ponticola gorlap , or the caspian bighead goby , is a species of goby , a benthic fish native to the caspian sea basin .

it is widespread in lower parts of many rivers in iran , and also found in azerbaijan and turkmenistan .

in russia , it occurred in the lowest part of the volga river up to astrakhan until 1977 , but has thereafter spread upstream .

in 2000 it was recorded as being established in the ivankovo and rybinsk reservoirs in the moscow region , and already invaded the don drainage by way of the volga-don canal in 1972 .

this species occurs in sheltered environments , such as inshore fresh or brackish waters of estuaries , lagoons , lakes and large rivers , where it prefers habitats with a well vegetated rock or firmly packed sand substrate .

it can reach a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl , and a common size is 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl .

ponticola gorlap

the following term was not found in genome : ponticola gorlap [ orgn ] .
( of neogobius gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of neogobius kessleri gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the sea breams or porgies are found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and comprise about 36 genera and about 130 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . some commonly enter estuaries and penetrate up rivers . maximum length is about 1 . 2 m .
this family is characterised by a groove in the distal end of the premaxilla which accommodates the maxilla ; the body is oblong to ovate and is compressed ; the head is large with a steep upper profile ; the preopercle margin is smooth ; scales are weakly ctenoid , moderate in size and extend on to the cheeks and operculum ; teeth are conical to incisiform and molar teeth are found in some at the rear of the jaw ; there are no teeth on the vomer , palatines or tongue ; the dorsal fin is continuous with an anterior spiny portion and a soft - rayed posterior portion about equal in size ; with 10 - 13 spines and 10 - 15 soft rays respectively ; spines fold into a groove ; the anal fin has 3 spines ( the second the largest ) and 8 - 14 soft rays ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; and lateral line not continued onto the caudal fin but with enlarged scales near the head .
many species in this family are hermaphrodites with male and female sex organs developing simultaneously , changing sex from male to female ( protandry ) , or from female to male ( protogyny ) . these fishes are often important as food or sought by anglers . young fish may very different in colour to adults , usually being more vividly coloured with distinctive patterns . most species are marine ( see marine list in checklists in the
) but a few enter fresh water and penetrate a considerable distance from the sea including one species in iran .
members of this genus have a compressed and moderately deep body , 4 - 6 enlarged incisiform teeth at the front of the jaws followed by 3 - 4 rows of molars , the second anal fin spine is longer than the third , there is a scaly sheath at the base of the dorsal and anal soft fins , and moderate - sized scales . iwatsuki and heemstra ( 2010 ) revised the genus in the western indian ocean .
شانك ( = shanak ) , شانك زردباله ( = shanak - e zardbaleh or yellowfin shanak ) .
[ shanak , shaghoom , shaam , sha ' m , shaem , sheim or sha - om in arabic ; yellow - finned porgy or seabream , yellow - finned black porgy , japanese silver bream ] .
al - hassan ( 1990 ) found differences in two meristic characters ( pectoral and dorsal fin ray counts ) but no differences in electrophoretic characters between populations from the shatt al arab and khor al zubair areas of southern iraq . he concludes that there is only one stock of this species in southern iraq as meristic variation may reflect environmental conditions .
this species is the only sparid member recorded from iranian freshwaters and is recognised by the dorsal fin spines alternately thick and thin and the colour pattern .
upper profile of head steep and convex back to above the posterior eye margin . the head bulges over the eye . dorsal fin spines 11 - 13 , soft rays 9 - 13 . anal fin with 3 spines , the second much stronger and wider than the third , and 8 - 9 soft rays . pectoral fin branched rays 10 - 16 . there is a strong spine in the pelvic fin and a well - developed axillary scale . lateral line scales 41 - 46 , or 48 - 50 , or up to 55 depending probably on differing counting methods . the scales are vertical ovals with the anterior margin wavy where radii intersect . they have very fine circuli , moderate numbers of posterior radii , a subcentral posterior focus , and ctenii on the central part of the posterior margin extending inwards towards the focus . four or five series of preopercular scales . the first pelvic fin ray is elongated as a small filament . there is a strong pelvic axillary scale . there are 3 - 4 scale rows sheathing the dorsal and anal fin bases . there are 4 - 6 compressed teeth in front of each jaw followed by 3 - 5 rows of molar teeth . the chromosome number is 2n = 48 ( klinkhardt
meristic values for iranian specimens are : - dorsal fin spines 12 , soft rays 10 , anal fin spines 3 , soft rays 8 , pectoral fin branched rays 13 , scales mostly lost .
this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite , being male early in its life and then becoming female later . catches will include males , females and hermaphrodites , e . g . in abu - hakima ' s ( 1984a ) study in kuwait , there were 326 males , 343 females and 41 hermaphrodites .
overall colour is a silvery - grey or silvery - white with the back darker and the belly yellowish . scales each have a dark , brownish to golden spot at the base which line up to form apparent stripes along the flank . there is a dark blotch at the upper corner of the gill opening , on both the body and gill cover . there is a dark band over the head between the eyes and the edge of the operculum is dark . dorsal fin spines are white and the membranes are grey , with dark margins between the spine tips . the soft dorsal fin is dark grey with a light orange tinge . there is a small back spot at the pectoral fin base and the fin is mostly hyaline with a light orange tinge . the anal and pelvic fins are a light yellowish - brown . the caudal fin is dark grey on the upper lobe and yellow on the lower with a black margin . the peritoneum is silvery brown in preserved fish with widely scattered melanophores .
found from the persian gulf to japan and north australia . recorded from the helleh river in bushehr province , iran ( j . holčík , pers comm . , 1995 ) , from the bahmanshir river ( marammazi , 1995 ; eskandary
this marine species enters rivers in southern iran and presumably freshwater stocks are maintained from this marine gene pool .
the usual habitat is over sand and rock bottoms in the sea down to about 50 m , but young fish may enter estuaries and may penetrate considerable distances inland , although some fish remain at sea permanently . the frequency of penetration into iranian rivers along the persian gulf coast is not known . larger specimens are known to penetrate the shatt al arab in autumn , october to december , and this water body is an important nursery for this species , found there year round as young . adults emigrate from january to march ( al - hassan , 1990 ; hussain
. , 1987 ) . at a freshwater station on the shatt al basrah canal with salinities up to 3 . 5‰ , al - daham and yousif ( 1990 ) found this species to be the second most dominant after
, comprising 7 . 1 % by number and 10 . 9 % by weight . al - daham
. ( 1993 ) found young fish in the shatt al basrah mostly from april to october . cage - cultured fish are reared at 14 - 31°c in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo
but not other species which begin to spawn in april ( abou - seedo and dadzie , 2004 ) . savari
. ( 2011 ) showed that hormones could also be used in this regard .
a fast growing and hardy fish . life in iranian fresh waters has not been studied and information is about marine or estuarine populations .
a study of fish in the shatt al basrah canal , a man - made estuary of southern iraq , was based on mostly small and immature fish ( 49 - 181 mm standard length ) caught mostly in april - october . the length - weight relationship was w = 0 . 0511 l 2 . 893 , the dominant age group was 1 + fish , the maximum age was 3 + years , fish grew to 95 , 155 and 215 mm total length in their first three years of life , and mortality ( z ) was 2 . 23 ( al - daham et al . , 1993 ) .
in an aquaculture experiment in kuwait , fish more than doubled in weight over a 6 week period ( jafri et al . , 1981 ) . males mature at a smaller size ( 12 . 3 - 14 . 2 cm ) than females ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) in cage - culture in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo et al . , 2003 ) . however fish in the shatt al arab are usually less than 20 cm long and most are immature , in age groups 0 and 1 . the length - weight relationship for both sexes was w = 0 . 0916 l 2 . 6601 . the lowest condition factors were found in april and may , possibly because fish were spent after spawning or were in lower condition after the winter ( hussain et al . , 1987 ) . in kuwait , ages up to 14 years have been reported with ranges in von bertalanffy growth parameters for the years 1981 - 1985 of l ( cm ) = 38 . 3 - 52 . 29 , k = 0 . 169 - 0 . 298 , and t 0 - 0 . 213 - to - 2 . 237 . total mortality values ( z ) were 0 . 432 - 0 . 709 , this range suggesting that , even for relatively large samples ( 92 - 314 fish ) , may be too small to provide reliable estimates of z in species with a large overlap in age groups and where old fish are sampled only with difficulty . the length - weight relationship was total weight = 0 . 02874 x total length 2 . 79198 . growth and mortality estimates based on all data were l ∞ = 40 . 48 cm , k = 0 . 258 , t 0 = - 0 . 965 , t max = 14 years and z = 0 . 600 ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ) . morgan ( 1985 ) gave values of l ∞ = 43 , k = 0 . 20 and z = 0 . 97 but his study excluded fish over 30 cm and below 19 cm which accounts for the difference in mortality ; and samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) had a value about 2 . 0 for z when only fish 20 - 30 cm long were analysed .
heydarnejad ( 2009 ) gave the length - weight relationship for an iranian sample as w = 0 . 0451tl 3 . 091 .
freshwater food habits not known for iran in detail but the one specimen examined contained plant fragments and scales of a cyprinid .
in a study of the recovering hawr al hammar , diet was 60 % shrimps and 40 % insects ( hussain et al . , 2006 ) . feeds on echinoderms , worms , crustaceans , insects , bivalve molluscs and plants in the sea ( nasir , 2000 ; al - daham et al . , 1993 ) . hussain et al . ( 1987 ) found crabs and bivalves to be the most important items by percentage in the shatt al arab fish , shrimps and aquatic insects were also taken and there was significant seasonal variation , with shrimps and aquatic insects more important in december and spring . hussain et al ( 1994 ) found bivalves in 91 % of fish by number and weight in the khawr az zubayr . al - daham et al . ( 1993 ) found fish in the shatt al basrah fed on , in order of occurrence , crustaceans ( decapods , amphipods , isopods , mysids , cladocerans and cyclopoids ) , fishes ( liza spp . , barbus ( = carasobarbus ) luteus , thryssa purava , eggs and scales ) , molluscs ( corbicula , lymnaea , tryonia and sphaeriidae ) , algae ( oscillatoria , syndera , fragillaria and cladophora ) , higher plants ( vallisneria , ceratophyllum , seeds and roots ) and aquatic insects ( corixidae , hemiptera , odonata and coleoptera ) . crustaceans were most important during july and november , molluscs in may and fishes during august . hosseini ( 1998 ) examined food in coastal waters of bushehr , delvar and rostami in the northern persian gulf of iran and found 36 . 4 % to contain crabs , 34 . 0 % other fish and 13 . 4 % shrimps . snails and sea urchins were also eaten .
. ( 1993 ) have shown for fish from the shatt al arab near basrah , iraq that haematological parameters vary with reproductive phase and between sexes . cage - reared fish in kuwait bay have a prolonged spawning season from february to april . fecundity there is up to 3 , 837 , 000 eggs . spawning in the shatt al arab estuary is reported for april ( hussain and ahmed , 1995 ) and al - daham
. ( 1993 ) record a spawning season for the northwestern arabian ( = persian ) gulf as january to april with a peak in february and march . abu - hakima ( 1984a ) found the spawning period in kuwait waters to be january to march with fecundity up to 2 , 152 , 993 eggs . this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite with males dominating in smaller size groups ( 22 . 3 - 24 . 2 cm ) while females dominate in larger groups ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) ( abou - seedo
. , 2003 ) . samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) give a spawning date of 1 december for their kuwait sample . the gonadosomatic index was highest in february - march in hosseini ' s ( 1998 ) study in coastal waters of the northern persian gulf .
the average absolute fecundity in coastal waters near bushehr in iran was 1 , 842 , 700 , sex ratio was 1 : 1 , and the spawning peak was january - february ( hossini and savari , 2004 ) .
a good food fish of high market value seen in bazaars along the persian gulf coast and in the shatt al arab . it was selling at u . s . $ 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 per kg in kuwait about 1980 , with 213 tons landed in 1995 for a value of u . s . $ 1 , 769 , 407 ( abou - seedo
. , 2003 ) and this has been proposed for iranian waters in the persian gulf ( regunathan and kitto , 2005 ) . experimental culture has been tried at qeshm island where a million larvae were produced in march with 100 , 000 larvae 2 . 0 - 3 . 5 cm long surviving in may ( www . shilat . com , downloaded 7 june 2007 ) . it is caught by trawls , handlines , in hadra ( fixed stake nets ) and gargoor ( fish pots ) and in the sport fishery in the arabian ( = persian ) gulf ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ; carpenter
this marine species is fished commercially in the sea and populations there may be under some threat as a consequence . the status of freshwater populations is unclear as they appear quite rare and are presumably derived from marine populations at intervals .
the frequency of occurrence , detailed distribution and biology of this species in iranian fresh waters needs study .
iranian material : uncatalogued , 1 , 62 . 9 mm standard length , bushehr , about15 km above mouth in helleh river ( ca . 29
comparative material : bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1859 , 1 , 76 . 4 mm standard length , iraq , basrah ( 30º30 ' n , 47º47 ' e ) ; bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1858 , 1 , 76 . 3 mm standard length , iraq , beree ( no other locality data ) .
cichlids are found in fresh and brackish waters of central and south america , africa , madagascar , the levant , southern india , sri lanka and southern iran . there are about 221 genera and about 1606 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) but only 1 is found in iran . maximum length is about 80 cm .
murray ( 2001 ) reviews the fossil record and the biogeography of the family and suggests an origin less than 65 mya in the early tertiary in contrast to other studies that give an origin over 130 million years ago . their salinity tolerance has enabled them to cross marine barriers .
mahi - e karoo , siklid irani , siklid - e hormuz , cichlid - e hormuz .
. , 2010 ) from northeast africa , on the basis of the low gill raker count , lower pharyngeal bone and teeth morphology , and morphometric characters such as a deep preorbital depth , long snout , head length and the small eye . trewavas ( 1983 ) places
trewavas , 1942 of the jordan river basin and that this requires further investigation . schwarzer
may be common responses to temperature and salinity extremes . in addition , trewavas ( 1983 ) suggests a possible relationship of
( hilgendorf , 1905 ) of the african rift valley . this species too is found in waters of high temperature and mineral content . klett and meyer ( 2002 ) group this genus with
the type locality is the
mehran river at 27°04 ' n , 54°35 ' e , hormozdgan province
( coad , 1982a ) . the holotype , 94 . 2 mm standard length , is a female with eggs in the mouth held in the canadian museum of nature , ottawa under cmnfi 1979 - 0408a ( see figure above ) . paratypes are cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , 15 , 24 . 3 - 86 . 5 mm standard length , same locality as the holotype and cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , 35 , 29 . 6 - 95 . 2 mm standard length , stream in rasul river drainage between chahar berkeh and tang - e dalan , ca . 27°25 . 5 ' n , 54°59 ' e , fars - hormozgan border . paratypes were deposited in the british museum ( natural history ) , london under bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 ( 2 specimens ) , muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris under mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 ( 2 ) , california academy of sciences , san francisco under cas 47324 ( 2 ) , the royal ontario museum , toronto under rom 36389 ( 1 ) and the university of british columbia , vancouver under bc 81 - 1 ( 1 ) .
this is the only cichlid species in iran , easily recognised by the single nostril opening on each side of the head .
this cichlid is uniquely characterised by a nearly circular dental field on the lower pharyngeal bone , the teeth there being of uniform size and not enlarged medially and by cheek , operculum , belly , isthmus and area between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases naked or poorly scaled . other significant characters are the posteriorly rounded dorsal and anal fins , short pectoral fins not reaching the vent , cycloid scales with granular posterior circuli bearing rounded or irregular protuberances , inferior apophyses for support of the swimbladder centred around the fourth vertebra ( figured in coad ( 1982a ) ) , mesethmoid not meeting the vomer , modal vertebral count 29 , median length of lower pharyngeal bone 31 . 8 - 40 . 9 % ( mean 35 % ) length of head , and pharyngeal blade / median length toothed area 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 , mean 0 . 8 .
scales are regularly arranged on the flanks except that in some large specimens the regular scale rows are interspersed with irregularly distributed smaller scales , particularly on the upper flank . scales may be absent entirely from the head , sparse above the lateral line anteriorly and on the belly posterior to the pelvic fins , absent from the dorsal and anal fin bases , absent from between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases and on the belly and isthmus anterior to the pelvic fins . however , in other specimens the head may be scaled dorsally to above the eyes , with scales variably imbricate , there may be 2 - 3 rows containing 4 - 7 minimally or non - imbricate scales on the cheek which is never completely scaled . the dorsal border of the opercle may have two large scales next to each other and a single scale may be present over the centre of the subopercular bone . scales may be present on the whole belly , isthmus and between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases , but they are minute , embedded , and non - imbricate . their extent and number varies between individuals . small to minute scales , numbering up to about 20 , are present on the caudal fin base , extending distally onto the fin membranes for more than half the fin ray length in some specimens .
flank scales below the mid - point of the spiny dorsal fin and beneath the upper lateral line are cycloid or very weakly ctenoid . the focus is central and there are 9 - 14 , mean 12 . 4 , radii on the anterior field based on 5 scales from 7 adult specimens 59 . 2 - 87 . 1 mm standard length . posterior circuli are granular so the exposed scale surface has rows of rounded or irregular protuberances .
the gut is a tightly coiled spiral with its apex ventral . gut length in 5 specimens ( 59 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) is 6 . 8 - 8 . 3 , mean 7 . 6 , times the standard length . gill rakers are short and rounded , reaching the adjacent raker or a little further when appressed .
type ( greenwood , 1978 ) . the mesethmoid does not meet the vomer , the intervening space being cartilaginous . pores at the openings of the cephalic lateral line canals on the preorbital and preoperculum are single not multiple . the inferior apophyses for support of the anterior end of the swimbladder involve vertebrae 2 to 5 , the fourth vertebra being involved in 8 out of 10 fish examined .
teeth in the jaws are often irregularly arranged so that 4 rows are found in some places in both jaws . in some individual fish where teeth are regularly arranged there are 3 rows in the upper jaw and 4 rows in the lower jaw . number of rows decreases laterally to one at the rictus . the outer row teeth are bicuspid with the lateral cusp the smaller , while inner row teeth are tricuspid , with the central cusp the most prominent . the upper jaw has more teeth than the lower jaw .
the diploid chromosome number is 2n = 44 , comprising 25 submetacentic , 18 subtelocentric and 1 metacentric chromosomes with an arm number of 70 . the chromosome count may indicate a relationship to the levantine
scales in upper lateral line 17 ( 1 ) , 18 ( 1 ) , 19 ( 2 ) , 20 ( 8 ) , 21 ( 9 ) , 22 ( 10 ) , 23 ( 7 ) , 24 ( 4 ) , 25 ( 2 ) , 26 ( 1 ) or 29 ( 1 ) ; scales in lower lateral line 9 ( 6 ) , 10 ( 17 ) , 11 ( 14 ) or 12 ( 9 ) ; total scales in lateral series 28 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 2 ) , 30 ( 4 ) , 31 ( 9 ) , 32 ( 13 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , 34 ( 4 ) , 35 ( 4 ) , 36 ( 3 ) or 40 ( 1 ) ; scales around caudal peduncle 16 ( 15 ) , 17 ( 13 ) , 18 ( 15 ) , 19 ( 2 ) or 20 ( 1 ) ; precaudal vertebrae 14 ( 2 ) , 15 ( 53 ) or 16 ( 11 ) ; caudal vertebrae 13 ( 26 ) , 14 ( 35 ) or 15 ( 5 ) ; total vertebrae 28 ( 19 ) , 29 ( 40 ) or 30 ( 7 ) .
dorsal fin spines 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 46 ) or 16 ( 14 ) ; dorsal fin branched rays 9 ( 2 ) , 10 ( 36 ) or 11 ( 28 ) ; anal fin branched rays 6 ( 7 ) , 7 ( 20 ) , 8 ( 38 ) or 9 ( 1 ) ; pectoral fin branched rays 11 ( 42 ) or 12 ( 24 ) ; and total gill rakers 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 9 ) , 16 ( 24 ) , 17 ( 19 ) , 18 ( 6 ) or 19 ( 1 ) .
head length is greater in females while pelvic fin length is smaller in females compared to males . interorbital width is greater in males . dorsal and anal fins are larger in males when expressed in terms of longest ray length in head length ( coad , 1982a ) . colour differs as described below .
live specimens are brightly coloured in spawning condition ( based on aquarium photographs in schulz ( 2004 ) ) . the male is brick - red on the lower sides and underside of the head with black on the dorsal head surface . the underside of the head may also be black . the belly anterior to the pelvics is black . the chin is white . the sides off the head have a few , scattered white spots but the body , dorsal and caudal fins are densely covered with white spots and blotches . those on the dorsal fin are arranged in oblique rows and those on the caudal fin in bars . the anal fin has white spots also but these are not present distally . the pectoral fin has darkened rays but lacks spots . the pelvic fin has white spots proximally but less than the anal fin but is overall a dark black . other reports and photographs ( svardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) ) show dominant spawning males to be black with brilliant turquoises blotches on the body but especially so on the fins . the female has an overall silvery colour with up to 9 faint to moderate flank bars . fins are yellowish . the dorsal fin has a black tilapia - mark on the posterior dorsal fin .
overall body colour outside the spawning season is a light lime green , with an iridescent tinge to the posterior edge of the operculum and on the back . the dorsal fin has light , lime - green , oblique bars , the last one or two black - edged and spot - like . the peritoneum is black .
preserved specimens have the following pigmentation . young fish have a distinct tilapia - mark , a spot on the rays of the soft dorsal fin typical of these cichlid fishes . the spot is black and is surrounded by a hyaline ring . occasionally a second spot is found posterior to the first spot . the principal spot is often retained in adult fish . young also have 7 - 11 bars along the flank which are also retained by adults but are then less distinct . in adults the dorsal fin rays and membranes are covered with melanophores interspersed with hyaline spots and irregular blotches . wavy , oblique bars are found posteriorly on the soft dorsal fin in some specimens . the caudal fin has a series of about 7 narrow bars in some male specimens while females are uniformly grey . the anal fin is narrowly barred with up to 6 vertical to oblique bars in some specimens , in others uniformly pigmented grey proximally fading to hyaline distally . pectoral and pelvic fins are not barred and are lightly pigmented , the pelvics being the darker . the head and body , including the belly , are more heavily pigmented to give an overall brown colour , lightest on the belly anterior to the pelvic fins in females . scales are not pigmented on their free margins , which are pale .
some specimens may be quite dark , particularly the back and fins and strikingly the lips .
attains 11 . 09 cm standard length or 12 . 95 cm total length ( esmaeili and ebrahimi , 2006 ) . lamboj
the cichlid is restricted to rivers draining to the straits of hormuz in southern iran ( coad , 1982a ; abdoli , 2000 ) . svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) also map this species at 27 . 770°n , 54 . 999°e , slightly to the north of samples mapped here . the distribution mapped by stiassny in keenleyside ( 1991 ) following berra ( 1981 ) is too far north . the map in berra ( 2001 ) is more accurate . abdoli ( 2000 ) records this species from the lower minab basin , lower hasan langi , middle to lower kul , gowdar and middle to lower mehran rivers .
specimens kindly sent to me by h . r . esmaeili in 1997 are from the dozdan river at 27°26 ' n , 57°10 ' e , an eastwards extension into the minab river basin . the cichlid was not collected there in the 1970s . the new record may simply be filling in a collecting gap , a natural range extension or possibly the result of an introduction .
bleher ( 2011a ) found only 2 of the 22 sites recorded by coad ( 1982 ) to still have water , although i have observed river stretches drying up and re - connecting and not always the same stretches .
trewavas ( 1983 ) suggests that the ancestor of this cichlid was distributed across the arabian peninsula in the late pliocene / early pleistocene when this area was more humid . desiccation in the pleistocene and recent periods then led to the extinction of the ancestor . a miocene - oligocene fossil
. however trewavas ( 1983 ) reports that this fossil cannot be identified as a cichlid . micklich and roscher ( 1990 ) and lippitsch and micklich ( 1998 ) also report three species of what are presumably cichlids from southwest saudi arabia in the baid formation of oligocene age at ad darb , tihamat asir . they belong to the basal grade of cichlids and to two different clades within the african assemblage . whybrow and clements ( 1999 ) record unidentified cichlidae from the early oligocene from the coastal trip of dhofar , sultanate of oman with a date of 33 mya . murray ( 2001 ) reviews these and other cichlid fossil material and the identity of omani material as cichlids appears questionable . southwest saudi arabian material is more clearly cichlid but does not point to a continuous distribution eastwards across the arabian peninsula . however , bănărescu ( 1992b ) considers that a common ancestor to
evolved in the arabian peninsula from african forebears in the miocene , the latter lineage extending its range northwards to the levant and the former eastwards to oman and southern iran , the straits of hormuz not then being in existence . murray ( 2001 ) gives an earliest date for colonisation of
ancestors to be the middle miocene when southern iran rose above sea level . she does not consider a coastwise dispersal through brackish waters of arabia to be a possible route as cichlids are not found there today but indicates a route through the tethys sea / indian ocean could be possible .
could be a relict of a once wider distribution across the tigris - euphrates basin in a northern arc rather than directly across the arabian peninsula . the absence of cichlids from southern arabia today warrant this alternative hypothesis . warm streams have probably been continually present in southern arabia and support a limited fish fauna today . there is no apparent reason why cichlids should have become extinct there . murray ( 2001 ) points out that
lives at 40 - 400 m above sea level and is limited by mountains north of the present distribution , and so it must have arrived before the mountains attained their current height , to support coad ' s hypothesis .
the headwaters of the tigris - euphrates basin are narrowly separated from the levant rift valley today and at times in the past may have had direct exchanges of faunas ( kosswig , 1965 ; 1973 ; krupp , 1987 ) . the modern absence of cichlids from the tigris - euphrates basin may be explained by low temperatures . the effects of low temperature on
, which occurs naturally in the southern levant rift valley , begin to die at 11°c and cease all motion at temperatures below 10°c ( chervinski and lahav , 1976 ) . most of syria , northern iraq and the northern arabian peninsula have temperatures below 10°c in winter ( beaumont
is found mainly in saline streams . this hypothesis can only be confirmed by fossil discoveries .
the streams in which this species lives are subject to desiccation with continuous flow breaking up into isolated pools . the survival of cichlid populations in these pools varies between years and some pools may be fishless in one year and populated in another .
the area around the straits of hormuz is rich in salt domes and consequently most surface streams are saline , up to 80 ms . cichlids are found in these streams but also in the sar khun oasis which is fresh with a conductivity of 1 . 6 ms . apparently they can be transported at 10 ms as this is less stressful . stream waters are cloudy to clear and colourless . water temperatures in winter ( november to march ) range from 15 to 33°c and would be considerably higher in summer when air temperatures reach 45°c with no riparian shade and low water levels . lamboj
. ( 2006 ) and svardal ( 2006 ) give water temperatures of 33 - 40°c and conductivity of 45 - 75 ms .
streams are 1 to 50 m wide and consist of alternating riffles and pools with occasional backwaters . the bottom is pebbles , sand or mud . aquatic vegetation is restricted to encrusting algae .
unknown . esmaeili and ebrahimi ( 2006 ) give a significant length - weight relationship based on 379 fish measuring 2 . 74 - 11 . 09 cm standard length . the
- value > 3 indicating a fish that becomes more rotund as length increases ) .
gut contents of 5 specimens ( 41 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) included only algae and diatoms suggesting food is scraped from rocks and from bottom deposits . this is consistent with an elongate gut and black peritoneum . aquarium specimens eat algal tabs but also appreciate insects and fish remains .
this species is a mouth brooder . a breeding female and a male were caught in a backwater on march 18 of the mehran river ( the type series ) . this backwater was 1 - 5 m wide , maximum depth was 40 cm over a mud bottom , the water was cloudy and highly saline ( 40ms ) and temperature ranged from 26°c at the mouth of the backwater to 33°c at its head . eggs in fish taken in november and january are small so the breeding season is deduced to be around march . five eggs ranged in length from 3 . 2 to 3 . 8 mm , mean 3 . 6 mm and in width from 2 . 4 to 2 . 7 , mean 2 . 5 mm . total number of eggs from 2 females , 59 . 0 - 59 . 2 mm standard length was 36 and 38 respectively . eggs are yellow - orange in preserved fish .
a female 116 . 9 mm standard length from the mehran river had 153 larvae in her mouth , ranging in length from 9 . 6 to 10 . 9 mm ( h . r . esmaeili , pers . comm . , 6 october 2005 ; esmaeili
. ( 2009 ) found a sex ratio biased towards males in may and june , presumably because males were defending nests and easily caught , or possibly differential survival of the sexes . they suggest that the breeding season begins in march and lasts until the end of june with a peak in may . eggs attained 3 . 76 mm and fecundity reached 151 eggs with a relative fecundity of 5 . 4 eggs per gram body weight . esmaeili et al . ( 2010 ) detail gonad morphology and histology and confirmed peak spawning in may .
schulz ( 2004 ) observed fish in the field and found each male occupying a territory defending a nest about 1 m from each neighbouring nest . the nests were made on light grey , fine sand and consisted of a pit approximately 15 cm in diameter . the pit was black because of anoxic conditions below the sand surface . the actual nest was about the same as the body length of the fish ( 8 - 10 cm ) and lay at the centre of the pit . the pit was surrounded by a rim about 1 . 5 cm high with an internally indented margin . simpler pits are built where building materials are unavailable . females were present in schools in deeper water in the river centre . individual females swam purposefully to the nest defended by the male . the male directed the female to the nest centre with folded up fins while the female spread her fins and showed radiating colour changes . spawning occurred immediately and neighbouring males intervened continuously at a speed that did not allow full analysis of the movements . a defending male would chase away an intruding male allowing another male into the unprotected nest to mate with the female . a clutch of eggs was always inseminated by a whole group of males .
piscivorous birds have been observed along the streams where the cichlid is found . ansary
saadati ( 1977 ) suggests that this salt - tolerant species could be a valuable resource if introduced into the saline and fishless waters of internal basins . however this is not advisable since the native fauna , evolved in a fishless environment , could be devastated before it has even been documented . esmaeili
. ( 2009 ) note that it is eaten by local people when available in large numbers in spring . it is now an aquarium fish in germany ( schulz , 2002 ; 2004a ; 2004b ; oliver lucanus , pers . comm . , 23 january 2004 ; lamboj
. , 2006 ; svardal , 2006 ; svardal and svardal , 2006 ) and juveniles sell for about $ 80 each urltoken 21 march 2010 ) . articles in aquarium magazines give photographs in spawning condition , including mouth - brooding , and details for their maintenance , including water with a conductivity of 50 - 70ms / cm nacl or sea salt mixture , tank water changed once a week , vegetarian food tabs ( containing the blue - green alga
) , and a temperature of 20 - 35°c , optimally 27°c . it has been noted that males , in continually defending a nest and courting ,
wear out
earlier than females ( thomas schulz ,
may well be on its way to extinction - if it is not gone already
. bailey ( 2006 ) apparently repeats this . however its habitat is mostly saline streams which cannot readily be used for agriculture or industry . the surrounding area is not industrialised , nor likely to be , and was never a war zone so pollution is not a problem for this species .
flash floods are probably a significant problem as water drains rapidly off vegetation barren land . the scouring action may well displace or strand cichlids . mouth brooding offers protection against floods and against associated fishes .
svardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) give details of capture , transport and aquarium care of this species .
rabbaniha ( 1993a , 1993b , 1994 ) gives farsi accounts of this species and cichlids in general . the account is based principally on coad ( 1982a ) .
type material : see above , cmnfi 1979 - 0408a , cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 , mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 , cas 47324 , rom 36389 and bc 81 - 1 .
introduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive winterkill ( herzog , 1969 ) . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , however , record
) from basrah in southern iraq and this species could easily become established in iran . no iranian record confirmed as yet . red tilapias (
sp . ) have been studied in aquaponic systems in iran so there is a potential for an exotic release ( rafiee and saad , 2005 ) . fingerlings from indonesia have been reared using saline waters at bafgh , yazd province in 3 ton fibreglass tanks . larvae were successfully grown to 2 . 0 kg at 28±1ºc (
introduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive ( job , 1967 ) . redbelly tilapias are established in the syrian euphrates ( r . beck , pers . comm . , 2000 ) and a recent report by beshar abd al - hussain al - saadi (
. , 10 october 2006 ) of a cichlid at al musayyib on the euphrates river in iraq may well be this species . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , record this species from basrah in southern iraq and these could spread to iranian waters . no iranian record as yet . the farsi name is تيلاپيا ( = tilapia ) .
the gobies are a world - wide family found mostly in warmer marine waters although some species enter fresh water and others live there permanently ( see also marine list in checklists in the introduction ) . the number of species is high and this may be the most speciose fish family in the world with about 248 genera and about 1630 species , perhaps more ( eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . a diversity of gobies occurs in the caspian sea basin . not all caspian gobies have valid iranian records but most will probably be found there . several gobies penetrate southern waters of iran from the persian gulf and sea of oman and are described here . others will probably be discovered when more detailed surveys are made .
gobies are easily distinguished by their pelvic fins being united as an adhesive or sucking disk or cup . body form and coloration are diverse . the pattern of head canals , canal pores and neuromasts is distinctive and used in identifying and relating species ( except in
( pinchuk , 1991 ) ) . however the neuromasts may be sunken in narrow furrows or pits and completely covered by epithelium so they do not preserve well and this can lead to confusion in identifications ( zambriborshch , 1968 ) . there is usually a short spiny dorsal fin ( 2 - 8 flexible spines ) separated from , but close to , a soft dorsal fin . the soft dorsal fin and anal fin are longer than the caudal peduncle . scales may be cycloid , ctenoid or rarely absent . no obvious lateral line . there are 5 branchiostegal rays . gill membranes are connected to the isthmus and gill openings are moderate to wide , or very restricted in the mudskippers . the head is usually blunt and the mouth is usually large . teeth are usually small and conical in one to several rows in both jaws . miller in miller ( 2003 ) gives a suite of osteological characters defining the family .
most gobies are quite small ( 5 - 10 cm ) and they are often very abundant . maximum size is about 50 cm . some of the world ' s smallest vertebrates are gobies from the indian ocean , mature at 8 mm . others , however , are large and form part of fisheries in both the caspian sea and the indian ocean . they are not significant food fishes in iran . gobies tend to rest on the bottom and move in sudden , characteristic dashes . the male goby guards a nest . food is crustaceans , worms , molluscs and small fishes . many gobies are important in the aquarium trade since they are beautifully coloured , small and tough .
they are known generally as gav mahi ( = cow fish ) or sag mahi ( = dog fish ) or contain the word gel ( = mud ) in iran . a general review in farsi of the caspian gobies is given by aslaanparviz ( 1991 ) .
the males of some caspian species become black during the spawning season , their fins elongate , head shape alters and some even become naked . loss of tubercles in adult male gobies of the genus
makes it possible to identify only juveniles and females . the males build nests and guard the eggs . life span of certain caspian species is said to be as short as one year , e . g . some species of
, as much as 10 - 15 % of total biomass in some areas ( mamedov , 2006 ) .
the black and caspian sea basins contain an endemic sarmatian fauna of gobies . there are two main clades , the gobiine - benthophilines ( or transverse gobiids ) and the pomatoschistines ( or sand gobies ) , that have probably been distinct for at least 40 million years . miller ( 2001 ) and miller in miller ( 2003 ) reviews the evolutionary history of these two clades and their anatomical differences based on head papillae and osteology . the transverse gobiids include
. the sarmatian fauna was separated from the atlantic - mediterranean fauna with the isolation of the paratethys during the late miocene messinian salinity crisis as the mediterranean dried . partial flooding of the mediterranean from the paratethys in the early pliocene allowed sarmatian gobies to spread westwards . within the ponto - caspian basin , evolution of species flocks was favoured by basin sub - divisions and rejoinings . the benthophilines may be a monophyletic group from these events .
ahnelt and duchkowitsch ( 2004 ) give information on the neogobiine stock . about 12 - 13 million years ago in the middle miocene , the ponto - caspian endemic and ancestral neogobiine stock may have differentiated from an atlantic - mediterranean gobiine stock . at this time the paratethys was a sea with reduced salinity and a high level of endemism . the
stock that invaded the mediterranean basin after that sea was restored about 5 million years ago in the late miocene .
ranges from 4 . 29 to 6 . 25 mya and the paper gives divergence times for major lineages in relation to geological events in the ponto - caspian . these events include connections with , and isolation from , the world ocean and salinity changes in a range of 1 - 30 p . p . t . over the last 5 million years . most genera diversified about 5 mya when the black and caspian seas separated .
the principal recent works on the systematics of caspian gobies are by v . i . pinchuk , d . b . ragimov , ye . d . vasil ' yeva , h . ahnelt and p . j . miller . earlier works are by b . s . iljin ( also spelled il ' in or ilyin ) . later molecular studies are cited above .
other gobies in iran are the familiar tropical mudskippers which can move quickly over land , using the muscular - based paired fins to row across mud , and some can even clasp and climb mangroves . they can live out of water because the gill openings are small to prevent desiccation of the gills , oxygen can be taken into the chamber and absorbed through the gills and chamber wall , and they can also absorb oxygen through their skin . they often rest with the tail immersed in water for this purpose or roll around in shallow water to moisten themselves . they may live entirely in water , or will come onto land even when there is enough oxygen in the water . their eyes are high on the head , protruding and able to revolve independently , and have a movable lower lid . the eyes are retracted periodically into small cups below the head to moisten them . such eyes are very effective as a means to watch for potential enemies on land but their vision under water is blurred . mudskippers have elaborate reproductive behaviour which involves tail standing , flip - flops , and fin displays . they are very territorial and defend their territory against other mudskippers and crabs . they can deliver a skin - breaking bite to humans even though they are only about 15 cm long !
this genus comprises only a single species and so its characters are those of the species . the snout is very distinctive and details of neuromasts are not given here as they are not needed in identification , although of importance in relating the genus . the genus is closely related to the tadpole goby clade comprising
and details are give in miller in miller ( 2004 ) . this author also gives an alternative terminology for the arrangement of neuromasts than that of ahnelt
eichwald , 1831 by berg ( 1927 ) but later iljin ( 1930 ) erected a new genus because of its unusual and distinctive morphology . the type locality is the caspian sea at 37°58 ' n , 52°22 ' e at a depth of 294 m ( but see below ) .
. ( 2000 ) although berg ( 1927 ) mentions 15 fish in his description . ragimov ( 1985 ) states that berg described this species from a single young specimen and also visually observed 15 others for a total of 16 in the type series .
the duckbill tadpole goby is characterised by the elongate and flattened head which is similar to a duck ' s bill . unlike gobies of the genus
first dorsal fin with 3 - 4 spines , usually 4 , second dorsal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 , usually 10 , soft rays . anal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 soft rays . pectoral fin rays 14 - 16 . gill rakers on the posterior part of the arch are very short and anteriorly are minute . pit organs on the side of the head are papilliform and clearly visible with the naked eye . further details of anatomy are given by ahnelt
iranian specimens had the following meristics : - first dorsal fin with 4 ( 4 ) spines ; second dorsal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 10 ( 4 ) soft rays ; pectoral fin rays 14 ( 1 ) , 15 ( 2 ) or 16 ( 1 ) ; anal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 11 ( 4 ) soft rays ; and total vertebrae 29 ( 4 ) .
overall , colour is a light grey or pale fawn fading to a whitish grey on the belly . various speckles and melanophores are found on the back and upper flank . the dorsal , caudal and pectoral fins have dark grey speckles . the head sides from the snout to the cheek are dark with transversal suborbital papillae series whitish giving the impression of narrow light stripes below the eye and on the cheek . the peritoneum is black or densely covered in fine speckles .
reaches 11 . 2 cm , or 13 cm total length ( jolodar and abdoli , 2004 ) . females may be larger than males ( mean total length 84 mm versus 77 mm ) .
known only from the caspian sea and one of the endemic sarmatian fauna ( see family account ) .
found to a depth of 294 m on white silt bottoms according to berg ( 1927 ) but the data in zisp states 244 sazhems ( = 446 . 5 m ) . recent iranian material is from 45 - 80 m , at 9 . 7 - 16 . 4°c at 50 m ( ahnelt
. , 2000 ) and jolodar and abdoli ( 2004 ) state it lives mainly at 50 - 100 m depths in the south caspian sea .


isodemis brevicera is a moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in vietnam .

the wingspan is 21 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is cream , sparsely dotted and suffused with brownish especially at the base of the wing and along the dorsum .

the markings are brownish with dark brown parts .

the hindwings are pale brown grey .

isodemis brevicera

the distribution of isodemis diakonoff in china . ● ( red ) isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) ▲ ( green ) isodemis stenotera diakonoff ● ( yellow ) isodemis proxima razowski ● ( black ) isodemis serpentinana ( walker ) ■ ( red ) isodemis quadrata sp . n . ▲ ( blue ) isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . ■ ( magenta ) isodemis hainanensis sp . n .
adults of isodemis spp . 1 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) , ♂ 2–3 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , ♂ ( showing variation of markings ) 4 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , ♀ 5 isodemis proxima razowski , ♂ 6 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , ♂ 7 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , ♀ 8 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . ( male ) 9 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , ♂ 10 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , paratype , ♀ .
male genitalia of isodemis spp . 11–12 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) : 11 slide no . syh10014 12 slide no . syh10002 ( showing variation of genitalia ) 13 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh09017 14 isodemis proxima razowski , slide no . syh10015 15 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , slide no . wxp03332 .
the genus isodemis diakonoff , 1952 in china is reviewed , with seven species recognized . three new species are described : isodemis quadrata sp . n . , isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . and isodemis hainanensis sp . n . the female of isodemis stenotera diakonoff , 1983 is described for the first time . variation within isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick , 1918 ) and isodemis stenotera is briefly discussed . images of the adults and genitalia are provided , along with a key to the described species .
genitalia of isodemis spp . 16–17 . ♂ : 16 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10010 17 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , slide no . syh09042 18–20 . ♀ : 18 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh10005 19 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10003 20 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . paratype , slide no . syh09043 .
most species of this genus show a stong sexual dimorphism , which makes species identification difficult . of the seven previously described species , isodemis longicera razowski , 2009 and isodemis brevicera razowski , 2009 were described from the males , while isodemis ngoclinha razowski , 2009 was described from females . currently , no additional knowledge has been added to these three species . therefore , we have excluded isodemis ngoclinha from the key based on forewing patterns and male genitalia .
isodemis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae . the genus was erected by diakonoff in 1952 for the type species batodes serpentinana . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis to isodemis and described isodemis stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 , 2009 ) described isodemis proxima from . . .
based on the description of isodemis serpentinana and the illustration of its male genitalia provided by diakonoff ( 1941 ) , this species is distinguished by the phallus bearing two unequal cornuti with the longer one undulate in the male genitalia . when diakonoff ( 1983 ) described isodemis stenotera , hepointed out that isodemis stenotera was very similar to isodemis serpentinana superficially , but could be separated by the male genitalia having two cornuti equal in length . by checking the holotype deposited in the natural history museum , london , we also found that the subapical blotch in isodemis serpentinana is subtriangular , while it is narrowly semioval in isodemis stenotera . more differences of the two species are stated under isodemis stenotera .
have a fact about isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
this species is superficially very similar to isodemis longicera and isodemis brevicera , but it can be separated by the uncus being slightly narrowed in the distal 2 / 5 and rounded apically , the spine - shaped terminal process of the sacculus not reaching plica and the phallus bearing eight cornuti . in isodemis longicera , the uncus is slightly concave at middle on posterior margin , the terminal process of the sacculus reaches the plica and the phallus bears twelve cornuti ; in isodemis brevicera , the uncus broadens from base to apex , the terminal process of the sacculus is nearly triangular , and the phallus has ten cornuti . female genitalia resemble those of isodemis ngoclinha , but can be distinguished by the anterior portion of the papilla analis not being inflated and the sterigma extending posteriorly uniformly in width to both sides ; whereas in isodemis ngoclinha , the basal 2 / 3 of papilla analis is inflated , and the sterigma widens from the inception of ductus bursae to the lateral side .
isodemis diakonoff 1952 : 147 . type species : batodes serpentinana walker , 1863 ( original designation ) .
. . . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis meyrick , 1918 to isodemis and described i . stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 razowski ( , 2009a razowski ( , 2009b ) described i . proxima razowski , 2000 from chinese taiwan , and i . brevicera razowski , 2009 , i . longicera razowski , 2009 and i . ngoclinha razowski , 2009 from vietnam . currently , isodemis consists of seven species , mainly distributed in southeast asia . . . .
this species is similar to isodemis illiberalis both in appearance and in male genitalia , but can be separated by the median fascia extending from the costal margin to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaching across 1 / 3 width of wing and the phallus having eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti . in isodemis illiberalis , the median fascia extends from below the costal fold to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaches the tornus and the phallus has eight to twenty - three deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus . isodemis guangxiensis is superficially also similar to isodemis quadrata , the differences between them are as follows : in isodemis guangxiensis , the uncus broadens from the basal 1 / 4 to the apex and the phallus bears eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti , whereas in isodemis quadrata , the uncus is quadrate and the phallus has ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus .
this species is very similar to the type species isodemis serpentinana both in appearance and in the genitalia , but can be distinguished by the male genitalia having two nearly straight cornuti that are equal in length , and the female genitalia having the ductus bursae about the same length as the corpus bursae and broadening slightly from the inception of the ductus seminalis to the corpus bursae . in isodemis serpentinana , the male genitalia have a phallus bearing two cornuti that are unequal in length with the longer one undulate , and the female genitalia have a ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the length of the corpus bursae and slightly broader from middle of the ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ( diakonoff 1948 : 511 , fig . 37 ) .
isodemis is characterized by the labial palpus obliquely uprising almost as high as upper edge of eye ; the forewing dominantly yellowish brown or ochreous brown ; the median fascia interrupted or indistinct near costal margin ; male genitalia with gnathos hooked , valva with a c - shaped plica , with numerous fine wrinkles between plica and costa , and the sacculus with terminal process ; female genitalia with the ductus bursae usually with cestum , and the single dentate signum with a conspicuous globular process placed posteriorly in the corpus bursae .
this paper is a continuation of the study on the tribe archipini from vietnam . it includes the data on 15 genera and 37 species of which one genus and 15 species are described as new ( electraglaia nigrapex razowski , sp . n . , archips silvicolanus razowski , sp . n . , a . subgyraleus razowski , sp . n . , a . bulbosus razowski , sp . n . , a . brunneatus razowski , sp . n . , a . bachmanus razowski , sp . n . , chirapsina razowski , gen . n . , dynatocephala altivola razowski , sp . n . , neocalyptis magnilabis razowski , sp . n . , n . fortis razowski , sp . n . , diplocalyptis ferruginimixta razowski , sp . n . , d . triangulifera razowski , sp . n . , daemilus rufus razowski , sp . n . , d . rufapex razowski , sp . n . , adoxophyes afonini razowski , sp . n . , borneogena siniaevi razowski , sp . n . , isodemis ngoclinha razowski , sp . n . ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
college of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin 300071 , p . r . china
corresponding author : houhun li ( nc . ude . iaknan @ nuhuohil ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
in china and to describe three new species . a key is provided on a worldwide basis based on the forewing patterns and the male genitalia except
razowski , 2009 whose male remains unknown . a map is provided to show the distribution of
examined specimens were collected by light traps . terminology follows diakonoff ( 1948 ) and razowski ( 2009a , b ) in descriptions of forewing pattern and genitalia . genitalia dissection and slide mounting methods follow li ( 2002 ) . the examined specimens , including the types of the new species , are deposited in the insect collection , college of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin , china .
china , vietnam , thailand , indonesia , nepal , india and sri lanka .
1 ♂ , china , guangxi zhuang autonomous region : milv village , nanping town , shangsi county ( 22°09 ' n , 107°58 ' e ) , 770 m , 3 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 ♂ , mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22°09 ' n , 107°58 ' e ) , 510 m , 6 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 ♂ , mt . villa huawang , jinxiu yao autonomous county ( 24°08 ' n , 110°11 ' e ) , 550 m , 14 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 8 ♂♂ , grand canyon laohutiao , napo county ( 23°44 ' n , 106°48 ' e ) , 30 . vii . 2008 , coll . liusheng chen and guoyi wu ; 1 ♂ , china , yunnan province : tengchong county ( 25°01 ' n , 98°30 ' e ) , 1950 m , 28 . ix . 2002 , coll . huaijun xue ; 2 ♂♂ , xiaoheishan nature reserves ( 24°35 ' n , 98°41 ' e ) , 2300 m , 10 . viii . 2005 , coll . yingdang ren .
) ; in the female genitalia by the sterigma deeply v - shaped , the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the corpus bursae , and the globular process almost 1 / 2 length of the signum (
: 40 , fig . 5 ) . it can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the median fascia extending from below distal half of the costal fold to the dorsum and the subapical blotch reaching the tornus .
china ( guangdong , guangxi , yunnan ) , vietnam , thailand , india , nepal .
) . papilla analis long and narrow , distal 2 / 5 slightly expanded . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma nearly band - shaped , protrudent backward posterolaterally . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis from posterior 1 / 5 of ductus bursae ; ductus bursae about same length as corpus bursae , broadened slightly from inception of ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , with tiny spines on ventral surface , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 4 length of signum .
china ( hunan , guangxi , hainan , tibet , yunnan ) , indonesia ( sumatra ) .
) ; the vinculum has a tiny spine at middle on the anterior margin in the male genitalia .
1 ♂ , china , guangxi province : mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22°09 ' n , 107°58 ' e ) , 250 m , 7 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 ♂ , dongzhong woodfarm , fangchenggang city ( 21°37 ' n , 108°20 ' e ) , 370 m , 9 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 3 ♂♂ , china , hainan province : shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18°52 ' n , 109°40 ' e ) , 650 m , 15–17 . v . 2007 , coll . zhiwei zhang and weichun li ; 4 ♂♂ , shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18°52 ' n , 109°40 ' e ) , 630–740 m , 13–17 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu .
) ; and the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times length of the corpus bursae in female genitalia (
, the forewing is mainly ochreous brown ; the uncus is broadenedbasally and the phallus bears two cornuti ; and the ductus bursae ia about the same length as the corpus bursae .
( tortrix ? ) sulana walker 1866 : 1784 . type locality : new guinea .
china ( hainan , yunnan , taiwan ) ; india , indonesia ( borneo , java , sumatra ) , new guinea , philippine , sri lanka , tailand .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8bbc12c8 - 21e6 - 4349 - 9ea1 - d0254a20e481
holotype ♂ – china , xizang ( tibet ) autonomous region : hanmi , medog county ( 29°13 ' n , 95°18 ' e ) , 2380 m , 9 . viii . 2003 , coll . xinpu wang and huaijun xue , genitalia slide no . wxp03332 . paratypes : 1 ♂ , 2 ♀♀ , same data as for holotype .
) . tegumen developed . uncus nearly quadrate , straight on posterior margin . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate nearly triangular , about 1 / 3 length of arm . valva with length about 1 . 5 times width , rounded terminally ; transtilla spine - shaped , disconnected medially . sacculus weakly sclerotized ; terminal process nearly thumblike , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin , with two small spines near middle of anterior margin . juxta approximately oval , slightly concave at middle anteriorly . phallus slightly longer than length of valva , straight , dilated basally , with ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus that is about 1 / 3 length of phallus .
) . papilla analis narrow and long . apophysis anterioris slightly longer than apophysis posterioris . sterigma inverted subtriangular . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis coming from anterior margin of antrum ; ductus bursae longer than corpus bursae , curved perpendicularly at posterior 1 / 3 ; cestum placed between posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae and anterior margin of antrum . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 3 length of signum .
the specific name is from the latin quadratus ( = square ) , referring to the rectangular uncus in the male genitalia .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f2e5b790 - 7f5b - 46f6 - 813d - f1cc182ad4e6
holotype ♂ – china , guangxi zhuang autonomous reging : rongshui miao autonomous county ( 25°04 ' n , 109°13 ' e ) , 31 . vii . 2003 , genitalia slide no . syh09041 . paratype : 1 ♂ , huaping nature reserves ( 23°39 ' n , 109°55 ' e ) , 1300 m , 1 . viii . 2006 , coll . weichun li .
) . uncus nearly rectangular in basal 1 / 4 , then broadened slightly to rounded apex , densely setose in distal half . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate triangular , about 2 / 3 length of arm . valva slightly widened distally , length about 2 times of width , rounded terminally ; transtilla irregularly round , with pointed apical process . sacculus weakly sclerotized , protruding ventrally at middle ; terminal process nearly triangular , rounded at apex , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin . juxta large and broad , straight on anterior margin ; posterior margin concave and arched , protruding posterolaterally . phallus slightly shorter than length of valva , slightly curved and dilated in basal 2 / 5 , with eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous unequal cornuti that are about 1 / 3 length of phallus .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0bdc5a29 - 95b3 - 43ac - a8b3 - 77c9bdc4da8f
holotype ♂ − china , hainan province : mt . wuzhi nature reserves ( 18°52 ' n , 109°40 ' e ) , 740 m , 15 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . syh09042 . paratype : 1 ♀ , jianfengling ( 18°44 ' n , 109°10 ' e ) , 800–900 m , 6 . xii . 2009 , coll . zhaohui du .
) wingspan 22 . 0 mm . as in male except with small , brownish black basal fascia near base ; costal margin more arched basallythan in male ; subapical blotch from middle of costal margin to apex , narrow , reaching across 1 / 5 width of wing ; stripe along anal vein to beyond mid - length of wing .
) . tegumen with a small triangular process at posterior 1 / 4 medially . uncus nearly rectangular , slightly narrowed in distal 2 / 5 , sparsely setose in distal half , rounded at apex . gnathos arm tapering to distal end , with distinct lateral prominence that bears many tiny spines ; terminal plate short , about 1 / 2 length of arm . valva length about two times width , rounded terminally ; plica extremely thin , straight ; small sclerotized projection at basal 1 / 3 between plica and ventral margin . transtilla irregularly oval , with pointed and curved apical process . sacculus sclerotized ; terminal process a long spine , not reaching plica . vinculum sclerotized anteriorly . juxta approximately semioval , slightly concave at middle on posterior margin . phallus about 2 / 3 length of valva , pistol - shaped , basal 1 / 3 dilated ; cornuti composed of one deciduous cornutus and seven non - deciduous cornuti , each about 1 / 4 length of phallus .
) . papilla analis broad . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma narrow and long transversely , weakly notched at middle posteriorly . antrum long , about 1 / 4 length of ductus bursae , anterior 1 / 3 sclerotized ; ductus bursae slightly longer than corpus bursae , wrinkled ; ductus seminalis from middle of ductus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae oval , posterior half wrinkled ; signum large spine - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 6 length of signum .
the corresponding author is deeply grateful to mr . kevin r . tuck for his kind assistance provided when checking the specimens in the natural history museum , london . we express our cordial thanks to the reviewers for their kind suggestions and comments , and to those who participated in the field collection . this study was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . j0930005 ) .
new asiatic and papuan tortricidae with records of other species ( 3rd communication on indo - malayan and papuan microlepidoptera ) .
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums für völkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1
in : wagner ( ed ) lepidopterorum catalogus . pars 10 . 8 : pp .
tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) collected in taiwan with description of one new genus and eight new species , and a comparison with some regional faunas .
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini .
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 7 . some additional data ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
. . . ) . in the year of 2009 , he described one new genus , chirapsina razowski , 20 new species , besides 41 known species were recorded ( razowski , 2009a , 2009b ) . in the present study , five new recorded species , . . .
sex pheromones of three citrus leafrollers , archips atrolucens , adoxophyes privatana , and homona sp . , inhabiting the mekong delta of vietnam
tortricidae from the tervuren museum , 6 : clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 ( lepidopter . . .
19 archipinae species belonging to clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 are discussed . 12 species ( clepsis ocladia razowski , sp . n . , c . enarga razowski , sp . n . , c . lusingae razowski , sp . n . , c . oidema razowsld , sp . n . , c . gongyla razowsld , sp . n . , c . barbellata razowski , sp . n . , c . humilaria razowski , sp . n . , c . letheana razowski , sp . n . , orilesa legitimana razowski , sp . n . , o . . . . [ show full abstract ]
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 6 . olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tort . . .
53 species of olethreutinae are recorded ; three genera ( fansipania razowski gen . n . , dacgleia razowski , gen . n . , ustrilapex razowski , gen . n . ) and 25 species ( sorolopha brunnorbis razowski , sp . n . , phaecasiophora astrata razowski , sp . n . , p . rufata razowski , sp . n . , sycacantha pararufata razowski , sp . n . , s . ngoclinhana razowski , sp . n . , s . montana razowski , sp . n . , neostatherotis pallidtornus . . . [ show full abstract ]
tortricinae and chlidanotinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) collected by b . landry in ecuador
of thirteen species listed one genus , three euliini species ( pseudomeritastis emphanes , netechmodes landryi , thalleulia gracilescens ) , three species of archipini ( clepsis parva , c . parassensus , c . assensiodes ) , two species of atteriini ( sisurcana leptina , anacrusis rubida ) and one of chlidanotini ( monortha procera ) are described as new . female of henricus metalliferus razowski & pelz is described .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
what is organa genitalia ? meaning of organa genitalia medical term . what does organa genitalia mean ? . . . looking for online definition of organa genitalia in the medical dictionary ? organa genitalia explanation free . . . . genitalia . ( redirected from organa genitalia ) . also found in : dictionary , thesaurus , encyclopedia . gen·i·ta·li·a . ( jen - i - tā ' lē - . . . genitalia . / gen·i·ta·lia / ( jen″ĭ - tāl´e - ah ) [ l . ] the reproductive organs . . ambiguous genitalia genital organs with . . .
male genitals pictures - genital warts pictures . we provides discount revitol stretch mark removal and prevention product made . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . view the 920253 best male dog genitalia photos , male dog genitalia images , male dog genitalia pictures . download photos or . . .
a taxonomic revision of the askoldella species - group of the genus nemophora hoffmannsegg ( lepidoptera : adelidae ) » brill . . .
. . . adults and male genitalia are described and illustrated . . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia are provided ; adults and male genitalia are described and . . . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura * authors : jeffrey m . cumming ; bradley j . . . .
a study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of environmental factors . limbaugh says it has to be the ' feminazis ' and ' . . . rush limbaugh : male genitalia are shrinking because of ' feminazis ' a study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of . . . in a study looking at changes in male genitalia over the past 50 years , italian researchers found that penises were around 10 . . .
learn about ambiguous genitalia symptoms and causes from experts at boston children ' s , ranked best children ' s hospital by us . . . what causes ambiguous genitalia ? . the sexual organs of males and females develop from the same fetal tissue . the same tissue . . . what are ambiguous genitalia ? at conception , a fetus ' s gender is already determined based on the 23rd pair chromosome it . . . characteristics of ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include : . * an enlarged clitoris , or what appears to be a small penis . . .
includes : 1 pediatric male genitalia , 1 pediatric female genitalia , 6 urinary / anal valve connectors and 2 clamps . . . pediatric male and female genitalia set with urinary / anal connector valves to be used with manikin ' s abdominal plate and . . .
the geografted genitals have never been intentionally made as a selling point , even for daz users , which is why they ' re only . . . there is a problem in carrara with the male genitals . if you load the figure by itself and apply a texture map , it looks fine . . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . .
help please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . - multiple sclerosis - medhelp
today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . . . . . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . help please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . . i ' ve had several posts the last week or so with vibrating , . . .
while itching all over the body can be a sign of cancer , it would be very unusual for itching specifically in the vaginal and anal areas to be a sign of cancer .
are you sure your patient has ambiguous genitalia ? what are the typical findings for this disease ? . ambiguous genitalia refers . . . therefore , while all infants with ambiguous genitalia have a dsd , not all patients with dsds have ambiguous genitalia . . . . ambiguous genitalia is considered an emergency from a medical as well as a psychological standpoint . medically , the rationale . . . the birth of an infant with ambiguous genitalia is typically extremely distressful for parents . adding to this is the fact that . . .
g2f genitalia morphs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - effect of the morph the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden . . . the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden ( daz hidden : - ( ) geometries in the g2f genitalia - like in the . . . i ' ve provided an addon here at sharecg that gives the g2f genitalia more …thanks for these . not sure what you meant in the . . . victoria 4 for g2f comes with v4 uvs for the genitalia as well so v4 textures will work with it . i ' ve provided an addon here at . . .
navy acknowledges pilot drew male genitalia in the sky . posted 11 : 13 am , november 17 , 2017 , by tribune media . . . krem 2 in spokane says they received multiple pictures and phone calls showing male genitalia drawn in the sky . . . .
. . . females prefer males with asymmetric genitalia - perhaps because decoupling of left and right sides of the genitalia allows a . . . 2015 asymmetry in genitalia does not increase the rate of their evolution . mol . phyl . evol . 93 , 180 - 187 . ( doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . . . . 2007 the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects . biol . rev . 82 , 647 - 698 . ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00029 . . . . the cholevine male genitalia consist of three chief components : ( i ) the two lateral , whip or drumstick - like parameres ; the . . .
it might seem that langerhans has exhausted the questions there are to ask about mosquitofish genitals . but he says that ' s not . . . yet langerhans says the shape ( not size ) of female genitalia , which is somewhat more elongated in predator - free populations , . . . the history of bahamas mosquitofish is written in their genitals . though you ' d have a hard time locating a female fish ' s . . . the new study suggests that the smaller female openings haven ' t exactly evolved in response to the changing male genitalia , but . . .
female genitalia definition : additional female sex organs ; additional feminine intercourse body organs ; outside feminine sex . . . how would you define female genitalia ? . all the definitions on azdictionary were written by people just like you . now ' s your . . . urban dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * its a womans exclusive part . . . the… . . . medical dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * the genital organs for the feminine . … . . .
the solicitation included a photo of robert george roe ' s genitalia . . a detective posing as a 16 - year - old girl responded to the . . . man who posted genitalia online , arrested for sex crime . march 5 , 2015 . . .
may be a repost , but it ' s so good it ' s worth one . . urltoken and the continuation : . urltoken love this shit , been singing it for 2 days . . . . .
grammys dress code - - celebrities warned . . . keep your genitals covered ! ! ! | urltoken
. . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this according to a warning the… . . . cbs doesn ' t want to see a single celebrity butt crack at the grammys on sunday . . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this . . .
wu - tang corp . is the only official website for the multi - platinum rap group wu - tang clan and all its members and affiliates . we offer loads of audio and video downloads , other goodies , an extensive discography , an active community with thousands and thousands of members .
. . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing ' unfocused rage ' at democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . . mike huckabee on women ' s march : dressing as genitals achieves nothing . by stoyan zaimov jan 24 , 2017 , 11 : 09 am . . . . lastly , he blasted what he called
sexist / racist
beliefs that project that people vote on their skin color or genitals , rather . . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing
unfocused rage
at democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . .
using genital deodorants or douches or other harsh chemicals on your genitals is a bad idea . that ' s a really good way to get . . . after i ' ve washed , my genitals are odor free but only for a few hours . i ' m not sporty , so why is this ? . . . just like your underarms , your genitals will sweat even during regular activities . you ' ve also got various other bodily fluids . . .
an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . .
an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . .
the uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important . . . genitalia in male and female of any particular lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock ( female ) and key . . . the genitalia are attached onto the tenth or most distal segment of the abdomen . lepidoptera have some of the most complex . . . the genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification . . . .
mutilated genitals is a promotional ep by dog fashion disco released in 2001 . it has since been deleted and is quite rare , but . . . urltoken genitals urltoken genitals / . . .
,
don ' t fall asleep or we ' ll mutilate your genitals
. the versions of tracks 4 and 5 are re - recordings ; they would appear on . . .


austrophlebia is a small genus of dragonflies in the family telephlebiidae .

the species are very large with strong yellow markings on the thorax .

austrophlebia

northern populations previously treated as austrophlebia costalis were separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .
this species was treated as austrophlebia costalis until it was separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .
the southern giant darner ( austrophlebia costalis ) is a dragonfly species of the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae , which contains 37 species in australia .
justification : austrophlebia costalis is widespread in victoria , new south wales and queensland , is present in a number of protected areas , and although there are potential threats to some populations , it does not appear to be globally threatened . therefore it is assessed as least concern .
the identification key to the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae consists of 37 couplets , 3 of which are pertinent to austrophlebia costalis . click on the numbers on the right to display the corresponding couplets . or click on the allin1 button to see all the relevant couplets together in a single , scrollable window .
austrophlebia costalis is endemic to australia , where it is known from victoria , to the eungella area in queensland . it has been recorded from a number of protected areas , for instance eungella , bunya mountains and main range national parks in queensland and gibraltar range , new england , royal and biamanga national parks in new south wales . it was only recorded from victoria relatively recently ( richter 2013 ) and is nowknown from three locations in the state .
austrophlebia subcostalis is endemic to australia , where it is only known from a relatively small area in the north - east of queensland . i have seen records from only 10 locations , one of which is in the cape tribulation section of daintree national park . its eoo , based on a polygon around occupied hydrobasin areas , is 30 , 451 km² . bush et al . ( 2014 : table s2 ) gives an estimate of the current extent of suitable habitat of this species as 2 , 449 km² .
justification : austrophlebia subcostalis is only known from 10 locations in the rainforests of north - east queensland , within an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) just over 30 , 000 km² , and with only one population definitely within a national park . outside of protected areas it faces a potential threat from deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess . in the long - term it faces a serious threat from climate change with no suitable habitat predicted to remain by 2085 under a high emissions scenario . it is assessed as near threatened because of the limited number of sites and the known short and long term threats .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 22 february 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
there are insufficient data to make definitive statements about population size and health for this species , but it may be at least locally common .
the larva “inhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , generally occurring on or under logs , mostly in shady areas” ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) . this species is known to exhibit “strong flight and sometimes seemingly vagrant behaviour” with “records of larvae even from intermittent streams” ( theischinger 1996 ) . most records are from forested areas .
threats to this species need to be researched , but as it appears likely to be forest dependent , forest clearance is at least a potential threat , especially near expanding population centres , as is increased frequency of fires due to climate change . however the species is widely distributed and known from relatively many national parks , so it is not likely to be globally threatened .
more data is needed on this species , but specific conservation measures for it do not appear to be needed .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
there is insufficient information to make definitive statements about populations of this species , the assessor has seen records of few individuals , but this might be due to some factor other than genuine scarcity .
the main immediate threat to this species is likely to be deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess ; other threats need to be investigated . modelling of sensitivity to climate change in bush
( 2014 ) predicts that under a high emissions scenario this species will have no suitable habitat left by 2085 , so that in the long - term climate change may be the main threat to this species .
there is a need for more data on this species , and on threats . it would certainly benefit from the protection of additional rainforest areas in north - east queensland , and methods of dealing with the predicted long - term loss of suitable habitat due to climate change need to be researched .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
tillyard , r . j . 1913 ,
on some australian anisoptera , with descriptions of new species
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 37 , no . 1912 , pp . 572 - 584 pl . lxii
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 428c53e6 - ad77 - 4c55 - b3bd - 9847390f9971
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f3a96b4 - c75d - 4057 - 9092 - b3e8be142a01
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b5324d94 - ae30 - 41c3 - aa2d - ccc917c78a84
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5b92fb5 - bf13 - 4f1b - 8612 - a7a1814bfaab
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 407938
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a1f5af6 - 9651 - 493f - 884a - 5763b321e9c4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f555d2a0 - a6d6 - 41a4 - 9f93 - ca1c499c2d3b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac29962a - 422b - 4e7c - aea8 - 1aff8df94e4f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 280023
this species is endemic to australia ; found from latitude 21s , cairns area to victoria - new south wales border ( theischinger 1996 , theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
for full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
the scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0d4830ef - 9f07 - 41e2 - bd3e - a42c3bc36432
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d076ba76 - be09 - 4a8b - 8077 - 264dba5e790b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88e79ce6 - 4b3b - 48bc - 901c - cefe5ae63dff
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 439412
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
inhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , with the larvae generally occurring under logs , mostly in shady areas ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .
there are no known threats affecting this species nor are their likely to be in the near future .
there are no conservation actions in place , nor are any thought to be needed .
, with an old reference claiming to have clocked one at nearly 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) but no modern confirmation .


protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse .

it was roughly the size of a modern donkey .

fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the late miocene and early pliocene , from about 14 ma to 6 ma .

analysis of protohippus '' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus calippus .

species include : p. vetus p. perditus p. supremus ( also p. simus ) p. gidleyi

protohippus

are we missing a good definition for protohippus ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .
what made you want to look up protohippus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
late 19th century ; earliest use found in proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . from scientific latin protohippus from proto - + ancient greek ἵππος horse .
a genus of three - toed quadrupeds related to the ancestors of the modern horse , known from north american fossil remains of the late miocene and early pliocene epochs ; ( also protohippus ) an animal of this genus .
hey folks ! continuing the series of prehistoric critter short videos , today we have the small , multi - toed horse protohippus . if you ' d like to follow kentrosaur creations elsewhere on the internet , i ' ve got you covered . on youtube you can see time lapse drawings , tutorials and other shenanigans . on instagram and twitter , there ' s progress photos of current work and photos of my cats , on tumblr there will be scans of drawings and news and on facebook there ' ll be a bit of everything . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken music is from the free music archive - urltoken
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
whether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .
don ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
stay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .
in this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .
archaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y pliometanastes sp .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y dinohippus mexicanus ( lance , 1950 ) .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y el xenarthra , megalonychidae , pliometanastes cf .
gidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y los xenarthra , pampatheriidae , scirrohterium sp .
( mammalia , perissodacfyla , equidae ) from the miocene ( barstovian - early hemphillian ) of the gulf coastal plain .
primer registro fosil de pliometanastes sp . ( mammalia , xenarthra , megalonychidae ) para el mioceno superior de costa rica , america central . una nueva pista en la comprension del pre - gabi
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
this entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !
this page was last edited on 22 january 2016 , at 05 : 15 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89
a genus of fossil horses from the lower pliocene . they had three toes on each foot , the lateral ones being small