ptychites is an extinct genus of cephalopods belonging to the family ptychitidae .

these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic period , from anisian to ladinian age .

ptychites

there are no comments for prosobranchia ptychites opulentus vintage nature illustration 1904 . click here to post the first comment .
antique illustration not created by me . a beautifully illustrated fossilized prosobranchia ptychites opulentus , which was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails , land snails and freshwater snails . this taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s . it has however been proven to be polyphyletic . - - wikipedia
the middle triassic occurs chiefly in nevada and southeastern california . in the inyo range , southeastern california , about 200 feet of shaly limestones contain the following genera characteristic of the lower horizon of the middle triassic : arochordiceras , xenodiscus , hungarites , ptychites , tirolites , ceratites , and parapopanoceras .
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' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by
the paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 60 . 9 , shell diameter 132 . 5
full reference : e . t . tozer . 1994 . canadian triassic ammonoid faunas . geological survey of canada bulletin 467 : 1 - 663
type specimen : gsc 28401 . its type locality is gsc 83875 , northwest of hook lake , which is in an illyrian marine horizon in the sulphur mountain formation of canada .
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 20 . 0 , shell diameter 28 . 9
haeckel _ ammonitida . jpg : creator : ernst haeckel . derivative work : kevmin §
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken
sepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .
the marine triassic section of . america is unusually complete , and its thickness compares favorably with that of any other region . all three subdivisions - lower , middle , and upper triassic - - are represented by calcareous deposits , aggregating approximately 4 , 000 feet in thickness . of this amount , about 800 feet belong to the lower triassic , about 1 , 000 feet to the middle triassic , and about 2 , 000 feet to the upper triassic .
the entire section is not represented at any one locality , nor is the thickness of each division constant . furthermore , the marine triassic is not everywhere developed as a calcareous formation . in the united states the triassic system is represented by marine deposits only in the western states , in idaho , nevada , oregon , and california .
above the hosselkus limestone lie the pseudomonotis slates , of unknown thickness , characterized by halorites , rhabdoceras , arcestes , and pseudomonotis .
in the west humboldt range in nevada the star peak limestone , about 1 , 200 feet thick , appears to represent the hosselkus limestone , although very few fossils have ever been found in it . above the limestones lie the pseudomonotis beds , about 800 feet of shales and shaly limestones , in which are found pseudomonotis subcircularis , rhabdoceras , halorites , placites , and arcestes , an association characteristic of the noric horizon .
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original russian text © yu . d . zakharov , m . s . arkhangelsky , n . g . zverkov , i . v . borisov , a . m . popov , 2015 , published in tikhookeanskaya geologiya , 2015 , vol . 34 , no . 5 , pp . 73–80 .
a . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , “triassic ammonoidea of northern siberia ( family parapopanoceratidae ) , ” tr . igig so an sssr , no . 495 , 1–108 ( 1981 ) .
k . diner , “triassic cephalopods of primorye in east siberia , ” tr . geol . kom .
v . m . efimov , m . a . rogov , a . k . khudolei , et al . , “first reliable find of ichthyosaurus remains in the middle triassic of north siberia , ” in
( tml - press , tomsk , 2010 ) , pp . 343–345 [ in russian ] .
n . k . zharnikova , “new anisian ceratites of the family acrochordiceratidae , southern primorye , ” paleontol . zh . , no . 1 , 29–37 ( 1981 ) .
yu . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and i . v . konovalova , “ayaks bay–akhlestyshev cape , ” in
, ed . by p . v . markevich and yu . d . zakharov ( dal’nauka , vladivostok , 2004 ) [ in russian ] .
paleontological substantiation of the triassic stratigraphy of the primorye region . vol . 1 . cephalopods
. vol . 2 . late triassic mollusks , tr . vsegei . nov . ser .
a . n . oleinikov and e . b . paevskaya , “stratigraphy of the upper triassic deposits of the primorye region , ” ofioliti , no . 2 , 31–47 ( 1978 ) .
v . g . ochev and i . v . polubotko , “new finds of ichthyosaurus at the northeastern ussr , ” izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 7 , 50–55 ( 1964 ) .
i . v . polubotko and v . g . ochev , “new finds of ichthyosaurus novye in the triassic of the northeastern ussr and some notes on conditions of their deposition” izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 3 , 36–42 ( 1972 ) .
yu . n . popov , “early triassic ammonoids of the prohungarites similis zone in northern yakutia , ” paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 134–137 ( 1968 ) .
a . n . ryabinin , “ichthyosaurus from the upper triassic of the kolyma region , ” priroda ( moscow , russ . fed . ) , no . 9 , 57–58 ( 1946 ) .
m . a . shishkin and v . r . lozovskii , “labirintodont from triassic of the southern primorye , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
r . assereto , “aegean and bithynian : proposal for two new anisian substages , ” oster . akad . wiss . , schrift . erdwiss . komm
h . bucher , “ammonoids of the hyatti zone and the anisian transgression in the triassic star group , northwestern nevada , usa , ” palaeontographica . abt . a
f . m . dalla vecchia , “first record of the rare marine reptile tholodus schmidi from the middle triassic of the southern alps , ” riv . it . paleontol . strat
j . fortuny , a . bolet , a . g . selles , et al . , “new insights on the permian and triassic vertebrates from the iberian peninsula with emphasis on the pyrenean and catalonian basins , ” j . iber . geol
k . fritsch , “beitrage zur kenntnis der tierwelt der deutschen trias . ” abb . nat . ges . halle
o . jaekel , “placochelys placodonta aus der obertrias des bakony . resultate der wissenschaftlichen erforschung des balatonsees , ” palaontol . anhang . victor hornyanzky , dudapest
e . mojsisovics , “die cephalopoden der mediaterranen triasprovince , ” abhandl . kaiser - konigl . geol . reich
c . monnet , h . bucher , m . wasmer , and j . geux , “revision of the genus acrochordiceras hyatt , 1877 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) : morphology , biometry , biostratigraphy and intra - specific variability , ” palaeontol .
c . monnet , h . bucher , j . guex , and m . wasmer , “large - scale evolutionary trends of acrochordiceratidae arthaber , 1911 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) and cope’s rule , ” palaeontol .
b . uber peyer , “tholodus schmidi h . v . meyer , ” palaeontographica . abt . a
p . m . sander and j . - m . mazin , “the paleobiogeography of middle triassic ichthyosaurs : the five major faunas , ” paleontol . lomb . , n . ser ,
n . j . silberling and k . m . michols , “middle triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the humboldt range , north - western nevada , ” u . s . geol . surv . , prof . paper
e . t . tozer , “canadian triassic ammonoid faunas , ” bull . geol . surv . canada , no . 467 , 1–663 ( 1994 ) .
y . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and g . i . buryi , “triassic ammonoid succession in south primorye : 3 . late olenekian–early anisian zones , ” albertiana , no . 31 , 54–64 ( 2004 ) .
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by kenneth de baets 1 , rené hoffmann 2 , jocelyn a . sessa 3 and christian klug 4 .
other parts of the digestive tract have been found , including the oesophagus , which is sometimes preserved because it was covered by a thin layer of chitin . further examples of fossilized soft tissue are the gills , cartilage of the head ( possibly with eye capsules ) , attachment scars from the retractor muscle system responsible for pulling the head into the conch , and two questionable cases of arm relics .
figure 1 — morphology and terminology of the ammonoid conch ( modified after arkell 1957 ; korn and klug 2002 ) . far left showing section across midline .
figure 2 — internal morphology of the ammonoid conch and specimens showing rare or unusual preservations . a ) juvenile morphology of
sp . including the initial chamber and the rest of the embryonic shell , reconstructed by robert lemanis . b ) jurassic
sp . with aptychus at the bottom ( blue arrow ) , parts of the siphuncle ( red arrow ) preserved and within the body chamber , stomach contents consisting mainly of crinoid remains ( black arrow ; modified from keupp 2000 ) . c ) ct scan of the carboniferous ammonoid
with injuries attributed to stomatopod crustaceans ( red arrows ; modified after keupp 2012 ) . e ) early cretaceous specimen of the heteromorph ammonoid
in the 1970s , shell and septal strength were used to calculate how deep in the water column ammonoids could have descended to without imploding from the pressure of the water around them – at great depth , the surrounding water is much more dense than the gas inside the chambers of the phragmocone ( analogous to air inside a submarine ) . however , these implosion - depth values provide only the depth where implosion would occur ; they do not reveal the depths at which ammonites preferentially lived . the deepest record of a living nautilus comes from more than 700 metres depth , yet a nautilus implosion depth of about 800 metres is inferred from mathematical models . similar mathematical models for ammonoids mostly suggest much shallower implosion depths .
1 ) often , ammonoid species have a great variability in conch shape . these different conch shapes , however , are not necessarily linked to a distinct type of environment , based on the rock types in which they are found , and a large range of shapes can occur within a single species found in the same place . nevertheless , rare studies in which variation has been examined across different environments within the same species indicate that there could be some link ; the most frequently occurring variants change with distance from the coast , and with wave agitation . one has to be very careful not to oversimplify things by assuming anything about palaeoenvironment from conch shape alone . there might be a link , but this link needs to be determined from independent evidence .
figure 3 — evolution of coiled ammonoid shells from straight shells and the consequences for body - chamber length , aperture orientation , thrust angle of the jet they use to move , hydrodynamic stability and interpretations for swimming capabilities throughout evolution ; rightmost column shows the evolution of aperture orientation . ( modified after klug and korn 2004 ) . bcl , body chamber length ; oa , orientation of the aperture ; dcl , decoupled chamber liquid .
furthermore , other types of bite traces on different taxa were probably caused by cephalopods , fish and marine reptiles living between the bottom and the upper part of the water column . this corroborates the hypothesis that different ammonoids lived in different environments , and indicates that although shell geometry sets limits to ammonoid swimming capabilities , it does not necessarily correlate closely with mode of life or habitat .
figure 4 — habitats and sea water temperature estimated from oxygen isotope data in extant cephalopods ( left ) and ammonoids ( right ; modified from ritterbush et al . 2014 and lukeneder et al . 2010 ) .
figure 5 — ammonoid morphospace after tendler et al . ( 2015 ) using the raupian parameters w , s and d ( raup 1966 ) . w , rate of size increase of the generating curve per whorl ; d , distance between the generating curve and the coiling axis ; s , shape of the generating curve , equivalent to the cross - sectional shape of the tube ( modified after klug et al . 2016 ) .
the ammonite shell grows by continually adding layers of calcium carbonate to the leading edge or aperture of the conch , so that their entire life history is recorded in their shells , from embryo to adult ( fig . 6 ) .
figure 6 — life cycle of an ammonoid , exemplified with the late devonian genus manticoceras . modified after korn and klug ( 2007 ) .
figure 7 — origin and diversity of ammonoids and the effects of mass extinctions ( modified after ernst and klug 2011 ) .
figure 8 — sutures and septa of some ammonoids ( modified after klug & hoffmann 2015 : fig . 3 . 1 ) . a ,
( hall , 1879 ) , latest eifelian , jebel amessoui , tafilalt , morocco ; institut für geowissenschaften ( tübingen , germany ) ; diameter 15 centimetres . b ,
gordon , 1862 , middle mississippian , jackfork creek , s of ada , oklahoma ( usa ) ; pimuz 31257 ( paläontologisches institut und museum , universität zürich , switzerland ) ; diameter 43 millimetres . c ,
( mclearn 1948 ) , sgpimh no . 3181 ( universität hamburg , germany ) , triassic , spitsbergen , norway ; diameter 25 millimetres ; acid - prepared specimen with phosphatized septa and siphuncle ; from weitschat ( 1986 ) . d ,
sp . , aalenian ( jurassic ) , heiningen near göppingen , germany , whorl height 84 millimetres , staatliches museum für naturkunde stuttgart , germany , smns 23156 ( after ernst and klug 2011 ) .
despite being one of the most - studied fossil groups , the evolutionary relationships ( phylogeny ) of ammonoids are still not fully resolved ( so actually , fig . 7 should contain many question marks ) . this is largely because their phylogeny is based on their conchs , which have a limited amount of strongly varying characters ( conch morphology , septa , ornamentation ) .
nevertheless , a better understanding of conch - shape changes through ontogeny might aid in resolving the group’s phylogeny , and at least help to distinguish between superficially similar adult forms . studying variation within species by using many ammonoid conchs will contribute to understanding the value of characters in assessing evolutionary relationships .
brayard , a . , escarguel , g . , bucher , h . , monnet , c . , brühwiler , t . , goudemand , n . , galfetti , t . & guex , j . good genes and good luck : ammonoid diversity and the end - permian mass extinction . science 325 , 1118–1121 ( 2009 ) . urltoken
ernst , h . u . & klug , c . perlboote und ammonshörner weltweit . nautilids and ammonites worldwide . ( pfeil , 2011 ) . urltoken
grulke , w . heteromorph : the rarest fossil ammonites : nature at its most bizarre ( at one communications , 2014 ) . urltoken
house , m . r . the ammonoid time - scale and ammonoid evolution . geological society , london , memoirs 10 , 273–283 ( 1985 ) . doi : urltoken
kennedy , w . j . & cobban , w . a . aspects of ammonite biology , biogeography , and biostratigraphy . special papers in palaeontology 17 , 1–94 ( 1976 ) . pdf .
klug , c . , de baets , k . & korn , d . exploring the limits of morphospace : ontogeny and ecology of late viséan ammonoids from the tafilalt ( morocco ) . acta palaeontologica polonica in the press ( 2016 ) . doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 00220 . 2015
klug , c . & korn , d . the origin of ammonoid locomotion . acta palaeontologica polonica 49 , 235–242 ( 2004 ) . pdf .
klug , c . , riegraf , w . & lehmann , j . soft - part preservation in heteromorph ammonites from the cenomanian–turonian boundary event ( oae 2 ) in north - west germany . palaeontology 55 , 1307–1331 ( 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1475 - 4983 . 2012 . 01196 . x
klug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9630 - 9
klug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from macroevolution to paleogeography ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9633 - 0
korn , d . & klug , c . palaeozoic ammonoids — diversity and development of conch morphology . in earth and life ( ed talent , j . ) 491–534 ( springer , 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 3428 - 1 _ 15
kruta , i . , landman , n . , rouget , i . , cecca , f . & tafforeau , p . the role of ammonites in the mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation . science 331 , 70–72 ( 2011 ) . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1198793
landman , n . h . , tanabe , k . & davis , r . a . ammonoid paleobiology ( plenum , 1996 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9153 - 2
lemanis , r . , zachow , s . , fusseis , f . & hoffmann , r . a new approach using high - resolution computed tomography to test the buoyant properties of chambered cephalopod shells . paleobiology 41 , 313–329 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1017 / pab . 2014 . 17
lukeneder , a . , harzhauser , m . , müllegger , s . & piller , w . e . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( δ18o , δ13c ) . earth and planetary science letters 296 , 103–114 ( 2010 ) . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . epsl . 2010 . 04 . 053
ritterbush , k . a . , hoffmann , r . , lukeneder , a . & de baets , k . pelagic palaeoecology : the importance of recent constraints on ammonoid palaeobiology and life history . journal of zoology 292 , 229–241 ( 2014 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / jzo . 12118
sessa , j . a . , larina , e . , knoll , k . , garb , m . , cochran , j . k . , huber , b . t . , macleod , k . g . & landman , n . h . ammonite habitat revealed via isotopic composition and comparisons with co - occurring benthic and planktonic organisms . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 112 , 15562–15567 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1507554112
tendler , a . , mayo , a . & alon , u . evolutionary tradeoffs , pareto optimality and the morphology of ammonite shells . bmc systems biology 9 , 12 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12918 - 015 - 0149 - z
1 geozentrum nordbayern , friedrich - alexander universität erlangen - nürnberg , germany . 2 ruhr - universität bochum , institut für geologie , mineralogie und geophysik , germany . 3 american museum of natural history , new york , usa . 4 paläontologisches institut und museum , zürich , switzerland .
tagged christian klug , jocelyn a . sessa , kenneth de baets , rené hoffmann
de baets , k . , hoffmann , r . , sessa , j . a . and klug , c . 2016 . fossil focus : ammonoids . palaeontology online , volume 6 , article 2 . 1 - 15 .
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lepidochrysops skotios is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba , lualaba and possibly kwango ) and zambia .

adults have been recorded on wing in october and november .

lepidochrysops skotios

the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
van son’s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
loewenstein’s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
wykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
swanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
quickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
badham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .
lepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72
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cephalotes rohweri is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head , and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes rohweri

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes rohweri for further details
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ser . b ( geol . paläontol . ) 271 : 1 - 889 ( page 568 , combination in cephalotes )
creighton , w . s . ; nutting , w . l . 1965 . the habits and distribution of cryptocerus rohweri wheeler ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 72 : 59 - 64 pdf ( page 59 , see also )
combination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c pdf : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 .
combination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 pdf : 568 .
turtle / shield ants of genus cephalotes are canopy forest ants , which are nesting in tree branches and wood . in their mother countries , - brazil and guyana , in south america , they love suny habits between the field and the forest . they are polymorph , minors on the video are about 4 . 4mm , majors are between 5 . 4 - 6 . 9mm and there are also media casts , forms before major and minor workers . . . . queen is black , about 10 / 11mm , very beautiful with long gaster , but quite shy and cryptic . i feed them by honeywatter for ants but also by special nectar for bumble beeses and wasps . they also like eating insects . . . they are licking their food very quickly and they aren´t eating so much food , they don´t spend many time with eating . . . .
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these ants nest in branches and limbs of oaks ( quercus spp . ) . food consists of honeydew and small arthropods .
a member of the wheeleri clade differing from all the other species of the clade in the worker by the head and mesosoma irregularly foveolate - rugulose and by the infuscate frontal carinae , in the soldier and in the gyne by the dense foveae on the head and by the presence of hairs around the disc . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 . see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 : 59 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( only one specimen measured ) 5 . 2 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 28 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 43 mm . black ; the following ferruginous : mandibles , part of frontal carinae , apex of femora and tibiae , tarsites ii - v .
head opaque , trapezoidal . occipital corners not lobate , nor obliquely truncate , forming merely an obtuse angle . occipital border straight and transverse . dorsal face , excepting the rather flat , posteriorly very thick and scarcely translucid frontal carinae , and the declivous clearly limited clypeus , convex , finely and sharply punctate , coarsely foveolate , the pits wanting on the frontal carinae and on the clypeus . lower face coarsely reticulate - rugose and foveolate .
thorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . scapular angle incorporated in the lateral pronotal crest , the latter tridentate , the anterior two teeth close together , triangular , the third tooth , forming the posterior corner of the crest , subrectangular . promesonotal suture absent . sides of mesonotum unarmed , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture absent . each side of epinotum with a slender spine , pointing laterad and slightly upward and caudad . in profile the dorsum of the thorax noticeably sloping behind pronotum , the latter convex and ascending . the entire thorax sharply punctate . dorsum reticulate - rugose , the meshes elongate on mesonotum . declivous face with longitudinal striae . laterotergite of pronotum reticulate - rugose and foveolate . pleura longitudinally rugose .
peduncular segments opaque , their dorsal face mostly longitudinally rugose . body of petiole subglobose , its anterior face vertically truncate ; from each side of the petiole at some distance from the anterior border , arises a slender , log , slightly curved and pointed spine , pointing obliquely caudad and upward . postpetiole with anteriorly broad , posteriorly more constricted body . a slender , longer , more recurved and pointed spine arising from each side , next to the anterior border . dorsum of postpetiole , as seen in profile , nearly flat .
gaster oval , opaque , finely and sharply punctured throughout . postpetiole insertion not emarginate , anterolateral borders immarginate . first tergite finely and densely longitudinally rugose on the sides .
standing hairs pointed , short , sparingly scattered over dorsum of head , thorax , peduncle and gaster , also on sternites , more oblique , but not decumbent , on legs . silvery scalelike hair minute on posterior portions of head disc , larger and more conspicuous on cheeks , dorsum of thorax , laterotergite of pronotum , dorsum of peduncular segments , lacking on gaster , but present on apical half of extensor face of femora . all foveolae on dorsum of head bear a small decumbent hair , visible only under high magnification .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 04 - 5 . 54 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 28 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 36 ; el 0 . 26 - 0 . 35 ; pw 0 . 92 - 1 . 22 ; pew 0 . 46 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 65 ; hbal 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 12 ; ci 106 . 2 - 111 . 6 ; pi 111 . 5 - 115 . 5 ; ppei 192 . 8 - 214 . 0 ; pppi 167 . 3 - 192 . 8 ; hbai 19 . 2 - 21 . 4 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( one specimen only measured ) 6 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 85 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 82 mm . black ; the following fuscous - ferruginous : anterolateral portions of head ( variable in extent , always much infuscated ) , extreme tip of last funicular segment , knees and tarsites ii - v
head supopaque , surmounted by a slightly elongate disc ( 52 : 47 ) , the borders of which are evenly rounded anteriorly , except for the supramandibular excision , subparallel and rather straight on the sides , then abruptly , yet not forming a sharp angle , curved mesad , to join the scarcely convex , subtruncate occipital border . floor of disc moderately excavated anteriorly , shallowly excavated laterally , scarcely behind , having in the center a little prominent convexity . occipital lobes subrectangular . clypeal sutures obsolete . lateral border of lower face of head not distinctly marginate . integument of head finely reticulate - punctate , more superficially and densely on dorsum , more coarsely on lower face . likewise densely covered with large , rounded foveolae , the intervals between the foveolae not as broad as the diameter of the pits .
thorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . anterior corner sharply dentate , the lateral border of the pronotum subparallel and crenulate in front of the carina , converging , rather straight behind the carina , not forming a prominent corner when joining the mesonotum . transverse carina sharply marginate and somewhat crenulate , broadly yet shallowly excised in the middle . promesonotal suture vestigial . lateral lobes of mesonotum scarcely projecting , broad , rounded , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture distinct . anterior and posterior corner of basal face of epinotum rounded , not angulate . on each side , somewhat in front of the posterior corner , a strong , prominent spine , pointing mainly laterad . sculpture of thorax as that of head , the foveolae sparser , except on basal face of epinotum . bottom of foveolae rather shiny . foveolae very sparse and irregularly dispersed on sides of the thorax , which also present reticulate rugosities . declivous face without macrosculpture .
peduncular segments opaque , dorsally reticulate - rugose and foveolate , their shape and lateral processes as in worker , but their bodies are more transverse , broader , and the spines are shorter . postpetiole much broader than petiole .
gaster dorsally opaque , ventrally more shining . postpetiolar insertion very little emarginate . anterolateral borders of gaster immarginate , never crested . first tergite heavily and densely punctate , with fine , longitudinal , dense rugosities , fading out caudad , before reaching the half . sculpture of sternite identical but more superficial .
standing hairs long and pointed at tip around the rim of cephalic disc anterolaterally , shorter and sparingly on dorsum of thorax , peduncle , and gaster , and on the sternites . oblique on legs . decumbent hair in foveolae of head and thorax usually very fine and scarcely visible , scalelike , silvery and glittering only on posterior border of basal face of epinotum , on peduncular segments , none on legs and gaster .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 82 - 7 . 44 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 72 ; hw 1 . 72 - 1 . 84 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 68 - 1 . 88 ; pew 0 . 62 - 0 . 72 ; ppw 0 . 76 - 0 . 88 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 57 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 16 ; ci 106 . 9 - 109 . 5 ; pi 97 . 8 - 102 . 4 ; ppei 255 . 5 - 272 . 5 ; pppi 209 . 1 - 223 . 8 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 28 . 6 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head disc present . posterior two thirds of the head dorsum almost flat , with a broad , little protruding central tumulus . anterior third of the head moderately concave . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , converging posteriorly and connected by a convex carina on the vertex . vertexal angles round and crenulate . eyes convex and not hidden by the disc in dorsal view . anterior clypeal border concave . mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal carinae .
mesosoma flat in side view . humeral angles with an obtuse tooth anteriorly , straight posteriorly . pronotal carina marked and superficially interrupted in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous face ; basal face weakly convex dorsally , with convex sides ; declivous face little concave on the middle .
petiole distinctly differentiated in anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face vertical , posterior face slightly convex and with unarmed sides . postpetiole broadly convex , with a small lateral denticle on one side only of the sole available specimen .
legs . fore coxae with anterior tumulus . mid and hind femora without angle or denticles . mid and hind basitarsi without broad base and not compressed laterally .
sculpture . head , mesosoma and pedicel deeply punctate and covered by deep foveae broader than their interspaces , suboval and denser on the pedicel . frontal carinae punctate and with foveae sparser , smaller and shallower than in the other parts of the head . sides of the fore femora , ventral part of the mesopleurae and dorsal part of the metapleurae punctate , with superficial and sparse foveae . posterior half of the declivous face of the propodeum , legs and gaster reticulate - punctate , the same structure is present but very superficial on the ventral part of the first gastral sternite which is shining . outer face of the tibiae with oval and superficial foveae . anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite and sides of the anterior half of the first gastral sternite with anastomosing rugosities and rare foveae . few irregular rugosities on the meso - and metapleurae .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 92 - 8 . 24 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 60 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 55 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 66 - 0 . 78 ; hbal 0 . 64 ; hbaw 0 . 14 ; ci 102 . 5 - 104 . 9 ; pi 102 . 4 - 102 . 5 ; ppei 285 . 7 - 305 . 4 ; pppi 205 . 1 - 254 . 5 ; hbai 21 . 9 .
worker , soldier . type locality : buehman canyon , santa catalina mountains ( arizona ) . type material : lectotype soldier in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , syntypes workers and soldiers in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , museum of comparative zoology , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ( kempf , 1958 a : 129 ) , examined in part .
kempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 129 , see also )
mackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .
smith , d . r . 1979 . superfamily formicoidea . pp . 1323 - 1467 in : krombein , k . v . , hurd , p . d . , smith , d . r . , burks , b . d . ( eds . ) catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 2 . apocrita ( aculeata ) . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution pr ( page 1403 , combination in zacryptocerus )
smith , m . r . 1947a . ants of the genus cryptocerus f . , in the united states . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 49 : 29 - 40 ( page 35 , queen described )
smith , m . r . 1951c . family formicidae . pp . 778 - 875 in : muesebeck , c . f . , krombein , k . v . , townes , h . k . ( eds . ) hymenoptera of america north of mexico . synoptic catalogue . u . s . dep . agric . agric . monogr . 2 : 1 - 1420 . ( page 825 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) )
wheeler , w . m . 1916i . two new ants from texas and arizona . proc . n . engl . zool . club 6 : 29 - 35 ( page 32 , fig . 2 soldier , worker described )
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wheeler , 1916i pdf : 32 , fig . 2 ( s . w . )
see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 pdf : 59 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
research in our lab focuses on three main areas , all using social insects as model systems . first , the emergence of complexity and increased efficiency through collective behavior ; second , effects of scaling in complex systems ; and third , the role of learning and individual variability for collective success . we use a combination of empirical lab studies and theoretical approaches , such as individual - based simulations , as well as fieldwork . our main model systems are the bumble bee
evolution of collective behavior why division of labor in groups ? what is the adaptive benefit of worker polymorphism in bumble bees ? optimal allocation of defense specialists task allocation mechanisms and collective performance mechanisms of collective behavior polydomy in ants and coordination between nests spatial order in bumble bee nests learning and task performance scaling in insect colonies colony size , density , and energy use other topics individual vs . social optimal search patterns
even within the same colony , bumble bees produce workers of strongly varying sizes concurrently ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . what is the adaptive function of this size variation ? we are testing the hypotheses that ( 1 ) different - sized workers are adaptive as specialists for different tasks ( perhaps not , in prep , even though body size is clearly predictive of what tasks workers perform : jandt et al . 2009 , jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) ; ( 2 ) that they are the result of a trade - off between cheap , low - quality and expensive , high - quality workers ( perhaps , in prep ) ; that ( 3 ) small workers have other benefits besides being cheaper to produce , even if they do not perform any task well ( they may live longer under conditions of dearth , couvillon & dornhaus 2010 ) ; or ( 4 ) that they are the non - adaptive result of a biased larval care system . we have also found that small workers do not seem to be adapted to flying at hotter temperatures ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . there is however some evidence that colonies which do have workers of varying body size perform better at some tasks ( in prep ) .
we are studying the interactions and the exchange of workers , brood , and food between the nests of polydomous colonies .
we show that in colonies of bumble bees , bombus impatiens ( 1 ) workers tend to remain at a specific distance from the colony center independent of their age , and thus the spatial pattern of workers on the nest is not random ; ( 2 ) smaller individuals maintain smaller spatial zones and tend to be closer to the center ; and ( 3 ) individuals who are more likely to perform brood care tend to remain in the center of the nest , whereas foragers are more often found on the periphery of the nest when not foraging ( jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) . as brood is present in all areas of the nest , this leads to larvae in the center of the nest being fed more frequently than those in the periphery . as a consequence of this , ( 4 ) larvae in the periphery of the nest remain smaller and form smaller workers . this is a mechanism creating worker polymorphism ( couvillon & dornhaus 2009 ) . what is the mechanism creating spatial preferences in workers ? ongoing studies will address this .
the problem of how to compromise between speed and accuracy in decision - making faces organisms at many levels of biological complexity . striking parallels are evident between decision making in primate brains an collective decision - making in social insect colonies : in both systems separate populations accumulate evidence for alternative choices , when one population reaches a threshold a decision is made , and this threshold may be varied to compromise between the speed and accuracy of decision - making . we analyze the properties of both of these systems , and show in which ways the ant collective decision making system may be statistically optimal ( marshall et al . 2009 ) .
we used data from published literature to characterize commonalities and differences in host choice between the four major types of ant social parasitism : xenobiosis , temporary parasitism , dulosis , and inquilinism . our analysis shows that xenobiotic parasites tend to have single or multiple host species that are very distantly related and have medium to large host colonies . temporary parasites tend to have multiple host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . dulotic parasites tend to have multiple host species that are slightly less related and have host colonies of any size . lastly , inquiline parasites tend to have single host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . in addition , a parasite tends to be very closely related to its host when the parasite has a single host species or large host colony sizes ( huang & dornhaus 2008 ) .
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seinet plants of the superstitions by k . c . rice wayne ' s word trivia note about the turtle ant
a lthough i did not find the turtle ant on this road trip , i did make another interesting ant discovery in the superstitions . i found a minute army ant of the genus neivamyrmex under a rock . based on its minute size and several other distinguishing characteristics , i think it may be the seldom observed species n . nyensis . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi ! a nearby rock had an equally small species of forelius , but army ants are easy to distinguish because they do not have eyes . since they are blind , they must trail closely behind each other , like following the car in front of you in dense fresno ground fog .
army ant worker ( neivamyrmex ) from under a rock on superstition mountain . based on the description and key to neivamyrmex in urltoken ( and small size ) , it appears to be n . nyensis , a seldom observed species . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi !


faristenia geminisignella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in the russian far east , korea and japan ( honshu ) .

the larvae feed on acer mono .

faristenia geminisignella

faristenia geminisignella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 614 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia geminisignella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 601 ; ts : faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko
faristenia furtumella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia jumbongae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia maritimella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia omelkoi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia praemaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia quercivora ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia ussuriella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia angustivalvata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia circulicaudata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia cornutivalvaris li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia impenicilla li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia kangxianensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia medimaculata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia pallida li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia triangula li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia wuyiensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia furtumella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
faristenia maritimella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 613 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai
faristenia ussuriella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
faristenia acerella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 606 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia cornutivalvaris ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia medimaculata ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125 ( note )
faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia quercivora ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia triangula ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia mukurossivora ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : honshu , nara
faristenia polemica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336
faristenia nemoriella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 14 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , khasanskii distr . , 14km sw slavyanka , ryazanovka
faristenia hirowatarii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : [ honshu ] , mt . wasamata , nara pref .
faristenia kanazawai ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : daisenji , mt daisen , tottori pref , japan
faristenia acerella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
faristenia atrimaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
faristenia nakatanii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : japan , ryukyus , okinawa pref . , kunigami vill . , yona
ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 two new species of the genus faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 119 - 126
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larva on acer ginnala ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on acer mono ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on sapindus mukurossi ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125
chelaria polemica meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : kalimpong , bengal
larva on michelia campaca ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
chelaria praemaculata meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
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alticus sertatus is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western central pacific ocean around the nations of fiji and tonga .

alticus sertatus

which taxonomic groups does the genus alticus belong to and what are the different alticus species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus alticus belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
alticus saliens ( j . r . forster , 1788 ) ( leaping blenny )
alticus simplicirrus smith - vaniz & v . g . springer , 1971 ( marquesan rockstripper )
alticus sertatus ( garman , 1903 ) : fricke et al . ( 2011 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde a , neue serie , 4 : 341 - 463 .
which are the most common photographed alticus species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
alticus is a genus of combtooth blennies found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is one of 57 genera in the family blenniidae .
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marine species occasionally found in the mouths of rivers . the actual occurrence of this euryhaline species in freshwater is uncertain ( ref . 4342 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .
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pheidole purpurea is a dimorphic species of ant found in mexico and central america .

the species shows considerable variance in physical characteristics based on location , though some variance exists even within small populations .

some populations display a metallic , purple sheen .

pheidole purpurea

a member of the diligens group , similar in various characters to pheidole coffeicola , pheidole davidsonae , pheidole gagates , pheidole hoelldobleri , pheidole peregrina , pheidole spilota , pheidole venatrix and pheidole zelata , distinguished as follows .
pheidole : a major worker ant of the species pheidole purpurea ( photo : wiki commons / john t . longino )
one minor worker from a 500m site in northern chiapas ( metzabok ) and one minor worker from a lowland site in the lacandon rainforest of northern chiapas ( playón de la gloria ) have a faint purple sheen , like pheidole purpurea . unlike p . purpurea , the pronotum is smooth and shining . these collections do not have associated majors , and given the similarity of minor workers of p . mooreorum and p . purpurea , these may be variants of p . purpurea instead of p . mooreorum .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see pheidole mooreorum for further details
longino , j . t . 2009 . additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole . zootaxa 2181 : 1 - 90 . pdf
abouheif got the idea of trying to generate these supersoldier traits in otherwise ordinary ants after an unusual encounter collecting pheidole ants for his research .
in chiapas , mexico , p . mooreorum is broadly sympatric with p . purpurea , with the former being more abundant in middle to high elevations and the latter relatively more abundant in the lowlands . the minor workers are indistinguishable in the sierra madre de chiapas , where both have an intermediate sculptural condition on the minor worker pronotum and neither have the purple sheen . in the chiapas lowlands they are more differentiated , with p . mooreorum having a smooth pronotum and no purple sheen , and p . purpurea having a sculptured pronotum and often a purple sheen .
fariasana . pheidole fariasana wilson , 2003 : 155 , figs . ( s . w . ) mexico . junior synonym of mooreorum : longino , 2009 : 56 .
longino , j . t . , 2009 , additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 2181 , pp . 1 - 90
the distinctive major workers have earned the genus pheidole the nickname of
big - headed ants .
the major workers of a pheidole colony , while they may look fierce , are often quite shy and are often the first to flee on any hint of danger . many pheidole species are the prey of parasitoid phorid flies that lay their eggs on the major workers ; the fly larvae grow mainly in the head capsules of the victims , eventually decapitating them , and probably would starve in the bodies of minor workers .
named in honor of gordon and betty moore , in recognition of their outstanding contribution in service and support to tropical conservation , hence the habitats in which the pheidole ants will continue to exist .
wilson , e . o . 2003 . pheidole in the new world : a dominant , hyperdiverse ant genus . harvard university press , cambridge , ma . ( page 209 , fig . major , minor described )
in most cases , the major workers are employed within the nest to break up large food items , or outside to carry large items , such as seeds ; many pheidole species are ecologically important seed consumers (
harvesters
) .
most species of pheidole are dimorphic , which means that colonies contain two castes of workers : the
minor
workers , and the
major
workers , or
soldiers
. the latter generally have enormous heads and mandibles in comparison to their usually fairly modest body size .
pheidole fariasana holotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , tamaulipas , 1 mi e gomez farias , 1400 ' , 23 dec 1972 , deciduous tropical forest , nesting in ground under stone ( r . j . hamton , a . b . hamton , b . s . ikeda ) mcz ( examined ) .
all ant species are made up of castes , or groups of ants exclusively designed for specific tasks . typically an ant colony is made up of the queen , worker ants and drones , but a few ant species have evolved additional , specialized castes that help to meet the peculiar needs of that species . for example , among the more than 1 , 000 ant species known to encompass the genus pheidole , only eight contain castes of giant - headed
supersoldiers
that use their oversized noggins to protect the colony from invaders .
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longino , 2009 pdf : 67 , fig . 19 ( s . w . )
occurs in wet to moist forest , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .
at the same site ) . two minor workers from the northern end of the sierra madre de chiapas ( sierra morena ) , tentatively identified as
holotype major worker . mexico , chiapas : 21km sw salto de agua , 17 . 38542°n 92 . 42802°w , ±200m , 180m , 15 jun 2008 ( llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 01 - 10 ) [ unam , unique specimen identifier casent0609143 ] .
paratypes : major and minor workers . same data as holotype ; same data but llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 03 - 18 and ba - a - 08 - 3 - 04 - 18 [ bmnh , cas , fmnh , inbc , jtlc , lacm , mcz , mhng , miza , mzsp , ucd , unam , usnm ] .
measurements ( paratype ) : hl 0 . 66 , hw 0 . 55 , hla 0 . 24 , sl 0 . 85 , el 0 . 15 , ml 0 . 86 , psl 0 . 04 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 03 , ptw 0 . 11 , ppw 0 . 16 , ci 83 , si 156 , psli 6 , pmgi 4 , spli 4 , ppi 146 .
measurements ( holotype ) : hl 1 . 18 , hw 1 . 12 , hla 0 . 37 , sl 0 . 89 , el 0 . 20 , ml 1 . 10 , psl 0 . 07 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 05 , ptw 0 . 19 , ppw 0 . 28 , iht 0 . 40 , oht 0 . 50 , ci 96 , si 79 , psli 6 , pmgi 3 , spli 4 , ppi 148 , hti 80 .
occurs in mesophyl forest throughout the state of chiapas , mexico , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .
. major worker : a , face view ; b , lateral view ; c , dorsal view ; d , hypostomal margin . minor worker : e , face view ; f , lateral view ; g , dorsal view ; h , hind tibia . a - c , holotype major worker ; d , non - type major worker ; e - h , paratype minor worker . scale bar 0 . 5mm for e , 1mm for others .
mexico : chiapas , sierra morena , 16°09 ' 15
n , 93°35 ' 23
w , 1150m ( j . longino ) ; custepec , 15°42 ' 46
n , 92°56 ' 25
w , 1660m ( llama ) ; 13 . 7km nw metzabok , 17°11 ' 26
n , 91°44 ' 15
w , 540m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 2km s playon de la gloria , 16°08 ' 19
n , 90°54 ' 05
w , 170m ( llama ) ; 12km nw flor de cafe , 16°08 ' 25
n , 91°16 ' 17
w , 520m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17°30 ' 57
n , 92°18 ' 10
w , 100m ( llama ) ; lago metzabok , 17°07 ' 32
n , 91°37 ' 51
w , 570m ( llama ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17°30 ' 51
n , 92°17 ' 41
w , 70m ( llama ) ; naha , 16°58 ' 47
n , 91°35 ' 08
w , 860m ( llama ) ; 15km ene huixtla , 15°11 ' n , 92°20 ' w , 1200m ( i . perfecto ) .
26 times found in 2º wet forest , 37 times found in 2º lowland rainforest , 26 times found in tropical rainforest , 20 times found in lowland wet forest , 8 times found in mesophil forest , 8 times found in 2º lowland tropical rainforest , 7 times found in mature wet forest , 6 times found in tropical moist forest , 3 times found in bosque tropical húmedo , 1 times found in coffee farm , . . .
85 times at bait , 67 times ex sifted leaf litter , 1 times under stone , 1 times beating vegetation , 1 times at tuna bait .
82 times baiting , 40 times miniwinkler , 23 times maxiwinkler , 3 times bait , 3 times berlese , 2 times search , 1 times at bait , 1 times beating , 1 times winkler .
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this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats : dry forest , rainforest , and cloud forest , from sea level to 1800m elevation , in disturbed synanthropic habitats or less disturbed forest with intact canopy . it can be locally common . collections are most often from baits on forest floor , or scattered workers in winkler samples . major workers are often recruited to baits along with minor workers . the types of p . fariasana were from a nest found beneath a stone . ( longino 2009 )
mexico ( tamaulipas ) to costa rica ( northern pacific lowlands and northern cordilleras ) .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
sparse minor worker collections from montane sites in guatemala , and multiple collections with major workers from lowland dry forest habitat in northwestern costa rica are , on average , like the type series of p . fariasana . occasionally the sculpture is more extensive . in some lighting conditions the costa rican material may have a very faint purple sheen .
in the cordillera de tilarán in costa rica , in moist forest around 1400m elevation , a relatively uniform population occurs in which the minor workers have a strongly sculptured pronotum , and the minor workers are somewhat bicolored , with mesosoma light brown and head and gaster darker brown .
given the high degree of morphological variability , it is likely that p . mooreorum will resolve into multiple cryptic species .
major : head and body overall richly pilose ; sides of head in full - face view relatively straight and parallel ; mesonotal convexity prominent , its apex seen from the side tilted forward ; humerus in dorsal - oblique view lobose , and pronotum weakly bilobose ; postpetiole elliptical from above ; rugoreticulum absent from head , and carinulae absent from frontal lobes .
minor : occiput narrowed , with nuchal collar ; dorsal promesonotal profile in dorsal - oblique view smoothly rounded ; head and body abundantly pilose .
measurements ( mm ) holotype major : hw 1 . 12 , hl 1 . 24 , sl 0 . 86 , el 0 . 20 , pw 0 . 62 . paratype minor : hw 0 . 66 , hl 0 . 78 , sl 0 . 94 , el 0 . 14 , pw 0 . 44 .
color major : head and body rich medium reddish brown , appendages light reddish brown .
minor : head and body plain dark brown ; appendages light to yellowish brown except for tarsi , which are yellow .
figure . upper : holotype , major . lower : paratype , minor . scale bars = 1 mm .
holotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , veracruz , los tuxtlas , 10km nnw sontecomapan , 18°35 ' n 95°05 ' w , 200m , 20 mar 1985 , ground foragers , rainforest ( p . s . ward 7339 ) museum of comparative zoology ( examined ) .
this page was last modified on 8 december 2015 , at 13 : 50 .
. the genus is widespread and ecologically dominant . it probably includes more than a thousand species
in addition , as in other ant species , a colony may contains one or several queens and also , in mature colonies , alates , virgin winged females and males .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
treating ant larvae with a hormone at a particular point in their development transforms them into gigantic soldiers with mega - oversized heads .
in the comic book
captain america ,
the captain is created after being injected with a top secret
super - soldier serum
capable of transforming even scrawny men into formidable supersoldiers .
now an international team of scientists led by dr . ehab abouheif of mcgill university in montreal has discovered a simple hormone treatment that could turn this fiction into a reality . that is , if you happen to be an ant .
abouheif ' s team has learned how to mutate any ordinary worker ant into a giant - headed , armor - clad
supersoldier
merely by adding a hormone during a particular point in the ant larvae ' s development , according to the bbc . the breakthrough technique could possibly be used to unlock hidden traits in other species too , say researchers .
we were collecting [ the ants ] on long island , new york , and we noticed some monstrous - looking soldiers ,
he said .
since the species he was observing at the time wasn ' t known to include a supersoldier caste , abouheif became curious about where the mega - domed specimens had come from . closer study revealed that they were actually mutants — ants that had had their development altered after hormonal abnormalities occurred during their larval stage .
abouheif realized this likely meant that supersoldier traits were inherent — just unexpressed — in the ant species . he went on to use the hormonal treatment to successfully generate a supersoldier caste in at least two
ordinary
ant species that do not naturally express it .
if you treat any species at the right time in development , just with a hormone , you can induce the development of the supersoldier ,
he suggested .
the fact that you can induce it in all these different species [ that don ' t naturally have that caste ] , means that one common ancestor of all these species had [ supersoldiers ] .
abouheif also believes that a similar technique could be used to unlock hidden ancestral traits in a variety of organisms besides just ants . for instance , he thinks some crop plants could potentially be altered to produce a higher nutritional value . he even thinks a cure for cancer might be found using the technique .
who ' s to say that all of that crazy growth that occurs in cancer isn ' t the unleashing of some kind of ancestral potential ?
he said .
maybe a real life captain america isn ' t that far off after all .
humans carry their babies for 9 months , but that’s nothing compared to these amazing creatures .
the black - footed cat may be tiny , but it will walk 20 miles in pursuit of prey .
humpback whales have been witnessed foiling killer whale hunts from antarctica to the north pacific .
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report by john t . ( jack ) longino , the evergreen state college .
this is a working list of the ants of montaña chiclera , guatemala , based on project llama sampling . specimen records have been uploaded to the antweb database and are periodically updated .
this is a static webpage with links to the antweb species pages , where you can see distribution maps on google earth . if links are dead , that means the database has changed as hypotheses of species boundaries evolve and names change .