isostola nigrivenata is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by hering in 1925 .

it is found in colombia and costa rica .

isostola nigrivenata

isostola nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; ts : isostola rhodobroncha felder
isostola vicina butler , 1876 ; cist . ent . 2 : 115 ; tl : south america
isostola thabena dognin , 1919 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 15 : 7 ; tl : colombia
isostola superba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]
isostola dilatata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
isostola tenebrata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : puerto santa rosa
isostola flavicollaris hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
isostola rhodobroncha felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; tl : brazil
isostola divisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436
isostola dilatata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436
isostola tenebrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436
isostola flavicollaris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola philomela ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola albiplaga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola vicina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola thabena ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
isostola superba druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 5 ; tl : guatemala , teleman in polochic valley
isostola rhodobroncha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437
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dioptis divisa walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 329 ; tl : south america ; pará
eucyane philomela druce , 1893 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1893 : 286 ; tl : colombia
calodesma albiplaga hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 433 ; tl : colombia
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reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
watson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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lithophaga , the date mussels , are a genus of medium-sized marine bivalve molluscs in the family mytilidae .

some of the earliest fossil lithophaga shells have been found in mesozoic rocks from the alps and from vancouver island , the shells of species in this genus are long and narrow with parallel sides .

the animals bore into stone or coral rock with the help of pallial gland secretions , hence the systematic name lithophaga , which means " stone-eater " .

their club-shaped borings are given the trace fossil name gastrochaenolites .

lithophaga

species lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) accepted as lithophaga nigra ( d ' orbigny , 1853 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the temperature tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the salinity tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
species lithophaga abbotti h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as leiosolenus spatiosus carpenter , 1857
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
species lithophaga dixonae p . j . b . scott , 1986 accepted as leiosolenus dixonae ( scott , 1986 )
lithophaga bisulcata are suspension feeders , filtering plankton and other small invertebrates from seawater ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lithophaga teres ( philippi 1846 ) to their own page .
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga straminea dunker , 1880 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) zitteliana dunker , 1882 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
subgenus lithophaga ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 accepted as leiosolenus ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 represented as leiosolenus carpenter , 1857
lithophaga bisulcata have separate sexes and reproduce annually . the reproductive season begins in august and spawning occurs between november and february ( scott 1988a ) .
what made you want to look up lithophaga ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
s . galinou - mitsoudi , a . i . sinis ; age and growth of lithophaga lithophaga ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , based on annual growth lines in the shell , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 4 , 1 november 1995 , pages 435–453 , urltoken
species lithophaga erimitica kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 accepted as leiosolenus erimiticus ( kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 )
kleeman k . h . ( 1983 ) catalogue of recent and fossil lithophaga ( bivalvia ) . journal of molluscan studies , supplement 12 : 1 - 46 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988a . initial settlement behavior and survivorship of lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 97 - 108 .
kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988b . distribution , habitat and morphaology of the caribbean coral - and rock - boring bivalve , lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 83 - 95 .
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata can be found in the temperate and tropical regions of north and south america from north carolina to florida , bermuda , bahamas , west indies , gulf of mexico , caribbean central america , south america to uruguay ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) .
( of lithodomus saucatensis mayer , 1858 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus tirolensis tausch , 1890 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus isilensis parona , 1893 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus taurorugosus sacco , 1898 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus papilliferus joksimowitsch , 1910 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus styriacus teppner , 1914 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus mitzopoulosi charalambakis , 1952 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata grows to 45 mm ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) and becomes reproductive when the shell reaches 20 mm ( scott 1988a ) . in a jamaican population , the sex ratio of male to female individuals was reported to be 1 : 1 ( scott 1988a ) .
( of lithodomus lyellanus mayer in hartung , 1864 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus ornatissimus mayer - eymar , 1887 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . note : huber ( 2015 ) regarded this species as valid , but under the name lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) , which is a combination of the nomen oblitum modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the mahogany date mussel is often associated with sponges , corals , anemones , annelids ( worms ) , crustaceans , other bivalves , bryozoans , sea stars and sea urchins ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . they are found in living and dead corals . the most common hosts for lithophaga bisulcata are the corals siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) .
( of lithophaga obesus [ sic ] ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
the fossil record dating back to the paleozoic indicate that mussels in the genus lithophaga have long been associated with reef building corals ( scott 1988b ) . l . bisculata is a member of the family mytilidae . the mahogany date mussel attaches to the substratum and its congeners with bissal threads forming dense beds that can support rich epifaunal and infaunal invertebrate assemblages ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 551 [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 126 publications ) ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 135 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to genbank ( 13 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 )
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) cuvier , g . ( 1817 ) . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée . [ work generally dated 1817 ; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 31 ] . tome 1 , 540 pp . ; tome 2 , 528 pp . ; tome 3 , 653 pp . ; tome 4 , 255 pp . , 15 pl . deterville , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
coan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 705 [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) requien e . ( 1848 ) . catalogue des coquilles de l ' île de corse . seguin , avignon v - xii , 13 - 109 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) salis marschlins c . u . von ( 1793 ) . reisen in verschieden provinzen den königreischs neapel . zurich and leipzig , ziegler vol . i : pp . 442 + 10 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
zamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des côtes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammbô . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophagus communis megerle von mühlfeld , 1811 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 - 414 [ details ]
the shell of l . bisculata , a burrowing mussel , is elongated cylindrical and inflated with umbones near the anterior end . it is thin - walled , whitish with a yellow - brown periostracum and calcareous incrustation that projects bluntly beyond the posterior margin . it is smooth with a radial groove dividing the valve into two sections . the ventral half has periostracal pits that are more prominent in juveniles . the interior is yellow - brown with a purplish tint and a smooth margin ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
living specimens are found burrowed in soft rock or dead coral ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) . l . bisculata is a common burrower that excavates chemically secreting a mucoprotein - chelating agent from glands in the middle fold of the mantle margin to soften the calcareous substratum . the softened substratum is then scraped away with the valves ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . l . bisculata glands also produce secretions that prevent corals from depositing calcium carbonate into the hole that has been burrowed and inhibit the firing of coral nematocysts .
the mahogany date mussel is not common in the indian river lagoon . when they are encountered they are almost always living on live crassostrea virginica ( boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the mahogany date mussel is not reported to occur in high densities in florida and jamaica ( scott 1988b , boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the embryology of the mahogany date mussel has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory . within 3 hours of fertilization the embryo develops into the gastrula . the trochophore appears in 5 hours followed by the veliger in 12 hours . pediveligers ( competent larvae ) , possessing a foot and eyespots , develop within 8 - 21 days ( scott 1988a and b ) . laboratory observations suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed if a suitable settlement site is not encountered . pediveligers use their foot to explore potential settlement site . the competent larvae are immune to the nematocysts of their coral hosts siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) . pediveligers enter the coral polyps with other plankton but appear to be immune to the digestive enzymes . metamorphosis occurs once the pediveliger is in the host ( scott 1988a ) .
american museum of natural history , bivalves - research , training , and electronic dissemination of data .
boudreax ml , stiner jl , and lj walters . 2006 . biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in mosquito lagoon , florida . journal of shellfish research 25 : 1079 - 1089 .
mikkelsen pm and r bieler . 2008 . seashells of southern florida . princeton university press , princeton , nj . pg . 90 - 91 .
ruppert ee and rd barnes . 1994 . invertebrate biology . sixth edition . saunders college publishing , fort worth , tx pg . 451
report by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : october 1 , 2008
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full reference : a . a . olsson . 1914 . new and interesting neocene fossils from the atlantic coastal plain . bulletins of american paleontology 5 ( 24 ) : 1 - 34
velásquez m . , valentich - scott p . & capelo j . c . ( 2017 ) . marine boring bivalve mollusks from isla margarita , venezuela . the festivus . 49 ( 3 ) : 247 - 269 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus antillarum d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of modiola corrugata philippi , 1846 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 [ details ]
( of modiola ferruginea philippi , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]


fundulus zebrinus is a species of fish in the fundulidae known by the common name plains killifish .

it is native to north america , where it is distributed throughout the mississippi river , colorado river , and rio grande drainages , and other river systems ; many of its occurrences represent introduced populations .

this fish grows up to about 6.9 centimeters long , with a maximum length of 8 to 10 centimeters .

its lifespan is up to 3 years , but most fish do not exceed two .

it has a flat head with a protruding jaw that allows it to feed at the water 's surface .

it is variable in color , being brown , black , greenish , or straw-colored , with paler yellowish or silvery coloration on the belly .

the fish is striped with the 12 to 28 dark vertical bars that give the species its scientific name , meaning " like a zebra " .

the males have wider , darker bars than the females .

the breeding male develops bright orange coloration on most of his fins .

this species feeds on chironomid larvae , copepods , nematodes , and other small animals .

it is also herbivorous .

it may feed by scooping up and swallowing mouthfuls of riverbed substrate to obtain buried food objects .

the fish often spits out most of the sand and undigestible material , but the digestive tract usually contains an amount of sand .

the fish eats mosquito larvae when available , and studies suggest it might be useful in mosquito abatement efforts .

the fish lives in a number of shallow river and stream habitat types .

it may occur in lower , moderate and swift , turbid water flows .

it may be found in lakes .

it is tolerant of brackish , alkaline , and salty water , more so than most other local fish species .

it may bury itself in the substrate with only its eyes and mouth showing .

the fish might perform this behavior as a stress response , and it might serve to protect it from sunlight and heat , predators , or low water levels , or to help rid itself of parasites .

the killifish may face predation by other fish , notably the green sunfish ( lepomis cyanellus ) ; where this predator occurs , killifish populations drop .

spawning is associated with water temperature , usually occurring when the temperature exceeds 26 °c .

spawning season has been noted to start in april and continue through august .

a number of parasites have been observed on this species , including myxosoma funduli , a myxozoan , a species of trichodina , a protozoan , urocleidus fundulus , a fluke , and gyrodactylus bulbacanthus , a monogenean , all of which infest the gills .

also , the parasite gyrodactylus stableri infests the fins and organisms of neascus , a genus of flukes , infest the eye and internal tissues of the fish .

the monogenean gill parasite salsuginus thalkeni was first described from the fish .

for a long time , fish of the closely related species fundulus kansae were considered to be members of f. zebrinus , the names synonyms .

f. kansae was sometimes considered a subspecies of f. zebrinus .

molecular and genetic studies supported the separation of the species .

f. zebrinus is slightly larger than f. kansae , with larger scales and larger eyes .

the fins of the breeding male become more red in color , whereas the male f. kansae develops a more yellow-orange fin color .

this species has a wide range , mostly in the central united states .

its native range is mostly within the great plains .

it includes much of the mississippi river drainage , parts of the colorado and brazos rivers , and some areas in the rio grande region , especially the pecos river .

its distribution was influenced by pleistocene changes in the geography of the local river systems , such as glaciation .

many occurrences of the fish represent introductions , such as populations at lake powell in arizona and utah , the fort peck reservoir in montana , and several tributaries of the colorado river in colorado , utah , and nevada .

some occurrences may or may not be native .

fish introductions began in earnest around the 1930s .

most introductions occurred when plains killifish were used as bait by anglers and escaped into the wild to establish new populations .

fundulus zebrinus

diversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska .
fundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert 1883 : 891 ; poss and miller ( 1983 ) .
diversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska . - pubmed - ncbi
kreiser et al . ( 2001 ) and kreiser ( 2001 ) presented data supporting the recognition of two species of plains killifish : fundulus kansae ( northern plains killifish ) and fundulus zebrinus .
kreiser , b . r . 2001 . mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences support recognition of two cryptic species of plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus and fundulus kansae . american midland naturalist 146 : 199 - 209 .
poss , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .
poss , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .
near kearney , nebraska , i found a group of plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) migrating from one pool to another in the backwaters of the platte river . see the full story here : urltoken
hughes , r . m . 1981 . the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus ( cyprinodontidae ) , in the colorado river basin of western north america . southwestern naturalist 26 ( 3 ) : 321 - 324 .
poss , s . g . and r . r . miller , 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 . ( ref . 35647 )
kreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2001 . phylogeography of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . evolution 55 ( 2 ) : 339 - 350 .
fundulus zebrinus occurs sympatrically with the red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) in the red and brazos rivers and is closely associated , ecologically and phylogenetically , with the species ( echelle 1970 ; echelle et al . 1972 ) .
spawning location : in mirror lake and lake francis , ( pecos river ) new mexico , fundulus zebrinus spawned on substrates such as gypsum boulders , bare sediment and vegetation - covered sediment ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) .
kodric - brown , a . , and mazzolini p . 1992 . the breeding system of pupfish , cyprinodon pecosensis : effects of density and interspecific interactions with the killifish , fundulus zebrinus . environmental biology of fishes 35 : 169 - 176 .
a genetic survey revealed that introduced fundulus kansae populations from the san juan river drainage ( site : cross creek canyon , san juan co . , utah ) grouped with populations of f . zebrinus from the brazos , red and pecos rivers ( kreiser et al . 2000 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of fundulus zebrinus are found here .
griffith , r . w . 1974 . environment and salinity tolerance in the genus fundulus . copeia 1974 ( 2 ) : 319 - 331 .
fuller , p . , 2018 , fundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert , 1883 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 13 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
fundulus zebrinus differs from f . kansae ( northern plains killifish ) in having larger scales , larger eyes and a more robust body ; f . zebrinus has 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having bright red fins ; f . kansae has 53 ( 47 - 60 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having yellow - orange fins ( hubbs 1926 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . fundulus kansae is not found in the pecos , red , and brazos rivers ( kreiser 2001 ; kreiser et al . 2001 ) . f . zebrinus has 12 or more vertical dark bands marking the sides ; these bars distinguishing the species from live - bearers of similar shape ( koster 1957 ) .
from the latin word fundus = bottom , the habitat ; zebrinus = like a zebra ( in reference to the vertical bars or stripes ) ( ref . 79012 )
shute , j . r . , and a . w . allen . 1980 . fundulus zebrinus ( jordan and gilbert ) , plains killifish . pp . 531 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
salsuginus thalkeni n . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) is described from the gills of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus , in the south platte river of nebraska . salsuginus thalkeni is distinguished from previously described species by measurements of sclerotized parts and by proportions ( measurement ratios ) , differences between dorsal and ventral hamuli , and angles between deep and superficial hamulus roots .
latin , fundus = bottom ; a peculiar name for a topminnow , coined for a bottom species of atlantic coast being
the abode of the fundulus mudfish
( ref . 45335 )
sigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; hubbs et al . ( 1991 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; pflieger ( 1997 ) . fundulus kansae is considered a junior synonym ( poss and miller 1983 ) .
texas distribution : species ranges from the red river to the pecos river ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) . kreiser ( 2001 ) and kreiser et al . ( 2001 ) reported collection of this species from the pecos , brazos and red rivers ( the colorado river was not sampled in the study ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) listed the following drainage units for distribution of fundulus zebrinus in the state : galveston bay ( including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river ) , brazos river , colorado river . species found in independence creek ( largest tributary of lower pecos river ; bonner et al . 2005 ) ; pedernales river ( tributary of the colorado river ; birnbaum 2005 ) ; lower rio grande ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . shute and allen ( 1980 ) listed distribution of f . zebrinus ( = fundulus z . zebrinus ) in the trinity , brazos , colorado , and rio grande / pecos drainages of texas . collected from the big bend region at garden springs ( mouth of tornillo creek and mouth of terlingua creek ) ; most likely introduced by bait bucket release ( hubbs 1957 ) .
populations in the southern united states are currently stable ( warren et al . 2000 ) . widespread and locally common ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) reported that fundulus zebrinus was a dominant species in pools sampled in the upper brazos river drainage , composing 7 . 1 % of the fish collected . in austin , texas , naturally occurring population in waller creek ( colorado river ) on the university of texas campus was eliminated by chemical pollution around 1946 ( edwards 1976 ; poss and miller 1983 ) .
this species ' range includes the red river , brazos river , colorado river , galveston bay , and pecos river drainages in texas and new mexico ( kreiser et al . 2001 ) . populations of the fundulus zebrinus - kansae group in southern montana , southwestern south dakota , northern and central wyoming , western colorado , eastern and southern utah , northwestern new mexico , northern arizona , and big bend region of texas are introduced ( poss and miller 1983 ) . introduced populations also occur in nevada ( glen clemmer pers . comm . 1998 ) .
reproductive strategy : gravid females were pursued by either single males , pairs of males or by groups of several males ; a spawning pair settled to the substrate where the female deposited eggs ; spawning pair either traveled to another site or the pair parted ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) ; species observed to be interspecifically territorial in association with the pecos pupfish ( cyprinodon pecosensis ) . echelle ( 1970 ) observed fundulus zebrinus ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) noting that it is a bottom spawner ; males were observed attempting to defend breeding territories against red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) males .
north america : mississippi river and gulf slope basins in the usa from northern central montana to central wyoming and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay and rio grande drainages in texas ( ref . 5723 ) . distinct from fundulus kansae which is found in the drainages north of the red river ( ref . 55961 ) .
drainage systems of the great plains and western gulf slope underwent substantial changes through diversions and stream captures during the pleistocene , either as the result of the glacial advances or through independent geologic processes . the distributions of a variety of fishes that range across west - central north america , such as the plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) , are thought to be the product of this pleistocene influence . we examined the geographic pattern of genetic variation in f . zebrinus using three allozyme loci ( n = 793 ) , mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( rflps , n = 352 ) , and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i ( coi , n = 23 ) in an attempt to understand the roles of dispersal and vicariance . the phylogeographic patterns were concordant between the allozyme and mitochondrial data with the exception of the population in the north canadian river . the populations fell into three geographic assemblages , which we designated as northern , central , and southern . a large phylogenetic break ( average roger ' s d = 0 . 702 ; average sequence divergence in rflps = 4 . 6 % ; average sequence divergence in coi = 5 . 5 % ) separated the northern / central and southern assemblages . the northern region was likely colonized sometime during the mid - pleistocene . fish in the brazos and pecos rivers probably reached these drainages through stream captures of the red river . the large phylogenetic break between the northern / central and southern clades supports previous attempts to recognize two species of plains killifish : f . zebrinus and f . kansae .
changes in the values of the shannon h ' diversity index as determined for individual hosts ( infraassemblage diversity ) , host samples ( sample assemblage diversity ) , and for species density are reported for an assemblage of 7 parasites in fundulus zebrinus in the platte river in nebraska for a 5 - yr period . the parasites were : myxosoma funduli ( gill ) , trichodina sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus bulbacanthus ( gill ) , salsuginus sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus stableri ( body surface ) , and neascus sp . ( = posthodiplostomum ; eyes and body cavity ) . in addition , relative abundance and equitability are given for each of the study years . mean infraassemblage diversity , sample assemblage diversity , species density , and equitability were all significantly negatively correlated with river streamflow ( measured in cubic feet per second ) of the year prior to the sample , but were independent of the concurrent year ' s streamflow . over the long term , m . funduli and trichodina sp . were the most , and g . bulbacanthus was the least , abundant . species pair prevalence and relative density correlations showed few long - term patterns of co - occurrence or microallopatry . the strongest association was between m . funduli and the neascus sp . and was attributed to similarities in ecological requirements of intermediate hosts .
mesohabitat : shallow , sandy , river edges , channels , and backwaters ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . according to ostrand and wilde ( 2001 ) , this species has high thermal , low dissolved oxygen , and high salinity tolerances : mean critical thermal maxima = 42 . 0 ± 0 . 2°c ; salinity tolerance = 43 ± 0 . 05‰ ; mean minimum dissolved oxygen tolerance = 1 . 25 ± 0 . 09 mg / l . a laboratory study suggested a relatively narrow optimal oxygen concentration for f . zebrinus ; species apparently possesses great capacity to sense and respond to oxygen conditions , which is adaptive toward life in western streams ( hill et al . 1978 ) . griffith ( 1974 ) reported tolerance of salinities as high as 89‰ . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) collected species from isolated pools in the upper brazos river drainage , texas ; found in pools with salinities as high as 110‰ . species occurs abundantly in the saline waters of the pecos river , texas ( hubbs 1957 ; rhodes and hubbs 1992 ) . f . zebrinus was one of seven species ( all tolerant of a wide range of salinities ) in communities that dominated areas of high conductivity , in the pecos river drainage , texas ( linam and kleinsasser 1996 ) . collected from the colorado river , texas , from sandy bottomed draws that periodically go dry ; water was highly saline to the taste , and salt encrustaceans were present on dry areas of the bed ( echelle et al . 1977 ) .
n . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) from <
by john j . janovy jr . , tim r . ruhnke et al .
john j . janovy jr . , university of nebraska - lincoln follow tim r . ruhnke , west virginia state university follow terry a . wheeler , mcgill university follow
published in the journal of parasitology ( june 1989 ) 75 ( 3 ) : 344 - 347 . copyright 1989 , the american society of parasitologists . used by permission .
,
like a zebra ,
a reference to the vertical bars or stripes ( pflieger 1997 ) .
100 mm tl ( shute and allen 1980 ; page and burr 1991 ) .
coloration : dark olive back , fading to yellowish on sides and to silvery white on the belly ; 12 or more dark bands ( fewer and wider on male ) mark the sides . bright red fins on large male ( koster 1957 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
: 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series ( texas populations ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
poss and miller ( 1983 ) reported that lateral scale row count varied from 38 - 58 [ based on specimens from the rio grande ( 39 - 53 ) ; pecos river ( 38 - 53 ) ; colorado river , texas ( 42 - 53 ) ; brazos river ( 41 - 50 ) ; red river and washita river ( 39 - 58 ) populations ] ; dorsal fin ray count varied from 11 - 17 [ pecos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; colorado river , texas 14 ( 11 - 15 ) ; brazos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; red river and washita river 15 ( 11 - 17 ) populations ] ; anal fin ray count varied from 9 - 14 [ pecos river 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; colorado river , texas 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; brazos river 12 ( 9 - 14 ) ; red river and washita river 13 ( 12 - 14 ) populations ] .
hubbs ( 1926 ) and koster ( 1957 ) listed count of 41 - 49 lateral scale rows for this species .
body shape : compressed , moderately elongated body with large head , wide mouth , and projecting lower jaw ( koster 1957 ) .
mouth position : terminal ; lower lip large and fleshy ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
: lateral scales large ; gill slit not extending dorsal to uppermost pectoral fin ray ; distance from origin of dorsal fin to end of hypural plate less than distance from origin of dorsal fin to preopercle or occasionally about equal to that distance ( hubbs et al . 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
the least width of the preorbital ( flat bone between the eye and mouth ) is only one - half to two - thirds as great as diameter of the eye ( koster 1957 ) .
( northern plains killifish ) : dorsal fin long and rounded ; pectoral and pelvic fins ovate , pectorals much larger than pelvics ; anal fin elongate , sharply angulate ; caudal fin truncate ( sublette et al . 1990 ) . male has slight depression in the region of the urogenital papilla ; female has an oviducal sheath surrounding the urogenital region and the anterior edge of the anal fin ( bonham 1962 ) . males possess small slender contact organs , hooked forward , on the anal fin and adjacent portion of the body ( hubbs 1926 ) .
: reported from near the mouth of the black river , new mexico , where it was apparently maintained by immigration from resident populations in the adjacent pecos river ( cowley and sublette 1987 ; sublette et al . 1990 ) . species found in the rio grande / pecos drainage of new mexico ( shute and allen 1980 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . pecos river , new mexico ( minckley et al . 1991 ) .
macrohabitat : found in shallows of ponds and streams at lower elevations in the pecos valley ( koster 1957 ) .
spawning season : in southwestern oklahoma ( red river drainage ) , echelle ( 1970 ) observed species spawning as early as march 28 and as late as october 27 .
food habits : echelle ( 1970 ) observed individuals ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) feeding at the surface as well as the bottom ; bottom feeding behavior involved “digging” and “nipping” . rabe et al . ( 1973 ) identified 12 algal genera from the foreguts and / or hindguts of specimens from oscar creek , oklahoma , and 28 algal genera were cultured from coffeepot creek , oklahoma specimens .
birnbaum , j . s . 2005 . associations of watershed and instream environmental factors with aquatic macrofauna in tributaries of the pedernales river , texas . m . s . thesis , texas a & m university , college station . 112 pp .
bonham , l . e . 1962 . ecology of a saline spring , boone ' s lick . m . a . thesis , univ . mo . , columbia . 89 pp .
bonner , t . h . , c . thomas , c . s . williams , and j . p . karges . 2005 . temporal assessment of a west texas stream fish assemblage . the southwestern naturalist 50 ( 1 ) : 74 - 106 .
cowley , d . e . , and j . e . sublette . 1987 . distribution of fishes in the black river drainage , eddy county , new mexico . southwestern naturalist 32 ( 2 ) : 213 - 221 .
echelle , a . a . 1970 . behavior and ecology of the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . ph . d . dissertation , university of oklahoma , norman . 125 pp .
echelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and f . b . cross . 1977 . first records of cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ( cyprinodontidae ) from the colorado and arkansas river systems , texas . the southwestern naturalist 22 ( 1 ) : 142 - 143 .
echelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and l . g . hill . 1972 . interspecific interactions and limiting factors of abundance and distribution in the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . american midland naturalist 88 ( 1 ) : 109 - 130 .
edwards , r . j . 1976 . relative and seasonal abundance of fish fauna in an urban creek ecosystem . unpublished ma thesis , university of texas , austin .
hill , l . g . , w . j . matthews , and g . d . schnell . 1978 . locomotor reactions to two cyprinodontid fishes to differences in dissolved oxygen concentrations . the southwestern naturalist 23 ( 3 ) : 397 - 400 .
hubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .
hubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered and non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin . pp . 147 - 167 in : symposium on rare and endangered wildlife of the southwestern united states . new mexico dept . game and fish , santa fe .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 2008 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement , 2 nd edition 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 87 .
hubbs , c . l . 1926 . studies of the fishes of the order cyprinodontes . vi . material for a revision of the american genera and species . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . mich . 16 : 1 - 86 .
jordan , d . s . , and c . h . gilbert . 1883 . synopsis of the fishes of north america . u . s . nat . mus . bull . 16 : 1 - 1018 .
koster , w . j . 1957 . guide to the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 116 pp .
kreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2000 . single versus multiple sources of introduced populations identified with molecular markers : a case study of a freshwater fish . biological invasions 2 : 295 - 304 .
linam , g . w . , and l . j . kleinsasser . 1996 . relationship between fishes and water quality in the pecos river , texas . texas parks and wildlife department , river studies report no . 9 , austin .
minckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991 . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pp . 247 - 282 in : minckley , w . l . , and j . e . deacon ( eds . ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . the university of arizona press , tucson , arizona . 517 pp .
ostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2001 . temperature , dissolved oxygen , and salinity tolerances of five prairie stream fishes and their role in explaining fish assemblage patterns . trans . amer . fish . soc . 130 : 742 - 749 .
ostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2004 . changes in prairie stream fish assemblages restricted to isolated streambed pools . trans . amer . fish . soc . 133 : 1329 - 1338 .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , 432 pp .
pflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city , 372 pp .
rabe , j . r . , a . a . echelle , and h . e . schlicht . 1973 . viability of algae in digestive tracts of 2 cyprinodontids . progressive fish - culturist 35 ( 3 ) : 147 - 149 .
rhodes , k . , and c . hubbs . 1992 . recovery of pecos river fishes from a red tide fish kill . the southwestern naturalist 37 ( 2 ) : 178 - 187 .
sublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 393 pp .
warren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries , conservation 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
mississippi river and gulf slope basins from north central missouri to central wyoming , and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay , and rio grande ( primarily pecos river ) drainages , texas . mostly on great plains ( page and burr 1991 ) .
most introductions apparently originated from bait bucket releases . in western colorado , the species may have been introduced by bait bucket transfers or accidentally stocked as a contaminant with other species , although upstream expansion from utah cannot be ruled out ( woodling 1985 ) . it possibly spread downstream into the big horn river of montana from wyoming ( brown 1971 ) . the species has been introduced widely since about the 1930s ( poss and miller 1983 ) .
established in many areas of the colorado river above and below glen canyon dam ( poss and miller 1983 ) . presumably established in other localities mentioned .
poss and miller ( 1983 ) discussed the introduction history of this species and provided a dot distribution map distinguishing native and introduced records . according to lee et al . ( 1980 et seq . ) , many records represent natural occurrences ( e . g . , the yellowstone river drainage records in montana and wyoming , the cheyenne river records in wyoming and south dakota , the non - pecos records in the rio grande basin in texas ) ; however , poss and miller ( 1983 ) concluded these populations were introduced . holton ( 1990 ) found the species to be more widespread in montana than previously thought , inhabiting the little missouri and yellowstone drainages and the fort peck reservoir area ; thus , he suggested that the species may be native to the state . tyus et al . ( 1982 ) gave a map showing its distribution in the upper colorado basin . the plains killifish has never been collected in north dakota ( steinwand , personal communication ) even though it has been collected in the yellowstone river in montana near the montana / north dakota state line ( elser et al . 1980 ) . that area of western north dakota has been intensively surveyed ( steinwand , personal communication ) , so it is not likely that the species was overlooked .
bailey , r . m . and m . o . allum . 1962 . fishes of south dakota . miscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , ann arbor , mi 119 : 1 - 131 .
brown , c . j . d . 1971 . fishes of montana . montana state university , bozeman , mt .
deacon , j . e . , and j . e . williams . 1984 . annotated list of the fishes of nevada . proceedings of the biological society of washington 97 ( 1 ) : 103 - 118 .
holden , p . b . , and c . b . stalnaker . 1975 . distribution and abundance of mainstream fishes of the middle and upper colorado river basins , 1967 - 1973 . transactions of the american fisheries society 104 ( 2 ) : 217 - 231 .
holton , g . d . 1990 . a field guide to montana fishes . montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena , mt . 104 pp .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of texas , with key to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .
miller , r . r . , and c . h . lowe . 1967 . fishes of arizona . pages 133 - 151 in c . h . lowe , editor . the vertebrates of arizona , part 2 . university of arizona press , tucson , az .
minckley , w . l . 1973 . fishes of arizona . arizona fish and game department . sims printing company , inc . , phoenix , az .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .
schmidt , b . - chief fisheries mangement , division of wildlife resources , salt lake city , ut . response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire . 1992 .
sigler , f . f . , and r . r . miller . 1963 . fishes of utah . utah department of fish and game , salt lake city , ut . 203 pp .
sublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . new mexico department of game and fish , university of new mexico press , albuquerque , nm . 393 pp .
tilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .
woodling , j . 1985 . colorado ' s little fish : a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of colorado . colorado division of wildlife , denver , co . 77 pp .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 46°n - 29°n
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) ; common length : 6 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits shallow sandy runs , pools , and backwaters of headwaters , creeks and small to medium rivers . tolerates extremely alkaline and saline streams , and often found where few other fishes can survive . buries headfirst in sand and orients itself with only mouth and eyes are visible . this habit may protect the fish from intense sunlight or may help avoid predators , detect potential prey , or stream desiccation . 10 cm max tl ( ref . 5723 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00603 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 01453 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , apparently large population size , stable or slowly declining trend , and lack of major threats .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common throughout most of the native range in west and north texas ( mark gallyoun and gary garrett pers . comm . 1998 ) . trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .
habitat includes runs , pools , backwaters , or edges of shallow ( rarely deeper than 15 cm ) , sandy - bottomed , turbid headwaters , creeks , and small to medium rivers with slow to moderate current ; many localities are highly alkaline or saline ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . this species commonly occurs in swift shallow water in southwestern kansas . spawning occurs in small shallow pools over sand or gravel / rubble bottoms .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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department of environmental , population and organismic biology , university of colorado , boulder 80309 , usa . brian . kreiser @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .


the lycid-mimicking moth ( snellenia lineata ) is a species of moth of the oecophoridae family .

it is found australia in the australian capital territory , new south wales , queensland and victoria .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the wings are brown , the hindwings shading to black at the margins .

the antennae have filamentous tips .

adults feed at flowers and are often found near poisonous lycidae beetles of the metriorrhynchus genus , which they mimic .

snellenia lineata

taxon concept snellenia _ lineata last modified 2017 - 02 - 03 15 : 09 : 01 . 109
snellenia walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 13 ; ts : snellenia coccinea walsingham
snellenia miltocrossa turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 81
snellenia hylaea turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : queensland , mt tambourine
snellenia capnora turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : n . queensland , herberton
snellenia tarsella walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : darjeeling
snellenia coccinea walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : sikkim
these adult moths have brown forewings with black veins . the hindwings are black with brown bases . the thorax is brown , and the abdomen is black . the antennae have filamentous tips . the wingspan is about 1 . 5 cms .
melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 5 . 1 , p . 226 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . 1875 ,
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859
, pp . plates 121 - 140
walker , f . 1856 ,
sphingidae
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 271
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5cd5b0a0 - ebeb - 4235 - 9e64 - 5ab95e1d8428
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 334103
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this page contains information and pictures about lycid - mimicking moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
. it has the lycid brick - red colours . its antenna , head and thorax all look similar to lycid . this moth active during the day .
photos taken in ford road conservation area on mar 2011 . the moth was resting on moss on a fallen rotten tree trunk .
csiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , plate6f .
i . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate5 . 1 .
eretmocera ? flavipennis felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 59 ; tl :
amer . ?
ignispergens diakonoff , 1948 ; bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 20 ( 3 ) : 271
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
walsingham , 1889 monograph of the genera connecting tinaegeria , wlk . , with eretmocera , z . trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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, sydney , nsw ( walker in the original description gave the type locality as para , south america but the specimen labelled as type in the bmnh has a sydney label on it ) .
. ( zoologischer theil , band 2 , abteilung 2 ) heft 4 . wien . plates 121 - 140 pp .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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chalybeothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .

it contains three species native to southeast asia .

species include : chalybeothemis chini chalybeothemis fluviatilis chalybeothemis pruinosa

chalybeothemis

chalybeothemis _ chini _ _ _ ian . jpg uploaded on aug . 9 , 2010
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 28 november 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : although the species is known from at least twenty locations , only nine of these are based on recent records and still known to be intact . the status of habitats in indonesia is unknown . the species appears to be local in occurrence , and to prefer a low ph habitats , but some populations have been recorded at ponds and reservoirs , but more populations are very likely to exist across its known range . the most significant threat faced by the species is from plantation establishment . although the species is widespread and some of the older records may still refer to viable habitats , and other populations are likely to be found , in view of its apparently specialist habitat requirements and local occurrence there is some cause for concern . with only nine currently known locations , the species arguably qualifies for near threatened status . however it is almost certainly under - recorded and relatively widespread , and is assessed as least concern with some reservations .
the species is known from relatively few records , but has a wide range across southeastern asia , however it appears to be very local in occurrence , with scattered populations across its range . there are records from borneo ( south , east and northwest kalimantan , central sarawak , brunei ) , belitung , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( pahang and selangor ) , south thailand ( narathiwat ) ( see dow
is unknown , but existing records are from lowland habitats . twenty locations have been recorded for this species ( dow
2007 , dow unpublished 2010 ) : two in northwest kalimantan , one in central kalimantan , one in south kalimantan ( lieftinck 1953 : the information is vague , possibly this refers to up to three separate locations , but it is treated as one location here ) , one in east kalimantan , six locations in peninsular malaysia ( tasik chini , ( c . - y . choong , pers . comm . 2011 ) , the paya indah wetlands , tasek bera and sungai bebar in pahang , ampang and sungai ayer hitam in selangor ) , two locations from brunei ( one of them is now degraded ) , one location from thailand , one from sarawak , four from belitung , three from singapore ( tang
2010 , r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) , but from one of these only a single individual has been recorded . for eight locations the only records are fifty years or more old , and we have no information on the current status of the habitats , however there has been widespread degradation of lowland habitats in indonesia . of the recent locations one has already been degraded ( orr 2001 ) , no recent check of this location has been made . on this basis , only nine locations can be considered to be currently known . of the currently known locations , one ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) is a conservation area within acacia plantations , but enforcement of its protected status is problematic , however it is a proposed national park . the remaining location in brunei is protected . the sites in singapore are either in the national parks system , or in an army training area , and not currently threatened .
there is no detailed population information for this species . from the currently known sites , it is quite common at binyo penyilam in sarawak and common at sungai bebar in pahang ( dow unpublished data ) ; norma - rashid
2001 ) list 19 specimens from tasek bera in pahang , suggesting that the species is at least fairly common there ; it is regularly encountered at the surviving location in brunei ( orr 2001 , v . kalkman unpublished , 2011 ) . based on this information it appears that the species is locally common over much of its range . however it is considered uncommon in singapore ( r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) .
plantation establishment is the major potential threat to this species ; very large areas of lowland forest are being or already have been converted to oil palm and acacia plantations in sarawak and peninsular malaysia , the situation is similar in kalimantan and probably in belitung . fire is a serious threat to individual populations , as is pollution or lowering of water tables due to excessive extraction . in sarawak at least twelve large hydroelectric projects are planned before 2020 , these could have a major impact on populations of this species ( including as - yet undiscovered populations ) .
there is a need for further data on distribution , population , habitat and threats across the range of c . fluviatilis , especially in indonesia . better protection is needed in at least one already protected habitat ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) , and more habitats need to be protected .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
one of the more uncommon dragonflies that can be found among the weedy edges of macritchie reservoir , this loving small dragonfly is very attractive and inconspicuous .
the male is dark - blue in colour , with unmarked body and thin abdomen . it has a pair of striking green eyes . female is similar , with a more brownish patch at the dorsum of the thorax and brownish tint at the wing base .
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i was always fascinated by this species of dragonfly due to it’s shinning green eyes . it is an uncommon and localise species which are found in exposed weedy banks of streams , rivers and near the banks of reservoirs . i have seen this species at just three locations ; 1 ) near the banks of macritchie reservoir ; 2 ) at the big pond at kent ridge park ; and 3 ) at the open pond at bukit timah nature reserve .
this male was taken at the last location . a pleasant surprise for me as this was the first time i have seen this species at the location .
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this is a small dragonfly . males have dark blue thorax . abdomen is thin , with base slightly swollen and black . eyes are green . female is similar but with brown colour on the dorsum of thorax and the wing base tinted with brownish yellow .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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over 250 species of odonates living in all kinds of aquatic habitats in peninsular malaysia . they are waiting for me to be explored . . . . . . . .
. the former two species can be found in peninsular malaysia while the last one is confined to borneo .
i started to learn and take photographs of odonata in 2005 . i am fascinated by this group of beautiful insects . at this moment , i try to record the diversity and distribution of odonata for peninsular malaysia .
you ' re counted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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pleuroploca trapezium , common name : the trapezium horse conch , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

this species is sought after for food but also to be used as a trumpet when the tip of the spire is cut off .

pleuroploca trapezium

forma pleuroploca trapezium f . intermedia ( kobelt , 1875 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )
forma pleuroploca trapezium f . paeteli ( strebel , 1911 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )
jennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
pleuroploca ponderosa jonas , j . h . in philippi , r . a . , 1850
pleuroploca audouini gracilior ( var . ) tapparone - canefri , c . e . , 1875 : red sea
citation :
trapezium horse conchs , pleuroploca trapezium ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 2 / 28 / 2012 1 : 27 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 136 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium f . paeteli strebel , 1911 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
, commonly called the trapezium horse conch , is a marine gastropod found in the indo - pacific oceans and common in the sea - shell trade along the coast of india .
research pleuroploca trapezium » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
description unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt . . .
description unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt nodules . surface often with fine brown , spiral lines . colour golden brown , aperture pale . habitat : seagrass beds . distribution : indo - pacific . regional names : kis . kome , kome fundwa ; mcr . conocono . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : australia
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e2cd5f6b - d5b3 - 4545 - a72f - 48261b25b4f0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541516
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these are marine animals and are found from north carolina to florida and into mexico .