benthesicymus is a genus of prawns , containing the following species : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus armatus macgilchrist , 1905 benthesicymus bartletti smith , 1882 benthesicymus brasiliensis spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus cereus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus crenatus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus howensis dall , 2001 benthesicymus investigatoris alcock & anderson , 1899 benthesicymus iridescens spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 benthesicymus seymouri tirmizi , 1960 benthesicymus strabus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 benthesicymus tirmiziae crosnier , 1978 benthesicymus urinator burkenroad , 1936 a single fossil species , formerly included in the genus benthesicymus , is now placed in a separate genus , palaeobenthesicymus .

benthesicymus

the status of benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun ( decapoda , penaeoidea , benthesicymidae ) in the northeastern pacific .
deep - sea shrimps of the genus benthesicymus ( decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) from the western north pacific .
carapace length distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 , by sex . white , juveniles ; grey , males ; black , females .
new record of benthesicymus carinatus smith , 1884 ( decapoda : benthesicymidae ) , with some notes on its morphology deduced from sem observations .
characters used by kikuchi and nemoto ( 1991 ) in their definition of group i and ii included the position of the branchiostegal spine , the shape of the second maxilliped and of the dactylus of third maxilliped , and the relative size of pereiopods’ exopod . their group ii includes five species , two of which have been recorded in deep waters of the mexican pacific : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 , and benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( see hendrickx 1996 ) . although similar in their general shape , benthesicymus altus and benthesicymus tanneri are easy to separate based on the structure of the thelycum and petasma . kikuchi and nemoto’s ( 1991 ) group i included 10 species , one of them also reported off western mexico , benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 , which distinctively features small spines on the posterolateral margin of the fifth abdominal somite .
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a dorsal view of one of the syntypes used by faxon ( 1893 ) ( from faxon 1895 ) b fresh specimen female , cl 30 mm , lateral view ( emu - 8904 ) .
localities in the mexican pacific where benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 has been collected , including the talud project sampling stations and the localities corresponding to the type material collected during the “albatross” cruises and used by faxon ( 1893 ) .
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . petasma of a fully mature male ( cl 35 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 8147 ) a posterior view b same , detail of ventral margin c anterior view d same , detail of ventral margin .
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) bouvier , e . - l . , 1906a . suite aux observations sur les gennadas ou pénéides bathypélagiques . — comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’académie des sciences 142 : 746 - 750 . [ details ]
hendrickx me , papiol v ( 2015 ) distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( dendrobranchiata , benthesicymidae ) off the west coast of mexico and notes on its morphology . zookeys 473 : 119–136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 473 . 8956
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a lateral view of syntypic specimen ( mcz - 4662 ) b lateral view of female ( cl 40 . 6 mm ) ( emu - 10436 ) . circles indicate area where a hepatic spine is observed in some species of the genus .
currently known distribution , depth range and maximum size for the species of benthesicymus worldwide . species list updated according to fransen and de grave ( 2014 ) . mw , midwater trawl ; bt , benthic trawl ; ik , isaac kid midwater trawl ; at , agassiz ( benthic ) trawl .
( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]
( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) smith , s . i . , 1886a . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states during the summer and autumn of 1884 . — report of the commissioner for 1885 , united states commission of fish and fisheries 13 : 605 - 705 , plates 1 - 20 . [ preprint issued in 1886 , published in journal in 1887 ] [ details ]
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . anterior view of petasma ( a–e ) of males of different carapace length ( a–d emu - 10498 ; e emu - 6004 - a ) and thelycum ( f ) of a mature female ( emu - 10441 ) . a cl 29 . 9 mm ; b cl 22 . 3 mm ; c cl 17 . 5 mm ; d cl 16 . 4 mm ; e cl 11 . 2 mm ; f cl 36 . 6 mm .
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
material collected in mexican waters during the talud cruises iii - vii ( 1991–2001 ) in the se gulf of california was reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) and hendrickx ( 2004 ; distribution maps ) , adding many new records and increasing the known distribution range of this species . a large series of specimens , however , was collected during subsequent research cruises off the pacific coast of mexico and has not yet been reported . this series is included herein . this contribution provides and updated distribution of benthesicymus tanneri for the mexican pacific and new data related to the petasma and thelycum of this species . additionally , a taxonomic key for the species occurring in the american pacific is provided .
the material on which this study is based was collected by the r / v “el puma” of the universidad nacional autónoma de méxico ( unam ) , between 1991 and 2014 . specimens of benthesicymus tanneri were captured during sampling operations off the west coast of the baja california peninsula ( talud xv , july - august 2012 ; talud xvi - b , may - june 2014 ) , in the gulf of california ( a total of nine cruises : talud iii , september 1991 ; talud iv , august 2000 ; talud v , december 2000 ; talud vi , march 2001 ; talud vii , june 2001 ; talud viii , april 2005 ; talud ix , november 2005 ; talud x , february 2007 ) , and off the sw coast of mexico , from jalisco to guerrero ( talud xii , march - april 2009 ) . during these cruises , a total of 228 localities were sampled , from 377 to 2394 m depth . positional coordinates for each sampling station were obtained using a gps navigation system . depth was measured with an edowestern analogic recorder ( talud iii - viii ) or a digital recorder ( talud ix - xvi - b ) . all the specimens were captured with benthic gear , including an agassiz dredge ( 2 . 5 m width , 1 m high ) and a standard benthic sledge ( 2 . 35 m width , 0 . 9 m high ) , both equipped with a modified shrimp net ( ca 5 . 5 cm stretched mesh size ) with a ca 2 . 0 cm ( 3 / 4” ) internal lining net . the material collected during this survey is deposited in the regional collection of marine invertebrates ( emu ) , at unam in mazatlán , mexico . the size ( carapace length , cl ) of all the specimens was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm and size distributions of benthesicymus tanneri were explored by sex for the entire population sample in the mexican pacific . sexual differences in cl were tested using a mann - whitney u test ( mann and whitney 1947 ) . abbreviations are : st . , sampling station ; cl , carapace length ; m , male ; f , female ; ad , agassiz dredge ; bs , benthic sledge .
spence bate , c . ( 1881 ) . on the penaeidae . the annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 8 : 169 - 196 , plates 11 - 12 . [ details ]
( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) smith , s . i . , 1884 . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states in 1883 . — reports of the united states fisheries commission 10 : 345 - 426 , plates 1 - 10 . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
crosnier , a . ( 1985 ) . crevettes pénéides récoltées dans l ' océan indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / réunion . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris vol . 4 , ser . 7 p . 839 - 877 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
faxon , w . ( 1893 ) . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer ”albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 24 : 149 - 220 . [ details ]
smith , s . i . , 1882 . reports on the results of dredging under the supervisión of alexander agassiz , on the east coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 108 , plates 1 - 16 . [ details ]
pohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]
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1 laboratorio de invertebrados bentónicos , unidad académica mazatlán , instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , p . o . box 811 , mazatlán , sinaloa , 82000 , mexico
corresponding author : michel e . hendrickx ( xm . manu . lymci . alo @ lehcim )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
talud iii . material reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) . additional material . st . 14a ( 24°38 ' 48
n ; 108°26 ' 54
w ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , ad , 1016–1020 ( emu - 4418 ) ; st . 14b ( 24°39 ' 12
n ; 108°37 ' 48
w ) , aug . 19 , 1991 , 1f ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , ad , 1188–1208 m ( emu - 2609 ) ; st . 17 ( 24°33 ' 0
n ; 108°50 ' 54
w ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 22 . 1 mm ) , ad , 770 m ( emu - 4417 ) ; st . 24a ( 25°45 ' 12
n ; 109°46 ' 48
w ) , aug 24 , 1991 , 2m ( cl 29 . 0–30 . 8 mm ) , ad , 1027–1060 m ( emu - 100 ) .
talud v , st . 5 ( 22°0 ' 57
n ; 106°40 ' 0
w ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 36 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1515–1620 m ( emu - 5540 - a ) ; st . 6 ( 22°n ; 106°48 ' 5
w ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1950–2010 m ( emu - 5540 - b ) ; st . 19 ( 23°17 ' 30
n ; 107°29 ' 51
w ) , dec 15 , 2000 , 1m ( cl 31 . 1 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 1–36 mm ) , bs , 1180–1200 m ( emu - 5523 - a ) ; st . 26 ( 24°15 ' 18
n ; 108°24 ' 6
w ) , dec 16 , 2000 , 2m ( cl 29–30 . 7 mm ) , 2f ( cl 32–34 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1280–1310 m ( emu - 5523 - b ) .
talud vi , st . 12 ( 23°18 ' 36
n ; 107°26 ' 56
w ) , mar 14 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , 1f ( cl 34 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1050–1160 m ( emu - 5539 - a ) ; st . 19 ( 24°16 ' 24
n ; 108°24 ' 18
w ) , mar 15 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 50 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1160–1200 m ( emu - 5539 - b ) ; st . 26 ( 24°56 ' 18
n ; 109°6 ' 42
w ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 33 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 25 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1190–1270 m ( emu - 5997 - a ) ; st . 27 ( 25°1 ' 12
n ; 109°11 ' 36
w ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1580–1600 m ( emu - 5539 - c ) ; st . 34 ( 25°43 ' 50
n ; 109°53 ' 59
w ) , mar 17 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , 2f ( cl 3025–33 . 6 mm ) , bs , 1240–1270 m ( emu - 5997 - b ) , and 7m ( cl 31 . 4–34 . 8 mm ) , 12f ( cl 30 . 5–42 . 5 mm ) , and 3 unsexed specimens ( 14 . 5–21 . 4 mm ) .
talud vii , st . 4 ( 22°3 ' 18
n ; 106°34 ' 42
w ) , jun 5 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 37 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1190 m ( emu - 5541 ) ; st . 19 ( 24°16 ' 12
n ; 108°23 ' 42
w ) , jun 7 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) and 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1160–1180 m ( emu - 6004 - a ) ; st . 33b ( 26°6 ' 30
n ; 110°6 ' 42
w ) , jun 9 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 23 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1260–1300 m ( emu - 6004 - b ) .
talud viii , st . 10 ( 24°58 ' 12
n ; 110°16 ' 6
w ) , apr 17 , 2005 , 1m ( cl 30 . 4 mm ) , and 1f ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1500 m ( emu - 8143 ) ; st . 3 ( 24°32 ' 36
n ; 109°30 ' 30
w ) , apr 16 , 2005 , 2m ( cl 31 . 9–34 . 7 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 2–35 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1100 m ( emu - 8147 ) .
talud ix , st . 20b ( 25°58 ' 7
n ; 110°40 ' 4
w ) , nov 14 , 2005 , 2f ( cl 33 . 7–36 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1229–1343 m ( emu - 8236 ) .
talud x , st . 10 ( 27°50 ' 5
n ; 112°10 ' 7
w ) , feb 10 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1399–1422 m ( emu - 8030 ) ; st . 18 ( 27°9 ' 6
n ; 111°46 ' 54
w ) , feb 12 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 31 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1526 m ( emu - 8118 ) ; st . 30 ( 26°36 ' 50
n ; 110°21 ' 10
w ) , feb 15 , 2007 , 1m ( cl 29 . 9 mm ) , bs , 1203–1213 m ( emu - 8203 ) .
talud xii , st . 5 ( 16°58 ' 28
n ; 100°55 ' 20
w ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 53 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1925–1977 m ( emu - 8872 ) ; st . 9 ( 17°10 ' 15
n ; 101°37 ' 23
w ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 6f ( cl 30 . 1–35 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1392–1420 m ( emu - 8874 ) ; st . 10 ( 17°11 ' 18
n ; 101°28 ' 30
w ) , mar 29 , 2008 , 3f ( cl 21 . 1–38 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1180–1299 m ( emu - 10500 ) ; st . 13 ( 17°45 ' 16
n ; 102°0 ' 29
w ) , mar 30 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 30 mm ) , bs , 1198 m ( emu - 8904 ) ; st . 28 ( 18°50 ' 19
n ; 104°34 ' 14
w ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl , 38 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1101–1106 m ( emu - 10499 ) ; st . 29 ( 19°19 ' 37
n ; 105°26 ' 20
w ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 44 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1609–1643 m ( emu - 8873 ) .
talud xv , st . 1 ( 23°18 ' 40
n ; 111°19 ' 37
w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 40 . 2 mm ) , bs , 750–850 m ( emu - 10435 ) ; same station , 5m ( cl 17 . 9–29 . 1 mm ) and 7f ( cl 25 . 3–41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 750–850 m ( emu - 10434 ) ; st . 2 ( 23°12 ' 2
n ; 111°20 ' 50
w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 4m ( cl 32–33 . 9 mm ) , 5f ( cl 23 . 2–40 . 6 mm ) and 1juv . ( cl 12 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1118–1150 m ( emu - 10436 ) ; st . 3 ( 23°9 ' n ; 111°20 ' w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 36 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1395–1465 m ( emu - 10433 ) ; st . 5c ( 23°16 ' 42
n ; 110°54 ' 55
w ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 8m ( cl 20 . 5–35 . 5 mm ) , bs , 980–1036 m ( emu - 10496 - a ) ; same station 25f ( cl 20 . 3–40 . 5 mm ) , 1m ( cl 13 . 4 mm ) , bs , 980–1036 m ( emu - 10496 - b ) ; st . 5f ( 22°58 ' 15
n ; 110°40 ' 17
w ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 39 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1035–1108 m ( emu - 10432 ) ; st . 8 ( 24°25 ' 48
n ; 112°38 ' 6
w ) , jul 30 , 2012 , 1m ( cl 29 . 8 mm ) , 3f ( cl 23 . 2–41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1212–1235 m ( emu - 10431 ) ; st . 24 ( 27°5 ' 42
n ; 114°35 ' 30
w ) , aug 1 , 2012 , 2f ( cl 25–32 . 6 mm ) , bs , 772–786 m ( emu - 10430 ) .
talud xvi - b , st . 3 ( 28°42 ' 36
n ; 115°50 ' 42
w ) , may 23 , 2014 , 2f ( cl 30 . 1–31 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1350–1365 m ( emu - 10623 ) st . 6 ( 29°08 ' 9
n ; 115°33 ' 25
w ) , may 24 , 2014 , 10m ( cl 16 . 4–29 . 9 mm ) and 9f ( cl 16 . 7–29 . 5 mm ) , bs , 1004–1102 m ( emu - 10498 ) ; st . 8 ( 29°23 ' 28
n ; 115°45 ' w ) , may 31 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 35 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 27 mm ) , bs , 1416–1480 m ( emu - 10438 ) ; st . 16 ( 29°51 ' n ; 116°9 ' w ) , may 29 , 2014 , 4f ( cl 23 . 2–37 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1425–1360 m ( emu - 10441 ) ; st . 23 ( 30°56 ' n ; 116°40 ' 33
w ) , may 27 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 33 . 3 mm ) , 2f ( cl 30 . 1–32 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1296–1340 m ( emu - 10439 ) ; st . 26 ( 31°46 ' 3
n ; 116°58 ' 12
w ) , may 26 , 2014 , 1f ( cl 31 . 4 mm ) , bs , 982–989 m ( emu - 10437 ) ; st . 27 ( 31°42 ' 21
n ; 117°13 ' w ) , may 27 , 2014 , bs , 1394–1397 m , 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 10440 ) and 1 f ( cl 30 . 5 mm ) ( emu - 10497 ) .
with 187 specimens available ( 61 males , cl 11 . 2–35 . 5 mm ; 122 females , cl 16 . 7–53 . 3 mm ; 3 unsexed ; and 1 juvenile , cl 12 . 4 ) ( m : f = 1 : 2 ) , the collection of
) . the largest specimens measured 103 mm ( male ; talud xv , st . 5c ) and 116 mm ( female ; talud xii , st . 5 ) total length , the latter constituting the largest specimen collected to date . the size of individuals differed across sexes ( mann - whitney
is known from san diego , california , usa , to chile . the material currently examined slightly increases the distributional range of
) . in the mexican pacific it is a widely distributed and frequently captured species .
the material examined herein was collected between 750 and 2010 m depth with bottom sampling gear . one specimen ( talud iii , st . 17 ) was collected with a mid - water trawl hauled from surface to 770 m depth , in a locality where total depth was 1560 m . all species of
possesses a hepatic spine , a character that separates this species from the other four species of their group ii .
does ( p . 437 ) , which is an error due to the illustration process in the editorial office . in his preliminary description of
: 205 ) repeats essentially the same statement as in 1893 , and his lateral illustration of the carapace ( plate h 1a ) does not indicate the presence of a hepatic spine , although the lower extension of the cervical carina could easily be confused with a strong spine . besides , this drawing does not include the presence of the pterygostomial spine either , which is definitively present in
: 52 ) . revision by dr . rafael lemaitre of part of the material used by
) in his syntypic series and deposited at the national museum of natural history , washington , dc ( usnm 21214 ; syntypes from the gulf of california , mexico ) confirms the fact that there is no trace of a hepatic spine on the specimens examined . another revision by adam baldinger of one of the syntypes of
have to be altered because all species of group ii as defined by these authors in their key lack the hepatic spine which is otherwise present in seven of the ten species of their group i . moreover , the identification key proposed by
) . the smallest male with visible petasma was 11 . 2 mm cl , in which a small bud without any elaborated structure could be seen . a slightly larger male ( cl 16 . 4 mm ) had a similar petasma ( figure
) . however , another young male from station 19 of talud vii cruise with cl 11 . 2 mm ( i . e . , smaller than the male of figure
, is not yet developed in males of cl 17 . 5 mm ( figure
) . in a male of cl 29 . 9 mm the two sections ( left and right ) of the petasma are well developed ( figure
( cl ≥ 35 mm ) is clearly distinct from known petasma of mature males of nine species of the genus in the presence of the lateral crescent - shape process . in
burkenroad , 1936 , probably a juvenile . this figure lacks a lateral crescent - shape process but , as in the case of
) , this process may appear later during the growth of the species . of the remaining three species of
) is known only from the two females of the type material . we were not able to locate an illustration of the petasma of
macgilchrist , 1905 . another question remains open as far as illustrations of petasma in literature are concerned .
; however , the figure caption is the same as the one inserted in figure 25 of the same monograph ( i . e . for
( spence bate , 1888 ) ) and it was therefore difficult to assess to which species of the genus this figure actually belongs to . a search by rose gulledge , museum specialist at the us national history museum , smithsonian institution crustacean department , maryland , usa , was successful in finding the original plates prepared by the illustrator of
, and that “species in book is wrong [ . . . ] must say
) . a small tuft of setae is clearly observed arising from each minute pit of the thelycum middle plate ( sternite xiii ) . of the two groups of species considered by
, group i possesses a “thelycum without well - defined receptacles between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the twelfth and thirteenth sternites being simple and unexpanded” . group ii posseses “well - defined cavities between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the thirteenth sternites being broadly expanded to overlap the sternal surface proper” . based on these criteria
. the large patch of bright blue color on the back of the abdominal somites 2–4 mentioned by faxon ( op . cit . ) and also observed by
actually corresponds to the gonads of mature specimens that extend backward from the thoracic area ( pers . observ . ) .
although it reaches a size ( i . e . , over 115 mm total length ) comparable with other species of
is not currently subject to any commercial exploitation . it has been considered a potential fisheries resource for the area ( see
) to a large extent because it occurs together with other species of established potential for deep - water fisheries ( e . g . ,
in this area , but none was considered of importance to fishery , even as a potential resource , probably because this genus has nowhere been reported to be abundant . the 15 species of
) but are all from deep - water , thus rending any exploitation attempt very complex .
petasma ventral margin strongly convex , without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate smooth , without small pits and setae
petasma ventral margin straight to slightly concave , with or without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate bearing small pits
petasma with strong ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate longer than wide , shallow anterior notch
petasma without ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate wider than long , deep anterior notch
ship time was provided by the instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , unam ( talud iii ) , by the coordinación de la investigación científica , unam ( talud iv - xvi - b ) , and partly supported by conacyt ( project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) . the talud project has received laboratory and field work support from the dgapa ( papiit in - 217306–3 and papiit in - 203013–2 ) and from conacyt ( project 31805 - n for the talud iv - vii cruises ; project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) , mexico . the authors thank all scientists , students and crew members who took an active part in the talud cruises . we also thank dr . rafael lemaitre , national museum of natural history , maryland , usa , for revising type material of
and the final version of the manuscript . we also thank ana k . barragán ( sni iii assistant , conacyt ) for her help with laboratory work during this study and josé salgado b . for photograph of figure
. work by vanesa papiol was supported by a dgapa , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , postdoctoral grant .
barriga e , salazar c , palacios j , romero m , rodríguez a . ( 2009 )
distribución , abundancia y estructura poblacional del langostino rojo de profundidad haliporoides diomedeae ( crustacea : decapoda : solenoceridae ) frente a la zona norte de perú ( 2007–2008 ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 2 . cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks
. master thesis , universidad de guayaquil , facultad de ciencias naturales , guayaquil , ecuador .
crustacés décapodes pénéides aristeidae ( benthesicyminae , aristeinae , solenocerinae ) . faune de madagascar .
crosnier a . ( 1985 ) crevettes pénéides d’eaux profondes récoltées dans l’océan indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / reunion .
carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps .
the brazilian species of the family aristeidae wood - mason ( crustacea : decapoda ) .
reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer “albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea .
reports on an exploration off the west coast of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer “albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea .
the subfamily benthesicyminae bouvier , 1908 ( decapoda , dendrobranchiata ) in northern chile ( 18° to 22°s ) .
in : fischer w , krupp f , schneider w , sommer c , carpenter ke , niem vh . ( eds )
guía fao para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca . pacífico centro - oriental . vol . i . plantas e invertebrados
los camarones penaeoidea bentónicos ( crustacea : decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) del pacífico mexicano .
comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , unam , méxico , df , 148 pp .
occurrence of a continental slope decapod crustacean community along the edge of the minimum oxygen zone in the southeastern gulf of california , mexico .
distribution and estimation of body size and weight of four species of deep water shrimps in the se gulf of california , mexico .
. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar y limnol . , unam , méxico , df , 157 pp .
jamieson aj , fujii t , solan m , matsumoto ak , bagley pm , priede ig . ( 2009 )
kameya a , castillo r , escudero l , tello e , blaskovic v , córdova j , hooker y , gutiérrez m , mayor s . ( 1997 )
localización , distribución y concentración de langostinos rojos de profundidad crucero bic humboldt 9607–08 . 18 de julio a 06 de agosto de 1996 .
the south african museum’s meiring naude cruises . part 5 . crustacea , decapoda , reptantia & natantia .
deep - sea shrimps and lobsters ( crustacea : decapoda ) from northern japan collected during the project “research on deep - sea fauna and pollutants off pacific coast of northern japan” .
xxvii . natural history notes from the r . i . m . s . ‘investigator , ’ capt . t . h . henning , r . n . ( retired ) , commanding . series iii . , no . 6 . an account of the new and some of the rarer decapod crustacea obtained during the surveying seasons 1901–1904 .
on a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other .
claves de identificación y distribución de los langostinos y camarones ( crustacea : decapoda ) del mar y ríos de la costa del perú .
reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877–78 ) , in the caribbean sea ( 1878–79 ) , and along the atlantic coast of the united states ( 1880 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer “blake” , lieut . - com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . 44 . les pénéides et sténopides .
penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera .
in : hendrickx me . ( ed . ) contributions to the study of east pacific crustaceans
] . instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , unam , méxico , df , 195–208 .
the marine decapod crustacea of california with special reference to the decapod crustacea collected by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer “albatross” in connection with the biological survey of san francisco bay during the years 1912–1913 .
recent samples of mainly rare decapod crustacea taken from the deep - sea floor of the southern west europe basin .
checklist of penaeoid and caridean shrimps ( decapoda : penaeoidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .
an updated checklist of benthic marine and brackish water shrimps ( decapoda : penaoidea , stenopodidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .
] instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , unam , méxico , df , 49–76 .


amphitorna brunhyala is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by shen and chen in 1990 .

it is found in china ( guangdong and fujian ) .

amphitorna brunhyala

this is the place for brunhyala definition . you find here brunhyala meaning , synonyms of brunhyala and images for brunhyala copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word brunhyala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word brunhyala and , of course , brunhyala synonyms and on the right images related to the word brunhyala .
neoreta brunhyala song , xue & han , 2012 , comb . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
figures 90 – 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .
figures 116 – 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .
figures 33 – 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 – 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 – 43 , o . angularis ; 44 – 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , o . bilineata ; 50 , spectroreta hyalodisca ( holotype of s . fenestra ) ; 51 , neoreta olga ; 52 , n . purpureofascia ; 53 , n . brunhyala , paratype .
figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .
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beccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .
2011 : notes on the genus spectroreta warren ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) from china with description of a new species .
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song , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 33
, contr . shanghai inst . entomol . , 9 : 167 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , figs 2 : a - c ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : fujian ( siecas ) .
. , 21 ( 5 ) : 252 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , 4 ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : guangdong , nankunshan ( scau ) , syn . nov .
material examined . china , fujian : jian’ou , wanmulin , viii . 1988 , coll . shen shuigen , 132 ƥ ( holotype , allotype and 1 paratype ) ( siecas ) .
( borneo , sumatra , peninsular malaysia ) in the following characters : the forewing apex is distinctly falcate , and the outer margin under the apex is straight in the male , and slightly expanded in the female ; a shallow excavation is present on the tornal angle ; the apex of the hind wing is notched . the wing pattern has similar transparent patches to those found in
in recognition of the similar socii , gnathos , and the bilobed signum . the valva is broad and blunt at apex , and bears a hooked basal process ; the sacculus is well developed , and tapering ; the saccus is distinct from those of other species of
, being well developed , and the aedeagus has a developed cornutus . sternite 8 is protruding and well sclerotized medially . the female genitalia have a large bilobed signum in the corpus bursae .
, though they have a similar uncus , socii and pair of median processes of the gnathos . the saccus of
, and find that in both cases it is only slightly convex . while recognising these differences we leave
for the present , since it does not seem to fit any other presently established genus , but this point may need revisiting in the future .
figures 171 – 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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cavariella konoi is a species of aphid in the family aphididae .

it is a small , soft-bodied insect growing to about 2.5 mm ( 0.1 in ) long .

the body is oval , pale yellowish green , sometimes with a pair of darker green , longitudinal bands .

wingless females are found on the leaves of willow salix spp. during the summer where they reproduce parthogenetically and form large populations .

it also feeds on the perennial plant great angelica ( angelica atropurpurea ) .

this species has a holarctic distribution .

cavariella konoi

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this perennial wildflower is 3 - 8 ' tall , branching sparingly . the large hollow stems are pale purple to dark purple , terete , glabrous , and often glaucous . alternate compound leaves occur along the stems , primarily along the lower - half of each plant . the compound leaves are ½ - 2 ' long , ½ - 2 ' across , and widest at their bases . the structure of the compound leaves is bipinnate with 3 - 5 leaflets or subleaflets per division . the subleaflets are ¾ - 4½
long and ½ - 2½
across ; they are more or less ovate in shape and their margins are serrated . some subleaflets are shallowly to deeply cleft into lobes . the upper surface of the subleaflets is medium to dark green and glabrous , while the lower surface is pale or whitish green and glabrous . the subleaflets are either sessile or they have short petioles ; they often have winged extensions at their bases that join the branches of the rachis . the petioles are long , stout , and conspicuously sheathed at their bases ; both the petioles and their sheaths are green to light purple to dark purple , glabrous , and often glaucous .
the upper stems terminate in one or more compound umbels of flowers spanning 3 - 9
across ; they are globoid in shape . sometimes the peduncle of a compound umbel will branch and terminate in another compound umbel . each compound umbel has 15 - 40 rays ( floral branches ) that terminate in small umbellets . each umbellet has numerous greenish white to pale yellow flowers on pedicels about ½
in length . each flower is up to ¼
across , consisting of 5 petals with incurved tips , a light green calyx without significant lobes , 5 stamens , and a pistil with a divided style . the blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about 3 weeks . afterwards , the flowers are replaced by dry seed - like fruits ( consisting of double achenes ) . the fruits are 5 - 8 mm . in length , oblongoid - ovoid in shape , and slightly flattened ; each side of the fruit has 3 longitudinal ridges . immature fruits are greenish yellow , turning brown at maturity . each achene has a pair of lateral wings along its main body ; it is convex and ridged on one side , while the other side is flat . the root system consists of a short stout taproot .
the preference is full or partial sun , consistently wet to moist conditions , and loamy or sandy soil with decaying organic matter . soil ph should be mildly acidic to alkaline . standing water is well - tolerated . individual plants can vary considerably in size depending on environmental conditions .
) . habitats include openings in bottomland woodlands , swamps , soggy thickets , edges of woodlands adjoining wetlands , marshes , fens , and seeps , including the lower slopes of hillside seeps . this robust wildflower is typically found in calcareous habitats with a stable supply of moisture .
the flowers attract syrphid flies , bee flies , andrenid bees , and other small bees . these visitors are attracted primarily to the nectar of the flowers . a relatively small number of insects are known to feed on great angelica . these species include the aphids
a woodland border near a fen at the indiana dunes national lakeshore in nw indiana .
great angelica can be distinguished from similar species in the carrot family by its large size , hollow purplish stems , and spherical compound umbels . sometimes an aromatic eurasia species ,
( garden angelica ) , is cultivated in gardens . it differs from great angelica by its biennial habit and greenish stems . so far , there are no records of garden angelica naturalizing in illinois . a native perennial species ,
( wood angelica ) , is found in southern illinois , where it occurs in dry rocky habitats . wood angelica has more narrow sheaths at the bases of its petioles than great angelica , and their are fine hairs on its fruits . another common name of
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mordellistena subunicolor is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .

it was described by píc in 1937 .

mordellistena subunicolor

this is the place for subunicolor definition . you find here subunicolor meaning , synonyms of subunicolor and images for subunicolor copyright 2017 © urltoken
¿qué significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . también puedes añadir tu mismo una definición para mordellistena
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subunicolor . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subunicolor and , of course , subunicolor synonyms and on the right images related to the word subunicolor .
mordellistena es un género de coleópteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ]
larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .
mordellistena là một chi bọ cánh cứng trong họ mordellidae . [ 1 ] chi này được miêu tả khoa học năm 1854 bởi costa .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
formerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .
small , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings
plants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .
ford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .
nomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .
taxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .
peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .
the book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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dardanus gemmatus , the jeweled anemone hermit crab , is a species of hermit crab native to tropical reefs surrounding the indo-pacific , typically at depths of 2 – 100 metres ( 10 – 330 ft ) .

dardanus gemmatus

worms - world register of marine species - dardanus gemmatus ( h . milne edwards , 1848 )
to barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 16 records ) to itis
( of pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i – lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
lemaitre , r . ; mclaughlin , p . ( 2018 ) . world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .
reay , p . j . & j . haig ( 1990 ) . coastal hermit crabs ( decapoda : anomura ) from kenya , with a review and key to east african species . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 578 - 589 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i – lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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today we are going to talk about a marine creature that is seriously resourceful when it comes to real estate : the hermit crab ! you may already know that hermit crabs are well known swapping their shell homes for newer , bigger ones . like all crabs , the hermit crab possesses an exoskeleton that protects their body and maintains their form . however , hermit crabs take self - protection one step further by finding snail shells and coil their body inside , protecting their softer body parts from predators and environmental elements . when they grow too large for their shell home they will crawl out and find a new snail shell that fits perfectly . anemone hermit crabs go one step further to make their home safe .
jeweled anemone hermit crabs benefit by having extra protection due to the stinging anemone tentacles . the anemones also can be placed on top of cracks or weak spots in the hermit crab’s shell . plus , anemones make for amazing camouflage among the rocks and corals . in return the sea anemone gets scraps from the food that the hermit eats and gets to piggyback to areas that are productive in nutrients . anemones aren’t the only ones hitching a ride . the jeweled hermit crab will also carry flatworms and amphipods , unwittingly housing an entire traveling community on its back !
posted in zooplankton . tags : creature feature , garden eel cove , jeweled anemone hermit crab , kona airport , mutualistic , symbiosis . 1 comment »
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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this average sized hermit is reasonably common when we are out diving during the day on the sand outside the reef at mae haad , koh phangan .
chaloklum diving , 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7 , chaloklum village , koh phangan , suratthani 84280 . thailand .
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cardiaspina fiscella , the brown basket lerp or brown lace lerp , is a jumping plant louse species in the genus cardiaspina originally found in australia .

it spread to new zealand where it was found in 1996 near the auckland airport .

it feeds on eucalyptus , especially swamp mahogany , and is found in victoria , eastern new south wales , and southeastern queensland , as well as the capital territory ( act ) around canberra and on norfolk island .

cardiaspina fiscella has five nymphal instars , and as the instars moult they add a layer to their outside covering ( casing ) , known as the " lerp " .

cardiaspina fiscella

cardiaspina fiscella spreads from forest health news 64 , june 1997 . port environs inspections in auckland have shown the rapid spread of cardiaspina fiscella since first reported in auckland in may 1996 . severe infestations are noted…
possible control for cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news 62 , april 1997 . another major event during my visit to australia was the identification of a possible biological control for cardiaspina fiscella , ( the recently introduced lerp making…
brown lace lerp cardiaspina fiscella recorded in new zealand from forest health news 53 , june 1996 . the brown lace lerp , cardiaspina fiscella , was collected from eucalyptus botryoides close to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south…
cardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on . . . | download scientific diagram
parasitoid on cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news no . 95 , april 2000 . the health of eucalyptus saligna and eucalyptus botryoides trees in the northern half of the north island can be expected to improve as…
fig . 3 . cardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on leaves ) ; eucalyptolyma maideni ( f - adult , g - lerp on leaf ) .
cardiaspina resistant eucalypts from forest health news 87 , july 1999 . eucalypts form a distinctive part of our landscape , so it ' s always sad to see stag - headed or dying trees . dead ones are good for…
v . 113 = no . 493 - 496 ( 1991 ) - proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . - biodiversity heritage library
list of contributors v . 1 - v . 10 ( 1 . . .
the lichens of norfolk island . 2 : the genera cladonia , pertusaria , pseudocyphellaria and ramalina
fossil flowers of ceratopetalum sm . ( family cunoniaceae ) from the tertiary of eastern australia
notes and discussion . occurrence of a neosilurid catfish ( neosilurus sp . ) in the paroo river , murray - darling basin
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eucalypt psyllids in california from forest health news 113 , november 2001 . like their counterparts in new zealand , eucalypt growers in california continue to experience problems with recurring introductions of australian eucalyptus psyllids . the blue gum psyllid , ctenarytaina…
brown lace lerp hyperparasitoid found in new zealand from biosecurity new zealand issue 68 , june 2006 . a parasitic microwasp associated with brown lace lerp , a pest of some eucalypts , has been newly recorded from new zealand . the new…
protecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday , june 20 , 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle . eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand’s diversified forestry industry . they provide pulp and…
forest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday , may 27 , 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association . merrill and ring has been fined $ 39 , 000 and ordered…
biosecurity levy proposal tuesday , may 15 , 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners . consultation document : the new zealand forest owners association ( foa ) and the nz farm forestry association ( ffa ) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest…
forest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday , april 23 , 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors . the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid…
new free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday , march 25 , 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available , free of charge . the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests , who…
consultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday , february 27 , 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber . the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval…
billion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday , february 21 , 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government’s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition . the forestry minister…
cutting rights proposal jeopardising government’s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday , february 03 , 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights . the foa says it would jeopardise the government’s ambitions…
jim anderton’s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday , january 07 , 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry . president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance…
government recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday , november 29 , 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn’t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office . the…
farm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday , november 27 , 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots . nzffa , …
scion is the leading provider of forest - related knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute , scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years . the rotorua - based crown research institute continues to provide science that will protect all forests from damage caused by insect pests , pathogens and weeds . the information presented below arises from these research activities .
close to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south auckland . in australia it has been recorded on
eucalyptus botryoides , e . robusta , e . saligna , e . grandis , e . tereticomis
in south - east queensland . adults of this australian psyllid species are 3 . 4 mm in length , from head to wing tip . they possess a short robust body with head at right angles to plane of body . antennae are about equal to width of the head . legs are stout with 2 very small claws . general colour is light brown ; head straw coloured ; thorax with several medium brown patches ; abdomen brownish black , with yellow or red caudal margin on each segment ; forewings transparent ; veins uniformly light brown . the nymphs produce attractive lattice - like , shell shaped lerps , found on the underside of leaves . dimensions c . 4 . 1 mm from hinge to apex , c . 5 . 4 mm across . general colour is light brown , darker near hinge with a darker band where the ribs begin to fan out ; and is moderately convex . nymphs can move freely underneath the lerp and can sometimes be seen moving on the undersides of leaves outside of the lerp .
a survey to delimit the extent of the infestation is underway . ( geoff ridley , editor )
this information is intended for general interest only . it is not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose . scion will not be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , consequential or exemplary damages , loss of profits , or any other intangible losses that result from using the information provided on this site . ( scion is the trading name of the new zealand forest research institute limited . )
. last month ( fhnews 94 : 1 ) we reported the discovery of this parasitoid , identified for forest research by dr jo berry ( hymenopterist at nzac , landcare research , auckland ) , in the northland and auckland bioregions . parasitised nymphs have now been located between whangarei in the north and waihi ( coromandel bioregion ) in the south . further collections of
by entomologists funded by the new zealand farm forestry association . the project reached the stage of applying to the environmental risk management authority for permission to import into containment at mt albert research centre , auckland . in may 1999 , erma granted this permission as long as strict controls , designed to minimise the likelihood of accidental release from the secure containment facility , were followed . however it was never imported and instead has become another accidental introduction . at this stage the risk posed by
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


bore head was one of queensland ’s best staying thoroughbred racehorses with wins in five cups , the ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben .

he was a bay colt foaled in 1959 by double bore ( gb ) , his dam , mauna kea was by brimstone ( gb ) .

bore head 's half brother hillside , by todman , was another useful galloper .

brother and sister robert chaplain and carmel burke owned hillside and bore head , trained by d. judd and ron dillon .

bore head won the 1963 queensland cup with fred clarke in the saddle , carrying just 7 stone 1 pound , defeating booberanna , 1964 ipswich cup ( dead-heat with isaacson ) , 1965 caulfield cup , 1965 qtc moreton handicap , 1965 qtc sir winston churchill stakes and in 1967 the australian cup and the doomben cup .

after winning the doomben cup bore head had a further 31 race starts without a victory .

after winning the 1965 caulfield cup , many thought he stood a good chance in the melbourne cup of that year ( won by light fingers , trained by bart cummings ) .

but he lost his chance when the horse in front of him fell , taking bore head and another horse down in a three-horse tumble .

jockey fred clarke was convinced that bore head was on his way to winning the cup that day .

the following year he placed twelfth in the race behind another cummings trained horse , red handed .

bore head

the diamond bore head is a component from the railcraft mod . this component is used to operate the tunnel bore properly . it is the piece that allows the bore to break blocks , like the iron bore head and the steel bore head . this bore head has a durability of 6000 , and allows the tunnel bore to mine obsidian . this head mines blocks 40 % faster than the iron bore head .
diamond bore head is an item added by the railcraft mod . it is a type of bore head , and each tunnel bore needs one of these to properly function . the diamond bore head has a durability of 6 , 000 ( enough for a tunnel bore to mine a 700 block - long passageway ) and can mine obsidian . the diamond bore head mines 40 % faster than the iron bore head .
the steel bore head is the next greatest bore head . it has 3000 uses , twice as many as the iron bore head , and breaks blocks 20 % faster . it can dig a tunnel more than 330 blocks long .
the diamond bore head is the best bore head available , costing 9 diamonds due to the diamond block in the crafting recipe . with 6000 uses , it can dig a tunnel more than 660 blocks long . also , it is 40 % faster than the iron bore head . this is the only bore head that can mine obsidian .
the iron bore head is the first tier of bore heads . it is the cheapest , yet the slowest and with the least durability . an iron bore head can dig 1500 blocks before breaking , enough to dig a tunnel more than 160 blocks long .
oops . . . there aren ' t any events involving bore head . you can help by contributing .
it goes in the head slot of the tunnel bore ' s gui . it will begin mining as soon as it has a head , tracks , fuel , and ballast .
oops . . . we don ' t have any stories , photos or videos about bore head . you can help by contributing .
. they are the components that allow the tunnel bore to dig . there are 3 types of bore heads : iron , steel , and diamond .
3 - point bore gaging system . . . for accurate and precise measurement of internal diameters .
throughout my childhood my mom packed boar ' s head sandwiches in my lunchbox . now , i am creating wonderful memories for my family by serving the same delicious boar ' s head sandwiches . it ' s a tradition built with love .
s head is proud to now be served in select supermarkets , gourmet stores and delicatessens throughout the usa and puerto rico .
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triga - bore is the result of over 30 years of design and manufacture of 3 - point bore gaging systems . ideal for solving internal diameter measurement problems on the shop floor and inspection areas , the system is available in a large measuring range for specific applications . mechanical and electronic dial gages as well as linear probes can be used as specified .
- true - bore heads have a large measuring range and are supplied with fixed anvils eliminating operator error . 24 heads cover . 236
- 7 . 87
( 6 - 200mm ) range .
we ' re a boar ' s head household . although i do all the grocery shopping for the family and all the cooking yet don ' t eat meat . i still buy the best for my family !
australia . title reads ' bore head wins in exciting finish ' . gv . crowded stands at caulfield racecourse , australia . various shots of racecourse crowds , boards , bookies . various shots from the starting stalls , the caulfield cup race gets under way . a close finish of the race showing bore head winning the race . ms . winner receiving the trophy . ( comb . f . g . ) date found in the old record 29 / 10 / 1965 . film id : 3140 . 27 a video from british pathé . explore our online channel , british pathé tv . it ' s full of great documentaries , fascinating interviews , and classic movies . urltoken for licensing enquiries visit urltoken british pathé also represents the reuters historical collection , which includes more than 120 , 000 items from the news agencies gaumont graphic ( 1910 - 1932 ) , empire news bulletin ( 1926 - 1930 ) , british paramount ( 1931 - 1957 ) , and gaumont british ( 1934 - 1959 ) , as well as visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1979 . all footage can be viewed on the british pathé website . urltoken
boar ' s head meats are the bomb ! i ' ve been eating them since i was a teenager . i love the roast beef and cajun turkey ! all of them actually . and their cheeses are equally good especially pepper jack and sharp cheddar ! huge fan . . .
regarded as the best handicap stayer produced in queensland winning five cups - ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben . his overall record is unfair because he had 31 starts after taking the 1967 doomben cup without winning . he was placed in several other top staying races including the brisbane cup and moonee valley cup ( twice ) . however , his best effort was winning the 1965 caulfield cup when he spanked the ultimate melbourne cup runner - up ziema . his jockey fred clarke went to his grave swearing he would have won the 1965 melbourne cup had he not fallen . throughout bore head ' s career he was trained by r . dillon and d . judd .
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9 jul - ftb continuum v1 . 4 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : … urltoken
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14 jun - back in march , the ftb team travelled to los angeles to take part in the minefaire convention . there we showed off… urltoken
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steve , i know you are not resting in peace . i know you ' re with us . support hr - 200 groundswell - opposing catch share embezzlements for the gulf of alaska
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liberals heads are going to explode ! happening now : nunes wants president trump to declassify all documents on the fisa warrants used to spy on trump’s campaign . he believes the warrants were ‘100 percent fraudulent’ ! thank you
mesothelioma victims center urges any commercial fisherman with mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure to call .
sorry , andy , i am absolutely * not * buying that graph . it ' s fraudulent . it shows lots of recent years warmer than 1998 , which is wildly different than uah satellite data . also , there is * no * way that the last 2 decades were that much warmer than 1930 - 1950 .
dirty cops andrew weissmann and robert mueller hacked the code and broke into paul manafort ' s storage locker . they then gave 2 ap reporters the code to manafort ' s locker . ap reporters broke in , reported on the contents in a news story , thus giving mueller goods to get a warrant
“both memos say the ap revealed a code number to access the unit . ” hahahah holy shit , reporters view themselves as deputies of the fbi .
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alexandria ocasio - cortez just changed bio on campaign website after most politicians will lie , cheat and steal to further their political aspirations . she is just another in the herd
let your friends , family and co - workers know . if trump nominates a right - wing reactionary to the supreme court , as is widely expected , we must mobilize the american people to defeat that nomination .
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the blue korhaan or blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) is a species of bird in the otididae family , found in lesotho and south africa .

its call is a series of frog-like croaks , usually uttered in flight .

its natural habitat is plateau grassland , dry shrubland , arable land and pastureland .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

blue korhaan

the rare blue korhaan is exceptionally lovely because of its exquisite blue feathers and pretty black and white striped head .
blue korhaan , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
blue korhaan at its nest with eggs , wakkerstroom , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
this beuatiful endemic can be distinguished from other korhaans by its blue neck and belly and contrasting chestnut back .
distribution of blue korhaan in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
55 cm ; 1120–1612 g . only bustard with blue - grey neck and underparts . female has duller grey neck and buff ear - coverts . immature has black and buff crown , black on . . .
we first recorded this near - threatened korhaan in march 2010 while investigating wakkerstroom . we located them at fickland pan , where they were flushed from the thick roadside grass . i am still waiting to get decent photographs of them but am hoping that more early morning trips to devon in south east gauteng will provide just this .
collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
o ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .
this species is listed as near threatened , as it is suspected to have undergone a moderate decline over the past 3 generations and is expected to undergo a moderately rapid population decline owing to habitat loss to intensive agriculture . further data may show that the species qualifies for a higher threat category .
. the total south african population has been estimated at 1 , 500 - 5 , 000 individuals , but this may be an underestimate as the population in the former transvaal alone has been estimated to exceed 10 , 000 individuals , with between 1 , 000 and 3 , 000 in the proposed grassland biosphere reserve centred around volksrust and wakkerstroom .
the population is estimated to number 12 , 000 - 15 , 000 individuals in total , roughly equivalent to 8 , 000 - 10 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : surveys in the eastern karoo suggest the population has declined there since the 1980s ( shaw et al . 2016 , j . shaw in litt . 2016 ) . declines in its range have also been implied from southern african bird atlas project data , particularly in the north - east of its range ( hofmeyr 2012 , lee et al . 2017 ) , though it has been suggested to be stable elsewhere , and the overall population may still be stable ( hofmeyr 2012 ) . ongoing habitat destruction may lead to future declines .
. it feeds on insects , scorpions , small lizards and vegetable matter . it apparently benefits from small - scale agriculture , as it regularly forages in crop fields and planted pastures . breeding occurs from august to april , mainly in october and november ( del hoyo
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in the past , this species sometimes isolated in a monotypic genus , trachelotis . monotypic .
e south africa from mpumalanga s to free state and eastern cape ; also w lesotho .
calls mainly at dawn . gives a deep , throaty , two - syllabled '
high grassveld , usually above 1500 m , with short - grazed grassland and termite mounds but no or few . . .
caterpillars , grasshoppers , beetles , scorpions and small reptiles ; also grass seeds , flowers and green leaves of various plants . in winter . . .
aug–apr , chiefly oct–nov . nest situated on bare open ground , often in short , thick grass , also in old cropland . eggs 1–3 . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . currently considered near threatened . reported decline in s and w of range unfounded , although now fairly scarce in lowland lesotho owing . . .
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relationships uncertain ; further research required . one study suggested that this genus is sister to afrotis # r .
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endemic to southern africa , occurring in the highveld of south africa surrounding and extending into lesotho . it generally prefers flat or undulating ground in grassland and nama karoo .
it mainly eats insects , lizards and plant matter , doing most of its foraging by walking along and pecking the ground , often in cultivated fields . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
its breeding system is complex , as it can be either monogamous or polygamous , usually in trios with either two males or two females . however it may also breed cooperatively in groups of up to five , together raising a brood and defending the nest against predators .
the nest is a simple scrape in the ground , usually between grass tufts tall enough to conceal the incubating bird .
egg - laying season is from september - february , peaking from october - november .
it lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs , which are solely incubated by a single female or multiple females ( depending on the size of the family group ) for about 24 - 28 days .
the chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest soon after hatching to join the family group , who vigorously defend them by chasing away or distracting predators . the young take their first flight at about five weeks old .
near - threatened globally and regionally , although its population is decreasing , probably due to habitat loss caused by cultivation , human settlement and afforestation .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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please note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eupodotis caerulescens . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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the reference for the information following is
roberts birds of southern africa
, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by
the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .
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