hydrocynus is a genus of large characin fish in the family alestidae commonly called " tigerfish , " endemic to the african continent .

the genus name is derived from ancient greek ὕδωρ ( " water " ) + κύων ( " dog " ) .

( in fact , this fish is popularly referred to as poisson chien ( dog fish ) in french-speaking west africa . ) the genus contains five species , all popularly known as " african tigerfish " for their fierce predatory behavior and other characteristics that make them excellent game fish .

hydrocynus are normally piscivorous but h. vittatus is the only freshwater fish proven to prey on birds in flight .

hydrocynus

introduction , acknowledgements & suggested reading general care key to species hydrocynus goliath hydrocynus brevis hydrocynus forskahlii hydrocynus vittatus hydrocynus cf .
stout vatf
hydrocynus cf .
big eye
hydrocynus tanzaniae references
- lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s .
african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) id and care guide 3 . 0 | urltoken
a guide to the care and id of african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) 3 . 0
cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events .
the five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom . . . | download scientific diagram
the spatio - temporal congruence of cladogenic events in hydrocynus with episodes of tectonism in the african rift system .
lewis , d . s . c . ( 1974 ) the food and feeding habits of hydrocynus forskahlii cuvier and hydrocynus brevis gunther in lake kainji , nigeria . j . fish biol . 6 : 349 - 363 pdf
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
maximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . - pubmed - ncbi
dated bayesian tree of the cyt b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
paugy , d . and j . - f . guégan 1989 note à propos de trois espèces d ' hydrocynus ( pisces , characidae ) du bassin du niger suivie de la réhabilitation de l ' espèce hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . v . 22 ( no . 1 ) : 63 - 69 .
bell - cross , g . ( 1966 ) preliminary observations on hydrocynus vittatus in the upper zambezi river system . fish res . bull . zamb . 4 : 21 - 27 pdf
summary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .
completely absent from the hobby . what we thought were tatf were in fact cf .
big eye
, which matches the scale counts for hydrocynus tanzaniae perfectly , but is indisputably from the congo river .
map . the principal drainage systems and localities of key relevance to tigerfish biogeography and associated research . distributional lacunae depicted in yellow denote lakes and rivers where tigerfish do not occur . the distribution of tanzanian tigerfish , hydrocynus tanzaniae is highlighted for the rufiji - ruaha drainage system ( white ) . although hydrocynus are listed as occurring in the rovuma drainage system ( green ) , the identity of these fish , if present , awaits elucidation .
fin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4°c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .
hydrocynus tanzaniae . i ' ve had this pic forever , but i don ' t remember where it came from . this is the only in - tank shot i ' ve ever seen that appears to match a true tanzy .
brewster , b . ( 1986 ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei , characiformes ) . bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 50 ( 3 ) : 163 - 206 . pdf
with the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .
the inaugural publication on tigerfish evolution is published in plos one . an overview of the project ( cotterill and goodier 2009 ) summarizes the described diversity of hydrocynus , and also places the phylogeographic aspects of the research into the context of drainage evolution .
not formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but scale counts perfectly match those of hydrocynus tanzaniae : 43 - 47 lateral line scales and 3 scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . known from the lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s . . cf .
big eyes
are a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .
big eye
. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins .
i ' ve done little to no research on this fish , since it has not been readily available . you can check out various fishing web sites under the african tiger fish or genus name hydrocynus and that should give you a lot of native habitat information .
citation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken
this study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .
brewster , b . 1986 ( 31 july ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei : characiformes ) . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . v . 50 ( no . 3 ) : 163 - 206 .
a definitive key to identify african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) ( version 1 . 1 of this guide ) on the problem of identifying african tiger fish and the mythical black goliath . hydrocynus sp . tiger fish clarification show us you goliath tiger fish show your atf tatf , vatf , lake tanganyika , exporters and why you don ' t know what atf you have big eye atf id definitive proof . . . tatf ! another atf riddle solved . brevis & forskahlii ; same tank , same time . how to id . an interesting article on atf
with other fish . the author can testify to the fearless , bold nature of hydrocynus brevis . he kept a young specimen that was singularly fearless ; this species is easily the boldest and most aggressive species . the author ' s six inch batf would terrorize his foot long gatf .
winemiller , k . o . & kelso - winemiller , l . c . ( 1994 ) comparative ecology of the african pike , hepsetus odoe , and tigerfish , hydrocynus forskahlii , in the zambezi river floodplain . j . fish biol . 45 ( 2 ) : 211 - 225 . pdf
hydrocynus tanzaniae - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; lateral line with 43 - 47 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 12 branched rays ; vertebrae 46 - 47 ; lateral stripes distinct ; confined to eastward flowing rivers of tanzania .
if the tectonism that reconfigured african drainage basins has had only marginal impacts on ancestral populations of tigerfishes , then rifting history will be decoupled from the tempo and mode of hydrocynus evolution . conversely , contingent on spatio - temporal resolution , we can expect phylogeographic records of hydrocynus to preserve fingerprints of paleogeographic history , which would testify to impacts of tectonism across the african plate . if subsequent dispersals are prevented , new drainage divides forged by tectonism can be expected to become foci of biotic disjunction . we should equally expect distinct phylogeographic structuring across dispersal barriers within larger drainage basins , which reflect reduced admixture between neighbouring populations .
with the exception of group e in the sanaga river ( figure 3 ) , all these newly discovered cryptic lineages occur in sympatry with at least one described species of hydrocynus . it is still unclear if these sympatric lineages occupy different ecological niches and / or breeding habitats , given the evidence of their allopatric origin , within ancestral distributional barriers , before subsequent dispersals resulted in the sympatry seen today . this discovery endorses the need for morphological , ecological and behavioural studies of hydrocynus to evaluate the hypotheses as to whether different niches ( habitat selection ) or breeding biology explain the reproductive isolation represented in these lineages of tigerfishes .
a mid - miocene divergence event at 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5–7 . 1 ) ma separates h . goliath from all other hydrocynus species . the cladogenic event that founded h . brevis and the forskahlii complex at 6 . 8 ( ci : 10 . 8–3 . 2 ) ma , in the late miocene and pliocene ) corresponds to isolation of the niger and sanaga basins along the northern congo basin [ 64 ] , when the youngest geologically - dated tectonic events modified the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift . this is the last remaining active part of a longer lived central african rift system that started in the cretaceous during the opening phases of the indian and atlantic oceans [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 65 ] ( figure 6 ) . further sampling of hydrocynus is required to reconstruct its evolutionary history in the nilo - sahelian basins in adequate detail , and further test the neogene paleogeographical model [ 66 ] , [ 67 ] . nevertheless , the cladogenesis that founded nilo - sahelian hydrocynus overlaps with molecular dating of a late miocene divergence in african crocodylus , dated at 8 . 13 ( ci : 5 . 24–12 . 64 ) ma [ 68 ] . corroborating the hydrocynus fossils in the chad basin ( late miocene ∼7 ma ) [ 27 ] , [ 67 ] , these phylogeographic records constitute independent evidence for a late miocene occurrence of tigerfishes north of the congo basin . molecular dating constrains when the latter were isolated from congo hydrocynus by drainage rearrangement across the central african rift zone , associated with the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift ( figures 4 and 6 ) .
our phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .
beyond corroboration of morphological evidence for five species recognised in the current taxonomy of hydrocynus [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , the discovery of five previously unknown lineages ( groups a–e ) , each with independent evolutionary histories initiated in the plio - pleistocene , indicates that significant tigerfish diversity has been overlooked in africa . we argue that these cryptic species await formal taxonomic characterization . in particular , these discoveries highlight the existence of three distinct lineages in the congo basin , sympatric with h . goliath and h . vittatus . the discoveries of cryptic diversity in hydrocynus raise poignant questions about the future management of fisheries as well as the existence of other undiscovered biodiversity in african drainage systems .
…freshwaters , tigerfishes of the genus hydrocynus ( sometimes hydrocyon ) are admired game fishes of the characin family , characidae ( order cypriniformes ) . they are marked , depending on the species , with one or several dark , lengthwise stripes and are swift , voracious , salmon - shaped carnivores with daggerlike teeth that protrude when the mouth is closed . there…
besides representative geographical coverage , the cyt b genotypes obtained in this study ( table s1 ) include topotypical representatives of all five recognized hydrocynus species ( figure 2 ) : from the nile river ( h . forskahlii ) , khartoum , nile ( h . brevis ) , main congo river ( h . goliath ) , ruvu and rufiji rivers ( h . tanzaniae ) , and okavango delta ( h . vittatus ) [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] ( figure 2 ) . recovery of congruent evolutionary relationships with multiple phylogenetic methods lends confidence in the phylogeny obtained for hydrocynus , with strong nodal support ( bootstrap , gsi and posterior probability ) . the sampling representation in this study not only underscores the taxonomic representativeness of our genetic results but lays to rest any residual controversy pertaining to brewster ' s [ 56 ] treatment of h . vittatus as a synonym of h . forskahlii . beyond endorsing the previous refutation of this synonymy on morphological grounds [ 55 ] , genetic evidence reveals that the marked phylogenetic divergence between h . forskahlii and the vittatus complex ( including h . vittatus ) represents a relatively deep ( miocene ) cladogenic event in the evolution of hydrocynus ( table 2 , figures 2 and 3 ) . clearly , the mtdna phylogeny produced in this study significantly improves our knowledge of the diversity of the genus and evolutionary relationships among its species . moreover , the spatio - temporal complexity in hydrocynus relationships , revealed in molecular dating of divergence events , focuses questions awaiting biogeographical explanation .
a combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .
hydrocynus goliath - usuallly with 12 - 14 teeth in the upper jaw . gill rakers very short , less than one - third the length of the filaments ; lateral line with 53 - 58 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 14 branched rays ; vertebrae 52 - 54 ; lateral stripes not distinctive ; found in the congo river .
only posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .
opefe was recently sent 5 preserved african tiger fish juveniles . on march 22 , 2000 opefe secured 2 live specimens of hydrocynus vittatus . most of these were sent to oregon state university where dr . douglas markle will be using them for his neo - tropical division students . the fish measured about 5 - 6 inches each and all were positively identified by dr . markle ' s student as h . vittatus .
hydrocynus somonorum - h . somonorum was described by daget in 1954 on h . brevis material . it was described as being a separate species based on morphological variation within h . brevis . this species was rejected as invalid in that the supposed differences fell well within the described perimeters for h . brevis . as such , h . somonorum is a junior synonym of h . brevis , which remains valid .
hydrocynus brevis - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width broad , approximately 7 . 7 percent of the standard length ( range 6 . 9 - 8 . 9 percent ) ; body deep ; lateral line with 47 - 55 pored scales ; vertebrae 49 - 51 ; lateral stripes conspicuous ; found from the nilo - sudan region to the west coast of northern africa .
viewed at a continental scale , the phylogeography of hydrocynus reveals that the diversity and distribution of extant species reflects a complex history in which incidents of vicariance caused principal cladogenic events , but dispersal events expanded distributions of particular species to result in sympatry . the interplay of these processes is exemplified in the congo basin , where vicariants ( pertinently group c ) appear to have seeded the congo basin from the south , after their evolution in geographically isolated drainage basins , formerly centred on plio - pleistocene lakes in the bangweulu , mweru and upper zambezi basins [ 12 ] . as advocated by the chrono - biogeographic strategy [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , our analyses reveal two modes of speciation in hydrocynus . allopatry can be caused by either dichopatric speciation , where a widely distributed ancestral species became isolated across a new geographical barrier , or peripatric speciation , where founders disperse across an across an existing barrier with subsequent divergence . this dichotomy in mode of diversification reflects a critical difference in how biodiversity dynamics have interfaced with paleo - environmental dynamics [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . moreover , relatively recent range expansions of dichopatric lineages explain the sympatry of hydrocynus in the congo basin , into which group c and h . vittatus have dispersed from the luapula ( lake mweru ) and upper zambezi , respectively .
this map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .
hydrocynus forskahlii - gill rakers long , approximately equal in length to gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width ( widthe of head just below eyes ) approximately 6 . 1 percent ( range 5 . 1 to 7 . 5 percent ) of the standard length ; body not deep ; lateral line with 46 - 53 pored scales ; vertebrae 45 - 51 ; lateral stripes prominent ; found in the nile , sanaga and omo rivers and western cameroon .
here we use analyses of genetic variation and molecular dating methods to test for geomorphic control by paleo - drainage dynamics of the evolution of hydrocynus . a chrono - biogeographical approach [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] structures this paper , employing phylogeographic analyses in a cross - disciplinary , geobiological framework [ 12 ] . quantified patterns of spatio - temporal genetic variation enable tests for relative roles of vicariance and / or dispersal in shaping tigerfish diversity . a biochronological reconstruction of diversification in hydrocynus frames analyses of the demographic structuring of genetic variation in a phylogeny informed by mtdna sequence data . molecular dating of principal nodes in the phylogeny provides critical constraints to test the relative fidelity of biotic events against tectonic events . besides orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( bootstrapping and bayesian posterior probabilities ) in phylogenetic reconstruction , we employ statistical tests of genetic admixture and genetic variation among tigerfish lineages to evaluate influences of drainage rearrangements , and thus tectonism .
in order to estimate the ages of the lineage divergences of hydrocynus , a relaxed phylogenetics method was implemented in beast 1 . 4 . 8 [ 41 ] . this method employs a relaxed molecular clock that co - estimates the tree and dates of divergence of the lineages , given the stipulated model of nucleotide substation ( gtr ) . an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock prior with a species birth - death tree prior was used to estimate the timing of divergences between lineages [ 97 ] . short runs of 100 000 generations were performed to optimise the operators , which allows the algorithm to sample the target distribution faster and more efficiently , using the suggestions of the previous run in the following run until no more suggestions were made . a long run of 50 000 000 generations was then performed , logging parameters every 1 000 generations . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings . burnin was set to the first 5 000 logged trees . the minimum age of appearance of hydrocynus at approximately 12 ma [ 22 ] , [ 26 ] was used as a calibration point of the root of the tree with a lognormal distribution . as there is no hydrocynus specific cyt b evolutionary rate , a generalised teleost cyt b substitution rate of 0 . 76–2 . 2 % per million years was used as a uniform prior [ 98 ] . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings .
hydrocynus vittatus is a demersal , potamodromous species . it prefers warm , well - oxygenated water , mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest form roving schools of like - sized fish ; aptly described as fierce and voracious . hydrocynus vittatus feeds on whatever prey is most abundant but brycinus , micralestes , barbus , and limnothrissa are favoured ( skelton 1993 ) . it is a useful food fish in some areas ( eccles 1992 ) . breeding takes pace on a very few days each year , when the first good rains have swollen rivers and streams , usually in december and january at which time it undertakes a spawning migration up rivers and into small streams ( jackson 1961 ) . the females spawn a great number of eggs in very shallow water , among the stems of grasses and other submerged and partly submerged vegetation and here the young live until the falling of the flood water forces them out of this refuge ( jackson 1961 ) .
figure 1 . the five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0028775 . g001
beast [ 41 ] , mr bayes [ 42 ] and paup [ 43 ] all produced trees with consistent major branching orders that exhibit a strong topological congruence ( figures s1 , s2 and s3 , respectively ) . the dated phylogeny ( figure 4 ) exhibits equally close congruence , and illustrates divergence dates in millions of years ( ma ) with confidence intervals ( ci ) ( tables 2 and 3 ) . a total of ten unique evolutionary mtdna lineages were recovered with high support ( bootstrap and posterior probability ) . beyond recovering lineages that correspond to the five species recognised by morphological characters [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] these data reveal the existence of previously unrecognized diversity within hydrocynus , with the ranges of three of these lineages confined within the extant congo drainage basin ( table 4 , figures 2 , 3 and 4 ) . until such time that this taxonomic complexity of hydrocynus is formally characterized , these previously unrecognized lineages are distinguished as follows ( table 4 ) :
this map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .
hydrocynus vittiger - h . vittiger was originally described by boulenger as h . vittatus , but had to rename it due to the existence of h . vittatus that we are familiar with in the hobby today , which was already described and named by castelnau in 1861 . as such , boulenger renamed what he believed to be his new taxa h . vittiger in 1907 . h . vittiger was examined by brewster in 1986 and found to be morphologically identical to h . goliath , which makes h . vittiger a junior synonym and confirms h . goliath as valid .
micralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .
this species has a wider distribution area than other hydrocynus species since it occurs in both , the savannah as well as the forested areas . it ranges from senegal to ethiopia , and egypt to uganda and kenya . central africa : hydrocynus forskahlii is known from the lower and central congo river basin and from pool malebo ( stanley pool ) . the records from lake mweru are possibly hydrocinus vittatus . eastern africa : it is present in lake albert , the albert and murchison niles , and lake turkana northern africa : this species is found along the river nile , and lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . the population used to increase during flood season before the construction of aswan dam . northeast africa : it is known from the ghazal and jebel systems in sudan , tekeze and setit in eritrea , and the rift lakes , and baro and omo rivers , ethiopia western africa : in west africa it is found in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ogun , ouémé , mono , volta , comoé , bandama , sassandra , nipoué ( cess ) , st . paul , mano , little scarcies , gambia , and senegal .
the estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5–7 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .
as judged by scattered sampling locations , several thousand kilometres apart , several populations of hydrocynus share haplotypes across vast distances in the congo basin ( table s1 , figure 2 ) . this indicates that these populations ( representing h . goliath and h . vittatus , respectively ) were connected and / or underwent major dispersals in the recent geological past . this is somewhat surprising due to the large size of the basin and physical barriers proposed to restrict fish dispersal ( e . g . kisangani falls and portes d ' enfer on the lualaba river ) [ 17 ] , [ 60 ] . nevertheless , it is interesting how knickpoints in the luvua river [ flügel et al . unpublished data ] can be invoked to have prevented upstream dispersal of h . goliath and h . vittatus into lake mweru , yet group c appears to have dispersed downstream through the luvua ( as represented by its occurrence across the congo basin , figures 2 and 3 ) . at least in the case of hydrocynus group d , the demonstration of shared haplotypes across the zambian congo drainage system corroborates bell - cross ' s [ 6 ] hypothesis that waterfalls on the luapula river ( linking the formerly isolated lakes bangweulu and mweru ) no longer restrict fish dispersal entirely ( figure 3 ) .
hydrocynus forskahlii is a pelagic , potamodromous species that forms shoals . it is an open water predator often found near the water surface ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) and feeds on fishes , preferring long bodied fish as they are easier to swallow and also takes insects , shrimps , grass and snails ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . this species is cannibalistic . it is preyed upon by fish eagle haliaeetus vocifer ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . breeding migrations have been reported up several tributaries of lake kariba during the rains ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . spawning takes place most of the year .
the pliocene cladogenic event at 3 . 9 ( ci : 6 . 9–1 . 6 ) ma isolated group a in the congo basin from the clade today represented by h . tanzaniae and the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system ( figure 6 ) , presently geologically - dated to have started between 4–12 ma , with an apparent focus around 5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] . this event in hydrocynus is interpreted as vicariance of a formerly contiguous drainage system that linked the eastern congo basin to the tanzanian plateau . association of this event in hydrocynus , with initiation of the rifting that formed lake tanganyika overlaps with estimated timings for three lacustrine radiations : in synodontis catfish in the late miocene at 5 . 5 ( ci 7 . 3–4 . 0 ) ma [ 71 ] , mastacembelus eels at 7–8 ( ci 10 . 6–5 . 5 ) ma [ 72 ] and platythelphusid crabs conservatively dated at 3 . 3–2 . 5 ma in the late pliocene [ 73 ] . the disruption of the former east - west drainage system , archived as a cladogenic event in these extant hydrocynus , therefore slightly postdates the geologically - dated tectonic uplift in this region of the east african rift . nevertheless , despite significant uncertainty in geological dates , together with the wide error on molecular dates , there is a remarkable agreement between the geological - and biological - clocks to support strong linkages between the tectonic and cladogenic events . initiation of this rifting that formed lake tanganyika has recently been reappraised to ∼5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] , and it constitutes the plausible mechanism that disrupted a former east - west drainage system to isolate the tanzanian plateau from the eastern congo basin . the lukuga and malagarasi rivers are possibly extant vestiges of the former contiguous river ( figure 3 ) .
hydrocynus goliath is the largest species of atf and the one that most people go searching for when they first try to get one . these things have attained huge popularity thanks to their inclusion in an episode of river monsters with jeremy wade . these are probably the most sought after species , and as such are the most misidentified species . this is because the shippers in africa know that goliath fetches the highest prices and often willfully mislabel their fish as goliath when they know full well the fish aren ' t actually gatf . distributors will then sell the fish as whatever their distributor tells them it is , which invariably confuses the customers . there are three apparent varieties of hydrocynus goliath in the hobby . a faster growing population that is thicker bodied with a longer , flatter dead ; a slower growing variety that is thinner bodied , more torpedo shaped with a more conical head ; and a rumored black variety . there are credible reports of all black gatf existing , but are exceedingly rare . based on my conversations with douglas dann in 2013 , it appears as though the greatest preponderance of black gatf came from what he called the black river in the war torn region between the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo . the increasing political unrest is why he left the country , and could explain the lack of black specimens in the hobby .
phylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .
hydrocynus vittatus is known from most of sub - saharan africa from senegal to ethiopia , and south to south africa . central africa : hydrocynus vittatus is found throughout the congo river basin . in lower guinea , it is found in the cross and sanaga basins . eastern africa : this species is known from lake tanganyika and major affluent rivers , including malagarasi river , as well as lake albert and murchison nile , lake turkana ( seegers et al . 2003 ) and lake rukwa . it is also present in the lower shire river , rufigi and ruaha rivers . according to hopson and hopson ( 1982 ) in the turkana basin this species is principally riverine and ecological changes in the lake level have tended to inhibit incursions of h . vittatus into the lake . however , an erroneous identification by worthington and ricardo ( 1936 ) for h . forskahlii is also possible . in the latter case h . vittatus most likely does not occur in kenya ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : it is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white and blue niles , and nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . southern africa : it occurs in the zambezi and okavango ( but not the kafue or lake malawi ) , south to the save , limpopo and phongolo systems ( skelton 2001 ) . it has also been found in lake kariba ( losse 1998 ) . western africa : in west africa , this species occurs in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ouémé , and senegal .
this map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( günther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone , , southern equatorial divide and east african rift system ( ears ) , respectively .
hydrocynus ( or fish dogs , or fish tigers ) are known strict ichthyophagous for their promptness and their voracity . all the fish belonging to this kind appreciably look the same and only an attentive examination makes it possible to differentiate them . they have a torpedo form , which they use to their advantage of nourishing itself , since they continuously chase their prey . the fish are generally silver plated and brilliant . the scales are marked with a dark spot , thus forming especially visible parallel stripes above the side line . according to certain species ' , these lines are more or less dark . the dorsal fin is inserted into the same level as the ventral fins or a little ahead . the mouth is armed with only one series of teeth , very developed and sharp , on each jaw . the eye is almost entirely covered with a fat eyelid .
hydrocynus forskahlii is very unique among the african tiger fishes in that it is probably the only one that is actually suitable to be kept in an aquarium , which is a very good thing as they are one of the most readily available species as well . they are truly a dwarf species , at least when compared to the monsters that the other four species can become . these fish can be kept for life in a tank that is as small as a 180 , though they ' d probably be happier with the extra room to swim in a 240 . forskahlii are also a very attractive and colorful species , generally having the same color patterns as a vittatus . these fish also tend to have fairly dramatic teeth for their size . there is a fair amount of variation in the morphology of forskahlii as there are two distinct genetic populations awaiting scientific description .
mismatch distributions [ 100 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 102 ] , the distributions of the observed number of differences between pairs of haplotypes , were used to quantify historical changes in population size in the hydrocynus lineages . a unimodal ( ‘smooth’ ) distribution indicates recent population growth compared to a multimodal ( ‘ragged’ ) distribution which indicates demographic stability . here harpending ' s ‘raggedness’ index ( r ) [ 101 ] quantifies the “smoothness” of the distribution . mismatch distributions were only calculated for lineages that showed a significantly negative tajima ' s d [ 50 ] and / or fu ' s fs [ 51 ] . tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were only performed on sample groups with four or more individuals . the amova , tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were carried out in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 46 ] with 10 000 bootstrap replications conducted for each analysis .
this map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( günther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] and east african rift system ( ears ) [ 17 ] , respectively .
the gatf is the largest species of hydrocynus . it has the least distinctive stripes of the genus . it has between 53 and 58 pored scales on the lateral line . the anal fin has 3 soft , unbranched rays and usually 12 branched rays . the dorsal profile of the head is straight . the depth of the body in adults is 19 . 4 to 32 . 7 percent of the length , with an average of 23 percent . the length of the head is 19 . 2 to 23 . 1 percent of the total length . the teeth can have between 12 - 20 in the upper jaw and 8 - 14 in the lower jaw . this wide variation is due to their having several small teeth that may or may not protrude through the gums near the back of the mouth . these fish are silvery in color with a red tail that most often only has color on the lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals .
except for hydrocynus goliath , batf has the least developed striping of all members of the genus . 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . batf have a lateral line scale count of 47 - 55 pored scales . anal fin ray count 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 13 branched rays . batf on average has the deepest body to length ratio with an average of 24 . 4 percent and a range of 19 . 1 to 29 . 6 percent of the total length . batf have 10 to 12 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 13 in the lower jaw . batf have a golden or dusky base color with tan or grey paired fins . the adipose fin is often very large in relation to the other atf species . their caudal fin has a base of dark gray with a very dark red lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals .
in this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .
fatf have pronounced stripes . they have two scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion , as opposed to 3 - 4 for a brevis . they have a lateral line scale count of 46 - 53 scales . their anal fin ray count is 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 14 branched rays . body depth averages 22 . 6 percent of the length with a range of 17 . 2 to 27 . 8 percent . fatf is normally the most slender member of hydrocynus , but girthy specimens are possible . the head averages 19 . 8 percent of the body length with a range of 15 . 3 to 25 . 3 percent . fatf has 9 to 14 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 12 in the lower jaw . this fish often has a very short , upturned jaw . fatf are bright , silvery white in color , similar in appearance to vatf , but with a grayish caudal fin that has red , orange or yellow only on the bottom lobe of the caudal fin . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . fatf will often overlap h . brevis in range .
not formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but with 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion and often fewer lateral line scales than h . vittatus s . s . possibly corresponds to genetic lineage b , c or d from goodier , s . , cotterill , f . , o ' ryan , c . , skelton , p . , de wit , m . ( 2011 ) . known from the congo watershed , exact location unclear . vatf are a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .
stout vatf
. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins .
a measure of genealogical sorting is important to assess differentiation of genetic variation between and within species . the genealogical sorting index ( gsi ) [ 47 ] quantifies the degree of exclusive ancestry of groups of individuals on a rooted phylogenetic tree . this statistic was used to quantify the common ancestry of cyt b sequences of hydrocynus in an interspecific context . a gsi value of 1 represents a monophyletic group , while a group of completely mixed genealogical ancestry will have a gsi value of 0 . beyond qualitative assessments of lineage history and orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( including bootstrapping ) in phylogenetic reconstruction [ 47 ] , gsi is an informative statistic because it enables explicit testing of roles of hypothesized paleo - environmental controls ( in this study drainage rearrangements and tectonism ) , by determining the levels of differentiation among lineages ; and since individuals can be assigned to groups on criteria of sampling locality , gsi enables structured tests of candidate determinants of the history of different populations . the null hypothesis will expect genealogical admixture across lineages that manifest in low gsi statistics , so correctly rejecting inappropriate candidates as biogeographical determinants . all analyses were run on the gsi website [ 99 ] . the groups in the assignment file for the cyt b gsi analysis were set according to species and evolutionary lineage and , in order to test for structuring by drainage system , h . vittatus samples were grouped based on the drainage system within which they were sampled . a newick version of the beast tree was used in the analysis . the number of bootstrap replications conducted was 10 000 .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
your igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .
the international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .
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researchers have had the pleasure to examine a rare occurrence in the animal kingdom , with footage of an african tigerfish leaping from the water to snatch a bird in flight .
according to time , the footage is the first to capture this phenomenon , which has been known to happen since the 1940s . the fish has been known to catch birds as they are stationary or moving slowly , but in the video , the tigerfish snatches a swallow , known to be quick and agile in the air .
watch the video below , but pay close attention , the tigerfish strikes extremely quickly .
the whole action of jumping and catching the swallow in flight happens so incredibly quickly that after we first saw it , it took all of us a while to really fully comprehend what we had just seen ,
nico smit , director of the unit for environmental sciences and management at north - west university in south africa , told nature .
the first reaction was one of pure joy , because we realized that we were spectators to something really incredible and unique .
the authors of a study published in the journal of fish biology said this is the first video evidence of a freshwater fish preying on a bird in flight . unconvinced of the rumored capabilities of these tigerfish , smit and his team took to a south african lake in the mapungubwe national park to examine their migration habitat .
the researchers said they saw as many as 20 successful mid - air strikes per day .
the african tigerfish is one of the most amazing freshwater species in the world ,
said smit , a study co - author , told bbc news .
it is a striking fish with beautiful markings on the body , bright red fins and vicious teeth .


fusinus wallacei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus wallacei

species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
species fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999
species fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) †
species fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
species fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )
species fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )
species fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]
species fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
species fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) †
species fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2006 . five new species of fusinus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from western pacific and arafura sea . novapex 7 ( 4 ) : 91 - 102 . [ details ]
iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 † ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276–324 . [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . quatrième livraison . paris , the author and société d ' éditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]
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