the bigeye shiner ( notropis boops ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus notropis .

this fish is a slender , slivery minnow with a dusky lateral stripe and a maximum total length of about 80 mm .

its distinct characteristic is its large-diameter eyes .

it is a common species in upland streams of the middle mississippi river system .

bigeye shiners prefer warm , quiet pools with clear water and silt-free substrates .

siltation , channelization , and gravel dredging are all threats to bigeye shiner populations .

during spawning season , typically late april to august , bigeye shiners have several clutches of eggs .

state agencies and the epa have both played a role in the surveying of bigeye shiner populations .

populations have decreased in ohio due mostly to habitat destruction .

in addition to habitat destruction by humans , habitat alteration of the small streams and dried pools has also had a significant effect on abundance .

rivers and streams should not be channelized or modified in any way , which is becoming an increasingly popular trend in urban locations .

agricultural areas and properties within the watershed should adhere to regulations to prevent runoff into the streams .

bigeye shiner

there are 19 endangered fish species in illinois : lake sturgeon , western sand darter , bluebreast darter , harlequin darter , cypress minnow , bigeye chub , pallid shiner , northern brook lamprey , redspotted sunfish , sturgeon chub , greater redhorse , river chub , pugnose shiner , bigeye shiner , blacknose shiner , taillight shiner , weed shiner , northern madtom , and pallid sturgeon . the pallid sturgeon is also listed as federally endangered . an additional twelve fish species are threatened : eastern sand darter , longnose sucker , cisco , gravel chub , iowa darter , banded killifish , starhead topminnow , least brook lamprey , bantam sunfish , river redhorse , ironcolor shiner , and blackchin shiner . nine species have become extirpated ( extinct from illinois ) .
in chapter 1 , i studied the relationship between bigeye shiner populations and variables of habitat patches within the stream , and the land adjacent to the stream ( the riparian zone ) . this work was done in brier creek , a small stream in southern oklahoma . results showed that the number of shiners in a pool was best predicted by habitat variables of the riffle just upstream from a pool . these riffle variables also determined the amount of insect larva drifting from riffles into downstream pools at night , which in turn predicted shiner feeding success . body condition of shiners was best predicted by feeding success . these results illustrate the importance of upstream riffles to the pool - dwelling bigeye shiner , and provide an example of how feeding habits can lead to importance of patch context for a species . when animals consume resources originating in other habitats and
imported
into their occupied patch , connections among habitat patches are important to the species ' survival .
in chapter 3 , i asked if feeding habits of different fish species determined their dependence on insects entering the stream from the riparian zone ( terrestrial insects ) . using experimental streams , i excluded these insects from half of the experimental units for each fish species , and examined differences in fish diet and body fat . under terrestrial insect exclusion , diet and body fat of the bottom - feeding orangethroat darter were unchanged . bigeye shiner switched their diet from terrestrial insects to aquatic resources , but body fat levels did not change . blackstripe topminnow also switched their diet away from terrestrial insects , but , unlike bigeye shiner , body fat levels decreased when terrestrial insects were unavailable . these results indicate that reducing movement of trophic resources from one habitat to another affects different species in different ways , and that the feeding habits of species may help predict this response . this result is important in light of human landscape modification , which often alters the amount of insects moving into streams from the surrounding landscape . ( abstract shortened by umi . )
in my dissertation research , i investigated the manner in which trophic ecology links organisms to different habitats within the landscape . i studied three species : the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , a fish that lives on the stream bottom and feeds on insect larva and other invertebrates ; the bigeye shiner ( notropis boops ) , a minnow that swims in the middle of the water column and feeds on insect larva drifting downstream and terrestrial insects falling into the stream , and the blackstripe topminnow ( fundulus notatus ) , which swims just below the water ' s surface and feeds on insects falling into the stream from streamside vegetation .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .
lake erie drainage , northwestern ohio ; middle mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas , south to southern oklahoma , northern louisiana , and northern alabama ; confined mainly to uplands ; common , abundant in ozark - ouachita drainages ; absent from most of former mississippi embayment ; extirpated in many northern localities , including most of ohio and illinois ( page and burr 1991 , lee et al . 1980 ) .
this species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations . total adult population size is unknown but relatively large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely to be relatively stable or slowly declining .
flowing pools of moderately clear creeks and small to medium rivers with large permanent pools over bottom of clear sand , gravel , or rock ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 1991 ) . often at stream margin in beds of emergent vegetation ( smith 1979 ) .
localized threats exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known . decline in north is due to siltation , increased turbidity , and impoundment ( herkert 1992 ) .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
a misnomer given by rafinesque to shriveled specimens , with the meaning of
back keel
; from greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
from the words bo , meaning ox ; and ops , eye ( referring to the extremely large eye ) ( ref . 10294 )
north america : lake erie drainage in northwestern ohio , usa ; mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas and south to northern alabama , northern louisiana and southern oklahoma in the usa .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits flowing , usually clear and rocky , pools of creeks and small to medium rivers . often found near emergent vegetation along the stream margin ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . feeds on surface insects ( ref . 10294 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00318 - 0 . 01574 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
trautman ( 1981 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) ; pflieger ( 1997 ) .
lake erie drainage , northwest ohio ; mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas and south to northern alabama , northern louisiana , and southern oklahoma ( page and burr 1991 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of notropis boops are found here .
probable bait bucket introduction into the gasconade river during the 1950s and subsequent dispersal ( pflieger 1997 ) .
no records exist for this species in tributaries of the missouri river before the 1950s . during the last 30 years it has become abundant and widespread in the gasconade river drainage and other tributaries of the lower missouri ( pflieger 1997 ) .
leo nico , and pam fuller , 2018 , notropis boops gilbert , 1884 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 9 / 4 / 2013 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
inhabits flowing , usually clear and rocky , pools of creeks and small to medium rivers . often found near emergent vegetation along the stream margin ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . feeds on surface insects ( ref . 10294 ) .
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
notropis boops gilbert , 1884
.
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boschung , h . t . and mayden , r . l . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
burr , b . m . and warren , m . l . , jr . 1986 . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , frankfort , kentucky .
cross , f . b . and collins , j . t . 1995 . fishes in kansas . university of kansas museum of natural history , lawrence , kansas .
douglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana .
etnier , d . a . and starnes , w . c . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tennessee .
herkert , j . r . ( ed . ) . 1992 . endangered and threatened species of illinois : status and distribution . vol 2 : animals . pp . iv + 142 . illinois endangered species protection board .
iucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .
lee , d . s . , gilbert , c . r . , hocutt , c . h . , jenkins , r . e . , mcallister , d . e . and stauffer , j . r . , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina .
mettee , m . f . , o ' neil , p . e . and pierson , j . m . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama .
nelson , j . s . , crossman , e . j . , espinosa - perez , h . , findley , l . t . , gilbert , c . r . , lea , r . n . and williams , j . d . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . and burr , b . m . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts .
page , l . m . and burr , b . m . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston , massachusetts .
pflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , columbia , missouri .
robins , c . r . , bailey , r . m . , bond , c . e . , brooker , j . r . , lachner , e . a . , lea , r . n . and scott , w . b . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society .
robison , h . w . and buchanan , t . m . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
ross , s . t . and brenneman , w . m . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks , jackson , mississippi .
smith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana , illinois .
stauffer , j . r . , jr . , boltz , j . m . and white , l . r . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 .
trautman , m . b . 1981 . the fishes of ohio . ohio state university press , columbus , ohio .
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in chapter 2 , i studied differences in feeding ecology among populations of orangethroat darters on riffles in brier creek . results showed significant differences among riffles . the number of prey items consumed varied significantly among riffles , but was not affected by darter body size . prey selection varied greatly among riffles , and for four of seven prey items was explained by habitat differences . contrary to theoretical predictions , diet breadth of darters within riffles was not dependent on the abundance of energetically favorable prey , largely due to a lack of selection for these prey items . these results indicate that variation among riffles can have a strong effect on prey use by the orangethroat darter , and that this is an important spatial scale over which to study diet variation in this and similar species .
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click here to study / print these flashcards . create your own flash cards ! sign up here .
ichthyology is the study of fishes . scientists know of about 25 , 000 living fish species in 57 orders and 482 families . the number of species of fishes exceeds all other species of vertebrates combined .
although over 97 % of the surface water on earth is saltwater , about 41 % of all species of fishes live in freshwater . fishes in ponds , lakes and streams become isolated from each other , allowing species to diverge .
illinois has approximately 200 species of fishes in 18 orders . below are some tips to help you identify some of the major groups .
effects of common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , an exotic fish , on aquatic ecosystems . january - february 2000
the naturalist ' s apprentice : so many fishes ! how can you tell them apart ? . may - june 1999
development of an individual - based model to evaluate growth and survival of walleye . may - june 1999
the round goby : an example of the
perfect
invader ? . november - december 1998
the bighead carp ( hypophthalmicthys nobilis ) in reach 26 of the mississippi river . november - december 1998
hydroacoustics : a tool for understanding fish - habitat associations in rivers . november - december 1997
differences in food consumption and metabolic rates between walleye stock . july - august 1997
river levels and largemouth bass populations in the illinois river . march - april 1997
predicting juvenile fish abundance from charactersistics of the spring flood . january - february 1997
critical factors in the early life history of illinois fishes . november - december 1996
status and management of mississippi river fisheries - h . l . schramm jr .
the mississippi river has been variously altered for navigation and flood control but supports a diverse and relatively productive fish assemblage . in the upper , impounded reach , commercial fish harvest has increased for most species since 1945 . the upper reach provides an extensive and moderately used recreational fishery resource . limited information for the lower , un - impounded reach of the mississippi river indicates commercial harvest is increasing . neither the commercial nor recreational fisheries appear to be over harvested ; however , fisheries for sturgeon and paddlefish should be carefully monitored . future fisheries production may be threatened by loss of aquatic habitat , altered spatial and temporal aspects of floodplain inundation and nuisance species invasions . water quality in most reaches has improved substantially from formerly severely degraded conditions . navigation traffic affects fish survival and recruitment and increases in navigation are forecast . future conservation and management of the fisheries and aquatic resources of the mississippi river will require substantial investment in effective assessment programs and achieving societal recognition of the diverse values of the resource .
the mississippi river is the largest river in north america . its 3 . 25 million km 2 watershed includes parts of two canadian provinces and parts or all of 31 u . s . states ( figure 1 ) . daily discharge ( measured in the lower river at vicksburg , mississippi ) ranges from 3 568 to 55 558 m 3 s - 1 and averages 17 358 m 3 s - 1 . the mississippi and its major tributaries - the arkansas , illinois , missouri and ohio rivers - have been central to the social and economic development of the united states . as a major transportation corridor , the river has been greatly altered for navigation and by developments in its watershed and floodplain for agriculture , industry and urbanization . comprehensive treatments of the historic and present conditions in the mississippi river are provided in scarpino ( 1985 ) ; fremling et al . ( 1989 ) ; baker , killgore and kasul ( 1991 ) ; rasmussen ( 1994 ) ; weiner et al . ( 1998 ) ; u . s . geological survey ( 1999 ) and fremling and drazkowski ( 2000 ) .
figure 1 . mississippi river basin and mississippi river . mississippi river basin figure from meade ( 1995 ) .
ten thousand years ago , the mississippi river was a continuum typical of a floodplain river . beginning as a small stream in the forested headwaters of lake itasca , minnesota , the river flowed through virgin forests and unbroken prairie to its deltaic outlet into the gulf of mexico in louisiana . from headwaters to the mouth , the river increased in size and discharge and decreased in slope . initially , the young river flowed through a small valley bordered by wetlands and lakes . along its downstream course , the river changed from a single to a braided channel in its mid - reaches and finally to a meandering , constantly changing channel downstream . its valley changed rather steadily from a narrow floodplain flanked by tall bluffs upstream to a vast , flat floodplain downstream .
in its present form , the mississippi river changes dramatically and rather incrementally along its 3 731 km journey from headwaters to the gulf of mexico . the headwaters reach , the upper 824 km from lake itasca to st . anthony falls , minnesota , flows alternately through forests and wetlands . dams have been built to form 11 small reservoirs and modify the elevation and discharge of several natural river lakes . these dams variously function for flood control , electric generation , water supply , or recreation .
figure 2 . average stage at upper mississippi river lock and dam 15 tailwaters , rock island , illinois . 1900 - 1925 is pre - impoundment ; 1940 - 2002 is post - impoundment .
figure 3 . average stage in the middle mississippi river , chester , illinois . 1900 - 1925 is before mainline levee construction ; 1940 - 2002 is after mainline levee construction .
classification of river reaches based on the form and consequences of anthropogenic perturbations is convenient , even desirable , from both ecological and management perspectives . the ecological structure and function of the headwaters , umr and open river segments are expected to differ and these differences should influence assessment and research questions . similarly , management goals and strategies are expected to differ among reaches . however , it also is important to recognize that each reach represents a continuum as the river traverses a latitudinal gradient , grows with each added tributary and the amount of floodplain increases ( schramm , eggleton and minnis 1999 ) .
figure 4 . average stage in the lower mississippi river , vicksburg , mississippi . 1900 - 1925 is before mainline levee and cutoff construction ; 1940 - 2002 is after mainline levee and cutoff construction . horizontal dashed line is bank full stage , the stage at which floodplain inundation begins .
baker et al . ( 1991 ) used multivariate analyses to delineate habitats . although a progressive and promising approach , the results of such analyses are constrained by inability to measure habitat conditions ( e . g . current direction and velocity are usually measured near the surface ) , by selectivity of fish sampling gear and by temporal fluctuations in river stage and discharge . although baker et al . ( 1991 ) described their resulting habitat delineations as microhabitats , the inherent variability in river conditions over a spatial scale greater than several meters precludes considering a habitat even as homogeneous as a sand bar as a single microhabitat . further , habitat use changes over time as both river conditions and biological requirements follow their seasonal chronology . in the lmr , the abundance of several fishes at steep natural banks ( a microhabitat listed by baker et al . 1991 ) varied significantly when current velocity was reduced , suggesting a single variable changing over time can determine habitat suitability for a species ( schramm et al . 1998 ; schramm et al . 1999 ) . conversely , changes at the macroscopic level also can affect fish abundance . the abundance of fishes collected in a sandbar habitat changed significantly following hydraulic changes in the adjacent channel , even though the physical conditions of the areas sampled remained similar over time ( schramm et al . 1999 ) .
excluding marine , diadromous and peripheral species and species not recently collected ( hereafter , resident species ) , 140 species are resident in the mississippi river ; 4 of these species are introduced . sixty - one species are resident in the headwaters , 107 species in the umr and 109 species in the open river . sufficient evidence was available to consider 55 resident species backwater dependent and 17 resident species riverine dependent . of the 137 resident species i was able to assign to habitat zones , none are expected to reside in main channel habitats throughout their life cycle , 24 are expected to occupy one or more channel border habitats throughout their life cycle and 50 species are expected to reside in one or more backwater habitats throughout their life cycle . a substantial number of fish were considered rare by fremling et al . ( 1989 ) or baker et al . ( 1991 ) . including fish not recently collected ( fremling et al . 1989 ) , 23 resident species are rare in the headwaters , 24 species are rare in the umr and 24 species are rare in the open river .
fish production has not been estimated and biomass estimates are limited . individual estimates are highly variable but tend to range from 300 - 900 kg ha - 1 ( table 2 ) . standing stocks appear greater in the lmr than in the umr , but comparability may be limited by habitat differences . standing stock in umr backwaters , sloughs and side channels was 38 percent commercial species ( excluding catfishes ) , 30 percent gizzard shad , 14 percent panfish ( white bass , sunfishes , crappies , yellow perch ) and 5 percent catfishes ( pitlo 1987 ) . pitlo ( 1987 ) found no longitudinal or temporal trends in total fish biomass but noted decreases in catfish and predator fish and increases in shad and pan - fishes over time . in the lmr backwaters , gizzard shad were 44 percent of the biomass , common carp 15 percent , freshwater drum 7 percent , bigmouth buffalo 6 percent and threadfin shad 5 percent of the total biomass ; collectively , commercial species were 34 percent of the biomass and sport fishes were 10 percent ( lowery et al . 1987 ) . levee borrow pits contained an average of 688 kg ha - 1 ; shads and buffalo fishes dominated the catch ( cobb et al . 1984 ) . lentic dyke pools can contain over 3 800 kg ha - 1 of fish and larger pools average over 2 000 kg ha - 1 ( baker et al . 1991 ) . the high biomass is primarily from abundant shads and occasionally large numbers of buffalo fishes , catfishes , crappies , gars and white bass ( nailon and pennington 1984 ; baker et al . 1991 ) . nailon and pennington ( 1984 ) noted substantial differences between lentic and lotic dyke pools , the latter supporting more blue sucker , blue catfish and flathead catfish .
table 1 : distribution and abundance of fishes in the headwaters ( hw ) , upper ( umr ) , or open river ( or ) segments of the mississippi river . fish are resident in the mississippi river unless noted otherwise ( residence ) . data were compiled from fremling et al . ( 1989 ) , baker et al . ( 1991 ) , pitlo et al . ( 1995 ) , and warren et al . ( 2000 ) . fish categorized as strays by fremling et al . ( 1989 ) and marine fishes collected only in the lower 150 km of the mississippi river are excluded . backwater dependent or riverine dependent indicates those taxa that are dependent on backwater or riverine conditions to complete their life cycle . probable zone is the area of the river from which the fish have been or are likely to be collected .
1 db diadromous , ib introduced , mb marine , pb peripheral , typically occupies tributary streams and rivers but may temporarily enter the mississippi river .
2 ab abundantly taken in all river surveys . cb commonly taken in most surveys . ob occasionally collected ; not generally distributed but local concentrations may occur . ub uncommon , does not usually appear in survey samples . rb considered rare . h1b taxon has been collected in the mississippi river but no records of collection since 1978 ( fremling et al . 1989 ) . h2b taxon reported as present by warren et al . ( 2000 ) but abundance not known . h3b taxon presumed by warren et al . ( 2000 ) to be present but not verified by collection records .
5 not listed as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river by warren et al . 2000 .
6 warren et al . ( 2000 ) list mississippi stoneroller ( c . a . pullum ) as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river .
7 warren et al . ( 2000 ) list pealip redhorse ( m . m . pisolabrum ) as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river .
5 the gulf coast strain striped bass is native to the mississippi river . atlantic coast strain striped bass have been introduced into numerous impoundments in the mississippi river basin . escapees from these introductions have colonized the mississippi river and likely contribute to occasional collections of striped bass in the umr and open river .
fish biomass is usually estimated by recovery of fish after toxicant application ; hence , biomass estimation is typically limited to lentic waters where toxicants can be confined . however , rasmussen , pitlo and van vooren ( 1985 ) and pitlo ( 1987 ) obtained high biomass in channel border habitats using primacord ( explosives ) , suggesting promise for this method . if fish recovery from primacord sampling can be assumed equivalent to that from rotenone sampling , channel borders support fish biomasses similar to backwaters . non - ictalurid commercial fishes averaged 73 percent , catfishes 20 percent and gizzard shad 6 percent of the biomass ( pitlo 1987 ) . dettmers et al . ( 2001 ) estimated biomass of benthic fishes in the main channel in the umr ( pool 26 ) using trawls . although the biomass estimates are low ( and probably conservative ) , the trawl caught a wide variety of species and sizes . hydroacoustic sampling indicated moderate to high densities of fish in lmr main channel and channel border habitats ( baker et al . 1988a , 1988b ) , with densities in the main channel lower than along banks or in dyke pools ( baker et al . 1987 ; baker et al . 1988a , 1988b ) . many of the main channel and channel border fish were small ( 3 - 30 cm ) and the fish were distributed throughout the water column in some areas .
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collared wrigglers are perciform fishes in the family xenisthmidae .

they are native to the indian and pacific oceans , where they are mostly reef-dwelling .

xenisthmidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
ヤナギハゼ科
to
xenisthmidae
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
huulitokot
to
xenisthmidae
.
gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) .
gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
gill , a . c . & hoese , d . f . ( 2004 ) three new australian species of the fish genus xenisthmus ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . records of the australian museum , 56 , 241–246 . urltoken
gill , a . c . & randall , j . e . ( 1994 ) xenisthmus balius , a new species of fish from the persian gulf ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 107 , 445–450 .
gill , a . c . , bogorodsky , s . v . & mal , a . o . ( 2014 ) gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 491–495 . urltoken
xenisthmidae - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
family xenisthmidae lower lip with free ventral margin ; 6 branchiostegal rays . marine , indo - pacific . 6 genera with about 12 species . family microdesmidae ( cerdalidae ) ( wormfishes and dartfishes ) rare , small , eel - like ; chin large , forming pointed end of snout ; 10 genera with about 66 species ; both coasts of tropical americas , …
ty - jour ti - rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 101 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1988 sp - 530 ep - 539 sn - 0006 - 324x au - springer , victor g er -
@ article { bhlpart46420 , title = { rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 101 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { springer , victor g } , year = { 1988 } , pages = { 530 - - 539 } , }
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indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 . species are small ( mostly less than 2 . 5 cm sl ) and very secretive ; lives on sand patches adjacent to coral reefs or reef rubble ( ref . 94949 ) .
greek , xenos = strange , rare + greek , isthmia , - on = neck , throat , narrow passage ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
a family of small secretive gobioid fishes found in the indo - pacific . xenisthmids live in sandy or reef rubble areas near coral reefs . the family includes six genera ; three genera and 7 described species are known from australian waters .
description distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays .
description distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . [ details ]
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from xenisthmus to their own page .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
raitahuulitokko
to
xenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger , 1871 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8867163 - de12 - 43a3 - 8c6a - cde36e2b391b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73d422e0 - 5a8c - 40f8 - ba4f - 5d3ebe94d740
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 279119
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present address : department of parasitic worms , natural history museum , 6 cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .
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gill and hoese , 2004 , rec . aust . mus . 56 ( 2 ) : 241–246
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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macleay museum and school of biological sciences , a12 - macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 6 college street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia ; email : anthony . c . gill @ sydney . edu . au .
station of naturalists , omsk , russia ; email : ic187196 @ yandex . ru .
marine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa ; email : aomal @ kau . edu . sa .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
anthony c . gill macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12—macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .
sergey v . bogorodsky senckenberg research institute and natural history museum frankfurt , senckenberganlage 25 , 60325 frankfurt a . m . , germany . station of naturalists , omsk , russia .
ahmad o . mal marine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa .
three species of the xenisthmid genus xenisthmus snyder are recorded from the red sea . xenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger ) , the only described species previously known from the red sea , is reported on the basis of eight specimens from egypt , eritrea and saudi arabia . xenisthmus oligoporus new species is described from four specimens , 17 . 7–25 . 0 mm sl , from sudan and saudi arabia . it is distinguished from all other congeners in having a reduced number of cephalic sensory pores and 14–15 segmented rays in the second dorsal fin . xenisthmus balius gill & randall is newly recorded from the red sea on the basis of 13 specimens from eritrea , egypt and saudi arabia . the new specimens of this species are described and compared with previously known specimens , the holotype and eight paratypes from the arabian ( = persian ) gulf . all three species are described in detail and illustrated with colour photographs . an identification key to the species is also provided .
akihito , prince , hayashi , m . & yoshino , t . ( 1984 ) suborder gobioidei . in : masuda , h . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . & yoshino , t . ( eds . ) , the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 236–289 .
birdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . & pezold , f . l . ( 1988 ) a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . bulletin of marine science , 42 , 174–214 .
carpenter , k . e . , krupp , f . , jones , d . a . & zajonz , u . ( 1997 ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of kuwait , eastern saudi arabia , bahrain , qatar and the united arab emirates . fao , rome , 293 pp . , xvii pls .
clark , e . ( 1968 ) israel south red sea expedition , 1962 , reports no . 28 . eleotrid gobies collected during the israel south red sea expedition ( 1962 ) , with a key to the red sea species . bulletin , ministry of agriculture , department of fisheries , sea fisheries research station haifa , 49 , 3–7 .
dor , m . ( 1984 ) checklist of the fishes of the red sea . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xxi + 427 pp .
golani , d . & bogorodsky , s . v . ( 2010 ) the fishes of the red sea—reappraisal and updated checklist . zootaxa , 2463 , 1–135 .
goren , m . & dor , m . ( 1994 ) an updated checklist of the fishes of the red sea ; clofres ii . israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xii + 120 pp .
herre , a . w . c . t . ( 1938 ) luzoneleotris , a new genus of eleotrid fishes from luzon . stanford ichthyological bulletin , 1 , 59–60 .
jordan , d . s . & seale , a . ( 1906 ) the fishes of samoa . description of the species found in the archipelago , with a provisional check - list of the fishes of oceania . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries , 25 , 173–455 .
klunzinger , c . b . ( 1871 ) synopsis der fische des rothen meeres . ii . theil . verhandlungen der k . –k . zoologisch–botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 21 , 441–688 .
randall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crowford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , xvi + 439 pp .
saruwatari , t . , lópez , j . a . & pietsch , t . w . ( 1997 ) cyanine blue : a versatile and harmless stain for specimen observation . copeia , 1997 , 840–841 . urltoken
schultz , l . p . , woods , l . p . & lachner , e . a . ( 1966 ) fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 3 . families kraemeriidae through antennariidae . bulletin of the united states national museum , 202 ( 3 ) , 1–176 .
smith , j . l . b . ( 1958 ) the fishes of the family eleotridae in the western indian ocean . ichthyological bulletin , department of ichthyology , rhodes university , 11 , 137–163 .
snyder , j . o . ( 1908 ) descriptions of eighteen new species and two new genera of fishes from japan and the riu kiu islands . proceedings of the united states national museum , 35 ( 1635 ) , 93–111 .
taylor , w . r . & van dyke , g . c . ( 1985 ) revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study . cybium , 9 , 107–119 .
whitley , g . p . ( 1933 ) studies in ichthyology . no . 7 . records of the australian museum , 19 , 60–112 . urltoken


parapoynx diminutalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .

it is endemic to south-east asia , including the northern territory , queensland and new south wales in australia , but has since been found in the united kingdom and the united states .

it is also found in africa , where it has been recorded from egypt , sudan , ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zambia , zimbabwe , malawi , south africa , botswana , angola , the republic of congo , nigeria and madagascar .

the wingspan is 11 – 14 mm for males and 16 – 23 mm for females .

the forewings are white , suffused with fuscous .

the hindwings are white with a fuscous y-shaped median fascia .

the larvae feed on hydrilla and nymphaea species .

parapoynx diminutalis

species parapoynx diminutalis - small leafcutter moth - hodges # 4765 - bugguide . net
figure 5 . a cocoon constructed and occupied by a parapoynx diminutalis snellen larva . parapoynx diminutalis snellen use plant stems , leaves and other materials to construct their cocoons and attach to submerged stems or plant material . photograph by julie baniszewski , university of florida .
figure 7 . damage inflicted on hydrilla leaf by a first instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
brou jr va . 1993 . range extension of the moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . southern lepidopterists’ news 15 : 33 - 34 .
according to the global pyraloidea database ( nuss et al . 2003 - 2013 ) and shibuya ( 1928 ) the following junior synonyms have been used for parapoynx diminutalis :
balciunas jk , habeck dh . 1981 . recent range extension of a hydrilla damaging moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . florida entomologist 64 : 195 - 196 .
bownes a . 2010 . asian aquatic moth parapoynx diminutalis , accidentally introduced earlier , contributes to control of an aquatic weed hydrilla verticillata in south africa . african journal of aquatic science 35 : 307 - 311 .
buckingham gr , bennett ca . 1996 . laboratory biology of an immigrant asian moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidotera : pyralidae ) , on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . florida entomologist 79 : 353 - 363 .
figure 2 . parapoynx diminutalis snellen , first instar larva eating hydrilla . first instar larvae are transparent , allowing consumed hydrilla to be visible in the gut . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
del fosse es , perkins bd , steward kk . 1976 . a new record for parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a possible biological control agent for hydrilla verticillata . florida entomologist 59 : 1 - 30 .
buckingham gr , bennett ca . 1989 . laboratory host range of parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , an asian aquatic moth adventive in florida and panama on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . environmental entomology 18 : 526 - 530 .
figure 1 . eggs of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , within one day of being laid ( left ) . egg mass sizes vary and are often laid on plant tissue ( right ) . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
baniszewski j , weeks eni , cuda jp . 2016 . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki reduces competition by parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in colonies of the hydrilla biological control agent cricotopus lebetis ( diptera : chironomidae ) . florida entomologist 99 : 644 - 647 .
figure 3 . an early instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( left ) . larvae are mobile and retreat into a cocoon between feedings . cocoons are constructed of plant materials and attached to a hydrilla stem ( right ) . photographs by julie baniszewski , university of florida .
parapoynx diminutalis is native to parts of asia , africa , and australia ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in its adventive range , parapoynx diminutalis has been found in panama ( notably in the panama canal , which was infested with hydrilla ) , honduras , and florida . in commercial greenhouses , the moth has been observed colonizing aquatic plants in england and denmark ( agassiz 1978 , 1981 ) . parapoynx diminutalis was first seen in florida in fort lauderdale in 1976 but progressively appeared in more northern counties , eventually reaching alachua and putnam counties by 1979 ( balciunas and habeck 1981 ) . in the early 1980s , hydrilla surveys in other southeastern states revealed that the moth’s range did not extend beyond florida ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . even in northern florida , the cooler water temperatures caused populations to be reduced in late winter and early spring . milder climates such as those found in panama may enable populations to thrive throughout the year ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
figure 4 . a late instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , feeding on hydrilla ( left ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow closer to pupation ( right ) . branched gills are visible and help identify this species in the larval stage . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 6 . an adult parapoynx diminutalis snellen , female moth ( left ) and male moth ( right ) . females have longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , and larger abdomens . males have longer antennae and more distinct white setae ( hairs ) at the tip of the abdomen . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an adventive asian moth with an aquatic larval stage . the moth is found associated with a variety of water bodies including river backwaters , lakes , and ponds ( habeck 1996 ) . the aquatic larvae commonly attack hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . f . royle ) , and other aquatic plants ( buckingham and bennett 1989 , 1996 ) .
parapoynx diminutalis undergoes complete metamorphosis from an aquatic caterpillar to a moth . life stages include the egg , seven larval instars ( the seventh instar includes a pre - pupa stage ) , the pupa and finally adult emergence ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . the life cycle of parapoynx diminutalis ranges from 25 to 41 days for development and about five days for the adult life span . females lay on average about 200 eggs , but can lay just a few to over 500 . the eggs require 4 - 6 days to develop before first instars hatch . adults typically emerge from pupae after dusk and are quick to fly to avoid potential predators . the adults drink water using a reduced proboscis , but they do not appear to feed ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . parapoynx diminutalis mating has not been studied in detail but has been observed occasionally and seems to occur at around three hours after dusk . although the maximum time in copula is unknown , pairs of moths in copula facing in opposite directions were noted to rest for at least 30 minutes . after mating , there is a 1 - day pre - oviposition period . females then oviposit soon after dusk just below the water surface on leaves or stems . first instars have been shown to hatch both below and above the water surface , although it has been observed that the females typically oviposit below the water surface ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
however , in south africa , where the moth was accidentally introduced , parapoynx diminutalis is believed to be having a significant impact on hydrilla infestations ( bownes 2010 ) . after moths were discovered feeding in a hydrilla infested water body at pongolapoort dam , kwazulu - natal in january 2009 , almost all plants were defoliated by april of the same year ( bownes 2010 ) . although hydrilla was not eradicated in this area , the reduction in viability of the hydrilla has allowed other native plants to recolonize .
the asian moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an immigrant in florida and panama where it attacks hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . fil . ) royle , an immigrant submersed weed from asia . field populations of p . diminutalis are occasionally heavy on hydrilla but are rarely found on other plant species , including those that are laboratory hosts . larvae build portable cases from which they feed on leaves and stems . the 7 instars can be differentiated by head capsule widths . measurements are presented of other immature stages . in the laboratory at 26 . 7°c , eggs developed in 4 - 6 d , larvae in 21 - 35 d , prepupae in 1 - 2 d , and pupae in 6 - 7 d . adults lived 3 - 5 d at 24 . 4°c .
hydrilla is invasive , and the actions of the moth rarely require management and are usually considered to be desirable . however , in certain situations where the presence of hydrilla is needed , such as in research with other biocontrol agents , management of the moth larvae may be necessary to prevent consumption of the plant material . in these situations , a strain of the biorational insecticide bacillus thuringiensis has been tested for controlling parapoynx diminutalis ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ; bownes 2010 ; baniszewski et al . 2016 ) . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki , commonly known as btk , is specific to lepidopteran pests . btk produces proteins that are toxic to larvae ; the proteins bind to the midgut when consumed and kill the larvae ( bauce et al . 2006 ; van driesche et al . 2008 ) . a commercially available btk product has been shown to cause 80 % mortality of parapoynx diminutalis larvae in about four days ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . baniszewski et al . ( 2016 ) found that a concentration of 2 ml per 3 . 8 l or higher reduced moth emergence by 75 % and a concentration of 0 . 2 ml per 3 . 8 l reduced emergence by 50 % . however , the higher doses impacted the emergence of the biological agent under culture , the hydrilla tip - mining midge , cricotopus lebetis ( baniszewski et al . 2016 ) .
larvae are commonly found on the aquatic weed hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata . the initial discovery of the moth on hydrilla led to an interest in the moth as a possible biological control agent of this invasive weed . in the field , larvae and pupae have been found in small numbers on coontail ( ceratophyllum demersum l . ) , southern naiad ( najas guadalupensis ( sprengel ) magnus ) , and illinois pondweed ( potamogeton illinoensis morong ) ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . furthermore , in laboratory studies , while parapoynx diminutalis larvae preferred hydrilla , they could also complete development on various other plants including coontail , southern naiad , fanwort ( cabombo caroliniana gray ) , brazilian waterweed ( egeria densa planchon ) , and eurasian water - milfoil ( myriophyllum spicatum l . ) ( buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .
plant damage is inflicted by the larvae , which not only eat the leaf and stem tissue , but use these materials to prepare their pupal cocoon as well ( figure 7 ) . the main food source for parapoynx diminutalis is the aquatic weed hydrilla ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in most natural situations in the u . s . , hydrilla is invasive and an undesirable weed because it develops surface mats and disrupts natural ecosystems ( haller and sutton 1975 ; langeland et al . 2016 ) . there have been few studies to quantify the effect of feeding moth larvae on hydrilla biomass . feeding of the moth larvae on hydrilla in florida was thought to have a positive effect on hydrilla - invaded water bodies ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) by reducing the need for herbicide applications to control hydrilla mats . however , naturalized populations of this moth are too sporadic to have a significant effect on hydrilla density . for example , in northern florida populations build up during the summer months and can cause extensive defoliation of hydrilla , but in the winter , populations decline rapidly with cooler water temperatures ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
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the moth was identified in 1971 in india and pakistan during scouting trips to attempt to determine potential biological control agents for hydrilla . despite having potential for hydrilla destruction , the moth was declared to be a generalist feeder and unsuitable for release into u . s . water bodies for hydrilla control ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . however , the moth was later found in florida in 1976 by united states department of agriculture technicians who were testing herbicides for hydrilla control . the larvae ( caterpillars ) found on hydrilla were observed to be eating the invasive weed . the pathway , method , or time of the moth’s arrival remains unknown ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) .
more recent studies indicate that the moth also is established in louisiana , where 37 moths were collected from 1984 - 1992 ( brou jr . 1993 ) .
eggs : eggs are smooth and bright yellow when laid ( figure 1 ) ; they turn white , and then become transparent as they develop . the eggs are generally deposited on plant leaves or stems just below the water surface in masses of various sizes ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
larvae : larvae can be distinguished from those of other aquatic species by the presence of branched gills ( habeck 1996 ) and brown spots on the head and the tip of the thorax . the larval stage consists of seven instars ; all seven are off - white with yellow - brown legs ( habeck and balciunas 2005 ) . the larvae are mobile and feed on hydrilla leaves . the first instar is white yet nearly transparent and has 1 mm long setae ( hairs ) ( figure 2 ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow as they approach pupation ( figure 3 ) . in later instars , the length increases and the external gills develop ( figure 4 ) . instars 3 through 7 use plant tissue to construct a silk case , and often retreat into the case between feeding events ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
pupae : pupae have three tubercles ( or nodules ) along each side and two setae ( or hairs ) on the head . female pupae can be distinguished from males by their larger size and by their antennae . female antennae are shorter , extending only to the wing tips , whereas male antennae are longer and extend past the wing tips ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . late seventh instar larvae ( or pre - pupae ) enclose themselves in a white cocoon , which is attached to a submerged plant stem ( figure 5 ) . after 1 - 2 days in the cocoon , the white pre - pupae have developed into yellow pupae inside the cocoon . the eyes turn red , then brown , and the wings become visible as pupation progresses ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
adults : moth adults are white with brown or tan markings or bands on the wings and tan bands on the body ( figure 6 ) . females typically differ from males by their longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , larger abdomens and shorter antennae , and they lack the noticeable white setae displayed by males on the tip of the abdomen ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
the moth was identified in pakistan and india during scouting trips to locate potential biological control agents for hydrilla ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . at this point , the researchers observed the moth damaging hydrilla and believed that the moth could be an effective control agent due to its destructive capabilities .
an important characteristic of a biocontrol agent is host specificity . when laying eggs , female moths are not highly selective , which makes other plants susceptible to consumption by developing larvae . furthermore , the moth is limited by winter temperatures , and populations decline during the cooler months to a level that is almost undetectable . sensitivity to cooler climates and lack of host specificity makes the moth a poor biological control agent of hydrilla ( habeck and balciunas 1976 , buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .
monitoring for adult moths can be done using ultraviolet ( uv ) black lights or incandescent light bulbs , which are both attractive to the moth ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
the authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the production of this article . the authors would like to acknowledge the reviewers that provided feedback on an early draft of the article , dr . william overholt and dr . verena lietze .
agassiz d . 1978 . five introduced species , including one new to science , of china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist’s gazette 29 : 117 - 127 .
agassiz d . 1981 . further introduced china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist’s gazette 32 : 21 - 26 .
balciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the usa . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .
baloch gm , sana - ullah , ghani ma . 1980 . some promising insects for the biological control of hydrilla verticillata in pakistan . tropical pest management 26 : 194 - 200 .
bauce e , kumbasli m , van fankenhuyzen k , carisey n . 2006 . interactions among white spruce tannins , bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kurstaki , and spruce budworm ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , on larval survival , growth and development . journal of economic entomology 99 : 2038 - 2047 .
haag kh , buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .
habeck dh . 1996 . australian moths for hydrilla control . u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station . technical report . a96 : 10 . vicksburg , ms .
habeck dh , balciunas jk . 2005 . larvae of nymphulinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) associated with hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) in north queensland . australian journal of entomology 44 : 354 - 363 .
haller wt , sutton dl . 1975 . community structure and competition between hydrilla and vallisneria . hyacinth control journal 13 : 48 - 50 .
kegley se , hill br , orme s , choi ah . 2010 . pan pesticide database . pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2010 ) . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
langeland ka , enloe sf , gettys l . 2016 . hydrilla management in florida lakes . university of florida , ifas extension . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
nuss m , landry b , vegliante f , tränkner a , mally r , hayden j , segner a , li h , schouten r , solis ma , trofimova t , de prins j , speidel w . 2003 - 2013 . global information system on pyraloidea . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
shibuya j . 1928 . the systematic study on the formosan pyralidae . journal of the faculty of agriculture , hokkaido imperial university , sapporo , japan 22 : 1 - 300 .
van driesche r , hoddle m , center t . 2008 . control of pests and weeds by natural enemies : an introduction to biological control . blackwell publishing . malden , ma .
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looks like it arrived on it ' s own at least by 1976 , not a planned introduction . note the larva has 7 instars ( as opposed to a more normal 5 ) .
bob p .
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the caterpillars of this species is off - white with a pale brown head . it has stiff hairs along the body and two long hairs at the tail . the caterpillars have been found feeding on the leaves of aquatic plants in the genus :
the wings of the adult have a striking pattern of brown and white . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 cms .
are yellow and laid in masses on water plant leaves on the surface of the water .
for esthwaite waterweed , which is pest in waterways there , but its depradations are too variable .
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notes : naturalised in aquatic nurseries through accidental introduction in aquatic plants from singapore . abundant in aquatic nurseries at enfield , middlesex from 1977 since when periodically controlled by fumigation , also in other nurseries , and in many parts of europe and the u . s . a . in hampshire one was found dead in a striplight insect trap at barton stacey in july 1977 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan male 13 - 16 mm , female 17 - 19 mm . similar to p . obscuralis , which see . larva feeds on water plants , living entirely underwater , causing sufficient damage to be a serious pest in some areas .
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meyrick , e . 1885 ,
on the classification of the australian pyralidina
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1885 , no . 4 , pp . 421 - 456
butler , a . g . 1886 ,
descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c5c89ae - 27ce - 474e - ad86 - 0a7dbac83b54
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8a9ad7c8 - bea6 - 466d - b760 - 8f72c9d402d9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b30514ec - 3f74 - 40da - 9cf6 - 551bc30c441a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b76251a5 - 9360 - 4a65 - 9a7a - e9bc171fac97
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 65abdd10 - ec8e - 42a5 - 9c0c - a6e47b422bec
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 401483
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