farfantepenaeus is a genus of prawns in the family penaeidae .

its eight species were formerly included in the genus penaeus .

it was first published as a genus name in 1972 by rudolf n. burukovsky , but without the necessary designation of a type species .

that situation was corrected by the same author in 1997 .

the name farfantepenaeus commemorates the cuban carcinologist isabel pérez farfante .

farfantepenaeus

penaeus ( farfantepenaeus ) brasiliensis latreille , 1817 . nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 : 156 .
cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of
farfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view
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jeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of
farfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view
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the brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical . . .
species discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages
burukovsky , r . n . ( 1997 ) . selection of a type species for farfantepenaeus burukovsky ( crustacea : decapoda : penaeidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 110 : 154 . [ details ]
species discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic
the brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical and temperate zones is being addressed due to its ability to grow at low temperatures .
penaeus ( melicertus ) aztecus aztecus perez - farfante , 1969 . before 1939 this species was not distinguished from the other east american species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus , all of which were then indicated as penaeus brasiliensis . in 1967 two subspecies of p . aztecus were recognized , which at present are considered good species : p . aztecus and p . subtilis .
james g . ditty , jaime r . alvarado bremer ; species discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages , journal of crustacean biology , volume 31 , issue 1 , 1 january 2011 , pages 126–137 , urltoken
penaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum perez - farfante , 1969until 1939 this species was not distinguished from penaeus brasiliensis and the latter name was then used to indicate all western atlantic species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus . in 1967 pérez - farfante recognized two subspecies of penaeus duorarum : p . d . duorarum and p . d . notialis . the latter is now treated as a distinct species .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pérez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
distribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to . . .
distribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to northern yucatan . [ details ]
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
williams , a . b . ( 1984 ) . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
distribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula .
distribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula . [ details ]
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body shrimp - like ; carapace smooth ; color brown with some orange or yellow ; no lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment ; 1st abdominal segment overlaps the 2nd segment ; rostrum with 8 - 9 teeth above , 2 teeth below ; groove an both sides of rostrum extending almost to posterior edge of carapace ; dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment broad and well defined ; brown pigment on uropods ( tail fans ) more concentrated on ends ; 1st 3 pair of walking legs chelate ( with claws ) .
similar to pink shrimp but pink shrimp have a lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment and their dorsolateral groove is so narrow that a fingernail cannot fit into it . brown shrimp differ from white shrimp by having dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment and the dorsolateral grooves on the carapace extend nearly to posterior margin of carapace .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
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penaeus duorarum var . cameronensis rossignol & repelin , 1962 ( unavailable name ) .
penaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum notialis perez - farfante , 1969until 1967 this species was not distinguished from p . duorarum ; in 1967 it was first considered a subspecies of penaeus duorarum , later the two were found to be distinct species .
en - southern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du sud , sp - camarón rosado sureño .
penaeus duorarum notialis pérez - farfante , 1967 , proc . biol . soc . wash . , 80 : 94 .
eastern atlantic : west african coast from mauritania to angola . western atlantic : greater antilles from cuba to the virgin islands ; atlantic coast of middle and south america from s . mexico ( quintana roo ) to brazil ( s . to rio de janeiro ) .
depth 3 to 100 m , rarely as deep as 700 m , usually between 3 and 50 m . bottom mud or sandy mud , and sandy patches among rocks . marine ; juveniles estuarine .
maximum total length 175 mm ( male ) , 192 mm ( female ) ; maximum carapace length 41 mm ( male ) , 48 mm ( female ) .
with penaeus ( litopenaeus ) schmitti the most important commercial shrimp of the greater antilles and the atlantic coast of central america , venezuela and various areas of brazil , both on a local and commercial scale . the species is also the subject of important fisheries in west africa , both locally and by foreign trawlers . aquaculture experiments with this species have been undertaken in cuba . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 34 900 t . the countries with the largest catches were nigeria ( 27 341 t ) and senegal ( 4 887 t ) .
fao catalogue vol . 1 - shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . l . b . holthuis 1980 . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , volume 1 .
en - northern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du nord , sp - camarón rosado norteño .
penaeus duorarum burkenroad , 1939 , bull . bingham oceanogr . collect . , yale univ . , 6 ( 6 ) : 31 .
western atlantic : bermuda ; atlantic coast of the u . s . a . from maryland to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to quintana roo .
depth 2 to 70 m , rarely to 230 m , most abundant between 11 and 36 m . bottom firm mud and silt with sand and shells . juveniles can and do live in water with low salinities , adults are marine .
maximum total length 269 mm ( male ) , 280 mm ( female ) .
of great commercial value in the gulf of mexico ; most intensively fished in the tortugas area and in the gulf of campeche , but also off n . w . florida and w . texas . in 1976 , 11 291 t were landed in u . s . a . used for consumption and bait . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 8 868 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 5 925 t ) and cuba ( 2 943 t ) .
u . s . a . : pink shrimp , spotted shrimp , pink - spotted shrimp , brown - spotted shrimp , grooved shrimp , green shrimp , pink night shrimp , red shrimp , hopper , skipper , pushed shrimp , bait shrimp .
en - northern brown shrimp , fr - crevette royale grise , sp - camarón café norteño .
penaeus brasiliensis aztecus ives , 1891 , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 43 : 190 , 191 , 199 .
western atlantic : atlantic coast of u . s . a . from massachusetts to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to campeche .
depth 4 to 160 m , highest densities between 27 and 54 m . bottom mud or peat , often with sand , clay or broken shells . salinity : the adults are marine , the juveniles estuarine and marine .
maximum total length 195 mm ( male ) , 236 mm ( female ) .
off north carolina this is the most important penaeus species . also along the north and east coast of the gulf of mexico it is of great commercial value , although sometimes surpassed by p . setiferus ; the grounds off texas are by far the most important . in 1976 , 61 873 t of the species were landed in the u . s . a . aquaculture experiments with p . aztecus have been undertaken in the u . s . a . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 61 206 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 61 206 t ) .
u . s . a . : brown shrimp , brownie , green lake shrimp , red shrimp , redtail shrimp , golden shrimp , native shrimp .
en - redspotted shrimp , fr - crevette royale rose , sp - camarón rosado con manchas .
western atlantic : atlantic coast of america from north carolina ( u . s . a ) to rio grande do sul ( brazil ) ; bermuda ; west indies .
bottom mud and sand . juveniles are estuarine , adults marine . bathymetry : from 3 to 365 m , most abundant at 45 to 65 m .
in the northern part of its range ( west indies , coast of u . s . a . ) it usually forms a small percentage of the total shrimp catch . it is quite important in some localities on the caribbean coast of central and south america ( quintana roo ( mexico ) , nicaragua , e . venezuela ) , and is especially important off the atlantic coast of south america from guyana to northern brazil ( baia de marajó ) , where it produces
gigantic catches
( perez - farfante , 1969 : 576 ) . in northeastern brazil the commercial value of the species is limited , but more to the south , in rio de janeiro state it is quite important again .
u . s . a . : pink spotted shrimp , spotted pink shrimp , caribbean brown shrimp .
species off north carolina and it is of great commercial importance along the north and east coasts of the . . .
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( jgd ) national oceanographic and atmospheric administration , national marine fisheries service , 4700 avenue u , galveston , texas 77551 , u . s . a .
( jrab ) department of marine biology , texas a & m university at galveston , ocean and coastal sciences building , room 247 , p . o . box 1675 , galveston , tx 77553 , u . s . a .
from the gulf of mexico and verified their species identity using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) assay , which targeted the 16s rrna mitochondrial gene . we examined young with
dorsal teeth ( dt ) for differences in morphology and used a general discriminant analysis approach and ‘best’ subsets model - building technique to help identify the ‘best’ characters to discriminate taxa and predict species membership .
have spinules on the epigastric and first dt , a character not previously reported for these two species . differences in antennal scale shape and sixth pleomere length discriminate
over characters that have been used for species discrimination , some of which are unreliable . the unsatisfactory performance of the models in discriminating
sp . from the eastern gulf is consistent with the possibility of different ecological populations in the eastern and western gulf that may warrant further study . integration of molecular taxonomy and comparative morphology , as we did here , can provide insight into the patterns of diversity and ecological and evolutionary principles that encompass fisheries management .
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brachyramphus is a small genus of seabirds from the north pacific .

brachyramphus is from ancient greek brakhus , " short " , and rhamphos , " bill " .

the species are named as " murrelets " ; this is a diminutive of " murre " , a word of uncertain origins , but which may imitate the call of the common guillemot .

the genus contains three species : marbled murrelet , brachyramphus marmoratus long-billed murrelet brachyramphus perdix kittlitz 's murrelet , brachyramphus brevirostris these are unusual members of the auk family , often nesting far inland in forests or on mountain tops .

the long-billed murrelet was considered conspecific with the marbled murrelet until 1998 , when friesen et al. showed that the mtdna variation was greater between these two forms than between marbled and kittlitz 's murrelets .

these species breed in the subarctic north pacific .

they tend to remain coastal in winter , either staying near the breeding grounds , or , in the case of long-billed , migrating to the coast of japan .

two prehistoric species have been described from late pliocene fossils , found in the san diego formation of the southwestern usa : brachyramphus dunkeli and brachyramphus pliocenum

brachyramphus

identifying nesting habitat of kittlitz ' s murrelets brachyramphus brevirostris : old nests lead to a new breeding record / leah a . kenney .
designation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) proposed rule ; finding that the revision of critical habitat should not be made .
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presents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests .
day rh , alexander kp , nigro da . ecological specialization and overlap of brachyramphus murrelets in prince william sound , alaska . auk . 2003 ; 120 : 680–699 .
carter ha . at - sea biology of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in barkley sound , british columbia . ms thesis . university of manitoba . 1984 .
presents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests . 650 07
to cite this page : smart , j . 1999 .
brachyramphus marmoratus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
designation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period , notice of availability of draft economic analysis , and amended required determinations .
barbaree ba , nelson sk , dugger bd . marine space use by marbled murrelets brachyramphus marmoratus at a mainland fjord system in southeast alaska . marine ornithology . 2015 ; 116 : 173–184 .
barrett j . the influence of oceanographic and terrestrial attributes on marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) marine habitat selection during the breeding season . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university . 2008 .
citation : lorenz tj , raphael mg , bloxton td jr ( 2016 ) marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) during the breeding season . plos one 11 ( 9 ) : e0162670 . urltoken
usfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in washington , oregon , and california . usfws , portland , oregon . 1997 .
the currently accepted scientific name for the marbled murrelet is brachyramphus marmoratus ( gmelin ) . it is in the family alicidae . there are two recognized subspecies but only b . marmoratus marmoratus occurs in north america [
stenhouse , i . j . , studebaker , s . and zwiefelhofer , d . ( 2008 ) kittlitz’s murrelet brachyramphus brevirostris in the kodiak archipelago , alaska . marine ornithology , 36 : 59 - 66 .
kuletz kj . foraging behavior and productivity of a non - colonial seabird , the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) , relative to prey and habitat . p . d . dissertation , university of victoria . 2005 .
center for biological diversity . ( 2001 ) petition to list the kittlitz’s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) as endangered under the endangered species act . center for biological diversity , coastal coalition , eyak preservation council , and lynn canal conservation society .
tesky , julie l . 1994 . brachyramphus marmoratus . in : fire effects information system , [ online ] . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station , fire sciences laboratory ( producer ) . available : urltoken [
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus brevirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus marmoratus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
day , r . h . , kuletz , k . j . and nigro , d . a . ( 1999 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
591 . 5 - - animal behaviour . 591 . 551 - - animals , breeding behaviour . 591 . 563 - - nest - building . 598 . 441 - - alcidae : brachyramphus brevirostris . h5 - - zoology : birds . ( * 3 ) - - arctic regions . ( * 49 ) - - alaska . ( * 495 . 2 ) - - aleutian islands .
burger , a . e . ; manley , i . a . ; silvergieter , m . p . ; lank , d . b . ; jordan , k . m . ; bloxton , t . d . ; raphael , m . g . 2009 . re - use of nest sites by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in british columbia . northwestern naturalist . 90 : 217 - 226 .
nettleship , d . n . , de juana , e . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a federally threatened seabird that requires two fundamentally different habitats for breeding . foraging occurs at sea because murrelets are pursuit - diving seabirds whose primary prey are small schooling fish and large zooplankton . however , coastal , old - growth coniferous forests are used for nesting in much of their range . like many alcids , marbled murrelets do not build nests and instead rely on naturally deposited materials for a nest platform . unlike other alcids , however , in the marbled murrelet a single egg is typically laid directly on a large , mossy limb in the forest canopy . in most cases , only large , old trees have limbs of sufficient diameter for these unusual nests .
the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a small pacific seabird listed as threatened under the endangered species act in california , oregon and washington . all population surveying efforts to date have concluded that the listed population exhibits a long - term downward trend . in the past decade , marbled murrelet populations have decreased by 27 % throughout the listed population ' s range with a more alarming 45 % decline in the state of washington . threats to the marbled murrelet include loss of habitat from commercial timber harvest , nest predation , gill - net fishing operations , oil spills , and marine pollution . the usfws is working with other federal , state , and tribal agencies and private landowners and university researchers to recover the marbled murrelet . for more information on this threatened species , please visit the following usfws websites : urltoken urltoken urltoken we strive to make our electronic and information technology accessible to all . please email us at fw1webmaster @ urltoken if you need the text of this video .
marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) nest predominantly in the canopies of large old - growth conifers , and are listed as threatened in canada and three u . s . states mainly as a consequence of reductions in this habitat owing to logging . we assessed the re - use of nest sites ( nest trees ) by murrelets in british columbia using three types of data : ( 1 ) evidence of return of adults to the same nest site , ( 2 ) evidence of multiple nests within the same tree , and ( 3 ) re - checking known nest trees in subsequent seasons for evidence of re - use . all three methods showed evidence of re - use of nest trees in different years , but there were marked regional differences in the degree of re - use . re - use of nest trees was most frequent in regions with extensive loss of nesting habitat due to logging ( southern mainland coast and east vancouver island ) , and rare in a less disturbed region ( west vancouver island ) . overall , 26 of 143 ( 18 percent ) nest trees climbed showed evidence of multiple nesting in separate seasons . management of nesting habitat should incorporate these results by providing greater protection of habitat in regions where habitat is sparse , and by minimizing predation risk where murrelets more frequently re - use nest sites . because re - use of nest sites is infrequent , managers should aim to provide murrelets with multiple choices for nest sites , such as maintaining large tracts of old - growth forest with many large trees containing potential nest platforms .
the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a declining seabird that is well - known for nesting in coastal old - growth forests in the pacific northwest . most studies of habitat selection have focused on modeling terrestrial nesting habitat even though marine habitat is believed to be a major contributor to population declines in some regions . to address this information gap , we conducted a 5 - year study of marine resource selection by murrelets in washington , which contains a population experiencing the steepest documented declines and where marine habitat is believed to be compromised . across five years we tracked 157 radio - tagged murrelets during the breeding season ( may to august ) , and used discrete choice models to examine habitat selection . using an information theoretic approach , our global model had the most support , suggesting that murrelet resource selection at - sea is affected by many factors , both terrestrial and marine . locations with higher amounts of nesting habitat ( β = 21 . 49 , p < 0 . 001 ) that were closer to shore ( β = - 0 . 0007 , p < 0 . 001 ) and in cool waters ( β = - 0 . 2026 , p < 0 . 001 ) with low footprint ( β = - 0 . 0087 , p < 0 . 001 ) had higher probabilities of use . while past conservation efforts have focused on protecting terrestrial nesting habitat , we echo many past studies calling for future efforts to protect marine habitat for murrelets , as the current emphasis on terrestrial habitat alone may be insufficient for conserving populations . in particular , marine areas in close proximity to old - growth nesting habitat appear important for murrelets during the breeding season and should be priorities for protection .
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any of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .
recent study found that birds from attu i and from gulf of alaska represent two discrete evolutionarily significant units , having been genetically isolated for a very long period # r . monotypic .
bering sea coasts n into chukchi sea and s to gulf of alaska : in russia probably limited to wrangel i , e chukotskiy peninsula in chukchi sea w to cape schmidta and s to n sea of okhotsk ( shelikhov bay and babushkin bay ) and e kamchatka ; in alaska from just e of cape lisburne s to aleutians and e to glacier bay and stikine r ( gulf of alaska ) . winters mainly offshore near breeding area , from e siberia to n kuril is , but recorded as far s as n japan ( hokkaido ) and from aleutians e to glacier bay .
22–23 cm ; 224 g ; wingspan 43 cm . small alcid with short brownish bill , and darkish brown iris ; brown to darkish brown upperparts mottled buff and white ( cryptic sandy . . .
generally silent , apparently even on breeding grounds , possibly as an additional anti - predator . . .
neritic , usually along rocky sea coasts . in summer , associated with coastal ( sometimes inland ) . . .
information extremely limited , only 22 nests known ( 1995 ) . timing of breeding varies markedly through range , with start of laying c . 1 . . .
post - breeding dispersal into bays and fjords of prince william sound occurs late jul and aug . . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . total population size poorly known , but believed to be much smaller than that of
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shoreline regions of the north pacific ocean : western - japan to kamchatka , russia , eastern - central california to southern alaska .
the general habitat of the marbled murrelet is near coastal waters , tide - rips , bays , and mountains . nesting sites are in higher elevations , exclusively in old growth forests of 175 - 600 years in age ( barring a few ground nests on alaskan islands ) . nest sites are large , moss covered , horizontal branches with an average height of 45 meters . the sites are often a substantial distance from the coast ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ; singer , 1990 ) .
the marbled murrelet is a very small , chubby , sea bird that seems to lack a neck . it has a dark brown to black dorsum and a white venter and throat . the nonbreeding plumage includes a strip of white between the back and the wing , thus the name
marbled
. the breeding plumage is dark brown dorsally ; ventral feathers are white tipped with brown . males and females are of approximately the same size , 9 . 5 - 10
wingspan . bill length is 13 - 18 mm ; wing length ( relaxed ) is 120 - 140mm . the voice of the marbled murrelet is a sharp
keer
or lower
kee .
the marbled murrelet breeds on mountains near the coast . breeding season is from mid - april to the end of august . females have been collected with shelled eggs in their oviducts from april 23 to july 13 . the murrelet has single egg clutches . murrelets may not fledge young until mid - september , based on a 30 - day incubation and a 28 - day rearing period . nesting sites are almost exclusively in old - growth forests , yet some have been found in cavities in subalpine areas , and on the ground on islands . murrelet eggs are yellowish and spotted . the first known nest was found in a rock slide far above the timber line at 1900 ft . on chicago island , alaska , on june 13 , 1931 . ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ) .
during courtship , the murrelet extends its beak upward in display , calls shrilly , paddles rapidly in unison with its mate for several minutes , and then dives repeatedly . once the egg is produced , the male and the female murrelet divide the responsibility of incubating the lone egg in the nest . upon hatching , the nestlings are fed larger prey than that ingested by the parents . the marbled murrelet can fly up to 100 km one way to the sea to look for food for the young . after the rearing period , murrelet fledglings fly to the sea when they leave their nest . marbled murrelets occur in loose aggregations in predictable locations near dependable food sources . groups of one or two birds comprise 63 % of all sightings , but aggregations of 100 - 3197 birds have been reported .
marbled murrelets migrate a relatively small distance southward , less than 1000 miles , in the winter months . members of the gulf of alaska population may overwinter in bays of southeastern alaska and northern british columbia ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .
an adult murrelet was observed carrying a fish , presumably for a hatchling . murrelets eat primarily fish , including pacific sandlance , pacific herring , and seaperch . they forage for food solitarily or in pairs , sometimes amongst mixed species feeding flocks ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .
increasing numbers of people are spending considerable sums of money to reach marine bird viewing areas off the coasts of north american states and provinces . these
nonconsumptive pursuits
( barry , 1979 ) contribute significant amounts of money to regional economies . also , there are indirect commercial benefits . marine birds play significant roles in their complex ecosystem . disruption of that ecosystem by the extinction of sea birds could have an adverse affect on the fishing industry . marine bird excrement , ( . 12 - . 24 million tons annually ! ! ) is especially rich in nitrates and phosphates , which phytoplankton , the basis of ocean food pyramids , requires ( berry , 1979 ) .
if additional research finds that the marbled murrelet lives exclusively in old - growth forests and that their numbers decrease proportionally with the decrease in acres of forest , then it could be deemed an indicator species thus a justifiable deterent for further logging operations . the decrease in logging leads to a loss of income and jobs in the logging industry ( carter , morrison ) .
the alaskan population is estimated at 250 , 000 birds , centered in south central and south eastern parts of the state , but extending into bristol bay and along the aleutian islands . this represents the bulk of the north american population . logging efforts are expanding in the areas of the greatest murrelet population . continued logging will produce major declines in murrelet numbers . inland records from british columbia , washington , and oregon suggested the presence of nests in old growth forests , although none had been found prior to 1990 . marbled murrelet numbers in british columbia are an estimated 45 , 000 - 50 , 000 birds , with the highest density on the west coast of vancouver island . the marbled murrelet population of washington is estimated at 5 , 000 , centered in the northern puget sound area . oregon ' s population is estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 birds , located mostly in the central coastal region . there is also a small population of murrelets , ( 1400 - 1700 birds ) on the north central coast of california .
threats include mainly the loss of old - growth forests ( all locales ) , some mortality from gill nets ( responsible for the annual death of 7 . 8 % of the british columbia population ) , and oil pollution ( alaska and washington ) . very little of the existing old - growth forests are currently protected . one locale of substantial old growth forest in british columbia was expected to decrease 95 % in 50 years due to harvest schedules . four of the five locations where fledglings were found in washington state have been logged . of oregon ' s old growth forests , 44 % is in stands of less than 32 hectares or within 122 meters of a clearcut . this isolation of small patches of forest may decrease reproductive success and increase predation at nest sites . in california , only 4 % of the original acreage of redwood trees is currently protected . this obliteration of habitat could be responsible for the sparse numbers of murrelet in california .
the marbled murrelet is considered endanged in california , and threatened in oregon , washington , and british columbia . its low reproductive rate prevents fast recovery from population decreases . the marbled murrelet is one of the few species of alcids whose known and suspected nesting habitat is not protected by federal refuge designation . several lawsuits have been filed to defer the logging of old - growth forests where murrelets are known or suspected to live . in order to save the habitat of the marbled murrelet there need to be larger forest reserves and / or substantial changes in the logging practices .
tree searches since then have produced 19 nest locations in old growth forests . due to the difficulty of locating the nests of these elusive birds , it is necessary to implement plans for further research before the marbled murrelet becomes an indicator species such as the spotted owl ( carter and morisson , 1992 ) .
closely related species include : ( 1 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet , glacier bay , alaska and north . ( 2 ) least auklet , aleutian islands and bering sea , ranges do not overlap . ( 3 ) cassin ' s auklet , same geographic range . ( peterson , 1961 )
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
ainley , d . g . et al 1993 . beached marine birds and mammals of the north american west coast : a revised guide to their census and identification . u . s . dept . of commerce .
berry , t . w . 1979 . wildlife research report ,
social and economic values of marine birds
. united states dept . of the interior .
carter , h . r . , morrison , m . l . 1992 . status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in north america . western foundation of vertebrate zoology .
peterson , r . t . 1961 . a field guide to western birds . houghton miflin co . boston .
singer , s . w . et al 1990 . discovery an observation of two tree nests of the marbled murrelet . the condor . the cooper ornithological society .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
25 cm . chunky alcid . breeding plumage is dark brown above , heavily mottled below . in winter , dark grey above and white below with white scapulars , dark marks on side of breast , dark ear - coverts and whitish eye - ring . juvenile resembles winter adult but darker scapulars and dusky mottling below .
is paler , has white outer tail feathers and shorter bill . in winter , has whiter face broken by dark eye and slight eye - stripe , nearly complete breast - band and white tips to secondaries .
this species is still abundant , but it is treated as endangered because its population is estimated to have undergone a very rapid reduction , especially in the southern portion of its range , which is expected to continue , owing to a variety of threats .
cosewic ( 2012 ) estimated the total population to number 358 , 200 - 417 , 500 individuals , rounded here to 350 , 000 - 420 , 000 individuals , based on 271 , 000 individuals in alaska ( piatt et al . 2007 ) , 72 , 600 - 125 , 600 in british columbia ( bertram et al . 2007 ) , and 15 , 400 - 23 , 900 individuals in washington , oregon and california ( falxa et al . 2014 ) .
the population was estimated to have declined by c . 11 % in 2000 - 2013 in washington , oregon , and california ( falxa
2014 ) , with a 50 % decrease in alaska in 1972 - 1992 ( piatt and naslund 1995 ) . at - sea surveys over the past 25 years in british columbia suggest declines of c . 1 % per year ( piatt
. 2004 ) , has declined by 22 % between 1978 and 2008 , and is continuing ( cosewic 2012 ) . declines are suspected to be very rapid and on - going due to very low measured productivity rates .
conservation actions underway it is threatened in all range states and province except alaska . detailed conservation recommendations were made in 1990s ( usfws 1992 , ralph et al . 1995 ) . federal land - use in the usa is regulated , areas for management identified and surveyed , and some temporarily removed from logging ( nelson 1997 , raphael 2006 ) . in august 2016 , the usfws released the final determination on critical habitat for the species in the listed range and in january 2010 determined that the species still warrented protection and listing as threatened after numerous challenges by the timber industry . usfws initiated a status review of the species in 2008 , which will also function as a 5 - year status review ( harrison 2008 ) . in canada there has been extensive research , an updated recovery strategy ( environment canada 2014 ) , some ( relatively minor ) habitat protection under the british columbia forest and range practices act , more extensive protection of forest habitat under various land use agreements and a radar monitoring plan developed by the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team ( cmmrt 2003 , cosewic 2012 ) . the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team developed a recovery strategy to be compliant with the canadian species at risk act ( environment canada 2014 ) . this lays out the general strategy for population stability ( population reduction between 2002 and 2032 not to exceed 30 % of the 2002 population and this decline is linked to similar limited decline in available suitable nesting habitat ) . the essential marine and terrestrial action plans required by the species at risk act have not been drafted ( as of 2016 ) and these are not likely to be completed and implemented before 2020 . under the canadian recovery strategy critical nesting habitat requiring protection is defined as 70 % of the 2002 suitable nesting habitat coast - wide , with varying percentages ( 68 - 90 % ) in the six conservation regions in british columbia ( environment canada 2014 ) .
the u . s . department of natural resources ( wdnr ) began developing a marbled murrelet long - term conservation strategy in 2007 ( escene 2007 ) ; the final strategy still has not been released as of 2016 . the northwest forest plan ( 1994 ) is expected to ensure the protection of a large proportion of important habitats in the usa ( raphael 2006 ) .
extensive areas of suitable forest nesting habitat have been set aside in conservancies on the northern and central mainland and in haida gwaii ( formerly queen charlotte islands ) ( cosewic 2012 ) . smaller areas are being protected by other forestry and conservation measures . overall , an estimated 35 % of the 1 , 826 , 828 hectares of suitable habitat in all of british columbia ( based on the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team modeling criteria [ cmmrt 2003 ] ) had been protected under various measures by 2011 ( cosewic 2012 ) . in 1998 , the exxon valdez trustee council protected 179 km
1999 172 : 23 ) . in 2007 , 1 , 569 ha of forested land on the oregon coast was acquired under conservation easement for the species ( amongst others ) , part funded by the new carissa oil - spill funds ( escene 2007 ) . between 1998 and 2002 , 507 marbled murrelets were radio - tracked in british columbia (
edited : geographic range , population justification , rationale , habitat and ecology , countries of occurence , threats , conservation actions proposed , underway and in place , important conservation actions needed and research needed . added references and also added new contributors and a new compiler .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22694870a112447662 .
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this species qualifies as near threatened because it is likely to be undergoing a moderately rapid population reduction owing to logging of the old - growth forests where it nests . future oil exploration could exacerbate these declines .
. based on observations at sea during the breeding season , it might be also breeding in alaska ( sealy and carter , 2012 ) . it was split from marbled murrelet
. in japan , it is rare in eastern hokkaido , where breeding occur historically and it is possible that very small numbers do still breed there ( namba 2013 ) , but commoner on the sea of okhotsk coast , especially near the shiretoko peninsula . there are few areas in russia where the species is considered common : the lower amur river area , particularly between baydukov island and aleksandra bay ; near magadan along the khmitievsky peninsula , tauyskaya bay , and the koni peninsula ; and on the kamchatka peninsula . it appears to be uncommon in the primorye region and on sakhalin island ( where its distribution is patchy ) , and it is rare on the northern coast of the sea of okhotsk .
the global population size has not been accurately quantified , however it is said to number in the ' tens of thousands ( konyukhov and kitaysky 1995 ) . the population in russia has been estimated at < 100 , 000 breeding pairs and < 1 , 000 individuals on migration ( brazil 2009 ) .
there are no data , however logging is likely to be driving a moderately rapid decline in this species .
it breeds in old - growth coniferous forests within 100 km of the coast , wintering in sheltered coastal waters .
like marbled murrelet , this species is under increasing threat from the logging of old growth forests which has accelerated in recent years , particularly on sakhalin island and the kamchatka peninsula . intensive development of the oil industry has occurred on the okhotsk and bering sea shelves , and this constitutes a further potential threat .
conduct surveys to improve knowledge of the breeding and wintering grounds . regularly monitor the population at important sites on both the breeding and wintering grounds . ensure sufficient safeguards are put in place and enforced to prevent pollution in important parts of the at sea range . protect large areas of unlogged forest in important breeding areas .
extension of comment period for the draft environmental impact statement , and incidental take permit application and proposed habitat conservation plan submitted by plum creek timberlands , l . p . for lands in montana , idaho , and washington
availability of a draft environmental impact statement and receipt of an application for the proposed issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species on plum creek timber company , l . p . , lands in the i90 corridor , king and kittitas counties , wa
revised critical habitat for the marbled murrelet - proposed rule ; reopening of public comment period .
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the first management efforts with marbled murrelets recognized their need for large trees . they also acknowledged that > 100 years of logging in coastal forests from british columbia to california had drastically reduced the amount of murrelet breeding habitat [ 1 ] . in the northwest forest plan [ 2 ] , measures were taken to protect unharvested , late - successional , and old - growth forests on federal lands in washington , oregon , and california . unfortunately , despite these conservation efforts decades ago , multiple studies have reported continued population declines [ 3 – 5 ] . there has been much discussion in the scientific literature about whether these declines are due to losses in nesting habitat that have continued on private lands and / or changes to marine habitat . raphael et al . [ 6 ] documented an 8–33 % decline in potential nesting habitat on private lands from washington to california which corresponds with murrelet population declines during that same time period [ 4 ] . nest habitat losses were greatest in washington state , which is where miller et al . [ 4 ] and falxa and raphael [ 5 ] reported the steepest declines in murrelet numbers . additionally , marine conditions have also changed in the last century and since the northwest forest plan . marine factors that have been identified as potential threats to murrelets include overfishing , pollution , unattended fishing gear , human population growth ( and associated disturbance ) , and more recently , climate change [ 1 ] . in the southern portion of their range , peery et al . [ 7 ] examined the relative influence of nesting habitat on reproduction in a declining california population and concluded that marine food and nest predation , rather than availability of nesting habitat , were responsible for the low reproductive output of the population . studies using stable isotopes have indicated that murrelets are foraging on lower trophic levels than historically , and this has contributed to low productivity and population declines [ 8 – 10 ] .
overall , the conservation of marbled murrelets may hinge on protecting not only nesting habitat–the focus of conservation efforts to date–but also on foraging habitat . in an effort to better understand important marine habitats for marbled murrelets , we conducted a study of marine habitat selection by individually - tagged murrelets . studies of habitat selection by individually tagged animals are important for examining habitat selection for conservation planning [ 11 ] . our objective was to model marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets during the breeding season to better understand the relative influence of marine versus terrestrial habitat features on murrelet space use while at - sea . we conducted this study in northwestern washington , the location of the steepest murrelet declines documented to date .
all handling and tagging of marbled murrelets was in accordance with the u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit ( permit # te - 070589 - 2 ) and in compliance with the ornithological council guidelines for the use of wild birds in research [ 12 ] . scientific collection permits were obtained annually from washington department of fish and wildlife , and a federal bird banding permit was obtained from the u . s . geological survey , bird banding lab . field studies involved handling a federally threatened seabird , and consequently all sampling and handling procedures were approved by a u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit prior to the start of our study , as noted above . permissions to access field sites were provided by united states ( u . s . ) forest service , u . s . park service , washington department of fish and wildlife , washington department of natural resources , washington state parks , and british colombia ministry of forests , lands , and natural resource operations .
we conducted this study in northwestern washington state ( approximately 47° 48′ n , 123° 40′ w ) and southwestern british columbia ( approximately 48° 24′ n , 123° 40′ w ) ( fig 1 ) . we were logistically constrained to capturing birds in u . s . waters , although we radio - tracked murrelets in both u . s . and canadian waters . we used standard techniques to capture murrelets at - sea , which involved locating birds at night from small boats using night - lighting and capturing them in long - handled dipnets [ 13 ] . we captured and tagged murrelets from april to july , 2004–2008 . with the exception of a few individuals that were released without transmitters because of concerns over handling stress , all birds were fit with a vhf transmitter ( 1 . 5 % of body weight ; advanced telemetry systems , isanti , mn ) using a subcutaneous anchor following newman et al . ( 1999 ) [ 14 ] . unlike newman et al . [ 13 ] however , we did not use anesthesia or sutures . murrelets were released at the site of capture within 1 hour .
study area used to examine resource selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington and southwestern british columbia , 2004–2008 .
the marine 99 % population - level kernel ( from all radio - tracked murrelets ) is depicted in yellow to green tones , where darker shading indicates areas with a high probability of use and lighter yellow shading areas with a low probability of use by the population of tagged murrelets . black dots represent 5 , 388 marine telemetry locations from all murrelets tracked in this study .
we located radio - tagged murrelets using aerial tracking from fixed wing aircraft . we initiated searches within three days after the first murrelet was tagged in each year . we ended searches after the last known nest had fledged or failed and when significant numbers of transmitters were no longer detectable within our study area , indicating post - breeding dispersal or transmitter battery failure . weather permitting , we conducted tracking flights daily . tracking flights lasted for up to ~ 5 hours until either all birds had been located or the aircraft needed refueling . aerial searches focused on marine areas , but also included terrestrial areas to locate nest sites of breeding murrelets . if an individual murrelet was not located at - sea or on an inland nest for ~ 2–3 consecutive days , we expanded our search area to find the missing bird and generally focused on areas beyond the location that the missing murrelet was last detected .
when a murrelet’s radio signal was detected from the air , pilots circled over the transmitter and used a gps unit to mark the location from which they heard the loudest radio signal . tests with stationary transmitters indicated that location accuracy from aircraft was 385 m on average ( sd = 230 , range 93–685 m ) . we omitted all telemetry locations obtained at night ( defined by civil twilight on each day ) because past research indicates murrelets do not actively feed at night [ 15 ] and we were primarily interested in habitat selection by active and foraging murrelets .
description of parameters considered for examining marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , usa , 2004–2008 .
we measured the linear distance from each telemetry relocation to the shore . we also measured water depth ( bathymetry ) at each relocation point because murrelets are thought to forage in shallow water [ 26 ] . human activity can affect marbled murrelet space use at - sea [ 27 – 28 ] and we therefore included indices of marine and terrestrial human footprint for our study area . the marine footprint was obtained from halpern et al . [ 29 ] and the terrestrial footprint from sanderson et al . [ 30 ] . the marine footprint combined 17 factors ranging from fishing activity , pollution , and shipping traffic [ 29 ] . the terrestrial footprint considered three main factors : human population density , light pollution , and transportation infrastructure ( including roads , railways , coastlines , and rivers ) [ 30 ] . both datasets were calculated at ~ 1 km resolution and classified the marine or terrestrial landscape on a scale of 0–100 in the relative influence of human activity .
we included a categorical variable for the average relative wind speed ( or “windiness” ) because murrelets may preferentially foraged in areas of calm water [ 31 ] . we obtained spatial data on estimated wind energy potential ( i . e . , wind power class ) at 500 m resolution from the national renewable energy laboratory [ 32 ] and used this as a proxy for the relative wind speed on waters within our study area . based on this dataset [ 32 ] we classified windiness within our study area as a dichotomous variable ( high or low ) where high winds were associated with areas with a wind power class ≥3 ( areas suitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m > 6 . 4–7 . 0 m / s ) and low winds in areas with a wind power class < 3 ( areas unsuitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m < 6 . 4–7 . 0 m / s ) [ 32 ] .
sand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are considered one important prey of breeding marbled murrelets ( [ 16 ] , and references therein ; [ 33 ] ) . they are associated with fine gravel or sandy - bottomed coastal waters and thus marbled murrelets may select sandy bottomed areas over rock or other substrates . we could find no spatial data on bottom types for our study area and so we used the nearest shoreline type as a proxy [ 34 – 35 ] . we obtained spatial data on shoreline composition from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration for u . s . shorelines [ 36 ] and british columbia ministry of forests , lands and natural resource management for canadian shorelines . we then classified the entire shoreline of our study area into two classes , “sand / gravel beach” and “other” shoreline . our class for “sand / gravel beach” included sand and mixed - gravel beaches . our class for “other” included shores classified as rock shoreline ( cliff to level , rocky shores ) , human structures , and vegetated , tidal wetlands .
the availability and proximity of potential nesting habitat has been implicated as an important factor affecting the marine density of murrelets in multiple studies [ 26 , 37 ] . we estimated the proportion of nesting habitat within a 5806 - km 2 circular area centered on each telemetry location , equal in radius to the mean distance traveled to sea for breeding murrelets in our study . we obtained spatial data on suitable nesting habitat for our study area from raphael et al . [ 6 , 26 ] . for the u . s . portion of our study area , raphael et al . [ 6 ] defined nesting habitat primarily using landtrendr data ( landsat - based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery methods ) [ 38 ] and gradient nearest neighbor ( gnn ) models [ 39 ] . for the canadian portion of our study , nesting habitat was defined based on areas classified as old growth management areas by the ministry of forests , lands , and natural resources [ 40 ] . while this dataset does not explicitly model nest habitat for murrelets , it was the most recent and comprehensive layer for potential nesting habitat that we were able to obtain , and has been used in other publications modeling murrelet nesting habitat availability [ 26 ] .
we did not consider distance to nest site as a factor [ 41 – 42 ] because only a few radio - tagged murrelets in our study were confirmed breeders with known nest sites . however , by including the proportion of nesting habitat as a factor , we assumed that the effect of nest site proximity and availability was adequately accounted for in our analysis . also , we did not differentiate between breeders and nonbreeders in our analysis because few murrelets bred ( 13 % ) . because murrelets commonly visit nesting habitat even when not actively breeding [ 43 – 44 ] we did not exclude proportion of nesting habitat from our analysis for non - breeders . we expected that availability of nesting habitat had the potential to influence murrelet marine space use regardless of breeding status . we did not differentiate between males and females in our analysis because past studies have found that marine movements and space use do not vary by sex [ 42 , 45 ] , which is supported by observations of murrelets associating as pairs while at - sea during the breeding season [ 46 ] . we did not consider some factors that had poor support in past studies and which exploratory analyses indicated were not influential in our study , including distance to nearest river [ 26 , 35 ] , distance to kelp beds [ 47 – 48 ] , and underwater slope [ 35 ] .


perittia unicolorella is a moth in the elachistidae family .

it was described by sinev in 1992 .

it is found in the russian far east .

perittia unicolorella

species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist - perittia andoi inoue et al . 1982
id : of the 6 ephestia species on the british list , all of which look similar , this is the only one that is not a warehouse pest . only this and e . elutella can be obtained in the wild . e . unicolorella predominates in the south of england , while e . elutella predominates elsewhere . genital dissection is required to separate these species . male genitalia : short process from dorsal edge of valva ~ 1 / 2 way along its length in e . unicolorella , missing in e . elutella female genitalia : ductus bursae heavily spiculate in anterior half in e . elutella , minimally so near corpus bursae in e . unicolorella
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
ephestia woodiella ( = ephestia parasitella ) false cacao moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
one of six very similar species of ephestia found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia .
dissected records from wheatfen . scole , leziate and several widespread records in recent years .
recorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1998 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
ws : 14 - 20mm ; jun - sep ; detritus , dead leaves , dried vegetable matter ; local in gardens and farmland in s . england synonym : ephestia parasitella
§1 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 16 / 07 / 2007 ; fw 9 . 8mm §2 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 14 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 7 . 7mm §3 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 07 / 2008 ; fw 9 . 4mm §4 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 8 . 9mm §5 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 23 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 9 . 5mm §6 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 09 / 06 / 2010 ; female ; fw 7 . 8mm §7 foulness , essex ; 08 / 05 / 2011 ; male §8 belfairs wood , essex ; 30 / 06 / 2015 ; male ; fw 9 . 1mm ; to light §9 chobham common , surrey ; 23 / 05 / 2017 ; female ; fw 7 . 4mm all images © chris lewis
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( 1999 ) : phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) ;
s . str . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species .
of the west palaearctic region with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) .
2009 : the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species .
this page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 02 : 34 .
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monochroa niphognatha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by gozmány in 1953 .

it is found in great britain , germany , denmark , poland , slovakia , hungary , sweden , finland , latvia and ukraine .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm .

adults are on wing in june and july .

the larvae feed in the stem of persicaria amphibia .

monochroa niphognatha

all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > gelechiidae > 0962 monochroa niphognatha 038 . jpg
after its discovery in britain in kent in 1984 , the species has been found in the same single locality on a regular basis since . in 2002 a specimen turned up in devon , and the photo is of one taken in an mv light trap at portsmouth in hampshire .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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rare , known with regularity from only one site in kent where it was regularly reported until 1995 and thereafter only once in 2017 . there are also single records from devon ( 2002 ) and hampshire ( 2009 ) but it is not known if these relate to wanderers or localised undiscovered colonies .
a small hole in the stem , indicating the presence of a larva , has been reported in denmark .
in england found regularly in a single extensive freshwater reed - bed . the other records are associated with a rough coastal meadow and mixed reed - bed and grassland . in denmark it is associated with damp meadows .
larva : look for small holes in the stem of the foodplant in september which may indicate the presence of a larva .
adult : sweeping areas of the foodplant may be worthwhile . it comes readily to light .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to a single marsh in kent , where first recorded in 1984 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at southsea on 29 june 2009 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 13 - 15 mm . larva feeds within stems of amphibious bistort .
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länsvis förekomst och status för fyrpunkterad dystermal baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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