the hooded chameleon , calumma cucullatum , is a vulnerable species of chameleon endemic to north-east madagascar ; its geological type locality is madagascar .

it can be found in humid forests over an area of 17,432 km ² ( 6,731 sq mi ) between 400 and 720 m ( 1,310 and 2,360 ft ) above mean sea level .

hooded chameleon

full - body shot of an adult hooded chameleon on a branch in masoala national park , madagascar .
ready - to - assemble , aluminum screen cages are perfect for your chameleon .
cuadrado , mariano and loman , jon . 1997 . mating behaviour in a chameleon
loman , jon . 1985 . social organization in a population of the hooded crow . ardea 73 : 61 - 75 .
come see a wide assortment of veiled chameleons , baby veileds , and veiled chameleon morphs for sale .
characterization of microsatellite loci from a south african endemic , the cape dwarf chameleon ( brad . . .
- - calumma , brevicornis , c . brevicornis profile . short - horned chameleon . calumma , cucullata ,
morphology , ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs : is the casque bigger than the bite . . .
with the proper setup and consistent care , your veiled chameleon should do very well . the veiled chameleon is a striking , beautiful and hardy captive , which is excellent for the first time chameleon owner . their relatively simple care requirements , impressive features and odd behavior make them an interesting and conversation starting display for any dedicated enthusiast .
the veiled chameleon ( chamaeleo calyptratus ) , also known as the yemen chameleon , is a relatively large chameleon species originally from saudi arabia and yemen in the middle east . more recently , this species has been introduced and has established small populations in areas such as the island of maui in hawaii . in its natural range , the veiled chameleon lives in coastal mountain slopes , which experience significant rainfall , and some live in slightly more arid “wadis” with year - round water and vegetation .
water mist four times daily or as needed to maintain the recommended humidity level as well as allow the chameleon to drink .
williams ka . behavioral plasticity in hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) : linking behavior , environmental context and reproductive success . doctoral dissertation , ohio university . 2013 . available : urltoken
loman , jon . 1984 . breeding success in relation to parent size and experience in a population of the hooded crow . ornis . scand . 15 : 183 - 187 .
is occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion
i had originally identified this chameleon as calumma malthe . chameleon expert ardith abate of the chameleon information network was kind enough to correct my identification . in her words , calumma cucullata
is distinguished from malthe by the slightly longer occipital lobes , longer head , and the broad , light - colored stripe extending from the corner of the mouth across the occipital lobes and flanks to the tail .
she included a photo of c . malthe from mantadia national park that made these differences clear .
it is important to keep in mind that veiled chameleons do best as primarily display animals . while different veiled chameleons will tolerate handling to different degrees based on their individual personality , veiled chameleons should not be handled like a bearded dragon . they can be carefully held for short periods but tend to get stressed with excess handling . with time you will learn what your veiled chameleon’s personality is like and what your chameleon will tolerate . when you do handle your veiled chameleon , do not restrain it but rather let the chameleon walk on you from hand to hand . you should be aware that veiled chameleons are most comfortable when they are high up so often times when they are being held , they will attempt to walk up your arm and try to go onto your head . for long - term success with all chameleon species , limited handling is recommended .
burning reduced the grinnellian niche space of hooded warblers in our burned study site . male hooded warblers that occupied territories in the burn habitat primarily foraged , sang and displayed . we detected additional males singing or foraging in the burn ; however , these individuals flew to adjacent non - burned habitat so were not included in analyses . one female each year nested in the burn habitat ( the first year in a ravine characterized by l . tulipifera , plantus occidentalis ( sycamore ) and l . benzoin that was unburned ) , but both nests failed because of predation during egg laying ; therefore , the grinnellian niche space for the hooded warbler was absent in the burn two years post burn . we occasionally observed other females in the burn habitat early in the breeding season but not by late may . in other southeastern ohio forests , hooded warbler and ovenbird ( seiurus aurocapilla ) either declined in burned habitat , using only portions of the habitat that were unaffected by burning for nesting , or they abandoned the habitat all together [ 55 ] . although burned forests may provide habitat structure for foraging hooded warblers , there is a diminishment of the grinnellian niche space in these stands due to lack of sufficient nesting substrate .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
we found that the habitat used by female hooded warblers differed in relation to differences in habitat structure . in the harvested habitat , female nest sites were located in habitat space with increased understory complexity , using a subset of the available ( random ) habitat space (
description : the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long . . .
here , we evaluate the habitat space occupied by a population of breeding hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) among structurally different forest habitats . because many forests exhibit variation in disturbance , we chose forest sites with altered structural features in different strata ( e . g . , understory and subcanopy ) to determine the relationship among habitat structure and reproductive success . because adult hooded warblers were observed in all three ( unaltered , harvested and burned ) habitats during the breeding season , we predicted that individual warblers should track components of their grinnellian niche across the habitat gradient .
we captured hooded warblers using mist nets during late april through mid july in 2010 and 2011 . each captured bird was banded with a usgs numbered band and a unique combination of color bands for individual identification in the field . we also individually marked and weighed nestlings when they were between four to six days of age .
veiled chameleons can be sexed from the day they hatch . veiled chameleon males are born with a small nub on their back foot called a tarsal spur that females lack . veiled chameleon males of this species tend to exhibit more colors as well as a larger casque then female veiled chameleons and on average live 6 - 8 years . females of this species typically show less vibrant colors and live on average 4 - 6 years because even when not bred , they will produce infertile clutches of eggs , which take a lot of energy .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
krysko , k . l . , k . m . enge , and f . w . king . 2004 . the veiled chameleon , chamaeleo calyptratus duméril and bibron 1851 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) : a new exotic species in florida . florida scientist 67 : 249 - 253 .
hooded warblers are a neotropical migrant species that inhabit mature deciduous forests across the eastern united states during the breeding season . these forests are typically dominated by quercus spp . ( oak ) , carya spp . ( hickory ) , acer spp . ( maple ) and fagus spp . ( beech ) and have a well - developed understory and shrub layer for nesting [ 24 ] . despite considerable variation in plant species composition across the breeding range , there are similarities in the habitat structure associated with the forested habitats occupied by hooded warblers . these structural similarities include forests with a high tree species diversity in the canopy and subcanopy and high density of stems in the shrub layer compared to more even aged forests with a high coverage of large saplings and understory trees [ 25 ] .
in many species , males and females are known to require sex - specific habitat characteristics [ 26 – 28 ] . for example , when there are differences between sexes in behavior contexts such as foraging [ 29 ] ; males and females may use different cues to select habitat . male hooded warblers that have been captive reared preferentially orient toward vertical structure while captive reared females orient toward oblique structure [ 30 ] . furthermore , male and female hooded warblers use structurally different habitat during the winter [ 26 , 31 ] . during the breeding season , hooded warbler males sing in the midstory and favor territories with greater vertical structure ( e . g . , mature forest with an open midstory ) to enhance territorial defense and their ability to attract mates . in contrast , females use habitats with increased understory structure ( e . g . , complex , oblique structure like in brier thickets ) for nest concealment in the shrub layer and do not exclusively use their social partner’s territory during the breeding season [ 32 ] . although nest concealment was not associated with nest survival [ 33 ] , high understory coverage at the scale of the territory may increase foraging opportunities for the female and fledged young and decrease predation because predators have more substrate to search .
being arboreal , veiled chameleons do not typically encounter standing water such as a water dish . as a result , they typically do not recognize water dishes as a source of water for hydration . they drink water from morning dew and rain as it falls onto leaves . as a result , it is important to mist your veiled chameleon with a spray bottle twice a day for approximately two minutes getting all the leaves and branches wet in the enclosure . your chameleon will lap water up from the leaves . you can also create a drip system to provide water over a prolonged period . by taking a clean plastic water jug and poking a couple small holes in the bottom , water will slowly drip out over a period of time and fall onto leaves in the enclosure below . finally , while waterfalls may seem like a nice addition to an enclosure and like they would help with humidity , chameleons are attracted to moving water sources to defecate . as a result , waterfalls quickly before cesspools filled with bacteria and can be extremely detrimental to your chameleon’s health .
the cape dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion pumilum ) is an endemic south african species that is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat through urbanization and agriculture . to conduct studies that will assist in understanding these anthropogenic effects on gene flow , population structure , and genetic diversity , we developed eight microsatellite loci using an . . . [ show full abstract ]
the evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments . functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations . the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , has two ecomorphs : a large , brightly colored , ornate form found in . . . [ show full abstract ]
veiled chameleons do well in captive environments with consistent care . the first step toward successfully keeping your chameleon happy and healthy is to set up their enclosure . veiled chameleons do best in screen sided enclosures because of the increased airflow . glass tanks , on the other hand , are difficult to find in appropriate sizes and create stagnant air , which can lead to upper respiratory infections . with adult veiled chameleons , the general rule is that bigger is better as far as their enclosure is concerned . an adult male would ideally be housed in a screen enclosure around 2’ x 2’ x 4’ tall , although they can tolerate somewhat smaller enclosures . female would ideally be kept in a screen enclosure around 18” x 18” x 3’ tall . babies and juveniles can be kept in smaller screen enclosures ( 16” x 16” x 30” ) until they are approximately 8 - 10 months old , at which point they will need to be moved into a larger enclosure . if you are purchasing a baby chameleon , it is best to start with a small enclosure and then move up to a larger cage when the chameleon gets older . finally , it is generally best to keep chameleons individually after they reach sexual maturity at around 8 - 10 months old to avoid potential stress and fighting .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
veiled chameleons can change colors when they are excited , stressed , frightened or trying to blend into the environment . their eyes move independently of each other , allowing them to see two things at once . they have long , sticky tongues up to one and a half times their body length . they eat mostly live insects and are most active during the day . they are solitary , so keep only one chameleon per habitat .
can change color to various shades of green and brown . they tend to turn dark brown when stressed or ill . when content , warm , and healthy , they tend to be green . yet this is an not always the case , their color can also be affected by environmental conditions and even food items . because of their color changing abilities they are sometimes called the
american chameleon
, but they are not related to true
veiled chameleons are a large , colorful species , which are easily recognized by the large casque or helmet of males on the top of the head . with males reaching a total length of as much as 2 feet and females reaching a total length of approximately 18 inches , this is one of the larger chameleon species seen in captivity and one of the most beautiful . adults of this species exhibit coloration including different shades of green , orange , yellow , blue , browns and black with a combination of strips and spotted patterns .
. . . nevertheless , chameleon morphology has been shown to correlate with performance in particular habitats . for example , chameleons in closedcanopy habitats , such as forests and woodlands , tend to possess relatively longer tails and larger feet than do chameleons in open - canopy habitats , such as grasslands and heathlands ( hopkins & tolley 2011 ) . this may enable them to grip harder on the broader perches found there ( losos , walton & bennett 1993 ; herrel et al . 2011 herrel et al . , 2013 ) . . . .
a common misconception with chameleons is that they are very difficult animals to keep in captivity . fortunately , captive bred veiled chameleons purchased from a reputable breeder are actually quite hardy when provided with consistent care and a proper enclosure . in the past , it was difficult to obtain chameleons that were not wild caught . these wild caught chameleons are difficult to acclimate to captivity and often did poorly , even for experienced reptile keepers . now that dedicated , reputable chameleon breeders are reliably producing high quality veiled chameleons , this stigma is no longer an issue .
we quantified the habitat space of males ( territory centered habitat characteristics ) and females ( nest site habitat characteristics ) during the breeding season in three structurally different forest habitats within an 80–100 yr old second growth forest . one habitat was undisturbed , a second was subjected to prescribed burns , and a third forest habitat that was subjected to a selective harvest by mechanical thinning . we used this variation to determine whether individuals selected similar features across sites . moreover , we investigated whether there were differences in habitat space use between the sexes . we hypothesize that male and female hooded warblers should exploit different environmental characteristics within a habitat contingent on behavioral contexts ( e . g . , foraging , reproduction ) . we predicted each sex requires a similar habitat space along the foraging axis , but require different habitat characteristics along the territorial defense ( male ) and nesting ( female ) niche axes . we also had specific predictions for each forest habitat based on the type of disturbance . fire results in the near complete elimination of the shrub layer , which reduces the habitat space available for foraging and nest placement . thus , we predicted that males would sing and defend territories in the burned habitat but that reproductive success would be low as a consequence of unfavorable understory structure required for nest placement . overall , we predicted a reduction of the grinnelian niche space in burned habitats . mechanical thinning entails removing a fraction of the basal area of a forest to increase the amount of sunlight that penetrates the canopy and reaches the forest floor . thinned forests have increased growth in the shrub and understory layers which results in a more heterogeneous and structurally complex understory . hooded warblers are associated with canopy gaps [ 34 , 35 ] and often invade selectively logged forests 1–5 years post logging [ 35 – 37 ] . therefore , we predicted that there would be increased reproductive success in the harvested habitat . in addition , we predicted that the habitat space would be larger and the position in habitat space would include more complex understory vegetation in the harvested habitat compared to undisturbed habitat . finally , we determined if reproductive success , as estimated by the number of fledged young per nest , is related to habitat structure . we predicted that hooded warbler nest success would be positively correlated with complex understory vegetation structure .
we established and measured habitat characteristics in 104 habitat plots ( 11 . 3 m radius circle = 0 . 04 ha each ) that portrayed different types of use by hooded warblers following the bbird protocol [ 43 ] . we described the structure and composition of habitat available to warblers by selecting 10 random plots ( “random plot” ) in each forest habitat , 100 m apart ( using a random number generator ) . we also measured vegetation characteristics in habitat plots used by hooded warblers : habitat plots were established in the center of each male ' s territory ( “territory plot” ) and centered on each nest ( “nest plot” ) after breeding was completed . only nine random plots were retained for analysis in the harvested habitat because one territory overlapped with a random plot . the smaller size ( ~ 20 ha ) of the burn site prevented us from establishing more than five random habitat plots that were 100 m apart . we modified the bbird protocol slightly ( change in size class assignment , below ) in our estimation of canopy , shrub , and sapling cover . we recorded trees by species and size class ( 10–23 cm , 23–38 cm , > 38 cm dbh ) in the 11 . 3 m radius vegetation plots . we recorded all shrubs and saplings in a 5 m radius plot ( centered within the 11 . 3 m radius plot ) by species . we recorded the number of vertical stems at 10 cm above the ground by species and assigned to three size classes ( < 3 cm , 3–6 cm , and 6–10 cm ) .
delimiting the habitat characteristics describing the environmental conditions required by a species has become a critical tool for predicting organismal responses to environmental change . grinnell emphasized the effects of environmental factors on the ability of a population to maintain a positive growth rate , yet few studies have included demographic or reproductive data in analyses of the grinnellian niche . identifying differences in habitat exploitation patterns in response to structural variation in the environment presents an incomplete description of the ability of species to adapt to changing habitats if demographic traits are not included . we estimated the vegetation characteristics used by individuals within a population of hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) across a spatial transect that includes three structurally different forest habitats . we predicted individuals should select similar structural characteristics within each habitat and have similar reproductive success across sample sites . in the two years post burn , adults were present but no young fledged indicating the habitat requirements necessary for reproduction were absent in this habitat . we found significant differences in habitat space occupied by individuals in unaltered and harvested habitats . nesting habitats used by female warblers differed from available habitat . fledging success was lower in the harvested habitat 10 to 12 years post - harvest . in the harvested habitat , fledging success was greater on mesic slopes but decreased along a habitat gradient to xeric ridgetops , suggesting compensation in habitat use does not ameliorate fitness costs . in contrast , there was no difference in the number of fledged young along this gradient in the unaltered habitat . based solely on occupancy data , traditional ecological niche models would incorrectly conclude the environmental characteristics found across the three forested habitats are included in the grinnellian niche of the hooded warbler . however , examination of demographic and environmental data simultaneously allows differentiation between occupied habitat space and niche space .
we engaged in an exhaustive search for nests and territorial birds starting in early may through mid - july during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons . we varied the direction and starting location on each visit to ensure that locations within the forest were sampled at different times of day throughout the breeding season . we georeferenced all hooded warbler observations and nest locations . when observed , we identified individuals by their unique color band combinations . male territories were defined by the detection of an individual in a location on at least three survey days spanning a period greater than 10 days apart . we also used behavioral interactions ( e . g . , territorial defense ) with neighboring males following bibby et al . [ 42 ] . we monitored nests every one to three days following the breeding bird research and monitoring database program ( bbird ) protocol [ 43 ] to determine nest fate .
the interior of the enclosure should be furnished with medium sized vines and foliage for the chameleons to hide in . the medium sized vines provide important horizontal perches for the chameleon to rest , bask and travel on . synthetic plants with plastic leaves ( not silk ) can be used in conjunction with common , non - toxic plants to provide ample foliage . commonly used non - toxic plants that can be used include ficus , schefflera , hibiscus and pothos . these live plants not only provide cover but they also help to maintain humidity inside the enclosure . the bottom of the enclosure should not have a substrate as substrates can cause impaction , provide a hiding place for feeders and harbor bacteria and fungus . instead the floor of the enclosure can be kept bare or have a layer of paper towels , which should be changed regularly .
the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads . most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . chameleons’ eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision . chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting . they are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions , various species occurring in africa , madagascar , southern europe , and across southern asia as far as sri lanka . they also have been introduced to hawaii , california , and florida , and often are kept as household pets .
veiled chameleons can be fed a staple diet of crickets . in general , crickets should be as long as your chameleon’s head is wide . baby and juvenile veiled chameleons should be fed once or twice a day and have almost constant access to food . as they get older , you can feed slightly less often with adults being fed every other day . it is important to supplement your crickets with calcium and vitamins ( reptivite ) to help promote proper growth and health . this is especially important for reproductive females and growing babies and juveniles . for babies and juveniles you will need to dust your crickets with calcium two to three times a week and dust with vitamins once every two weeks . as adults , this dusting regiment can be decreased . it also helps to provide your crickets with nutritious food including collard greens , mustard greens , squash , orange and / or commercial cricket diets .
within a population of hooded warblers , we detected differences in the habitat space occupied in relation to habitat characteristics in structurally different forest habitats . we found no difference in the size ( volume ) of habitat space used by males ( territory ) or by females ( nesting ) ; however there were differences among the centroids of habitat space in the three habitats . the centroids of the habitat space used by males and females in the unaltered and harvested habitats compared to the available habitat also suggest differences in the habitat characteristics selected by males and females . the habitat characteristics at nest locations in the harvested habitat were characterized by canopy white oaks with increased complexity in the shrub layer ( increased q . alba and q . rubra saplings and rubus spp . ) . in contrast , habitat characteristics at nests in the unaltered habitat were characterized by complex canopy structure with q . prinus in the canopy and a shrub layer dominated by smilax spp . . we also found that variation in habitat characteristics explained variation in the number of fledged young in the selective harvest but not the unaltered habitat . consistent with our prediction , females in the harvested habitat occupied habitat space that was characterized by increased understory vegetation ; however , the reduced fledging success indicates a potential reduction in niche space in this habitat . the ability to identify differences in habitat use and any corresponding differences in fitness measures can improve our understanding of how structurally different habitats affect demographic parameters within populations .
. . . analyses of limb kinematics in chameleons are restricted to chamaeleo calyptratus , despite the fact that other genera of chameleons exhibit extensive diversity in ecology and morphology ( bickel & losos , 2002 ) . for example , there is considerable variation in species from the southern african genus bradypodion , highlighted by the recent studies of their performance , morphology , and ecology ( butler , 2005 ; resinger , stuart - fox & erasmus , 2006 ; measey , hopkins & tolley , 2009 ; stuart - fox , 2009 ; herrel et al . , 2011 herrel et al . , , 2013b hopkins & tolley , 2011 ; measey et al . , 2011 ; carne & measey , 2013 ; da silva & tolley , 2013 ; da silva et al . , 2014 ) . it has been noted that populations of the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , occupy different types of habitat ( open fynbos habitat or closed canopy woodland habitats ) ( fig . 1 ) and they exhibit corresponding differences in morphology ( measey et al . , 2009 ; hopkins & tolley , 2011 ) , habitat use ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) , and locomotor performance ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
we monitored habitat use and reproductive success of hooded warblers at tar hollow state forest ( 39°33’0”n , 82°76’7”w ) , which is located in southern ohio within the unglaciated allegheny plateau . the primary canopy species include quercus alba ( white oak ) , quercus prinus ( chestnut oak ) , carya spp . ( hickories ) , and quercus rubus and quercus velutina ( red and black oak ; [ 38 ] ) . understory vegetation includes smilax spp . ( greenbrier ) , viburnum acerifolium ( maple - leaf viburnum ) , rubus spp . , lindera benzoin ( spicebush ) and many small - diameter saplings ( i . e . , < 10 cm dbh [ diameter at breast height ] ) . we established study sites ( 20–30 ha ) at three locations within the forest . we selected sites with divergent physical structure that mimicked different stages of disturbance , yet attempted to control for other environmental characteristics ( e . g . , moisture , slope , elevation ) . one site had experienced no logging for the past 80–100 years ( unaltered habitat ) . another site had been thinned from below in 2001 and resulted in an approximately 25 % reduction in basal area ( harvested habitat ) . the selective harvest focused on removing midstory and subcanopy trees [ 39 ] . this manipulation created canopy gaps , but did not change overall canopy height and the density of canopy trees ( > 38 cm dbh ) . the main effect of the disturbance was to alter the understory vegetation density and species composition [ 40 ] . for example , there was an increase in early - successional saplings such as liriodenron tulipifera ( tulip tree ) and sassafrass albidum ( sassafras ) and an increase in rubus spp . the third site ( burned habitat ) had been burned during the winter or early spring prior to leaf - out in 2001 , 2005 , and 2010 . this study site had reduced understory vegetation structure and low shrub cover [ 40 , 41 ] in the years immediately following burning ( e . g . , 2010 , 2011 ) .
an organism ' s phenotype is to some extent influenced by costs and benefits in terms of natural and sexual selection . the intensity of natural selection can in part be driven by habitat structure , which may result in varying levels of crypsis and / or selection on traits related to maximizing performance in that habitat . this may be countered by sexual selection , which can lead to sexual dimorphism in body size and / or the expression of conspicuous ornamentation relating to maximizing reproductive success . the intensity of these forces can also be different between the sexes , resulting in complex patterns of phenotypic variation . with this in mind , we examined morphological variation within the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum . the species inhabits two geographically disjunct habitat types and , in the present study , we demonstrate that chameleons from the two habitats show morphological differences . large , conspicuous individuals inhabit closed vegetation , whereas small , drab individuals inhabit open vegetation . however , when morphological traits are size - adjusted , the open vegetation morph displays many traits that are larger for its body size than the closed vegetation morph , especially for characters related to locomotion ( limbs ) and bite force ( head width ) . sexual dimorphism is also present , although the degree and number of dimorphic characters was very different between the two morphs , with size - adjusted male - biased dimorphism much more pronounced in the closed morph . overall , our findings suggest that natural selection in open habitats limits both body size and conspicuous characters , although sexual selection in closed habitats favours the development of ornamentation related to display . © 2011 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2011 , 102 , 878–888 .
species account : this species is native to the southwestern coastal regions of saudi arabia and western yemen , where it inhabits mountainous coastal regions , inland river valleys , and agricultural lands where there is more moisture . in a 1 - year period , > 100 individuals of all size classes ( including hatchlings representing several clutches ) have been captured at 1 site in ft . myers ( krysko et al . 2004 ) . males reach 61 cm ( 24 in ) total length , but females are only half as large . the male has a small spur on the heel of the hind foot , and the casque on back of the head is taller than that of a female . coloration is highly variable and changes rapidly depending upon environmental conditions and the mood of the individual . males typically have vertical body bands of bright gold , green , and blue mixed with yellow , orange , or black . females are typically light green with a mottled pattern of white to gold spots on the body and light blue on the dorsal crest . in captivity , 30 - 60 ( up to 85 ) eggs are typically laid per clutch , and 3 - 5 clutches may be laid annually . females are sexually mature at ca . 5 - 6 months old , and a female that is receptive to breeding will often develop bright blue spots ( fife 1999 ) . in the presence of males , gravid females change from light green to almost black with bright mustard and turquoise markings . chameleon eggs often go through a diapause , or rest , period , and they typically take 6 - 8 months to hatch ( fife 1999 ) . the vacant lot where the population was first established has been heavily collected , but the population has probably expanded into the adjacent neighborhood .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type species : chamaeleon cucullatus gray 1831 is the type species of the genus calumma gray 1865 .
the genus has been named after the latin transcription of the greek “kalymma” = veil or hood , referring to the large occipital lobes ofthe type species ofthis genus .
andreone f . , randrianirina j . , jenkins p . d . & aprea g . 2000 . species diversity of amphibia , reptilia and lipotyphla ( mammalia ) at ambolokopatrika , a rainforest between the anjanaharibe - sud and marojejy massifs , ne madagascar . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 1587–1622
boulenger , g . a . 1889 . descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 4 : 244 - 248 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here
gehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps – amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2004 . die herpetofauna madagaskars : vielfalt , lebensweise und gefährdung . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 4 - 21 - get paper here
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by capt . owen in africa . zoological miscellany 1 : 7 . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]
lutzmann , n . 2004 . calumma cucullatum ( gray ) . sauria 26 ( 4 ) : 2 - get paper here
lutzmann , n . & lutzmann , h . 2004 . das grammatikalische geschlecht der gattung calumma ( chamaeleonidae ) und die nötigen anpassungen einiger art - und unterartbezeichnungen . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 4 - 5 ( addendum in issue 5 : 13 ) - get paper here
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
raxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . 2006 . six new species of occipital - lobed calumma chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from montane regions of madagascar , with a new description and revision of calumma brevicorne . copeia 2006 ( 4 ) : 711 - 734 - get paper here
schmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . chamäleons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here
walbrol , u . ; walbrol , h . d . 2005 . additional remarks on the nomenclature of the genus calumma gray , 1865 . sauria 27 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35 - get paper here
werning , h . & n . lutzmann 2014 . illegalen wildtierhandel kann man nicht mehr verbieten . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 106 ) : 14 - 22
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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veiled chameleons need two forms of light for approximately 12 hours a day . first , they need access to a light heat source to bask and regulate their body temperature . heat rocks , heat tape , ceramic heat emitters , etc . , do not provide veiled chameleons with a heat source they recognize so it is important to provide them with a basking spot using a heat bulb and an incandescent fixture . next , they need a special fluorescent bulb that provides uvb light waves . uvb , which is usually provided by natural sunlight , is important in calcium metabolism pathways but is filtered out by glass and therefore must be provided by artificial lights to help prevent disorders such as metabolic bone disease ( mbd ) . as tempting as many bulbs that provide both uvb and heat may be , studies have shown that chameleons are able to regulate their body temperature and their uvb exposure independently so it is important to provide heat and uvb separately . both these lights should be placed on the top of the enclosure with the closest perches approximately 6 - 8” below .
veiled chameleons , like other reptiles regulate their own body temperature and it is thus important to provide them with a temperature gradient inside their enclosure . the best ambient temperature during the day for veiled chameleons is room temperature , between 72 and 80 degrees fahrenheit . by placing the basking bulb approximately 6 - 8 inches away from a basking perch inside the enclosure , a basking spot of approximately 85 - 95 degrees fahrenheit is achieved . this arrangement provides the warmest temperatures directly under the heat bulb and cooler temps lower down in the enclosures . additionally , chameleons do well with a night temperature drop so no additional heat source is needed at night as long as your temps stay above the mid to high 40s and the chameleons are able to bask in the morning . if your night temperatures do necessitate a heat source , it is important not to use one that emits light . instead , a ceramic heat emitter should be utilized from a safe distance .


pachypsylla is a genus of psyllids .

each of its four species lay eggs on the leaves of the celtis occidentalis tree .

upon hatching , the young psyllids become encased in a " gall " which the young leaf parts grow in response to the infestation .

species of pachypsylla include pachypsylla celtidisgemma ( hackberry bud gall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidismamma ( hackberry nipplegall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidisvesiculum ( hackberry blistergall psyllid ) and pachypsylla venusta ( petiolegall psyllid ) .

pachypsylla

figure 4 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .
what made you want to look up pachypsylla ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
pachypsylla venusta is a gall - forming psyllid ( insecta : hemiptera ) specializing on hackberry trees , which are widely distributed in the united states .
figure 2 . adult hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .
genome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mu . . . - pubmed - ncbi
genome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mutualistic bacteria with the smallest cellular genome .
figure 3 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , with gall showing individual compartments . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .
figure 7 . hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .
figure 8 . sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .
figure 6 . apical view of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .
figure 5 . dorsal view of tip of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .
biosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids yang , m . - m . & c . mitter . 1993 . the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . united states dept . of agriculture .
the genome of the bacterial symbiont carsonella from pachypsylla venusta has been sequenced and represents one of the most extreme cases of genome reduction ever identified . at only 160 kb in size , this bacterial genome lacks many genes thought to be essential for cellular life , making this system an important model for elucidating the genomic mechanisms of host - symbiont interactions .
yang m - m , mitter c . 1994 . biosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids ( homoptera : psylloidea ) : a preliminary report . in : price pw , mattson wj , baranchikov yn . ( editors ) the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . u . s . d . a . forest service ( north central forest experiment station ) general technical report nc - 174 . st . paul , minnesota . pp . 172 - 185 .
infested hackberry trees do not seem to be harmed by these galls , but their abundance makes hackberry leaves look pretty ugly .
in september and october , people who have hackberry trees , or live in neighborhoods where there are hackberry trees , often notice tiny greyish bugs that congregate on their homes , on window screens , front doors and siding . these insects are attracted to lights at night and , at 1 / 10
long , are tiny enough to pass through ordinary window screen . people describe these bugs as gnats , flies or fleas . the photo above hackberry gall psyllid on the tip of a pencil !
these insects are adult hackberry gall psyllids ( pronounced , sill - ids ) . another name is
hackberry nipple gall maker
. under magnification , they look like miniature cicadas ( what people in nebraska commonly call
locusts
) , which makes perfect sense , because they are in same order ( homoptera ) as cicadas , leafhoppers and aphids .
in the fall , these insects are looking for cracks and crevices to squeeze into so they can hibernate without succumbing to lethal temperatures . normally , they overwinter under the bark of trees , but psyllids don ' t distinguish between
good
and
bad
overwintering locations so they also squeeze into cracks and crevices around windows , doors and siding . those that come inside are likely to die .
hackberry psyllids are not harmful to people or pets and will not attack house plants , stored products or furnishings . they are a temporary nuisance . as temperatures get colder , their activity will decrease and hibernation will set in .
hackberry psyllids are so annoying that people sometimes ask about spraying hackberry trees to control them . during the summer , psyllids are protected inside the gall ( photo right ) from insecticides sprayed on the leaves so foliar treatments won ' t be effective then . unfortunately , by the time psyllids emerge and start to move out of the trees , it is probably too late to achieve effective chemical control by spraying the trees .
a more effective preventative approach would be to treat trees in the spring to kill newly hatched nymphs before the onset of gall formation . but , because egg laying occurs over a period of several weeks beginning when new leaves unfold from the bud , several foliar insecticide applications would be needed . the labor involved makes this approach impractical , especially with large trees .
treating hackberry trees with a systemic insecticide to kill psyllids when they feed would be ideal , but this proactive approach means planning ahead . check out systemic insecticides at your home and garden store . one fairly new systemic product , bayer advanced garden tree & shrub control , contains imidacloprid which provides year - long control . it controls sucking insects , like aphids , psyllids , lacebugs and scale insects . it is even pretty easy to use . after determining the amount needed ( based on the diameter of the tree ) , just mix the liquid insecticide in water and pour around the base of the tree . when using any insecticide product , be sure to read and follow all label directions .
spraying with insecticides is not recommended . people who are really
bugged
by this problem and just have to do something can try hosing down their siding with water . this is likely to drown many of the psyllids , but , as long as temperatures are warm , more may show up the next day . a fine mesh window screen ( 18 mesh ) may be small enough to prevent entry through open windows . for those insects that get inside , sucking them up with a vacuum cleaner is very effective .
again , once the psyllids get indoors they will die in your home - even if you do absolutely nothing .
this article was written by dr . barb ogg , phd , extension educator emeritus and it appeared in the nebline newsletter . the information was updated november 2015 by soni cochran , extension associate .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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but are smaller and with wing pattern usually more diffuse . tuthill notes that the sudden narrowing midway of the ventral valve of the female genital segment is the most reliable way to distinguish the two species
the psyllids of america north of mexico : ( psyllidae : homoptera ) ( subfamilies psyllinae and triozinae ) tuthill , l . d . . 1943 . iowa state college journal of science 17 : 443 - 660 .
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as its name implies , the hackberry petiole gall psyllid forms woody galls on the leaf petioles of its hackberry ( celtis spp . ) hosts . our native florida hackberry , celtis laevigata willd . , is called sugarberry . the petiole gall psyllid is usually not sufficiently abundant to cause serious damage to its host , but gall infested leaves are unsightly during late fall and winter .
figure 1 . petiole gall on sugarberry , celtis laevigata . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .
the petiole gall psyllid is found throughout the range of its four hackberry hosts - from connecticut to idaho , southwest to arizona and southeast throughout florida .
adult petiole gall psyllids are fairly large for psyllids ( 5 . 0 to 6 . 0 mm to tip of folded wings ) and resemble small cicadas . they are dark colored with tawny markings . the dorsum of the thorax is longitudinally striped . the forewings are whitish with black spots . the full - grown nymph has a green head with brown markings and a green thorax with four light reddish - brown longitudinal stripes . the wing pads of nymphs are brown . the abdomen is green with dark brown transverse bands .
last instar nymphs emerge from the galls in spring and molt to the adult stage as new leaves are opening on the host trees . the apex of the abdomen of the last instar nymph is armed with heavily sclerotized teeth which the nymph uses to cut its way out of the woody gall by wagging the tip of the abdomen .
subspherical galls form around the young nymphs . galls are polythalamous ( having several developing individuals in separate compartments ) with each compartment lined with wax . i have found as many as 13 nymphs per gall . nymphs develop throughout the summer and overwinter as last instars . as in the other species of gall - forming hackberry psyllids , many petiole gall psyllid nymphs are parasitized by hymenoptera larvae .
infested leaves die in the fall instead of undergoing abscission and do not fall from the trees . heavily infested trees are recognizable during the winter by the presence of the dead leaves after uninfested leaves have fallen from the tree .
because significant damage to the tree does not result from infestation , control of hackberry petiole gall psyllids is not recommended .
carsonella ruddii , the endosymbiont of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , is remarkable for having the smallest known bacterial genome with only about 160 , 000 base pairs - only about 1 / 3 the size of the next smallest genome which is found in an aphid endosymbiont , buchnera sp . ( nakabachi et al . 2006 ) .
there are three hymenopterous parasitoids listed from the hackberry petiole gall psyllid ( krombein et al . 1979 ) .
two trees in the family celtidaceae are hosts for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid . these are hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . , and sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd .
baumann , p . 2006 . diversity of prokaryote - insect associations within the sternorrhyncha ( psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , mealybugs ) . in bourtzis k , miller ta ( editors ) . insect symbiosis . crc press , boca raton , florida . vol . 2 : pp . 1 - 24 .
johnson wt . 1988 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . 2nd edition . cornell university press . ithaca , new york . pp . 452 - 453 .
krombein kv , hurd jr . pd , smith dr , burks bd . 1979 . catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 1 . symphyta and apocrita ( parasitica ) . smithsonian institution press . washington , d . c . 1198 pp .
nakabachi a , yamashita a , toh h , ishikawa h , dunbar he , moran na , hattori m . 2006 . the 160 - kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont carsonella . science 314 ( issue 5797 ) : 267 .
tuthill ld . 1943 . the psyllids of america north of mexico ( psyllidae : homoptera ) . iowa state college journal of science . pp . 534 - 535 .
photographs : jerry f . butler and harvey l . cromroy , university of florida
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like many closely - related hemipterans such as whiteflies , aphids , and mealybugs , psyllids have a nutritionally imbalanced diet consisting primarily of plant sap . to compensate for the paucity of essential amino acids and other required nutrients in their diets , these insects have evolved ancient and intimate symbiotic relationships with intracellular bacteria that are capable of synthesizing these compounds .
a complete genome from this gall - forming psyllid will also provide a valuable resource for investigating plant - insect interactions and gall - induction .
please cite the following publication when using this dataset : sloan , d . b . , nakabachi , a . , richards , s . , qu , j . , murali , s . c . , gibbs , r . a . , & moran , n . a . ( 2014 ) . parallel histories of horizontal gene transfer facilitated extreme reduction of endosymbiont genomes in sap - feeding insects . molecular biology and evolution , 31 ( 4 ) , 857 - 871 . urltoken
data were generated by the baylor college of medicine ' s i5k pilot project .
sequence generation for assembly . for this project we are generating fairly high coverage in a number of different insert sized libraries . the assembly strategy is based around a seed allpaths assembly ( the broad allpaths assembler ) followed by seed assembly improvement using homegrown tools , atlas - link and atlas - gapfill , which can significantly improve the results . thus we generate sequence data to enable the allpaths assembly . as of nov 2011 this is : - 40x genome coverage in 180bp insert library ( 100bp reads forward and reverse ) ; and 40x 3kb insert data . to enable better scaffolding and local gap filling we additionally generate 500bp , 1kb , 2kb , and 8kb insert sizes at > 20x coverage .
please cite the use of our resources : doi : 10 . 1093 / nar / gku983
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exoglossum maxillingua ( cutlips minnow ) is an olive-green medium-sized minnow ( average 6 inches ) of north america with a distinguishing lower jaw .

isolated from all other minnows by its three-lobed lower jaw with the middle lobe sticking out like a tongue .

the range of this species is from the st. lawrence and lake ontario south into virginia .

it is listed as " threatened " in the canadian province of ontario , but may never have been common there as this is the most northerly of its range .

it is found in running streams and seems to prefer clear , stony pools but not rapids .

the distinctive mouth of the cutlips lets it feed on minuscule shellfish which it scrapes from rocks .

although molluscs appear to be its primary food , it also eats insect larvae and diatoms .

an interesting feeding behavior of this species is " eye-picking " when food is scarce or competition is high .

the cutlips will pluck out the eyes of conspecifics or other species as a supplement to its regular diet .

a nest builder , the cutlips male constructs a nest of stone , some of which are up to 18 inches across .

spawning happens late in spring when the male attempts to crowd females over its nest .

the cutlips is not a popular bait species due to its softened coloration but it takes a hook without much difficulty and is favored in some areas as a choice panfish .

exoglossum maxillingua

van duzer , e . m . 1939 . observations on the breeding habits of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua . copeia ( 2 ) : 65 - 75 .
cosewic assessment and status report on the cutlip minnow exoglossum maxillingua in canada
( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 330 . 72 kb )
cosewic . 2013 . cosewic assessment and status report on the cutlip minnow exoglossum maxillingua in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . x + 35 pp .
crossman , e . j . , and e . holm . 1996 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . canadian field - naturalist 110 : 470 - 477 .
crossman , e . j . and e . holm . 1996 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . can . field - nat . 110 ( 3 ) : 470 - 477 .
crossman , e . j . and e . holm . 1993 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . report to the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa . 35 pp .
haase , r . and b . l . haase . 1975 . feeding ecology of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in the delaware river at bushkill , pennsylvania . proceedings of the pennsylvania academy of sciences 49 : 67 - 72 .
the cutlip minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , is a stout - bodied minnow that reaches a maximum length of 160 mm . it has silvery sides with a greenish purple sheen , and is distinguished from all other members of the family cyprinidae in north america by its unique tri - lobed lower jaw .
sutherland , d . a . 1997 . cossaro candidate v , t , e species evaluation form for cutlips minnow ( exoglossum maxillingua ) . unpublished report prepared by natural heritage information centre for committee on the status of species at risk in ontario ( cossaro ) , ontario ministry of natural resources . 4 pp .
exoglossum maxillingua resembles tonguetied minnow , e . laurae , but can be distinguished by the presence of much larger fleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw , well separated from central bony plate and followed by another fleshy lobe on underside of head , and by absence of barbel near corner of mouth ( ref . 86798 ) .
maurakis , e . g . , w . s . woolcott , and m . h . sabaj . 1991 . reproductive behavior of exoglossum species . bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history 10 : 11 - 16 .
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vous utilisez un navigateur désuet qui n’est plus accepté par ontario . ca . les navigateurs désuets ne disposent pas de caractéristiques sécuritaires permettant d’assurer la sécurité de vos renseignements . en savoir plus sur les navigateurs que nous supportons .
greek , exos = outside + greek , glossa = tongue ( ref . 45335 )
north america : atlantic slope from st . lawrence river drainage in quebec , canada to upper roanoke river in north carolina , usa ( absent in most of new england ; present in connecticut river , vermont based on single record ) ; lake ontario drainage in ontario , canada and new york , usa . also present in upper new river drainage in west virginia and virginia , usa where may be based on introduction .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits rocky pools and runs of creeks and small to medium rivers . usually found in quiet water near boulders . males construct large circular or rectangular nests by piling pebbles carried in the mouth ( ref . 5723 , 86798 ) . feeds on insects and mollusks ( ref . 54729 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00393 - 0 . 01681 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 33 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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the cutlip minnow is a small freshwater fish in the cyprinidea family ( minnows ) . it can reach a length of about 160 mm . it can be distinguished from other fish species by its stout body , its silvery sides with a greenish purple sheen and its tri - lobed lower lip .
in canada , the cutlip minnow is found in the st . lawrence river watershed , from ivy lea , ontario to saint - pascal , quebec . in ontario , the species is now found in only three of the seven waterbodies where it was historically present . the species is more widespread in quebec but , since 2002 , the species has been collected in only 79 of 206 waterbodies where it was historically present . it is difficult to determine if this is the result of a decline in the species , a lack of sampling in more recent times , or a combination thereof .
the cutlip minnow is found primarily in clear rivers and streams with slow currents and channel substrate composed of cobbles , gravel , sand , mud and aquatic vegetation . it is a bottom feeder , consuming a variety of aquatic invertebrates .
during a survey , this fish was captured and then released unharmed back into the water . photo credit : nate tessler
little is known about threats that are specific to the cutlip minnow . the species may be intolerant of persistent turbidity and excessive siltation , both potential consequences of certain agricultural and urban activities . the round goby and the tench , two invasive species known to negatively impact native fishes , may also have adverse effects on the cutlip minnow .
the cutlip minnow was assessed by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) as a species of special concern . public consultations regarding the addition of this population to the list of wildlife species at risk were held from november 17 , 2014 to february 27 , 2015 . the governor - in - council ' s listing recommendation will published in the canada gazette part i ( government of canada newspaper where laws and regulations are published ) and on the species at risk public registry .
the cutlip minnow possesses several characteristics that make it unique . for example , it is the only north american minnow to have a tri - lobed lower lip , and one of the few minnows that demonstrate post - hatching care of fry . it is also known to attack and consume the eyes of other species of fish , which is the source of its common name ,
eye picker .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
barbour , m . t . , j . gerritsen , b . d . snyder , and j . b . stribling . 1999 . tolerance and trophic guilds of selected fish species . appendix c in rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers : periphyton , benthic macroinvertebrates and fish , second edition . epa 841 - b - 99 - 002 . u . s . environmental protection agency ; office of water . washington , dc .
bernatchez , l . and m . giroux . 2000 . les poissons d’eau douce du québec et leur répartition dans l’est du canada . broquet inc . saint - constant , qc . 350 pp .
carlander , k . d . 1969 . handbook of freshwater fishery biology . volume one . life history data on freshwater fishes of the united states and canada , exclusive of the perciformes . iowa state university press . ames , ia . vi + 752 pp .
coad , b . w . with h . waszczuk and i . labignan . 1995 . encyclopedia of canadian fishes . museum of nature and canadian sportfishing productions . ottawa and waterdown , on . viii + 928 pp .
coker , g . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 2001 . morphological and ecological characteristics of canadian freshwater fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2554 : iv + 89p .
cooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania and the northeastern united states . pennsylvania state university press . university park and london . vii + 243 pp .
cosewic . 2017 . canadian wildlife species at risk . october 2017 . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . gatineau , qc . iv + 119 pp .
cudmore , b . and n . e . mandrak . 2011 . the baitfish primer : a guide to identifying and protecting ontario’s baitfishes . fisheries and oceans canada , bait association of ontario , ontario ministry of natural resources and ontario federation of anglers and hunters . 40 pp .
desroches , j - f . and i . picard . 2013 . poissons d’eau douce du québec et des maritimes . éditions michel quintin . waterloo , qc . 471 pp .
ditz , k and m . croft - white . 2013 . ontario ministry of natural resources fish species codes & common names . ichthyology and herpetology , royal ontario museum . may 1994 . reformatted and revised by m . croft - white , 2013 .
goldstein , r . m . and t . p . simon . 1999 . toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes . pages 123 - 202 in t . p . simon [ ed ] . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press . boca raton , fl . xx + 671 pp .
halliwell , d . b . , r . w . langdon , r . a . daniels , j . p . kurtenbach , and r . a . jacobson . 1999 . classification of freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states for use in the development of indices of biological integrity . pages 301 - 337 in t . p . simon [ ed ] . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press . boca raton , fl . xx + 671 pp .
holm , e . , n . mandrak , and m . burridge . 2009 . the rom field guide to freshwater fishes of ontario . royal ontario museum science publication . toronto , on . 462 pp .
hubbs , c . l . and k . f . lagler . 1964 . fishes of the great lakes region . university of michigan press . ann arbor , mi . xv + 213 pp .
hubbs , c . l . , k . f . lagler , and g . r . smith . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region , revised edition . university of michigan press . ann arbor , mi . xvii + 276 pp .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2014 . on - line database . ( urltoken ) , accessed 07 june 2014 .
jenkins , r . e . and n . m . burkhead . 1993 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society . bethesda , md . xxiii + 1079 pp .
lane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . nursery habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2338 : v + 42p .
lane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . adult habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2358 : v + 43p .
lane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . spawning habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2368 : v + 48p .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history publication 1980 - 12 . raleigh , nc . x + 867 pp .
mandrak , n . e . and e . j . crossman . 1992 . a checklist of ontario freshwater fishes annotated with distribution maps . royal ontario museum life sciences miscellaneous publication . toronto , on . v + 176 pp .
natureserve . 2016 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve . arlington , virginia . ( urltoken ) , accessed 11 june 2016 .
ontario ministry of natural resources and forestry ( omnrf ) . 2015 . species at risk in ontario ( saro ) list . ( urltoken ) , updated october 1 , 2015 .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico , second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt . boston , ma . xix + 663 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . 7th edition . american fisheries society , spec . publ . 34 . bethesda , md . 243 pp .
portt , c . b . , g . coker , and c . k . minns . 1999 . riverine habitat characteristics of fishes of the great lakes watershed . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2481 : vi + 62p .
scott , w . b . 1967 . freshwater fishes of eastern canada , second edition . university of toronto press . toronto , on . xii + 137 pp .
scott , w . b . and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . bull . fish . res . board can . 184 . [ 1998 reprint ] galt house publications ltd . oakville , on . xx + 966 pp .
scharpf , c . 2005 . annotated checklist of north american freshwater fishes , including subspecies and undescribed forms . part i : petromyzontidae through cyprinidae . american currents 31 ( 4 ) : 1 - 44 .
smith , c . l . 1985 . the inland fishes of new york state . new york state department of environmental conservation . albany , ny . xi + 522 pp .
stauffer , jr . , j . r . , j . m . boltz and l . r . white . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . reprinted from the proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 . pennsylvania state university . 389 pp .
stauffer , jr . , j . r . , r . w . criswell and d . p . fischer . 2016 . the fishes of pennsylvania . cichlid press . el paso , tx . 556 pp .
werner , r . g . 2004 . freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states : a field guide . syracuse university press . syracuse , ny . xiv + 335 pp .
winterton , g . [ ed ] . 2005 . the comprehensive bait guide for eastern canada , the great lakes region and northeastern united states : identifying , harvesting and culture of baitfishes , crayfishes , frogs and leeches . university of toronto press . toronto , on . iv + 437 pp .
wismer , d . a . and a . e . christie . 1987 . temperature relationships of great lakes fishes : a data compilation . great lakes fish . comm . spec . pub . 87 - 3 . 195 pp .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this small - bodied freshwater fish occurs across a relatively small area in eastern ontario and québec where it has been lost from two watersheds over the last 10 years . much of the current range of this species is subject to threats from widespread habitat degradation and multiple invasive species . designated not at risk in april 1994 . status re - examined and designated special concern in november 2013 .
range includes north american atlantic slope from the st . lawrence river , quebec , to the upper roanoke river , north carolina ( but absent from most of new england ) ; lake ontario drainage , ontario and new york ; and upper new river drainage , west virginia and virginia , where apparently introduced ( page and burr 2011 ) .
total adult population size is unknown but apparently quite large . this species is common ( page and burr 2011 ) .
range - wide , no major threats are known . in canada , threats include habitat degradation , competition with increasing populations of common shiners ( related to habitat changes ) , and use as a bait fish ( crossman and holm 1996 ) .
trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable . apparently declining in ontario , canada ( a very small portion of the global range ) ( crossman and holm 1996 ) .
( 200 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes north american atlantic slope from the st . lawrence river , quebec , to the upper roanoke river , north carolina ( but absent from most of new england ) ; lake ontario drainage , ontario and new york ; and upper new river drainage , west virginia and virginia , where apparently introduced ( page and burr 2011 ) .
upper genesee ( 04130002 ) , lower genesee ( 04130003 ) , irondequoit - ninemile ( 04140101 ) , salmon - sandy ( 04140102 ) , seneca ( 04140201 ) , oneida ( 04140202 ) , black ( 04150101 ) , upper st . lawrence ( 04150301 ) , oswegatchie ( 04150302 ) , grass ( 04150304 ) , raquette ( 04150305 ) , st . regis ( 04150306 ) , english - salmon ( 04150307 )
habitat includes clear creeks and small to medium rivers with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottom relatively free of rooted plants ; usually under or near boulders in quiet pools and runs ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . spawning occurs over upstream slopes of pebble mounds made by males under or near cover in areas with current . eggs become lodged and buried in nest mounds . young emerge from nests about a week after hatching .
eats mostly aquatic insect larvae , snails , fingernail clams ; also vegetation and debris ( cooper 1983 , scott and crossman 1973 , lee et al . 1980 ) . plucks out the eyes of other fishes ( page and burr 1991 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
data on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . in some species , individuals may migrate variable distances between spawning areas and nonspawning habitats . separation distances ( in aquatic kilometers ) for cyprinids are arbitrary but reflect the presumption that movements and appropriate separation distances generally should increase with fish size . hence small , medium , and large cyprinids , respectively , have increasingly large separation distances . separation distance reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than many kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 15 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
aquin , p . 1999 . évaluation de la situation des groupes taxonomiques des poissons du québec . ministère de l ' environnement et de la faune . 9 pages .
legendre , v . et j . f . bergeron . 1977 . liste des poissons d ' eau douce du québec . mlcp , service aménage . expl . faune . rap . dact . 6
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
scott , w . b . , and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . fisheries research board of canada , bulletin 184 . 966 pp .
cooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania and the northeastern united states . pennsylvania state university press , university park . 243 pp .
jenkins , r . e . , and n . m . burkhead . 1994 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society , bethesda , maryland . xxiii + 1079 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
menhinick , e . f . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of north carolina . north carolina wildlife resources commission . 227 pp .
smith , c . l . 1983 . fishes of new york ( maps and printout of a draft section on scarce fishes of new york ) . unpublished draft .
smith , c . l . 1985 . the inland fishes of new york state . new york state department of environmental conservation . albany , new york , xi + 522 pp .
stauffer , j . r . , jr . , j . m . boltz , and l . r . white . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 .
whitworth , w . r . , p . l . berrien , and w . t . keller . 1976 . freshwater fishes of connecticut . bulletin of the connecticut geological and natural history survey 101 . vi + 134 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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inhabits rocky pools and runs of creeks and small to medium rivers . usually found in quiet water near boulders . breeding males build large circular or rectangular nests by piling pebbles carried in the mouth ( ref . 5723 ) . feeds on insects and molluscs ( ref . 54729 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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