dolicholatirus lancea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

dolicholatirus lancea

fasciolariidae » dolicholatirus lancea , id : 655454 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
fasciolariidae » dolicholatirus lancea , id : 630741 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
fasciolariidae » dolicholatirus lancea , id : 402016 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
( of murex lancea gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 556 [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex angustus gmelin , 1791 ) snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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philippines . olango island . cawoi . taken 20 - 25 m . collected by fishermen . 2007 .
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chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) japan to philippines , east china sea east china sea 82mm
fasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 025 bahamas 162mm
fasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 053 florida 160mm
fasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 070 florida 142mm
fasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 082 florida 123mm
fasciolaria tulipa hollisteri weisbord , 1962 e . panama to venezuela g _ fasc _ 029 venezuela 54 - 95mm
fasciolaria lilium hunteria ( perry , 1811 ) n . carolina to yucatan florida 44 - 72mm
filifusus filamentosus ( röding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia sabah 101mm
filifusus filamentosus ( röding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia indonesia 113mm
fusinus forceps ( perry , 1811 ) e . indo - w . pacific zhejiang 182mm
fusinus dupetitthouarsi ( kiener , 1840 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos peru 138mm
fusinus spectrum ( adams & reeve , 1848 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 59 - 78mm
fusinus cretellai buzzurro & russo , 2008 n . morocco , s . spain s . spain 16mm
granulifusus hayashii habe , 1961 japan to australia , w . pacific east china sea 56mm
granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) japan to taiwan , philippines philippines 56 - 65mm
hesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 29 - 35mm
hesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 34 - 52mm
latirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific tanzania 50 - 62mm
latirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) f . barclayi borneo , gulf of papua , solomon solomon 48mm
leucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos w . mexico 43 - 59mm
leucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos ecuador 69mm
leucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean brasil 42mm
leucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean antilles 59mm
leucozonia leucozonalis ( lamarck , 1822 ) bahamas to brasil , caribbean e . honduras 25 , 5mm
marmorofusus nicobaricus ( röding , 1798 ) e . india to hawaii , japan to papua - new guinea india 106 - 119mm
opeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 34mm
opeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 35 - 50mm
peristernia reincarnata snyder , 2000 var . incarnata [ kiener ] australia australia 24 - 27mm
pleuroploca granosa ( broderip , 1832 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 111 - 116mm
pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 051 madagascar 202mm
pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 001 sabah 136 , 5 - 175 , 5mm
pleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . coronata australia , tasmania g _ fasc _ 060 australia 115mm — tasmania 95mm
pleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . bakeri australia , tasmania australia 70mm
pleuroploca princeps ( sowerby , 1825 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos g _ fasc _ 061 peru 230mm
polygona infundibulum ( gmelin , 1791 ) s . florida to brasil , caribbean , w . indies e . panama 52 - 74mm
pustulatirus hemphilli hertlein & strong , 1951a w . mexico to peru w . panama 44 - 49mm
sinistralia maroccensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) canarias , nw . africa w . sahara 17mm
triplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico g _ fasc _ 009 florida 160mm
triplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico florida 178mm
turrilatirus turritus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific sinai 41 - 43mm


mipus gyratus is a species of medium-sized to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

mipus gyratus

coralliophilidae » mipus gyratus , id : 366904 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
specimen shell : mipus gyratus each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( philippines - aliguay island ) , divers , coralliophilidae specimen shell : mipus gyratus hinds 1844
sea shell information on : ts149064 - coralliophilidae mipus - > gyratus . this specimen is of coralliophilidae . the specimen shell of groupe : mipus . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : mipus gyratus ( r . b . hinds , 1844 ) - id : 1910500010
( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1864 [
1863
] ) descriptions of new species of shells , chiefly from the cumingian collection . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1863 ) : 428 - 435 . [ april 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 431 [ details ]
oliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : héros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) oliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : héros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
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taiwan . off kaoshiung . trawled by fisherman . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . march 1989 .
only available from old collections . this is a rare species today . price low because of competition of several recently offered shells . an opportunity .
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white , pale brown , or brown . spire tall , ornamented with scaly spiral cords . resembles
japan : wakasa bay , kii peninsula wakayama , bungo strait kochi in 200m , kumamoto in 100m , amamioshima , okinawa .
this listing was ended by the seller because there was an error in the listing .
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catocala clintoni , clinton 's underwing , is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found from ontario and quebec , southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin .

the wingspan is 45 – 55 mm .

adults are on wing from february to july depending on the location .

there is probably one generation per year .

the larvae feed on crataegus , gleditsia triacanthos , malus pumila , prunus americana , prunus ilicifolia and ulmus .

catocala clintoni

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
created / dedicated as per personal communication with vernon a . brou updated as per personal communication with carroll ruddy , 2007 updated as per research compiled larry gall , april 2010 updated as per personal communication with marcie o ' connor , august 12 , 2013 updated as per personal communication with tim dyson , peterborough , ontario , july 2016
, july 9 , 2007 , calumet county , wisconsin , courtesy of carroll rudy .
are usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july ( ontario , td ) .
females emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .
eggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .
listed below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .
. these cocoons are for sale winter and fall . beautiful saturniidae moths will emerge the following spring and summer . read
eggs of many north american saturniidae species are offered during the spring and summer . occasionally summer
cocoons are available . shipping to us destinations is done from within the us .
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, clinton ' s underwing ( wingspan : 45 - 55mm ) , flies in ontario and quebec ( rare ) and southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin . it is generally absent or very rare in the new england states .
are usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july .


littorina scutulata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae , the winkles or periwinkles .

this species lives lower on rocks than does l. planaxis , and migrates up and down rocks with the tide .

it crawls out of tidepools at night .

often , it hides at low tide in cracks or barnacle shells .

the waves on both sides of the foot are out of phase with one another ( ditaxic ) .

it feeds mainly on diatom films , microscopic algae , lichens , etc. , and will also feed on pelvetia , ulva , and other larger algae .

l. scutulata breeds in all seasons except summer .

eggs are laid underwater , individually packaged in flattened capsules within a sausage-shaped gelatinous mass coiled in a spiral and holding over 2000 eggs .

its eye anatomy is similar to that of the land snail helix aspera .

in oregon , over 10 % of individuals harbor parasitic flukes.leptasterias hexactis feeds on this snail .

it is distributed from kodiak island , alaska , to bahia de tortuga , baja california .

littorina scutulata

dana campbell marked
file : littorina scutulata 2881 . jpg
as trusted on the
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
page .
dana campbell set
file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg
as an exemplar on
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
.
dana campbell marked
file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg
as trusted on the
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
page .
littorina _ scutulata _ 2881 . jpg : walter siegmund . derivative work : wsiegmund
field observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada )
field observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada ) | springerlink
( of littorina lepida gould , 1849 ) reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]
the microdistribution of littorina scutulata and l . sitkana on the rocky shores of vancouver island can be related to their feeding characteristics . their gut contents , studied with light and fluorescence microscopy , showed that both species are opportunistic herbivores . however , l . scutulata can feed on the sparse epi - and endolithic microflora of the supralittoral zone , while l . sitkana is confined to special microenvironments , with abundant epilithic growth .
ty - jour ti - the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 t2 - the veliger . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1967 sp - 42 ep - 54 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - bock , carl e au - johnson , richard e er -
reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]
@ article { bhlpart93434 , title = { the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { bock , carl e and johnson , richard e } , year = { 1967 } , pages = { 42 - - 54 } , }
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references carefoot , t . littorina plena ( gould , 1849 ) in klinkenberg , brian . ( ed . ) e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 2015 - 10 - 30 . harbo , r . m . ( 1997 ) shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 200 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . authors and editors of page beatrice proudfoot and kelly fretwell ( 2015 )
reid , d . g . ( 1989 ) . the comparative morphology , phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family littorinidae . philosophical transactions of the royalsociety of london , series b . 324 : 1 - 110 . [ details ]
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periwinkle with height decidedly greater than the diameter , spire usually has 4 whorls , aperture is purplish inside but has no white band inside the aperture . shell has no umbilicus , columella is narrow . shell height to 1 . 5 cm , shell is dark brown , purple , or black , often with lighter bands or a checkerboard pattern of whitish areas .
how to distinguish from similar species : l . sitkana has a diameter almost equal to the height , has spiral ridges .
often aggregate in the very high intertidal , inside tidepools or on the bare rock . photo by dave cowles at little corona del mar , ca march 2005
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, has been introduced within the past few years likely via imports for the shellfish trade . except for this one , which is large in size and easy to distinguish , the other 4 indigenous species are difficult to separate out . however , if you are keen to learn the different species you can check out
in a snail ' s odyssey website . all indigenous species are relatively small in size , live in the high reaches of the intertidal zone , and feed on various seaweeds , including diatoms .
winkle - picking
connoisseurs from the atlantic coast of north america or europe and disappointed at the small sizes of our local species may be gratified to learn that their big , tasty favourites have been located on several vancouver beaches . thus far these introductions are restricted in numbers but , judging from the success of
in colonizing most of the east coast and lately the west coast ( from california north to washington , and now present in b . c . ) , chances are they are here to stay . the 5 species differ in their reproductive modes , with
producing several small eggs in capsules that are spawned into the ocean . the eggs hatch into swimming larvae that feed for several weeks on phytoplankton and then settle out onto rocky shorelines . the other species
also encapsulate their eggs , but do so singly and deposit them directly onto the substratum . the embryos of these 2 species feed on yolk and emerge from their capsules as crawl - away juveniles . you can learn more about life cycles and reproductive behaviour at
in the odyssey website . for protection from predatory birds , fishes , and crabs , these small snails mostly have only their shells to rely on . however , for protection from drying they have an unusual strategy . if you look carefully on pilings around the shore on a dry day you may see
attached on its shell edge by a blob of mucous glue . the operculum is similarly glued shut , and the animal can survive like this for many days until once again wetted by spring tides or waves . within a few moments of wetting , the snail pops out and crawls off to find food .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
castenholz , r . w . , 1961 . the effect of grazing on littoral diatom populations . ecology 42 : 783–794 .
( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) as they relate to resource partitioning . veliger 23 : 333–338 .
( gray ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cah . biol . mar . 18 : 499–505 .
sacchi , c . f . , a . occhipinti ambrogi & d . voltolina , 1981 . recherches sur le spectre trophique comparé de
( gray ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cas de populations vivant au milieu d ' algues macroscopiques . cah . biol . mar . 22 : 83–88 .
sacchi , c . f . & d . voltolina , 1987 . recherches sur l ' ecologie comparée des littorines ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) dans l ' ile de vancouver . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 128 : 209–234 .
steneck , r . s . & l . watling , 1982 . feeding capabilities and limitations of herbivorous molluscs : a functional group approach . mar . biol . 68 : 299–319 .
identification this species is distinguished by a checkered white pattern on a dark brown to black - purple shell . in some individuals , however , this pattern is absent . the height of the shell ( up to 15 mm ) is greater than the diameter , giving the shell a more slender appearance . the interior of the shell is somewhat purple , and some individuals have orange bands with white markings on the exterior of the shell . similar species the checkered periwinkle is similar to the sitka periwinkle ( l . sitkana ) – another common intertidal grazer . however , sitka periwinkles have a squatter shell shape , lack the white checkered pattern , and often have pronounced spiral ridges on the exterior of the shell .
checkered periwinkles . note the obvious white markings on the exterior of the shell . photo by jenn burt .
habitat and range this species inhabits rocky shorelines in sheltered waters from northern alaska to southern oregon . its range also includes japan and siberia . it migrates within the intertidal zone as the tide fluctuates , often aggregating in moist , shady bedrock crevices during low tide . this species is also known to occupy tidepools during the day . intriguing information this species feeds primarily on diatoms , microalgae , some species of macroalgae , and lichens using its rasping radula . the checkered periwinkle is able to survive long periods without moisture by attaching itself to the substrate using a glue - like mucus . this essentially seals the operculum shut to preserve moisture until the next high tide or wave re - moistens the substrate . this species reproduces throughout the whole year except summer . eggs are deposited underwater in unique egg capsules that are enveloped in a coiled , sausage - like gelatinous mass . larvae of this species are pelagic , and feed on phytoplankton for several weeks before settling .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the race rocks taxonomy is a collaborative venture originally started with the biology and environmental systems students of lester pearson college uwc . it now also has contributions added by faculty , staff , volunteers and observers on the remote control webcams .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken


the provocative calpe , ( oraesia provocans ) , is a species of moth of the family erebidae .

it is found throughout continental africa , india , and sri lanka .

oraesia provocans

oraesia provocans walker , [ 1858 ] = oraesia cuprea saalmüller , 1891 = oraesia hartmanni möschler , 1883 .
fruit - piercing moth ( oraesia cf . emarginata , calpinae , erebidae ) by itchydogimages
this rather strange looking erebid moth ( erebidae , calpinae , oraesia sp . ) was 2 cm / 0 . 8 inches long .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 4 february 2018 10 : 26pm terms of use
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
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eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
wingspan about 48mm . antennae of male minutely ciliated . fore wings with angled outer margin . male has dark palpi . fore wings with a silver streak on vein 2 before the oblique line . a silver streak found at apex and line on outer margin below apex . female is much darker .
perennial climber or liane with stems woody near the base . leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate , up to 12 cm long , 3 - 7 - veined from the attachment of the petiole , densely hairy beneath ; lamina peltate with petiole 1 - 4 mm from the base and up to 7 cm long , hairy . flowers greenish , unisexual arranged in bracteate false racemes up to 10 cm long . fruit a drupe 4 - 6 mm wide , hairy , bright red when ripe .
the peltate leaves are similar to stephania abyssinica but the that species does not have bracteate inflorescences or hairy red fruit .
in forest , deciduous woodland , coastal scrub , secondary vegetation , on rocky outcrops and often persisting on cleared ground and in plantations .
ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zanzibar , mozambique , zimbabwe and throughout tropical asia .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 62 .
mémoires in - 8° nouvelle série xiii - 2 académie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 274 - 279 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos pareira var . hirsuta . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use
slender climber with a woody rootstock . leaves kidney - shaped , 3 - 5 - veined from the base , glabrescent ; petiole inserted at or very near the base of the leaf lamina . flowers unisexual in axillary cymes . male flowers with 4 petals and sepals ; female flowers often only 2 . fruit an ovate - compressed drupe , yellow .
malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , swaziland and mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , eastern cape , south africa .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 31 sabonet , pretoria page 210 .
da silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 87 .
a field guide to the wild flowers of kwazulu - natal and the eastern region .
mémoires in - 8° nouvelle série xiii - 2 académie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 270 - 273 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos torulosa . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use
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adler ph ( 1982 ) soil - and puddle - visiting habits of moths . j . lepid soc 36 / 3 : 161–173
walker ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ) . zool anz 216 / 3 , 4 : 129–150
) ( hmps ) ( lep , noctuidae ) in malaya . bull entomol res 58 : 159–163
bänziger h ( 1973 ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381–1469
sp . n . —the most frequently observed lachryphagous moth of man ( lepidoptera , pyralidae : pyraustinae ) . rev suiss zool 102 / 2 : 265–276
bänziger h , büttiker w ( 1969 ) records of eye - frequenting lepidoptera from man . j med entomol 6 : 53–58
blaney wm , simmonds sj ( 1988 ) food selection in adults and larvae of three species of lepidoptera : a behavioural and electrophysiological study . entomol exp appl 49 : 111–121
börner c ( 1939 ) die grundlagen meines lepidopterensystems . verh 7 . int kongr entomologie 2 : 1374–1424
büttiker w ( 1959 ) observation of feeding habits of adult westermanniinae ( lepid , noctuidae ) in cambodia . acta trop 16 : 356–361
büttiker w ( 1962 ) biological and morphological notes on the fruit - piercing and eye - frequenting moths . 11 . int kongr entomologie wien ( 1960 ) 2 : 10–17
büttiker w ( 1967 ) biological notes on eye - frequenting moths from n thailand . mitt schweiz entomol ges 39 / 3 , 4 : 151–179
büttiker w ( 1970 ) strange parasites of the eye . ciba symposium 17 : 22–29
büttiker w ( 1973 ) vorläufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeinküste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1–43
büttiker w ( 1993 ) domestic and wild mammalian hosts of ophthalmotropic lepidoptera in africa . entomologist extraordinary . s afr inst med res , johannesburg , pp 5–9
büttiker w ( 1996 ) midgut structure and contents in some higher moths , especially in eye - frequenting taxa . entomol basiliensia ( in press )
downes ja ( 1973 ) lepidoptera feeding at puddle - margins , dung , and carrion . j lepid soc 27 / 2 : 89–99
frings h , frings m ( 1956 ) the loci of contact chemoreceptors involved in feeding reactions in certain lepidoptera . biol bull 110 : 291–299
gouws jj , coetzer jaw , howell pg ( 1995 ) a comparative microbiological study of clinically healthy eyes and those affected by ophthalmia in cattle and the association of noctuid eye - frequenting moths . tydskr s afr vet assoc 66 / 3 : 160–169
krenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105–114
nicolet j , büttiker w ( 1975a ) observations sur la kérato - conjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en côte d ' ivoire 1 . aspects microbiologiques . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 115–124
nicolet j , büttiker w ( 1975b ) observations sur la kératoconjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en côte d ' ivoire 2 . étude sur le rôle vecteur des lépidoptères ophthalmotropes . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 125–132
norris mj ( 1936 ) the feeding - habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura . trans r entomol soc london 85 : 61–90
sellier r ( 1975 ) étude ultrastructurale en microscopie électronique par balayage des organes sensoriels de la trompe des lépidoptères rhopalocères . alexanor 9 : 9–15
i use a 125w mercury vapour lamp for attracting night - flying insects . i used to set this up on my apartment rooftop or balcony with a white sheet and the surrounding tiled or painted walls as a base .
i found this fairly limiting due to often small numbers of attendees and usually the same species . so now i have invested in a gasoline generator and take my gear into the bush strapped to the back of my trusty electric bike .
( nb . i use the light only for photographing night - flying insects . i do not trap or collect specimens . )
the hard decision is usually deciding when to pack up and go home , just in case that “amazing one” arrives… . .
you can see all of my images captured at the night light in my flickr album , night light .
( click the corresponding links below to see the full size images in my photostream . image numbering starts top left , then from left to right , top to bottom . )
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . .


rana is a genus of frogs commonly known as the holarctic true frogs , pond frogs or brown frogs .

members of this genus are found through much of eurasia , north america , central america , and the northern half of south america .

many other genera were formerly included here .

these true frogs are usually largish species characterized by their slim waists and wrinkled skin ; many have thin ridges running along their backs , but they generally lack " warts " as in typical toads .

they are excellent jumpers due to their long , slender legs .

the typical webbing found on their hind feet allows for easy movement through water .

coloration is mostly greens and browns above , with darker and yellowish spots .

rana ( genus )

( rana toro ) , en ambientes precordilleranos de la provincia de san juan , argentina . ' '
this species is very adaptable with minimal threats except for pollution and invasive species such as rana catesbeiana ( iucn 2006 ) .
rana clamitans bronze frog , green frog ( r . c . melanotus ) , bronze frog ( r . c . clamitans ) subgenus : aquarana
matsui , t . , and matsui , m . ( 1990 ) . ' ' a new brown frog ( genus
rana areolata crawfish frog , southern crawfish frog ( r . a . areolatus ) , northern crawfish frog ( r . a . circulosus ) subgenus : pantherana
taxonomic notes : this species was placed in the genus lithobates by frost et al . ( 2006 ) . however , yuan et al . ( 2016 , systematic biology , doi : 10 . 1093 / sysbio / syw055 ) showed that this action created problems of paraphyly in other genera . yuan et al . ( 2016 ) recognized subgenera within rana for the major traditional species groups , with lithobates used as the subgenus for the rana palmipes group . amphibiaweb recommends the optional use of these subgenera to refer to these major species groups , with names written as rana ( aquarana ) catesbeiana , for example .
che j . , pang j . f . , zhao e . m . , matsui m . , zhang y . p . ( 2007 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of the chinese brown frogs ( genus rana ) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12s and 16s rrna gene sequences . ' '
case , s . m . ( museum of vertebrate zoology and departments of zoology and biochemistry , university of california , berkeley , california 94720 ) 1978 . biochemical systematics of members of the genus rana native to western north america . syst . zool . 27 : 299–311 . —few supraspecific groups have been defined in north american ranids and the informal groupings which are recognized are often poorly characterized . two biochemical methods , starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation , have been used in an examination of the evolutionary relationships among western north american frogs of the genus rana . both the electrophoretic and albumin comparisons indicate that the rana boylii species group presently includes two very different evolutionary lineages . rana aurora , r . boylii , r . cascadae , r . muscosa , and r . pretiosa are all members of one lineage allied to r . temporaria of europe . a mexican species traditionally included in this group , r . tarahumarae , is most closely related to other members of the genus that occur in mexico and is part of a larger lineage that also includes r . pipiens . frogs found in eastern north america diverged from western european frogs in mid - eocene ; estimates of divergence time are consistent with the hypothesis that separation of these lineages coincided with the end of a land connection between europe and north america . the catesbeiana , pipiens , and tarahumarae groups diverged from each other in the oligocene . western north american rana diverged from a eurasian ancestor in the oligocene and radiated in this area to form the five members of the boylii group .
a116 . van der meijden , a . , r . boistel , j . gerlach , a . ohler , m . vences & a . meyer ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetic evidence for paraphyly of the genus sooglossus , with the description of a new genus of seychellean frogs . – biological journal of the linnean society 91 : 347 - 359 .
mueses - cisneros , j . j . and ballén , g . ( 2007 ) . ' ' un nuevo caso de alerta sobre posible amenaza a una fauna nativa de anfibios en colombia : primer reporte de la rana toro (
pereyra , m . o . , baldo , d . , and krauczuc , e . r . ( 2006 ) . ' ' la ‘‘rana toro’’ en la selva atlántica interior argentina : un nuevo problema de conservación . ' '
a99 . glaw , f . & m . vences ( 2006 ) . phylogeny and genus - level classification of mantellid frogs . – organisms diversity and evolution 6 : 236 - 253 . ( pdf )
matsui , m . , bassarukin , a . m . , kasugai , k . , tanabe , s . and takenaka , s . ( 1994 ) . ' ' morphological comparisons of brown frogs ( genus
previous species lists may refer to this frog as rana palmipes ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . savage ( 2002 ) and guyer and donnelly ( 2005 ) follow the systematic treatment of hillis and de sã¡ ( 1988 ) , in separating the two species based on morphology .
a67 . lötters , s . , e . la marca & m . vences ( 2004 ) : redescriptions of two toad species of the genus atelopus from coastal venezuela . – copeia 2004 : 222 - 234 . ( pdf )
a192 . jovanovic , o . & m . vences ( 2010 ) : skeletochronological analysis of age structure in populations of four species of malagasy poisonous frogs , genus mantella . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 553 - 557 . ( pdf )
a101 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus guibemantis ( anura : mantellidae ) . – zootaxa 1329 : 39 - 57 . ( pdf )
> green frogs ( rana clamitans ) defend calling territories against intrusion by other males by kicking , bumping , and biting . the south american nest - building hylid , hyla faber , has a long , sharp spine on the thumb with which males wound each other when wrestling . the small central american dendrobates… …
a349 . vences , m . , v . sarasola - puente , e . sanchez , f . amat & j . s . hauswaldt ( 2017 ) : diversity and distribution of deep mitochondrial lineages of the common frog , rana temporaria , in northern spain .  salamandra 53 : 2533 . ( pdf )
a34 . vences , m . , m . puente , s . nieto & d . r . vieites ( 2002 ) : phenotypic plasticity of anuran larvae : environmental variables influence body shape and oral morphology in rana temporaria tadpoles . – journal of zoology , london 257 : 155 - 162 . ( pdf )
a83 . vences , m . , f . andreone & f . glaw ( 2005 ) : a new microhylid frog of the genus cophyla from a transitional forest in northwestern madagascar . – african zoology 40 : 143 - 149 . ( pdf )
a312 . segev , o . , a . rodriguez , s . hauswaldt , k . hugemann & m . vences ( 2015 ) : flatworms ( schmidtea nova ) prey upon embryos of the common frog ( rana temporaria ) and induce minor developmental acceleration .  amphibia - reptilia 36 : 155163 . ( pdf )
matsui , m . , shimada , t . , liu , m . z . , manyati , m . , khomsue , w . , and orlov , n . ( 2006 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of oriental torrent frogs in the genus
a94 . vences , m . , f . andreone & d . r . vieites ( 2005 ) : new treefrog of the genus boophis tschudi 1838 from the northwestern rainforests of madagascar . – tropical zoology 18 : 237 - 249 . ( pdf )
a20 . vences , m . , p . galán , a . palanca , d . r . vieites , s . nieto & j . rey ( 2000 ) : summer microhabitat use and diel activity cycles in a high altitude pyrenean population of rana temporaria . – herpetological journal 10 : 49 - 56 . ( pdf )
a318 . köhler , j . , f . glaw , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2015 ) : integrative taxonomic revision of mantellid frogs of the genus aglyptodactylus ( anura : mantellidae ) .  zootaxa 4006 : 401 - 438 . ( pdf )
a104 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative tadpole morphology in three species of frogs of the genus spinomantis ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – contributions to zoology 75 : 99 - 108 . ( pdf )
a384 . dittrich , c . , a . rodríguez , o . segev , s . drakulic , h . feldhaar , m . vences & m . - o . rödel ( 2018 ) : temporal migration patterns and mating tactics influence size - assortative mating in rana temporaria . behavioral ecology 29 : 418 - 428 . ( pdf )
a16 . vences , m . , n . piqué , a . lopez , m . puente , c . miramontes , d . rodriguez ( 1999 ) : summer habitat population density and size classes of rana temporaria in a high altitude pyrenean population . – amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 4 ) : 440 - 443 . ( pdf )
a308 . miralles , a . , f . glaw , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences ( 2015 ) : a likely microendemic new species of terrestrial iguana , genus chalarodon , from madagascar .  zootaxa 3946 : 201 - 220 . ( pdf )
a137 . wollenberg , k . c . , f . andreone , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : pretty in pink : a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from north - eastern madagascar . – zootaxa 1684 : 58 - 68 .
a23 . mausfeld , p . , m . vences , a . schmitz & m . veith ( 2000 ) : first data on the molecular phylogeography of scincid lizards of the genus mabuya . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 17 : 11 - 14 . ( pdf )
a11 . vences , m . , a . hille & f . glaw ( 1998 ) : allozyme differentiation in the genus mantella ( amphibia : anura : mantellinae ) . – folia zoologica 47 ( 4 ) : 261 - 274 . ( pdf , low resolution )
a48 . vences , m . , k . grossenbacher , m . puente , a . palanca & d . r . vieites ( 2003 ) : the cambalès fairy tale : elevational limits of rana temporaria ( amphibia : ranidae ) and other european amphibians revisited . – folia zoologica 52 ( 2 ) : 189 - 202 . ( pdf )
a45 . veith m . , m . vences , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman & a . palanca ( 2002 ) : genetic differentiation and population structure within the spanish common frogs ( rana temporaria complex ; ranidae , amphibia ) . – folia zoologica 51 ( 2 ) : 307 - 318 . ( pdf )
a174 . vallan , d . , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2010 ) : forceps delivery of a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from eastern madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 1 - 8 . ( pdf )
a133 . köhler , j . f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : a new green treefrog , genus boophis tschudi 1838 ( anura mantellidae ) , from arid western madagascar : phylogenetic relationships and biogeogeographic implications . – tropical zoology 20 : 215 - 227 .
a175 . galán , p . , a . - k . ludewig , j . kmiec , s . hauswaldt , m . cabana , r . ferreiro , m . vences ( 2010 ) : low mitochondrial divergence of rediscovered southern relict populations of rana temporaria parvipalmata in spain . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 144 - 148 . ( pdf )
a283 . orozco - terwengel , p . , f . andreone , e . louis jr . & m . vences ( 2013 ) mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of madagascar , genus dyscophus . – molecular ecology 22 : 6074–6090 . ( pdf )
a193 . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , t . , r . - d . randrianiaina , j . glos , a . strauß & m . vences ( 2010 ) : description of ten tadpoles in the genus boophis from madagascar . – zootaxa 2694 : 1 - 25 . ( pdf )
a161 . rocha , s . , m . vences , f . glaw , d . posada & d . j . harris ( 2009 ) : multigene phylogeny of malagasy day geckos of the genus phelsuma . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 530 - 537 . ( pdf )
a110 . aliabadian , m . , m . kaboli , r . prodon , v . nijman & m . vences ( 2007 ) : phylogeny of palearctic wheatears ( genus oenanthe ) - congruence between morphometric and molecular data . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 42 : 665 - 675 .
a64 . grosjean , s . , m . vences & a . dubois ( 2004 ) : evolutionary significance of oral morphology in the carnivorous tadpoles of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus ( ranidae ) . – biological journal of the linnean society 81 : 171 - 181 . ( pdf )
a253 . lehtinen , r . m . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2012 ) : a new species of putatively pond breeding frog of the genus guibemantis from madagascar . – copeia 2012 : 648 - 662 . ( pdf )
a383 . vences . m . , j . r . rasoloariniaina & j . c . riemann ( 2018 ) : a preliminary assessment of genetic divergence and distribution of malagasy cave fish in the genus typhleotris ( teleostei : milyeringidae ) .  zootaxa 4378 : 367 - 376 . ( pdf )
a375 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2017 ) : rediscovery of frogs belonging to the enigmatic microhylid genus madecassophryne in the anosy massif , south - eastern madagascar .  salamandra 53 : 507 - 518 . ( pdf )
a167 . glaw , f . , j . köhler & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a distinctive new species of chameleon of the genus furcifer ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from the montagne d ' ambre rainforest of northern madagascar . – zootaxa 2269 : 32 - 42 . ( pdf )
a126 . grosjean , s . , j . glos , m . teschke , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : comparative larval morphology of madagascan toadlets of the genus scaphiophryne : phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences . – zoological journal of the linnean society 151 : 555 - 576 .
a325 . vences . m . , o . jovanovic , g . safarek , f . glaw & j . köhler ( 2015 ) : a new arboreal frog of the genus guibemantis from the southeast of madagascar ( anura : mantellidae ) .  zootaxa 4059 : 569 - 580 . ( pdf )
a162 . jovanovic , o . , j . glos , f . glaw , r . - d . randrianiaina & m . vences ( 2009 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus mantella ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – zootaxa 2124 : 21 - 37 . ( pdf )
a55 . andreone , f . , g . aprea , m . vences & g . odierna ( 2003 ) : a new frog of the genus mantidactylus from the rainforests of north - eastern madagascar , and its karyological affinities . – amphibia - reptilia 24 : 285 - 303 . ( pdf )
a225 . raharivololoniaina , l . , o . verneau , p . berthier , m . vences & l . du preez ( 2011 ) : first monogenean flatworm from a microhylid frog host : kankana , a new polystome genus from madagascar . – parasitology international 60 : 465 - 473 . ( pdf )
a176 . vences , m . , f . glaw , j . köhler & k . c . wollenberg ( 2010 ) : molecular phylogeny , morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylids of the genus anodonthyla from madagascar . – contributions to zoology 79 : 1 - 32 . ( pdf )
a113 . greenbaum , e . , a . m . bauer , t . r . jackman , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2007 ) : a phylogeny of the enigmatic madagascan geckos of the genus uroplatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – zootaxa 1493 : 41 - 51 . ( pdf )
a100 . raharivololoniaina , l . , s . grosjean , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2006 ) : molecular identification , description and phylogenetic implications of the tadpoles of 11 species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . – journal of natural history 40 : 1449 - 1480 .
a28 . kosuch , j . , m . vences , a . dubois , a . ohler & w . böhme ( 2001 ) : out of asia : mitochondrial dna evidence for an oriental origin of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 : 398 - 407 . ( pdf )
a229 . veith , m . , a . baumgart , a . dubois , a . ohler , p . galán , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - román & m . vences ( 2012 ) . discordant patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial introgression in iberian populations of the european common frog ( rana temporaria ) . – journal of heredity 103 : 240 - 249 . ( pdf )
a194 . du preez , l . h . , l . raharivololoniaina , o . verneau & m . vences ( 2010 ) : a new genus of polystomatid flatworm ( monogenea : polystomatidae ) without free - swimming life stage from the malagasy poison frogs . – zootaxa 2722 : 54 - 68 . ( pdf )
a35 . schaefer , h . - c . , m . vences & m . veith ( 2002 ) : molecular phylogeny of malagasy poison frogs , genus mantella ( anura : mantellidae ) : homoplastic evolution of colour pattern in aposematic amphibians . – organisms diversity and evolution 2 : 97 - 105 . ( pdf )
a324 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , d . r . vieites , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2015 ) : two new microhylid frogs of the genus rhombophryne with superciliary spines from the tsaratanana massif in northern madagascar .  herpetologica 71 : 310 - 321 . ( pdf )
a256 . lemme , i . , m . erbacher , n . kaffenberger , m . vences & j . köhler ( 2013 ) : molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos , genus geckolepis . – organisms diversity and evolution 13 : 87 - 95 . ( pdf )
a21 . glaw , f . , m . vences & v . gossmann ( 2000 ) : a new species of mantidactylus from madagascar , with a comparative survey of internal femoral gland structure in the genus ( amphibia : ranidae : mantellinae ) . – journal of natural history 34 : 1135 - 1154 . ( pdf )
a227 . kaffenberger , n . , k . c . wollenberg , j . köhler , f . glaw , d . r . vieites , & m . vences ( 2012 ) : molecular phylogeny and biogeography of malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 555 - 560 . ( pdf )
a216 . pabijan , m . , p . - s . gehring , j . köhler , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : a new microendemic frog species of the genus blommersia ( anura : mantellidae ) from the east coast of madagascar . – zootaxa 2978 : 34 - 50 . ( pdf )
a210 . miralles , a . , a . p . raselimanana , d . rakotomalala , m . vences & d . r . vieites ( 2011 ) : a new large and colorful skink of the genus amphiglossus from madagascar revealed by morphology and multilocus molecular study . – zootaxa 2918 : 47 - 67 . ( pdf )
a296 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2014 ) : a new microhylid frog , genus rhombophryne , from northeastern madagascar , and a re - description of r . serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography . – zootaxa 3860 : 547 - 560 . ( pdf )
a221 . randrianiaina , r . d . , k . c . wollenberg , t . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , a . strauß , j . glos & m . vences ( 2011 ) nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . – journal of natural history 45 : 2871 - 2900 . ( pdf )
a222 . köhler , j . , f . glaw , g . m . rosa , p . - s . gehring , m . pabijan , f . andreone & m . vences ( 2011 ) : two new bright - eyed treefrogs of the genus boophis from madagascar . – salamandra 47 : 207 - 221 . ( pdf )
a135 . jackman , t . r . , a . m . bauer , e . greenbaum , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : molecular phylogenetic relationships among species of the malagasy - comoran gecko genus paroedura ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 74 - 81 . ( pdf )
a274 . klages , j . , f . glaw , j . köhler , j . müller , c . a . hipsley & m . vences ( 2013 ) : molecular , morphological and osteological differentiation of a new species of microhylid frog of the genus stumpffia from northwestern madagascar . – zootaxa 3717 : 280 - 300 . ( pdf )
a115 . glaw , f . , z . t . nagy , m . franzen & m . vences ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogeny and systematics of the pseudoxyrhophiine snake genus liopholidophis ( reptilia , colubridae ) : evolution of its exceptional sexual dimorphism and descriptions of new taxa . – zoologica scripta 36 : 291 - 300 . ( pdf )
a128 . nagy , z . t . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . wink & m . vences ( 2007 ) : species boundaries in malagasy snakes of the genus madagascarophis ( serpentes : colubridae sensu lato ) assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial markers . – organisms diversity & evolution 7 : 241 - 251 . ( pdf )
a235 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strauß , j . glos & m . vences ( 2012 ) : diversity of strongly rheophilous tadpoles of malagasy tree frogs , genus boophis ( anura , mantellidae ) , and identification of new candidate species via larval dna sequence and morphology . – zookeys 178 : 59 - 124 . ( pdf )
a121 . glaw , f . , j . köhler , p . bora , n . h . c . rabibisoa , o . ramilijaona & m . vences ( 2007 ) : discovery of the genus plethodontohyla ( anura : microhylidae ) in dry western madagascar : description of a new species and biogeographic implications . – zootaxa 1577 : 61 - 68 .
a5 . ziegler , t . , m . vences , f . glaw & w . böhme ( 1997 ) : genital morphology and systematics of geodipsas boulenger , 1896 ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) , with description of a new genus . – revue suisse de zoologie 104 ( 1 ) : 95 - 114 . ( pdf , low resolution )
two subspecies are recognized , based on morphological differences among larvae and adults ( goin and netting , 1940 ; bragg , 1953 ) . southern crawfish frogs ( rana a . areolata ) occur from east - central texas east through central and northern louisiana and southern arkansas , and north into southeastern oklahoma . northern crawfish frogs ( rana a . circulosa ) occur in the northern and eastern portions of the species distribution . sympatry between the subspecies occurs in the tallgrass prairie region between the canadian and arkansas rivers in oklahoma , and in southern arkansas ( bragg , 1953 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the similarity of r . areolata to the related florida gopher frog–dusky gopher frog ( r . capito – r . sevosa ) complex may contribute to inaccurate distribution records ( mount , 1975 ; martof et al . , 1980 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . rana areolata , r . capito , and r . sevosa are distinct species ( goin and netting , 1940 ; hillis et al . , 1983 ; hillis , 1988 ; young and crother , 2001 ) and allopatrically distributed , although they are only separated by a narrow region in south - central mississippi and central louisiana ( dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) , where morphologically intermediate animals were noted by neill ( 1957d ) .
a98 . chiari , y . , p . orozco - terwengel , m . vences , d . r : vieites , a . sarovy , j . e : randrianirina , a . meyer & e . louis jr . ( 2006 ) : genetic identification of units for conservation in tomato frogs , genus dyscophus . – conservation genetics 7 : 473 - 482 .
a153 . randrianiaina , r . - d . , l . raharivololoniaina , c . preuss , a . strauß . f . glaw , m . teschke , j . glos , n . raminosoa & m . vences ( 2009 ) : descriptions of the tadpoles of seven species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . – zootaxa 2021 : 23 - 41 . ( pdf )
a288 . glaw , f . , c . kucharzewski , z . t . nagy , o . hawlitschek & m . vences ( 2013 ) : new insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the malagasy snake genus liopholidophis suggest at least one rapid reversal of extreme sexual dimorphism in tail length . – organisms , diversity and evolution 14 : 121 - 132 . ( pdf )
a197 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strauß , j . glos , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : diversity , external morphology and ‘reverse taxonomy’ in the specialized tadpoles of malagasy river bank frogs of the subgenus ochthomantis ( genus mantidactylus ) . – contributions to zoology 80 : 17 - 65 . ( pdf ) ( pdf high resolution )
a178 . rocha , s . , h . rösler , p . - s . gehring , f . glaw , d . posada , d . j . harris & m . vences ( 2010 ) : phylogenetic systematics of day geckos , genus phelsuma , based on molecular and morphological data ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – zootaxa 2429 : 1 - 28 . ( pdf )
a37 . vences , m . , f . andreone , f . glaw , j . kosuch , a . meyer , h . - c . schaefer & m . veith ( 2002 ) : exploring the potential of life - history key innovation : brook breeding in the radiation of the malagasy treefrog genus boophis . – molecular ecology 11 : 1453 - 1463 . ( pdf )
males call from floating vegetation , or the shore , both day and night but more frequently at night during the breeding season ( savage 2002 ) . the advertisement and territorial call consists of a complex series of squalls and chortles , with the variability of noises giving the impression that several species are present at the same time ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call may even be reminiscent of sounds produced by rubbing a hand across an inflated balloon ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . this frog also gives a high - pitched , single - note alarm call sounding like a ' yip ' while leaping toward safety , and a captured individual may give prolonged , high - pitched calls while being handled by its captors ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call given by this frog at la selva , costa rica is similar to that of taylor ' s leopard frog ( rana taylori , formerly rana pipiens ) and its relatives ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .
a122 . wohltmann , a . , l . du preez , m . - o . rödel , j . köhler & m . vences ( 2007 ) : endoparasitic mites of the genus endotrombicula ewing , 1931 ( acari : prostigmata : parasitengona : trombiculidae ) from african and madagascan anurans , with description of a new species . – folia parasitologica 54 : 225 - 235 . ( pdf )
a226 . ohler , a . , k . c . wollenberg , s . grosjean , r . hendrix , m . vences , t . ziegler & a . dubois ( 2011 ) : sorting out lalos : description of new species and additional taxonomic data on megophryid frogs from northern indochina ( genus leptolalax , megophryidae , anura ) . – zootaxa 3147 : 1 - 83 . ( pdf )
a158 . franzen , m . , j . jones , a . p . raselimanana , z . t . nagy , n . d ' cruze , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a new black - bellied snake ( pseudoxrhophiinae : liophidium ) from western madagascar , with notes on the genus pararhadinaea . – amphibia - reptilia 30 : 173 - 183 . ( pdf )
a7 . glaw , f . , m . vences & w . böhme ( 1998 ) : systematic revision of the genus aglyptodactylus boulenger , 1919 ( amphibia : ranidae ) , and analysis of its phylogenetic relationships to other madagascan ranid genera ( tomopterna , boophis , mantidactylus , and mantella ) . – journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 36 ( 1 ) : 17 - 37 . ( pdf )
in contrast , parasites are not a major cause of mortality . this frog has relatively few parasites in comparison to other species of frogs , despite its aquatic lifestyle which favors the life cycle of gorgoderina and many other digeneans . studies have reported only 25 helminth species parasitizing rana vaillanti including several species of gorgoderina : g . attenuata , g . diaster , g . parvicava , and g . megacetabularis . the site of infection is the urinary bladder ( ramirez et al . 1998 ; mata - lã³pez et al . 2005 ) .
a376 . miralles , a . , a . macleod , a . rodríguez , a . ibañez , g . jiménez - uzcategui , g . quezada , m . vences & s . steinfartz ( 2017 ) : shedding light on the imps of darkness : an integrative taxonomic revision of the galápagos marine iguanas ( genus amblyrhynchus ) .  zoological journal of the linnean society 181 : 678 - 710 . ( pdf )
a278 . ratsoavina , f . m . , n . r . raminosoa , e . e . louis jr . , a . p . raselimanana , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2013 ) : an overview of madagascar’s leaf tailed geckos ( genus uroplatus ) : species boundaries , candidate species and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data . – salamandra 49 : 115 - 148 . ( pdf )
a270 . vences , m . , j . s . hauswaldt , s . steinfartz , o . rupp , a . goesmann , s . künzel , p . orozco - terwengel , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman , s . haas , c . laugsch , m . gehara , s . bruchmann , m . pabijan , a . - k . ludewig , d . rudert , c . angelini , l . j . borkin , p . - a . crochet , a . crottini , a . dubois , g . f . ficetola , p . galán , p . geniez , m . hachtel , o . jovanovic , s . n . litvinchuk , p . lymberakis , a . ohler , n . a . smirnov ( 2013 ) : radically different phylogeographies and patterns of genetic variation in two european brown frogs , genus rana . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 657 - 670 . ( pdf )
a recent genetic study of gopher frog ( rana capito ) populations across the current geographic distribution ( mississippi–north carolina ) by young and crother ( 2001 ) indicated that the mississippi population was genetically distinct . young and crother ( 2001 ) therefore elevated the mississippi population to specific status by resurrecting rana sevosa goin and netting ( 1940 ; dusky gopher frog ) , because this population is the only one remaining in the historical geographic range of rana sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) as described by goin and netting ( 1940 ) . assigning the population discovered in baldwin county , alabama , after the publication of goin and netting ( 1940 ) to r . sevosa or r . capito is difficult because this population was not included in their study and has since become extinct . netting and goin ( 1942a ) assigned this population to r . sevosa based on the then known distribution of r . sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) and r . capito ( florida to north carolina ) . however , populations later discovered in counties proximate to baldwin county were included in the genetic study of young and crother ( 2001 ) and were not genetically distinct from all other populations sampled east of the mobile bay ( thus remaining r . capito ) . based on this evidence , we assign the baldwin county population to r . capito ( as indicated by the geographic range maps ) and note the inherent uncertainty . it currently is not possible to determine the location of the contact zone between r . sevosa and r . capito , but the extensive mobile basin creates a logical barrier to dispersal and thus probably separates the two species .
c . larvae / metamorphosis . larvae hatch within 7–15 d after oviposition and metamorphose in 63–75 d in the field ( bragg , 1953 ; johnson , 1987 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . hatching occurs in 7–10 d and metamorphosis in 80–95 d in the laboratory ( m . redmer , personal observations ) . parris and semlitsch ( 1998 ) demonstrated that crawfish frogs have an average larval period of 65 d when reared in artificial ponds , and that this increases to an upper limit of 90 d when reared with larvae of other rana species . larvae feed primarily on phytoplankton and algae ( bragg , 1953 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . larvae reach up to 63 mm in length before metamorphosing and are distinguishable from other rana larvae by having a relatively narrow interruption between the two halves of the inner row of upper labial teeth ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ) and by a series of dermal pits along the lateral line ( bragg , 1953 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . newly metamorphosed individuals are 30 mm in svl and weigh 2–3 g ( wright and myers , 1927 ; smith , 1961 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) .
a287 . vences , m . , e . sanchez , j . s . hauswaldt , d . eikelmann , a . rodríguez , s . carranza , d . donaire , m . gehara , v . helfer , s . lötters , p . werner , s . schulz & s . steinfartz ( 2014 ) : nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus salamandra ( salamandridae ) . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 73 : 208 - 216 . ( pdf )
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . crawfish frogs may be excluded from larval communities containing plains leopard frogs ( rana blairi ) or southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) because of weak interspecific competitive ability ( parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . they may breed syntopically with northern cricket frogs ( acris crepitans ) , american toads ( bufo americanus ) , cope’s gray treefrogs ( hyla chrysoscelis ) , eastern gray treefrogs ( h . versicolor ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , western chorus frogs ( p . triseriata ) , plains leopard frogs , green frogs ( r . clamitans ) , and southern leopard frogs ( wright and myers , 1927 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . j . p . , personal observation ) .
1 . historical versus current distribution . dusky gopher frogs ( rana sevosa ) are endemic to the coastal plain of louisiana ( saint tammany , tangipahoa , and washington parishes ) , mississippi ( hancock , harrison , jackson , and pearl river counties ) , and southwestern alabama ( mobile county ; goin and netting , 1940 ; netting and goin , 1942a ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . they were last documented in louisiana in 1967 , although they are now thought to be extirpated ( r . thomas , personal communication ) . populations from historical localities in mobile county , alabama , are also thought to be extinct ( mount , 1990 ; m . bailey , personal communication ) . one population was found in mississippi ( harrison county ) following extensive surveys of historical localities and suitable habitat in the late 1980s , but none has been found since ( g . johnson , personal communication ) .
rana vaillanti is semiaquatic , found either at the water ' s edge on land , resting in shallows , or floating among vegetation with only its green head emerging ( savage 2002 ) . it is active throughout the year both during day and night ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . when startled , if it is on land , it will escape into the water to swim a short distance to a hiding spot on the bottom of the lake ( leenders 2001 ) or under floating vegetation ( savage 2002 ) . this frog is a sit - and - wait predator with a diverse diet of mainly sedentary prey , including a high proportion of invertebrates such as insects ( coleopterans , odontates and areneids ) and spiders , but also including birds , fish , and conspecifics ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . it forages on the shoreline of the lake , leaping with hind legs completely extended ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .
a377 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw , j . köhler , f . andreone , m . franzen , j . glos , o . hawlitschek , t . jono , a . mori , s . h . ndriantsoa , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , j . c . riemann , m . o . rödel , g . m . rosa , d . r . vieites , a . crottini & m . vences ( 2017 ) : describing the smaller majority : integrative taxonomy reveals twenty - six new species of tiny microhylid frogs ( genus stumpffia ) from madagascar .  vertebrate zoology 67 : 271 - 398 . ( high - resolution pdf - 75 mb ) ( low - resolution pdf - 15 mb )
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . dusky gopher frogs inhabit the burrows of gopher tortoises , gopherus polyphemus ( allen , 1932 ; wright and wright , 1949 ) and small mammals ( richter et al . , 2001 ) . amphibian species currently known to breed in the same pond as dusky gopher frogs , although not necessarily during the same season , include mole salamanders ( ambystoma talpoideum ) , southern cricket frogs ( acris gryllus ) , southern toads ( bufo terrestris ) , eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) , green treefrogs ( hyla cinerea ) , pine woods treefrogs ( h . femoralis ) , barking treefrogs ( h . gratiosa ) , squirrel treefrogs ( h . squirella ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , southern chorus frogs ( p . nigrita ) , ornate chorus frogs ( p . ornata ) , green frogs ( rana clamitans ) , southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) , and eastern spadefoot toads ( scaphiopus holbrookii ; allen , 1932 ; g . johnson and s . c . r . , personal observations ) .
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . in new jersey , green frogs and carpenter frogs ( r . virgatipes ) breed in the same lakes and have overlapping breeding seasons , calling site preferences , and vocal repertoires ; they also exhibit generally similar territorial behaviors ( wells , 1977 , 1978 ; given , 1987 , 1990 ) . nevertheless , given ( 1990 ) shows that carpenter frogs are less territorial but more aggressive than are green frogs in these breeding aggregations . working in west virginia , pauley and barron ( 1995 ) observed that green frogs breed in the same ponds as leopard frogs , pickerel frogs , and bullfrogs , but only american bullfrogs have an overlapping breeding season with green frogs . in northern minnesota , green frogs commonly occur with mink frogs ( rana septentrionalis ; oldfield and moriarty , 1994 ) . however , mink frogs usually inhabit floating vegetation in deeper water while green frogs are found along the edges of the water . this habitat partitioning reduces interspecific competition for food ( fleming , 1976 ) . minton ( 1972 ) reports two cases of male green frogs in amplexus with leopard frogs , once with a male and once with a female .
1 . historical versus current distribution . crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ) have a disjunct distribution , with populations localized in areas of suitable habitat . the distribution forms an arc that encircles the eastern , northern , and western boundaries of the ozark plateau , from western indiana and southern illinois , west through south - central iowa , central and southwestern missouri , southeastern kansas , eastern oklahoma , and eastern texas , and from extreme western kentucky south along the mississippi drainage to central mississippi , and across southern arkansas and northwestern louisiana ( wright and myers , 1927 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; bailey , 1943 ; bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . they are also present in a narrow band along the arkansas river valley in central arkansas ( s . trauth , arkansas state university , personal communication ) . crawfish frogs are absent from the ozark plateau in missouri and arkansas and the mississippi river delta in arkansas and mississippi ( r . altig , mississippi state university , personal communication ) .
rana vaillanti is a large frog with males reaching 67 - 94 mm and females 76 - 125 mm in snout - vent length ( savage 2002 ) . the head is longer than wide , with a pointed snout . the tympanum is large , and exceeds or is equal to the eye diameter . fingers are unwebbed but have a lateral ridge , and also have slightly swollen tips . finger i is longer than finger ii . subarticular tubercles are present under fingers but no supernumerary , plantar , or accessory palmar tubercles are present . the thenar tubercle is elongated and the palmar tubercle is cordate to bifid . on the hindlimb , a weak tarsal ridge is present . toes have expanded tips and are fully webbed , with oblong subarticular tubercles . the inner metatarsal tubercle is present and elongate , but the outer metatarsal tubercle is lacking . dorsal surfaces on this frog are covered with white - tipped denticles , particularly between the two prominent dorsolateral folds . the shank bears longitudinal rows of white - tipped denticles on the dorsal surface . ventrally most surfaces are smooth , but the underside of the tarsus is denticulate . males have paired rounded vocal slits and paired internal subgular vocal sacs , as well as yellowish nuptial excrescences on the dorsolateral surface of the thumb and forearm ( savage 2002 ) .
1 . historical versus current distribution . the range of green frogs ( rana clamitans ) encompasses most of the eastern united states , from the canadian border south to the gulf of mexico . green frogs occur almost everywhere east of a line drawn from central minnesota south through central iowa , southeast through missouri ( excluding the northwestern corner ) , and south through central oklahoma and eastern texas ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . green frogs are absent from the southern half of florida , from much of central illinois ( a distribution smith [ 1961 ] termed puzzling ) , and from half a dozen scattered counties in north - central arkansas . geographic isolates occur in western iowa , northern utah , and in several locations in the state of washington ( stebbins , 1985 ; leonard et al . , 1993 ) . two subspecies are recognized , northern green frogs ( r . c . melanota ) and bronze frogs ( r . c . clamitans ) . they have distributions that are roughly separated along a line from southeastern oklahoma arcing northeast through missouri to southern illinois , then arcing south through western tennessee , and east through northeastern mississippi , northern alabama , and central georgia , and northeast through central south carolina and extreme southeastern north carolina ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . mecham ( 1954 ) discusses the geographic variations of the morphologic features throughout the range , and arndt ( 1977 ) reports a blue variant from delaware . green frogs have been introduced in the states of washington and utah , and in western iowa .
i . breeding migrations . breeding occurs in late winter to early spring : late february to early may in northern regions , january to early april in southern regions ( bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . immigration begins after rainfall has filled temporary ponds and a saturation has occurred ( smith et al . , 1947 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . ambient air temperatures of 10–12 ˚c ( minimum 8 ˚c ) are critical to initiate and maintain breeding activity ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . some claim that for breeding , crawfish frogs require the most restrictive moisture and temperature conditions of any north american rana ( smith et al . , 1947 ) , but others cite flexibility in reproductive behavior ( bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . males migrate to temporary ponds 5–6 d prior to the arrival of females ( smith et al . , 1948 ) . breeding occurs explosively , with most reproduction occurring in a short period of intense chorusing at the beginning of the breeding season , although calling and periodic reproductive activity may persist for 22–55 d ( smith et al . , 1948 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . in marginal habitats or in smaller populations , reproduction may not occur every year ( thompson , 1915 ; m . j . p . , personal observations ) .
o . predators . no records of predation on adults or juveniles exist , but predators would be similar to those of other gopher frogs , and other ranid frogs ( e . g . , snakes , birds , and mammals ; jensen and richter , this volume ) . caddisfly ( trichoptera ) larvae are known to prey on eggs and larvae ( richter , 2000 ) . no other documentation of larval predation exists , but potential predators include those of other gopher frogs , and those observed in glen’s pond feeding on southern leopard frog eggs and larvae—dragonfly naiads ( odonata ) , backswimmers ( hemiptera ) , giant water bugs ( hemiptera ) , predaceous diving beetles ( coleoptera ) , fish , salamanders , snakes , turtles , and birds ( jensen and richter , this volume ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . p . anti - predator mechanisms . dusky gopher frogs inflate their bodies and cover their eyes when harassed or grasped by potential predators ( s . c . r . , personal observations ) , as is known for crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ; altig , 1972a ) , a sister species . this behavior in dusky gopher frogs is coupled with a milky secretion having a distinct musky odor and bitter taste , which exudes from the dorsal warts ( dickerson , 1906 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . the secretion is composed of a variety of peptides that have a wide range of bioactive properties , some of which are thought to be associated with predator deterrence ( c . graham , s . c . r . , p . flatt , and c . shaw , unpublished data ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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( family ranidae ) found in ponds , streams , and other bodies of fresh water in the northeastern united states . the green frog is 5 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 inches ) long and green to brownish in colour . the back and legs are characteristically spotted or blotched .
) , is found in such places as swamps and streamsides of the southeastern united states . it is brown above and grows to about 8 . 5 cm ( 3 . 3 inches ) . its call , like that of the green frog , is a sharp , twanging note . the european marsh , pool , and edible frogs are also known as green frogs .
ranidae , , family of wide - ranging frogs of the order anura , containing several genera and more than 600 species . representatives occur on every continent except antarctica . members of this group are referred to as the true frogs . although most are aquatic or semiaquatic , a few ranids are ground…
frog , any of various tailless amphibians belonging to the order anura . used strictly , the term may be limited to any member of the family ranidae ( true frogs ) , but more broadly the name frog is often used to distinguish the smooth - skinned , leaping anurans from squat , warty , hopping ones , which are…
anura , one of the major extant orders of the class amphibia . it includes the frogs and toads , which , because of their wide distribution , are known by most people around the world . the name frog is commonly applied to those forms with long legs and smooth , mucus - covered skins , toad being used for a…
amphibian , ( class amphibia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats . the name amphibian , derived from the greek amphibios meaning “living a double life , ” reflects this dual life strategy—though some species are…
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…


bridouxia giraudi is a species of tropical freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .

bridouxia giraudi is the type species of the genus bridouxia .

this species is found in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia .

its natural habitat is freshwater lakes .

bridouxia giraudi

bridouxia is a genus of small tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae .
imp . edouard bry , paris . 1 vivipara brmcatiana , 2 . viv . bridouxiana , 3 . cleopatra jouberti , 4 ' . cleop . gmuemeti , 5 - 7 . bridouxia giraudi , 8 - 10 . br . ville s émana , 11 - 13 . br co . stata , 14 - 16 . br . reymondi , 17 - 13 . baizea giraudi , 20 - 24 . spekia zonata , 2 5 - 27 . sp . giraudi .
articles on thiaridae , including : red - rimmed melania , anceya giraudi , anceya , anceya terebriformis , aylacostoma , bathanalia howesi , bathanalia , . . . chytra kirki , hirthia globosa , hirthia livro de referência
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified . it was previously listed as endangered in the 2000 system ( b1 + 2c ) . it was downgraded as this species is known from all shores of lake tanganyika from at least 56 localities and the threats are very localised .
this species is commonly found underneath cobbles , thus populations are not small but may be patchy ( e . michel , pers . comm . ) .
it is common underneath ( occasionally on ) cobbles and rocks in shallow depths , 0 - 3 m .
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[ the hatred that was shown by the crusaders for people who were basically peaceful and the extremes of torture and murder to rid france of the heretics ] look out sentry , we ' re in a killing mood don ' t stand in our way , don ' t try to slow us down this is war , seek divinity we only want to stop heresy terror , hatred , murder error , fateful , mistake no need to shout boy it won ' t save your skin now it ' s best to prepare the time must come for all terror , hatred . murder error fateful , mistake don ' t stop carry on ahead don ' t stop till they are all dead minerve die cathars fly don ' t stop just swing that sword boy no one to resist you just forge on massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord blood flows like fire in my brain blood flows like water reddened rain won ' t you come and join us praise and rejoice us more if we don ' t act and win this war these heretic bastards will be knocking at your door massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord if we don ' t end this blasphemy the war will reign for centuries keep our church free , we will massacre these cathars and make sure
authors : milne - edwards , h . ( henri ) , 1800 - 1885 ; audouin , jean victor , 1797 - 1841 ; milne - edwards , alphonse , 1835 - 1900 ; perrier , edmond , 1844 - 1921 ; bouvier , e . - l . , 1856 - 1944 ; grassé , pierre paul , 1895 -
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how can i put and write and define bridport in a sentence and how is the word bridport used in a sentence and examples ? 用bridport造句 , 用bridport造句 , 用bridport造句 , bridport meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
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