skistodiaptomus is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family diaptomidae , found across north america .

the genus contains eight species , three of which are endemic to the united states and are listed on the iucn red list as vulnerable species ( vu ) or data deficient ( dd ) .

skistodiaptomus bogalusensis ( m. s. wilson & moore , 1953 ) skistodiaptomus carolinensis yeatman , 1986 skistodiaptomus mississippiensis ( marsh , 1894 ) skistodiaptomus oregonensis ( lilljeborg , 1889 ) skistodiaptomus pallidus ( herrick , 1879 ) skistodiaptomus pygmaeus ( pearse , 1906 ) skistodiaptomus reighardi ( marsh , 1895 ) skistodiaptomus sinuatus ( kincaid , 1953 )

skistodiaptomus

dowell , k . m . 1997 . evidence for diapause in the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus . american midland naturalist 137 ( 2 ) : 362 - 368 .
thum , r . a . and r . s . stemberger . 2006 . pure spatial and spatially structured environmental variables explain skistodiaptomus copepod range limits in the northeastern usa . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 63 ( 6 ) : 1397 - 1404 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of skistodiaptomus pallidus are found here .
ghan , d . , j . d . mcphail , and k . d . hyatt . 1998 . the temporal - spatial pattern of vertical migration by the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus oregonensis relative to predation risk . canadian j . of fisheries and aquatic sci . 55 : 1350 - 1363 .
chapman , m . a . , j . d . green , and t . g . northcote . 1985 . seasonal dynamics of skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick and other zooplankton populations in deer lake , s . w . british columbia . journal of plankton research 7 ( 6 ) : 867 - 876 .
duggan , i . c . , j . d . green , and d . f . burger . 2006 . first new zealand records of three non - indigenous zooplankton species : skistodiaptomus pallidus , sinodiaptomus valkanovi , and daphnia dentifera . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 40 : 561 - 569 .
potential : skistodiaptomus pallidus is an efficient omnivorous predator , with the ability to prey on preferred rotifers and microzooplankton from large distances . it also consumes algae and practices cannibalism , which may allow populations to persist when resource availability is low ( williamson and butler 1986 ; williamson and vanderploeg 1988 ) . it has also been known to attain very high densities in suitable habitats , reaching 10 , 000 per m3 in a lake erie marsh to unknown consequences ( krieger and klarer 1991 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus became the primary calanoid copepod in a particularly eutrophic portion of lake tahoe , dominating two previously common species , leptodiaptomus tyrrelli and epischura nevadensis ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro , 2018 , skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 5 / 2 / 2018 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
duggan , i . c . , neale , m . , robinson , k . v . , verburg , p . , & watson , n . t . n . ( 2014 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus ( copepoda : diaptomidae ) establishment in new zealand natural lakes , and its effects on zooplankton community composition . aquatic invasions , 9 ( 2 ) , 195–202 . urltoken
after s . oregonensis molts to the first copepodid stage , it can filter feed on the same size class of particles ( 100 - 800ám│ ) as the adults ( mcqueen , 1970 ; comita and mcnett 1976 ) . the copepod prefers larger phytoplankon ( mcqueen , 1970 ) . richman ( 1966 ) showed that s . oregonensis exhibited it maximum ingestion rate in food concentrations of 25 000 - 50 000 cells ml‾╣ , ingestion rate declined dramatically . skistodiaptomus oregonensis may be adaped to feeding on large cells in high concentration , and would be at a feedin disadvange in lakes of very low productivity .
the north american calanoid copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus is an emerging invader globally , with non - indigenous populations recorded from constructed waters in new zealand , germany and mexico since 2000 . we examined the effects of s . pallidus establishment on the zooplankton community of a natural lake , lake kereta , where it was first recorded in late - 2008 , coincident with releases of domestically cultured grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) . although not present in any of our samples prior to august 2008 , s . pallidus was found in all samples collected in the subsequent five years . anosim indicated zooplankton community composition significantly differed between samples collected before and after s . pallidus invasion , whether the invader was included in the analysis or not . zooplankton species affected most greatly were the copepods calamoecia lucasi and mesocyclops sp . , which decreased in their relative importance , and the cladocerans bosmina meridionalis and daphnia galeata , which increased . rotifer species were relatively unaffected . as the length of grass carp released were > 6 . 5 cm , direct predatory effects by this species on the zooplankton community are unlikely . associated reductions in macrophyte biomass could explain increases in the relative abundances of planktonic cladocerans ( b . meridionalis and d . galeata ) . however , the effect of macrophyte reduction by grass carp on zooplankton communities is considered to be limited elsewhere , while the reduced macrophyte biomass cannot explain the decrease in relative abundance of the native planktonic calanoid copepod c . lucasi . competition between c . lucasi and s . pallidus is the most compelling explanation for the reduction in importance of the native calanoid copepod species . skistodiaptomus pallidus appears to have undergone a “boom - and - bust” cycle in lake kereta , increasing in relative abundance in the first three years following establishment , before declining in importance .
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first described in 1986 from lake ravenel , highlands , macon county , north carolina ( in the upper little tennessee watershed ) . has since also been found in ponds bordering the great smoky mountains national park .
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in the great lakes zooplankton literature , this sepcies was consistently referred to as diaptomus oregonensis until the subgenus name skisodiaptomus was elevated to genetric level .
in lake superior the females range from 1 . 2 - 1 . 4mm and average 1 . 33mm . males were somewhat smaller , ranging from 1 . 1 - 1 . 3mm and averaging 1 . 19mm .
the right antennule of adult male calanoids is geniculate and may possess a lateral projection on the antepenultimate segment . lateral spine on terminal segment of exopode of right 5th leg is subterminal in position .
s . oregonensis is present year round in the great lakes ( jahoda 1948 ; carter 1969 ; wilson and roff 1973 ; gannon 1975 ) . it is most abundant in the summer and fall but peaks have been observed from april to december . gannon ( 1972a , 1974 ) reported abundance peaks as early as february in green bay .
this species produces two generations each year in lake michigan . adults overwinter and produce a slow - growing spring generation that coincides with the phytoplankton maximum . this generation reproduces in the summer , and the offspring grow rapidly , maturing by fall overturn . most animals wait until spring to reproduce although gannon ( 1972a ) reported some winter reproduction in green bay . in lake superior , where abundance is low , s . oregonensis only produces one generation each year and overwinters as resting eggs ( selgeby 1974 )
sex rations of 1 : 1 are most common ( jahoda 1984 ; davis 1962 , 1968 ; torke 1975 ) , but females may outnumber males ( stewart 1974 ) . clutch size appears to be positively correlated with size of the females ( davis 1961 )
reproduction in the s . oregonensis is sexual . the male clasps the female with his modified first antennae and / or fifth legs , then transfers a packet of sperm , the spermatophore , from his genital pore to her genital segment . the sperms are stored in a seminal receptacle located in the female ' s genital segment . when the female releases eggs from her genital tract , they are fertilized by the stored sperm . female brood the eggs in one egg sac attached to the genital segment . after the first clutch of eggs has hatched , some females fertilize a second and third clutch utilizing more of the sperm stored from their first mating .
its egg hatch into small , active larva known as nauplii . the first nauplius stage ( ni ) is characterized by three pairs of appendages . the animals grow rapidly and molt to the second nauplius stage ( nii ) , which is slightly longer . the animals continue to grow and add appendages as they pass through six naupliar stages . the next molt is to the first copepodid stage ( ci ) . at this period the young species have the general body shape of the adult but are smaller and lack several of the swimming legs . growth , addition of swimming legs , and modification of the limbs continue at each molt until the adult ( cvi ) stage is reached . the animals then mate and produce the next
is one of the most widely distributed diaptomid species , occuring throughout the northern united states and southern ontario , canada ( marsh 1893 , 1929 ; carl 1940 ) . this species has been reported in all the great lakes , especially abundant in the warmer , southerly portions of the
and is of decreasing importance in the cooler , northerly regions ( robertson 1966 ) . now this species is rare in lake superior ( selgeby , 1975 ) and lake ontario , only appearing in fall and most common in lake erie ( davis 1961 , wright 1955 ) which peaks in abundance occur in september .
s . oregonensis always inhabits permanent water bodies , but occurs in lakes of different morphometric and tropic characteristics . it is common in lake michigan , but also occurs in quite shallow inland lakes and ponds . it frequently occurs with other calanoids , leptodiaptomus minutusis , l . ashlandi and l . sicilis , and occasionally with s . pallidus .
s . oregonensis is more abundant offshore than in the littoral zone ( stewart 1974 ) . during periods of thermal stratification , this species is usually found in the meta - and epilimnia , migrating toward the surface at night , but most densely concentrated near the thermocline during the day ( juday , 1903 ; langford , 1938 ; wells 1960 ) . in unstratified water masses and upwelling areas , distribution throughout the water column is more uniform ( wilson and roff 1973 ) . in teapot lake , ontario , cooley ( 1970 ) found that day - night differences in mean depth distribution were not significant for naupliar stages , but were significant for copepodid and adult stage , although these day - night distribution means only involved a depth difference of 1m or less , and some animals apparently did not migrate . birge ( 1895 ) observed no vertical movement for this species in lake mendota , dane co . diurnal migratory behavior is apparently weakly developed in this species , and the extent of migration may be influenced by age and individual behavior , and perhaps by temperature , light level , time of year and thermocline depth
s . oregonensis has been found in the stomach of severl species of fish including ass , crappie , carp , suckers , freshwater drum , trout - perch , yellow perch , and whitefish ( ewers 1933 ; wilson 1960 ) . comparing only a small percentage of the diet of some fish , it was found to be an important food item for small bloater ( wells and beeton 1963 ) .
balcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : general morphology and ecology of the crustacean zooplankton , p . 8 - 11 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .
balcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : life history and ecology of the major crustacean species , p . 91 - 93 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .
byron torke . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 / 454 : 351 - 365 , 2001 .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the endopod of the 1st leg of this copepod species is bifurcate . unlike some other diaptomids , the antepenultimate segment of the right 1st antenna has no distinct appendage and is not produced into a blunt point in males . the male left 5th leg is shorter than the right , reaching to the end of or slightly past the 1st segment of the right exopod . there is a scythe - like inner process on the terminal exopod segment of the male left 5th leg . females have 3 urosomal segments , rounded metasomal wings with small sensilla , and a somewhat expanded genital segment ( pennak 1989 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .
females are around 0 . 8–1 . 2 mm long while males are around 0 . 7–1 mm long ( geddes and cole 1981 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .
is native to the north central plain states , northeast to new york , southern united states in the mississippi river basin , texas , and west to colorado ( pennak 1989 ; mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; thum and sternberger 2006 ) .
was first recorded from lake ontario in 1967 . in the 1970s , it was recorded from lake erie , lake st . clair , lake huron and the saginaw river . the occurrences in the lake huron drainage were discovered upon re - examining archived specimens from 1974 and 1975 ( mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) . unspecified locations in
( mclaughlin et al . , 2005 ) . collected from lake tahoe , on the
border in 1979 and several other california locations ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .
has expanded its range in north america westward ( duggan et al . 2006 ) . it has been introduced outside of north america , possibly via the aquarium trade .
* hucs are not listed for states where the observation ( s ) cannot be approximated to a huc ( e . g . state centroids or canadian provinces ) .
is typically found in waters with a ph range of 7 . 5–8 . 6 and a conductivity range of 77–660 μs cm
. this species prefers to dwell in cool waters < 12ºc and was found at 10 m in june and below 16 m in july , underneath the thermocline in belews lake , north carolina ( chapman et al . 1985 ; marcogliese and esch 1992 ; torke 2001 ; thum and stemberger 2006 ) .
produces some eggs that go through a diapause stage before they hatch and some that do not . breeding in general takes place from around march to november and females can produce up to around 20 eggs per brood . diapausing eggs produced between june and october hatch from december to june of the following year . when production of diapausing eggs occurs in the summer it may aid populations to avoid fish predation . these eggs have been known to reach densities of 105 per m
in the sediments of some habitats . such high densities may help mitigate the effects of a poor year in reproduction and recruitment . it may take around 7 weeks for resting stages to hatch . one study found that it takes around 66 days at 10ºc and 15 days at 25ºc for development to the adult stage . there are 2–5 generations per year in different parts of this species’ range ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; chapman et al . 1985 ; dowell 1997 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; wonham et al . 2005 ) .
feeds on phytoplankton , especially individual algae > 53 μm in size . it can also selectively and intensely prey on some rotifer species ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; williamson and butler 1986 ; torke 2001 ) .
could have been introduced accidentally in bait buckets , in fishing equipment , by recreational boaters , with hatchery stock from the mississippi river basin , or through dispersal ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .
additionally , based on evidence from an ohio lake , it has been suggested that s . pallidus is an intermediate host for the parasitic worm tanaorhamphus longirostris , although study of this occurrence has been limited ( hubschman 1983 ) . documented evidence combined with its record of spread across the u . s . ( byron and saunders 1981 ) have led some recently colonized areas , like new zealand , to express concern over the potential effects of s . pallidus on native ecosystems ( duggan et al . 2006 ) .
there have been no recent records of this species in the great lakes . persistent populations of
may be lacking in the main water bodies of the great lakes , although individuals are probably washed into the lakes during floods . its native range could extend into tributaries and coastal wetlands within the basin ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .
geddes , m . c . , and g . a . cole . 1981 . variation in sexual size differentiation in north american diaptomids ( copepoda : calanoida ) : does variation in the degree of dimorphism have ecological significance ? limnology and oceanography 26 ( 2 ) : 367 - 374 .
geiling , w . t . , and r . s . campbell . 1972 . the effect of temperature on the development rate of the major life stages of diaptomus pallidus herrick . limnology and oceanography 17 : 304 - 307 .
glmris . 2012 . appendix c : inventory of available controls for aquatic nuisance species of concern , chicago area waterway system . u . s . army corps of engineers .
hubschman , j . h . 1983 . diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ( crustacea : copepoda ) as an intermediate host for tanaorhamphus longirostris ( van cleave , 1913 ) ( acanthocephala : neoechinorhynchidae ) . journal of parasitology 69 ( 5 ) : 930 - 932 .
krieger , k . a . , and d . m . klarer . 1991 . zooplankton dynamics in a great lakes coastal marsh . journal of great lakes research 17 : 255 - 269 .
lesko , l . t . , p . l . hudson , and m . a . chriscinske . 2003 . calanoid copepods of the laurentian great lakes . ann arbor , mi , online at urltoken
mclaughlin , p . l . , and 39 others . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada—crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 , bethesda , maryland , american fisheries society , 545 p .
marcogliese , d . j . , and g . w . esch . 1992 . alterations of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton in relation to temperature . american midland naturalist 128 ( 1 ) : 139 - 155 .
mills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .
pennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the unites states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .
reid , j . w . , and p . l . hudson . 2008 . comment on “rate of species introductions in the great lakes via ship’s ballast water and sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 65 ( 3 ) : 549 - 553 .
torke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .
williamson , c . e . , and n . m . butler . 1986 . predation on rotifers by the suspension - feeding calanoid copepod diaptomus pallidus . limnology and oceanography 31 : 393 - 402 .
williamson , c . e . , and h . a . vanderploeg . 1988 . predatory suspension - feeding in diaptomus : prey defenses and the avoidance of cannibalism . bulletin of marine science 43 ( 3 ) : 561 - 572 .
wonham , m . j . , s . a . bailey , h . j . macisaac , and m . a . lewis . 2005 . modelling the invasion risk of diapausing organisms transported in ballast sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2386 - 2398 .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
( of leptodiaptomus pallidus ( light , 1938 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of diaptomus reighardi marsh , 1895 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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s _ pygmaeus _ 5th _ leg . mov - virtual focus of the 5th leg ( 1 . 71 mb )
torke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia . 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .
chow - fraser , p . and e . j . maly . 1988 . aspects of mating reproduction and co - occurrence in three freshwater calanoid copepods . freshwater biol . 19 : 95 - 108 .
havens , k . e . , n . d . yan , and w . keller . 1993 . lake acidification : effects on crustacean zooplanktonic populations . environ . sci . and technology . 27 : 1621 - 1624 .
hairston , n . g . and r . a . vanbrunt . 1994 . diapause dynamics of two diaptomid copepod species in a large lake . hydrobiologia . 292 - 293 : 209 - 218 .
bundy , m . h . and h . a . vanderploeg . 2002 . detection and capture of inert particles by calanoid copepods : the role of the feeding current . j . of plankton research . 24 : 215 - 223 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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utegenia is a genus of early tetrapod .

it is usually regarded as a basal seymouriamorph , but sometimes included in the discosauriscidae or as a sister taxon of the latter .

only one species , utegenia shpinari , found from kazakhstan , is known .

urumqia , another basal seymouriamorph , from urumqi , xinjiang of china is probably a junior synonym of utegenia .

utegenia

urumqia was originally associated with utegenia , but actually urumqia is a basal lepidosauromorph reptile .
figure 1 . skull of a postmetamorphic specimen of utegenia shpinari . notice the contact between the postorbital ( po ) and the supratemporal ( st ) .
according to the present family tree , the rise of the living amphibians occurs in this lineage beginning with utegenia . this is where living amphibians depart from living reptiles .
overall much smaller than kotlassia , the skull of utegenia was relatively larger , lower and wider . the interpterygoid space expanded ( narrower pterygoid ) . the parasphenoid and basisphenoid were enlarged .
laurin , m . in press . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 pages , 6 figures .
laurin m 1996 . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 ( 3 ) : 374 - 383 .
utegenia shpinari kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ( batrachosauria : seymouriamorpha ) . kurty locality . latest carboniferous - early permian of kazakhstan . two postmetamorphic specimens and larvae with leaves of pecopteris , taeniopteris and kerpia .
of course they are not an ancestors of axolotl despite some morphological similarities utegenia much closer to ancestors of reptiles in a broad sense . but you are correct , this small - sized specimens which are larvae , really looks similar to modern axolotls .
utegenia had a moderately long trunk , with 28 presacral vertebrae ( three of four more than in other seymouriamorphs ) . the neural arches are paired and disarticulated from the pleurocentra even in the largest known specimen , but this is probably a juvenile character ( neural arch fusion occurred relatively late in the ontogeny of early terrestrial vertebrates ) .
utegenia had circular scales over most of its body , like discosauriscus . it retained rhomboidal ventral scales ( fig . 2 ) arranged in a chevron pattern ( gastralia ) and a contact between the postorbital and the supratemporal ( fig . 1 ) . both of these characters suggest that it is not closely related to discosauriscus , ariekanerpeton , or seymouria ( none of these seymouriamorphs appear to have had rhomboidal gastralia , although circular ventral scales were present in discosauriscus , and the presence of gastralia cannot be determined in seymouria ) . the contact between the supratemporal and the postorbital is rarely present in discosauriscus and ariekanerpeton , and it is not found in seymouria , but it is present in most postmetamorphic specimens of utegenia .
the first published reconstructions of utegenia shpinari showed a very broad skull ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) , but recent work suggests that kuznetsov and ivakhnenko did not take the extensive crushing into consideration ( fig . 1 ) , and that the skull was somewhat more narrow ( laurin , in press ) . the braincase is virtually unknown because its endochondral elements were cartilaginous . however , the parasphenoid was broad , triangular , and covered in a shagreen of denticles .
utegenia shpinari was found in the upper pennsylvanian or lower permian of kazakhstan ( the stratigraphy of this area is problematic ) . it is represented by more than four hundred flattened but well preserved specimens . these specimens document a growth series ranging from small larvae to small post - metamorphic specimens . this growth series shows that the neural arches ossify before the centra , and the external gills disappear when the skull reaches a length of about 1 . 5 cm ( kuznetsoz and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) . however , the poor ossification of most endochondral elements suggests that no fully mature specimen was found . the cranial length of the known specimens ranges from 1 cm to 3 . 5 cm ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) .
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the appendicular skeleton is poorly known because of its poor ossification . the scapula and coracoid are discrete elements , and the scapula is approximately circular . the ends of the limb bones are unossified . the carpus and tarsus are usually not ossified .
kuznetsov , v . v . , and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .
skeleton of a postmetamorphic specimen . this specimen is one of more than four hundred skeletons recently collected in kazakhstan . impressions of ventral scales are preserved on the right side of the abdomen .
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in the lineage of microsaurs . it also phylogenetically preceded the amniota , and its basalmost taxon ,
the cervicals and caudals are not known . the dorsal ribs were wide , producing a flattened torso .
the scapula and coracoid were reduced to two unfused discs . the extremely robust humerus was enlarged proximally , removing any trace of the former l shape . the radius and ulna were more robust . the manus and pes were not documented .
kuznetzov vv and ivakhnenko mf 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .
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full reference : v . v . kuznetsov and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108
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cosmopterosis hispida is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by solis in 2009 .

it is found in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) .

the apical two thirds of the forewings is rufous , while the costa and basal one fourth are creamy to yellowish white with brown-tipped scales .

there is a rufous spot in the area between the subbasal and medial lines on the hindwings .

the postmedial and subterminal lines consist of brown-tipped scales .

cosmopterosis hispida

26 . cephalaspida 27 . chara hispida 28 . chasmataspida 29 . chirodropida 30 . cleistocarpida 31 . coelolepida 32 . crataegus lepida 33 . cuspida 34 . cydippida 35 . detasamentul de interventie rapida 36 . dinoponera hispida 37 . domitia lepida 38 . dryopida 39 . eleutherocarpida 40 . elpida 41 . encyclopida 42 . estampida 43 . estupida 44 . estúpida 45 . ficus hispida 46 . ficus insipida 47 . flauta cuspida 48 . galeaspida 49 . gaultheria hispida 50 . gaultheria insipida
51 . gepida 52 . heliamphora hispida 53 . hirpida 54 . hispida 55 . holcocera chloropida 56 . insipida 57 . intrepida 58 . junia lepida 59 . kolotripida 60 . kolotrypida 61 . lacerta lepida 62 . lalitaditya muktapida 63 . lamoria idiolepida 64 . laocypris hispida 65 . lapida 66 . leperditicopida 67 . lepida 68 . linea tranviaria rapida 69 . lissanthe sapida 70 . lápida 71 . macroglossum insipida 72 . monogynaspida 73 . myodocopida 74 . nassella lepida 75 . nectaspida
76 . nektaspida 77 . neotoma lepida 78 . odostomia limpida 79 . olou tou kosmou i elpida 80 . onychopalpida 81 . opida 82 . oppida 83 . order anaspida 84 . order cydippida 85 . palaeocopida 86 . panorpida 87 . paracles insipida 88 . parasa lepida 89 . pedipalpida 90 . perreyea lepida 91 . phacopida 92 . phoca hispida 93 . phosphatocopida 94 . phyllolepida 95 . phyllostegia hispida 96 . pida 97 . pituriaspida 98 . platycopida 99 . podocopida 100 . psorosticha melanocrepida
the exposure to ultraviolet radiations ( uvr ) is the key source of skin sunburn ; it may produce harmful entities , reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , leading to aging . the skin can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of ros by using various pharmaceutical formulations , such as cream . cream can be loaded with antioxidants to quench ros leading to photo - protective effects . moreover , modern medicines depend on ethnobotanicals for protection or treatment of human diseases . this review article summarizes various in vivo antioxidant studies on herbal creams loaded with phyto - extracts . these formulations may serve as cosmeceuticals to protect skin against injurious effects of uvr . the botanicals studied for dermatologic use in cream form include acacia nilotica , benincasa hispida , calendula officinalis , camellia sinensis , camellia sinensis , nelumbo nucifera ,
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micracantha . crude extract from stem of thai medicinal plant was extracted with hexane , ethyl acetate , methanol and water . the antioxidant activities ( ic50 ) was evaluated with 1 , 1 - diphenyl - 1 - princylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging assay . total phenolic content ( tpc ) was determined by using folin - ciocalteu method . bacterial activities was tested with four human pathogenic bacteria ; escherichia coli , listeria monocytogenes , staphylococcus aureus and stapylococcus epidermidis by using agar diffusion assay . minimum inhibition concentration ( mic ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( mbc ) were also determined by broth dilution method . for antioxidant activity , the methanol fraction from stem extract showed the highest activity with an ic50 of 2 . 4 mg / ml . water extraction was the high tpc with 10 , 136 . 9 mg gae / g dry weight . methanol and water extraction showed the remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth was shown against l . monocytogenes and s . aureus . in addition , ethyl acetate , methanol and water fraction from stem extract against s . epidermidis . the present finding suggests that the extract of c . micracantha could be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as pharmaceutical products .
cynophallophora l . ( capparaceae ) and drypetes roxburghii ( wall . ) hurusawa ( euphorbiaceae ) , are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain protein - accumulating cells ( pac ) . the pac of armoracia and copparis ( former
myrosin cells
) occur as idioblasts . the pac of drypetes are usual members among axial phloem parenchyma cells rather than idioblasts . in drypetes the vacuoles of the pac are shown ultrastructurally to contain finely fibrillar material and to originate from local dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum . the vacuoles in pac of armoracia and
seem to originate in the same way ; but ultrastructurally , their content is finely granular . in addition , armoracia and
are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain dilated cisternae ( dc ) of the endoplasmic reticulum in normal parenchyma cells , in accord with previous findings for several species within brassicaceae . the relationship of pac and dc to glucosinolates and the enzyme myrosinase is discussed .
spinosa l . ) fruits have been used as food as well as folk medicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders , such as rheumatism . the present study was carried out to study the anti - inflammatory activities of c . spinosa l . fruit ( csf ) aqueous extract and to isolate main phytochemica . . .
antiestrogenic compounds were investigated from thai indigenous plants for galactogogues since estrogen is reported to suppress lactation in breastfeeding women . the aerial parts of the thai medicinal plant
flavicans , which has traditionally been used to promote lactation , gave the new compound capparoside a ( 1 ) , along with 28 known compounds . the leaves of vitex glabrata belong to the same genus as the chaste tree ( vitex agnus - castus ) , which is used traditionally to support lactation , and afforded the new compounds khainaoside a ( 14 ) , khainaoside b ( 15 ) , and khainaoside c ( 16 ) , together with six known compounds . the isolates were tested for their biological activity using the estrogen - responsive human breast cancer cell lines mcf - 7 and t47d . syringaresinol ( 3 ) and principin ( 6 ) , from c . flavicans , and khainaoside a ( 14 ) showed the most potent inhibitory effects on estrogen - enhanced cell proliferation among all compounds isolated . these results suggest that the lactation - promoting properties of c . flavicans might be related to the inhibitory effect on excess estrogen of women who experience insufficient breastfeeding and highlight the possibility of using v . glabrata leaves for their antiestrogenic properties .
spinosa l . is an important medicinal species in the xinjiang province of china . ten natural populations of c . spinosa from 3 locations in north , central , and south xinjiang were studied using morphological trait inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure . in this study , the 10 issr primers produced 313 amplified dna fragments , with 52 % of fragments being polymorphic . unweighted pair - group method with arithmetic average ( upgma ) cluster analysis indicated that 10 c . spinosa populations were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the nei gene of c . spinosa populations in different regions had diversity and shannon ' s information index ranges of 0 . 1312 - 0 . 2001 and 0 . 1004 - 0 . 1875 , respectively . the 362 markers were used to construct the dendrogram based on the upgma cluster analysis . the dendrogram indicated that 10 populations of c . spinosa were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the results showed these genotypes have high genetic diversity , and can be used for an alternative breeding program .
over the past decades , there has been increasing attention on polyphenol - rich foods including fruits and vegetables on human health . polyphenols have been shown to possess some potential beneficial effects on human health and they are widely found in foods consumed by populations worldwide .
spinosa ( c . spinosa ) is an important source of different secondary metabolites of interest to humankind . the traditional therapeutic applications of c . spinosa have been reported in ancient romans . numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from different parts ( aerial parts , roots and seeds ) of c . spinosa which are responsible alone or in combination for its various pharmacological activities . therefore , this paper is a review of publications on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of c . spinosa . there is insufficient evidence to suggest that c . spinosa or its extracts are able to improve the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes . however , these studies used different parts of c . spinosa plant , methods of preparation and types of solvents , which cause the evaluation of activity of c . spinosa difficult and involve quite heterogeneous data . there is also evidence , although limited , to suggest benefits of c . spinosa in improving human health . therefore , the relationship between c . spinosa and improved human health outcomes requires further study . pmid : 29364841
spinosa l . ( caper bush ) is an economically and ecologically important perennial shrub that grows across different regions of iran . in this study , the genetic diversity and population structure of iranian genepool of c . spinosa is evaluated using inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) markers . using 10 issr primers , 387 dna fragments ( bands ) were amplified from the genomic dna of 92 individuals belonging to twenty - one populations of c . spinosa , of which 378 ( 97 . 7 % ) were polymorphic . high level of genetic diversity ( percentage of polymorphic lociâ = â 98 . 2 % , hâ = â 0 . 1382 , iâ = â 0 . 243 ) , high genetic differentiation ( g st â = â 0 . 5234 ) and low gene flow ( nmâ = â 0 . 4553 ) among populations were observed . caper bush populations were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram , pcoa plot and bayesian clustering results , mostly corresponded to their geographic regions . the results showed that there are value in sampling iranian caper bush populations to look for valuable alleles for use in plant breeding programs .
decidua was developed . multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants on murashige and skoog ' s ( 1962 ) medium + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) naa + 5 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) bap + additives ( 50mgl ( - 1 ) ascorbic acid and25 mgl ( - 1 ) each of adenine sulphate , l - arginine and citric acid ) at 28 â± 2â°c , 12 h / dphotoperiod and 35 - 40 î¼mol m ( - 2 ) s ( - 1 ) photon flux density . the shoots were multiplied by ( i ) subculture of nodal shoot segments onto ms + 0 . 1 mgl ( - - 1 ) iaa + 1 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) baph + additives , and ( ii ) repeated transfer of original explant onto ms + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) iaa + mg l ( - 1 ) bap + additives , at intervals of 3 weeks . sixty to 70 % of the shoots rooted when pulse treated with 100 mg l ( - 1 ) iba in half strength ms liquid medium for 4h , and then transferred onto hormone - free half - strength agar - gelled ms basal saltmedium . incubation in dark at 33 â± 2â°c for 6d favoured root induction . in vitro hardened plants were transferred to pots .
is a dioecious conifer species native of brazil . the rare occurrence of monoiceous specimens have been attributed to pathogenic infections or other injuries in adult trees . here , the morphological characteristics of male and female cones and pollen grains of a monoiceous a . angustifolia are described . male and female cones and pollen grains presented normal morphology , lacking any sort of injuries or infection and suggesting the existence of further grounds for the occurrence of monoicy in this conifer species .
there is great concern about the effect of climate change in arid and subarid areas of the tropics . climate change combined with other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation , fires and over - grazing can accelerate their degradation and , consequently , the increases in losses of biological and economic productivity . climate models , both local and global , predict that rainfall in the arid peninsula of la guajira in the colombian caribbean would be reduced and temperature would be increased as a result of climate change . however , as there are only suitable climate records since 1972 , it is not possible to verify if , indeed , this is happening . to try to verify the hypothesis of reducing rainfall and rising temperatures we developed a growth ring chronology of
odoratissima in the middle peninsula of la guajira with 17 trees and 45 series which attain 48 years back . we use standard dendrochronological methods that showed statistically significant linear relationship with local climatic variables such as air temperature , sea surface temperature ( sst ) , annual precipitation and wind speed ; we also reach to successful relationship of the chronology with global climatic variables as the indices soi and mei of the enso phenomenon . the transfer functions estimated with the time series ( 1955 and 2003 ) do not showed statistically significant trends , indicating that during this period of time the annual precipitation or temperatures have not changed . the annual nature of c . odoratissima growth rings , the possibility of cross - dated among the samples of this species , and the high correlation with local and global climatic variables indicate a high potential of this species for dendrochronological studies in this part of the american continent .
ovata is a member of capparidacaeae family has been used in phytomedicine with a lot of positive effects such as an antioxidative , antihyperlipidemic , anti - inflammatory , and antihepatotoxic agent . the aim of this study was to research the protective effect of c . ovata on 6 - mercaptopurine ( 6 - mp ) induced to hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats . the rats were divided into 4 groups : control , 6 - mp , c . ovataovate , and 6 - mp + c . ovata . a complete blood count was performed , liver function test and antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , catalase , and malondialdehyde were measured in blood before and after a 14 - day test period . white blood cell and platelet counts were lower in the 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . hepatic transaminase levels were higher in 6 - mp group than the 3 groups ( p < 0 . 05 ) . superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and cat levels were lower and malondialdehyde was higher in blood samples in 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . in conclusion , our tests were showed that c . ovata may be useful in patients receiving 6 - mp therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity and in order to maintain uninterrupted therapy possibly reducing the risk of relapse . although additional studies ensure that
does not affect 6 - mp antileukemic activity . we believe these results are important contribution to the literature .
the purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical compounds of adenostemma lavenia ( l . )
( al ) and adenostemma platyphyllum cass ( ap ) using pyrolysis - gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ( py - gcms ) and proximate analysis . two species of adenostemma samples ( roots , stem and leaves ) about 1 mg was pyrolyzed directly at the optimum temperature of 600â°c . py - gcms was relatively fast , easy to use and without samples preparation and identification of the chemical compounds was carried out by comparison of the mass spectra obtained with those stored in wiley 7th libraries . the data of proximate analysis were statistically analysed using friedman test followed and hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) for data of py - gcms . the result of proximate analysis showed that a . lavenia ( l . )
( al ) and a . platyphyllum cass ( ap ) contained 8 . 27 % ( al ) and 9 . 18 % ( ap ) of water , 11 . 52 % ( al ) and 17 . 84 % ( ap ) of protein , 5 . 67 % ( al ) and 6 . 33 % ( ap ) of fat , and 17 . 32 % ( al ) and 19 . 94 ( ap ) of ash . amines , aldehydes , fatty acids , terpenoids - steroids , alkaloids , aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons , phenolic , and oligopeptides as part of 125 chemical compounds of each species are identified by py - gcms analysis . hierarchical cluster analysis of pyrolysis products indicate not similitary of major chemical compounds of two adenostemma species .
spinosa l . ) before and after a fermentation process . the phytochemical profiles were evaluated by high - performance liquid chromatography with uv and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection ( hplc - dad - esi - ms n ) . twenty - one compounds were characterized , and seven of them quantified . the main component of non - fermented berries was glucocapparin , which was degraded upon the fermentation process . most of the compounds were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides , epicatechin , and proanthocyanidins . the main differences observed upon the fermentation process were a decrease in epicatechin concentration , the hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides , and the degradation of glucosinolates . total phenolic and flavonoid contents , as well as the antioxidant activities by the in vitro antioxidant assays dpph and abts + , were determined , observing that the values were slightly higher after the fermentation process . copyright â© 2018 elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .
sicula ssp . sicula ) . this species has been characterized through the detection , isolation and quantitative evaluation of chemical markers ( polyphenols , flavonoids and glucosinolates ) . the chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two collection zones . while the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of the two samples were quite the same , their high - performance liquid chromatography profiles were very different . in both samples , the most abundant aglycone was quercetin which accounted for 60 % of total flavonoids . nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis allowed the identification of two compounds : 3 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic and 4 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic acids which represented 6 . 67 % and 15 . 94 % , respectively , of the total amount of flavonoids in sample 1 . in sample 2 , these two acids were still present , but their percentages were much less ( 2 . 20 % and 1 . 71 % , respectively ) . as far as we know , this is the first report about the presence of dicaffeoylquinic acids in
. with regard to glucosinolate content , sample 1 showed a higher content of glucosinolates . in both samples , glucocapparin was the most abundant compound . antioxidant activity of the methanolic c . sicula extracts using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl , î² - carotene bleaching test and oxygen radical absorbance capacity showed that the sample 2 was more active than 1 . as regards the inhibition of no production , the extracts from sample 2 were more active than those from sample 1 .
internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate in a natural population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .
the internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate of a population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .
were investigated using 16 allozyme loci . estimates of the mean number of alleles per loci ( 1 . 6 ) , percentage of polymorphic loci ( 43 . 8 % ) , and expected genetic diversity ( 0 . 170 ) were similar to those obtained for other gymnosperms . the analysis of spatial autocorrelation demonstrated the presence of internal structure in the first distance classes ( up to 70 m ) , suggesting the presence of family structure . the outcrossing rate was high ( 0 . 956 ) , as expected for a dioecious species . however , it was different from unity , indicating outcrossings between related individuals and corroborating the presence of internal genetic structure . the results of this study have implications for the methodologies used in conservation collections and for the use or analysis of this forest species .
decidua stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against bruchus chinensis . the lc50 values of these extracts were found to increase with the increase in the polarity of the extract at different exposure periods . for instance , after 96 h , the lc50 values were found to be 3 . 619 , 7 . 319 , and 10 . 151 microg for cd1 , cd2 , and cd3 , respectively . extract cd7 was effective only at higher doses . the toxicity was found to be dose - and time - dependent . the females laid lesser number of eggs , when exposed to sublethal doses of different extracts and pure compounds , as compared to control . the maximum oviposition deterrence index was found for extract cd1 followed in decreasing order by cd2 , cd3 , and cd7 . from extract cd1 , two compounds were isolated and characterized as triacontanol ( c1 ) and 2 - carboxy - 1 , 1 - dimethylpyrrolidine ( c2 ) . when the females were exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds , they laid lesser number of eggs as compared to the control . c2 was found to have a slightly greater oviposition inhibition effect than c1 . from fraction cd7 , one novel compound labeled as cdf1 has been isolated and identified as 6 - ( 1 - hydroxy - non - 3 - enyl ) tetrahydropyran - 2 - one . cdf1 has also shown insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against b . chinensis at low concentrations .
extraction and free radical scavenging activity of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
in this study , the optimization of the extraction conditions of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
) ( ap ) was investigated by response surface methodology ( rsm ) . three main independent variables ( extraction temperature , time , ratio of water to raw material ) were taken into consideration . and then the free radical scavenging activities of the sample were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals . the rsm analysis showed good correspondence between experimental and predicted values . . the optimal condition to obtain the highest yield of ap was determined as follows : temperature 76 . 79 â°c , time 2 . 48 h , ratio of water to material 22 . 53 ml / g . for the free radical scavenging activity , the ic50 values of vc and ap were 7 . 78 and 83 . 25 î¼g / ml . and for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical , that of ap and vc were 1 . 80 and 1 . 69 mg / ml . ap showed excellent antioxidant activity . this exhibited ap had a good potential for antioxidant . the purification and structure needs to be study in further . copyright â© 2015 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .
( ttk ) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetic , inflammatory , and female - related disorders . polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age , and hyperandrogenism is a prominent feature of pcos resulting in anovulation and infertility . in this study , we investigated the effects of a ttk extract on androgen generation and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in vitro and in vivo . human adrenocortical nci - h295r cells were used to assess the effects of ttk extract on production of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone , as well as the protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes . further , a letrozole - induced pcos rat model was used in vivo to assess whether dietary administration of ttk extract restores normal hormones and reduces pcos symptoms . ttk extract significantly inhibited forskolin ( for ) - induced androgen production in nci - h295r cells and serum luteinizing hormone , testosterone , and follicular cysts , but not estradiol , were reduced in letrozole - induced pcos rats orally administered the ttk extract . in addition , ttk extract inhibits androgen biosynthesis through the erk - creb signaling pathway , which regulates cyp17a1 or hsd3b2 expression . ttk extract could be utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenism and other types of pcos .
ali , hayssam m . ; khamis , mohamed h . ; hassan , fatma a .
this study was carried out at a greenhouse of sabahia horticulture research station , alexandria , egypt , to study the effect of sewage effluent on the growth and chemical composition of tipuana speciosa ( benth . )
seedlings as well as on soil properties for three stages . the irrigation treatments were primary - treated wastewater and secondary - treated wastewater , in addition to tap water as control . therefore , the treated wastewater was taken from oxidation ponds of new borg el - arab city . results of these study revealed that the primary effluent treatment explored the highest significant values for vegetative growth and biomass , compared to the other treatments . in addition , the higher significant concentration and uptake of chemical composition in different plant parts were obtained from the primary effluent treatment during the three stages of irrigation . it was found that the concentration of heavy metals in either plant or soil was below as compared to the world - recommended levels . these findings suggested that the use of sewage effluent in irrigating t . speciosa seedlings grown in calcareous soil was beneficial for the improvement of soil properties and production of timber trees , and also important for the safe manner of disposal of wastewater .
spinosa l . ) is a xerophytic shrub with a remarkable adaptability to harsh environments . this plant species is of great interest for its medicinal / pharmacological properties and its culinary uses . its phytochemical importance relies on many bioactive components present in different organs and its cultivation can be of considerable economic value . moreover , taxonomic identification of c . spinosa l . has been difficult due to its wide heterogeneity , and many authors fell into confusion due to the scarcity of genetic studies . the present review summarizes information concerning c . spinosa l . including agronomic performance , botanical description , taxonomical approaches , traditional pharmacological uses , phytochemical evaluation and genetic studies . this knowledge represents an important tool for further research studies and agronomic development on this indigenous species with respect to the emerging climatic change in the eastern mediterranean countries . indeed , this world region is particularly under the threat of global warming and it appears necessary to rethink agricultural systems to adapt them to current and futures challenging environmental conditions .
spinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , â¦ ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop . pmid : 29118777
spinosa l . in a systematic review : a xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming .
spinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , â¦ ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop .
chemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils from tipuana tipu ( benth . )
caffeine biosynthesis and degradation in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
to study caffeine biosynthesis and degradation , here we monitored caffeine synthase gene expression and caffeine and allantoin content in various tissues of four camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
cultivars during non - dormant ( nd ) and dormant ( d ) growth phases . caffeine synthase expression as well as caffeine content was found to be higher in commercially utilized tissues like apical bud , 1st leaf , 2nd leaf , young stem , and was lower in old leaf during nd compared to d growth phase . among fruit parts , fruit coats have higher caffeine synthase expression , caffeine content , and allantoin content . on contrary , allantoin content was found lower in the commercially utilized tissues and higher in old leaf . results suggested that caffeine synthesis and degradation in tea appears to be under developmental and seasonal regulation .
heavy metal content in tea soils and their distribution in different parts of tea plants , camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .
soils contaminated with heavy metals may pose a threat to environment and human health if metals enter the food chain over and above threshold levels . in general , there is a lack of information on the presence of heavy metals in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .
] plants and the soils in which they are grown . therefore , an attempt was made to establish a database on the important heavy metals : cadmium ( cd ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , and lead ( pb ) . for an initial survey on heavy metals , soil samples were collected randomly from tea - growing areas of tamil nadu , kerala , and karnataka , india . parallel studies were conducted in the greenhouse on uptake of pb , cd , and ni from soils supplemented with these metals at different concentrations . finally , metal distribution in the tea plants under field conditions was also documented to assess the accumulation potential and critical limit of uptake by plants .
transition rates of selected metals determined in various types of teas ( camellia sinensis l .
teas and raw materials used as ingredients of herbal and fruit infusions ( hfi ) were analysed by means of icp - ms for their content of aluminium , arsenic , cadmium , copper , lead and mercury in the dry product and in the infusion . samples of tea ( camellia sinensis l .
) were selected to include different origins , types ( black , green ) , leaf grades ( whole leaf , broken , fannings , dust ) and manufacturing techniques ( orthodox ,
crush , tear , curl
) . the selected hfi raw materials ( chamomile , elderberries , fennel , hibiscus , mate , peppermint , rooibos and rose hip ) cover the most important matrices ( flower , fruit , seed , herb , leaf ) and reflect the economic significance of these hfi materials in trade . infusions were prepared under standardised conditions representing typical household brewing . transition rates for the investigated metals vary significantly but are mostly well below 100 % . we propose default transition rates for metals to avoid overestimation of exposure levels from tea / hfi consumption . copyright â© 2016 . published by elsevier ltd .
preparative separation of bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )
using steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography .
in order to utilize and control the invasive weed , bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )
were studied . steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography were applied to separate and purify the caryophyllene oxide , 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene , and caryophyllene from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )
. the two - phase solvent system containing n - hexane / acetonitrile / ethanol ( 5 : 4 : 3 , v / v / v ) was selected for the one step separation mode according to the partition coefficient values ( k ) of the target compounds and the separation factor ( î± ) . the purity of each isolated fraction after a single high - speed counter - current chromatography run was determined by high performance liquid chromatography . a 3 . 2 mg of caryophyllene oxide at a purity of 92 . 6 % , 10 . 4 mg of 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene at a purity of 99 . 1 % and 5 . 7 mg of caryophyllene at a purity of 98 . 8 % were obtained from 200 mg essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )
. the chemical structures of these components were identified by gc - ms , ( 1 ) h - nmr , and ( 13 ) c - nmr . â© 2012 wiley - vch verlag gmbh & co . kgaa , weinheim .
spinosa ( capparaceae ) traces pleistocene geologic and climatic changes in the western himalayas , tianshan mountains , and adjacent desert regions .
complex geological movements more or less affected or changed floristic structures , while the alternation of glacials and interglacials is presumed to have further shaped the present discontinuous genetic pattern of temperate plants . here we consider
spinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity .
spinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity . pmid : 27314028
blister blight disease , caused by an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen , exobasidium vexans massee is posing a serious threat for tea cultivation in asia . as the use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption , serious attempts are being made to control such pathogens by boosting the intrinsic natural defense responses against invading pathogens in tea plants . in this study , the nature and durability of resistance offered by chitosan and the possible mechanism of chitosan - induced defense induction in camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
plants against blister blight disease were investigated . foliar application of 0 . 01 % chitosan solution at 15 days interval not only reduced the blister blight incidence for two seasons , but also maintained the induced expressions of different defense related enzymes and total phenol content compared to the control . defense responses induced by chitosan were found to be down regulated under nitric oxide ( no ) deficient conditions inâ vivo , indicating that the observed chitosan - induced resistance is probably activated via no signaling . such role of no in host defense response was further established by application of the no donor , sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) , which produced similar defense responses accomplished through chitosan treatment . taken together , our results suggest that increased production of no in chitosan - treated tea plants may play a critical role in triggering the innate defense responses effective against plant pathogens , including that causing the blister blight disease . copyright â© 2017 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .
mechanism of fenpropathrin resistance in red spider mite , oligonychus coffeae ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , infesting tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .
red spider mite ( rsm ) , oligonychus coffeae ( nietner ) ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .
) ] . the development of acaricide ( fenpropathrin ) resistance has been screened in field populations ( fps ) of rsms from different tea - growing regions of south india and compared with a laboratory - susceptible population ( sp ) based on toxicity bioassay , detoxifying enzyme activities , analysis of acetylcholine esterase gene ( ache , 2064â bp ) , and their expression pattern using semiquantitative rt - pcr . the increased resistance ratio ( rr , 1 . 39 to 2 . 13 ) in lc 50 of fenpropathrin observed in field populations of rsm provides a baseline for screening the development of resistance to fenpropathrin . this resistance developed due to hyperexpression of detoxifying enzymes , i . e . , esterase ( rr of 1 . 43 to 2 . 53 ) and glutathione s - transferase ( rr of 1 . 11 to 1 . 86 ) , and overexpression of ache gene at 1 . 4 to 2 . 7 - fold . these results necessitate molecular studies and warrant the continuous monitoring of acaricide susceptibility and resistance pattern in order to analyze the usefulness of ache gene as target for developing alternate pest control strategies and management of pesticide resistance in tea ecosystem .
protects estrogen - deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines .
( ttk ) and jakyakgamcho - tang ( jgt ) have been used for improving women ' s health and treating inflammatory diseases . we determined that the long - term consumption of these herbal extracts alleviates the progression of postmenopausal symptoms in high - fat - diet fed ovariectomized ( ovx ) rats , and further explored the mechanisms involved . five groups of ovx rats were fed high fat diets that were supplemented with either 2 % dextrin ( control ) , 2 % ttk ( 70 % ethanol extract ) , 2 % jgt ( water extract ) , 1 % jgt + 1 % ttk ( jgtt ) , or 30ââµg / kg body weight / day of 17î² - estradiol ( positive control ) . after eight weeks of dietary intervention , the herbal treatments did not change the serum concentrations of 17î² - estradiol or uterine weight in control rats , but they were higher in the positive - control group . ttk rats exhibited higher daily energy expenditure , particularly fat oxidation , without modifying the energy intake than the controls . ttk lowered the fat mass but lean body mass of the abdomen and leg were increased . jgt decreased periuterine fat mass and lean body mass more than the control but the decrease was not as much as ttk . ttk resulted in substantially lower serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines , tumor necrosis factor - î± ( tnf - î± ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 , than the control and jgt had lesser effect than ttk . insulin resistance , determined by homeostasis model assessment estimate for assessing insulin resistance ( homa - ir ) and insulin tolerance test , was reduced in the decreasing order of control , jgt , jgtt , and ttk and the homa - ir of ttk was similar to the positive control . ttk , but not jgt , enhanced glucose tolerance compared with the control , although the serum insulin levels in ttk were lower compared to the control . interestingly , the î² - cell masses were much greater in the ttk and jgtt groups than in the control , and they were comparable to the positive control . the increases in î² - cell masses in ttk and
influence of cytokinins in combination with ga3 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone iran 100 ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
the use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants . in the present research , we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
) ( clone iran 100 ) using nodal segments as the explant . the effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators ( pgr ) ( bap , tdz , ga3 ) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed . the influence of exposure to iba in liquid form prior to transfer to solid media on rooting of tea microshoots was investigated . the results of this study showed that the best treatment for nodal segment multiplication in terms of the number of shoot per explant and shoot elongation was obtained using 3âmg / l bap in combination with 0 . 5âmg / l ga3 . tdz was found to be inappropriate for multiplication of tea clone iran 100 as it resulted in hyperhydricity especially at concentrations higher than 0 . 05âmg / l . healthy shoots treated with 300âmg / l iba for 30âmin followed by transfer to 1 / 2 strength ms medium devoid of pgr resulted in 72 . 3 % of shoots producing roots and upon transferring them to acclimatization chamber 65 % survival was obtained prior to field transfer . pmid : 24605069
healing mechanisms of the hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of green tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . )
green tea is an infusion of unfermented leaves of camellia sinensis ( l . )
( theaceae ) , traditionally used for the treatment of obesity , hypercholesterolemia , and gastric complaints . this study evaluated the mechanisms involved in the gastric ulcer healing of the hydroalcoholic extract from green tea ( get ) , its ethyl acetate fraction , ( geac ) and epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) using the model of acetic acid - induced gastric ulcer in rats . the chronic gastric ulcer was induced by application of 80 % acetic acid on serosal mucosa of rats . after 7 days of oral treatment with get and geac , the ulcer area , mucin content , inflammatory parameters ( mpo and nag ) , and antioxidant system ( gsh and looh levels , sod and gst activities ) were evaluated . in vitro , the scavenging activity of get and geac were also measured . the antisecretory action was studied on the pylorus ligature method in rats . oral treatment with get and geac reduced significantly the gastric ulcer area induced by acetic acid . the gastric ulcer healing was accompanied by increasing of mucin content , restoration of gsh levels and sod activity , and reduction of mpo and looh levels . in addition , get and geac reduced the dpph free radicals in vitro . furthermore , the oral treatment of animals with get and geac did not alter the gastric acid secretion or cause signs of toxicity . collectively , these results showed that get had a pronounced antiulcer effect , possibly through maintenance of mucin content and reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress . in addition , the compounds present in its ethyl acetate fraction could be responsible for the extract activity .
development of caps markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea , camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
, including the two main cultivated sinensis and assamica varieties , was investigated based on pcr - rflp analysis of pal , chs2 and dfr , three key genes involved in catechin and tannin synthesis and directly responsible for tea taste and quality . polymorphisms were of two types : amplicon length polymorphism ( alp ) due to the presence of indels in two introns of pal and dfr , and point mutations detected after restriction of amplified fragments with appropriate enzymes . a progeny test showed that all markers segregated in a mendelian fashion and that polymorphisms were exclusively co - dominant . chs2 , which belongs to a multi - gene family , allowed for greater variation than the single - copy pal gene . based on nei ' s gene diversity index , var . sinensis was revealed to be more variable than var . assamica , and that a higher proportion of overall diversity resided within varieties as compared to between varieties . even though no specific dna profile was found for either tea varieties following any single pcr - rflp analysis , a factorial correspondence analysis carried out on all genotypes and markers separated the tea samples into two distinct groups according to their varietal status . this reflects the large difference between var . sinensis and var . assamica in their polyphenolic profiles . the sts - based markers developed in this study will be very useful in future mapping , population genetics and fingerprinting studies of this important crop species and other camellia species , as the primers have also proven successful in the three other subgenera of this genus .
suppressive subtractive hybridization approach revealed differential expression of hypersensitive response and reactive oxygen species production genes in tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
indications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
background tea is the worldâs most popular non - alcoholic beverage . china and india are known to be the largest tea producing countries and recognized as the centers for the domestication of the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .
) . however , molecular studies on the origin , domestication and relationships of the main teas , china type , assam type and cambod type are lacking . methodology / principal findings twenty - three nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity , relatedness , and domestication history of cultivated tea in both china and india . based on a total of 392 samples , high levels of genetic diversity were observed for all tea types in both countries . the cultivars clustered into three distinct genetic groups ( i . e . china tea , chinese assam tea and indian assam tea ) based on structure , pcoa and upgma analyses with significant pairwise genetic differentiation , corresponding well with their geographical distribution . a high proportion ( 30 % ) of the studied tea samples were shown to possess genetic admixtures of different tea types suggesting a hybrid origin for these samples , including the cambod type . conclusions we demonstrate that chinese assam tea is a distinct genetic lineage from indian assam tea , and that china tea sampled from india was likely introduced from china directly . our results further indicate that china type tea , chinese assam type tea and indian assam type tea are likely the result of three independent domestication events from three separate regions across china and india . our findings have important implications for the conservation of genetic stocks , as well as future breeding programs . pmid : 27218820
singh , g . p . ; mangal , ravindra ; bhojak , n .
simultaneous measurement of effective thermal conductivity ( { lambda } ) , effective thermal diffusivity ( { kappa } ) and specific heat of ker fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites have been studied by transient plane source ( tps ) technique . the samples of different weight percentage typically ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 % ) have been taken . it is found that values of effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity of the composites decrease , as compared to pure phenol formaldehyde , as the fraction of fiber loading increases . experimental data is fitted on y . agari model . values of thermal conductivity of composites are calculated with two models ( rayleigh , maxwell and meredith - tobias model ) . moreâ â» good agreement between theoretical and experimental result has been found . â«â less


cerithiopsis fayalensis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the southwestern coast of apulia , italy .

it was described by watson in 1880 .

cerithiopsis fayalensis

worms - world register of marine species - cerithiopsis fayalensis r . b . watson , 1880
figure 5 : the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis diadema , b and c . cerithiopsis fayalensis , d and e . cerithiopsis micalii .
species cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys , 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r . b . watson , 1885 ( non c . b . adams , 1850 )
the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis . . . | download scientific diagram
species cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr . , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae ( giusti fr . , 1987 ) ( original combination )
species cerithiopsis amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) accepted as cerithiella amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 )
species cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ) ( original combination )
watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
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redescription of retilaskeya horrida ( di monterosato , 1874 ) comb . nov . and a re - evaluation of the taxonomic affinity of the genus retilaskeya ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea )
watson r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . journal of the linnean society of london , 14
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
watson , 1880 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
eumetulinae clathropsis clathropsis impedita laseron 1956 , ( 4 ) queensland , laskeya laskeya bia bartsch , ( 10 ) afrique s . , laskeya geniculose hedley 1911 , ( 10 ) australie , retilaskeya retilaskeya bicolor ( adams c . b . 1845 ) , ( 18 ) floride , socienna socienna apicicostata ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula specula mammilla ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula regina cotton 1951 , ( 3 ) australie , zaclys zaclys styliferus cotton 1951 , ( 7 ) australie ,
natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken
an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .
forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . oo [ 1 aug . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 34 ) : pl . 91 [ 2 dec . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 36 ) : 364 [ 1 feb . 1851 ] [ details ]
forbes & hanley , 1850 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 137764 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ] available for editors
marshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]
cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors


astele allanae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

it was named in honour of joyce allan .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus astele ( coralastele )

astele allanae

have a fact about astele allanae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : coralastele allanae ( t . iredale , 1930 ) - id : 5062000377
species astele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) accepted as coralastele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 )
nomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and
stele
. . .
nomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and
stele
( στήλη ) is feminine in greek according to the dictionary at www . perseus . tufts . edu . [ details ]
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( of eutrochus a . adams , 1864 ) adams a . ( 1864 ) . description of a new genus and twelve new species of mollusca . proceedings of the zoological society of london . ( 1863 ) : 506 - 509 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 506 [ details ]
( of calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 ) dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
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( a . adams in h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ) [
iredale t . ( 1930 ) . queensland molluscan notes , no . 2 . memoirs of the queensland museum . 10 ( 1 ) : 73 - 88 , pl . 9 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 , pl . 9 fig . 5 [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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