the acrothoracica are a superorder of barnacles .

acrothoracicans bore into calcareous material such as mollusc shells , coral , crinoids or hardgrounds , producing a slit-like hole in the surface known by the trace fossil name rogerella .

acrothoracicans are typically smaller than other types of barnacle , being only a few millimetres in length .

being protected by the hard surfaces into which they have bored , they have no solid carapace of plates like other barnacles but have a soft , sac-like body fixed to the surface by a chitinous disc at the front of the head .

they have from four to six pairs of feathery limbs , or " cirri " , which they project out of their borings to catch drifting detritus for food .

the mouthparts consist of mandibles , maxillules and maxillae .

one pair of cirri is close to these while the others are at the other end of the body .

each individual acrothoracican is either male or female .

a dwarf male is sometimes found attached to the mantle or wall of a female 's burrow .

the developing larva may omit the nauplius stage but always has a cyprid stage .

this has chitinous teeth which are used after the larva has settled to abrade the surface and commence a burrow .

two orders , three families , 11 genera and 63 species are recognized , and many more species probably remain to be identified .

acrothoracica

phylogenetic relationships of darwin’s “mr . arthrobalanus” : the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : acrothoracica )
phylogenetic relationships of darwin’s “mr . arthrobalanus” : the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) - sciencedirect
what made you want to look up acrothoracica ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
newman , w . a . , 1971 . a deep - sea burrowing barnacle ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) from bermuda . j . zool . lond . 165 : 423–429 .
tomlinson , j . t . , 1969 . the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : order acrothoracica ) . bull . u . s . natn . mus . 296 : 1–162 .
, new species ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) , a boring barnacle from guam , mariana islands , with new insights into cryptophialid ultrastructure . j . crust . biol . 6 : 143–157 .
newman , w . a . , 1974 . two new deep - sea cirripedia ( ascothoracica and acrothoracica ) from the atlantic . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 54 : 437–456 .
kolbasov , g . a . , 1999 , the external mantle morphology of burrowing barnacles of the families lithoglyptidae and cryptophialidae ( cirripedia , acrothoracica ) . crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis . proceedings of the fourth international crustacean congress , 1998 1 : 139–149 .
burrowing barnacle s ( order acrothoracica , about 30 species ) are small , unisexual forms that lack shells and have fewer than six pairs of cirri . they burrow into hard limy material , such as clam shells and coral . trypetesa is found only inside snail shells occupied by hermit crabs .
superorder acrothoracica ( burrowing barnacle s ) devonian to present ; globular in shape ; generally without conspicuous calcareous exoskeleton ; posterior cirri concentrated at end of trunk ; widely distributed in coralline seas , most primitive members in deep sea ; approximately 1 mm in length . all 30 species parasitize cnidarians or echinoderms . superorder thoracica…
…the acrothoracica are known as burrowing barnacle s because they burrow into calcareous substrates ( e . g . , limestone , corals , and mollusk shells ) . the acrothoracicans are recognized as fossils primarily by their burrows , and , while their record extends back into the devonian period , they are particularly well represented in the cretaceous period , when they…
the barnacles of the superorder acrothoracica are small , burrowing , epibiotic , and dioecious ( large female with dwarf male ) crustaceans largely found in the carbonate sediments and skeletons of marine invertebrates . the acrothoracicans represent the cirripedia with the most plesiomorphic characters and have prominently featured in phylogenetic speculations concerning these crustaceans . traditionally , acrothoracica was divided into two main orders , pygophora and apygophora . the apygophora had uniramus cirri and no anus . the pygophora had biramus terminal cirri and an anus and was further divided into two families , lithoglyptidae and cryptophialidae . kolbasov ( 2009 ) revised the superorder acrothoracica on the basis of morphological examinations of females , dwarf males , and cyprids and rearranged the acrothoracican species into two new orders , lithoglyptida and cryptophialida . the present study is the first attempt to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of acrothoracican barnacles by sequencing two mitochondrial ( cytochrome c oxidase i and 16s ribosomal dna ) and two nuclear ( 18s ribosomal dna and histone h3 ) markers of 8 of the 11 genera comprising 23 acrothoracican species . all monophylies of the eight acrothoracican genera sampled in this study were strongly supported . the deep interfamilial relationship constructed is consistent with the recent morphological phylogenetic relationship proposed by kolbasov , newman , and høeg ( kolbasov , 2009 ) that cryptophialidae ( order cryptophialida ) is the sister group to all other acrothoracicans ( order lithoglyptida ) . according to an ancestral character state reconstruction analysis , the posterior lobes of females ; armament of opercular bars , attachment stalk , lateral projections of the body , and aperture slits in dwarf males ; and habitat use appear to have phylogenetic importance .
brusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez - losada , m . ; crandall , k . a . ; kolbasov , g . a . ; høeg , j . t . ( 2002 ) . reanalysis of the relationships among the cirripedia and the ascothoracida and the phylogenetic position of the facetotecta ( maxillopoda : thecostraca ) using 18s rdna sequences . journal of crustacean biology . 22 ( 3 ) : 661 - 669 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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ruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521
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a new species of the lithoglyptes from the seychelles is described . the external morphology of the mantle sac and the body were examined under sem . the position of a new species within lithoglyptes and the ultrastructural characters of different species of this genus are discussed .
. trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . 21 : 1–22 .
turquier , y . , 1978 . le tégument des cirripèdes acrothoraciques . arch . zool . exp . gén . 119 : 107–125 .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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parasitic , barnacle - like cirripedia . these tiny animals burrow into coral or mollusk shells . ( tudge , 2000 )
they have from four to six pairs of feathery limbs , or
cirri
, which they project out of their burrows to catch drifting detritus for food . ( barnes , 1982 )
kento furui added the japanese common name
有肛目
to
pygophora
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
無肛目
to
apygophora
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from lithoglyptes to their own page .
jennifer hammock marked
iz crt 125218 cryptophialus tomlinsoni fragment b at 6x
as hidden on the
cryptophialus tomlinsoni newman and ross , 1971
page .
jennifer hammock marked
iz crt 125218 cryptophialus tomlinsoni fragment b at 6x
as untrusted on the
cryptophialus tomlinsoni newman and ross , 1971
page . reasons to untrust : misidentified
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the pearly-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) is a species of cuckoo in the family cuculidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , peru and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.it does not occur above an elevation of 2000 meters .

it can easily be confused with the yellow-billed cuckoo .

the status and even the general distribution of this scarce cuckoo remain very poorly understood .

this cuckoo is hunted .

pearly - breasted cuckoo

pearly - breasted cuckoo is a widespread species of the lowlands of eastern tropical south america . pearly - breasted cuckoo is a slim , long - tailed bird , largely brown above and pearly white below with a black and yellow bill . it is found in a variety of forest habitats from sea level up to 2000 meters in elevation . unlike some other cuckoo species , pearly - breasted cuckoo is not reported to be a nest parasite .
coccyzus euleri pearly - breasted cuckoo 1 ( fpave760re ) song , recorded santa ines , departamento itapúa ( myriam velázquez november 2001 ) . 2 ( fpave761re ) variant song , recorded kaaguy rorry , departamento caaguazú ( myriam velázquez november 2002 ) .
claessens , o . , brammer , f . p . , deville , t . & renaudier , a . ( 2011 ) . first documented records of pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri for french guiana , and an overlooked specimen from ecuador . bull . brit . ornith . club 131 : 128 - 133 .
pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri lacking the rufous patch in the wings which separate it from the superficially similar yellow - billed cuckoo , this species is a denizen of the high canopy of lush humid forest where it can be easy enough to hear , but extremely difficult to see . a migrant , they visit paraguay to breed , singing on arrival and giving birders a short window of opportunity to catch a glimpse . click on the images to enlarge them .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pearly - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
28 cm ; 61 g . adult uniform earth - brown above , light pearly - grey below , centre of belly whitish , long tail blackish with white tips , no rufous on wing , inner webs of primaries . . .
edge of mangrove . it came in to playback of xc72107 but i only got a brief glimpse of it when it was less than 50 m away and flew away in response to playback of its own call . may seem way out - of - range but there are actually a few other records in western ecuador . one was seen in late march a few years ago a bit north of this site and a juvenile male has been collected a bit south of this site . so a singing bird that responds to playback in june seems to fit in quite well . are they maybe breeding in northwest ecuador ? ? ? it is very similar to yellow - billed cuckoo but a singing bird , heard for over an hour , in early june would seem very unlikely .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus euleri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
alarm call ? male of a nesting couple . forest on white sand near the coast .
natural vocalizations ; song from one of a pair of birds in dense primary forest at the edge of a more exposed rocky hill .
natural vocalizations ; one song type from one of a pair , and then another from the other of the pair . neither of these are the same bird as in xc115393 .
natural vocalization ; song from a single bird perched on top of a tall tree in fairly open and dry forest on an exposed rocky hilltop above more humid primary forest . this recording represents the first documentation of this species at cristalino .
response to playback from a bird perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :
response to playback from a bird ( same as last cut ) perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
species formerly referred to as c . julieni , but that name was officially suppressed # r . has been considered conspecific with c . americanus # r . monotypic .
panama , n & e colombia , venezuela and the guianas through amazonia to se brazil ( mato grosso , paraná , são paulo , rio de janeiro ) and s to ne bolivia , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) . distribution patterns and movements unclear , but may be only winter visitor to e colombia , venezuela ( r orinoco ) , the guianas and most of brazil # r # r .
slow series of “kuoup” notes , 1 / sec ; also short rattle followed by 4–9 accented . . .
tropical lowland evergreen forest , gallery forest , secondary forest ; sandy woodland , scrub . sea - . . .
very little known . breeding record in oct in roraima ( n brazil ) . a nest in panama was a loose platform of dry sticks c . 3 m above the . . .
an austral migrant . known to be present on breeding grounds during the austral summer , and in the . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally rare ; only 3 records in surinam , where it is thought to be a migrant , and uncommon in brazil , where it breeds s of the . . .
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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .
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figure 1 - ( fpave4079ph ) adult , mbaracayú biosphere reserve , departamento canindeyú ( paul smith september 2014 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave4080ph ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) ( paul smith september 2014 ) . video - ( fpave4081vi ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) singing ( paul smith september 2014 ) .
designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and myriam velázquez and is used with permission .
two birds nesting at the rio mono bridge in panama . slow motion added to aid in examining the lack of primary wing coloration .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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the sweetlip emperor ( lethrinus miniatus ) , also referred to as the sweetlip swoose , is a fish of the lethrinidae family .

it can be found on coral reefs and moderately warm waters in the western pacific ocean , although its primary habitat is the great barrier reef .

it can also be found in the coastal regions in the centre of western australia .

growing up to 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in length , its light grey colour has small black scale centres dotted around its body .

its first dorsal ( on the back or top of the fish ) fin is red , before changing towards the tail to a darker colour .

the area around the base of its pectoral fins ( on the chest behind the head ) is red or orange .

the area around its eyes , the corner of its mouth and on parts of the fins on the bottom can also be red or orange .

sweetlip emperors are carnivorous predators in the reef ; however , their main prey are small crustaceans such as crabs , as well as sand dollars and small fish .

they also eat most other organisms that live near the bottom of the reef .

even though sweetlip emperors live at the bottom of the reef , they are found only on the continental shelf where the bottom is sandy and light .

they also choose a home near a reef for protection from other predators .

today , species of emperor in the reef ( including the sweetlip emperor ) are threatened because they are desired by both commercial fishing operations and pleasure fishers , due to their lovely colour and nice taste .

sweetlip emperors have a strange breeding and development pattern .

off the coast of cairns , they spawn almost all the time .

off the coast of townsville , they mate in june and august , and off the coast in october and november in more southern waters .

these different breeding times are due to different water temperatures .

sweetlip emperors can spawn ( like eggs that hatch eventually ) only in warmer water .

the young live near the shore in seagrass beds and mangrove swamps , where the water is shallow .

as they grow older , they begin to move out towards the ocean like the adults .

as they grow and get older , their sex changes from female to male .

sweetlip emperor

also known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor .
also known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor . found singly or in groups on sand and rubble areas of reefs . they feed on invertebrates and worms . length - 90cm depth - 5 - 35m widespread southwest pacific most members of lethrinidae are able to rapidly switch on and off dark mottled patterns , spots and bars to deter predators .
the grass emperor or grass sweetlip lethrinus laticaudis is not considered a coral reef fish under the fishery plan . the grass emperor is , however , a regulated tidal species under the fisheries regulation 1995 . please check current rules and regulations for specific size and in - possession limits
sweetlip range from southern queensland right around to mid western australia . very commonly targeted and caught in central and southern barrier reef sections .
dana bahar al arab fisheries llc oman - fishermen , producers , processors , exporters and wholesalers of fresh and frozen red sea bream , red grouper , greasy grouper amberjack , emperor fillets and tuna loins , sweetlip , croakers , small sharks , catfish , trevally , barracuda , parrot fish , job fish , cuttlefish . . .
emperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date
pt . arta mina tama indonesia - we are seafood manufacture in jakarta - indonesia , have 20 boats . product : tuna , loligo squid , round scad bait , oilfish , mahi mahi , swordfish , marlin , albacore , spanish mackerel , wahoo , skipjack , snapper , grouper , barramundi , gold band snapper , emperor , sweetlip , sea bream , cobia , barracuda , pompano , trevally
aqua trade international india - seafood export trading company . we can also offer you the full range of fresh and frozen seafood products include king fish , ribbonfish , emperor fish , reefcod / grouper , mahi mahi , marlin , sail fish , sword fish , sea bream , red snapper , white / grey snapper , sweetlip , spinefoot , unicorn leather jacket etc etc subject to the availabilities .
a redthroat emperor , lethrinus miniatus , in a depth of 22 metres at north solitary island , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
sweetlip will take most bottom bouncing baits , however fresh fish flesh baits are the most successful . they respond very well to burley and if a school responds to a burley trail they can be brazen in their feeding and easy to catch . will readily take a lure such as soft plastic when fished around shallow coral bommies .
walker , m . h . 1975 . aspects of the biology of emperor fishes , family lethrinidae , in north queensland barrier reef waters . ph . d . thesis , james cook university , townsville , australia . 241 p .
sweetlips are a typical emperor shape . colour wise they can vary but are often olive green on top and a olive brown body with dark brown spots . sweetlips are easily identifiable by the beautiful bright red dorsal ( and other fins , but particularly the dorsal ) and the bright red colour inside its large mouth ( hence the reference to red throat emperor ) . usually caught under the 2 kg mark however have been known to grow to about 9 kgs on the barrier reef .
centra fish indonesia - suppliers and processors of various reef fish fillet products , such as red snapper , gold band snapper , emperor , sweet lips , parrot fish , job fish , shark , marlin , oilfish , mahi , fish for bait , sardines for canning , octopus , cuttlefish , squid .
carpenter , k . e . and g . r . allen , 1989 . fao species catalogue . vol . 9 . emperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 9 ) : 118 p . rome : fao . ( ref . 2295 )
identifying features : body silver to pale greyish - brown , with a reddish head and sometimes with 8 - 9 darker bars ; pectoral - fin base bright red ; fins pale to reddish , spinous dorsal - and anal - fin membranes often bright red ; red streak often present from snout to upper gill cover ; lips often reddish ; centre of each scale usually dark . video of redthroat emperor
mk fisheries ( pvt ) ltd sri lanka - suppliers of live , fresh chilled & frozen seafood . live mud crab , oysters , clams , eels , prawns , king fish , yellow fin tuna , skip jack tuna , bullet tuna , bonito , grouper , snappers , emperor , rabbit fish , sweet lips , parrot fish , ribbon fish , mackerels , sole , leather jackets , squids , cuttlefish , blue swimming crab , red crab and sri lankan fresh water fish , scampi prawns , shrimp , slipper lobster , crab .
davies , c . r . , williams , a . j . , mapstone , b . d . , benzie , j . , van herwerden , l . , choat , j . h . , adams , s . , murchie , c . d . , bean , k . , carlos , g . , tobin a . , ackerman , j . 2005 . stock structure and regional variation in population dynamics of the red throat emperor and other target species of the queensland tropical reef line fishery . crc reef research centre technical report . crc reef research centre , townsville , australia . 181 pp .
- leading manufacture and exporter of safe & high quality seafoods , supplying hygienic and uncontaminated seafood products to customers worldwide . atlantic salmon . vannamei white shrimp , black tiger shrimp farmed , wild black sea tiger shrimps , freshwater shrimps , seawater shrimps . we can supply about 600 different species marine fish ( saltwater fishes ) including : red mullet , red snapper , grouper , barramundi , seabass , mahi mahi , yellowfin tuna , seer fish , king fish , spanish mackerel , silver croaker , yellow croaker , ribbonfish , cobia , escolar , butterfish , oilfish , fusilier , ghoul , kooth , leather jacket , mackerel , parrot fish , black pomfret , chinese pomfret , silver pomfret , red spot emperor , silver sillago ,
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 5 - 30 m ( ref . 2295 ) . tropical ; 27°n - 34°s , 113°e - 168°e
western pacific : the ryukyu islands , eastern philippines , northern australia , and new caledonia ( ref . 114226 ) . occurrence records outside distributional range probably refer to lethrinus olivaceus ( ref . 2295 ) .
maturity : l m 36 . 1 range ? - 42 . 2 cm max length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2295 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . published weight : 9 . 6 kg ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . reported age : 22 years ( ref . 2290 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 . snout moderately long . cheek without scales . body silvery , tan or yellowish in color , often with a series of 8 or 9 dark bars . vertical bars may be absent in some individuals . base of pectoral fin red . occasionally a red streak is present , originating on the upper operculum , passing beneath the eye and on to the snout . reddish lips . fins pale or reddish , sometimes brilliant red on membranes near base of pelvic fin and between spinous rays of dorsal and anal fin . the base of scales often black .
adults inhabit coral reefs during daytime where they feed occasionally in sand and rubble areas between coral heads . at night , they move out over the sandy sea floor and forage actively . usually occur in small schools . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . feed mainly on crustaceans , echinoderms , mollusks and fish , with crabs and sea urchins predominating . much of the information reported for this species was based on misidentifications and referred to l . olivaceous ( see ref . 2295 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ( ref . 9987 ) .
l . miniatus are serial hermaphrodites with a protogynous strategy ( i . e , female first , male second ) . sexual bimodality was present in both age and length frequency distributions ( brown et al 1994 ) . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . also ref . 103751 .
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 1510 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01097 - 0 . 02882 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 4 ; tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 22 ) .
prior r = 0 . 62 , 2 sd range = 0 . 36 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 48 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 28 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .
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& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010–2018 . queensland government
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
recorded from cape freycinet , southern western australia , to sydney , new south wales , and lord howe and norfolk islands , in the tasman sea . found elsewhere in the tropical western pacific . inhabits coral reefs , usually feeding in small schools over sandy and rubble areas between bommies and along reef edges during the day . at night , they move out onto open sandy areas to forage .
carnivore - feeds on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs and fishes - preferring crabs and sea urchins .
sparus miniatus forster , 1801 , systema ichthyologiae : 281 . type locality : new caledonia .
afma 2010 . norfolk island inshore fishery data summary 2006 - 2009 . australian fisheries management authority , canberra . 20 pp .
allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
carpenter , k . e . 2001 . sparidae , lethrinidae . pp . 2990 - 3050 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
carpenter , k . e . & allen , g . r . 1989 . fao species catalogue .
. fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 9 . rome : fao 118 pp .
currey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . sedentary or mobile ? variability in space and depth use of an exploited coral reef fish .
currey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . inferring movement patterns of a coral reef fish using oxygen and carbon isotopes in otolith carbonate .
forster , j . r . in bloch , m . e . & schneider , j . g . 1801 .
francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .
. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .
grant , c . , 1981 . high catch rates in norfolk island dropline fishery .
hutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province .
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
. canberra : bureau of resource sciences and the fisheries research and development corporation 422 pp .
kulbicki , m . , y . - m . bozec , p . labrosse , y . letourneur , g . mou - tham & l . wantiez . 2005 . diet composition of carnivorous fishes from coral reef lagoons of new caledonia .
russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2
sainsbury , k . j . , 1987 . assessment and management of the demersal fishery on the continental shelf of northwestern australia . p . 465 - 503 . in j . j . polovina & s . ralston ( eds )
speare , p . , cappo , m . , rees , m . , brownlie , j . & oxley , w . 2004 . deep water fish and benthic surveys in the lord howe island marine park ( commonwealth waters ) : february 2004 . townsville : australian institute of marine sciences 30 pp .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .
is known from widely - scattered localities primarily in the west pacific ocean , though it has also been recorded from the west coast of australia . it is a protogynous hermaphrodite . this species has undergone localized population declines in parts of its range due to overexploitation ( japan ) . however , it is managed in australia and global - level population declines are not suspected at this time . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
lethrinus miniatus is found in the ryukyu islands , the eastern philippines , northern australia and new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . there is also an unverified record from west timor ( b . russell pers . comm . 2016 ) . it is found to depths of 5 to 30 m ( carpenter 2001 ) .
lethrinus miniatus has a discontinuous distribution in australia . the degree of genetic subdivision between east and west coast population suggests that they should be managed as discrete stocks . genetic diversity of l . miniatus was relatively high on the great barrier reef compared with western australia , indicating that west coast populations may be more susceptible to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations ( van herwerden et al . 2009 ) . lethrinus miniatus is a key resource in the coral reef fin fish fishery , great barrier reef , australia . in 2011 / 2012 the resource was considered to be not fully utilized , with only 35 % of the quota ( 955 , 604 kg ) used . around 725 t were landed in the commercial fishery , 53 t in the charter fishery , and 200 t in the recreational fishery ( department of fisheries 2013 ) . density within closed areas of the great barrier reef were higher than that in fished areas ( aims unpublished data ) . rates of stock decline have been very large in the waters off okinawa island ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) .
lethrinus miniatus feeds in sand around coral reefs in daytime . at nighttime , this species feeds mostly over the sandy sea floor near reefs at depths between 5 and 30 m . it is usually found in small schools . it feeds mostly on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs , and fishes with crabs and sea urchins predominating . it reaches a maximum size of 90 cm tl ( carpenter 2001 ) . the length range of 350 female l . miniatus obtained off the coast of japan was 22 . 5 to 54 . 0 cm fl , with a mode at 34 cm fl ( ebisawa 2006 ) . lethrinus miniatus spawning has been recorded from july to october in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) . lethrinus miniatus is considered a protogynous hermaphrodite ( ebisawa 2006 ) . in the waters off okinawa island the age at which the sex ratio decreased to 50 % due to sexual transition from female in this protogynous hermaphrodite species was 7 - 8 years old ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) . ovaries were immature in size classes smaller than 30 cm fl , and were fully mature in classes larger than 44 cm ( ebisawa 2006 ) . if spawning aggregations of l . miniatus occur they may form on deep reef edge sites which are too deep to be targeted by fishers in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) .
this species is caught primarily by handline . it is one of the favourite food and sport fishes around the great barrier reef , although it is considered to be understudied ( mclean et al . 2010 ) . it is a major food fish in new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . lethrinids are dominant features of fish landings in many parts of the pacific . in oceania , lethrinids are components of reef and lagoon and deep - slope species stocks , and are sometimes taken with small pelagics . lethrinids are the main targeted reef fish species in fiji . commercial hand - line fishing primarily targets lethrinids in guam in waters less than 150 m . lethrinids are landed using hand - lines , spears , surrounding nets , and drive - in nets , and occasionally using spears and beach seines ( dalzell et al . 1996 ) .
fisheries management agencies in queensland and western australia have implemented harvest and conservation strategies ( newman et al . 2008 , van herwerden et al . 2009 ) ,
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, swordfish , threadfin bream , tongue sole , skipjack tuna . freshwater fish : rohu , tilapia , mrigal , ayer , boal , catla , puti , koi , climbing perch , pangasius basa , live & frozen king crab , snow crab , mud crab , loligo squid , japanese flying squid todarodes pacificus , cuttlefish , giant octopus , baby octopus .
- komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper ,
komira group indonesia - komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper , sweetlips , robinson , parrot fish , etc .
ndt company limited vietnam - seafood exporter in vietnam , especially , barramundi products , reef fishes , octopus , cuttlefish , squid to the countries such as australia , new zealand , usa , eu and in asia .
bowpan pty ltd australia - importers and exporters of shrimp : freshwater , black tiger , vannamei , pink and white shrimps . these are processed as raw peeled deveined tail - on / tail - off , peeled undeveined ( pud ) , hoso raw or cooked both in iqf , block frozen & semi - iqf form , crimson snapper , red snapper , grouper , white & cream basa , barramundi , spanish mackeral , king snapper , sweetlips , mahi mahi , tilapia , rohu .
jd ' s seafood export contractors pty ltd australia - export approved fish processing establishment , supplying all fin fish as whole , g & g and filleted , crustaceans , molluscs , live lobsters , crabs , yabbies , marron approved for export to the eu & russia . fresh product flown in daily from all over australia .
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james jean ’s illustrations for the shape of water novel by guillermo del toro and daniel kraus .
“amy poehler was new to snl and we were all crowded into the seventeenth - floor writers’ room , waiting for the wednesday night read - through to start . [ … ] amy was in the middle of some such nonsense with seth meyers across the table , and she did something vulgar as a joke . i can’t remember what it was exactly , except it was dirty and oud and “unladylike” , jimmy fallon [ … ] turned to her and in a faux - squeamish voice said , “stop that ! it’s not cute ! i don’t like it . ” amy dropped what she was doing , went black in the eyes for a second , and wheeled around on him . “i don’t fucking care if you like it . ” jimmy was visibly startled . amy went right back to enjoying her ridiculous bit . with that exchange , a cosmic shift took place . amy made it clear that she wasn’t there to be cute . she wasn’t there to play wives and girlfriends in the boys’ scenes . she was there to do what she wanted to do and she did not fucking care if you like it . ”
this sounds like a lot , but it’s true . an estimated 100 , 000 , 000 sharks per year are killed , threatening many species with endangerment or extinction .
scary predators are important to the ecosystem , too . conservation’s not just about the panda bears .
in 1994 when green day first became famous , they invited pansy division , an openly gay punk band , to open for them for the entire dookie tour knowing full well the responses would be mixed . in 2016 / 2017 , on their revolution radio tour , green day chose only female led punk bands to open for them to help create recognition for these artists in a male dominated scene . this band has always been using their voices for the right reasons and i love them so much for that .
if i’m not mistaken , there was a prom somewhere that was cancelled one time because a lesbian couple wanted to go , so green day rented a venue and had a prom for them . not sure about accuracy , my mom told me about that
yes this is true as well ! ! green day helped to fund and organize this second prom when the first one was cancelled . the second prom was actually open not only to the students of the school , but also to any other lgbtq + students as well as supporters in the state of mississippi who wanted to attend as well ! !
billy joe armstrong once literally leapt into the crowd at green day show and drop - kicked a guy who wouldn’t leave a girl alone .
brown or sand coloured body with red tint . red dorsal and anal fins with spines on the first half . sloped head with large eyes and red markings .
a fast strike followed by a series quick runs for shelter around submerged obstacles .


hyopsodus is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulate mammal of the family hyopsodontidae .

fossils of this genus have been found in north america , especially the bighorn basin region of the united states .

it is believed to have been swift and nimble , living in burrows , and perhaps able to use echolocation .

hyopsodus

endocast measurements for hyopsodus ( given in mm , and mm 3 for endocast volume ) .
development of the corpora quadrigemina in ( a ) hyopsodus , ( b ) rhinolophus hipposideros , ( c ) tenrec ecaudatus .
hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007
dental measurements of amnh 143783 referred to hyopsodus lepidus ( given in mm ) . measurements are base don the 3d reconstruction of the dentition .
figure 1 . hyopsodus as originally reconstructed ( below ) and as reconstructed here above in two views . this former condylarth now nests with dogs .
figure 2 . miacis , an eocene ancestor to extant dogs , such as canis . note the transverse premaxilla and tiny premaxillary teeth as in hyopsodus .
details - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 - biodiversity heritage library
citation : orliac mj , argot c , gilissen e ( 2012 ) digital cranial endocast of hyopsodus ( mammalia , “condylarthra” ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30000 . urltoken
full reference : l . krishtalka . 1979 . paleontology and geology of the badwater creek area , central wyoming . part 18 . revision of late eocene hyopsodus . annals of carnegie museum 48 ( 20 ) : 377 - 389
ty - book ti - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 ur - urltoken py - 1991 au - flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , er -
“hyopsodus presents one of the highest encephalization quotients of archaic ungulates and shows an “advanced version” of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic characters such as large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , and absence of neopallium fissuration , as well as more specialized ones such as the relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum or the enlargement of the inferior colliculus [ hearing ] . the detailed analysis of the overall morphology of the postcranial skeleton of hyopsodus indicates a nimble , fast moving animal that likely lived in burrows . ”
although no strict relationship between echolocation and the development of inferior colliculus has been demonstrated in extant terrestrial mammals , the inferior colliculus size in hyopsodus could indicate that the latter used terrestrial echolocation to investigate subterranean environment and / or to minimize predation during nocturnal exploration of the environment as concluded for extant shrews [ 55 ] – [ 57 ] .
@ book { bhl170947 , title = { hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
reconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as .
reconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as figure 2 .
reconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) , ( b ) , meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ) , ( c ) hyopsodus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( d ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ) , ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , ( f ) cebochoerus ( mnhn 34–1967 ) , ( g ) hyracotherium ( amnh 55267 ) . all specimens normalized on the neopallium length . proportions of the different parts indicated in percent of the total endocast length : black , rhinencephalon ; red , neopallium ; blue , mesencephalon ; green , cerebellum . not to scale .
the most significant feature observed in hyopsodus is the clear delineation of the corpora quadrigemina , and especially the large development of the inferior colliculus . the superior colliculus receives major inputs from the retina but is more than just a visual processing structure . one of its major functions is to localize a stimulus and to cause the animal to orient to the stimulus by moving its neck and / or its eyes [ 44 ] . in contrast to the role of the superior colliculus within the visual system , the inferior colliculus is the principal source of input to the auditory thalamus , which relays auditory information to the primary auditory cortex [ 45 ] . moreover , the inferior colliculus probably also represents a major output to premotor pathways that initiate or regulate sound evoked motor behavior [ 46 ] .
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université montpellier 2 , ise - m umr 5554 , montpellier , france . maeva . orliac @ urltoken
pmid : 22347998 pmcid : pmc3277592 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0030000
specimen illustrated in lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , and ventral ( c ) views . scale bar = 1 cm .
reconstruction illustrated in left lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , right lateral ( c ) , ventral with basicranium ( d ) , ventral without basicranium ( e ) , and posterior views . abbreviations : cas , cavernous sinus ; cc , condyloid canal ; cdf , condyloid foramen ; ci , colliculi inferior ; cf , condylar foramen ; cs , colliculi superior ; fl , paraflocculus ; flm , foramen lacerum medium ; flp , foramen lacerum posterius ; fo , foramen ovale ; fp , fissure prima ; hy , hypophysis ; ips , inferior petrosal sinus ; lal , lateral lobe of cerebellum ; las , lateral sinus ( or transverse sinus ) ; los , longitudinal sinus ; mf , mastoid foramen ; mo , medulla oblongata ; ms , mesencephalon ; mv , mastoid vein ; np , neopallium ; ob , olfactory bulb ; oc , occipital condyle ; op , olfactory peduncle ; os , occipital sinus ; ot , olfactory tubercle ; pb , petrosal bone ; pgf , postglenoid foramen ; pil , piriform lobe ; rhp , rhinal fissure ; sc , sinusal canal ; tf , temporal foramen ; ts , temporal sinus ; vc , vermis cerebelli . scale bar = 1 cm .
conceived and designed the experiments : mjo . analyzed the data : mjo ca eg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mjo ca eg . wrote the paper : mjo ca eg .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .
a major function of the brain is the maintenance of physiological condition ( homeostasy ) . by collecting and processing sensory information , it insures optimal behavioral responses in a given environment . therefore , several brain structures are molded by the ecophysiological situation of the animal within its niche [ 1 ] – [ 4 ] . the increased use of computed tomography ( ctscan ) recently gave an unprecedented access to internal structures of fossils , and triggered new interest for vertebrate cranial endocast studies ( e . g . , [ 5 ] – [ 14 ] ) . these recent works are building upon fundamental studies performed during the second half of the 20 th century ( e . g . , [ 15 ] – [ 20 ] ) and cranial endocast anatomy is now documented for major mammalians clades .
the brain and associated soft tissues such as meninges , nerves , veins and arteries are sheltered in the neurocranium and leave imprints on its tabula interna . the study of the endocranial cast is the only means to reach an understanding about the nervous and sensory system of extinct species . edinger [ 21 ] and jerison [ 17 ] demonstrated that analysis of mammalian endocasts can provide a good approximation of the relative size of the major encephalic subdivisions and accordingly , comparative studies of fossil mammalian endocasts largely contributed to our knowledge of brain evolutionary history ( e . g . , [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 22 ] – [ 25 ] ) .
in the history of mammals , ‘condylarthra’ consists of a para – or polyphyletic assemblage of paleocene - eocene early diverging ungulates that potentially played a crucial role in the onset of crown ungulate clades such as perissodactyla , artiodactyla , cetacea , proboscidea , sirenia , and hyracoidea ( e . g . ,
) . the diversity of these groups is also reflected in the disparity of brain morphologies . the phylogenetic relationships of archaic ungulates remain a current topic of investigation . a recent hypothesis of relationships among basal ungulates mammals
simplified phylogenetic relationships among basal ungulates , modified after [ 36 , fig . 11b ] .
the braincase of amnh 143783 is broken in two parts at the base of the olfactory bulbs . the two fragments match perfectly and the neurocranium is complete (
) . the skull has undergone a slight dorso - ventral compression and the braincase is slightly deformed by a lateral shift . measurements of the endocast are provided in
) . the vermis of the cerebellum constitutes the highest point of the brain . the cerebrum is relatively flat compared with the cerebellum . the shape of the cerebrum is correlated to the almost complete absence of telencephalic flexure . the maximal width is at the level of the piriform lobes (
the specimen amnh 143783 gives access to the complete extension of the rhinencephalon . the latter is strongly developed , as it almost represents half of the forebrain . the bulging olfactory lobes are of large size . their combined diameters equal the width of the dorsal roof of the skull in the posterior half of the orbits (
) . the two lobes are elongated and contiguous . they are prolonged by long olfactory fibers spreading into the anterior part of the orbits and beyond ( not reconstructed on the 3d model because of bad preservation of the specimen ) . the olfactory bulbs directly extend the olfactory peduncles . both structures are aligned with the rest of the telencephalon . the location of the olfactory tubercles is not clear on the right side of the skull because of postmortem deformation . it is observable on the left side , although weakly prominent (
) . the piriform lobes represent most of the cerebral hemispheres ; they are visible in dorsal view in the posterolateral part of the cerebrum where they constitute the greatest width of the brain . they are dorsally delimited by the posterior rhinal fissure located in the dorsal third of the cerebrum height . a sinus might be present in the posterolateral part of the piriform lobe , but there is no trace of its anterior extension .
, a considerable portion of the forebrain was missing and the telencephalon was only partially described . especially , the location of the rhinal fissure was unknown . in the specimen described here , the posterior rhinal fissure is shallow but clearly present on both sides of the telencephalon (
) . it is located in the dorsal third of the hemisphere and delimits the posteroventral border of the neopallium . the anterior rhinal fissure is difficult to locate . when present , it is limited to the anteriormost part of the cerebrum and does not abut on the posterior rhinal fissure . the neopallium thus forms a reduced cap on the cerebral hemisphere . the neopallium is smooth or lissencephalic , suggesting that there were no gyri or sulci ( neither the lateral sulcus nor the suprasylvian sulcus ) . only a subtle convexity lays on the dorsoposterior part of the neopallium , slightly posterior to the location of the gyrus 3 described in earliest artiodactyls (
; orliac pers . obs ) . this structure marks the highest point of the cerebrum , with its dorsal part being flat and anteriorly sloping . the neopallium is distinctly narrower in its anterior portion . between the medial margins of the neopallium , the longitudinal sinus in
is deep and clearly sets apart the two cerebral hemispheres . the lateral or transverse sinuses separate just ahead of the superior colliculi .
the posterior limit of the neopallium is far apart from the lobes of the cerebellum , and the tectum of the midbrain is broadly exposed on the dorsal surface . the midbrain exposure is accentuated by the anterior divergence of the two cerebral hemispheres .
the corpora quadrigemina ( colliculi ) are clearly visible . the inferior colliculus is especially important , and its development occupies most of the exposed midbrain . this special feature is also observed in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . on x - ray radiographies , quasi perpendicular to the tabula interna , the tentorium cerebelli is a thick crest of bone separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum .
the cerebellum is large and exhibits a well delimited vermis , cerebellar hemispheres ( lateral lobes ) and paraflocculus . the vermis of the cerebellum is wide and elevated ; its dorsal extension is pointed and reaches the same level as the dorsal face of the telencephalon . the fissura prima is located in the posterior third of the vermis . the cerebellar hemispheres are separated from the cerebrum by a broad and shallow paramedian fissure . the former are moderately developed and not inflated , sloping anteriorly . their dorsal surface is almost flat . in dorsal view , their posterior extension does not reach that of the vermis , with the posterior part of the latter forming a wide bulge . on both ventrolateral surfaces , the paraflocculi are observable . they consist of two rounded and large sized lobes that project outwards , downwards and somewhat backwards .
the superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on
. it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .
ventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v
. the corresponding encephalization quotient ( eq ) calculated with an estimated body mass ( em ) of 630 g ( based on head and body length ) , is of 0 . 36 using the equation proposed by jerison
discussed the problem of estimating body weights of archaic ungulates which greatly differ from extant members of the group . indeed , the body shape and proportions of
are markedly different from those of extant ungulates from which the correlations between dental measurements and body weight are estimated , making it difficult to propose plausible estimates . with its elongated body and relatively short limbs ,
regressions for non - selenodont ungulates using m1 area and m1 length . depending of the formula used , the estimated body weight of amnh 143783 ranges between 412 and 854 g . indeed , differences in body weight estimations have important repercussions on eq estimates (
considers that the use of m1 area overestimates the body mass of basal ungulates because they have larger teeth for their body size than do the average modern ones . this assumption gives more credit to the body weight estimate based on the m1 length ( 412 g ) . given the morphological divergence between
and extant ungulates , we consider a body weight estimate comprised between 326 g and 412 g , which corresponds to an eq between 0 . 48 and 0 . 41 following the equation of
; eq = 0 . 36 ) based on a heavier body weight estimate . according to the eq estimates calculated by jerison
ev , endocast volume ; ebm , estimated body mass ; eq1 , encephalization quotient using radinsky ' s [ 20 ] equation ; eq2 , encephalization quotient using eisenberg ' s [ 39 ] equation .
is rather simple among archaic ungulates . there is no junction between the posterior and anterior rhinal fissures , the location of the latter being even difficult to determine with precision (
, the ventral extension of the neopallium is weak and it does not reach the level of what is interpreted here as a vascular sinus . it is comparable to that of
is devoid of fissures and has no trace of suprasylvia or a lateral sulcus , it only exhibits a slight inflation of the posterior part of the neopallium . the same morphology is observed in
( amnh 48082 ; gazin , 1965 ) , which shows a more important posterior inflation of the neopallium . this is in contrast with the neopallium of
bears a long lateral sulcus and another small more ventral depression possibly representing the suprasylvia . after verification on the original endocasts ( mnhn cr 956 , cr 700 )
is rather advanced as its antero - posterior extension almost covers half of the total length of the brain .
( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as
and represents more than 40 % of the total brain length . by the proportions of the different parts of its brain ,
midbrain exposure is as important as in other archaic ungulates , but its structure is more derived . the reduction of the cerebrum relative to the total length of the endocast in
is most probably correlated with the development of the inferior colliculi . it is noticeable that the morphology of the vermis itself , with a posterior location of the fissure prima , is primitive
presents one of the highest eqs among archaic ungulates , a statement congruent with the derived general proportions of its brain .
presents an “advanced version” of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic ( large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , absence of neopallium fissuration ) and highly derived ( relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum ; enlargement of the inferior colliculus ) characters .
mammalian echolocation is mostly associated with cetaceans in aquatic environments and bats in aerial environments ( e . g . , microchiroptera and megachiroptera ;
. although discussed , the ecological significance of echolocation in shrews was proposed to aid the search for protective cover or for detecting obstacles in subterranean tunnels . evidence for echolocation by means of tongue clicks has also been observed in three tenrecidae both under experimental and natural conditions , and correlated to nocturnal exploration of new environments
. those two insectivorous mammals , although phylogenetically distant ( e . g . ,
) present a rather simple brain structure . however , like in bats , both show a well developed inferior colliculus ; the latter being largely exposed in the tenrecidae
among edentate placentals , the xenarthra chlamyphorus ( pink fairy armadillo , or “ pichiciego ” which means “short - sighted” ) has a subterranean life . it shows a huge enlargement of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus [ 43 ] compared to the optic midbrain colliculi . edinger [ 43 ] parallels the peculiar morphology of the brain of chlamyphorus and its highly derived forelimbs , specialized for digging . moreover , she relates the large size of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus to the unique faculty of chlamyphorus among armadillos to have a “voice” [ 63 ] , [ 64 ] . the fact that this mammal is fossorial suggests that the latter , as shrews and tenrecs , might be another example of underground echolocation in extant terrestrial mammals .
digital reconstruction of amnh 143783 left dentition . a , upper and lower cheek teeth in occlusion , lateral view ; b–d , c - m3 in ( b ) occlusal , ( c ) lingual , ( d ) labial views ; e–f , c - m3 in ( e ) occlusal , and ( f ) lingual views . scale bar = 5 mm .
we are particularly grateful to r . o ' leary for her help and access to the amnh collections . many thanks to j . thostenson and m . hill for access to ct scan facilities and acquisition of the ct scan raw data . this is ise - m publication 2011–151 . this work has been possible thanks to the high resolution ct - scanner facility of the amnh funded by the nsf mr1–r2 0959384 granted to n . landman , co - pis : d . ebel , d . frost .
funding : this work has been conducted with the support of the anr ( erc programme palasiafrica ( anr - 08 - jcjc - 0017 - 01 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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full reference : j . g . eaton . 1982 . contributions to geology , university of wyoming 21 ( 2 )
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 3 . 80 x 2 . 82
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 4 . 90 x 5 . 70 , m2 4 . 80 x 6 . 40 , m3 3 . 60 x 5 . 20 , m1 4 . 90 x 3 . 60
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 5 . 07 x 6 . 47 , m2 5 . 07 x 7 . 33 , m3 4 . 03 x 6 . 32 , m2 5 . 50 x 4 . 30
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copyright : © 2012 orliac et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on figure 3 . it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .
ventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v 3 ) . the surface of the hypophysis or pituitary body cannot be delimited with precision due to deformation and partial preservation of the bone ; however , it might be present on the right side of the specimen , medial to the foramen ovale ( figure 3e ) . the two cavernous sinuses are prominent like in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . they terminate at the position of the posterior aperture to the sphenoidale fissure , and , as suggested by gazin [ 35 ] , comprise a complex of vascular structures and cranial nerves ( iii to vi except v 3 ) .
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an odd - toed ungulate , despite having a five - clawed manus and a four - clawed pes . wikipedia also promotes this nesting , but unlike most ungulates , they report ,
over to the condylarthra adds nearly 30 steps . those tiny feet beneath that long and wide body do not look to me like they could be used to excavate burrows or climb trees . plus that short tail and long torso are not typical of climbing animals .
figure 3 . canis lupus , the wolf that gave rise to extant dogs through selective breeding . note the five phalanges on the manus and four on the pes .
( mammalia , “condylarthra” ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plosone v . 7 ( 2 ) ; 2012pmc3277592
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heliozela ahenea is a moth of the heliozelidae family .

it was described by walsingham in 1897 , and is found in the west indies .

the wingspan is about 4 mm .

the forewings are brassy metallic without markings .

the hindwings and cilia are purplish grey .

heliozela ahenea

heliozela is genus of moths of the heliozelidae family . it was described by herrich - schäffer in 1853 .
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of the 1 , 557 species shown on the checklist for cuba , 45 % are found on the checklist for north america . matthew j . c . barnes ' list for jamaica contains 660 species of which an almost identical 44 . 1 % are found in north america . pierre zagatti ' s list for the french west indies contains 360 species of which 51 . 6 % are also found in north america . this higher percentage is probably due to the fact that zagatti does not list the micromoths . for puerto rico the preliminary checklist indicates that 422 of 994 species ( 42 . 5 % ) occur in north america .
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