gastropteridae is a family of sea slugs , gastropod mollusks in the superfamily philinoidea of the clade cephalaspidea , the headshield slugs and bubble snails .

gastropteridae

anatomy and histology of a new species of enotepteron ( cephalaspidea : gastropteridae ) from tropical northeastern australia .
köhler , e . ( 2016 ) , published 24 june 2016 , gastropteridae sp . 01 family : swainson , 1840
it was posted on 16 april 2004 at these websites as gastropteridae sp . a family : swainson , 184 , changed on 28 august 2011 into
gastropteridae sp . 01 is characterized by it ' s orange colour without any ornaments , and by its orange posterior funnel , in some specimens dark orange .
dear bill , the attached pictures were found and taken by hisako yamada . this is certainly gastropteridae , we think . but we can ' t determine further identification . can you please help us ?
gosliner t . m . ( 1989 ) revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia : cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and six new species . the veliger 32 ( 4 ) : 333 - 381 . [ details ]
bayesian and ml phylogram of relationships of gastropteridae . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown at each node when they are < 0 . 95 or 70 , respectively . all other values indicated with an asterisk ( * ) are highly supported .
phylogenetic relationships within gastropteridae have been studied based on anatomy ( gosliner , 1989 ) and molecular data ( anthes , schulenburg & michiels , 2008 ) , and the systematics relationships of these two studies are largely congruent . most recently , oskars , bouchet & malaquias ( 2015 ) revised the phylogeny and systematics of the cephalaspidean heterobranchs and reaffirmed the apparent monophyly of gastropteridae and suggested its sister relationship with colpodaspidae oskars , bouchet & malaquias , 2015 , another lineage of cephalaspideans with a reduced internal shell .
this study also sheds light on the nature of genetic variation in widely separated populations of gastropteridae . in comparing , populations that are geographically separated , there are wide differences in the amount of genetic divergence based on differences in the coi ( table 3 ) .
dear haruo , yes this is a species of the gastropteridae and i think it is probably a species of gastropteron . however i don ' t recognise it and think it may be an unnamed species . perhaps someone will recognise it . best wishes , bill rudman
the family gastropteridae includes small diurnal species that may or may not have an internal shell . most species have greatly enlarged parapodia that may be used for swimming . they are probably carnivores but little is known about their diet . at least eight species are known from hawaii in four genera (
ty - jour ti - revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species t2 - the veliger . vl - 32 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1989 sp - 333 ep - 381 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - gosliner , tm er -
@ article { bhlpart96921 , title = { revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 32 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { gosliner , tm } , year = { 1989 } , pages = { 333 - - 381 } , }
both ndna ( 28s ) and mtdna [ 16s and cytochrome c oxidase i ( coi ) ] fragments were utilized to estimate gastropteridae phylogeny . these molecular markers have been shown to be effective gene markers to infer heterobranch phylogenetic relationships ( dinapoli & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; göbbeler & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; pola & gosliner ; 2010 ; camacho - garcía et al . , 2014 ; hallas & gosliner , 2015 ; hallas , simison & gosliner , 2016 ) . the dna was extracted from tissue removed from either the parapodia or foot of the specimen .
in all three individual gene trees and both concatenated analyses , gastropteridae is monophyletic . gastropteron and siphopteron are not supported in either analysis , while sagaminopteron is strongly supported ( bs = 88 , pp = 1 . 00 ) . the two clades of gastropteron are strongly supported ( rubrum clade : bs = 78 , pp = 1 . 00 ; bicornutum clade : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ) as are the three clades of s . tigrinum clade ( clade 1 ) : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ; quadrispinosum clade ( clade 3 ) : bs = 89 , pp = 1 . 00 ; and the sp . cas 181575 clade ( clade 2 ) .
the topologies of individual gene trees for coi , 16s and 28s consistently show the monophyly of gastropteridae and the major clades within the family . the aligned concatenated dataset was 1839 base pairs in length . this included 750 bp for 28s , 657 bp for coi and 432 bp for 16s ( including gaps and variable regions ) . raxml and bayesian analyses have nearly identical topologies . tracer files showed that bi searchers all converged on the same likelihood score . for comparison purposes , the combined gene bayesian tree is shown with their respective non - parametric bootstrap ( bs ) and posterior probability ( pp ) values from ml and bi ( fig . 23 ) . the only difference between the two trees is that there are three lineages of s . psychedelicum in the bayesian tree and two in the raxml tree .
evolutionary models for the targeted molecular markers were estimated using partitionfinder v1 . 1 . 1 ( lanfear et al . , 2012 ) ( table 2 ) . a concatenated alignment of all three molecular markers was used to estimate gastropteridae evolutionary relationships using both bayesian inference ( bi ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) approaches . bi searches were run using mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) for a total of 2 × 10 7 generations with markov chains sampled every 1000 generations with parameters unlinked . a conservative 25 % burn - in was calculated , and the remaining trees were used to estimate the 50 % majority rule consensus tree and corresponding posterior probabilities ( pp ) . convergence and stationarity of bi searches were checked using tracer v1 . 5 ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . ml search was run using raxml v7 . 2 . 6 ( stamatakis , 2006 ) with the evolution model gtr - gamma . ml dataset was set for 50 000 fast bootstrapping runs . support values for ml bootstrap ( bs ) ≥ 70 ( hillis & bull , 1993 ) and bayesian pp ≥ 0 . 95 were interpreted as significant .
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bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
oskars t . r . , bouchet p . & malaquias m . a . ( 2015 ) . a new phylogeny of the cephalaspidea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 89 : 130 - 150 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gasteropteridae ) costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gasteropteridae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to image gallery of natural history museum rotterdam to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
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genus : enotepteron y . s . minichev , 1967 ( db : 5 sp , 0 img )
genus : gastropteron j . f . meckel in kosse , 1813 ( syn : gasteroptera , gasteropterum , gastroptera , gastropterum , parthenopia , sarcopterus , gasteropteron - db : 14 sp , 5 img )
genus : sagaminopteron t . tokioka & k . baba , 1964 ( db : 5 sp , 3 img )
enotepteron minichev , yu . s . , 196 type species : enotepteron flavum minichev , yu . s . , 1967
gastropteron meckel , j . f . in kosse , 1813 type species : unknowngenustype
sagaminopteron tokioka , t . & k . baba , 1964 type species : unknowngenustype
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
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the anatomy and histology of a new species of gastropterid cephalaspidean , enotepteron heikeae , sp . nov . , from tropical australia is described . enotepteron is the least documented of the gastropterid genera with only two previously recorded species , from yellow sea ( north pacific ) and the seychelles ( indian ocean ) . the unique features of e . heikeae , within the genus , are the long thin tail ( posterior end of the foot ) , cuticular penial armature , and a bilobed prostate . the investigation also reveals the presence of a very large anal gland . this gland maybe a useful taxonomic region , and its discovery considerably broadens the previously known geographical occurrence of the genus . documentation and investigation of this species improves our knowledge of the morphological variation across the genus , and allows reassessment of the generic features to show that the presence of spheres to the posterior edge of the parapodia may be the only unifying character .
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was originally described from guam , mariana islands . the species has since been found in many other areas of the western pacific as well as the indian ocean . adult animals average about 9mm in length though specimens up to 16mm have been found .
. the animals are difficult to see on their sponge host since their color and texture match that of the sponge .
with egg masses from palau . it was collected 24 sept ' 96 at a depth of 13m ; ' wonder channel ' , palau . the host sponge in this case is
can be found in a paper by dr . terry gosliner ( 1989 ) in the
veliger .
. the vast majority of the almost thirty species in the family are found in the indo - pacific tropics . most species are small , less than an inch in length . they are unusual for cephalaspideans in that the
is reduced to a flat , internal plate , found under the skin in the hind end of the animal , or is entirely absent in adults . most species are able to swim by flapping their parapodia and
flying
through the water .
( the genus is named for sagami bay , japan , where emperor hirohito collected so many opisthobranchs that have been studied by kikutaro baba ) are all found on sponges , upon which they feed . the feeding biology of other members of the family is virtually unknown .
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
a new gastropterid species , enotepteron hayashii , collected from the sea of japan , is described herein . enotepteron is a small genus characterized externally by a small globular protuberance ( sphere ) on the posterior edge of both parapodia . e . hayashii differs from the previously known species by the presence of a small knob - like spur on the median line of the posterodorsal end of the mantle shield . this paper represents the first record of this genus from japan .
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the overwhelming majority of species are found in the indo - pacific tropics or in adjacent temperate regions ( gosliner et al . , 2008 ) . while this is a typical pattern of diversity , the extent of distribution of many of these tropical species is poorly understood and there appear to be many undescribed species inhabiting this largest portion of the world’s oceans .
two different extraction methods were utilized , depending on the amount of tissue able to be sampled . for large amounts of tissue , we used the standard qiagen dneasy blood & tissue extraction kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) protocol , and for instances where only small amounts of tissue was sampled , we used the qiagen gentra puregene tissue kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) 5–10 mg protocol .
each polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was conducted in 25 µl reactions . reactions consisted of 2 . 5 µl of 10× usb buffer , 1 . 25 µl of mgcl 2 ( 25 mm ) , 1 µl of each primer ( 10 µm stock ) , 1 µl of bsa ( 10 mg / ml ) , 0 . 5 µl of dntps ( 10 mm ) , 5 µl of betaine ( 5 m ) , 1 µl of dmso , 1 µl of hotstart - it taq polymerase ( 1 . 25 u / µl ) , 1–4 µl of template dna and then filled to volume with millipore water . primers used for sequencing are all listed in table 2 . pcr cycling conditions for coi and 16s fragments are as follows : initial denaturing for 2 min at 94 °c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 °c , annealing for 30 s at 50 °c and extension for 45 s at 72°c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °c . the coi annealing temperature was relaxed to 48 °c for the naf / narcoi primers . pcr protocol for 28s was initially denatured for 3 min at 94 °c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 °c , annealing for 30 s at 52 . 5 °c and extension for 2 min at 72 °c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °c . all pcr reactions were stained with ethidium bromide and run on 0 . 5 % tris / borate / edta agarose gel using electrophoresis . successfully amplified fragments were purified using exosap - it enzymes and protocol ( usb ) , and unsuccessful amplified reactions were excised using the zymoclean gel dna recovery protocol .
purified pcr product was cycle sequenced using fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides ( ddntps ) ( big dye terminator v3 . 1 , applied biosystems ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in 10 µl volumes . all regular cycle sequencing reactions had the same protocol for all primers ; each reaction used 2 µl of pcr product and the following reaction components : 5 . 45 µl of millipore water , 1 . 5 µl of 5× big dye buffer , 0 . 3 µl of primer ( 10 µm ) , 0 . 75 µl of big dye 3 . 1 . for those samples that required gel excision or had low pcr amplifications , we used modified cycle sequencing protocols that were performed in 20 µl volumes . each reaction used 3 µl of pcr product and the following reaction components : 9 . 4 µl of millipore water , 3 µl of 5× big dye buffer , 0 . 6 µl of primer ( 10 µm ) , 4 µl of big dye 3 . 1 and followed the step protocol ( platt , woodhall & george , 2007 ) .
fluorescently labelled sequences were precipitated using 2 . 5 µl of di - na edta ( 125 mm ) and cleaned with 30 µl of 100 % etoh then with 60 µl of 70 % etoh . the tubes were placed into a 65 °c incubator for 8 min to dry , then the dna pellets were re - suspended in 10 µl deionized formamide and denatured at 94–96 °c for 2 min . immediately afterwards , they were placed on an abi 3130 xl genetic analyser ( applied biosystems ) , located in the center for comparative genomics at the california academy of sciences .
successfully sequenced markers were assembled and edited using geneious 6 . 1 ( biomatters ltd . , 2005 ) . the sequences were aligned using the multiple alignment using fast fourier transform ( mafft ) algorithm ( katoh , asimenos & toh , 2009 ) with the settings set to default . following mafft alignment , variable regions of rdna fragments were manually optimized , and these alignments have been deposited in treebase ( urltoken ) . in sequences where confidence was low , ambiguities were deleted and not analysed . finally , all sequences were trimmed to the length of the outgroup .
species were delimited through an integrative approach with the use of congruence of single - gene topologies , automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . abgd uses genetic pairwise distances to identify breaks between intra - and interspecific variation , also referred to as the ‘barcode gap’ . coi genetic distance matrix was created using mega v6 . 06 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) using the tamura nei model and uploaded to the abgd web - based interface ( available at urltoken ) . except for the relative gap width ( x ) , which was set to 1 , the remaining settings were left at their default configuration .
penial anatomy . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 . ( b ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines , cs = cuticular spine , pp = penial papilla , pr = prostate , rm = retractor muscle . ( c ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines .
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gastropteron sp . 5 gosliner , valdés & behrens , 2015 : 56 , upper right fig .
holotype : casiz 209032 , originally casiz 182731 , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai’ian islands , 1–6 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman .
paratypes : casiz 182731 , two specimens , one dissected , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai’ian islands , 1–6 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman . casiz 199181 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , maricaban island , tingloy , luzon , philippines , emerged from algae , 26 april 2014 , patrick krug .
known from japan ( rudman , 2002 ) , the hawai’ian islands , the marshall islands and the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .
the name minutum is derived from the extremely small size of this species , reaching a maximum of 3 mm in length .
living animal 2–3 mm in length ( fig . 1a , b ) . preserved holotype < 1 mm in length ( fig . 2a ) . ground colour of head shield , parapodia , visceral hump and flagellum almost colourless with opaque white and orange mottling speckling body . orange and off - white spots condensing around visceral hump to form low , rounded tubercles and covering parapodia . head shield and flagellum having fewer spots , almost clear . head shield narrow anteriorly , broadening out before again narrowing posteriorly . posteriorly , head shield forming a simple rolled siphon without medial crest . parapodia covering visceral hump when retracted . at posterior end of visceral hump , elongate , acutely pointed flagellum extending posteriorly . foot extending posteriorly , almost entire length of animal from head to end of visceral hump . at posterior end , foot narrowing into elongate , acutely pointed posterior tip . gill situated on right side of body and consisting of seven tiny lamellae .
living animals . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199181 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , holotype , casiz 209032 , maui , hawai’ian islands , photo by cory pittman . ( c ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( d ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 186048 , mabini , philippines . ( e ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( f ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199129 , tingloy , philippines . ( g ) siphopteron flavolineatum , holotype , nmp 041184 , tingloy , philippines . ( h ) siphopteron flavolineatum , paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( photos by t . gosliner unless otherwise indicated . )
gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , maui , hawai’ian islands . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 25 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs . a = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( d ) penis . p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 75 mm .
thinly calcified , planispiral , tightly coiled , c . 300 µm in diameter ( fig . 3a ) . protoconch not clearly differentiated from remainder of shell .
gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) shell . ( b ) jaw rodlets . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .
buccal mass ( fig . 2b ) moderately muscularized , with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 3b ) . radular formula 20 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 in one specimen ( casiz 182731 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of the inner laterals containing 13–14 acutely pointed denticles ( fig . 3c , d ) . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller , with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 3c ) .
arrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . owing to small size of animal , details of arrangement of ganglia could not be determined in a single specimen dissected .
despite its small size , reproductive system is fully mature and well - developed ; female glands clearly visible ( fig . 2c ) . narrow ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct , curving around top of lobate mucous gland , and expanding into small receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , but hermaphroditic duct joining relatively short bursa copulatrix near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . sperm groove continuing on right side of the body to head , where penis is situated . penis simple with slightly curved prostate . penial papilla straight and devoid of penial armature ( figs 2d , 4a ) .
the external anatomy of g . minutum clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with an off - white body colour with opaque white and orange spots . the presence of opaque white spots and rounded tubercles give the entire animal a granular rather than smooth appearance . most species of gastropteron have a smooth body without tubercles or granules . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , none of them is known to have a single flagellum with an elongate extension of the foot . the only described species with an elongate foot is g . bicornutum baba & tokioka , 1965 . it has two flagella , one more dorsally situated on the visceral hump and one more ventrally situated . it has a smooth rather than rugose body and has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth have fewer denticles than g . minutum . both species have a simple penis with an elongate prostate . in our molecular phylogeny , g . minutum is sister to g . rubrum ( rafinesque , 1814 ) , known from the mediterranean and west africa , and is quite far removed from g . bicornutum .
lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 025f1253 - a0d7 - 4d2a - b332 - ce30df011436
gastropteron sp . 3 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 55 , lower right fig .
holotype , dissected , nmp 041181 , originally casiz 199130 , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 3 may 2014 , alexis principe . paratype , casiz 186048 , one specimen , anilao pier ( 13 . 76001°n 120 . 92615°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 30 april 2011 , t . gosliner .
mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines .
thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . 2015 ) .
the species epithet , multo , is derived from tagalog word for ghost , owing to the pale ghostly appearance of this species .
living animals ( fig . 1c , d ) 7–20 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white with fine orange , brown and white dots speckling body or with series of brownish and orange patches . opaque white digestive gland and ovotestis visible through visceral hump . head shield , parapodia , flagella and foot translucent whitish . small orange dots or brown patches covering body , concentrated on siphon and flagella . dorsal flagellum centred on midline of visceral hump . immediately ventral to this flagellum , second , slightly wider flagellar process , either longer or shorter than dorsal one ( fig . 5a ) . white spots outlining visceral hump and parapodia . head shield shaped roughly like cauldron . broadest anteriorly , narrowing and then broadening again posteriorly . head shield terminating in tubular , simple siphon , lacking mid - dorsal ridge . broad parapodia covering body when the animal is actively crawling . foot elongate with long , acutely pointed posterior extension . gill with nine primary folds .
gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , p = penis ; scale = 4 mm . ( b ) shell ; scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , sb = subintestinal ganglion , su = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 1 . 5 mm . ( d ) posterior reproductive organs , am = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 1 . 6 mm .
thinly calcified slightly curved plate , 2 mm in length ( fig . 5b ) . part of shell appearing decalcified .
entire buccal mass moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature present around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 6a ) . radular formula 25 × 5 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 5 in one specimen ( nmp 041181 ) ( fig . 6b ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals containing 3–16 irregularly pointed denticles on inner edge of masticatory margin ( fig . 6c , d ) . remainder of masticatory margin devoid of denticles . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base and all lacking denticles ( fig . 6c ) .
gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , ex casiz 199130 . nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .
arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 5c ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . from there , visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .
the external anatomy of g . multo clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with a translucent white body colour with orange spots and brown patches . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , only g . bicornutum is known to have dorsal and ventral flagella with an elongate extension of the foot . in g . bicornutum , the posterior extension of the foot is thin and very elongate , while in g . multo it is short and triangular . gastropteron bicornutum has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface , which are absent in g . multo . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth of g . multo have fewer denticles than g . bicornutum and are restricted to the outer edge of the masticatory border , whereas they are evenly distributed along the border of g . bicornutum . both species have a simple penis , but the prostate is much shorter in g . multo . in our molecular phylogeny , g . multo is sister to g . bicornutum , and the two species differ by more than 22 % in their coi gene and are also clearly separated in the abgd analysis . the two specimens of g . multo that were sequenced do not exhibit any genetic variation between them .
sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( b ) posterior reproductive system , am = ampulla , fgm = female gland mas , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 85 mm .
sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .
lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c54f7bab - eb1f - 478d - b828 - 7d2df4a80bab
siphopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , anthes et al . , 2008 , misidentification .
siphopteron sp . 8 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , middle left fig .
holotype , dissected , nmp 041182 , originally casiz 199127 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner .
cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines .
thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) and possibly australia ( anthes et al . , 2008 ) .
the species epithet , multimaculatum , refers to the many coloured spots ornamenting the parapodia , head shield , visceral mass and foot of this species .
living animal ( fig . 1e ) 4 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white around its foot . majority of body green–brown with white , orange and canary yellow spots . small yellow dots covering majority of elongate parapodia and extending well - beyond posterior end of visceral hump . small orange dots lining the edges of parapodia . small yellow dots centred linearly on head shield , base of foot and posterior end of foot . larger orange splotch present on anterior side of head shield . white splotches present on either side of head shield . white splotches lining the edge of parapodia and anteriorly near foot . foot translucent white and lined with orange spots . small yellow dots also present on foot . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly . siphon with longitudinal ridge along its anterior margin . parapodia covering body when retracted and overlapping above visceral hump . distinct flagellum absent . gill with four simple plicae .
moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 7a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , not observed in the scanning electron micrographs . radular formula 15 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 8a ) in holotype specimen ( nmp 041182 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with eight to ten irregular , elongate , acutely pointed denticles along entire margin . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base , all lacking denticles ( fig . 8b ) .
arrangement of ganglia is euthyneurous , with a short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia cannot be determined in single specimen dissected .
reproductive system fully mature with well - developed female glands clearly visible ( fig . 7b ) . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , with hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis simple with short , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 7c ) . penial retractor muscle short . penial sac straight and penial papilla lobed , but devoid of any penial armature ( fig . 4c ) .
penial anatomy . ( a ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , entire penis , pr = prostate . ( b ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , penial sac detail , pb = penial bulb . ( c ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( d ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines ( e ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( f ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines 2 , ps3 = penial spines 3 , ps4 = penial spines 4 .
siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 7 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , scale = 0 . 56 mm .
siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth showing detail of denticles and lateral teeth .
lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 87679efcb0e8 - 427b - a63b - 1b1521bd79d4
siphopteron sp . 4 , gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , middle left fig .
holotype , dissected , nmp 041183 , originally casiz 199134 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199126 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199129 , three specimens , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner .
thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .
the species epithet , vermiculum , refers to the vermillion colour ornamenting the body of this species .
moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 10b ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas of small irregular rodlets ( fig . 11a ) . radular formula 18 × 2 - 3 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 2 - 3 . ( fig . 11b ) in one specimen ( nmp 041183 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with irregular series of 2–3 wide areas ( fig . 11c , d ) . under higher magnification , these areas bear numerous striations ( fig . 11d ) , suggesting that they may represent fusion of denticles . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 11d ) .
arrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia not determined in single specimen dissected .
fully mature but poorly preserved . well - developed female glands clearly visible . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , and hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis complex with elongate , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 10c ) . secondary duct connecting anterior end of prostate with anterior part of penis . penial sac straight , containing arch of c . 23 interiorly directed , acutely pointed cuticular spines ( fig . 9d , ps1 ) . second row of 20 much smaller spines found inside arch of the larger spines ( fig . 9d , ps2 ) . secondary papilla found at anterior end of penial sac , lacking any armature .
based on its coloration , s . vermiculum is distinct from other members of the genus . it is the only species with a bright vermillion red ground colour . based on internal morphological characters , s . vermiculum appears to be most similar to siphopteron nigromarginatum gosliner , 1989 and siphopteron flavum ( tokioka & baba , 1964 ) . all three species are the only members of the family known to have a complex penis with two papillae where the primary papilla has a series of cuticular spines and where the secondary papilla lacks armature ( gosliner , 1989 ) . all three species also have an irregularly shaped masticatory margin of the inner lateral tooth , but the denticles in s . vermiculum are reduced to striations , whereas they are more prominent in s . nigromarginatum and s . flavum . in s . vermiculum , there are two rows of penial spines , whereas s . flavum possesses only a single band of penial spines , and s . nigromarginatum has four distinct bands of spines ( gosliner , 1989 ) .
in our molecular analysis , s . vermiculum is sister to siphopteron sp . 2 ( am421863 ) and both are sister to s . sp . 1 ( am421862 ) . siphopteron vermiculum and siphopteron sp . 2 are only 4 . 4 % different in their coi p - distance , suggesting that they may be the same species . no other information about the appearance of s . sp . 2 is available , based on the unpublished genbank sequences .
siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , sg = salivary gland ; scale = 0 . 8 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 0 . 56 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive system am = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 7 mm . ( d ) penis , cs = copulatory spine , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 1 . 0 mm .
siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half - row of radular teeth . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth showing outer lateral teeth .
lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 05a33467 - ce3a - 4e95 - ba4a - 57b2d47b4365
siphopteron sp . 6 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , bottom two figs .
holotype , nmp 041184 , originally casiz 199132 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199132 , two specimens , one dissected , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz , 199124 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 26 april 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 204848 , gal 73 , one specimen , shipyard , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , t . gosliner . , casiz 204850 , one specimen , gal 98 , giant clam , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , gustav paulay .
thus far , known only from the philippines and malaysia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .
the species epithet , flavolineatum , refers to the yellow medial line on the posterior end of the foot , which distinguishes this species .
living animal 5–7 mm in length ( fig . 1g , h ) . parapodia and foot ground colour clear to translucent white to ochre . parapodia lined with yellow and vermillion accents . white spots dotting parapodia , head shield and visceral hump . visceral hump is more opaque than its appendages . visceral hump ochre to vermillion towards flagellum with white spots . flagellum opaque ochre with vermillion outlined by yellow stripes at the end with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central yellow stripe down middle . flagellum ( fig . 1g , h ) centred on midline of visceral hump . head shield roughly triangular in shape , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe that bisects vertically on anterior side . siphon with two symmetrical white dots on either side of head shield on a translucent ground colour transitioning posteriorly into ochre colour on siphon . yellow stripe present on posterior side of siphon , lined with darker vermillion on either side . siphon with prominent medial crest on posterior side , extending slightly above level of lateral margins . gill small with three primary folds .
highly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 12a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ; not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 13a ) in one specimen ( casiz 199132 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated triangular denticles ( fig . 13b , c ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base . outer laterals all lacking denticles ( fig . 13c ) .
arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 12b ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .
living animals . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199114 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041186 , calatagan , philippines . ( d ) siphopteron dumbo sp . nov . , nmp 041187 , puerto , galera , philippines . photos by t . gosliner .
siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs , a = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 58 mm . ( d ) penis , scale = 0 . 5 mm .
siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .
penial anatomy . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , entire penis . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , penial sac detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines , ps3 = penial spines 3 , cs = cuticular spine . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of penial spines , ps = penial spines . ( d ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of cuticular spine and penial papilla , cs = cuticiular spine , p = penial papilla .
lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0d0afdd2 - aa44 - 4c25 - aa98 - f59c138ba098
siphopteron sp . 7 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , upper two figs .
holotype , dissected , nmp 041185 , ex casiz 199135 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199135 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199125 , one specimen , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 27 april 2014 , alexis principe . casiz , 199114 , one specimen , bilbago reef south , calatagan ( 13 . 929165°n 120 . 612299°e ) , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 17 may 2014 , t . gosliner .
thus far , known only from the philippines and indonesia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .
the species epithet , nakakatuwa , is a tagalog word meaning ‘amusing or cute’ .
living animals 4–7 mm in length ( fig . 14a , b ) . parapodia and foot ground colour translucent white to orange . white spots covering parapodia ; each spot lined by bright orange . parapodia lined with accents converging on foot . white spots with opaque white punctations inside larger spot . these large spots dotting head shield , parapodia and visceral hump . visceral hump rounded with long flagellum near midline of body . elongate flagellum ( fig . 14a , b ) opaque vermillion with white spots ending with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central white triangular stripe down middle . stripe merging into yellow tip . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly , and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe on anterior face , bisecting vertically . posterior side of siphon with prominent ridge extending above lateral margins . siphon with vermillion ground colour and yellow tip with vermillion edges and white spots . gill with four simple folds .
highly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 15a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , rodlets not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 16a ) in one specimen ( nmp 041185 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated , triangular denticles ( fig . 16b ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 16b ) .
arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 15b ) euthyneurous with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large ; separated by a short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .


the napo saki ( pithecia napensis ) , also known as the napo monk saki , is a species of saki monkey , a type of new world monkey .

its range includes parts of eastern ecuador and northern peru .

the name is derived from the napo river in its locality .

this species was originally described by lönnberg as the subspecies pithecia monachus napensis and has been treated as a synonym of p. monachus monachus .

hershkovitz retained it under p. monachus in 1987 , but it was raised to full species status in 2014 .

napo saki

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dear goshan your comments make our staff in napo wildlife center and kichwa añangu comunity full feel of proud and energy to continue improving in our project . best regards
generally , sexual dimorphism—differences in size , color , and / or body structure between the male and female of a species—is subtle among sakis . however , in species such as the guianan saki , sexual dimorphism is distinct . guianan males have all - black , shaggy , long fur coats with a pale , yellow - orange face and black nose ; female guianans have gray - brown fur coats with white - tipped hairs and white stripes on the sides of their noses
long , coarse hair covers the saki’s body , including its bushy , tapered tail . fur color varies from black , to gray , to rust , depending on species . the hair on their body and tail piloerects ( “stands on end” ) when the monkeys perceive a threat—giving the illusion that the monkeys are bigger than their actual size . a moppy head of hair , akin to a bad toupee , sits above a fuzzy face ( the faces of some species are naked , however ) , and long hair drapes over their shoulders like a furry cape .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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new world monkeys : new world monkeys are native to central and south america , whereas old world monkeys are native to africa and asia . new world monkeys tend to be smaller than old world monkeys , typically have prehensile ( grasping ) tails , and color vision . visit primate facts for additional differences in physical characteristics between new world vs . old world primates . genus : a group of related animals or plants that includes several or many different species . disturbed habitat : a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem . secondary forest : a forest that has regrown after a major habitat disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest ( including clear cutting of a forest ) , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest . . palm swamp : palm swamps are formed in low , seasonally inundated flat areas with poor drainage and are characteristic of the amazon basin . these particular swamps are dominated by a 115 - foot tall ( 35 - m ) palm tree known as the aguaje . ecosystem : a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment .
both males and females are equipped with distinct throat glands that they use for scent marking .
) . early wildlife biologists had mistakenly identified the distinct chest ruff of sakis as a “beard” ; however , later biologists determined that “truly bearded sakis” are a separate species .
diet sakis are mainly frugivores ; that is , they feast predominantly on fruits , which comprise 90 percent of their diet . but they are a special kind of frugivore . whereas some monkey species seek out lush , ripe fruit , sakis have a penchant for unripe fruits . they also enjoy munching on seeds , which they grind between their teeth with assistance from their powerful jaws . the remaining 10 percent of their diet consists of leaves , insects , and spiders .
sakis are called “flying monkeys” by locals because of the speed and agility the monkeys use to leap from tree to tree .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


fagesia is a small , subglobular ammonite ( suborder ammonitina ) belonging to the vascoceratid family of the acanthocerataceae that lived during the turonian stage of the late cretaceous , 92-88 ma ago .

the shell of fagesia is about 9.5 cm ( 3.47 in ) in diameter , typically with blunt umbilical tubercles from which spring 2 or three ribs each , but which are lost in the late growth stage .

the suture is ammonitic with long spikey lobes and saddles with rounded subelements .

fagesia

belongs to fagesia according to f . barroso - barcenilla and a . goy 2009
tree of life web project . 2000 . fagesia . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .
no one has contributed data records for edwardsiella ( fagesia ) yet . learn how to contribute .
fagesia shastensis : cas 2358 . 01 , a shell . its type locality is middle fork of cottonwood creek , which is in a turonian marine siliciclastic in california .
( of edwardsiella ( fagesia ) carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinquière , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinquière , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . pachydiscoides spath , and neoptychites cephalotus ( courtiller ) have also been presented . in addition we have described one new species : f . mortzestus . studies of the morphologies and the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of all these species have led to the identification of several phylogenetic relationships between them , and to distinguishing one main phase in the evolution of the family vascoceratidae douvillé , characterised by the dominance of fagesia with neoptychites .
( of fagesia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
. . . it seems to coincide with the 3 rd order depositional sequence uza - 2 . 5 ofhaq et al . ( 1988 ) and with the sequences dc - 6a and dc - 6b of floquet ( 1998 ) , ucof wrightoceras with donenriquoceras , in the pseudotissotiidae , of hoplitoides , in the coilopoceratidae , and the upper part of fagesia with neoptychites , with the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) obliquus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) reveliereanus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) combesi , spathites ( ingridella ) depressus , spathites ( spathites ) laevis , spathites ( spathites ) sulcatus , mammites nodosoides , fagesia superstes , neoptychites cephalotus , wrightoceras munieri , donenriquoceras forbesiceratiforme and hoplitoides ingens . in it , the taxonomic diversity is comparatively high ( 12 species ) , and among the represented forms the endemic ones stand out , such as s . ( j . ) obliquus , s . ( i . ) depressus and s . ( s . ) sulcatus ( santamaría - zabala , 1995 ; barroso - barcenilla 2007 ) , together with those which seem to have arisen by means of processes more or less marked of adaptation to the platform palaeoenvironments , such as s . ( j . ) combesi and f . superstes ( batt , 1989 ; westermann , 1996 ) . . . .
the ' plattenkalk ' of vallecillo , approximately 100 km north of monterrey in north - eastern mexico , has yielded an ammonite assemblage of both north american ( western interior ) and tethyan elements , comprising tragodesmoceras bassi morrow , quitmaniceras reaseri powell , watinoceras coloradoense ( henderson ) , pseudaspidoceras pseudonodosoides ( choffat ) , p . flexuosum powell , mammites nodosoides ( schlüter ) , vascoceras birchbyi cobban and scott , fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , and a few indeterminate forms . the excellent pres - ervation of the shells , for instance of apertures , stomach contents or spines joined to the body chambers of p . flexuosum , as well as the occasional presence of aptychi , indicate rapid burial shortly after death . correlation with the cenomanianeturonian boundary gssp at pueblo , colorado , indicates continuous deposition from the latest cenomanian to the early turonian at vallecillo . the index species p . flexuosum shows a diachro - nous first appearance datum between the two sections .
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parent taxon : vascoceratidae according to w . j . kennedy and a . s . gale 2016
see also barroso - barcenilla and goy 2009 , chancellor 1982 , cobban and hook 1983 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy et al . 2008 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 , reyment 1954 , sepkoski 2002 and zaborski 1987
see also anderson 1958 , chancellor 1982 , faraud 1940 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 and renz 1982
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 97 . 5 , shell diameter 201 . 6
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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please note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .
edwardsiidae with the column divisible into scapus and scapulus , the former very long and provided with an usually strong , sometimes very thick cuticle . aboral end rounded , flattened or rarely physa - like . scapus without nemathybomes and tenaculi , with nematocysts either scattered or arranged in groups . scapulus often ridged with numerous nematocysts on the ridges . tentacles 6 + 6 + 12 to about 40 , the inner longer than the outer ones . a single , ventral siphonoglyph . mesenteries as in edwardsia . retractors diffuse , fairly restricted , parietal muscles well developed . cnidom : spirocysts , basitrichs , microbasic b - and p - mastigophors .
carlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .
the information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .
please note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .
keyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
( of milne carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of milne - edwardsia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of edwardsia carnea gosse , 1856 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of edwardsia microps gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of favesia ( milne - edwardsia ) carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of halcampa microps gosse , 1858 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
well - defined , slightly polygonal due to thickening of the body wall between the macrocnemes .
this pretty little anemone occurs in holes and crevices amongst rocks , particularly the empty , or even occupied , borings of piddocks . it is found in sheltered places out of the light , such as beneath overhangs or in caves , often forming large local populations . when exposed by the receding tide the tentacles are retracted leaving only the white or yellow tip of the introverted
visible ; thus it may prove difficult to find and is frequently overlooked , although common in some areas . it occurs from about mtl to shallow water offshore .
recorded from all coasts of britain but is most common in the south and west . elsewhere it is known from south scandinavia and north france and may extend to the mediterranean (
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. . . suture not completely preserved but preserved part consisting of narrow and denticular lobes with wide , convex , and denticular saddles ( fig . 12a5 ) . , 1907 ; robaszynski et al . , 1990 ; chancellor et al . , 1994 ; meister & abdallah , 2005 ) , jordan ( ali et al . , 2008 ) , israel ( freund & raab , 1969 ) , spain ( barroso - barcenilla goy , 2009 ) , and france ( kennedy & wright , 1979b ) . in egypt , it is known from the lower turonian of khashm el tarif , central east sinai ( ali & abdel - gawad , 2001a ) , and the eastern desert ( el qot , 2008 ) . . . .
cenomanian - turonian ammonites from eastern sinai , egypt , and their biostratigraphic significance . beringeria 42
depositional sequences and cephalopod assemblages in the upper cenomanian - lower santonian of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) .
1 , identificar las secuencias y parasecuencias deposicionales del santoniense - maastrichtiense de la cuenca ibérica . 2 , posicionar las unidades litoestratigráficas actuales respecto de las secuenci…
[ more ]
the ammonite genus vascoceras choffat , 1898 ( family vascoceratidae douville , 1912 ) in the iberian tr . . .
the ammonites assigned to the genus vascoceras of the wiedmann ( universität tubingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( universidad complutense de madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . subsequently , new representatives of the species vascoceras gamai , v . charoni sp . nov . , v . barcoicense , v . durandi , v . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the ammonites assigned to the family pseudotissotiidae of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new , mainly lower turonian , specimens of the species pseudotissotia sp . , choffaticeras ( choffaticeras ) quaasi ( peron , 1904 ) , c . ( c . ) pavillieri ( pervinquière , 1907 ) , c . ( c . ) segne ( solger , . . . [ show full abstract ]
new ammonite successions from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough are studied and compared with the assemblages obtained by other authors . as a result , the upper cenomanian eucalycoceras rowei , calycoceras ( calycoceras ) naviculare , neolobites vibrayeanus , metoicoceras mosbyense , metoicoceras geslinianum , vascoceras gamai and spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) subconciliatus , . . . [ show full abstract ]
revision and new data of the ammonite family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the lower tu . . .
the ammonites assigned to the family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . new specimens of the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) tavense ( faraud , 1940 ) , s . ( j . ) saenzi ( wiedmann , 1960 ) , s . ( j . ) postsaenzi ( wiedmann , . . . [ show full abstract ]
revision and new data on the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia in the iberian peninsula ( spain a . . .
the types of the species of the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia peron , 1897 , identified in the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , which are currently held in the wiedmann ( universität tübingen , germany ) and choffat ( instituto geológico e mineiro , portugal ) collections , have been revised and refigured . new specimens of the taxa hemitissotia ceadouroensis choffat , 1898 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . peyrot et al . ( 2007 peyrot et al . ( , 2008 ) provided the first palynological studies . the palaeontological and biostratigraphical conclusions reached by barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 ) were contrasted with the results obtained from other regions by barroso - barcenilla ( 2006 ) and were presented by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) , barcenilla and goy ( 2007 , 2010 ) and , who identified 29 cephalopod species and proposed a new ammonite zonation for the upper cenomanian and lower turonian succession of the iberian trough . in recent years , other relevant studies of fossil groups and geochemical isotopes similar to those analysed in the present paper have been described in other sections that are closely or broadly related to the puentedey section , such as those of lamolda ( 1977 ) , herngreen ( 1980 ) , colin et al . ( 1982 ) , lamolda et al . ( 1989 , 1997 ) , babinot and crumiè airaud ( 1990 ) , garcía - zá rraga and rodríguez - lá zaro ( 1990 ) , rodríguez - lá zaro and garcía - zá rraga ( 1992 ) , paul et al . ( 1994 ) , peryt and lamolda ( 1996 ) , fig . 1 . . . .
. . . the sequence stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous of the iberian trough was studied in detail by several authors , such as gräfe andwiedmann ( 1993wiedmann ( , 1998 ) andgräfe ( 1994gräfe ( , 1996 ) , in the outer navarro - cantabrian platform and the north - castilian sector ; andsegura et al . ( 2001 ) , gil et al . ( 1993 ) , gil ( 1994 , gil and garcía ( 1996 ) and garcíahidalgo et al . ( 2003 ) , in the central sector . among them , the works of floquet ( 1998 ) and these works , those by mallada ( 1891 , 1892 ) , karrenberg ( 1935 ) , wiedmann ( 1960 , 1964 , 1975a , 1975b , 1979 ) , mojica and wiedmann ( 1977 ) , wiedmann andkauffman ( 1978 ) , segura andwiedmann ( 1982 ) , carreteromoreno ( 1982 ) , meléndez - hevia ( 1984 ) , santamaría - zabala ( 1991 , 1995 ) , gräfe andwiedmann ( 1993 ) , martínez et al . ( 1996 ) , küchler ( 1998 ) , barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) , barrosobarcenilla and goy ( 2007 ) and barroso - barcenilla et1 . - geographic general location ( a ) and stratigraphic context of the main spanish ( b ) and portuguese ( c ) studied sections and other mentioned places . photographic views of the outcrops of puentedey ( d ) , condemios ( e ) , salmanha ( f ) and nazaré ( g ) . fig . . . .
. . . the main part of the cephalopods collected in the upper cenomanian and the lower turonian of the it ( barrosobarcenilla , 2006 , 2007 barroso - barcenilla and goy , 2007 ) and the wpcp ( callapez , 1998callapez , , 2003callapez and ferreira soares , 2001 ) do not present signs of taphonomic resedimentation or reelaboration ( sensufernández - lópez , 2000 ) , and the few that show any of these signs do not seem to have suffered notable alterations . therefore , it can be considered that all of them maintain their respective original stratigraphic positions ( callapez , 1998 ; barroso - barcenilla , 2006 ) . . . .
. . . in northern africa , the metoicoceras geslinianum zone of chancellor et al . ( 1994 ) in tunisia and lehmann and herbig ( 2009 ) in morocco are timeequivalent . furthermore , it was also recognized by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) in spain . the metoicoceras geslinianum zone is one of the standard zones in the middle upper cenomanian of nw europe ( kennedy 1984 ; hancock 1991 ) and the tethyan region ( gradstein et al . 2004 ) . . . .
integrated biostratigraphy and inter - regional correlation of the cenomanian–turonian deposits of wad . . .
the cenomanian–turonian succession exposed in the wadi feiran , sinai , egypt , is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments belonging to the raha ( at the base ) , abu qada and wata formations . biostratigraphically , the succession has been subdivided into five ammonite zones , which are coeval with five planktic foraminiferal zones . the foraminiferal zones are the late cenomanian hedbergella . . . [ show full abstract ]
edwardsiella carnea is translucent pale orange in colour , with white or yellow markings on the column beneath the disc . the disc may have powdering of white or yellow colour . this species may form large local populations . the tentacles are long and also translucent pale orange in colour . there can be up to 36 of them , but generally there are only 28 . the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .
recorded from plymouth , torquay , port erin ( isle of man ) , millport ( clyde ) , tenby , and holm bay ( strangford lough ) in ireland . for other records see distribution map .
this species lives in holes and crevices and empty or possibly occupied borings of piddocks . it can be found in sheltered places that are out of the light , e . g . beneath overhangs or in caves .
the tentacles are long and there can be up to 36 but generally there are only 28 .
the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
stephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .
peckett , f . 2003 . edwardsiella carnea a sea anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
. . . each assemblage provided insight into faunal dynamics during isolated time slices of the late campanian and early maastrichtian of ne mexico . the upper cretaceous of the region turned out to be a
crossroad
between major ammonite provinces ( ifrim et al . 2004ifrim et al . , 2005ifrim et al . , 2015bstinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) and regarding other marine organisms ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; vega et al . 2007 ; fuchs et al . 2010 ; giersch et al . 2011 ; . the fossils described here were discovered by el and vh northwest of botellos , a quarter of the town cerralvo , nuevo león ( textfig . . . .
. . . ammonites , planktonic foraminifers ) and with the paleogeographic reconstructions of the area ( e . g . goldhammer and johnson , 2001 ; stinnesbeck et al . , 2005 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ; gonzález sánchez et al . , 2007 ) . aragonitic shells of ammonites and gastropods are recrystallized to calcite . . . .
. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .
. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .
. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .
. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .
. . . although this distributional mode is similar to that of inoceramids , strong differences in the extinction and recovery patterns have been documented between the two groups ( harries , 1993 ) . we suggest that ammonite hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , shallow water levels close to the surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells fl oating close to the surface , supported by the presence of small ( ~ 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .
. . . this interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis of batt ( 1989 ) and westermann ( 1996 ) that heavily spinose morphotypes dwelled in the open water . on the other hand , morphotypes interpreted to have had a demersal , i . e . swimming but bottom - related mode of life such as heteromorphs ( scaphites - like morphotype such as worthoceras , openly coiled morphotypes such as allocrioceras , puebloites , or straight baculites , see new interpretation of this genus by kruta et al . , 2011 ) are absent at vallecillo , but present in coeval localities in texas and the western interior seaway ( see summary in ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . our data suggest that at least the most abundant ammonite species from vallecillo completed their life cycles in the upper water layers . . . .
. . . their hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , water levels close to the ocean surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells floating near the surface . this hypothesis is supported by the presence of small ( ca . 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells found at vallecillo ( ifrim , 2006 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .
. . . therefore represents not only the first record of glyphiteuthis outside the old world , it is the first early late cretaceous gladius from the americas . the new record supports the interpretation that the gulf of mexico region was part of a tethyan province during the early late cretaceous ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) . . . .
. . . empty ammonoid shells were reused in various ways by other organisms . the most outstanding examples are the inhabitation of empty shells by hermit crabs ( fraaije , 2003 ) and their use as scaffoldings for cirripedes ( witter , 1996 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . in addition , shells lying on the seafloor often trapped lightweight materials , such as smaller ammonoid shells , plant remains , and pumice grains , that were swept by weak bottom currents ( = sheltered preservation ; maeda , 1987 , 1991 ; zaton and marynowski , 2006 ; olivero , 2007 ) . . . .
. . . a taxonomic description of the fossil reptiles was recently published by . regarding vallecillo invertebrates , only the taxonomy of ammonites was hitherto discussed in detail ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . here we present a description of the inoceramid assemblage . . . .
. . . inoceramids are the only benthic organisms documented from vallecillo . inoceramus pictus , mytiloides hattini , m . puebloensis , m . goppelnensis , and m . kossmati are described here , whereas ammonites were recently described ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . both ammonites and inoceramids allow for a biostratigraphic correlation of the vallecillo section with the gssp and the european reference section at eastbourne , uk . . . .
. . . the ammonites and inoceramid bivalves known from vallecillo , and also the planktonic foraminifers preserved in the sediment , allow for a very detailed biostratigraphic zonation of the vallecillo section ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) , summarized infigure 2 . the base of the turonian stage is present in the lowest part of the section , giving an early turonian age to all mosasauroid fossils known from vallecillo . the assemblage of planktonic foraminifers changes over the section . . . .
. . . the mollusks are a mixed western interior– tethyan assemblage , owing to the paleogeographic position of vallecillo at the junction of the western interior seaway and the expanding atlantic ocean ( fig . 5 ) . the vallecillo area is thus considered to be part of both the western tethyan and the north american molluscan faunal provinces ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) . all mosasauroid remains discussed here , and also three fossil turtles and the tooth of a pliosaur ( buchy et al . , 2005 ) , were found by quarrymen during extraction of rocks . . . .
it has been difficult to explain the origin of the biota southern south america . there are many models and continental configurations ; however , despite many advances in molecular phylogeny and pale…
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cenomanian - turonian high - resolution biostratigraphy of north - eastern mexico and its correlation with . . .
thin - bedded and millimetrically laminated platy marly limestone quarried near vallecillo , north - eastern mexico , contains abundant excellently preserved marine fossils . planktic foraminifers , inoceramids , and ammonites occur throughout the 7 . 7 - m - thick section of this plattenkalk and provide a precise and detailed biostratigraphic zonation from the uppermost cenomanian to early turonian , with a . . . [ show full abstract ]
upper cretaceous ( cenomanian turonian and turonian coniacian ) open marine plattenkalkdeposits in ne . . .
in ne mexico , the cenomanian - turonian plattenkalk of vallecillo ( state of nuevo león ) and the turonian - coniacian plattenkalk of múzquiz ( state of coahuila ) yield abundant fossil vertebrates and invertebrates with an exceptional preservation of soft parts . inoceramid bivalves are the only benthic organisms in both deposits . they allow for detailed biostratigraphic subdivisions , precise dating . . . [ show full abstract ]
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the oldest stratigraphic record of the late cretaceous shark ptychodus mortoni agassiz , . . .
paleobiology and paleoecology of the early turonian ( late cretaceous ) ammonite pseudaspidoceras flex . . .
during the early turonian , pseudaspidoceras flexuosum was a common ammonite in low and intermediate latitudes . at vallecillo section , northeastern mexico , 160 specimens were recovered from the section , allowing for quantitative analysis . the combination of quantitative data with sedimentology and geochemistry allow for erection of a differentiated model for the mode of life of p . flexuosum . . . . [ show full abstract ]