gnathophausia is a genus of lophogastrid crustacean .

there are 10 species recognized in the genus gnathophausia : gnathophausia affinis g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia childressi casanova , 1996 gnathophausia elegans g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia fagei casanova , 1996 gnathophausia gigas willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia gracilis willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 ) gnathophausia longispina g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia scapularis ortmann , 1906 gnathophausia zoea willemoes-suhm , 1875

gnathophausia

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gnathophausia
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gnathophausia
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gnathophausia zoea
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gnathophausia zoea willemoes - suhm , 1873
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a lophogastrid shrimp , gnathophausia . photograph by eric a . lazo - wasem .
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worms - world register of marine species - gnathophausia longispina g . o . sars , 1883
hansson , h . g . 2005 . gnathophausia zoea - en
pungräka
ny för skandinavien [ gnathophausia zoea - a new species of mysid shrimp for scandinavia . ] . - - fauna & flora 100 ( 3 ) : 14 - 15 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht über die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]
( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 45 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 27 records ) to itis
( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . no . 21 . note on the results of the last season ' s deep - sea dredging ann . mag . nat . hist . vii , sixth series ( xxxviii ) : 186 - 202 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . series ii , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890 - 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . viii , sixth series ( xlvi ) : 268 - 286 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) faxon , w . , 1895 . reports on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer ”albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . - commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea . — memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 18 : 1 - 280 , plates a - h , 34 - 51 . [ details ]
von willemoes - suhm ( 1873 ) . in : w . thomson , notes from the
challenger
, vii . nature , london , vol . 8 : 400 - 403 [ details ]
mees , j . & k . meland ( eds ) ( 2012 onwards ) . world list of lophogastrida , stygiomysida and mysida .
van der land , j . ; brattegard , t . ( 2001 ) . mysidacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 293 - 295 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
pohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]
müller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
holt , e . w . l . ; tattersall , w . m . ( 1906 ) . schizopodous crustacea from the north - east atlantic slope . supplement . fisheries , ireland , sci . invest . 1904 . v : 1 - 50 , plates i - v . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tattersall , w . m . & tattersall , o . s . ( 1951 ) . the british mysidacea . ray society : london . viii , 460 pp ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
birstein , j . a . & tchindonova , j . g . ( 1958 ) . glubocovodniie mysidii severo zapadnoi ciasti tihogo okeana ( the deep sea mysids of the northwest pacific ocean ) . trudy instituta okeanologii = transactions of the institute of oceanology . 27 : 258 - 355 ( in russian ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tattersall , w . m . ( 1951 ) . a review of the mysidacea of the united states national museum . smiths . inst . u . s . natn . mus . bull . 201 : 1 - 292 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
von willemoes - suhm , r . ( 1875 ) . on some atlantic crustacea from the challenger expedition . trans . linn . soc . of lond . , zool . i ( part the first ) . 23 - 59 , plates vi - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
tattersall , o . s . 1955 . mysidacea . - - discovery reports 28 : 1 - 190 , 46 figs . [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
wooldridge , t . h . ; mees , j . ( 2011 onwards ) . world list of the mysidacea . [ details ]
price , w . w . , r . w . heard , p . aas , and k . meland . 2009 . lophogastrida ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 923–927 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
petryashov , v . v . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of family gnathophausiidae ( crustacea : lophogastrida ) . russian journal of marine biology . 41 ( 4 ) : 238 - 243 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kathman , r . d . , w . c . austin , j . c . saltman & j . d . fulton ( 1986 ) : identification manual of the mysidacea and euphausiacea of the northeast pacific . - can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . , 93 : 1 - 411 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hansen , h . j . ( 1910 ) : the schizopoda of the siboga expedition . - siboga exped . , 37 : 1 - 123 , 16pls [ details ]
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copyright © 2018 , yale peabody museum of natural history . all rights reserved . 170 whitney ave , new haven , ct 06511
rudolf von willemoes - suhm ( 1875 ) .
on some atlantic crustacea from the ' challenger ' expedition
( pdf ) . transactions of the linnean society of london . zoological series 1 ( 1 ) : 23–59 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1875 . tb00433 . x .
cyndy parr set
image of neognathophausia ingens
as an exemplar on
neognathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 )
.
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eupithecia claudei is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in nepal .

the wingspan is about 18 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are light brown and pale yellow .

eupithecia claudei

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29 december 2011 description of genus .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
montgomery , s . l . ( 1983 ) .
carnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands
. geojournal . 7 ( 6 ) : 549–556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529 .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word citraria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word citraria and , of course , citraria synonyms and on the right images related to the word citraria .
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hyposmocoma tantala is a species of moth of the cosmopterigidae family .

it is known only from mount tantalus on oahu .

the length of the forewings is 5.5 millimetres ( 0.22 in ) for males and 6.2 millimetres ( 0.24 in ) for females .

the larval case is dark brown , smooth , 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) in length and 2 millimetres ( 0.079 in ) wide .

adults were reared from case-making larvae collected on bark of a damp dead tree covered partially with lichen .

hyposmocoma tantala

figures 7–10 . larval cases of some purse - cased hyposmocoma . 7 hyposmocoma ipohapuu sp . n . 8 hyposmocoma makawao sp . n . 9 hyposmocoma nebulifera 10 hyposmocoma tantala sp . n . scale bar = 1 mm .
using molecular and morphological data , kawahara and co - author daniel rubinoff of the university of hawaii named three new species that produce tubular purse cases : hyposmocoma ipohapuu from the big island , hyposmocoma makawao from makawao forest reserve in maui and hyposmocoma tantala from mount tantalus , oahu . the genus hyposmocoma includes about 350 described species and represents about 40 percent of all the moths and butterflies on the hawaiian islands .
the lepidopteran genus , hyposmocoma , contains over 300 species in the hawaiian islands . many species are only found on a single volcano or valley within an island . most members of the family cosmopterigidae , feed after burrowing into plant tissues . however , hyposmocoma , feeds externally and makes a protective , portable “purse” case . perhaps the original colonist species was a case maker or case making evolved as an enabling adaptation after its arrival on hawaii . most species of hyposmocoma , feed on plants , but some are carnivorous , feeding on snails .
this adult moth from the genus hyposmocoma was found in disturbed habitats in hawaii previously believed to be overrun by non - native and invasive species . © florida museum photo by akito kawahara
hyposmocoma is also unique because many species within the genus are aquatic or carnivorous , which is uncommon in lepidoptera . aquatic species may be used as a means for assessing environmental habitat quality , such as the amount of pollution in streams .
scientists believe hyposmocoma reached the pacific islands millions of years ago , long before the colonization of humans . on an island chain where diverse songbirds , flightless rails and rare endemic plants once thrived , it is increasingly valuable for researchers to protect any remaining native biodiversity .
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florida museum assistant curator of lepidoptera akito kawahara recently described three moth species in a zookeys study published in february 2012 . © florida museum photo by kristen grace
on the hawaiian islands , where isolated , vulnerable pieces of land are surrounded by thousands of miles of ocean , habitat destruction is something of a catchphrase .
it is well known how the arrival of humans about 1 , 000 years ago drastically changed the ecosystem with the introduction of invasive plants and animals . it has led to stricter policies for releasing non - native pets , increased regulations at trade ports and the emergence of restoration ecology , in which scientists strive to re - create a more native environment .
but within areas seemingly overcome by invasive plants and animals , one florida museum of natural history lepidopterist discovered three new native moth species .
similar to how snails carry a shell , this newly described species of fancy case caterpillar endemic to hawaii wears an ornate “case” throughout the larval stage of development . © florida museum photo by akito kawahara
“they move around carrying their home , ” kawahara said . “they are called fancy case caterpillars because they make very extravagant , beautiful cases that are ornamented with sand , branches , lichen or colorful insect parts . sometimes these cases resemble cigars , burritos , candy wrappers or purses . others simply look like the tree bark that they rest on . ”
“there’s an extraordinary diversity of these moths in hawaii and the total number may be well over 1 , 000 species , ” kawahara said . “they’re only found in hawaii and they’re very threatened . we initially thought purse cases may only include 10 species or so , but there are clearly a lot more . some species are dual entry , so the larva can peek out of one end of their case and then peek out of the other . ”
“it’s really important to focus conservation efforts in areas that are pristine and also to restore habitats that are disturbed , ” kawahara said .
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the hawaiian islands are remote from other terrestrial habitats . in evolutionary time , they are recent additions to the earth , with the oldest islands a little more than 1 million years old . the number of species that colonized the islands ( until recent times ) was low . these species landed in an area with diverse habitats that were largely uninhabited by other species . due to low competition for resources , species that found the island formed many new species as populations adapted independently to geographic locations with widely different conditions .
as in many tropical areas , invasive species and habitat destruction have led to a loss of many hawaiian species . scientists are studying and cataloging the unique species as part of plans to protect endangered species and unique habitats . as part of a comprehensive study , kawahara and rubinoff * have identified 3 new species of “fancy case”
jonathan neal is an associate professor of entomology at purdue university and author of the textbook , living with insects ( 2010 ) . this blog is a forum to communicate about the intersection of insects with people and policy . this is a personal blog . the opinions and materials posted here are those of the author and are in no way connected with those of my employer .
this entry was posted in behavior , biomaterials , by jjneal , caterpillar blogging , environment . bookmark the permalink .
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ruckh , timothy ; porter , joshua r . ; allam , nageh k . ; feng , xinjian ; grimes , craig a . ; popat , ketul c .
the goal of current dental and orthopedic biomaterials research is to design implants that induce controlled and guided tissue growth , and rapid healing . in addition to acceleration of normal wound healing phenomena , these implants should result in the formation of a characteristic interfacial layer with adequate biomechanical properties . to achieve these goals , however , a better understanding of events at the bone - material interface is needed , as well as the development of new materials and approaches that promote osseointegration . here we present novel nanostructured nanoarrays from
nanotube arrays enhance osteoblast cell adhesion , proliferation and differentiation . the routes of fabrication of
nanotube arrays are flexible and cost - effective , enabling realization of desired platform topologies on existing non - planar orthopedic implants .
the structure factors of molten t a2o5 and n b2o5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - î¼m ion - beam sputtered amorphous
and niobia liquids are very close to isomorphous , as confirmed by measurement of a molten mixture , t a0 . 8n b1 . 2o5 . nonetheless , peak nb - o bond lengths are about 1 % shorter than those for ta - o , at temperatures , t * = t / tmelt , scaled to the melting points . mean coordination numbers are nm oâ5 . 6 ( 1 ) , no mâ2 . 23 ( 4 ) in the liquid state , and ntaoâ6 . 6 ( 2 ) , notaâ2 . 63 ( 8 ) in the solid . the liquids are built from five - and six - fold m - o polyhedra which connect principally by corner sharing , with a minority of edge sharing ; a - t a2o5 on the other hand has a local structure more akin to the crystalline polymorphs , built primarily from six - and seven - fold polyhedra , with a larger degree of edge sharing . the structural differences between liquid and amorphous t a2o5 , coupled with observations of increasing peak bond lengths upon cooling , are consistent with the interpretation that the amorphous film reaches a supercooled liquidlike metastable equilibrium during deposition . in other words , the amorphous film shares a common progenitor state with a hypothetical glass quenched from a fragile melt . in addition , we show that recent classical interatomic potentials do not fully reproduce the diffraction data , and infer that inclusion of attractive ( non - coulombic ) ta - ta interactions is important , particularly for obtaining the correct degree of edge sharing , coordination numbers , and densities . nanoscale inhomogeneity of the amorphous film is confirmed by the observation of small - angle x - ray scattering .
alderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c .
the structure factors of molten ta 2o 5 and nb 2o 5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - î¼m ion - beam sputtered amorphous
alderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c . ; . . .
brownian thermal noise in dielectric multilayer coatings limits the sensitivity of current and future interferometric gravitational wave detectors . in this work we explore the possibility of improving the mechanical losses of
, often used as the high refractive index material , by depositing it on a substrate held at elevated temperature . promising results have been previously obtained with this technique when applied to amorphous silicon . we show that depositing
on a hot substrate reduced the mechanical losses of the as - deposited coating , but subsequent thermal treatments had a larger impact , as they reduced the losses to levels previously reported in the literature . we also show that the reduction in mechanical loss correlates with increased medium range order in the atomic structure of the coatings using x - ray diffraction and raman spectroscopy . finally , a discussion is included on our results , which shows that the elevated temperature deposition of pure
coatings does not appear to reduce mechanical loss in a similar way to that reported in the literature for amorphous silicon ; and we suggest possible future research directions .
valve metals such as titanium ( ti ) , zirconium ( zr ) , niobium ( nb ) and tantalum ( ta ) that confer a stable oxide layer on their surfaces are commonly used as implant materials or alloying elements for titanium - based implants , due to their exceptional high corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility . the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the nanostructures of
( ta2o5 ) , niobia ( nb2o5 ) , zirconia ( zro2 ) and titania ( tio2 ) in accordance to their roughness and wettability . therefore , four kinds of metal oxide nanoporous and nanotubular ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 were fabricated via anodization . the nanosize distribution , morphology and the physical and chemical properties of the nanolayers and their surface energies and bioactivities were investigated using sem - eds , x - ray diffraction ( xrd ) analysis and 3d profilometer . it was found that the nanoporous ta2o5 exhibited an irregular porous structure , high roughness and high surface energy as compared to bare tantalum metal ; and exhibited the most superior bioactivity after annealing among the four kinds of nanoporous structures . the nanoporous nb2o5 showed a uniform porous structure and low roughness , but no bioactivity before annealing . overall , the nanoporous and nanotubular layers of ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 demonstrated promising potential for enhanced bioactivity to improve their biomedical application alone or to improve the usage in other biocompatible metal implants . pmid : 25837724
- based sol - gel coating for capillary microextraction on - line coupled to high - performance liquid chromatography .
a sol - gel organic - inorganic hybrid sorbent , consisting of chemically integrated tantalum ( v ) ethoxide ( taeo ) and polypropylene glycol methacrylate ( ppgm ) , was developed for capillary microextraction ( cme ) . the sol - gel sorbent was synthesized within a fused silica capillary through hydrolytic polycondensation of taeo and chemical incorporation of ppgm into the evolving sol - gel
network . a part of the organic - inorganic hybrid sol - gel network evolving in the vicinity of the capillary walls had favorable conditions to get chemically bonded to the silanol groups on the capillary surface forming a surface - bonded coating . the newly developed sol - gel sorbent was employed to isolate and enrich a variety of analytes from aqueous samples for on - line analysis by high - performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) equipped with a uv detector . cme was performed on aqueous samples containing trace concentrations of analytes representing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , ketones , alcohols , amines , nucleosides , and nucleotides . this sol - gel hybrid coating provided efficient extraction with cme - hplc detection limits ranging from 4 . 41pm to 28 . 19 pm . due to direct chemical bonding between the sol - gel sorbent coating and the fused silica capillary inner surface , this sol - gel sorbent exhibited enhanced solvent stability . the sol - gel
- based sorbent also exhibited excellent ph stability over a wide ph range ( ph 0 - ph 14 ) . furthermore , it displayed great performance reproducibility in cme - hplc providing run - to - run hplc peak area relative standard deviation ( rsd ) values between 0 . 23 % and 3 . 83 % . the capillary - to - capillary rsd ( n = 3 ) , characterizing capillary preparation method reproducibility , ranged from 0 . 24 % to 4 . 11 % . the results show great performance consistency and application potential for the sol - gel
- ppgm sorbent in various fields including biomedical , pharmaceutical , and environmental areas . copyright â© 2017 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .
bassiri , riccardo ; liou , franklin ; abernathy , matthew r . ; . . .
( a - taâoâ ) is a technologically important material often used in high - performance coatings . understanding this material at the atomic level provides a way to further improve performance . this work details extended x - ray absorption fine structure measurements of a - taâoâ coatings , where high - quality experimental data and theoretical fits have allowed a detailed interpretation of the nearest - neighbor distributions . it was found that the tantalum atom is surrounded by four shells of atoms in sequence ; oxygen , tantalum , oxygen , and tantalum . a discussion is also included on how these models can be interpreted within the context of published crystalline taâoâ and other a - tâoâ studies .
cryogenic measurements of mechanical loss of high - reflectivity coating and estimation of thermal noise .
we report on low - frequency measurements of the mechanical loss of a high - quality ( transmissivity t < 5 ppm at î» ( 0 ) = 1064 nm , absorption loss < 0 . 5 ppm ) multilayer dielectric coating of ion - beam - sputtered fused silica and titanium - doped
in the 10 - 300 k temperature range . a useful parameter for the computation of coating thermal noise on different substrates is derived as a function of temperature and frequency .
, titania , and hafnia are important oxides for biomedical implants , optics , and gate insulators . understanding the effects of oxide doping is crucial to optimize performance in these applications . however , no molecular dynamics potentials have been created to date that combine these and other oxides that would allow computational analyses of doping - dependent structural and mechanical properties . we report a novel set of computationally efficient , two - body potentials modeling van der waals and covalent interactions that reproduce the structural and elastic properties of both pure and doped amorphous oxides . in addition , we demonstrate that the potential accurately produces energy barrier distributions for pure and doped samples . the distributions can be directly compared to experiment and used to calculate physical quantities such as internal friction to understand how doping affects material properties . future analyses using these potentials will be of great value to determine optimal doping concentrations and material combinations for myriad material science applications .
ttedesign philosophy of mc - ar - coatings can be divided into two categories : a ) restriction to two film materials , namely one high - index and one low - index material and b ) use of medium - index layers in addition to high - and low - index layers . both philosophies have advan - tages and drawbacks . in case a ) the total number of layers necessary to obtain a required reflectance curve has to be higher . thus in case of production errors it can be a problem to find out which layer was responsible for a deviation of the measured reflectance from the nominal one . in case b ) using more than two materials reduces the total number of layers and consequently , pinpointing the cause of even small production errors is made simpler . unfortunately there are not many materials commercially available which can be used to make hard , durable and robust films in the medium - index range namely between n = 1 . 65 and n = 2 . 00 . in this paper the results of homogeneous mixtures of alumina ( al203 ) and
( ta205 ) used for eb - gun evaporated medium - index films in ar - coatings is presented . it is shown that by proper adjustment of the weight percentages of the oxide mixture one can get homogeneous films in this index range . a number of design examples show the favourable application of such layers in ar - coatings . among the most important ones is the well known qhq - design for bbar - coatings as well as ar - designs of the multiple half wave type with extended bandwidth . further applications of the mixed - oxide layers are ar - coatings for cemented optical elements and beam splitters .
the case of fused silica as a substrate material for the next line of future detectors , such as advanced ligo . the low levels of internal loss in bulk silicon samples is also of interest due to the silicon ' s high thermal conductivity . this is relevant when considering third generation detectors , that is , beyond the advanced ligo design , where significant thermal loading is anticipated due to the increased levels of laser power required for improved shot noise performance . another significant source of thermal noise in the optics of current interferometers arises from the mechanical loss associated with the applied optical coatings required for high reflectivity . results presented in chapter 4 show that the mechanical loss is predominantly associated with the
with titania can reduce the mechanical loss by a factor of approximately two . silicon may also be a useful material for the construction of low mechanical loss suspension elements . chapter 6 details measurements of 92mum thick silicon flexures for use as suspension elements which show the mechanical loss to reach ï ( w ) = 4 . 4 x 10 - 7 at 85 k . the various sources of loss are considered , both internal and external to the samples , and presented . the level of internal loss is consistent at higher temperatures with thermoelastic effects and at lower temperatures to be dominated by surface loss in addition to perhaps some other loss mechanism . the measurements in chapters 5 and 6 suggest that silicon may be a suitable material for both mirrors and suspension elements .
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yielded very corrosion resistant , orthorhombic zirconia ceramics . the powders for those novel ceramics were made via the sol - gel technique by hydrolysis of the respective metal propoxides ; a method which required dry - box techniques during the preparation of the alkoxides . in these studies the authors investigated the fabrication of precursor material from aqueous solutions . the preparation of aqueous solutions of salts of zirconium , niobium and tantalum is hampered by rapid hydrolysis . premature hydrolysis of the chlorides and oxichlorides of niobium , tantalum and zirconium can be , however , prevented in aqueous solutions of oxalic acid . thus the authors investigated the coprecipitation of hydroxides as precursors by reacting oxalic acid solutions of the respective cations with aqueous ammonia . in addition they studied the effects of calcination and of hydrothermal conversion of the hydroxides to oxides on the powder characteristics and on the mechanical properties of the niobia and
mechanical losses in dielectric mirror coatings of interferometric gravitational wave detectors are a main issue for the proposed advanced generation of gravitational wave detectors . recent investigations have shown that the mechanical loss of the dielectric mirror coatings (
/ silica stacks ) is probably the main contribution to the detector noise . there are indications that among both coating materials
gives the major contribute to mechanical loss . experimental details of a measuring setup and investigations of the temperature dependency of the mechanical dissipation in thin
) . however , mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings may limit the design sensitivity for advanced detectors . we have investigated sources of mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings , including loss associated with the coating - substrate interface , with the coating - layer interfaces and with the coating materials . our results indicate that the loss is associated with the coating materials and that the loss of ta 2 o 5 is substantially larger than that of sio 2
konstantinov , a . a . ; sazonova , t . e . [ vsesojuznyj nauchno - isledovatel ' skij institut im . d . i . mendeleeva , leningrad , sssr ( russian federation )
abernathy , matthew r . ; harry , gregory m . ; travasso , flavio ; martin , iain ; reid , stuart ; rowan , sheila ; hough , jim ; fejer , martin m . ; route , roger ; penn , steve ; armandula , helena ; gretarsson , andri
second - generation interferometric gravitational - wave detectors will operate at temperatures noticeably above room temperature . study was done to determine what effect elevated temperatures would have on the q and coating thermal noise of the detector mirrors . results show that increased temperature increases loss angle in a manner that is more significant at higher frequencies . trends show that the increased temperature will have a negligible effect at the low ( 100 hz ) frequencies important to second - generation detectors
hacker , e ; lauth , h ; meyer , j ; weissbrodt , p [ zeiss jena gmbh , jena ( germany , f . r . ) ; wolf , r ; zscherpe , g [ ingenieurhochschule mittweida ( germany , f . r . ) ; heyer , h [ sektion physik , friedrich - schiller - univ . jena ( germany , f . r . )
( ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } ) prepared by reactive r . f . diode and d . c . plasmatron sputtering were investigated for the influence of structural properties on the 1064 nm laser damage resistance . using various methods of characterizing the compositional , crystallographic , microstructural and optical properties , it was found that the damage thresholds are directly related to the content of oxygen in the films in excess of the stoichiometric values , whereas grain sizes and refractive indices show no systematic influences valid for both oxide materials . the highest oxygen - to - metal atomic ratios and thus the highest damage threshold were achieved by the use of r . f diode sputtering . x - ray photospectroscopy investigations of
coatings with different oxygen - to - tantalum atomic ratios up to 2 . 75 revealed for both constituents of the oxide only binding energies representative for tantalum pentoxide . ( orig . ) .
a new method is presented for elemental and molecular analysis of halogen - containing samples by glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry , consisting of detection of negative ions from a pulsed rf glow discharge in argon . analyte signals are mainly extracted from the afterglow regime . . . . . . be used to study the distribution of a tantalum fluoride layer within the anodized
layer . further , comparison is made with data obtained using glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy , where elemental fluorine can only be detected using a neon plasma . the ionization mechanisms responsible . . . . . . for the formation of negative ions in glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry are briefly discussed . . . .
- doped monoclinic europia were studied at temperatures up to 1500 0 c using the sonic resonance technique . unit cell parameters between 25c and 1000 0 c for monoclinic eu 2 o 3 were calculated from high temperature x - ray diffractometer data . large - grained monoclinic specimens having less than 6 . 0 ta cation percent substitution exhibited anomalous elastic behavior when thermally cycled . compositions above this addition level exhibited linear elastic behavior . internal friction values also varied abnormally with grain size , composition , and temperature . the anomalous behavior was attributed to microcracking caused by thermal expansion anisotropies . the critical grain size was found to be approximately 14 î¼m . the high temperature diffractometry measurements supported the postulate that the grain coarsening effect associated with sintered monoclinic eu 2 o 3 is the controlling factor for microcracking
proton conducting tantalum oxide films were deposited by spin coating using a sol - gel process . the coating solutions were prepared using ta ( oc { sub 2 } h { sub 5 } ) { sub 5 } as a precursor . x - ray diffraction studies determined that the sol - gel films , heat treated at temperatures below 400 c , were amorphous . films heat treated at higher temperatures were crystalline ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } . the solar transmission values ( t { sub s } ) of
films on glass generally range from 0 . 8 - - 0 . 9 depending on thickness . the refractive index and the extinction coefficient were evaluated from transmittance characteristics in the uv - vis - nir regions . the refractive index values calculated at 550 nm increased from 1 . 78 to 1 . 97 with increasing heat treatment from 150 to 450 c . the films heat treated at different temperatures showed low absorption with extinction coefficients of less than k = 1x10 { sup - 3 } in the visible range . spectrophotometric and impedance spectroscopic investigations performed on ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } films revealed that these films have protonic conductivity of 3 . 2x10 { sup - 6 } s / cm . the films are suitable for proton conducting layers in electrochromic ( ec ) devices .
zarodyshevyh jaic nabljudalos ' posle in { sup e } kcii okisi tritija do zarazhenija virusom . cherez dva chasa posle ino - kuljacii agenta infekcii bylo obnaruzheno tysjachekratnoe , uvelichenie virusa v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah obrabotannyh jaic . kogda , cherez vosem ' chasov posle infekcii v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah kontrol ' nyh jaic okazalos ' znachitel ' noe kolichestvo virusa , id { sub 50 } obrabotannyh tritiem jaic sostavljal 10 { sup - 5 , 6 } ; obe serii imeli id { sub 50 } v razmere 10 { sup - 7 . 5 } cherez 24 chasa posle infekcii . kolichestvo virusa v plenkah , obrabotannyh tritiem jaic takzhe vozroslo . jetot virus byl osvobozhden pri pomoshhi udalenija i promyvanija
. en la memoria se facilitan detalles relativos a su construccion y a las normas de seguridad que se han observado en el proyecto . las determinaciones dosimetricas se han efectuado con ayuda de cuatro tipos de aparatos diferentes : 1 . camaras de ionizacion 2 . calorimetros 3 . dosimetros de fricke 4 . peliculas fotograficas . en la memoria se hace asimismo una descripcion general del campo de irradiacion gamma y se dan detalles referentes a la posicion de la fuente . la intensidad de irradiacion es de unos 100 roentgens / hora a una distancia de 1 m . las plantas sometidas a la irradiacion se cultivan en un campo de 15 m de radio . se indican brevemente los diferentes productos que se han sometido a irradiacion en las dos instalaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] v doklade opisyvayutsya ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } i pole gammaluchej v otdelenii sel ' skogo khozyajstva nauchno - issledovatel ' skogo tsentra v rizo . ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } soderzhit 1800 kyuri co { sup 60 } . dayutsya detali konstruktsii , a takzhe ukazyvayutsya mery bezopasnosti , kotorye uchteny v konstruktsii ustanovki . dozimetriya proizvoditsya pri pomoshchi chetyrekh razlichnykh metodov : 1 . ionizatsionnykh kamer ; 2 . kalorimetrii 3 . dozimetra frikke 4 . fotograficheskikh
daetsya obshchee opisanie polya gamma - izluchenij , vklyuchaya detali raspolozheniya istochnikov . norma dozirovaniya - priblizitel ' no 100r / ch na rasstoyanii v odin metr . dlya vyrashchivaniya obluchaemykh rastenij beretsya pole s radiusom v 15 metrov . daetsya kratkoe ukazanie kategorii produktov , podvergaemykh oblucheniyu v dvukh ustanovkakh . ( author )
campbell , r b ; grunberg , l ; milne , a a ; wright , k h . r . [ lubrication , wear and mechanical engineering aspects of corrosion division , national engineering laboratory , thorntonhall , glasgow ( united kingdom )
chastitsy okisi zheleza ispol ' zuyutsya dlya izucheniya ikh roli v protsesse iznosa . reaktivnost ' poverkh - nosti zakalennykh metallov izuchalas ' s pomoshch ' yu mechennoj uglerodom - 14 stearinovoj kisloty i rastvora sery - 35 . skorost ' reaktsii v primesi masla dlya shesteren analizirovalas ' putem propuskaniya korotkikh impul ' sov ehlektrotoka po metallicheskim provodam , opushchennym v rastvory soedinenij , mechennykh seroj - 35 i fosforom - 32 . sozdanie stojkikh k istiraniyu
na poverkhnosti zub ' ev shesterenok izuchalos ' kak funktsiya nagruzki , skorosti i vremeni raboty . vopros , vstrechayushchijsya vo mnogikh iz vidov ehtogo primeneniya , sostoit v prevrashchenii izmeryaemoj aktivnosti v absolyutnye kolichestva materialov , prisutstvuyushchikh na poverkhnosti
ili v produktakh iznosa . dlya ehtoj zhe tseli ispol ' zovalis ' metody kalibrovaniya . ( author )
v kachestve radiatora protonov . polimery n21 i n9 2 primenjalis ' predvaritel ' no v ispytatel ' noj ammiachnoj jemul ' sii . bylo ustanovleno , chto polimer no 1 ne okazyvaet zametnogo vlijanija na fotohimicheskie svojstva
{ sup 12 } c / s para { zeta } = 1 . 0 . si estas y otras particularidades observadas son anomalias de kohn , sus posiciones son compatibles con las dimensiones de la superficie de fermi propuesta por lomer para los metales de la columna v . se formula la hipotesis de que las sorprendentes diferencias existentes entre la relacion de dispersion del niobio y la del molibdeno ( metales que , segun se cree , poseen estructuras de banda muy semejantes ) reflejan diferencias en las energias de fermi y , por tanto , en las superficies de fermi de estos materiales . ( author ) [ russian ] dispersionnoe sootnoshenie chastota / volnovoj vektor v ( q ) dlja obychnyh vidov kolebanij nekotoryh ob { sup e } mno - centrirovannyh kubicheskih kristallov perehodnyh metallov bylo nedavno izmereno pri komnatnoj temperature . krivye dispersii dlja niobija , izmerennye nakagovoj i vudsom , projavili nekotorye ochen ' neobychnye cherty , i rezul ' taty mozhno bylo privesti v sootvetstvie tol ' ko s pomoshh ' ju modeli born fon karmana , esli vkljuchit ' vzaimodejstvija s ochen ' otdalennymi chlenami rjada dal ' she vos ' mogo . posledujushhie izmerenija vudsom
dali ochen ' pohozhie rezul ' taty . jeto ne udivitel ' no , poskol ' ku niobij i tantal nahodjatsja v v gruppe periodicheskoj tablicy i mnogie iz ih jelektronnyh svojstv odinakovy . izmerenija krivyh dispersij molibdena vudsom i chenom i vol ' frama chenom i brok - hauzom pokazali , chto , hotja u jetih metallov , kotorye nahodjatsja v gruppe vi periodicheskoj tablicy , dispersionnye sootnoshenija javljajutsja analogichnymi , jeti dispersionnye sootnoshenija sil ' no otlichajutsja ot dispersionnyh sootnoshenij dlja niobija i
, nahodjashhihsja v gruppe v . osnovnye cherty u ( q ) dlja molibdena i vol ' frama ochen ' blizko opisyvajutsja tret ' im chlenom rjada simmetrichnoj po osjam silovoj modeli born - fon karmana , hotja nekotorye vazhnye cherty ne vosproizvodjatsja jetoj model ' ju . odnoj iz takih chert javljaetsja razitel ' naja anomalija v prodol ' noj [ { zeta } { zeta } { zeta } ] vetvi ( l ) dlja molibdena , gde
sobre las emulsiones rapidas y lentas con elevada concentracion de plata . en las emulsiones que se usan para la medicion de dosis elevadas y que se revelan en presencia de retardadores , se ha determinado la influencia ejercida por la energia y la atenuacion de la imagen latente sobre la precision de las determinaciones . por ultimo , se describen los errores de la evaluacion fotografica de dosis elevadas hallados aplicando metodos estadisticos al analisis de los resultados experimentales . se examina tambien el incremento del error en las regiones de debil y fuerte ennegrecimiento . tambien se consideran los errores debidos a la calibracion de los aparatos , la influencia de la energia , la atenuacion de la imagen latente , el tratamiento quimico y la medicion del ennegrecimiento . la hipotesis de que la dosis medida con dosimetros de pelicula corresponde a la dosis recibida por el organismo entero , constituye un error que no se toma en consideracion . ( author ) [ russian ] v jetoj rabote opisyvaetsja fotograficheskaja dozimetrija ionizirujushhej radiacii v diapazone ot 10 millirad do 1000 rad ( dlja gamma - izluchenija bolee vysokoj intensivnosti ) . pri jetom metode ispol ' zujutsja dve fotoplenki s razlichnoj jemul ' siej , kotorye odnovremenno pomeshhajut v odin i tot zhe plenochnyj dozimetr . sushhestvennoj chertoj jetogo metoda javljaetsja to , chto dozy v vysheprivedennom diapazone mogut byt ' opredeleny bez znanija o tom , chto imelo mesto obluchenie bol ' shimi dozami , s tochnost ' ju luchshej chem { + - } 25 % v predelah vsego diapazona doz ( doveritel ' nyj interval 95 % ) , a takzhe to , chto jenergiju obluchenija v plenke mozhno opredelit ' s horoshej approksimaciej . rassmatrivajutsja pribory , vidy
i himicheskaja obrabotka , kotorye pozvoljajut proizvodit ' jeti izmerenija . opisyvaetsja princip izgotovlenija densitometra , s pomoshh ' ju kotorogo mozhno izmerit ' potemnenie fotoplenki s odinakovoj tochnost ' ju v diapazone ot d = 0 do d = 6 . takim putem mozhno ispol ' zovat ' vsju oblast ' imejushhegosja
tecnicas confirman la opinion de que los radioisotopos encierran enormes promesas en el terreno cientifico y tecnico . por lo que se refiere a las fuentes de rayos x , puede decirse que todo cuanto se realiza en el terreno de la tecnologia de los rayos x , salvo la determinacion de la estructura de los cristales , puede hacerse con mayor sencillez recurriendo a los medios citados . es mas , si se emplearan fuentes de muchos curies , puede que incluso llegue a ser posible efectuar esas determinaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] prozvedennye v ehtoj laboratorii za poslednie sem ' , let issledovaniya ustanovili tochnye usloviya obratnogo rasseyaniya beta - chastits , i ehti metody byli dopolneny metodami ispol ' zovaniya vozbuzhdennykh izotopami rentgenovskikh luchej . vozbuzhdennye takim sposobom rentgenovskie luchi privlekli . shirokoe vnimanie vo vsem svete i vo mnogikh sluchayakh oni revolyutsionizirovali metody promyshlennoj kalibrovki . v nastoyashchem doklade razbirayutsya primeneniya k tochnoj abzorbtsiometrii , izmereniyu tolshchiny
, opoznovaniyu i kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu veshchestv putem izmereniya absorbtsii po krayam , a takzhe k bumazhnoj khromatografii . v poslednem sluchae , khromato grammy mogut izuchat ' sya posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , absorbtsii rentgenovskimi luchami ili vozbuzhdeniem rentgenovskikh luchej v razlichnykh zonakh bombardirovkoj beta - luchami . sravnivayutsya i otsenivayutsya ehti razlichnye podkhody . byl izuchen tselyj ryad mikrokhimicheskikh metodov i libo posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , libo posredstvom vozbuzhdeniya rentgenovskikh luchej beta - chastitsami mogut byt ' opoznany i opredeleny nebol ' shie kolichestva veshchestv . nizshie predely detektsii ne tak : maly , kak ehto dostizhimo metodom radioaktivnykh indikatorov , no imeetsya ryad drugikh preimushchestv , glavnoe iz kotorykh zaklyuchaetsya v tom , chto operatsii proizvodyatsya s zadelannymi istochnikami , chto pochti sovershenno isklyuchaet vozmozhnost ' radioaktivnogo zarazheniya . na osnovanii ehtikh dannykh byli
peliculas y borra d e polietileno para dosis de exposicion a rayos gamma de { sup 60 } co hasta 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / h . determinaron tambien la velocidad de transformacion del estireno en su homopoirmero , en las suspensiones de borra . examinaron al microscopio las peliculas injertadas a fin de evaluar la proporcion de homopolfmero ocluido . los resultados obtenidos indican que la mayor parte del incremento de peso en las muestras de pelicula corresponde al homopolfmero ocluido . en las pruebas con borra , en las cuales el incremento de peso se debe principalmente al copolimero injertado , dicho incremento es aproximadamente proporcional a la dosis y la velocidad de reaccion es casi proporcional a la rafe cuadrada de la intensidad de la dosis gamma . la reducida energia de activacion correspondiente a la velocidad de reaccion excluye la posibilidad de controlar la difusion en la borra y en las peliculas delgadas para intensidades de exposicion inferiores a 10 { sup 5 } r / h . en los experimentos con borra a 18 { sup o } c e intensidades de 7 , 2 x 10 { sup 4 } r / h , la velocidad de formacion del homopolfmero coincide con el valor ya conocido para la polimerizacion del estireno puro . la energia de activacion , a saber , 3 , 5 kcal / mol , representa practicamente la mitad de la indicada para el monomero puro . ( author ) [ russian ] izuchenie opublikovannykh dannykh ob initsiirovannoj oblucheniem privitoj polimerizatsii stirola k plenkam poliehtilena nizkoj plotnosti pokazyvaet , tfgo skorost ' prirosta vesa lish ' neznachitel ' no zavisit ot moshchnosti gamma - oblucheniya i tolshchiny plenki . pokazano , chto modeli , primenyavshiesya ranee issledovatelyami dlya ob { sup y } asneniya dannykh prirosta vesa dlya otsenki konstant skorosti , ne godyatsya . privedeny ehksperimental ' nye dannye po privivaniyu pri temperaturakh 18 { sup o } c i 40 { sup o } c s ispol ' zovaniem poliehtilenovykh
, legkoj melkokristallicheskoj kal ' tsinirovannoj sody i istochnika co { sup 60 } s gamma - izlucheniem moshchnost ' yu do 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / ch . izmerena
periodico , es particularmente adecuado para algunos de estos estudios . las ventajas do este elemento estriban , en sus propiedades nucleares . la memoria resume las propiedades quimicas de los compuestos de tecnecio y las compara con las de los compuestos correspondientes de { sup 51 } cr , de molibdeno y de wolframio , que con tanta frecuencia se emplean en el estudio de la inhibicion . la memoria describe seguidamente ciertos estudios experimentales como ejemplo de los usos a que se ha destinado el tecnecio en los trabajos de este tipo . entre ellos menciona estudios empiricos de su accion como eficaz inhibidor de la corrosion del hierro , y observaciones de la actividad de superficie realizadas durante periodos largos de tiempo . otros estudios efectuados con { sup 99 } tc y con { sup 131 } i han demostrado la importancia de la adsorcion competitiva de iones en la determinacion de la cinetica de los procesos de corrosion y de inhibicion . como tercer ejemplo , describe como las propiedades excepcionales del tecnecio han permitido distinguir claramente las contribuciones relativas del oxigeno de las del inhibidor oxidante en el mantenimiento de la pasividad . ( author ) [ russian ] sredi faktorov , vkhodyashchikh v fundamental ' noe izuchenie ehlektrokhimicheskikh protsessov korrozii i tormozheniya , vydelyayutsya v chastnosti sleduyushchie : a ) razlichnye vidy adsorbtsionnykh yavlenij ; b ) ionoobmennye svojstva passivnykh
; c ) ehlektrokhimicheskaya kinetika kak anodnykh , tak i katodnykh protsessov , proiskhodyashchikh mezhdu metallom i korrozijnoj sredoj . teper ' pri pomoshchi radioizotopov mozhno provesti nekotorye issledovaniya ehtikh yavlyaenij , kotorye nevozmozhno osushchestvit ' obychnymi sredstvami . tekhnetsij , gomolog margantsa v periodicheskoj sisteme , okazalsya ves ' ma podkhodyashchim dlya nekotorykh ehtikh issledovanij . ego yadernye svojstva krajne interesny u ehtom otnoshenii . v doklade kratko izlagayutsya khimicheskie svojstva soedinenij tekhnetsiya , protivopostavlennye svojstvam
moleculas blanco en distintas condiciones de dosificacion . los experimentos en curso sobre moleculas analogas en tamano a las del blanco han contribuido a la aclaracion de los mecanismos de recombinacion de los atomos de retroceso . particular interes reviste el rendimiento de productos con un atomo de carbono mas que el blanco , que resultan de una reaccion de adicion . la localizacion del atomo adicional en una molecula blanco que tenga varios lugares de adicion proporciona informacion sobre la naturaleza del proceso . cuando el atomo de retroceso es moderado y su energia disminuye hasta el punto en que es posible la formacion de un enlace , al menos temporal , el exceso de energia que el atomo llc cede al sistema puede originar la ruptura de otros enlaces del complejo activado , lo que suele dar origen a un producto de dos atomos de carbono . si el complejo es capaz de conservar su integridad , suele resultar un producto de adicion . por tanto , la comparacion del rendimiento de compuestos de dos atomos de carbono ( acetileno , etileno y etano ) y de productos de adicion proporciona una informacion valiosa sobre la energia a la que pueden formarse enlaces estables , y sobre la naturaleza del grupo que contiene el { sup 11 } c y que participa en la reaccion . ( author ) [ russian ] uglerod - 11 obrazuetsja v rezul ' tate reakcii c { sup 12 } ( { gamma } , n ) c { sup 11 } v puchke tormoznogo izluchenija v sinhrotrone s jenergiej jelektronov 70 mjev . v kachestve veshhestva misheni primenjalis ' zhidkie uglevodorody s pjat ' ju i shest ' ju atomami ugleroda , v tom chisle normal ' nye razvetvlennye i aliciklicheskie pentany i geksany , a takzhe benzol . povedenie c { sub 11 } izuchalos ' metodom gazohromatograficheskogo razdelenija produktov , scheta aktivnosti c { sub 11 } v gazovom potoke v kamere , pomeshhennoj v scintilljacionnyj schetchik kanal ' nogo tipa . v kazhdom jeksperimente vyhody razlichnyh produktov sravnivalis ' s vyhodom acetilena kak vnutrennego standarta , a takzhe libo s pokazanijami registratora
predstavljajutsja v vide asimetrogammagramm i razdel ' nyh levogo i pravogo fotograficheskih dvuhrazmernyh izobrazhenij . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo detektora podajutsja na kontur usilitel ' - diskriminator i zatem na differencial ' nyj kontur , kotoryj pechataet levuju ili pravuju otmetki s cel ' ju pokaza preobladanija koncentracii radioaktivnosti sleva ili sprava . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo kontura usiljtel ' - diskriminator podajutsja takzhe na pereschetnye ustrojstva , kotorye v svoju ochered ' vozbuzhdajut lampy , ustanovlennye v svetonepronicaemom pomeshhenii . dve lampy , intensivnost ' sveta kotooyh poedstavljaet soboj funkciju aktivnosti , izmerennoj sootvetstvujushhimi detektorami , montirujutsja na obshhej podstavke , peredvigaemoj s pomoshh ' ju dvigatelej sel ' sina v sisteme detektora sinhronno s generatorami sel ' sina , tem samym davaja vozmozhnost ' primenjat ' ustanovlennuju na rasstojanii registrirujushhuju ustanovku . cilindricheskie linzy fokusirujut lampovye istochniki na plenku , pri jetom registracija kak sprava , tak i sleva osushhestvljaetsja odnovremenno na rentgenovskoj plenke razmerom 28 ch 36 sm . hotja operator mozhet ustanovit ' sootvetstvujushhuju predvaritel ' no opredelennuju velichinu srednej sily toka lampy v shirokom diapazone skorosti scheta , operatoru predostavljaetsja bol ' shaja svoboda v svjazi s nalichiem v kassete treh
, kazhdaja iz kotoryh obespechivaet optimal ' nuju kontrastnost ' v razlichnom diapazone skorosti scheta . pacientam vvodilis ' 350 mkjuri joda - 131 s syvorotochnym al ' buminom cheloveka posle predvaritel ' noj obrabotki rastvorom ljugolja . skennirovanie osushhestvljalos ' cherez 24 - 72 chasa . obychno bylo dostatochno poluchenija odnoj skennogrammy . u nekotoryh pacientov skennogrammy snimalis ' povtorno v peredne - zadnem napravlenii . v period s sentjabrja 1961 goda po nojabr ' 1962 goda u 653 pacientov bylo snjato 789sken - nogramm . u 109 pacientov iz jetogo chisla diagnoz podtverdilsja , u 88 pacientov byli obnaruzheny opuholi . byla ustanovlena lokalizacija 23 iz 30 glioblastom i