broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal , coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe .

its habitat in europe spans from western europe into western siberia .

the species was introduced recently ( circa 1975 ) in the eastern areas of canada .

the beetle has since spread farther south and west into the united states .

the carabidae family , of which broscus cephalotes is a part , is generally considered as a family that is beneficial to humans due to their predatory habits .

their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms .

broscus cephalotes

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
jymykiitäjäinen
to
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
kopfläufer
to
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
matalin , a . v . and budilov , p . v . , “geographical variability of sexual and age structure of populations and the life cycle in broscus cephalotes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , ” zool . zh .
297 . larochelle , a . and m . - c . larivière . 1989 . first records of broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus ) ( coleoptera : carabidae : broscini ) for north america . the coleopterists bulletin 43 : 69 - 73 .
broscus cephalotes attacks everything : in our experiments , its most preferred prey was woodlice and ants . co - specific beetles were attacked by a broscus at the opening of its tube when they run across . in most cases , fights started and ended without any obvious reason . a real hunting behavior could not be observed . the fighting behavior can be characterized as catch - as - catch - can and , in our experiments , was displayed most frequently under artificial daytime conditions . it is interpreted as fighting for prey .
broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : godet et al . ( 2010 ) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] godet , l . , le mao , p . , grant , c . & olivier , f . 2010 . marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago : an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008 . cahiers de biologie marine , 51 : 147 - 165 .
carabus cephalotes linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 414 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
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description : large ( 16 - 23mm ) dull black ground beetle which burrows under stones and driftwood , preying on supralittoral amphipods and isopods . on the seaward edge of sand dunes around the coast .
world distribution : a eurosiberian wide - temperate species ( 64 ) found across west and central europe to western siberia . recently reported as an introduction to the eastern seaboard of the united states ( larochelle , 1989 ) .
ecology : a strongly thermoxerophilic species favouring loose , dry sand and confined to coastal habitats in ireland , although it also occurs inland in europe . mostly recorded from bare sand between the strandline and the front of fore dunes on sandy coasts , more rarely on sparsely vegetated fore dunes .
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for more content , see archives néerlandaises de zoologie ( vol 1 - 17 ) and animal biology ( vol 53 and onwards ) .
the 24 carabid species investigated appeared to be polyphagous , but not equally so . among species showing a smaller degree of polyphagy , oligophages and specialized feeders were distinguished , the latter species specializing on collembolans . the
phytophagous
genera amara and harpalus were found to behave similarly to the generalists . cannibalism was not observed , although larvae , among which it may well occur , were not studied . specialists are mainly confined to the carabinae , and the literature suggests that they can also be distinguished by their morphology and behaviour , which reflect their specialization . it seems unlikely that their specialization is in response to food shortage .
functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus l . )
functional morphology of the head of the perch ( perca fluviatilis l . ) : an electromyographic study
legakis , a . ( 2001 ) . insecta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 323 - 324 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
siobhan leachman added an association between
n102 _ w1150
and
pterostichus cristatus
.
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tronquet ( 2014 ) : 115 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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contributed by peter w . messer on 17 december , 2017 - 9 : 52am
this article is available online . abstract : sixty - nine carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in 37 genera and 19 tribes were documented from cove point , calvert county , maryland , during surveys from 2010 to 2016 . three species , anisodactylus haplomus chaudoir , pterostichus permundus ( say ) , and stenocrepis mexicana ( chevrolat ) are documented for the first time from maryland .
contributed by peter w . messer on 20 september , 2017 - 9 : 38am
new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and [ . . . ]
by igor m . sokolov , yuliya y . sokolova , and christopher e . carlton
full title : new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and phylogeography of the a - langdoni species group a . cieglerae and a . pusillus are described .
by will , k . , madan , r . , hsu , h .
edited abstract : additions to the list of carabidae known for nevada , usa and carabid beetles found in the great basin national park , nv are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources . for 79 species of carabids , the authors present 57 new state records , two state records previously reported in online resources [ bugguide ] , one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state , and report 22 records for the great basin national park that includes three new state records . this paper is available online .
contributed by peter w . messer on 13 june , 2017 - 3 : 02pm
pp 67 - 92 in
the distributional history of the biota of the southern appalachians . part i . invertebrates .
edited by p . c . holt , r . l . hoffman , and c . w . hart jr . barr writes on the distribution and natural history of endemic carabid species of the southern appalachians .
contributed by peter w . messer on 19 december , 2015 - 12 : 59pm
ground beetles from the quantico marine corps base : 2 . thirty additional species from recent collections ( coleoptera : carabidae )
. in both quantico papers , differences and similarities between carabids found at quantico and plummers island are discussed most thoughtfully .
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : [ . . . ]
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : an analysis of fauna in relation to size , habitat selection , vagility , seasonality , and extinction .
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corresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhravý 1959 ; novák 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; østbye and hägvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
the last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .
in the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .
ground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47’n , 46o39 . 75’e ) were studied in 2006–2007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .
pitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .
plastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .
all captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhravý 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .
recently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .
cuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
the separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .
detection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .
) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of
) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .
chronology of changes in periods of activity of individual ‘age’ groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in ‘spring’ ( a ) and ‘autumn’ ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ) .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs – new generation ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 – first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .
) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of
) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
importantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult ‘age’ groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .
thus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered ‘residents’ and their habitats ‘residential’ .
an incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,
was by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of
) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
yet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of
was mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (
) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered ‘migrants’ and their habitats as ‘transit’ .
the spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for
) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for
in summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :
residents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .
migrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .
sporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .
without question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of
were trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of
, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of
fed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (
) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist
seasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
“stable” and “labile” components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .
the ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6–35 % of the species list and 15–90 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15–35 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (
) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
species diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars – labile component , white bars – stable component , line – number of species ; n ( sp . ) – number of species ) .
firstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants
numbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
secondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the ‘biological’ ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,
) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,
, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (
because we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .
a study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .
up to 65–75 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .
results from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
knowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .
we extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor lövei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .
classification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
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changes in life - cycle strategies of carabus problematicus over a range of altitudes in northern england .
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about updating the quantity estimation applying the methods of exhaustive catches using of pitfall traps .
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feeding ecology of grassland - inhabiting carabid beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) in relation to the a . . .
in 1979–2008 , serological investigation of carabid beetles as predators of the colorado potato beetle was carried out in the fields of potato and other solanaceae crops in nine regions of russia , moldova , and ukraine . the fraction of carabid beetles feeding on the pest in the potato , tomato , and egg - plant fields grows with the duration of the pest presence in the region and is proportional to its population density .


gibbovalva kobusi is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from china ( guizhou , zhejiang , hunan and guangxi ) and japan ( hokkaidō and honshū ) .

the wingspan is 6.5-9.2 mm .

the larvae feed on magnolia kobus .

they probably mine the leaves of their host plant .

gibbovalva kobusi

a review of the genus gibbovalva ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae : gracillariinae ) from china .
gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is similar to gibbovalva magnoliae and gibbovalva tricuneatella in the aedeagus lacking a flap - like process , but it is distinguishable by the forewing markings . in gibbovalva clavata , basal 1 / 3 of forewing is white with four black costal specks ; apical 2 / 3 of forewing has four white fasciae , whereas in gibbovalva magnoliae forewing has a v - shaped speck at base and five white fasciae and in gibbovalva tricuneatella forewing has three white fasciae which markedly dilate towards wing fold . in addition , gibbovalva clavata resembles gibbovalva quadrifasciata ( stainton ) in the male genitalia , as in both species the ventral surface of valva is covered with lanceolate setae , but it is distinguishable by other characters .
gibbovalva kumata & kuroko , 1988 , in : kumata , kuroko and ermolaev , 1988 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 40 : 3
the paper presents four chinese species belonging to the genera metriochroa busck , eumetriochroa kumata , and gibbovalva kumata & kuroko ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) , including two new species : metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , is newly recorded from china . photographs of adults and figures of the genital structures are provided , along with keys to the chinese species of metriochroa , eumetriochroa , and gibbovalva .
contribution to the knowledge of the genus gibbovalva kumata et kuroko , 1961 ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) with description of g . squamosa sp . n . from west africa .
adults . 1 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 2 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 3 metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . 4 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 2000 μm .
male genitalia . 5 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 6 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 7 metriochroa alboannulata bai sp . n . 8 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 μm .
of the four gracillarid moth species treated in the present paper , eumetriochroa hiranoi is newly recorded from china , and metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata sp . n . are new to science .
a new species of gibbovalva , with antennal scape bearing a ventral flap and valva with a costal process as for other members of the genus , with which it also shares the fore wing markings and characteristics of vinculum and saccus . the basal 1 / 3 of the forewing of gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is white in ground color and has four black costal specks ; the distal 2 / 3 is ochreous yellow in ground color and has four white fasciae . the valva is blade - shaped , the costa possesses a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 ; saccus is thumb - shaped with rounded apex ; the aedeagus does not have a flap - like process , and its thorn - like cornuti are arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to subapex .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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dufrane , a . 1957 . microlepidopteres de la faune belge ( huitième note ) . - bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 33 ( 32 ) : 1–16 .
langmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . 2016 . microlepidoptera review of 2015 . - entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 128 ( 6 ) : 279–307 .
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koch , g . 1856 . die schmetterlinge des südwestlichen deutschlands , insbesondere der umgegend von frankfurt , nassau und der hessischen staaten . - — : 1–498 .
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kozlov , m . v . 1996 . patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : microlepidoptera in st peterburg [ sic ] russia . - journal of biogeography 23 ( 1 ) : 95–103 .
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balevski , n . 1998 . some new species of the braconid parasitoid fauna of bulgaria ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) isolated from different new lepidopterous insect hosts . - acta entomologica bulgarica 4 ( 2–4 ) : 11–16 .
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1 department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , no . 73 , east street north of the city , changzhi , 046011 shanxi province , p . r . china
2 school of life and environmental science , gannan normal university , south of college road , economic - technological development area , ganzhou , 341000 jiangxi province , p . r . china
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eumetriochroa kumata , 1998 and metriochroa busck , 1900 are small genera of gracillariidae oecophyllembiinae ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . the genus eumetriochroa contained four new species worldwide when it was erected ( kumata , 1998 ) , namely eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa kalopanacis kumata , 1998 and eumetriochroa miyatai kumata , 1998 . a new species , eumetriochroa araliella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 , was subsequently added to the genus ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . accordingly , five species are currently recognized in eumetriochroa worldwide , all of them originally recorded from japan . larvae are leaf - miners on aquifoliaceae , araliaceae , and styracaceae . to date eleven plant species in seven genera have been recorded as host plants of eumetriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 , 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . prior to this study , eumetriochroa was represented in china by only one species , eumetriochroa hederae , firstly reported there by kobayashi et al . ( 2011 ) .
the genus metriochroa contains twelve described species worldwide . there are seven species in the afrotropical region , three in the palearctic region , and one each in the oriental and nearctic regions . metriochroa was not recorded in china until metriochroa symplocosella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 was described on the basis of chinese material ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . a total of twenty plant species in twelve genera of six families are known as host plants of metriochroa . eleven species in five genera of the family oleaceae serve as the most common host plants for the larvae of metriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) .
all adult specimens were obtained after by rearing from immature stages . adult external morphology was examined by using a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope , and photographs were taken with a leica dfc - 450 digital camera connected to a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope . genitalia were prepared following the methods of li and zheng ( 1996 ) . dissections of genitalia were conducted under an olympus szx - 7 stereomicroscope . genital morphology was examined with an olympus bx - 53 microscope , and the illustrations were prepared by using an olympus dp - 26 digital camera connected to the olympus bx - 53 microscope . terminology follows kumata ( 1998 ) and kumata et al . ( 1988 ) .
all specimens studied are deposited in the insect collection , department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , changzhi , shanxi , china ( iccc ) .
eumetriochroa kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 83 .
kumata ( 1998 : 85 , figs 1 , 2a , 12a , b , 14a , 17 , 18a , 22a , 24a , b ) .
female genitalia . 9 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 10 eumetriochroa hederae kumata . scale bar 500 μm .
eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 96 .
de prins & de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2013 : 119 ) .
2♂♂ , 2♀♀ , china . feng shan , ganzhou , jiangxi province , 8 september 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu and chengqing liao ; genitalia slide nos
eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana . ( n . s . ) 54 : 85 .
de prins and de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2011 : 28 ) .
china . 1♂ , daqiutian , jiulian mountain , jiangxi province , 18 january 2013 , leg . xiaohua dai ; 2♀♀ , yangling national forest park , chongyi county , jiangxi province , 700 m , 10 march 2012 , leg . jinshui liang ; genitalia slide nos
araliaceae : hedera sinensis ( tobler ) hand . - mazz . ; hedera rhombea ( miq . ) bean ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 ) .
) , especially in fore wing markings . their fore wing has a white stripe situated between the third and fourth fasciae which extends from the dorsal edge of the third fascia towards costa to the middle of the fourth fascia . this character was not recorded by
in the original description based on japanese specimens . in addition , instead of the fourth fascia as described by kumata , it is the apex of the fifth fascia which is edged with remarkable darker spots . however , the structures of the male ( fig .
) are in accordance with the original description , which provides us confidence to assign the specimens reared in china to this species .
metriochroa busck , 1900 , proceedings of the united states national museum 23 : 244 .
wing venation of metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 μm .
flagellum of metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . has six white rings on distal part . forewing has two silvery white fasciae : one placed at the basal 1 / 4 and is slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , the other situated preapically ; forewing possesses white costal and dorsal specks , two of them at the middle , and opposite each other , and one near the tornus . valva is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a sclerotized ridge , the former shorter than the ventral one . aedeagus is tubular , and with a clavate cornutus on vesica .
forewing markings of metriochroa vary notably . metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . is similar to metriochroa argyrocelis vári , 1961 and metriochroa celidota bradley , 1965 in forewing with obvious white or silvery white markings . these characteristics easily distinguish these species from other members of the genus .
metriochroa alboannulata is close to metriochroa celidota in forewing with two silvery white fasciae , especially as the first fascia is present at the basal 1 / 4 in both species . however , in metriochroa alboannulata the first fascia is evident and joins with dorsum , and the second fascia is closer to the apex of forewing than in metriochroa celidota ; in addition , metriochroa alboannulata has a silvery white speck near tornus , which does not occur in metriochroa celidota .
both metriochroa alboannulata and the female of metriochroa argyrocelis ( forewing markings of male metriochroa argyroscelis are clearly dissimilar from those of metriochroa alboannulata ) have a silvery white fascia at the basal 1 / 4 of forewing , and a silvery white speck near tornus , but they differ in the following characteristics : in metriochroa alboannulata , the fascia is of uniform width , and is narrower than that of metriochroa argyrocelis , in which it gradually widens towards dorsum ; in addition , in place of the fascia near the apex of forewing and the silvery white bar - shaped specks at the middle of costa and dorsum present in metriochroa alboannulata , metriochroa argyrocelis has two silvery white specks at the middle and basal 3 / 4 of costa , respectively .
) . wingspan 6 . 5–7 . 5 mm . head fuscous with metallic luster . antenna fuscous , flagellum with six white rings on distal part . labial palpus whitish - yellow , with the outer side of second and third segments fuscous . thorax , tegula , and fore wing fuscous . fore wing shining with purple ; two silvery white fasciae present , first fascia at the basal 1 / 4 , and slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , second fascia at subapex and outwardly oblique ; costa and dorsum with an outwardly oblique bar - shaped silvery white speck each at the middle , costal speck longer than the dorsal one ; dorsum with a silvery white speck near tornus ; cilia grayish - brown , those on termen with median and apical fringe lines of black spots , which run parallel with termen . hindwing and its cilia fuscous . legs fuscous . external surface of profemur and mesofemur , internal surface of metafemur ochreous white ; protibia basally , mesotibia and extremities of metatibia ochreous white ; both ends of first tarsomeres , apical tarsomeres and the apex of other tarsomeres white . abdomen dorsally fuscous , ventrally ochreous white , anterior margin of each sternite fuscous .
100 μm in length , with widely rounded apex . tuba analis bilobed apically , with setae on each lobe . vinculum y - shaped ; saccus
160 μm in length , about three times as long as wide ; inner surface with a sclerotized longitudinal ridge which divides the valva into dorsal and ventral portions ; dorsal portion slightly shorter than ventral one , with obliquely truncated apex , and covered with a group of partite scales on its distal part ; ventral portion with spine - like setae on its rounded apex . aedeagus tubular ,
700 μm long , obliquely truncated along apical 2 / 7 , pointed apically ; vesica with a clavate cornutus , which is approximately 160 μm long .
holotype ♂ . china . wuzhifeng , shangyou county , jiangxi province , 2 january 2013 , leg . chengqing liao ; genitalia slide no .
the specific name is composed of “ albus ” and “ annulatus ” , meaning “with white ring” , referring to the flagellum of antenna with white rings on its distal part .
) . wingspan 7 . 0 mm . head white , with frons fuscous . labial palpus white , second segment apically and third segment basally with a fuscous spot on their outer side . thorax white , its sides edged with fuscous line ; tegula fuscous with white apex . basal 1 / 3 of forewing white , with four black specks along costa , of which the last one smallest ; distal 2 / 3 of forewing ochreous yellow with fuscous band along costa and four white , nearly equally spaced fasciae which obliquely extend outwards from costa to dorsum ; two basal fasciae , approximately twice the width of the two distal ones , enclose a black spot on costa . cilia black from dorsal third fascia to costal fourth fascia , white at the apical angle , the remaining cilia pale grey . hind wing and its cilia pale grey . legs with coxae and tarsi white ; tarsi with three fuscous rings , the last tarsomere ochreous yellow apically . profemur fuscous ; protibia white in basal 1 / 3 , the remaining part fuscous . mesofemur with external surface fuscous , internal surface ochreous white ; mesotibia white , with three fuscous rings , of which one at the basal 1 / 3 , two at the distal part . metafemur white , external side with a fuscous spot at base and middle respectively ; metatibia white , with a median fuscous ring , the last tarsomere fuscous apically .
) . tegumen approximately 400 μm long , tongue - like , slightly wider on apical half , densely covered with fine setae on ventral and dorsal surfaces and with a sparse row of longer setae on each side . valva approx . 600 μm long , blade - shaped , slightly narrowed at base , obliquely truncated at apex and almost parallel - sided ; costa straight with a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 , dorsum slightly upcurved near apex ; inner surface covered with usual setae except for lanceolate setae clustered on distal part . saccus thumb - shaped , rounded apically . aedeagus nearly 650 μm long , tapering to a pointed apex from around the distal 1 / 4 ; vesica with acute , thorn - like cornuti arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to aedeagus subapex , some cornuti arranged between apical 1 / 5 and apex being larger than others . antero - dorsal apodeme of the eighth tergite approx . 150 μm long , with slender sclerotization extending caudad to the middle of the eighth tergite ; eighth sternite with a pair of very slender invaginations , nearly equal in length to dorsal apodeme .
holotype ♂ . china , jiulian mountain , longnan , jiangxi province , 600 m , 30 march 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu ; genitalia slide no .
the species name is derived from the latin “ clavatus ” , meaning “clavate” , in reference to the costal process of valva .
we are most grateful to mr . paolo triberti of the museo civico di storia naturale of verona , for his help in providing valuable references . financial assistance rendered by the national nature science foundation of china ( no . 41361009 and no . 31260116 ) , the natural science foundation of jiangxi province , china ( no . 20132bab204008 ) , the program for the philosophy and social sciences research of higher learning institutions of shanxi province , china ( pssr . no . 2012331 ) , and the natural science foundation of shanxi province , china ( no . 2011011033 - 3 ) are gratefully acknowledged .
bai h , xu j , dai x ( 2016 ) two new and one newly recorded species of gracillariidae from china ( lepidoptera ) . zookeys 559 : 139–150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 559 . 6812
de prins w , de prins j . ( 2005 ) gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) . in : landry b . ( ed . )
two species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) new to china , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis and eumetrichroa .
kobayashi s , huang gh , nakamura a , hirowatari t . ( 2013 )
four new species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) from china and japan , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis , eumetriochroa , guttigera , and metriochroa .
japanese species of the subfamily oecophyllembiinae réal et balachowsky ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , with descriptions of a new genus and eight new species .
japanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , part ii .
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the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .

it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

snow - capped manakin

snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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probably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) – c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapajós and its affluents ) .
( hellmayr , 1903 ) – sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .
male 8·5 cm , 8 g ; female 9·2 cm , 8·8 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .
small insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .
a nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amazônia ( tapajós ) national park , in brazil , and . . .
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often merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge’s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte’s name appears to have priority # r .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )
previously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song
distance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220
distance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215
perch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215
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jennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .
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lumilakkitanssija
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macrocilix nongloba is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .

it is found in china ( sichuan , jiangxi , chejiang ) .

the length of the forewings is 13-18 mm .

adults are externally similar to macrocilix orbifera .

macrocilix nongloba

this is the place for nongloba definition . you find here nongloba meaning , synonyms of nongloba and images for nongloba copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nongloba . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nongloba and , of course , nongloba synonyms and on the right images related to the word nongloba .
this is a successive report on the chinese drepaninae dealing with 2 genera , i . e . auzata and macrocilix . both genera are endemic to e . asia especially presenting a rich fauna in china . [ new taxa discussed include a . amaryssa sp . nov . , a . semilucida sp . nov . , a . plana sp . nov . , m . ophrysa sp . nov . , m . nongloba sp . nov . , m . trinotata sp . nov . , and m . mysticata campana ssp . nov . ] .
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bhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04
chou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1
guo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02
xie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01
ding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03
zhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04
song hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04
liu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03
ding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03
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by hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is
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