normannites is a strongly ribbed evolute middle jurassic ammonite included in the stephanoceratoid family stephanoceratidae .

normanites was previously included in the otoitidae by arkell et al. 1957 .

more recent classifications show it to belong to the family stephanoceratidae , along with genera like stephanoceras and stemmatoceras .

normannites

photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 )
intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites .
photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 ) - the fossil forum
3d reconstructions of the two specimens of normannites mitis , modern nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) , and their phragmocones .
intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites . - pubmed - ncbi
volumes and widths of chambers plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively .
volumes plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . the volumes prior to chamber 25 ( nm . 1 ) and 27 ( nm . 2 ) have not been measured .
( 1a ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 1 ) ; ( 1b ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 2 ) ; ( 1c ) extracted phragmocone of nm . 1 ( 1d ) ; extracted phragmocone of nm . 2 ; ( 2a , b ) 3d models of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2c ) extracted phragmocone of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2d ) backface of 3d model of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) . scale bars are 1 cm .
specimen count 1 site number 27579 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy snowshoe fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda ammonoidea collector dr . ralph w . imlay see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place harney county , oregon , united states collection date 1959 type citation imlay . 1973 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 756 ) : 82 , pl . 41 , f . 9 . usnm number pal168581 published name normannites ( normannites ) orbignyi buckman
this is one of the finest normannites we have had for sale on fossils direct . both lappets are complete and the ammonite ' s centre is pin point immaculate . this specimen was colleted in 1989 and is from an old collection andy cowap has since spent many hours in preparing this stunning specimen . to get both lappets preserved is exceptionally rare . ammonites of this superior quality only rarely come on to the open market for sale . serious collectors of rare ammonites will really appreciate this unique fossil approximately 170 million years old .
specimen count 1 site number 19773 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy kialagvik fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda collector l . b . kellum see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place alaska , united states type status holotype type citation imlay . 1964 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 418 - b ) : b43 , pl . 13 , f . 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 . usnm number pal131401 published name normannites kialagvikensis imlay
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tajika a 1 , morimoto n 2 , wani r 3 , naglik c 1 , klug c 1 .
laboratory of physical anthropology , graduate school of science , kyoto university , kyoto , japan .
faculty of environment and information sciences , yokohama national university , yokohama , japan .
pmid : 26500816 pmcid : pmc4614987 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 1306
( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .
( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and phragmocone volumes .
comparison between males and females . chamber volumes plotted against chamber numbers in nautilus pompilius .
squares and diamonds represent the female and male , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( b ) semilog scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( c ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .
squares , diamonds , and triangles represent the female , male , and indeterminable sex , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and chamber numbers of a specimen ; ( b ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and the phragmocone volume .
squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively . ( a ) specimen 8 ; ( b ) specimen 7 ; ( c ) specimen 53 . specimens with different growth trajectories were analysed .
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thesis ( phd - - geology ) - - university of auckland , 2004 .
bajocian–bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae - palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 — schweizerbart science publishers
bajocian–bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae
palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 ( 2010 ) , p . 115 - 213
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. colonization of novel environments can alter selective pressures and act as a catalyst for rapid evolution in nature . theory and empirical studies suggest that the ability of a population to exhibit an adaptive evolutionary response to novel selec . . .
. dna typing offers a unique opportunity to identify individuals for medical and forensic purposes . probabilistic inference regarding the chance occurrence of a match between the dna type of an evidentiary sample and that of an accused suspect , howe . . .
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. isolated left ventricular non - compaction is a rare genetic disorder manifesting mainly with heart failure , ventricular arrhythmias and systemic embolism . isolated ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract is an a . . .
. the course of total gorwth and of total natural removal ( mortality caused by natural agencies ) in naturally normal stands of pinus sil - vestris , picea abies , and betula alba on various sites in n . and s . finland were compared . growth continuously e . . .
stevens , b . m . ; folts , c . j . ; cui , w . ; bardin , a . l . ; walter , k . ; carson - walter , e . ; vescovi , a . ; noble , m .
. we discovered that glioblastoma ( gbm ) cells use cool - 1 / β - pix to inhibit normal activation of the c - cbl ubiquitin ligase via the redox / fyn / c - cbl pathway and that c - cbl inhibition is critical for gbm cell function . restoring normal c - cbl activity b . . .
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. . . outside europe , data concerning middle jurassic belemnites often lack precise taxonomic and / or stratigraphic information . exceptions are , for the northern hemisphere , the aalenian - bajocian belemnite faunas described by sachs & nalnjaeva ( 1970 , 1975 ) from north siberia , ne russia and the russian far east , which have been stratigraphically reviewed by meledina et al . ( 2005 ) . their taxonomic composition is characterized by the presence of hastitidae ( hastites , sachsibelus ) , pseudodicoelitidae ( lenobelus , pseudodicoelites ) and megateuthididae ( orthobelus [ = rarobelus ] , mesoteuthis [ = megateuthis ] , paramegateuthis ; see also dzyuba & weis 2015 ) . . . .
. . . aberhan ( 1998 ) arrived at similar plate tectonic reconstructions based on the pattern of pliensbachian ammonite and bivalve distributions . also , the comparative palaebiogeographic analysis of bivalves and ammonites ( benthic and nekto - benthic ) in the jurassic of siberian basins showed a good agreement ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . however , liu et al . ( 1998 suggested that the boundaries of provinces based on ammonites and bivalves do not always coincide and explained this by the differing mode of life of the two groups . . . .
. . . in west - central nevada , the ammonite diversity is basically not affected by eustatic changes at all , probably due to special conditions of local ecology , environment or preservation . in general , broad patterns of the ammonite diversity show good correlation with eustatic fluctuations ( e . g . , o ' dogherty et al . , 2000 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ) . the changes in diversity and faunal turnover at small scales ( zone level ) are usually the result of multiple factors , including eustatic changes , and therefore need to be interpreted on a case by case basis . . . .
. . . since the upper toarcian , only the genus pseudolioceras existed in the arctic seas , that brings some uncertainties to the understanding of the stratigraphic extent of the upper toarcian and the possibility of its subdivision . in the middle jurassic , there was a significant change in the ammonite composition in the arctic seas caused by the isolation of the arctic from the west european seas ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . european genera or species are almost absent . . . .
. . . the belemnite distribution over the section is also nonuniform . they occur massively near the lower - middle jurassic boundary , and they are also abundant in the upper jurassic and lower half of the lower cretaceous ( dzyuba , 2013 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks and nal ' nyaeva , 1979 ) . in the bajocian - oxfordian and hauterivian , the number and taxonomic diversity of belemnites in siberian sections are low . . . .
. . . increasing seawater temperatures produced a massive bloom of the diverse marine species and the immigration of abundant west european faunas ( saks , 1976 ) . this time was also marked by colonization of the siberian seas by a belemnite fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks anf nalnyaeva , 1975 ) . . . .
. . . faunal interchange increased and decreased alternately . sometimes some groups colonized the vast expanses of boreal seas for a long time and evolved there ; this resulted in the wide spread of the endemic groups of the boreal fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; zakharov et al . , 2002 ) . in early studies ( saks et al . , 1980 ) , the jurassic zonation was based on data on ammonite occurrence in the numerous sections of central siberia and northeastern russia . . . .
. . . knyazev ' s ammonite zonal scale for the upper toarcian correlates with the bivalve , foraminiferal , ostracod , and microphytofossil zones distinguished simultaneously in the same sections , this scale is still incorporated into the regional scale for northern siberia and into the boreal jurassic zonal standard ( resolution , 2004 ; shurygin et al . , 2000 ; zhamoida and petrov , 2008 ) . in the middle jurassic , there was a considerable change in the taxonomic composition of ammonites in the arctic seas because of their isolation from the western european ones ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . here , european genera and species were nearly absent . . . .
. . . comparative analysis of taxonomic diversity of jurassic benthic associations in different facies areas of the boreal basins allows the definition of development phases of macro - and microfaunal associations and certain marker levels with the sharpest structural and taxonomic changes as well as their relation to the main abiotic factors ( nikitenko & mickey 2004 ; meledina et al . 2005 ; nikitenko 2008 ) ( fig . 5 ) . in the early jurassic and aalenian there was a stable connection between the biota of the arctic and palaeopacific , while the connection with the palaeoatlantic was only periodically intensified during the major transgressions , which were accompanied by climate warming . . . .
stages in development of mollusks , paleobiogeography of boreal seas in the early - middle jurassic and . . .
we compared stages of the taxonomic restructurings that occurred in communities of ammonites , belemnites , and bivalves in siberian sea basins in the second half of the early jurassic and at the beginning of the middle jurassic . in general , the main stages are similar in different groups of mollusks , but the restructuring borders often do not coincide . degree of endemism and portion of . . . [ show full abstract ]
cylindroteuthid belemnite correlation of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary strata in northern siberia . . .
in the northern hemisphere there are some sections of the jurassic / cretaceous ( j / k ) boundary strata where boreal and tethyan molluscan fauna can be found together . they are all located on the pacific margins , in northeast asia ( far east of russia , northeast china ) and on the western coast of north america ( western british columbia in canada , northern california and southwest oregon in the . . . [ show full abstract ]
comprehensive zonal subdivisions of siberian jurassic and their significance for circum - arctic corre . . .
we show the present state of the set of parallel zonal scales for the siberian jurassic , based on various fossil groups , and the principles of their construction . we discuss the significance of siberian biostratigraphic scales for the boreal zonal standard of the jurassic units . the stratotype region for this standard must have a typical boreal ( arctic rather than mixed ) fauna . a possible . . . [ show full abstract ]
the jurassic / cretaceous boundary in northern siberia and boreal - tethyan correlation of the boundary . . .
there is no international consensus regarding the gssp for the berriasian , the basal stage of the cretaceous system . any of the events discussed by the international expert community can be regarded as a marker of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary : a phylogenetic change of taxa , paleomagnetic reversal , or isotopic excursion . however , the problem of identification of this level in boreal . . . [ show full abstract ]
ammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late … | marta zunino - urltoken
ammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late …
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citation : zell p , stinnesbeck w ( 2016 ) paleobiology of the latest tithonian ( late jurassic ) ammonite salinites grossicostatum inferred from internal and external shell parameters . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0145865 . urltoken
copyright : © 2016 zell , stinnesbeck . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
funding : the research ( including all scientific analyses ) was funded by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft to ws ( dfg sti 128 - 17 and sti 128 - 31 ) . the dfg had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
ammonite morphology and internal structures yield important information on both the systematic position of species as well as their paleobiology ( e . g . dimorphism , habitat preferences , migration during sexual maturity , responses to seasonality ) , but only a small number of taxa has been analyzed in detail by using a combination of external and internal sets of data ( e . g . [ 1 ] ) . in consequence , the complete shell ontogeny of ammonites from embryonic to late post - embryonic stages is little known to date . for instance , an analysis of septal spacing in combination with shell diameter and ornamentation data revealed a gradual decrease in septum distances in adults reaching maturity ( e . g . [ 2 ] ) , while septal crowding was regarded as rare in premature individuals [ 2 ] . in other taxa septal crowding was attributed to adverse ecological circumstances , or injuries [ 2 – 6 ] .
here we provide a detailed analysis of the ontogenetic development of the late jurassic ammonite salinites grossicostatum ( imlay 1939 ) [ 7 ] , combining data on external morphology with internal characters such as septal spacing and angles , suture and siphuncular position and size . our data allow us to differentiate sexual dimorphism and four stages of growth . we discuss the implications of these data for the interpretation of life span , habitat preferences , seasonal environmental changes and migration of mature macroconchs .
map of mexico with inset of northeastern mexico and the jurassic - cretaceous transition at puerto piñones .
salinites grossicostatum specimens described here originate from a shaly limestone of the latest tithonian “ kossmatia - durangites - salinites beds” ( cf . [ 12 ] ) , respectively the uppermost crassicollaria zone [ 8 ] . locality map after [ 13 ] . puerto piñones : n25°02 . 719’ / w101°03 . 396’ .
our collection of salinites grossicostatum consists of 169 specimens ( fig 2 ) preserved three - dimensionally ( cpc - 1214–1242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405–1413 ) . they were collected by wolfgang stinnesbeck between 1986 and 1994 . no permits were required to access the sampling site at puerto piñones . logistic support and export licenses were provided by the facultad de ciencias de la tierra of the universidad autónoma de nuevo león .
specimens were collected from a single layer of the uppermost tithonian la caja formation at puerto piñones . d = diameter .
salinites grossicostatum is well preserved and suturelines are locally visible . the body chamber is completely preserved in most specimens and a long apophysis is present in eight individuals . descriptive terms are those of arkell et al . [ 14 ] , verma & westermann [ 15 ] and wright et al . [ 16 ] , and the ontogenetic description follows neige ( [ 17 ] , and references therein ) . abbreviations for ammonites : d , diameter ; wh , whorl height ; ww , whorl width ; u , umbilical diameter ; u / d , umbilical ratio ; ww / wh , whorl height to width ratio . specimens analyzed here are deposited in the colección de paleontología de coahuila ( cpc - 1214–1242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405–1413 ) of the museo del desierto , carlos abendrop dávila no . 3745 , parque las maravillas , saltillo , coahuila c . p . 25015 , mexico ( urltoken ) .
the latest tithonian [ 8 ] hildoglochiceras grossicostatum was first described by imlay [ 7 ] and was assigned to the genus salinites by cantú - chapa ( [ 18 ] , p . 19 ) .
representing an ontogenetic series from juvenile ( a ) to mature ( i ) .
( a ) cpc - 1405 ; ( b ) cpc - 1406 ; ( c ) cpc - 1407 ; ( d ) cpc - 1408 ; ( e ) cpc - 1409 ; ( f ) cpc - 1410 ; ( g ) cpc - 1411 ; ( h ) cpc - 1412 ; ( i ) cpc - 1413 ; scale bars = 10 mm .
an explicit sexual dimorphism is indicated by differential growth rates and internal growth features as detailed below , indicating that the assemblage consists of roughly equal numbers of micro - and macroconchs . the largest specimens ( d = 53–63 mm ) are here interpreted to represent macroconchs , while no individuals with shell diameters between 45 and 53 mm were found . this bimodal distribution pattern ( fig 2 ) may indicate changing habitat preferences of female adults during sexual maturity .
salinites grossicostatum is endemic to the ancient gulf of mexico , where it is restricted to shallow marine , outer shelf environments at the transition between the continental platform and slope [ 7 ] – [ 8 ] , [ 18 – 24 ] .
the embryonic ammonoid , termed ammonitella [ 25 ] , consists of the protoconch ( initial chamber ) and approximately one spiral whorl initiating at the caecum and terminating at the primary constriction [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] . in salinites grossicostatum , the center of the protoconch ( sensu [ 17 ] ) was used to determine the diameter of protoconch and ammonitella ( fig 4a 2 ) . the mean minimum diameter of the protoconch is 0 . 18 mm and its mean maximum diameter is 0 . 265 mm ( fig 4 ) . this considerable variation ( 68 % ) is due to the subellipsoidal form of the protoconch . the mean diameter of the ammonitella is 0 . 58 mm ( fig 4 ) . the ratio between the diameters of ammonitella and maximum protoconch values averages 2 . 15 .
( a ) cpc - 1217 , with sketch to the right ( a 2 ) to illustrate internal shell structures ; ( b ) cpc - 1214 ; measurements are provided in mm .
apertural heights and their corresponding diameters were measured in four specimens from the protoconch to the shell opening at the end of the last whorl . results are illustrated in fig 5 as a logarithmic ratio between the apertural height and shell diameter . our measurements reveal a small but significant break in growth between the embryonic and post - embryonic stages , coincident with the primary constriction . our data also indicate that allometric growth was higher in the post - embryonic development than in the initial ontogenetic stage considered as embryonic .
apertural height ( ah ) versus shell diameter ( d ) for two micro - and two macroconchs ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) .
note that apertural height is illustrated logarithmically . the regression lines indicate a change in growth at the primary constriction and that allometric growth is higher during post - embryonic stages than before .
the siphuncular diameter was measured in five specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 and 1228 ; fig 6 ) . septa are mostly straight but are slightly incised concavely at the position of the septal neck . the latter is retrochoanitic during the earliest ontogenetic stages ( fig 4a 2 ) and becomes prochoanitic ( fig 6b ) at d≈1 . 8 mm , after approximately 18 septa and in the first half of the second whorl ( in cpc - 1214 ) . the connecting ring is thin and concave . the siphuncle is initially located in a subcentral position but gradually shifts to a ventral position shortly after the primary constriction ( fig 4a 2 ) . the siphuncle resumes its final ventral position at d≈0 . 77 mm . due to recrystallization and partial internal fragmentation , the siphuncle is only partially preserved in cpc - 1214–1217 and 1228 ( fig 6b ) . however , it is well - preserved in the two specimens cpc - 1214 and 1228 , with a minimum siphuncular diameter of 0 . 05 mm at d = 0 . 56 mm ( cpc - 1228 ) . a maximum diameter of 0 . 9 mm was reached at the last septum ( end of the phragmocone ) of macroconch cpc - 1214 at d = 40 . 9 mm ( postembryonic stage ) . the siphuncular diameter gradually increases in size and reveals a uniform first stage up to d≈28 mm ( ah≈10 mm ) . in macroconchs this stage is followed by an abrupt increase in siphuncular diameter . in general , however , the increase of the siphuncular diameter is slower than that of the increase in shell diameter and apertural height , thus indicating a negative allometry .
the upper plot illustrates the ratio between siphuncular diameter [ ds ] versus shell diameter [ d ] ; the lower plot figures the siphuncular diameter versus apertural height at the plane of coiling [ ah ] . to the right , high - resolution scans illustrate the siphuncle ; ( a ) longitudinal median section of cpc - 1228 ; ( b ) transversal section through the plane of coiling in cpc - 1214 . black arrows indicate position of the siphuncle ; scale bars = 2 . 5 mm .
the complete number of septa was analyzed in four adult specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ; fig 7 ) . the number of septa in the four adult individuals reaches a maximum of 97 and shows no major variation ( maximum between 86 and 97 ) , even though the two adult microconchs ( cpc - 1216 and 1217 ) are considerably smaller ( d = 11 mm , cpc - 1217 ; d = 18 . 7 mm , cpc - 1216 ) than the macroconchs ( d = 42 . 8 mm , cpc - 1214 ; d = 37 . 6 , cpc - 1215 ) . the number of septa thus appears to be genetically confined to a maximum of about 100 in both micro - and macroconchs . fig 7 illustrates the correlation between the number of septa and the diameter of s . grossicostatum . the general shape of these graphs is similar in the five individuals analyzed and reveals a uniform first stage of ontogenetic development , up to septum numbers of 25 to 30 . subsequently , however , the growth rates of micro - and macroconchs differ substantially ( fig 7 ) . the end of growth in specimen cpc - 1215 is marked by an inflection .
sexual dimorphism is indicated between septum numbers 25 and 30 by a considerably higher growth increase in macroconchs .
the interseptal angle , which corresponds to interseptal spacing , varies during ontogeny ( fig 8 ) . three general phases are indicated in mature specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) . specific septal “events” are detected here and are indicated , in fig 8 , by dashed lines .
ratio between septal angle versus septal number for four mature specimens and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ) .
specific correlative septal “events” are marked by dashed lines . d = diameter at the last septum .
each trajectory initiates with a stable stage of strong septal angle variations , with widest angles reaching 39 . 4° . this stage ends after 20 to 23 septa and is followed by a stable stage in macroconchs ( cpc - 1214 and 1215 ) , and a relatively unstable stage in microconchs ( cpc - 1216 , 1217 , 1231 ) , with the majority of angles of about 16 . 6° but also including extremely low angles of 5° . this stage ends after approximately 63 septa . the final growth stage ( 64 septa and more ) is characterized by septal crowding with angles ranging between 6° ( cpc - 1215 ) and 18 . 3° ( cpc - 1214 ) , with an average of about 12 . 7° .
suture lines are only fragmentarily visible in three specimens ( fig 9 ) . in the early post - embryonic stage ( d = 8 mm ; fig 9c ) , the largest visible saddle is the third lateral , while the first lateral is smaller . the largest lobe is the second lateral . the ventral lobe is simple and small , higher than wide . the ventral saddle becomes larger and wider towards late ontogenetic stages . at d = 20 . 9 mm , the ventral saddle is subrectangular and furcated , while lateral lobes and saddles are stronger furcated .
( a ) cpc - 1218 ; ( b ) cpc - 1219 ; ( c ) cpc - 1220 .
the ornamentation shows five ontogenetic stages ( fig 3 , fig 10 ; see also [ 7 ] , p . 27 ) . the earliest ontogenetic stages are smooth with the exception of fine growth lines , which are , however , not visible on internal molds . ventrolateral ribs appear at a diameter of 6 . 4 mm ; they gradually increase in strength . a smooth keel is first seen at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm , which agrees with the description of imlay [ 7 ] who noted a keel at diameters of about 10 mm . a spiral groove , situated at about mid - flank , first appears on internal molds at diameters of about 9 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 13 . 1 mm in macroconchs . the keel becomes serrated at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs . the serration gradually increases in strength and finally reaches the ventrolateral plain . an apophysis is first present at diameters of about 19 . 5 mm in microconchs and of about 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs ; it is here interpreted to represent the adult stage , in accordance with previous interpretations of this character ( e . g . [ 26 ] ) .
in macroconchs , the spiral groove , the serration of the keel and the apophysis appear at larger diameters .
the adult stage starts by the first appearance of an apophysis at d≈19 . 5 mm in microconchs and at d≈25 . 3 mm in macroconchs . it is characterized further by a distinct reduction of space between the septa , marking the final stage of their secretion ( fig 8 ) . a similar pattern was previously documented in other ammonite taxa [ 2 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 27 – 29 ] , among other authors . in the most completely preserved macroconchs ( e . g . cpc - 1411–1413 ) a slight decrease in the whorl overlap ratio is present at d > 38 mm and the apophysis is consequently projecting ventrolaterally ( fig 3g , fig 3h , fig 3i ) , thus expressing a change in shell geometry . a crowding of growth lines , an additional characteristic of mature ammonites [ 29 ] , is only visible in macroconch cpc - 1413 ( fig 3i ) at a diameter of 63 mm .
our analysis of the ontogeny of salinites grossicostatum is based on 169 specimens collected from a single limestone layer at puerto piñones , coahuila and assigned to the latest tithonian “ durangites beds” . results are summarized in fig 11 .
sexual dimorphism and four major stages are recognized : embryonic , neanic , juvenile and mature . the diameter indicates the first occurrence of characteristic modifications .
septal spaces during earliest ontogenetic stages agree in all four specimens analyzed here ( micro - and macroconchs ) and are marked by strong variations in septal spacing . septal crowding during similarly early ontogenetic stages in nautiloids , bactritoids and ammonoids were interpreted to be related to hatching ( e . g . [ 6 ] , [ 30 – 33 ] ) .
numerous authors considered ammonite hatchlings to be planktonic ( e . g . [ 40 – 45 ] ) . in that case , the highly variable septal angles observed in early ontogenetic stages of s . grossicostatum could reflect a change of life habit to the juvenile stage ( cf . [ 6 ] ) . during the neanic development and up to about 30 septa , the ratio between the number of the septa and the diameter remains uniform for all specimens analyzed here .
the shell remains unornamented until diameters of about 6 . 4 mm , where ventrolateral ribs first appear . a smooth keel develops at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm . a spiral groove was identified in microconchs at about 9 . 2 mm diameter and in macroconchs at about 13 . 1 mm . serration of the keel is first present at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs .
the abundance of juveniles ( d≈10 mm ) at puerto piñones , but also at sierra de parras and sierra de jimulco originally described by imlay [ 7 ] , may indicate high mortality rates during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum reproduced early , quickly , and in large numbers , to ensure that at least some offspring of the population survive ( r - selection ) . ammonites associated with s . grossicostatum at puerto piñones are mostly represented by single adult individuals .
based on our analysis of septal spacing we propose that seasonal environmental changes are evidenced in salinites grossicostatum . ten low septal angle events with almost constant amplitudes of fluctuation were identified during the ontogenetic development of this ammonite , all separated by eight to nine wide and regularly spaced septa . in nautilus , these fluctuations in septal spacing are related to variations in the overall rate of growth and to the shape of shell and soft body ( [ 39 ] , and references therein ) , even though they are also seen in nautilus kept in captivity [ 64 ] .
six ornamentational stages are differentiated . during early ontogeny , s . grossicostatum is unornamented . this phase is followed by the subsequent appearance of ventrolateral ribs , a smooth keel , a spiral groove , and by the serration of this keel . maturity is reached at approximately 19 . 5 mm diameter in microconchs and 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs , and is marked by the appearance of an apophysis and a reduction of septal spacing . additional mature characteristics are expressed in macroconchs , including smoothening of surface ornamentation , increase in siphuncular diameter , reduced whorl overlap ratio , and the crowding of growth lines on the apophysis .
mortality rates were high during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum was an r - selective species . size distribution and a sudden increase in siphuncular diameter in macroconchs may indicate changing habitat preferences of macroconchs during an interval after reaching sexual maturity and before their end of growth . macroconchs may have left the mating area at puerto piñones to reach shallow water areas for egg deposition .
the authors acknowledge seija beckmann ( institut für geowissenschaften , heidelberg ) for photography . we thank the referees and editor of plos one for their helpful comments that greatly improved the quality of this work .
conceived and designed the experiments : pz ws . performed the experiments : pz . analyzed the data : pz . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ws . wrote the paper : pz ws . collected samples : ws . designed the figures : pz .
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north light ( foaled march 1 , 2001 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , and active sire , bred in ireland but trained in the united kingdom .

he is best known as the winner of the epsom derby in 2004 .

he currently stands at the adena springs stud in aurora , ontario , canada .

north light

a decision has not been reached as to where north light will enter stud .
north light finished in fifth spot and trainer sir michael stoute admitted it just was not his day in paris .
north light coaching is a private equine gestalt coaching practice based in northern virginia and partnered with loudoun therapeutic riding at morven park .
kieren fallon had made it clear he intended to dictate the pace of the race in paris as he guided 9 - 2 favourite north light into the early lead .
a pelvic injury forced the retirement of north light , winner of the 2004 vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) and runner - up in the irish equivalent , the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) .
north light was always in a good position to land the 225th derby , giving trainer sir michael stoute his fourth win in the race and jockey kieren fallon his third to go with his oaks win on ouija board on friday .
but fallon did not have to be as hard as early on north light as he had a year ago on kris kin , who had to be cajoled to hold his place on the rails throughout the first half of the race . fallon claimed that he always had his eyes on this prize with north light . the irishman said : ' this was always one of my favourite horses . when i first rode him at sandown on his debut , i thought :
this could be my derby horse .
he keeps on improving . '
north light , by danehill , retired with three wins and three seconds from seven starts and earnings of $ 1 , 989 , 577 from racing at ages two through four . his dam , sought out ( by rainbow quest ) , was a champion twice in france and once in germany .
“if you have not been to the mill , you really need to . the north light story is fantastic and you really understand what sven , laura and karyn are trying to do . the mill , 1661 animal farm and the island are magical . oh , and the dogs are awesome . ”
his trainer , michael stoute , said :
north light has sustained a stress fracture of the right ilial wing ( in the pelvis ) and will now be retired . he has been a joy to train and we shall long remember his victories in the ( totesport ) dante stakes ( eng - ii ) and epsom derby .
dettori ' s and fallon ' s fortunes were neatly encapsulated in the race after the derby , when fallon on starry lodge just held the not - so - italian , on swift tango , by a head . fallon , as the expression goes , got first run , just as he had on the rest of the field aboard north light .
irish - bred north light was bred by and raced for ballymacoll stud . he ended 2004 by finishing fifth to bago in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe lucien barriere ( fr - i ) and raced once this year , coming home second to new morning in the urltoken brigadier gerard stakes ( eng - iii ) at sandown park may 31 when looking uncomfortable on the fast ground .
shortly after turning into the home straight , fallon asked north light to take the lead and win his race , seemingly confident that his mount would see out the distance . american post briefly looked dangerous , but his stamina gave out as the out - and - out stayers , rule of law and let the lion roar , came from behind to fill the places . fourth home was percussionist , who was in trouble down the hill but kept on well in the straight . the result was a near carbon copy of the dante stakes at york , in which north light beat rule of law half a length with let the lion roar two - and - a - half lengths away in third . this time the distances were a length - and - a - half and a head .
stoute trains north light for the family of the late lord weinstock , who died in 2002 , a few days before fallon forced golan home in front in the king george and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . the weinstock family were out in force to celebrate this success , 25 years after troy , owned in partnership with sir michael sobell , had carried the weinstock colours to win the 200th derby .
percussionist ' s trainer , john gosden , said : ' we had a great run and just got going too late on ground faster than he really wants . ' but he did not sound as though he was ready to have another go at north light , adding : ' i thought the winner had the tactical speed and was the best horse by far . ' that was how it looked from the stands .
north light fibers designs are based on timeless design principles of clean lines , simplicity and geometrics as well as a blend of texture and color . the “less - is - more” approach should be effortless to wear , offer space / comfort and elicit movement reflecting the block island seas and winds . block island is located 12 miles into the atlantic and if you cannot come to the island , please visit our website , join our mailing list and like us on facebook , instagram and ravelry . we hope you enjoy our website and thank you for visiting .
the trainer ' s attention to detail was exemplified by his inspection of the fresh strip of ground against the far rail as the runners were at the start for the hilarious sport relief mascot derby , run before the first race . fallon , drawn next to the rail in the opening vodafone live handicap on lord mayor , looked as though he was following the trainer ' s instructions by sticking to the fence until pulling his mount out to begin a winning challenge with two furlongs to run . it was a ride that bore strong similarities to the one the champion jockey gave kris kin last year . that was to be the blueprint for north light ' s success , too . stoute and fallon , it would appear , feel that an early rails pitch close to the pace is the key to winning the derby . watching reruns of lester piggott ' s nine derby wins shown at epsom yesterday , it was not hard to see where the idea came from .
peter reynolds , manager of ballymacoll stud , remarked :
we are all gutted here in ballymacoll . we bred him , his mother , and his grandmother .
he was such a brave horse at epsom . i feel that possibly that was even the undoing of the horse on that fast ground . he was very unlucky because he hit fast ground again in both the irish derby and the arc , which is unheard of . i suppose sandown was the final straw .
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bago delivered a late burst of pace to steal the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamps and restore his reputation .
the three - year - old ' s credentials had been doubted after defeats at york and longchamp this season but there was no mistaking his ability in the arc .
the jonathan pease - trained horse came from the middle of the pack to close down leader cherry mix .
thierry gillet guided bago through to push cherry mix into second with british raider ouija board third .
it ' s terrific and i ' m so glad he ran ,
british trainer jonathan pease , who has been based in france for nearly 25 years , told bbc sport .
he ' s the best horse i trained . we had slight doubts before the race but they ' re put to rest now .
but the epsom derby winner quickly became wrapped up in a battle with japanese raider tap dance city .
the pair were oblivious to the challenges from the rest of the field and andre fabre ' s charge cherry mix surged into contention .
but bago , the son of nashwan and unbeaten as a juvenile , produced his best when it counted finishing fast to notch up the first arc win for the niarchos racing family .
we were nicely settled in front at one stage but the ground was just too quick for him which concerned us greatly ,
stoute told bbc sport .
he ' s come out of it with great credit and hopefully he ' ll stay on as a four - year - old .
the challenge also failed to materialise from irish derby winner grey swallow , who had gone into the race heavily backed .
i ' m disappointed ,
said trainer dermot weld .
he was bumped and knocked about a bit .
we didn ' t see the real grey swallow - he ran a bit flat .
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frankie dettori , seeking his first derby win at the twelfth attempt , was struggling a long way out on the other 7 - 2 joint favourite snow ridge .
it was snow ridge ' s godolphin stablemate rule of law , who stuggled to stay in touch early in the race , who came through late to finish second . but he was never able to get in a position to challenge the winner , on whom fallon had always been travelling easily behind the pace set by meath .
stoute , greeting a back - to - back winner of the race after kris kin last year , was understandably delighted , saying : ' this is a lovely horse to train . we thought there was a possibility of a muddling race , but we knew he stays and knew he loves the firm , so we were going to be positive . '
with piggott introduced to the jockeys in the parade ring 50 years after his first derby win , it must have been a particularly daunting occasion for kerrin mcevoy , the young australian jockey riding rule of law in his first derby , especially as he ' d had an unhappy run on sundrop in friday ' s oaks . however , mcevoy , who reported that rule of law ' had trouble coming up the hill ' , was rewarded with second place . let the lion roar ' s trainer , john dunlop , will not be afraid to take on the winner in the irish derby in three weeks .
' i think he was unlucky as he got boxed in behind percussionist coming down the hill when that horse was going nowhere , ' he said .
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we invite you to enjoy our yarns , visit block island and tour our micro yarn mill where we produce handcrafted artisanal yarns made 100 % on block island . the natural fibers are handled over 20 times as we take the fiber from shearing and dyeing to carding , spinning and plying to create deep hued and heathery color blends . we also work with women owned and disadvantaged weaving and knitting centers to create beautiful garments and home décor items from our yarn .
“water street is luscious , soft and elegant . the heathery colors are perfect . it is on the top of my list ! ”
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cerithiopsis virginica is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the northwestern atlantic ocean .

it was described by henderson and bartsch , in 1914 .

cerithiopsis virginica

the following term was not found in nucleotide : cerithiopsis virginica [ orgn ] .
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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references : henderson & bartsch ( 1914 ) nsewm ; abbott ( 1974 ) s ? ( of ^ c . greenii ^ )
littoral marine mollusks of chincoteague island , virginia proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2055 ) 411 - 421 , pls . 13 - 14 . [ stated date : 29 oct 1914 . ]
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) is a species of bird in the honeyeater family .

it is named for the scarlet color of the male .

it is found in american samoa , new caledonia , samoa , solomon islands , and vanuatu .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .

it frequents areas with flowers , such as gardens .

this is a small , active bird , measuring about 13 cm ( 5.1 in ) from bill to tail .

males are red and black in coloration , females are grayish-olive , sometimes with a red cap or red head .

its long , curved bill is especially adapted for reaching into flowers for nectar .

cardinal myzomela populations have vanished from the island of guam since the invasion of the brown tree snake .

cardinal myzomela

cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) is a species of bird in the meliphagidae family .
other synonyms catalan : mel·lífer cardenal czech : medácek rudohlavý , medosavka tangarovitá danish : kardinalhonningæder german : kardinalhonigfresser , kardinal - honigfresser english : cardinal honeyeater , cardinal myzomela , cardinal or samoan myzomela , guam cardinal honeyeater spanish : meloncillo cardenal , mielero cardenal estonian : kardinal - meelind finnish : kardinaalimesikko french : myzomèle cardinal , myzomèle cardinal ou m . des samoa , sucrier cardinal hungarian : kardinálismézevő italian : mangiamiele cardinale , mizomela cardinale japanese : mitsusui japanese : ミツスイ latin : certhia cardinalis , myzomela [ cardinalis or nigriventris ] , myzomela cardinalis , myzomela cardinalis cardinalis lithuanian : kardinolinė mizomela , kardinolionė mizomela dutch : kardinaaldwerghoningeter , kardinaal - dwerghoningeter norwegian : kardinalhonningeter polish : miodówka kardynalska russian : кардиналовая мизомела , кардиналовый медосос slovak : medárik červený swedish : kardinalmyzomela chinese : 深红摄蜜鸟 chinese ( traditional ) : 深紅攝蜜鳥
higgins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myzomela cardinalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common throughout its range ( doughty et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
map edited : deleted from manua group ( e american samoa ) . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22703868a118657750 .
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sometimes treated as conspecific with m . chermesina ; formerly treated as conspecific with m . rubratra , but differs in morphology and vocalizations . variation among subspecies sometimes pronounced , and several species may be involved ; small black - breasted lifuensis and strangely outlying nigriventris merit taxonomic study , including vocalizations ; songs of birds in solomons , vanuatu and samoa all appear to vary , and “melodious white - eye - like” dawn song of sanfordi regarded as unique # r . race pulcherrima apparently a recent invader of san cristobal from ugi and / or three sisters in early 20th century , perhaps hybridizing with m . tristrami in the past # r . eight subspecies recognized .
– makira ( san cristobal ) , ugi and three sisters is , in se solomons .
– islands of santa cruz group , including nepani , reef is ( fenualoa , lonlom ) , duff is , nendo , utupua , vanikoro , and torres is ( hiu , loh ) .
mayr , 1937 – tucopia i ( e of vanikoro ) , in santa cruz group .
mayr , 1937 – banks is and n & c vanuatu ( s to éfaté ) .
– s vanuatu ( erromango , tanna , aniwa , futuna , anatom ) .
– samoa ( savaii , upolu and offshore islets of apolima , manono and nu’utele ) and w american samoa ( tutuila ) .
vocal , but not noisy , with variety of short , sharp syllables . usual call a sharp high - pitched “ . . .
primarily forest , but occupies wide range of habitats on all islands on which recorded , occurring . . .
nectar , also pollen , possibly other plant material ; also small arthropods , including insects and spiders ( araneae ) . a small snail ( . . .
in vanuatu season sept to dec / jan , with some evidence of breeding jun ; in samoa thought to breed in all months ( nestlings found in jul and . . .
resident , some local movement in search of blossom or other food sources . locally , may be . . .
not globally threatened . restrictedrange species : present in solomon group eba , in rennell and bellona eba , in vanuatu and temotu eba , in new caledonia eba , and in samoan . . .
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internal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
songs from a bird moving fairly high through dense humid forest on limestone karst .
male singing from about 15 ' away while female and juvenile hung out in the background . some typical calls mixed in as well .
calls of a bird in top strata of secondary forest . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
m . cardinalis chasing m . tristrami , probably cardinalis vocalizing . tape ref . a 47 - 49
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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( torres is . . vanuatu . and santa cruz is . ( e solomons ) )