sapphirinidae is a family of parasitic copepods , containing the following genera : copilia dana , 1849 saphirinella claus , 1863 sapphirina j. thompson , 1830 terebellicola m. sars , 1861 vettoria c. b. wilson , 1924

sapphirinidae

citation : baar y , rosen j , shashar n ( 2014 ) circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e86131 . urltoken
chae j , nishida s ( 1994 ) integumental ultrastructure and color patterns in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) . mar biol 119 : 205–210 .
chae j , nishida s ( 1995 ) vertical distribution and diel migration in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae : a unique example of reverse migration ? mar ecol prog ser 119 : 111–124 .
planktonic sapphirinidae copepods were found to circularly polarize the light passing through them . circular polarization may be created by unique , multilayered features of the membrane structure found under their cuticle or by organized muscle fibers .
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . sapphirinidae thorell , 1859 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 128595 on 2018 - 07 - 09
further research is needed to understand the role , if any , of the circularly polarized light transmitted through the body of sapphirinidae copepods . the role of cp light transmission and their sensitivity to cp polarization should be examined both interspecifically , within the sapphirinidae copepods including to examine for sexual dimorphism in the cp domain , and extraspecifically , for example , they may use cp light to avoid detection by predators sensitive to linear polarization . from the perspective of potential predators , it should be noted that stomatopod larvae are active planktonic predators .
the sapphirinidae are well defined by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies and by the presence of elaborate cuticular lenses at least in the female . the caudal rami are also flattened and have 6 small setae distributed around the margin . the form of the caudal ramus is useful as a species - level discriminating character .
the structural mechanism responsible for circular polarization in mantis shrimp and scarabaeidae beetles is well understood [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our case , since the strongest cp was obtained at specific input light polarization angles and in a cycle of 90° , it is clear that a part or parts of the sapphirinidae copepod function as λ / 4 retarder plates . at this point , however , we do not fully understand the underlying structural mechanism . two mechanisms are possible : retardance by muscle fibers and / or by the multilayer membrane structure , the latter of which is also involved in sapphirinidae body coloration . these mechanisms may be operating independently , or interacting and augmenting each other .
among the most striking features of the s . metallina male is its iridescence , which is caused by a multilayered - membrane structure in epidermal cells of the dorsal integument [ 17 ] – [ 19 ] . iridescence constitutes one characteristic of the species ' sexual dimorphism , which also includes differences in body size , shape , color , and more . however vassiere [ 20 ] did not find sexual dimorphism in sapphirinidae eye structure although follow - up studies are still required .
muscles are known to be birefringent . the myosin - containing a bands of the sarcomere ( the contractile unit ) are birefringent [ 21 ] , and indeed , light transmitted through vertebrate muscle tissues was demonstrated to undergo phase retardance [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] . sabhah and shashar [ 24 ] demonstrated that muscle tissue changes the transmission of partially linearly polarized light passing through zooplankton . we propose here that the sapphirinidae copepod circularly polarizes part of the linearly polarized light , thus contributing to its circularly polarized appearance .
circularly polarized light , rare in the animal kingdom , has thus far been documented in only a handful of animals . using a rotating circular polarization ( cp ) analyzer we detected cp in linearly polarized light transmitted through epipelagic free living sapphirina metallina copepods . both left and right handedness of cp was detected , generated from specific organs of the animal ' s body , especially on the dorsal cephalosome and prosome . such cp transmittance may be generated by phase retardance either in the muscle fibers or in the multilayer membrane structure found underneath the cuticle . although the role , if any , played by circularly polarized light in sapphirinidae has yet to be clarified , in other animals it was suggested to take part in mate choice , species recognition , and other forms of communication .
genus corina giesbrecht , 1891 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )
genus corissa farran , 1936 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )
genus edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )
genus lanowia oliveira , 1945 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( synonym )
genus pyromma haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )
genus sapphirella bjornberg , 1963 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( mis spell of original name )
genus sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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copyright : © 2014 baar et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : israeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
ambient light underwater is partially polarized linearly to varying degrees at different depths [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , but circular polarization ( cp ) has been observed occurring naturally only near the water surface [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . among animals , the production of circularly polarized light is rare , yet was documented in the bioluminescence of photuris lucicrescens and p . versicolor firefly larvae , in reflections from beetles of the scarabaeidae family , in panulirus argus lobsters , and in stomatopods ( mantis shrimp ) [ 5 ] – [ 14 ] .
circularly polarized light reflected by helical microfibril layers in the exocuticle of beetles belonging to the scarabaeidae family is usually left handed [ 5 ] – [ 7 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] . the multilayer structure that is responsible for the circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle plusiotis resplendens can be treated as a three - dimensional diffraction grating . in that sense , while its effect on the polarization state of the light differs , the exocuticle diffracts light much as a multilayer dielectric grating does . indeed , three - dimensional gratings can reflect light that is circularly or elliptically polarized [ 15 ] . in mantis shrimps , cp reflection has been observed in the keel of the male odontodactylus cultrifer and is generated by two optical components . the first , a linear polarizer , is based on the ordered arrangement of dichroic carotenoid astaxanthin molecules . the second component is a quarter - wave retarder , laid at a 45 degree angle to the linear component , which is assumed to comprise oriented calcite crystals [ 9 ] , [ 16 ] . mantis shrimps are also unique in that not only do they present a cp reflection , they can also see cp light [ 8 ] .
sapphirina copepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of s . metallina , detailed analyses of cp focused on that species ( fig . 1 ) . figs . 1 . b and 1 . c demonstrate qualitatively that s . metallina has polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45° to each other ( fig . 1 . b ) , and between crossed linear polarizers ( fig . 1 . c ) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both figs 1 . b and 1 . c and this outcome is a clue that some level of cp exists herein . fig . 1 . d shows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized ( fig . 2 ) or depolarized ( fig . 1 . d ) .
: the animal between crossed linear polarizers showing only linearly polarization - active structures . such linear polarization activity can arise from change in orientation of polarization , depolarization , or the creation of cp .
: circularly polarized light passing through a copepod , according to its left or right handedness . incoming light was depolarized . arrows indicate areas of relatively strong cp , though not more than 30 % ; dark and bright areas indicate right and left cp , respectively . note that most of these areas , such as eye tubes or posterior parts of carapace , do not show up when placed between crossed linear polarizers ( insert c ) suggesting that the process causing the cp under depolarized illumination , is not mere retardance such as by muscle fibers .
copepod , when incoming light is linearly polarized , as detected by a cp detector .
a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that all measured light is cp , whereas 0 signifies no cp .
: each image is for a different orientation of the entrance polarizer , and therefore , of the illuminating beam , in 20° steps . the orientation for 0° was arbitrarily set . note that cp handedness is not recorded . locations of cp activity correspond with both muscles fibers as illuminated in
: the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization orientation at six locations on the animal is indicated in the figure inset .
when the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp . fig . 2 . a shows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20° steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in fig . 2 . b . cp levels , which were 30–60 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in figs . 1 . d and 2 . a because the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .
tem images revealed the structure of the multilayer epidermal membrane ( fig . 3 ) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .
: frontal section of dorsal integument showing the multilayer membrane structure , a honeycomb arrangement , in which the first stack layer is parallel and some of the other layers are rotated on their sides showing a layered pattern .
in addition , in many cases the cp was transmitted from locations where muscle fibers affected the linear polarization ( fig . 1 b–d ) , suggesting retardance activity by these muscles .
circularly polarized light in nature is currently known to be reflected from the cuticle tissues of marine crustaceans [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] and of terrestrial arthropods [ 6 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] .
in this work we present a case in which the light transmitted through an animals ' body is circularly polarized . the effect was observed , to varying degrees , when the incoming illumination was either linearly polarized or depolarized .
based on evidence from the optically active system in the copepods [ 17 ] , which is responsible for their iridescent coloration , we suggest a model for how circular polarization is produced in these copepods . their dorsal integument comprises a multilayered membrane made of 10–14 membrane pairs laid parallel to each other and to the cuticular plate . viewed as a single structure , their dorsal integument has a regular hexagonal structure , and the gaps between the membrane layers contain a series of hexagonal platelets . platelet thickness varies from 61–83 nm , and its estimated refractive index is 1 . 8 [ 17 ] .
we hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2π·δ n · z / λ = ( 2 n + 1 ) ·π / 2 , where δ n is the refractive index difference between the fast and the slow axes of the platelets , z is the overall thickness of the multilayer structure , λ is the average wavelength of the light , and n is an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45° angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of π / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a–d in fig . 2b , inset ) was opposite that in the central regions ( points e–f in fig . 2b , inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .
in addition to the current partial understanding of the copepod phase retardance mechanism , the question remains of how non polarized light becomes circularly polarized , even if to a low extent , when passing through the animal ' s body . one possibility is that the incoming light is partially linearly polarized as it is refracted into or within the copepod ( such as by eye tubes ) , especially when the light is arriving from directions that are not orthogonal to the curved body carapace . this partially linearly polarized light can then interact with the platelets to produce cp .
the role of circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle is not known [ 5 ] . stomatopods use polarization in species - specific signals related to mating and defense [ 9 ] . it should be emphasized that some species of mantis shrimp , such as odontodactylus cultrifer , can perceive and respond to cp signals , making them the only organisms with a known ability to sense circularly polarized light [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] .
for cp light detection , we built a system ( fig . 4 ) based on a cokin® circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a λ / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90° intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the λ / 2 retarder at 90° intervals ) of the copepod .
illuminating light passed first through a depolarizer , and then , if needed , it was linearly polarized . after passing through the specimen , depending on handedness , the light was or was not filtered through a rotating 1 / 2 λ retarder that covered half of the field of view . the circularly polarized light was then linearized by a 1 / 4 λ retarder and an analyzer was used to examine it .
circular polarization images were analyzed using a matlab™ code to produce a numerical and visual representation of the differences in the light transmitted through the copepods as the analyzer was rotated . this was done by analyzing the modulation depth of the light signal detected along the rotation of the λ / 2 plate . note that our device is built to detect circularly polarized light , and to verify its reliability , it was tested under laser light ( λ = 543 nm ) in various known polarization states . in addition , the device was tested with a scarab beetle specimen , and a considerable , circularly polarized light signal was detected in the form of a periodic signal , as expected . the modulation depth was defined as ( max−min ) / ( max + min ) , where max and min are the maximum and minimum intensities , respectively .
the pictures of the transmitted circularly polarized light include one for each of the four positions of the input λ / 2 plate . captured for the four different positions of the rotating λ / 2 plate , the pictures represent four sampling points along a single cycle of the output signal . for every image pixel in each of the four pictures , the two values with the maximum intensity difference value ( max−min ) were chosen , and the difference between them was calculated . each result was then divided by the sum of all the difference values ( max + min ) to give a value from 0–1 . defined as the modulation depth of the output cyclic signal , this value represents the percentage of the transmitted light that was circularly polarized from the total transmitted light .
copepods were collected by towing a 200 µm plankton net , just under the sea surface to depths up to 2 m , in the open waters of the gulf of aqaba , eilat , israel ( following [ 25 ] ) . over 20 sapphirina copepods were collected for cp examination . more than half of them were s . metallina ( dana , 1849 ) , and therefore , all further analysis focused exclusively on them .
specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy followed [ 26 ] in detail . freshly collected specimens were fixated in a 2 . 5 % glutaraldehyde solution in a cacodylate buffer at ph 7 . 4 .
fixation and dehydration : samples were fixed in the above for 3–24 h in the cold . then they were rinsed 3 times for 10 minutes each in the same buffer , post - fixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 1 h and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series . during dehydration they were stained en bloc in uranyl acetate in 70 % ethanol .
embedding : samples were embedded in araldite resin . embedding was gradual , using two 5 - min rinses in epoxy propane ( propylene oxide ) and then an hour each in increasing amounts of araldite in epoxy propane ( 33 % , 50 % , 100 % ) . blocks were polymerized at 60° in an oven for 24 h .
sectioning : sections of various thicknesses ( 50–80 nm ) were cut using a leica ultracut uct ultra microtome ( leica microsystems , nussloch , germany ) and picked up on 75 - or 100 - mesh copper or nickel grids coated with formvar and carbon . the sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate .
transmission electron microscopy : sections were observed in a jeol jem - 1230 tem ( jeol ltd , tokyo , japan ) operated at 120 kv . digital images were collected with a gatan model 830 orius sc200 ccd camera using gatan ' s digital micrograph ( dm ) software .
we thank steven maccusker for technical support , rina jeger for assistance with tem analysis , viviana ( bracha ) farstey and dvir gur for assistance in species identification and animal related consultation , nishida shuhei for his advice and insights , and the comments of michael land and 2 anonymous reviewers that greatly improved this manuscript .
conceived and designed the experiments : yb jr ns . performed the experiments : yb jr ns . analyzed the data : yb jr ns . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yb jr ns . wrote the paper : yb jr ns .
sabbah s , lerner a , erlick c , shashar n ( 2005 ) under water polarization vision - a physical examination . in : recent res . devel . experimental & theoretical biol . pandalai sg , editor . 1 : 123–176 .
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shapiro db , hunt aj , quinby - hunt ms , hull pg ( 1991 ) circular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility . proc of spie 1537 : 30–41 .
blaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 ) no evidence for behavioral responses to circularly polarized light in four scarab beetle species with circularly polarizing exocuticle . physiol & behav 105 : 1067–1075 .
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the nauplius eye is elaborate , with large paired cuticular lenses on the frontal margin of the cephalosome ; these lenses are secondarily lost in male copilia . the antennule is typically 5 - segmented and is non - geniculate in the male . the antenna is uniramous and 4 - segmented , terminating in a small claw . the mandible consists of a broad segment drawn out into a tapering , dentate blade . the maxillule is a single lobe with 4 setae . the maxilliped is 3 - segmented in females , 3 or 4 - segmented in the male , and terminates in a claw .
swimming legs 1 to 4 are biramous with 3 - segmented rami , except for the endopod of leg 4 which is often reduced to 2 or just 1 segments . the fifth leg lacks a free segment and is represented by small papilla armed with 2 setae and 1 spine . egg sacs paired , multiseriate .
and copilia species are large members of the epipelagic planktonic community , primarily in tropical and subtropical oceans . their bodies are flattened to slow the rate of sinking and they have adopted transparency as a cryptic strategy . some sapphirina are iridescent and contain reflective platelets of guanine in their integument ( chae , kita - tsukamoto , nishida & ohwada , 1996 ) . sapphirina feeds on salps ( heron , 1973 ) and possibly other gelatinous zooplankton . the males of copilia have reduced mouthparts , have lost their cuticular lenses and probably do not feed as adults . marked reverse diel migrations have been reported in some species of sapphirina from the upper epipelagic zone .
with 1 large terminal toothed element usually with 1 - 2 small setae at its base .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
bradford - grieve , j . m . , e . l . markhaseva , carlos rocha , and bernardo abiahy / d . boltovskoy , ed .
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copepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of
has polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45° to each other (
) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both
shows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized (
when the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp .
shows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20° steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in
. cp levels , which were 30–60 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in
because the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .
) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .
we hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2π·δ
is an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45° angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of π / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a–d in
, inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .
) based on a cokin® circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a λ / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90° intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the λ / 2 retarder at 90° intervals ) of the copepod .
israeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
shashar n , johnsen s , lerner a , sabbah s , chiao cc , et al . ( 2011 )
circular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility
blaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 )
chiou th , kleinlogel s , cronin t , caldwell r , loeffler b , et al . ( 2008 )
wynberg h , meijer ew , hummelen jc , dekkers hpjm , schippers ph , et al . ( 1980 )


poropuntius solitus is a species of freshwater , ray-finned fish in the genus poropuntius .

it was first described by maurice kottelat in 2000 .

this species is found in tributaries to the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau in laos .

its population is decreasing due to overfishing , and proposed efforts to dam the river and its tributaries further threaten the species .

the poropuntius solitus is currently considered an endangered species by the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources .

poropuntius solitus

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poropuntius solitus on fish mapper tsn 689714 ( taxonomic serial number ) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database . this is a cached copy . more
poropuntius tawarensis ( m . c . w . weber & de beaufort , 1916 )
poropuntius brevispinus ( v . h . nguyễn & l . h . doan , 1969 )
poropuntius carinatus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )
poropuntius daliensis ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )
poropuntius exiguus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )
poropuntius rhomboides ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )
poropuntius fuxianhuensis ( y . h . wang , d . d . zhuang & l . c . gao , 1982 )
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known from the bolaven plateau . roberts ( 1998 ) had described three as trophic morphs of
( i . e . , individuals of the same species that develop different morphologies to adapt to different ecological conditions ) . kottelat ( 2000 ) treated them as different species because he found differences that are not trophic related and are present in juveniles before they develop trophic specialisation , and described a fourth species . this community of four species or morphs on the top of an isolated plateau is a rare biological phenomenon and studies are needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . the four species / morphs occur together and up to now there are no data linking each to a specific habitat .
known from bolaven plateau with specialised morphology . the taxonomy is not very clear and this is a rare biological phenomenon on top of an isolated plateau . research is needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . this is also an interesting system for research on evolution .
known at present only from tributaries of the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau , lao pdr . the species has an estimated extent of occurrence of approximately 2 , 500 km² .
populations are inferred to be declining as a result of fishing pressure , and are expected to decline as a result of hydropower dams .
streams with clear , cool and fast water , over stones , rocks , rapids and waterfalls .
this species is threatened by overfishing , dam construction , habitat degradation from agriculture and bauxite mining on the plateau .
no conservation actions are in place . further research is required for this species .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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plicatoperipatus is a monospecific genus of velvet worm containing the single species plicatoperipatus jamaicensis .

it is endemic to jamaica .

the species is listed as near threatened by the iucn red list .

plicatoperipatus

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1983 . evolution of animal mitochondrial dna . in : nei , m . and koehn , r . k . ( eds ) ,
agn that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop , and of serine - specifying aga and agg codons .
as a living fossil . in : eldredge , n . and stanley , s . m . ( eds ) ,
mitochondrial dna . in : warner , a . w , bradshaw , j . c . and macrae , t . h . ( eds ) ,
methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes .
1984 . the evolutionary significance of genetic diversity : ecological , demographic , and life history correlates . in : mani , g . s . ( ed . ) ,
a review of the new world onychophora with the description of a new cavernicolous genus and species from jamaica .
from lexington , virginia : the isolation and characterization of their mitochondrial dna , the implications for their origin and climatic selection .
genetic divergence among fishes of the eastern pacific and the caribbean : support for the molecular clock .
present address : section of ecology and systematics , cornell university , ithaca , ny 14850 usa .
nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .
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urltoken 2001 - 2017 leaf group ltd . / / leaf group education , all rights reserved . database is based on wordnet 3 . 0 , a lexical database for the english language .


takagi went on to say about the tropical east asian parlatoriini that , the current classification of their genera may be largely tentative because the adult females are simple-featured and much modified owing to the pupillarial mode of life , and also because the second instar nymphs are generally similar among parlatoriines , whether the adult females are pupillarial or not .

andersen found that separating out pupillarial forms into a separate subtribe , gymnaspidina , was counterproductive , as being non-dispositive .

molecular analysis has shown that the parlatoriini as traditionally constituted is highly non-monophyletic and that the genera , and occasionally species , are interdigitated with the aspidiotini .

parlatoriini

parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects . takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .
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on trephognathus : a new genus of african baridinae ( col . curc . )
evaluasi produktivitas kutu lak , laccifer lacca kerr . ( hemiptera : kerridae ) pada tiga jenis tanaman . . .
lopholeucaspis balachowsky 1953g : 875 . type species : leucaspis japonica cockerell by original designation . accepted valid name
systematics : lopholeucaspis is presumably an asiatic derivative of leucaspis ( takagi , 1960 ) . lopholeucaspis differs from leucaspis in the adult female possessing a continuous row of duct tubercles from the abdomen forward to thorax , and in lacking the group of duct tubercles lateral to the anterior spiracles ( williams & watson , 1988 ) .
balach1953g : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 843 , 875 - 877
parlagena mckenzie 1945 : 81 - 82 . type species : parlagena inops mckenzie by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlagena buxi , takahashi ) accepted valid name
general remarks : detailed descriptions by mckenzie ( 1945 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .
systematics : parlagena can be differentiated from parlatoria principally by the reduced pygidial plates , position of dorsal macroduct between median lobes and the absence of perivulvar pores ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .
structure : diaspididae with body typically oval . with short
two - barred
macroducts , those situated along pygidial margins each with the orifices surrounded by a conspicuous sclerotized ring , each duct with the axis of its orifices almost parallel to pygidial margin , microducts on pygidium dorsum apparently not arranged in well - defined rows , the single median macroduct removed from the bases of the median lobes about the length of the lobes ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .
balach1953g : description , host , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 833 - 834
parlatoreopsis lindinger 1912b : 191 . type species : chionaspis longispina newstead by monotypy . accepted valid name
anatolaspis bodenheimer 1949 : 39 . type species : anatolaspis abidini bodenheimer by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlatoreopsis longispinus , newstead ) junior synonym ( balach1953g : 827 ) notes : although bodenheimer ( 1949 ) lists anatolaspis as being described in 1941 , we have been unable to find any evidence of the genus having been mentioned in that year . in agreement with morrison & morrison ( 1966 ) , 1949 is accepted as the date of description .
general remarks : detailed descriptions by ferris ( 1942 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .
systematics : parlatoreopsis is related to parlatoria , but the separation of the two is simple enough as far as the species occurring in north america , all of which are introduced , are concerned , and the genus is quite valid . however , the group of species centering about parlatoria is extensively developed in the australian and oriental regions and not until this entire group has been carefully reviewed can any statement be made as to the actual limits of the genera ( ferris , 1942 ) .
structure : adult female only slightly longer than broad , derm membranous except for the short and rather acute pygidium . median pygidial lobes well developed , set close together but with no basal zygosis and with a small dorsal pore but with no gland spine between them . second lobes small , but strongly sclerotized , not bilobed . 3rd and 4th lobes lacking or the 3rd represented at times by a very minute point . gland spines few and small , all simple , confined to the pygidial margin . dorsal macroducts of the pygidium relatively few or almost lacking except for the marginal series and not arranged in definite rows ; those of the marginal series each with the orifice surrounded by a sclerotized rim . lateral margins of the prepygidial segments with small macroducts and in part with a few small gland tubercles . perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 small groups . scale of female flat , thin , pale gray , roughly circular , with the exuviae subcentral ( ferris , 1942 ) .
balach1953g : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 827 - 829
bodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 28 , 29 , 39 , 44
bodenh1953 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 9 - 11 , 44 - 45
borchs1950b : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 163 , 172 - 174
ferris1942 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . siv - 404 , siv - 446 : 43
mckenz1945 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 48 , 51 , 52 , 83 , 87
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( hemiptera : diaspididae ) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum bacteroidetes matthew e . gruwell ¤ , geovrey e . morse 1 , benjamin b . normark department of plant , …


dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in south-eastern siberia , the caucasus , transcaucasia , korea , japan , china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , yunnan ) and europe , where it has been recorded from most of the continent , except for ireland , the iberian peninsula and scandinavia .

the wingspan is 15 – 20 mm .

adults are on wing in may and june .

the larvae feed on tilia cordata , corylus heterophylla var .

thunbergii , betula , carpinus and acer species , as well as fagus silvatica and quercus serrata .

they feed from in between leaves spun together .

dichomeris ustalella

a very local species , known only from a couple of localities in worcestershire and south wales . it was found in the 19th century in worcestershire , but remained undetected again until 1987 when it was rediscovered there . it is still a very rare and local species .
) , between leaves spun together , although on the continent a number of other foodplants are noted .
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tilia cordata ( small - leaved lime ) , see plant distribution map . in europe , also reported to use betula pendula ( silver birch ) , carpinus betulus ( hornbeam ) , corylus avellana ( hazel ) , fagus sylvatica ( beech ) , salix sp . ( willows ) , prunus sp . and acer campestre ( field maple ) .
between flatly spun leaves eating out holes between the veins or occasionally between a spun bract and leaf .
larva : feeds between flatly spun leaves or a leaf and a bract , overwintering from october in a folded leaf on the ground .
adult : has been known to rest in the sunshine on a leaf of the foodplant and comes to light .
distinctive palps and the dark , rich reddish - brown with the central golden - ochreous suffusion rule out any other species .
single - brooded , flying from late may to june , occasionally into early july .
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we have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet . . .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to shrawley wood , worcestershire , where rediscovered in 1987 after not having been seen for many years , and monmouthshire , where found for the first time in june 1999 . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 . 5 - 22 mm . larva feeds on small - leaved lime , living between leaves spun together with silk .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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a very local and rare species in belgium , except for old records from brabant and luxembourg lately only observed in namur .
the larva lives between spun leaves on carpinus , betula , or salix . pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground .
belgium , namur , doische , 20 may 2005 . ( photo © chris steeman )


leucanopsis nubilosus is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by rothschild in 1909 .

it is found in peru and bolivia .

leucanopsis nubilosus

leucanopsis nubilosus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
halisidota nubilosus rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : peru , santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya
leucanopsis oruba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ]
leucanopsis loisona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis curta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis pseudofalacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis dallipa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis dinellii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis nimbiscripta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis democrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis contempta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis setosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
leucanopsis calvona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis notodontina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis lacteogrisea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis huaco ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis terranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis subterranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis sthenia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis liparoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis hoffmannsi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis huacina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357
leucanopsis mancina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis cirphis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis leucanina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis tanamo ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis rufoochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis truncata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis louella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis dissimilis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis ochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis squalida ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358
leucanopsis rhomboidea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis strigulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis malodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis suavina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis nonagrioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 259
leucanopsis ephrem ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis polyodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis joasa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis pseudomanda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359
leucanopsis chesteria ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis flavorufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis stipulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis taperana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis aurantiaca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis pohli ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis pulverea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis stipulatoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis pulverulenta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360
leucanopsis boliviana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis coniota ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis ishima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis tabernilla ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis perdita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis zozinna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis bipartita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis pseudoconiata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis oblonga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis biedala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361
leucanopsis subnebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis mandus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis stuarti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis suffusa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis quanta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis jonesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis cirphoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis aurata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis orooca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis pterostomoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis lineata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis rosetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis manada ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis nebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis oruboides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis similis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363
leucanopsis toledana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis obvia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis ahysa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis batesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis misona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis sporina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis vangetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis apicepunctata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis siegruna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis austina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
leucanopsis soldina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis racema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis angulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis azadina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis turrialba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis quadrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis valentina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis venezuelensis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis cedon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365
leucanopsis nayapana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis bactris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis luridioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis cloisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis athor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis marimba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis falacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis affinella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis cuneipuncta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis guascana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis sablona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis falacroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis zacualpana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis hadenoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis acuta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
leucanopsis maccessoya ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis lomara ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis fuscosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis perirrorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis umbrosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis violascens ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis umbrina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis potamia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368
leucanopsis longa ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16
leucanopsis terola ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 444 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362
leucanopsis lurida ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 2 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366
leucanopsis perdentata ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 1 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356
halisidota curta rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons
= halisidota nimbiscripta ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 297
halisidota dallipa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota nimbiscripta dyar , 1912 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 42 ( 1885 ) : 51 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , iguala
halisidota democrata schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 119 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga
halisidota contempta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa
halisidota setosa rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : la oroya , rio inambari , peru , 3100ft
halisidota calvona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota notodontina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 2 ) : 188 , pl . 14 , f . 28 ; tl : huancabamba , e . peru
halisidota lacteogrisea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : la vuelta , caura river
halisidota huaco schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro , castro paraña
halisidota terranea rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon
halisidota subterranea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya
halisidota sthenia hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155 , pl . 40 , f . 6 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo
halisidota liparoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : aroewarwa creek , maroewym valley , surinam ; . . .
halisidota hoffmannsi rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : pozuzo , dept . huanuco , peru
halisidota huacina schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : peru , chaquimayao
halisidota mancina schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga
halisidota cirphis schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : juan viñas , volcano turrialba
euphalisidota longa grote , 1880 ; can . ent . 12 ( 10 ) : 213 ; tl : florida , enterprise
colombia , ecuador , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
halisidota tanamo schaus , 1904 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 30 : 138 ; tl : cuba , tanamo
halisidota rufoochracea rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 483 ; tl : [ pará ]
halisidota truncata rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 491 ; tl : pernambuco
halisidota louella schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo
halisidota dissimilis reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 278 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , jaraguá do sul
halisidota ochracea möschler , 1883 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 32 : 337 , pl . 18 , f . 28 ; tl : surinam
phegoptera squalida herrich - schäffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 288
mexico , guatemala , panama , ecuador , bolivia , peru , surinam , brazil . see [ maps ]
? halesidota ? citrina walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 314
larva on paspalum indicum hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 165
halisidota strigulosa walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 3 : 737 ; tl : brazil , para
halesidota malodonta dyar , 1914 ; insecutor inscit . menstr . 2 : 161 ; tl : peru , huadquina
halisidota suavina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
venezuela , peru , brazil ( são paulo , minas gerais ) , paraguay . see [ maps ]
halisidota nonagrioides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 19 ; tl : venezuela ; são paulo ; minas geraes ; peru
halisidota ephrem schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : bolivia , rurrenabaque
halisidota polyodonta hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 166 , pl . 41 , f . 2 ; tl : amazons , parintins
halisidota joasa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota pseudomanda rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 14 , f . 2 ; tl : la oroya , carabaya ; santo doming ; tinguri ; surinam
halisidota chesteria schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 511 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota flavorufa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 31 ; tl : potaro , brit . guiana ; carondelet , ecuador
halisidota daltona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota stipulata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : peru , la orotya , rio inambari
halisidota taperana schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : brazil , paraná
halisidota aurantiaca rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira
halisidota pohli schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 4 ) : 75 ; tl : brazil , alto da serra
halisidota pulverea schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 138 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
halisidota stipulatoides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : venezuela ; british guiana ; . . .
halisidota pulverulenta dognin , 1923 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 23 : 8 ; tl : brazil , amazonas , rio tapajoz
halisidota boliviana dognin , 1922 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 20 : 2 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo
halisidota loisona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo
ecuador , bolivia , surinam , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
halisidota coniota hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 164 , pl . 41 , f . 1 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro
halisidota ishima schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota tabernilla schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 581 ; tl : panama , canal zone
halisidota perdita schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayugua
halisidota zozinna schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : colombia , muzo
halisidota bipartita dognin , 1912 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 6 : 6 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima
halisidota pseudoconiata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : limbani , carabaya , 900ft ; agualani , carabaya , 9000ft
halisidota oblonga rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : santo doming , carabaya , 6000ft
halisidota biedala schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
phegoptera mandus herrich - schäffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 286 ( boisduval ) ; tl : brazil
halisidota stuarti rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : reyes , amazons
aemilia suffusa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota quanta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota jonesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : castro , parana
halisidota dogniniana strand , 1919 ; lepid . cat . 22 : 75 ( repl . halisidota fassli dognin , 1911 ) ; tl : colombia , paramo del quindin
halisidota cirphoides rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 : 271 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima
halisidota aurata jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota orooca schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 36 ; tl : argentina , tucumán
= halisidota oruboides ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 289
halisidota lineata schaus , 1894 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1894 : 230 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota rosetta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
halisidota manada schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota nebulosa rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa
halisidota oruboides rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya , 6500ft
halisidota similis rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon
halisidota toledana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 507 ; tl : bolivia , rio sargo [ songo ]
halisidota obvia dognin , 1909 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 53 : 221 ; tl : french guiana , saint laurent du maroni
halisidota ahysa schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 579 ; tl : rio de janeiro
halisidota batesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : teffe , amazons
halisidota misona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota sporina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halesidota vangetta dyar , 1910 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 38 ( 1742 ) : 235 ; tl : mexico , misantla
halisidota apicepunctata schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : carabaya , peru
halisidota siegruna schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364
halisidota soldina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota racema schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : french guiana , saint jean , maroni river
halisidota angulata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya ; la oroya
halisidota oruba schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 280 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
halisidota azadina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
halisidota turrialba schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : turrialba
halisidota quadrata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya ; limbani
halisidota valentina schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 35 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya , limbani
= halisidota cedon ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 292
halisidota cedon druce , 1897 ; biol . cent . - am . , lepid . - heter . 2 : 372 , pl . 74 , f . 11 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
halisidota nayapana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 506 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
noctua bactris sepp , [ 1852 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 25 ) : 223 ; tl : surinam
larva on bactris acanthocarpa hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155
= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 277
halisidota cloisa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo
halisidota athor schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 576 ; tl : brazil , rio , campo bello
halisidota marimba schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : venezuela , merida
= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155
halisidota cuneipuncta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , veracruz
halisidota perdentata schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : mexico , oribaza
halisidota guascana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : colombia , pueblo guasca
euhalisidota sablona schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 140 ; tl : brazil , castro paraña
halisidota falacroides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : huancabamba , cerro de pasco
halisidota zacualpana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 501 ; tl : mexico , zacualpan
halisidota hadenoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 289 ; tl : iquitos ; amazonas , codaja , fonte boa ; allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira
= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367
halisidota maccessoya schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 578 ; tl : amazons , amaturá
halisidota lomara schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina
halisidota ? fuscosa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paraná , castro
halisidota perirrorata reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 279 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , nova teutonia
halisidota umbrosa hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 163 , pl . 40 , f . 14 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
halisidota violascens reich , 1933 ; int . ent . zs . 27 : 366 ; tl : argentina
halisidota umbrina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons
halisidota potamia schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : antioquia , mesopatamia , colombia , 5000ft
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reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
catalogue of the arctiadae ( arctianae ) and agaristidae in the collection of the british museum ( nat . hist . )
descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii
natuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders , naar het leven geteekend . papillons de surinam dessinés d ' après nature
( 13 ) : i - viii , 105 - 108 , pl . 49 - 50 ( [ 1843 ] ) ,
( 25 ) : i - iv , 217 - 224 , pl . 97 - 100 ( [ 1847 ] ) ,
( 38 ) : i - viii , 321 - 328 , pl . 149 - 152 ( [ 1852 ] )
watson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word notodontina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word notodontina and , of course , notodontina synonyms and on the right images related to the word notodontina .
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