incertae sedis to nicatoridae , which aligns with alaudidae and panuridae to form a basal trichotomy that is sister of the rest of the sylvioids ( beresford et al . 2005 , johansson et al . 2008 )
bearded reedling is not related to parrotbills , but is sister to the larks ( alaudidae ) and in turn to the rest of the sylvioidea ( ericson and johansson 2003 ; alström et al . 2006 ; fuchs et al . 2006 ; alström et al . 2013 )
( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 , alström et al . 2013 )
desert lark comprises at least 4 divergent mtdna lineages that require study and revision ( alström et al . 2013 )
a . c . arenicolor may comprise two divergent taxa ( alström et al . 2013 )
e sudan to somalia , arabia , s iraq , socotra i . , iran an pakistan
treat as monotypic . spottiswoode et al . 2013 , alström et al . 2013 .
af : sw zambia , n , ec namibia , botswana , c and e south africa .
( sinclair & ryan 2003 , hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 , alström et al . 2013 )
to cape clapper lark and range to
sw namibia , w , sc , s . africa
with split of
c myanmar to s china , c , sc thailand , cambodia , c , s vietnam .
( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 )
s sakhalin i . , s kuril is . , japan and ryukyu is .
thekla lark comprises several possible species , e . g . east african populations (
) exhibit deep genetic divergences among themselves and from mediterranean populations ( guillaumet et al . 2008 ) . correct english name to thekla ' s lark which refers to the daughter of the german ornithologist brehm ( hbw alive )
is split from crested lark ( guillaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ; alström et al . 2013 ) . correct species name is
treat erlanger ' s lark as a subspecies of blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al . 2016 )
accept recommendation by redman et al . to use shorter name of blanford ' s lark for
is a proposed split from blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al 2016 ) . includes
eu : wc turkey to s kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , ne iran and n afghanistan . also n israel , lebanon and w syria and n iraq .
s europe and nw africa to turkey ( except sc and se ) , transcaucasia and nw iran .
morocco to nw egypt , s turkey to the sinai pen . and e iraq
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
pareja en su zona de nidificación . grabado en una zona de estepa llana con hierba y matorral ralos donde existe una gran concentración de aláudidos .
el ecosistema es una zona de pequeñas parcelas cultivadas de modo tradicional y casi sin productos fitosanitarios . allí se alternan plantaciones de tomate , alfalfa , cereal , calabaza , calabacín , judías , y las lindes entre campos son de cañas y algún que otro arbusto de ricino .
zona de cultivos tradicionales en regadío con poco tratamiento de productos fitosanitarios donde se alternan pequeñas parcelas de alfalfa , calabacín , calabaza , nabo , tomate y cereal . las lindes entre campos están constituídas por cañas y algún arbusto de ricino .
un macho posado en el suelo canta realizando diversas imitaciones . grabado por audiotrampeo en una tabla de cristalización de salinas .
html public
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 17 , 700 , 000 - 24 , 500 , 000 pairs , which equates to 35 , 300 , 000 - 49 , 000 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 20 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 176 , 500 , 000 - 245 , 000 , 000 mature individuals , placed here in the range of 175 , 000 , 000 - 249 , 999 , 999 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : the population is estimated to be in decline following regional declines in recent decades , probably owing to habitat loss and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) . in europe , trends between 1982 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a steep decline ( ebcc 2015 ) . the european population decline is estimated to be less than 25 % in 11 . 4 years ( three generations ) ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
this species is threatened by agricultural intensification and over fertilization which results in overgrown vegetation in wastelands and road margins ( de juana and suárez 2004 ) . in addition the use of pesticides has also negatively affected populations ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . changes in urbanization practices , such as new housing or industrial areas being rapidly forested along with afforestation schemes and possibly , climatic change are also threats ( de juana and suárez 2004 ) .
conservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within europe . conservation actions proposed wide scale conservation measures are required for this species including the maintenance of traditional low - intensity farming practices . management should include the maintenance of mosaics of non - irrigated cereal crops , including short - term set - aside lands , arable lands and wide margins between crops without any chemical treatments . in addition research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22717383a111109755 .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing therefore the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
has sometimes been placed in monospecific calendula . see g . modesta . geographical variation largely clinal , with clines of increasing body size and decreasing bill size from w to e . birds from lesotho sometimes separated as race montivaga , but probably better merged with harei . three subspecies recognized .
clancey , 1993 – karoo areas of extreme sw namibia and w south africa ( e to griqualand west ) .
18 cm ; 35–48 g . large , heavily built , straw - coloured lark with robust bill . nominate race has fairly prominent creamy - buff to whitish supercilium , narrow dark eyestripe . . .
typical song , in flight or from ground or perch , a fast , stereotyped , slightly wheezy “tit - it . . .
semi - arid grassland and dwarf shrubland , open coastal scrub , and fields . most abundant in cereal . . .
seeds of grasses , sedges , various forbs and legumes ; also insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) , caterpillars , cockroaches ( blattodea ) , . . .
breeds chiefly during spring months aug–nov , occasionally later ( in summer ) . monogamous and territorial ; pair - members remain together . . .
largely resident ; has been suggested that it undertakes some altitudinal movements in e of range , . . .
not globally threatened . generally common to very common . has benefited from agriculture ; abundant in cereal croplands in western cape . also benefits from poor agricultural . . .
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recent molecular phylogeny of this family # r —the most comprehensive attempted to date—has recommended novel arrangements for several species and genera , including the resurrection of a number of abandoned genus - group names .
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classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .
valter jacinto marked
n52 _ w1150
as hidden on the
alauda cristata
page . reasons to hide : low quality
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provoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn
this page was last edited on 13 october 2017 , at 01 : 32 .
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