skirroceras macrum is a stephanoceratacean ( ammonite ) species belonging to the family stephanoceratidae .

these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the jurassic period , in the bajocian age .

skirroceras macrum

new stunning , rare ammonite display species from burton bradstock , dorset , england ( sku702 ) : - skirroceras ( stephanoceras ) macrum – fossils for sale – fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop
age : jurassic age sub category : lower bajocian common name : ammonite genus : skirroceras species : macrum catalogue letters : baj catalogue number : 13 . 0a country of origin : england , uk description : a large adult , 7 whorls , with 1 1 / 3 whorls of body chamber , with tuberculated ribbing . sherborne , dorset . size : 250 mm price : £ 20 . 00
fig . 3 . 1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010027 ) . 2 . skirroceras macrum ( quenstedt , 1886 / 87 ) , propinquans zone , hebridica subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh163 ) . 3 . brasilia sp . , murchisonae zone , grand lara / gap ( mnhnl qh164 ) . 4 . otoites contractus ( sowerby , 1825 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh165 ) . 5 , 6 . paradumortieria distans ( buckman , 1890 ) , aalensis zone ( upper toarcian ) , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010025 ) . 7 . sonninia propinquans ( bayle , 1848 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh166 ) . 8 . catulloceras dumortieri ( thiollie ` re in dumortier , 1874 ) , upper toarcian , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010026 ) . scale bars = 4 cm ( 1 , 2 ) , 2 cm ( 4–7 ) , 1 . 25 cm ( 3 ) , 1 cm ( 8 ) .
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oxynoticeras oxynotus ; ypm ip 001812 ; europe ; united kingdom ; england ; dorset county ; lyme regis . cheltenham
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[ inclusion inside baltic amber ] pseudoscorpion + enhydros (
running water
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very well prepared and preserved specimen of this rare ammonite species . lacking shell coverage on the outer whorls but good shell coverage at the centre . overall a stunning , displayable , rare ammonite… a real classic . comes with a cut flat base for display and with a locality / species label . found : - bajocian , middle jurassic , burton bradstock , dorset , england . age : - 160 million years old . size of ammonite = 17 . 8 cm ( 7 inches ) in diameter . overall size = 20 . 3 cm ( 8 inches ) high .
new huge ! lower lias , lower jurassic , ammonite cluster from golden cap , charmouth , lyme regis , dorset , england : - large becheiceras gallicum , oistoceras cf . figulinum and oistoceras wrighti
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another very rare oolithic ammonite brought to our customers from fossils direct . many hours of preparation work has gone into this magnificent specimen . the ammonite itself is heavily ribbed and its characteristic nodes makes this one of the most desirable oolithic ammonites . this discovery was made during a temporary exposure digging a waterpipe some fifteen years ago . the ammonite lies in an aesthetic piece of matrix which also has a cut base for ease of display . approximately 170 million years old .
moving a 3d printed ammonite model through water in our custom built test - rig . click image for video of more recent tests
some collaborative work with fellow akron phd candidate alyssa stark covered in the akron plain dealer , 2012 .
from detecting sexual dimorphism in the fossil record , astrop et al . 2012 .
mating chinese mantids ( tenodera aridifolia sinensis ) caught while teaching invertebrate zoology in the field ( 2011 ) .
sem revealing the micro - ornamentation on the carapace of the extant hermaphroditic clam shrimp cyzicus gynecia .
beautifully preserved estheria middendorfi in the collections of the natural history museum , london .
a cheeky jumping spider , snapped during a lunch break on a research excursion in argentina .
the palaeontological institute , royal academy of sciences in moscow , febuary 2013 . snowy .
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p . e . bartok , o . renz , g . e . g . westermann ; the siquisique ophiolites , northern lara state , venezuela : a discussion on their middle jurassic ammonites and tectonic implications . gsa bulletin ; 96 ( 8 ) : 1050–1055 . doi : urltoken < 1050 : tsonls > 2 . 0 . co ; 2
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1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac . . . | download scientific diagram
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jurassic deposits of the central part of mountain dagestan . field guide to the vi all - russian conference “jurassic system of russia : problems of stratigraphy and paleogeography” , september 15 - 20 , 2015 , makhachkala [ in russian with english abstract ]
the ne atlantic region . a reappraisal of crustal structure , tectonostratigraphy and magmatic evolution
lithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite . . . | download scientific diagram
fig . 2 . lithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite occurrences and proposed ammonoid biostratigraphy : 1 . lac du castillon ( castellane ) . 2 . la baume ( castellane ) ; simplified after de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . 3 . grand lara ( gap ) . 4 . galabrun ( gap ) . 5 . view of the section galabrun near gap ( picture taken in 2010 ) , the sampled beds ( 1–6 ) are indicated in white .
this section ( fig . 2 ( 2 ) ) is part of a protected area and has been studied by assenat ( 1972 ) , leonide ( 2007 ) and de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . it is situated about 200 m above the small hamlet of la baume , on the south - western side of the castillon lake ( 43 8 53 0 36 00 n ; 6 8 30 0 05 00 e ) . de baets et al . ( 2008 ) subdivided the section into 122 beds . a small toarcian - aged condensed / lacunous unit , studied by assenat ( 1972 ) and leonide ( 2007 ) , at the base of the outcrop is capped by the ‘‘calcaires a ` zoophycos ’’ formation that can be subdivided roughly into three members ( de baets et al . , 2008 ) :
. . . ( fig . 9 ) : 1 . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . . . .
. . . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . 2 . in western cuba , the guaniguanico terrane shows a passive margin sedimentary sequence of the proto - caribbean ocean ( pszczolkowski 1999 ; pszczolkowski and myczynski 2003 ) . . . .
. . . upper triassic continental sediments , sills and flows in the guajira peninsula region are followed by several thousands of metres of shallow marine , jurassic to late cretaceous limestones ( middle jurassic molluscs , late jurassic ammonites , cretaceous molluscs , ammonites , foraminifera ; rollins 1965 ; lockwood 1971 ) . upper jurassic shales occur on the paraguaná peninsula ( ammonites ; bartok et al . 1985 ) . while this section is metamorphosed along most of northern south america , these areas carry sedimentary rocks . . . .
. . . prior to the berriasian –valanginian lowstand , the carib graben was a jurassic seaway connecting colombia to trinidad ( gonzález de juana et al . 1980 ) , as shown by middle and upper jurassic ammonites , bivalves and gastropods in the eastern cordillera , guajira , nw venezuela , central venezuela and trinidad ( renz 1960 ; campbell 1962 ; macdonald 1968 ; díaz de gamero 1969 ; urbani 1969 ; bartok et al . 1985 ; vivas & macsotay 1995a ) . the marine strata containing these fossils were deposited on , and seaward of , girón and la quinta red beds . . . .
. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( stéphan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .
. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( stéphan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .
. . . the siquisique ophiolites ( loma de hierro , venezuelan coastal range ) , located in west - central venezuela , were dated by stephan ( 1982 ) , bartok et al . ( 1985 ) and stephan et al . ( 1990 ) as bajocian ( possibly early bathonian ) , using fragments of ammonites found in the sediments associated with the mor pillow basalts . . . .
. . . in the central part a maximun value of 45 mgal can be correlated with the early miocene intrusions . the value of - 30 mgal in the southern part can correlate with the siquisique ophiolitic complex ( pillowlavas and metagrabros ; bartok et al . , 1985 ) . miocene intrusions alignment ( figure 2 ) . . . .
a study of the marine fauna of the liassic strata of south america enables a statement on the question since when in jurassic time a direct faunal exchange with europe via central america was possible . during hettangian and sinemurian time , cosmopolitan genera and species of ammonites were predominant . at that time endemic genera and species of gastropods and pelecypods are frequent . . . . [ show full abstract ]


gastrotheca testudinea ( common name : espada 's marsupial frog ) is a species of frog in the family hemiphractidae .

it has a widespread latitudinal range along the eastern ( amazonian ) slopes of the andes of ecuador , peru , and bolivia .

an arboreal direct-development marsupial frog , g. testudinea dwells in foothill , low montane , and cloud forests at elevations from 700 – 2,775 m ( 2,297 – 9,104 ft ) above sea level .

despite its wide distribution , gastrotheca testudinea is seldom collected or recorded , probably due to its arboreal habits , and much remains to be known about its distribution and natural history .

habitat loss is a threat to it .

gastrotheca testudinea

gastrotheca ( gastrotheca ) testudinea — duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389 .
gastrotheca ( opisthodelphys ) testudinea — dubois , 1987
1986
, alytes , 5 : 31 .
gastrotheca testudinea — duellman , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 27 : 4 .
gastrotheca viviparum — peters , 1955 , rev . ecuat . entomol . parsitol . , 2 : 348 .
we present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog gastrotheca testudinea ( jiménez de la espada , 1870 ) in ecuador . we provide the first record from the province of cañar , and the country’s southernmost locality ( which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of zamora - chinchipe ) . in addition , we discuss the validity of the locality of loreto for this species . based on this discussion , we review the elevation range of the species and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of gastrotheca testudinea from 1100 to 700 m .
this manuscript contains new information on the distribution of an amphibian species from ecuador . a version of this manuscript was submitted to a journal . however , this manuscript contains complete information for all data , and it will serve as a reference to other papers about frogs of the genus gastrotheca .
in the gastrotheca ovifera group of duellman , maxson , and jesiolowski , 1988 , copeia , 1988 : 527 - 543 . see de la riva , köhler , lötters , and reichle , 2000 , rev . esp . herpetol . , 14 : 30 , for bolivian record . see brief account by köhler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 93 . in the gastrotheca marsupiata group of castroviejo - fisher , padial , de la riva , pombal , silva , rojas - runjaic , medina - méndez , and frost , 2015 , zootaxa , 4004 : 1–72 . see detailed account by duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389–394 . urgilés , sánchez - nivicela , and cisneros - heredia , 2017 , check list , 13 ( 4 ) : 121–125 , provided notes on the distribution in ecuador .
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nototrema testudineum jiménez de la espada , 1870 , j . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 3 : 62 . holotype : not stated ; given as mncn 155 by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 ; now mncn 3510 according to gonzález - fernández , garcía - díez , and san segundo , 2009 , spixiana , münchen , 32 : 273 . type locality :
in ecuador ; prope a monti olim ignivomo sumaco
; given as
san josé de moti , provincia napo , ecuador
, by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 .
nototrema viviparum andersson , 1945 , ark . zool . , 37a ( 2 ) : 82 . holotype : nhrm 1964 ( 10 specimens ) , according to duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 . type localities :
baños , rio pastaza
, cerro tungurahua , and
watershed , rio pastaza
, eastern ecuador . synonymy by duellman and fritts , 1972 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 9 : 4 .
espada ' s marsupial frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 53 ) .
amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , peru , and bolivia at elevations of 700–2275 m ; possibly extending into adjacent colombia .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
this genus has recently been moved from the family hylidae ( faivovich , et al . , 2005 ) .
javier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species ' geographic range is on the amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , perú ( departamentos : amazonas , san martín ) and bolivia . in ecuador it is found in the eastern cordillera real montane forests in the eastern subtropical altitudinal zone . its altitudinal range is 400m to 2 , 000m asl .
this is an arboreal frog found in primary forest of lowland and montane humid forest . at cordillera de cutucú , ecuador , one specimen was found in a flat area on a ridge with cloud forest that had a relatively open canopy and many tree falls ( duellman and lynch , 1988 ) . a direct development species , the eggs are carried in a pouch on the females back . it is not present in modified habitats .
in ecuador , its geographic range overlaps with parque nacional sumaco napo - galeras , reserva ecológica antisana , parque nacional llanganates , and parque nacional sangay . it is known from three protected areas in bolivia .
javier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia . 2004 .
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verónica l . urgilés conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
juan carlos sánchez - nivicela conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
diego f cisneros - heredia conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
specimens deposited at mzua were collected under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .
the following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
research was conducted under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .
research funding was provided by universidad del azuay ( budget code fondos uda 2016 [ 39 , 2016 ] ) ; 2002 research training program ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) and the smithsonian women ' s committee ; programa “becas de excelencia” , secretaría de educación superior , ciencia , tecnología e innovación ( senescyt ) , ecuador ; universidad san francisco de quito usfq ( chancellor ' s grant ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

it is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel , marbled eel , marbled snake moray , marbled moray , or the slender conger eel .

uropterygius marmoratus

the following term was not found in genome : uropterygius marmoratus [ orgn ] .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropterygius marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
( of uropterygius marmaratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of uropterygus marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 26°n - 24°s
indo - pacific : east africa to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to the yaeyamas , south to tonga .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 62 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54980 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 131 - 139 . color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body .
benthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 25 . 3 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2831 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gymnomuraena marmorata lacepède , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scuticaria marmorata ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ichthyophis pantherinus lesson , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . mccosker , and d . g . smith / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
benthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dcd29f53 - ed9d - 4171 - bef9 - 329fc69cc7c8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de96aec0 - d058 - 4419 - 9a89 - bdf76ffee8da
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a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene 1990 fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .
color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body . vertebrae 133 - 138 .
randall , j . e . 2005 reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
myers , r . f . 1991 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
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2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )
ichthyofauna were studied in the inshore waters around great nicobar island ; 258 species of fin fis . . .
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the molossidae , or free-tailed bats , are a family of bats within the order chiroptera .

they are generally quite robust , and consist of many strong flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings .

another common name for some members of this group , and indeed a few species from other families , is mastiff bat .

the western mastiff bat ( eumops perotis ) , a large species from the southwestern united states and mexico with wings over 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) across , is perhaps one of the best known with this name .

they are widespread , being found on every continent except antarctica .

the family 's scientific name comes from the type genus molossus , which in turn is from the molossus breed of dog .

the family 's common name is derived from a length of " free " tail , projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium – the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs .

the tail is usually best seen when resting .

a special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane .

this gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents , such as swifts , swallows , and martins .

as a result , these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number .

the dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species : free-tailed bats are usually grey , brown , or black in color , with some exceptions .

they range from 4 to 12 cm ( 1.6 to 4.7 in ) in length , excluding the tail , and can weigh from 8 to 220 g ( 0.28 to 7.76 oz ) , depending on species .

they are insectivorous , and catch their food on the wing .

while some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices , some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals .

molecular sequence data supports the monophyly of molossidae as a whole , but not that of many of its genera , such as chaerephon , mops , mormopterus and tadarida .

the grouping of chaerephon minus c. jobimena plus mops was found to be monophyletic , as was otomops .

free - tailed bat

the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) is also known as the brazilian free - tailed bat . it is one of the most abundant free - tailed bats in the world and one of the most abundant mammals in north america . in places like south texas , the free - tailed bat roosts in large colonies during the summer months .
tracy barbaro changed the thumbnail image of
mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis )
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mexican free - tailed bats are the
jets
of the bat world . they are very fast flyers .
refer to the online version of the mammals of texas for additional details on the brazilian free - tailed bat .
brazilian free - tailed bat order chiroptera : family molossidae : tadarida brasiliensis ( i . goef . st . - hilaire )
like others of their genus , mexican free - tailed bats have prominent wrinkled lips .
the brazilian free - tailed bat is a medium - sized bat with broad ears , large feet , and the end of its tail free . they have short , velvety , reddish to black - colored fur . for more information , see
another colonial bat ( myotis velifer ) is a common associate of the brazilian free - tailed bat in the guano caves . this bat also gives birth to its young in the guano caves , but at a time about 2 weeks in advance of the brazilian free - tailed bats . while the two kinds of bats tend to roost in separate clusters , some mixing may occur .
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the brazilian free - tailed bat is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of the convention on migratory species ( 4 ) .
this bat is a known carrier of rabies . although the proportion of rabies cases caused by brazilian free - tailed bats is minuscule when compared to the size of their population as a whole , caution should be exercised when one of these bats is encountered , or any species of bat for that matter .
although perhaps no species’ fate should be judged solely on its importance to humans , the brazilian free - tailed bat is known to have an enormous impact on insect numbers , thereby contributing to both the ecology and economy of those countries that are home to it . it is crucial to continue to protect its roost sites and to educate the public and the media as to the reality of rabies and the benefits of the brazilian free - tailed bat ( 7 ) .
with their long , narrow wings , mexican free - tailed bats are speedsters in the bat world , designed for fast , long - distance flight . they get their name from their tail , which extends freely beyond their tail membrane .
tuttle , m . d . ( 1994 ) the lives of mexican free - tailed bats . bats , 12 ( 3 ) : 6 – 14 .
tuttle , m . d . ( 1994 ) the lives of mexican free - tailed bats . bats , 12 ( 3 ) : 6 - 14 .
the brazilian free - tailed bat is a highly colonial cave bat that has adapted to human structures , where many now roost . in some parts of the southern united states the species is active year round , roosting in buildings , under bridges , and in caves ; many also migrate southward into mexico and central america . several caves in texas harbor millions of these bats during the summer months . free - tailed bats forage on a variety of flying insects especially small moths and beetles .
copyright bat conservation international © 2018 . all rights reserved . unless otherwise noted , all images are copyright © merlin d . tuttle and / or © bat conservation international .
the densest concentrations of free - tailed bats are found living in bracken cave near san antonio , texas . their colonies can number over 20 , 000 , 000 .
mastiff bat , any of various species of free - tailed bats ( family molossidae ) named for their doglike faces . the eight new world species of bats making up the genus molossus are called mastiff bats . several other genera also include species commonly called mastiff…
s , so called for the way in which part of the tail extends somewhat beyond the membrane connecting the hind legs . some free - tailed bats are also known as
construction type ( certain types of construction are easier or harder to bat - proof ) .
this bat has received considerable attention because it is a known carrier of rabies . with the exception of the eastern red bat ( lasiurus borealis ) , the brazilian free - tailed bat has been reported to the texas department of health ( tdh ) more often than any other species . of 430 specimens reported to the tdh from 1984 to 1987 , 105 ( 24 % ) tested positive for the rabies virus . this is the highest incidence of rabies known for any texas bat . although the total number of confirmed rabies cases is minuscule when compared to the population of bats as a whole , caution should be exercised when one of these bats is encountered , or any species of bat for that matter .
the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) is a medium sized bat . their fur is reddish to dark brown or gray in color . they have broad , black , forward pointing ears , and wrinkled lips . their tails extend more than one third beyond the tail membranes ; most other bats have tails that are completely enclosed within the tail membranes . their wings are long and narrow .
( 305 mm ) . the free - tailed bat is so named because the tail protrudes noticeably beyond the membrane that stretches between the tail and hind legs . it is the only bat in the eastern united states that has this trait . these bats are medium to dark brown in color , slightly lighter on the belly . their ears are broad and rounded . toe hairs are very long and stiff .
a single free - tail baby bat is born during the summer . young mexican free - tailed bats roost separately from their mothers . babies roost in the highest reaches of the cave , where temperatures are the warmest . the warm conditions are essential for rapid growth and survival . in the large maternity colonies of mexican free - tails , the mother must find her own pup among the thousands . it is thought that she locates her baby by recognizing its individual call .
the mexican free - tailed bat has a range that extends from coast to coast in the us and from texas to argentina . in the us , the bats migrate south in the winter and return to roosting sites in the summer . it is still unknown where the bats go in the winter months .
get bats out – we are bat exclusion experts ready to help with your bat problem . we are professional , safe and offer rapid response to any situation if needed . call ( 877 ) 264 - 2287 .
abundance of brazilian free - tailed bats in roosts in buildings in texas follows an annual pattern of one peak in spring and another in fall , with general mid - summer and mid - winter lows or periods of complete absence . this pattern complements that of bat abundance in the guano caves . brazilian free - tailed bats in buildings in texas during spring and fall usually are itinerant between tropical latitudes and the mid - latitude guano caves of texas , oklahoma , kansas , and new mexico . sufficient interchange of banded brazilian free - tailed bats has occurred among the guano caves of texas and between those in texas and the ones in neighboring states to demonstrate that individual bats are not compelled to return each year to the cave of their birth . rather , brazilian free - tailed bats exhibit ability to range over great distances and find the widely separated , often well hidden , entrances to the few traditional guano caves and roosts in buildings .
the brazilian free - tailed bat is found in many different habitats from desert through pinion - juniper woodland to pine - oak forests . it inhabits areas from sea level to 3 , 000 metres , and roosts in limestone caves , abandoned mines , under bridges , in buildings and in hollow trees ( 6 ) .
although campbell observed bats of unknown identity catching mosquitoes in the area , there is no documentation that the free - tailed bats from his artificial roosts actually ate them . given the high - speed , relatively low - maneuverability flight of free - tails , it seems unlikely that they would prey extensively on mosquitoes . bats , however , are highly opportunistic ; the larger , also fast - flying , hoary bat
rabies , a disease often associated with bats , is found in members of the brazilian free - tailed bat population . humans who attempt to handle bats without the proper precautions have been infected with rabies , which can be fatal . media sensationalism of this problem has resulted in deliberate eradication attempts and roost destruction ( 7 ) .
on its first attempt at flight , a young free - tail must avoid several mid - air collisions per second , relying on an as yet untested navigation system in a dark cave . although amazingly few serious collisions occur , those that do can break wings or ground a bat long enough to be attacked by swarms of dermestid beetles and their larva that live on the floors of most free - tailed bat caves . as with other bats , the heaviest mortality probably occurs in the first year , perhaps as much as 50 percent .
mexican free - tailed bats live for an estimated seven to eight years . once born it takes a couple years before they start breeding . mature females will give birth to one pup each year for about five years .
free - tailed bats have supported several american war efforts as well . when confederacy ports were blockaded in the latter part of 1863 , a gun powder factory was established near san antonio . the powder ' s most valuable ingredient , saltpeter , was made from local bat guano . during world war 11 , major free - tailed bat caves near san antonio were carefully guarded during top - secret research coded
project x - ray .
* the u . s . air force hoped to use bats as carriers of small incendiary bombs that would be dropped on japan . the project began to lose favor when escaped bat bombardiers set fire to air base barracks and a general ' s car . after being passed on to the navy , and finally the marine corps , the project was canceled .
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free - tailed bats eat insects and roost in tree hollows , caves , and buildings . they are found worldwide in warm regions . most species live in groups , and some form colonies with populations numbering in the millions , such as the
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welcome to our wonderful website that we created to inform you about the amazing tadarida brasiliensis . for those of you who don ' t know this organism , it is also known as the brazilian / mexican free - tailed bat . for our organismal biology course we were told to pick an animal that primarily lives in caves and we decided to research a bat species . this species in particular is distinguished by its brown fur and large ears , medium size , short snout , and wrinkled upper lips . they are also recognized by their
free - tail
that pushes out farther than their legs .
by summer , male and female free - tails will have divided into bachelor and nursery colonies . bachelor groups are relatively small , consisting of dozens to hundreds of individuals , but can number 100 , 000 or more . in contrast , most nursery colonies are large , numbering from the hundreds of thousands to millions . bracken cave is home to some 20 million free - tailed bats , a population that almost doubles when the bats give birth . this is the largest known bat colony in the world .
a particularly well - studied species , the brazilian free - tailed bat exhibits some spectacular behaviour . it forms the largest warm - blooded colonies in the world , emerging to feed at dusk in huge columns of several million individuals . their flapping wings create a sound equivalent to a white - water river and their numbers are great enough to be detected by airport and weather radars ( 5 ) . feeding for longer each night than any other bat species , it travels as far as 31 miles from the roost to the feeding grounds and uses echolocation to find its prey . the brazilian free - tailed bat flies at up to 47 mile per hour in open spaces , foraging with fast , straight flight ( 7 ) . each bat consumes between 200 and 600 insects a night , selecting mainly moths , but also eating beetles , flying ants and leafhoppers ( 3 ) . the brazilian free - tailed bats of texas are estimated to consume from 6 , 000 to 18 , 000 metric tons of insects each year , many of which are agricultural pests ( 2 ) . at dawn , they return to their roosts where they swarm before re - entering . thought to be a predator - avoidance tactic , the bats gather into groups at a great height above the cave , before closing their wings and dropping rapidly in one continuous stream . predators waiting at the mouth of the cave to catch emerging bats include red - tailed hawks , owls , raccoons , opossums , skunks and snakes ( 5 ) .
on this site you will find a variety of information about the brazilian / mexican free - tailed bat . such information includes classification , habitat , form and function , reproduction , and interactions . to see where this amazing creature tadarida brasiliensis fits into the world of organisms please click at the bottom of the page to continue to the classification page . we hope you enjoy learning more about the tadarida brasiliensis !
> free - tailed bats ( family molossidae ) , and horseshoe bats ( family rhinolophidae ) —are well represented in the temperate zones . a few american leaf - nosed bats ( family phyllostomidae ) range into mild temperate regions . several vesper bats range well into canada . …
the flight of brazilian free - tailed bats on leaving and returning to a roost uniformly is accomplished in groups . it is presumed , therefore , that group flight is the norm in this animal . yet , in the roosting clusters , where grouping is also the norm , there is strong evidence that each bat has affinity not to a specific , stable group of acquaintances but to any convenient group of its kind .
despite their rather plain appearance , these are some of the world ' s most intriguing bats . speedsters of the bat world , they have been clocked flying at 60 miles per hour using tail winds , and at altitudes over 10 , 000 feet , higher than any other bat . free - tails can live in an atmosphere more like another planet than earth , one that can quickly kill most other creatures , including humans . and they form colonies larger than any other bat , larger , in fact , than any warm - blooded animal in the world .
in texas , the brazilian free - tailed bat seems to be primarily a cave dweller , and its use of buildings as roosts is likely a relatively recent , possibly expanding practice . only a small fraction of the numbers of bats found in caves is ever found in the total of all roosts in buildings . every town in the brazilian free - tailed bats range in texas is likely to have at least 15 roosts per 5 , 000 human population , but the occupation of buildings is especially common in eastern texas . most roosts in buildings house less than 100 bats at a time , but a few buildings traditionally house many hundreds each year . overwintering in buildings occurs infrequently in the southern gulf coast prairies of texas .
general condition of the building ( older or more deteriorated buildings are typically more expensive because they require more man hours / materials to bat - proof ) .
dozens to millions of brazilian free - tailed bats roost closely together in dark , dry retreats . because of their use of roof underhangs , attics , and narrow spaces between signs and buildings , brazilian free - tailed bats are often called
house bats .
millions arrive in central texas each spring and take up residence in a few particular caves in the balcones escarpment and the edwards plateau . they migrate to mexico , central america , and possibly south america for the coldest winter months . however , in east texas , these bats are non - migratory and are year - round residents .
a member of the molossidae family , the brazilian free - tailed bat has the characteristic mouse - like tail protruding beyond the flight membrane stretched between its hind legs . relatively plain when compared to many bats , this species has brown fur , large ears that are nearly square , and a strongly wrinkled upper lip . however , it is superbly adapted to its aerial lifestyle , having long , narrow wings with pointed tips to enable very fast flight , and long hairs on the toes to judge flight speed and turbulence . the hind legs are short and powerful , making this bat an excellent climber ( 3 ) .
a member of the molossidae family , the brazilian free - tailed bat has the characteristic mouse - like tail protruding beyond the flight membrane stretched between its hind legs . relatively plain when compared to many bats , this species has brown fur , large ears that are nearly square , and a strongly wrinkled upper lip . however , it is superbly adapted to its aerial lifestyle , having long , narrow wings with pointed tips to enable very fast flight , and long hairs on the toes to judge flight speed and turbulence . the hind legs are short and powerful , making this bat an excellent climber ( 3 ) .
mexican free - tails are found in the western united states , south through mexico , central america and into northern south america .
mexican free - tails feed exclusively on flying insects , mostly moths , flying ants , and beetles , according to samples thus far reported . at the turn of the century , charles campbell , the city bacteriologist for san antonio , texas , built large artificial bat roosts to
control mosquitoes
family molossidae ( free - tailed bats ) 100 robust , small to very large species in 16 genera , some ranging into mild temperate regions . tail projects well beyond the well - developed interfemoral membrane ; ears large , rather immobile , often fused to one another , and unusually shaped ; lips and snout often heavy ; eyes…
each free - tail cave is also a potential treasure trove for biotechnologists . microbiologist bernie steele examined guano from bracken cave , finding that a
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austin bat conservation international 500 n capital of tx hwy . , bldg . 1 austin , tx 78746 , usa + 1 ( 512 ) 327 9721 1800 - 538 - bats
the annual movement of this animal between texas and mexico may be accomplished by most individuals in a few direct , long - distance flights between guano caves . most adult male brazilian free - tailed bats apparently do not leave the tropical and subtropical portion of the range and play no part in the sociology of bearing and rearing the young .
that free - tailed bats can thrive in this toxic atmosphere may be one of the most remarkable things about them . concentrations of ammonia in free - tail caves can quickly build to levels that are lethal to humans , but the bats survive by lowering their metabolic rates . carbon dioxide then accumulates , both in the bats ' blood and in respiratory mucous , directly proportional to increases in ammonia inhalation . the carbon dioxide neutralizes the ammonia in a buffering mechanism that protects the lungs .
for answers to our 9 most commonly asked questions , please download our free faq’s brochure . if you would like additional information about the risks bats pose to your property , family , and health , or if you would like information on how to remove the bats from yourself , please download our ebook , “the complete guide to bat removal” .
then again , you may not even see a bat , you may just hear weird noises coming from your attic or walls . or , perhaps you catch a whiff of some peculiar smells .
swift fliers with long , slender wings , free - tailed bats are small - eyed , often heavy - snouted bats about 4–13 cm ( 1 . 6–5 . 1 inches ) long excluding the 1 . 5–8 - cm ( 0 . 6–3 . 1 - inch ) tail . their ears are large and are joined across the forehead in some species . except for the
brazilian free - tailed bats appear on the wing several minutes before dark . the famous bat flights at carlsbad caverns are made up almost entirely of this species . one of us ( davis ) watched these bats emerge from the attic of a house one evening . they fell from the exit , dropped nearly to the ground , then zoomed upward and , flying high , disappeared from view , each bat following the general direction of the one in front of it . in foraging , the bats fly rather high  15 m or more as a rule  except when sweeping over some body of water to drink . their flight is rapid and aggressive , reminding one of swifts , and the long , angular , and narrow wings , plus relatively large size , make them easy to identify .
walston and bates ( 2001 ) report a single bat captured in lowland degraded mixed deciduous forest ( nearby one of the few semi - evergreen patches in the area ) at 140 m asl in cambodia .
a number of species of snakes , birds , and mammals prey on house bats at the caves , but the total of this loss of bats is a very small proportion of the total bat population .
despite its name , the brazilian free - tailed bat is actually widespread throughout south , central and north america . it has fairly complex migratory habits ; some populations travel from the extreme north of the range to the extreme south , whilst others remain resident year - round . the largest and most well - known populations are found in mexico and texas , usa . there are nine subspecies in total ; all occupy different ranges and have different migration routes ( 3 ) . the population is thought to total between 95 and 105 million individuals , with bracken cave in texas holding between 20 and 40 million individuals alone ( 2 ) .
lose roosting habitat as old buildings are destroyed . human disturbance and vandalism of key roosting sites in caves are likely the single most serious causes of decline . grossly exaggerated media stories about rabies have led to the intentional destruction of large colonies . one of the most cost - effective ways to help this highly beneficial bat is through key roost protection , public education , and provision of
bat - friendly
bridge designs and other artificial roosts .
the largest populations of mexican free - tailed bats live in central texas and mexico , but they are also common throughout much of western north america , southward through central america , and into the arid and semi arid regions of western and southern south america . they live in many habitats , including urban areas , and range - from deserts to piñon - juniper woodlands and pine - oak forests . although bachelor colonies of free - tails have been found at elevations over 9 , 000 feet , large nursery colonies tend to prefer relatively dry areas below 5 , 000 feet . mexican free - tails typically live in caves , abandoned mines , or tunnels , and also roost in buildings , under bridges , in rock shelters , in hollow trees , and in cliff - face crevices .
whether you live in the outer banks , eastern carolina , the piedmont or the appalachian mountains in the west , you can count on get bats out for all your bat problems . when you need us , we’ll be there .
free - tails spend more time on the wing each night than most bats , consuming countless insects , including many agricultural pests . a large colony collectively can eat literally tons of insects .
at the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )
no particular style , size , age , state of repair , or use by man exempts a building from use by brazilian free - tailed bats . the critical feature is whether the building has any accessible small cracks or niches into which bats can retreat into semidarkness during the day . such openings usually are to be found even in the most modern , compact types of structure . one architectural type common in south texas , the spanish style building with clay tile roof , is among the most vulnerable to invasion by brazilian free - tailed bats . the bats roost under the tiles and seldom can be driven out permanently from a roost in a building either by killing those present or by chemical treatment of the surface of the roost . the simplest , most effective method is to close the entrance to the roost . with clay tile roofs this is almost impossible unless the tile is replaced by some other kind of roofing material .
the accumulation , under crowded conditions , of millions of brazilian free - tailed bats per guano cave each summer in texas for the purpose of giving birth and rearing young may be an outgrowth of overpopulation , but it probably is functional in creating favorable conditions for survival of the young . mortality among prenatal and prefledgling babies , as well as among adults , appears to be low . longevity of adults probably is great , with an average of more than 11 years .
adult male brazilian free - tailed bats arriving in texas in spring are still sexually active , but sperm production is waning . their sex glands decrease steadily in size in spring , and reach a resting stage size by early may . the small proportion of the male population which shows no sexual activity is composed principally of the youngest age class . in these , the testes , prostate , and hedonic glands are smaller than the resting stage sizes of the same glands in adult males . in late fall , the few adult males remaining in texas again show some increase in size of testes and prostates , but sperm are absent . peak production of sperm , thus , must occur during winter while the males are in lower latitudes . since the highly disproportionate ratio of male to female brazilian free - tailed bats in texas cannot be explained easily as resulting from higher mortality among males , it must be that most males do not summer in texas .
at dusk , just before dark , brazilian free - tailed bats emerge from their roosts to feed . their flight is rapid and forceful , similar to swifts . their long , angular , narrow wings and relatively large size make them easy to identify . insects such as moths , beetles , flying ants , and june bugs are their sole source of food . it is estimated that house bats eat 6 , 000 to 18 , 000 metric tons of insects annually in texas .
over a 24 - hour period , she may produce as much as a quarter of her own body weight in milk . young free - tails grow rapidly , benefitting from prodigious quantities of this extremely rich
free - tail bats consume enormous amounts of moths and other insects . some roosts are known to contain millions of bats . in those colonies it is estimated that 250 tons of insects can be consumed every night .
in world war ii this species was secretly investigated by the u . s . air force for its potential to carry tiny bombs into japan . bat caves were carefully guarded but the bats refused to cooperate , instead wreaking havoc in air force bases ( 5 ) .
it is believed that this bat may have occurred commonly in kentucky at some time in the past , but the only recent record is of an individual collected at murray , calloway county , in 1971 . the species is to be expected only as an occasional vagrant here .
one roosting spot is located in the urban setting of austin , texas , underneath the congress street bridge , south of downtown . every night 700 , 000 to 1 . 5 million bats ( depending on how many baby bats have been born in the season ) emerge to feed on flying insects in the night sky . the bats in austin are a spectacle that tourists have flocked to see since the bridge construction was made “bat - friendly” in 1980 . interestingly enough , this was done completely by accident . small 1 . 5 inch slats on the bridge’s concrete extend 20 inches into the bridge . this hiding space proved to be an ideal roosting spot for mexican free - tailed bats . today other bridges in texas are being fitted with similar slats to allow for the habitation of bats .
the gestation period of brazilian free - tailed bats appears to be slightly in excess of 90 days . no more than one young is born per year by each adult female . females in texas are almost all pregnant the summer following birth . the left horn of the uterus does not carry an embryo . lactation begins after delivery of the young , and two long mammae are located laterally , each with one functional pectoral teat . a vaginal plug still exists in some females arriving at the texas caves in early spring .
davis believed that migratory movements were rapid , crossing texas in one or a few nonstop flights , covering at least 290 miles a night . given knowledge of bat flight speeds with tail winds , migrating free - tails should be able to cover that distance in no more than five hours , perhaps substantially less , depending on wind velocity . such timing would ensure arrival at stopover caves at optimal times for following other bats in , if necessary , and allow for unanticipated delays due to bad weather .
contains billions of bacteria . he concluded that the cave contains thousands of species of bacteria , many of which may live nowhere else , and most of which we know nothing about . species he identified produce enzymes useful in detoxifying industrial wastes , producing natural insecticides , improving detergents , and converting waste byproducts into alcohol . a large proportion are also potential sources of new antibiotics . stratified guano deposits in free - tail bat caves have also been used to monitor environmental pollution and to investigate prehistoric climatic changes .
to be clear , professional exclusion of bat colonies can be very expensive . but , going about it on your own , or through a cut rate or inadequately equipped pest control service may end up costing you more in the long run ( even if they claim to have experience in
brazilian free - tailed bats can live up to 11 years in the wild . their residency in central texas is marked by the birth and development of their young . females born in texas are almost all pregnant when they return the summer following their birth . most mating in the texas population takes place each spring before the bats ' return journey to the texas caves . male house bats outnumber females at the caves only briefly , in early spring . however , by mid - june , adult females outnumber adult males more than three to one .
mexican free - tailed bats are also known as
guano bats
for the prodigious quantities of droppings that they produce . extraction of guano for use as natural fertilizer was once big business , and some is still sold commercially . from 1903 to 1923 , at least 100 , 000 tons were removed from carlsbad caverns alone and sold to fruit growers in california . according to charles campbell , bracken and frio caves in central texas on average each produced 75 to 80 tons annually in the early 1900s . officials of the southern pacific railroad estimated that , early this century , they annually transported 65 carloads of 30 , 000 pounds each from texas , making bat guano the state ' s largest mineral export before oil . bracken cave , now owned and protected by bci , was still producing from 80 to 85 tons per year in the late 1980s .
mexican free - tailed bats are designed for rapid , long - distance travel . their exceptionally long , narrow wings are geared for relatively highspeed , low - maneuverability flight in open areas . even their short , velvety fur appears to be an adaptation to reduce drag , and their ear orientation appears to form airfoils that contribute lift during flight . they have been clocked at average flight speeds of 25 miles per hour and as high as 47 miles per hour in level flight , but they can also attain speeds of over 60 miles per hour using tail winds .
whilst the brazilian free - tailed bat exists in extremely large numbers and across a great range of countries and habitat types , it is still classed as a threatened species . this is due to its reliance on a relatively low number of roost sites . with the loss of just one roost site , a large proportion of the population could be destroyed . some significant declines have been documented , such as the population of eagle creek cave , which fell from 25 million individuals in 1963 to just 30 , 000 individuals in 1969 . these declines are not fully understood , but several threats are present , particularly from the alteration of roost sites and the use of organochlorine pesticides . insecticides which are found in the bodies of living insects accumulate in the bodies of the bats that eat them in such large numbers , resulting in reduced reproductive success and death ( 7 ) .
don’t delay ! if you do have bats , the longer you allow a colony to roost in a given location , the stronger their instinct will be to stay and even return to that location . basically , time is not on your side when you suspect a bat infestation – it is in your best interest to
mexican free - tails prefer to roost in caves , but will also choose attics , under bridges , or in abandoned buildings . they choose roosts near water . the water attracts the insects they eat , as well as allowing them the opportunity to drink .
these morphological data dictate that cynocephala and mexicana be regarded only as subspecies rather than as separate species , which has been the tendency in the past . recent biochemical genetic studies of these bats have pointed strongly to specific status for each , however . additional study will be required to finally settle the taxonomy of this most interesting bat .
the longest proven migrations are of bats banded by bryan glass in northwestern oklahoma and later recovered up to 1 , 104 miles south in mexico . the northernmost area where he believed any of his bats could have overwintered was 480 miles south in texas . the original bandings were made at four caves less than 48 miles apart , between which the bats intermingled . one bat was recaptured at its cave of birth in oklahoma after having completed eight migratory circuits . free - tails typically return to their home areas , but for these long distance travelers , a home area may include caves over 100 miles apart .
while free - tailed bats are among the more studied , what remains to be discovered about them may be even more fascinating than what we already know . why do so many fly so high ? are they simply catching tail winds to aid in rapid travel to distant locations , or are they actually feeding at such high altitudes ? how do they navigate at high altitudes , given the fact that their echolocation signals reach little more than 100 feet and that cave entrances can be nearly impossible to see from even a few hundred yards ? bats are known to use celestial cues , but whatever cues they are relying on must work both night and day , since flights often arrive in midmorning .
walston and bates ( 2001 ) report a single bat captured in cambodia . the population in barapede cave seems to fluctuate between 40 and 100 as reported by different workers , while the population numbers and trends in the two new locations are unknown . the average count from the barapede cave from 2012 to 2015 is about 82 + individuals ( prabhukhanolkar , pers . comm . 2015 ) .
true southward migration of the free - tails appears not to begin until october . the vast majority of the u . s . population spends the winter mostly in large caves of northern and central mexico . populations living in california , western arizona , oregon , nevada , and southwestern utah apparently live in roughly the same areas year - round , though seasonal movements among roosts are common . there are two main migrations . most of those from the southwest migrate south along the sierra madre occidental and the west coast of mexico at least as far south as the state of sinaloa . free - tails from the great plains typically travel southward through
we are experts at getting bats out – it’s all we do . plus , we have the local knowledge and experience that makes us confident that our solution and service will knock your socks off . however , if for some reason we don’t achieve 100 % removal and prevention , you can still rest assured that your investment with us is worthwhile – we offer a minimum 1 - year warranty on all bat control services . *
predation at entrances to nursery caves increases dramatically as the young bats learn to fly . avian predators are many , with red - tailed hawks and owls the most common , catching flying bats during emergence and occasionally entering caves to catch those roosting near entrances . raccoons , opossums , skunks , and other mammals also prey on the emerging bats , as well as several types of large snakes . given the huge numbers of bats present , such predators likely have relatively little impact .
bats begin arriving in central texas in late february , having migrated from overwintering sites in mexico . active year - round , free - tails do not hibernate . just before their northward migration , they mate . although young males apparently do not reach sexual maturity until their second year , females as young as a year old have been found pregnant .
most populations of the migratory subspecies , mexicana , have normally completed their move into mexico prior to the onset of breeding , whereas cynocephala remains in the united states during the breeding season . this movement pattern would indicate that the two races are reproductively isolated and possibly separate species . however , overwintering populations of mexicana have been discovered in an area of contact between the two in southeastern texas . a colony of mexicana was known to overwinter at the old animal pavilion on the texas a & m university campus in college station ( brazos county ) , which is only 160 km from colonies of cynocephala in extreme eastern texas . a morphological analysis of cranial measurements from free - tailed bats captured near navasota ( grimes county ) found these bats to be intermediate between cynocephala and mexicana . thus , it appears the two subspecies are not reproductively isolated and that they likely interbreed in this part of texas .
as annoying and frightening as they may be ( especially when they are terrorizing your home ) , you shouldn’t kill bats . despite their bad reputation , general lack of physical appeal ( they are ugly ) , and the fact that they and their guano can be very hazardous to human health , bats are actually quite important to our ecosystem . so , for those reasons a responsible property owner should not attempt to eradicate their bat problem using lethal force – also , it’s illegal
the species is threatened from increased tourism , human interference and collections for scientific purposes ( molur et al . 2002 ) . the habitat close to the barapede cave is threatened from submergence due to a proposed dam and river diversion project in the region ( prabhukhanolkar , pers . comm . 2015 ) ( molur et al . 2002 ) . the spread of alien plants species prosopis sp . at the cave mouth is a visible hindrance to bat activities ( pradhan pers . comm . 2003 ) .
even among populations that migrate , not all bats leave . several thousand have been observed overwintering in bracken cave , as well as in concrete crevices beneath the congress avenue bridge , and in old buildings in austin . although free - tails can enter torpor during inclement winter weather , they are not true hibernators . during extremely cold weather , many die . it is unknown why some stay behind .
free - tails spend more time traveling and feeding each night than most bats , in part due to competition from large numbers of roost mates . they typically are on the wing from dusk until dawn . nursing mothers require at least twice as much food as nonreproductive bats , especially as their pups near fledging . at such times , researcher thomas kunz found that they may consume their body weight nightly .
brazilian free - tailed bats appear every year in texas in multimillion numbers to inhabit a few select caves ( known as
guano caves
) located in the balcones escarpment and the adjacent edwards plateau . the total population of these bats that inhabit texas caves during the summer has been estimated at 95 - 104 million . the largest of the caves , bracken cave near san antonio , is thought to hold between 20 and 40 million bats . these same caves have been the summer homes of this animal for at least the past 100 years . few , if any , house bats ever overwinter in the texas guano caves . they spend the depth of winter , from early december to late february , at lower latitudes  probably in mexico , central america , or even south america . in east texas , where these bats are common inhabitants of old buildings and similar structures , they are nonmigratory and are year - round residents of that part of the state .
while most people are unaware of the presence of these bats in their area , mexican free - tails are very much a part of life in central texas , where the largest populations in the united states make their summer homes . these huge colonies , several numbering in the millions each , are where mothers congregate to give birth . the importance of these nursery sites is enormous ; bats born here help replenish colonies throughout much of the southwest and other areas .
description . a medium - sized bat with broad ears , large feet , and terminal half of tail free ; ears broad , extending to tip of snout when laid forward , apparently , but not actually , united across forehead , with a series of wartlike structures on anterior rim ; tragus small and blunt ; second joint of fourth finger 6 - 9 mm long ; feet with distinct white bristles on sides of outer and inner toes ; ratio of foot to tibia about 75 ; pelage short ( 3 - 4 mm ) and velvety ; upperparts varying from reddish to black ; underparts slightly paler ; membranes and ears blackish . dental formula : i 1 / 2 or 1 / 3 , c 1 / 1 , pm 2 / 2 , m 3 / 3 x 2 = 30 or 32 . the total number of lower incisors is variable , usually six , sometimes four , occasionally five . external measurements average : total length , 95 mm ; tail , 38 mm ; foot , 10 mm ; ear , 19 mm ; forearm , 42 mm . weight , 11 - 14 g .
in his research gary mccracken ( left ) marked pairs of mothers and nursing young , discovering that mother bats did not randomly nurse any pup , as had been previously believed . after her pup is born , mother and young spend up to an hour getting to know each other ' s scent and vocalizations ( right ) . she roosts separately from her pup , returning only to nurse it . remarkably , among the many thousands of other pups covering the cave walls ( opposite page ) , she will find her own young . note the other bat in the upper right corner , nearly buried by pups .
be enough to warrant a comprehensive inspection . why would we say that ? the fact is , these creatures are reclusive by nature and typically only come out at a time of day when they are difficult to see ( this is obviously a strategic advantage both for their own hunting purposes as well as protection from predators ) . and , it is rare ( although it can happen ) that a bat will randomly get trapped in your home , so if you happen see one or one gets into your home , then it’s likely that there are more and / or that they have been there for a while .
at dawn , the free - tails return to their roost in an event sometimes said to be even more spectacular than evening emergences . richard davis and his fellow researchers observed flocks of thousands of bats each , first becoming visible 4 , 900 to 8 , 200 feet above bracken cave . these high - altitude flocks sometimes flew past the entrance at speeds of almost 60 miles per hour before turning around and diving toward the entrance . beginning about two hours before sunrise , small groups built up into a continuous diving stream , reaching the greatest density about 30 minutes before dawn . the first arriving bats came in shallow , zigzagging glides , but as flight density increased , they formed a continuous stream of individuals dropping out of the sky into the mouth of the cave . each was executing a rapid series of free falls with closed wings , alternating with abrupt , brief wing openings to control speed and direction . some groups dropped nearly 10 , 000 feet at speeds estimated to exceed 80 miles per hour .
please subscribe now ! urltoken caves are without question the number one habitat we think of when it comes to bats , but it might surprise you to know that there could literally be thousands of bats living right under a place many of us use every single day . . . the road ! this week coyote has teamed up with wildlife expert philip
wildman
rakoci to seek out the mexican free - tail bat under the dark desert highways of arizona . most people are terrified of bats but coyote and wildman phil are determined to show you why these stealthy little predators are nothing to fear and are actually pretty darn cute ! special thanks to wildman phil for all of his help on this episode and make sure to check out his work in animal conservation and education at urltoken breaking trail leaves the map behind and follows adventurer and animal enthusiast coyote peterson and his crew as they explore a variety of wildlife in the most amazing environments throughout north america ! watch more breaking trail : urltoken subscribe now ! urltoken find more info at : urltoken coyote peterson on twitter : urltoken coyote peterson on facebook : urltoken coyote peterson g + : urltoken
as large numbers of bats leave the cave , they begin appearing in groups of tens to hundreds of thousands under highway bridges and in almost any other available place . during 1993 , an extremely dry year in central texas , so many free - tails attempted to move under austin ' s congress avenue bridge that tens of thousands were forced to hang out in the open on the concrete pillars . with three - quarters of a million bats of its own , the bridge is the site of the largest urban colony of bats in the world .


granulifusus nakasiensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

granulifusus nakasiensis

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : granulifusus nakasiensis r . hadorn & k . fraussen , 2005 † - id : 8038000279
species granulifusus suboblitus ( pilsbry , 1904 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species granulifusus libratus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as granulifusus dalli ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
species granulifusus simplex ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as fusinus pauciliratus complex snyder , 2000
( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) snyder m . a . 2003 . the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with the description of two new species in granulifusus . journal of conchology 38 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 [ details ]
fusus niponicus e . a . smith , 1879 accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) ( type by original designation )
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]
( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
kuroda t . & habe t . ( 1954 ) . new genera of japanese marine gastropods . venus . 18 ( 2 ) : 84 - 97 . page ( s ) : 89 [ japanese text ] , 96 [ english text ] [ details ]
kantor y . i . , fedosov a . e . , snyder m . a . & bouchet p . ( 2018 ) . pseudolatirus bellardi , 1884 revisited , with the description of two new genera and five new species ( neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . european journal of taxonomy . 433 : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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archiv für molluskenkunde band 134 heft 2 ( 2005 ) , p . 129 - 171
© 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 22 : 31 : 53 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress
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trismelasmos cinerosa is a moth in the cossidae family .

it was described by roepke in 1955 .

it is found in new guinea .

the habitat consists of both lowland and mountainous areas .

trismelasmos cinerosa

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urltoken
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status : an endemic and rare species in papua but to be expected in western png too . in lowland and mountainous areas . it is a large species .
papua localities : new guinea : ampas , borme , humboldt bay , keerom river , motor camp , ninay valley ( arfak ) . details in gazetteer .
data sources : ksp , rmnh , zman . literature ( see below ) .
schoorl , j . w . , 1990 . a phylogenetic study on cossidae ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) based on external adult morphology . zoölogische verhandelingen 263 : 1 - 295 .
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if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
dell , r . k . 1990 ,
antarctic mollusca : with special reference to the fauna of the ross sea
, bulletin of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 311
lucas , t . p . 1898 ,
descriptions of queensland lepidoptera
, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 13 , pp . 59 - 86
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5e71c7dd - 7d4e - 4554 - a737 - fb4ab1d33249
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f18ed8b - e7cf - 4784 - a999 - 71a781307501
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 300c6681 - 2ee7 - 44a7 - 885d - 4f1d5451d207
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 405949
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dejongi . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dejongi and , of course , dejongi synonyms and on the right images related to the word dejongi .
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