the finescale razorbelly minnow ( salmophasia phulo ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus salmophasia .

it is a species of freshwater fish native to bangladesh and india .

it lives in the lower reaches of various bodies of water including rivers , canals , ponds , and ditches .

with a maximum length of only 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) , the fish is of little commercial or dietary value to humans .

finescale razorbelly minnow

latin , salmo , plinius = salmon + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 )
occurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .
menon , a . g . k . , 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . rec . zool . surv . india , misc . publ . , occas . pap . no . 175 , 366 p . ( ref . 41236 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 02102 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
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occurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .
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cyprinus phulo hamilton , 1822 , fishes of the ganges , p . 262 .
oxygaster phulo rahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .
samostoma phulo phulo banarescu , 1968 , rev . roum . biol . zool . 13 ( 1 ) . p . 5 .
this species is a surface feeder and available distributed in the study area . various types of dip nets are used for its fishing .
bhuiyan , a . l . 1964 . fishes of dacca . asiatic society of pakistan , dacca . 48 pp .
day , f . 1878 . fishes of india , being a natural history of fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of india , burma and ceylon . william dawson & sons ltd . , london , vol . i : 778 pp .
hamilton , f . , 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches , edinburgh & london , fishes ganges , 262 p .
rahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .
rahman , a . k . a . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 364 pp .
rahman , a . k . a . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh ( second edition ) . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 394 pp .
talwar , p . k . and jhingran , a . g . , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 1 and 2 . oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi , calcutta . 1158pp .
ex - student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .
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eupanacra automedon is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from north-eastern india , nepal , myanmar , thailand , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , nias , java and borneo .

it is very similar to eupanacra malayana but distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a single sharp point at the apex and no darker brown longitudinal shadow .

the forewing upperside has postmedian lines closer together and more longitudinal than in eupanacra malayana , almost parallel to the costa .

the larvae have been recorded on lasia spinosa .

the ground colour of the body is jade-green without distinct markings .

it has a pale beige horn .

the body ground colour of the last instar is uniform brown with an unmistakable pair of anterior ocelli located at its first abdominal segment and a tail horn that is shorter and back-curved

eupanacra automedon

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how can i put and write and define eupanacra automedon in a sentence and how is the word eupanacra automedon used in a sentence and examples ? 用eupanacra automedon造句 , 用eupanacra automedon造句 , 用eupanacra automedon造句 , eupanacra automedon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
eupanacra automedon ( walker , 1856 ) = panacra automedon walker , 1856 = truncata ( walker , 1856 ) = niasana ( clark , 1923 ) = kualalumpuri ( clark , 1935 ) .
in the male genitalia , uncus similar to eupanacra regularis regularis but a little broader . gnathos similar to eupanacra regularis regularis . valve with many stridulatory scales . harpe slender , similar to eupanacra automedon , not distinctly spatulate . aedeagus apical process with right lobe projecting , as in eupanacra regularis regularis , but broader apically and more heavily dentate , scarcely longer than broad ; left lobe similar to eupanacra malayana but broader .
it is similar to
eupanacra automedon
but distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a blunt double point and generally a darker brown longitudinal shadow present .
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ne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]
panacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158
panacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india
panacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .
panacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java
oriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]
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walker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
panacra mydon walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 155 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] .
china : iii - ix ( hong kong ) ; vi ( sichuan ) ; vi ( guangdong ) ; 20 . vii ( yunnan ) ; 3 . x ( tengchong ) .
kendrick ( 2002 ) states that this common moth is multivoltine in hong kong , occurring from march until late july and again in late september , with peaks in march and may .
ovum : yellowish - green , the bright orange of the young larva showing through before hatching ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larva : full - fed 95mm . , width 8mm . , horn 5mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar the body is long and thin ; the horn straight , of medium length . head and body orange , horn greyish - black . in the second instar , the body surface is smooth and shiny , with the head and body being translucent pale green , the horn black .
in the third and fourth instar the body stays long and thin , but segment six becomes tumid . the horn is now long and straight . the surface of the head and body is smooth and dull and pale yellowish - green in colour . there is an oval , longitudinal , black eye - spot on segment six . the horn is black above , but pale green laterally and centrally .
in the fifth instar the shape is as in others of the genus . the horn is thick at its base , tapering sharply to a blunt point ; basal half at right angles to dorsum of larva , distal half bent sharply downwards . body smooth and dull , excepting the eye - spot and the band above it , which are shiny as though enamelled , and the horn , which is shiny and covered with small tubercles .
in colour , head bright green , body pale yellowish - green . segments 4 and 6 bright green on dorsum , marked with longitudinal white dashes . a dark green , narrow , dorsal stripe runs from segments 2 to 5 , with a pinkish stripe on each side of it on 5 . there is an oval , longitudinal eye - spot on segment 6 . this is black above , reddish - brown below , the reddish - brown portion being outlined by a narrow pale band , the whole edged by a narrow blackish line . above the eye - spot , and touching it , there is a broad white band with a bright red quadrate spot in the centre of it . a broad , brown subdorsal stripe starts from the front margin of 2 , runs across 3 and 4 , then below the eye - spot on 5 , then turns up to the dorsum along the hind edge of 5 , this stripe being edged below by a narrow pale stripe . a brown spiracular stripe runs from the spiracle on segment 6 to the hind margin of 11 . this stripe narrows at the spiracles , but widens between them . segment 13 and anal flap brown , with a broad , green , dorsal stripe from base of horn to tip of flap . segments 6 to 12 are sometimes immaculate except for the spiracular band , or marked with irregular brown patches . when reared in the dark the brown colour may spread over the whole of these segments . horn orange ; true legs pink , prolegs green . spiracles black edged broadly with white .
when alarmed , the larva retracts the head and anterior segments into segment 5 , and expands that segment to show the eye - spots , which are not visible in the resting position ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
pupa : 50mm . , width 10mm . very similar to that of e . busiris . cremaster broadly triangular , dorsal surface rounded , ventral surface deeply , longitudinally concave , ending in a stout shaft which branches near base , each branch ending in two hooks . there are two shorter shafts , each with a single hook , on each side of base of central shaft ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larval hostplants . alocasia odora ( araceae ) in hong kong ( tennent , 1992 ) . colocasia , caladium , arisaema and amorphophallus ( araceae ) elsewhere ( inoue , kennett & kitching , [ 1996 ] 1997 ) .
in laos and thailand , recorded from scindapsus pictus , syngonium podophyllum and syngonium vellozianum ( eitschberger & ihle , 2008 ) .
china : sichuan ( zhongjiang ) ; chongqing ; yunnan ( cangyuan ; menglun ; tengchong , 1800m ; simao / pu ' er ) ; guangdong ( guangzhou ; e . nan ling ; ? ? wai - tzi - san ) ; hong kong ( north point ; shau kei wan ) ; guangxi ( miao ling ; maoer shan , 1800m ) ; hainan ( jianfeng ) .
nepal , northeastern india ( subhasish arandhara , 2016 ) , bangladesh , burma / myanmar , southern china , thailand , laos , vietnam , peninsular malaysia .
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acrolophus davisellus is a moth of the acrolophidae family .

it is found in north america , including arizona .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

acrolophus davisellus

acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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dalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
pfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schwärmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .
robinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .
record : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )
hasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .
likely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .
likely in se arizona ( tl =
hot springs , az
. records in texas as well ) .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


pseudolaguvia tenebricosa is a species of catfish .

it is only known from a fast-flowing hill stream called pathe chaung , near taungoo in southern burma .

this is a very small catfish ( 2.9 centimetres ( 1.1 in ) sl ) with almost black upperparts and paler underneath .

it is similar to pseudolaguvia tuberculata but differs in having a distinct gap between the dorsal and adipose fins and a narrower head with a shorter snout .

it is adapted to the fast-flowing waters of its habitat by the presence of an adhesive apparatus in the form of folded pleats of skin , rather similar to that seen on members of the sisorid genus glyptothorax .

pseudolaguvia tenebricosa

type : [ large ] upl _ 95284 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 95285 . tif [ 2794440 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 95290 . tif [ 3003640 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 318614 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 318616 . tif [ 10529852 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 318612 . tif [ 10290968 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
pseudolaguvia tenebricosa was described from the pathe chaung in the sittang river drainage in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) . however , the non - type material from the irrawaddy river drainage mentioned in the original description of this species may not be conspecific with the type material from the sittang river drainage . there is currently insufficient material of the former to verify if this is the case .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93929 . jpg [ 1063419 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm xray , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93932 . jpg [ 1517916 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm x - ray , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .
britz , r . and c . j . ferraris jr . , 2003 . a new species of the asian catfish genus pseudolaguvia from myanmar ( teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : erethistidae ) . zootaxa 388 : 1 - 8 . ( ref . 50586 )
justification : there is insufficient information regarding the distribution of pseudolaguvia tenebricosa , since it has only been collected from two widely separate localities . information about its biology and potential threats facing this species is also lacking . furthermore , whilst the species may be present in basins between the two known localities , the conspecificity of the populations from the irrawaddy and sittaung river drainages requires further study . given the lack of knowledge regarding the distribution , biology and the threats facing this species , as well as the taxonomic uncertainty surrounding the two known populations , it is assessed as data deficient .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 . differs from the only other member of the genus pseudolaguvia tuberculata in having an adipose fin not reaching posterior insertion of dorsal fin , a narrower head ( 23 . 8 - 25 . 1 versus 26 . 7 % sl ) , and a shorter snout ( 12 . 8 - 14 . 3 versus 16 . 7 % sl ) ( ref . 50586 ) .
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rema devi , k . r . , arunachalam , m . , vishwanath , w . , dahanukar , n . , daniel , b . a . & molur , s .
this species is known only from two localities in the sittaung and irrawaddy river drainages respectively . the type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a left bank tributary of the sittang river in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) , while the other locality in which it has been recorded lies in the middle irrawaddy river drainage in northern myanmar .
there is no information on the population size and trend of this species , since it is only known from 17 specimens .
the type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a small hill stream , with fast running , clear water , a sandy bottom and numerous rocks and boulders . aquatic vegetation was absent . water temperature was 24°c , with a ph of 8 . 5 and a conductivity of 70 μs ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) .
this species is apparently not utilized either as a food or an aquarium fish .
the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .
more research about the distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified . furthermore , the taxonomic status of the material from the irrawaddy river drainage needs to be further investigated and its conspecificity with the type material from the sittang river drainage needs to be verified .
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from the latin tenebricosus alluding to the dark , gloomy coloration of this species ( ref . 50586 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50586 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
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eupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

the species is endemic to kilosa , tanzania , and is critically endangered due to deforestation .

eupropacris abbreviata

eupropacris cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris ornata karny , 1907 = eupropacris swynnertoni ramme , 1929 = orbillus namaqua krauss 1901 = catantops cylindricollis schaum 1853 = eupropacris furcata ramme , 1929 = acridium genuale walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris genualis walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris clathrata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris obscura miller , n . c . e . 1929 = catantops ornatus karny , 1907 = eupropacris namaqua krauss 1901 = acridium fumidum walker , f . 1870 = eupropacris fumida walker , f . , 1870 = catantops nigricornis karny , 1907 = eupropacris nigricornis karny , 1907 = orbillus nyassicus karsch 1896 = poecilocerus cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris congica ramme , 1929 = orbillus roseoviridis bolívar , i . , 1908 = eupropacris cylindricollis congica ramme 1929 = eupropacris oculata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris roseoviridis bolívar , i . , 1908 .
miller , n . c . e . 1929 . trans . entomol . soc . london 77 : 85 > > eupropacris abbreviata urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 57021
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critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1
based upon the ecology of congeneric species , it is likely that this species is confined to forest edges and clearings of evergreen lowland forest .
the main threat to this species is deforestation and transformation caused by agricultural land use .
no specific conservation measures are in place for this species . it remains unknown , if the species occurs in kihiliri forest reserve .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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amphibalanus is a genus of barnacle of the family balanidae that includes species formerly assigned to balanus .

it contains the following species : amphibalanus amphitrite ( darwin , 1854 ) † amphibalanus caboblanquensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) † amphibalanus caribensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus cirratus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus eburneus ( gould , 1841 ) † amphibalanus halosydne ( zullo & katuna , 1992 ) ( extinct ) † amphibalanus hopkinsi ( zullo , 1968 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus improvisus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus inexpectatus ( pilsbry , 1916 ) amphibalanus peruvianus ( pilsbry , 1909 ) † amphibalanus playagrandensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus poecilotheca ( kruger , 1911 ) † amphibalanus reflexus ( zullo , 1984 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus reticulatus ( utinomi , 1967 ) amphibalanus rhizophorae ( ren & liu , 1989 ) amphibalanus salaami ( nilsson-cantell , 1932 ) amphibalanus subalbidus ( henry , 1973 ) amphibalanus thailandicus ( puspasari , yamaguchi & angsupanich , 2001 ) amphibalanus variegatus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus venustus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus zhujiangensis ( ren , 1989 )

amphibalanus

balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature . - pubmed - ncbi
reply to clare and høeg 2008 . balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature .
amphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol
amphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol
introduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : amphibalanus amphitrite is reported to foul ' sluice systems ' in japan ( chavanich et al . 2010 ) . [ details ]
variety amphibalanus amphitrite var . stutsburi darwin , 1854 accepted as fistulobalanus pallidus ( darwin , 1854 ) ( harding 1962 considered balanus amphitrite var stutburi is synonym to balanus pallidus ( = fistulobalanus pallidus ) )
a recent revision of balanomorph barnacles ( pitombo , 2004 ) has transferred balanus improvisus to the genus amphibalanus . the name change is now widely accepted , but some literature sources and internet databases have used the genus name balanus .
the shell of balanus crenatus appears not notched on the top , calcareous base lacks the star - like pattern and its operculum is centred . the carina of amphibalanus eburneus is not lower than the rostrum , the scuta are cross - striated , cuticle is more resilient on plates rather than on the radii . the main band in the middle of the tergoscutal flap of amphibalanus amphitrite is above the micropylar opening . more morphological detail on differences in the balanus amphitrite complex are given in henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) .
amphibalanus eburneus , known as the ivory barnacle , is native to the western atlantic from the southern gulf of maine to venezuela . it is widely introduced around the world and has invaded the northeast atlantic , the indian ocean , northwestern pacific and the northeastern pacific . in 2000 , an established population was reported for the first time in us pacific waters , in the colorado lagoon , long beach , california . based on its broad tolerances , this species has the potential to expand its range on the pacific coast . amphibalanus eburneus fouls cultured oysters and may compete with other benthic invertebrates for space .
in a recent revision of the balanidae based on morphological systematics , the much studied fouling species balanus amphitrite was renamed amphibalanus amphitrite . here , the case is made for retaining the former nomenclature . taxonomists are urged to exercise caution before introducing new formal taxonomies , which should ideally be based on several independent lines of evidence .
the reticulated barnacle , amphibalanus reticulatus , was first described from southern japan and is native to the indo - pacific region . it has been introduced by shipping to tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern pacific , both sides of the atlantic , and the eastern mediterranean . it prefers saline ( 30 - 40 psu ) , subtidal habitats in warm seas and can be found on a wide range of hard surfaces , including ships ' hulls , docks , pilings , mangroves , rocks , oysters , and other shellfish . amphibalanus reticulatus can have economic impacts through the frequent fouling of ships ' hulls and marine structures and is thought to compete with other barnacle species for settlement space .
introduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : amphibalanus improvisus is a frequent fouler of power plants in its native and introduced range ( nauman and cory 1969 ; vuorinen et al . 1986 ; zvyagintsev et al . 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of power plant fouling by a . improvisus were 1 . 5 - 5 . 5 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]
alien species the origin of the bay barnacle amphibalanus improvisus is unclear , and therefore referred to by many scientists as cryptogenic . it is a typical fouling species that distributes itself by clinging to ship hulls . in belgium , living bay barnacles were first reported in 1895 . there were even specimens found in archaeological materials dating back to the 17th century . this barnacle can compete with local species for food and space , but it can also influence the occurrence of algae , as seen in the baltic sea . [ details ]
the bay barnacle , amphibalanus improvisus , is native to the atlantic and gulf coasts of north america ranging south through the caribbean and south america . it has been introduced to the west coast of north america , the sea of japan , europe and the mediterranean , black and caspian seas . it is characteristic of brackish estuarine habitats and is tolerant of varying salinities , being found in water ranging from 0 - 40 psu . economic and ecological impacts have not been reported for a . improvisus on the west coast ; however , it is a dominant fouling organism and is known to grow on a variety of surfaces including ships , boats , harbor structures , and fishing gear .
alien species the striped barnacle amphibalanus amphitrite is a cosmopolitan barnacle that naturally occurs in almost every tropical and subtropical sea . it is a typical fouling species that can reach different places by attaching itself to ship’s hulls . the first specimen in belgium was found in 1952 in farmed oysters in the port of ostend . it took till february 1995 till the striped barnacle was commonly found along the belgian coast . it was thought that the cold winter temperatures would kill off the species in the belgian regions , but this did not happen . the barnacle today ( 2011 ) is a common inhabitant in the port of ostend . the species thrives well in areas with a certain degree of physical stress or pollution . [ details ]
pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261–276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
darwin , c . ( 1854 ) . a monograph on the sub - class cirripedia with figures of all the species . the balanidae , ( or sessile cirripedia ) ; the verricidae , etc . , etc . , etc . the ray society , london . i - viii + 1 - 684 , pls . 1 - 30 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261–276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) henry , d . p . ; mclaughlin , p . a . ( 1975 ) . the barnacles of the balanus amphitrite complex ( cirripedia , thoracica ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 141 : 1 - 254 . 22 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
blackmore , g . ; rainbow , p . s . ( 2000 ) . barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in hong kong coastal waters 1998 update . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . 385 - 409 . [ details ]
introduced species abundance in trinidad and tobago ( nation ) : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it largely confined to ships and man - made structures in bonaire and trinidad . [ details ]
introduced species abundance in gulf of mexico ( iho sea area ) : this could represent an isolated specimen collected from a ship . [ details ]
introduced species abundance in jamaican part of the caribbean sea : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it rare and local in jamaica . [ details ]
introduced species remark in united states part of the north atlantic ocean ( marine region ) : a . amphitrite is one of the most abundant fouling barnacles in warmer harbors of the u . s . ( moore and frue 1959 ; carlton 1979 ) , and worldwide ( zevina 1988 ; jones 1992 ; shkedy et al . 1995 ) [ details ]
gittings , s . r . 2009 . cirripedia ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 827–836 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p . [ details ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261–276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
leung ty . & jones ds . ( 2000 ) . barnacles ( cirripedia : thoracica ) from epibenthic substrata in the shallow offshore waters of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 105 - 127 . [ details ]
introduced species population trend in dutch part of the north sea : in dutch waters it seems to sporadically appear and disappear and does not seem to be established there ( wolff 2005 ) . [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
introduced species abundance in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : this barnacle is now abundant in the region , especially in brackish waters . [ details ]
introduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : in the caspian sea and in russian harbors on the sea of japan , a . improvisus was an important component of fouling on harbor structures ( kashin et al . 2000 ; zaitsev and ozturk 2001 ; zvyagintsev 2003 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in gulf of bothnia ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of bothnia , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts , by fouling eelgrass and algae ( bostrom and bonsdorff 1997 and raberg and kautsky 2007 , cited by zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : in skagerrak , sweden , it was the dominant organism fouling the hulls of recreational boats , probably because it was more tolerant of hydrodynamic stress than the native blue mussel , mytilus edulis , which dominated static fouling plates ( berntsson and jonsson 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of hull fouling by a . improvisus are 23 - 56 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , where it is the only barnacle species present , filter - feeding by a . improvisus is thought to affect food webs by diverting planktonic production to the benthic biomass ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , a . improvisus is reported to affect the recreational quality of shorelines by fouling rocks and littering beaches with its sharp shells . on the other hand , its large filter - feeding biomass increases the clarity of the water ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having moderate ecosystem impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in gulf of riga ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of riga , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in gulf of california ( iho sea area ) : ships : general early shipping could also explain a 1889 collection from the gulf of california , mexico ( henry and mclaughlin 1975 ) . [ details ]
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a . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment out . . .
a . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment outside its natural distribution area , which is considered to be the western atlantic . it was first recorded as invasive in europe and california in the middle of the nineteenth century , with further distribution records to the pacific and australasia ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) . its success worldwide has been attributed to the fact that it is euryhaline and eurythermal , able to self - fertilize , establish and mature rapidly , has a high reproductive capacity and long settlement period , and utilizes a wide range of food . the species damages man - made constructions and ships , causing substantial economic expense , and threatens biological diversity , competing with local species for food as well as space . a . improvisus is included in alert lists in the baltic and pacific ( australia ) . the potential of becoming established from warm temperate to tropical and polar regions has been indicated .
in some germanic languages the species common name means “brackish water barnacle” , reflecting the ability of the barnacle to live in water with lower salinity , such as estuaries . the english common name “bay barnacle” indicates the ability of the species to live in inlets and enclosed bodies of water .
has a low , cone - shaped or semi - globe shape . it may be cylinder - shaped in crowded populations , but according to
the calcareous shell is made up of white to greyish plates . walls never ribbed or folded longitudinally . uneroded calcareous shells have a smooth surface and may be covered by a thin yellowish epidermis , which is often more resilient on the radii . the radii are narrow and oblique and do not completely cover the alae that is nearly horizontal . the carina is lower than the rostrum . the operculum situated off centre , so that terga are close to the carina . the operculum is rounded at the rostral end . in water the opening is narrow and diamond shaped with partly - erect tergoscutal flaps . in juveniles ' opening (
) a white ground is crossed by five black bands of speckles , whereas adults display the same dark bands , but the ground colour is white speckled with purple .
base of the shell calcareous , flat and thin . canals inside run radially to the place ( approximately centre of the basal plate ) where cyprid antennas were attached ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; leppäkoski , 1999 ) forming a star - like pattern .
a . improvisus normally grows to around 10 mm in diameter , the largest specimens reaching 23 mm ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .
the shells can remain in place long after the animal that constructed and inhabited it is dead .
noted that some of the records in the tropics may relate to the variety “assimilis” , which is a distinct , tropically distributed species of the “amphitrite” group . unlike
a . improvisus is considered to be native on the east coast of north america . in its native range it is distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence in quebec province , canada ( brunel et al . , 1998 ) southward to florida ( pollock , 1998 ) .
further south , the species is found in the gulf of mexico and caribbean region ( henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) , and on the brazilian coast ( in estuarine areas in northeast brazil ; farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the southwest atlantic a . improvisus was found in uruguay and argentina by darwin ( 1854 ) .
reviewed the species from uruguay and argentina as cryptogenic . it was also listed as cryptogenic in brazil by neves and da
is generally considered as non - native in the east pacific . on the west coast of america its range is from british columbia down to central california (
) with occasional records of sporadic occurrence in southern california as far south as san diego bay . presently it is found in california , oregon and the state of washington (
data on distribution on the west coast of mexico , western colombia , peru and ecuador is based on old collection records ( darwin , 1854 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) and needs to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .
from a few places in england and one locality in scotland . at the present time its distribution in the uk remains restricted to estuaries (
) including the thames , severn , daugleddau , conwy , ribble , forth , dart and tamar .
) and dundalk , dublin and cork harbours ( crisp and southward , unpublished survey ) .
noted that populations in the uk estuaries are fluctuating ; e . g . in the thames
in continental europe , a . improvisus is known from estuarine and brackish waters in the baltic and north sea . in the baltic weidema ( 2000 ) states the northernmost limit of distribution as the northern quark , 63°n and the easternmost point at about 25°e in the gulf of finland . in norway the species is found in several localities between oslo fjord and stavanger , but not north of this ( sneli , 1972 ) . along the southern coastline of the north sea , it is common in brackish waters of the netherlands ( gittenberger et al . , 2010 ) .
a . improvisus is found in the caspian , black and aral sea from many littoral locations and is considered as a non - native , well established species there , being very widespread .
didn ' t find it in the aegean sea , but included the species in the checklist of cirripedia for all parts of the mediterranean sea .
early findings of a . improvisus from african coasts ( broch , 1927 ; gruvel , 1912 ; nilsson - cantell , 1938 ) need to be reviewed . henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) suggested that specimens found by stubbings ( 1967 ) from west coast of africa are a . improvisus rather than balanus amphitrite as the author had described . bishop ( 1951 ) recorded a . improvisus from three localities in west africa . some authors such as jones et al . ( 2000 ) included the west coast of africa to the cape of good hope in current habitat of the species , but recent reports from south africa don ' t list the species ( griffiths et al . , 2009 ; 2011 ) .
in western pacific the species is considered established in the russian part of the sea of japan .
a . improvisus is a fouling agent in japanese ports , from where there are detailed records . there are records from malaysia and the east china sea , but data on distribution and spread in the region are still limited . several occurrences have been noted from australian ports , but the claims were not confirmed ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ) . in new zealand this species seems to be established .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
kotta et al . , 2006a ; darwin , 1854 ; hoek , 1876 ; broch , 1924 ; gislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; bassindale , 1964 ; polk , 1976 ; hayward et al . , 1990 ; sandrock et al . , 1991 ; jansson , 1994 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; olszewska , 1999 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; leppakoski et al . , 2002 ; müller , 2004 ; gollasch and nehring , 2006 ; reise et al . , 2006 ; daisie , 2009 ; dziubinska and szaniawska , 2010 ; jazdewski and grabowski , 2011 ; noel , 2011
bousfield , 1954 ; branscomb , 1976 ; brunel et al . , 1998 ; pollock , 1998 ; carlton et al . , 2011
buchinsky , 1885 ; neu , 1935 ; derzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; zenetos , 2005 ; daisie , 2009
tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; kawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; huang , 1994 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; liu , 2008 ; seo and lee , 2009 ; doi et al . , 2011
foster and willan , 1979 ; cranfield et al . , 1998 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011
bishop , 1951 ; jones et al . , 2000 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011
kawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; doi et al . , 2011
henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; kaplan , 1988 ; davidson et al . , 2008
polk , 1976 ; kerckhof and cattrijsse , 2001 ; vandendriessche et al . , 2003 ; müller , 2004
järvekülg , 1979 ; leppakoski , 2002 ; põllumäe et al . , 2006 ; simm and põllumäe , 2006
gruet et al . , 1976 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; müller , 2004
relini et al . , 1976 ; relini et al . , 1998 ; galil , 2011
järvekülg , 1979 ; leppäkoski , 1999 ; barien , 2002 ; zaiko et al . , 2007
waardenburg , 1827 ; hoek , 1876 ; bishop , 1947 ; wolff , 2005 ; gittenberger et al . , 2010
broch , 1924 ; sneli , 1972 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; hopkins , 2002
panov et al . , 1999 ; panov et al . , 2002 ; orlova et al . , 2006
derzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; turpaeva and simkina , 1963 ; birshtain et al . , 1968 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; daisie , 2009
reise et al . , 1999 ; southward , 2008 ; macho et al . , 2010 ; noel , 2011
gislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; jansson , 1994 ; leppäkoski and olenin , 2000 ; gren et al . , 2009
most sources suggest ( newman and ross , 1976 ; zullo and miller , 1986 ) that a . improvisus originates on the north atlantic coast of america . paleontological records support this theory ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) . the species is known in fossil records from florida ( newman , 1979 ) , whereas examination of late cenozoic barnacle faunas from numerous pacific coast localities has failed to uncover a . improvisus . newman ( 1954 ) also noted the absence of this species in indian mound material at brooks island , san francisco bay , although balanus glandula was common on mollusc shells now frequented by a . improvisus . some fossil records may indicate ( tavora et al . , 2005 ) that south america is the source area , but they need to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .
in the americas , according to a recent review on barnacle invasions ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) , a . improvisus and a . amphitrite constituted the majority of invasion events in the first 100 years after 1853 . in 1853 a . improvisus was first found in san francisco bay ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) , where it is supposed to have arrived on ship hulls during the gold rush . the ships were often abandoned , providing a good opportunity for colonisation by fouling organisms from the atlantic . a . improvisus spread along the coast from california ( carlton , 1979 ) and reached british columbia in 1955 ( rivera et al . , 2011 ) .
may have been introduced to south american coasts on spanish ships as early as the sixteenth century . the suggestion is supported by
) consider it to be a non - indigenous species and noted the lack of verified fossils in the eastern atlantic and mediterranean . they suppose that
reached europe with trading vessels from america and started colonisation of the baltic in the middle of the nineteenth century , spreading through human activities . now it is regarded as a pest and is given as one of the 100 worst alien species in europe (
, becoming extinct in northeast atlantic waters during the last glaciation and then being re - introduced by human activities as the earliest transatlantic voyages took place between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries .
considered the species as an emigrant from america . in ireland it is only estimated to have arrived before 1950 (
was found in oslofjord , and until 1969 it was only found in this fjord .
a . improvisus has invaded the black and caspian seas . the first record from the black sea dates back to 1844 ( gomoiu et al . , 2002 ) , but the species may inhabited the basin much earlier : derzhavin ( 1956 ) indicates than it could have been transported on ships from ancient greece and phoenicia . the start of invasion and spread in the caspian sea is well - recorded ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) . it arrived in the caspian sea in 1955 ( sayenkova , 1956 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ) , presumably through the volga - don canal from the asov and the black sea . in summer 1956 the species could be found everywhere in the basin ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) and now it is a dominant fouling organism ( aladin , et al . , 2002 ) .
there are few recent records from the mediterranean , and it is unknown whether a . improvisus is established here ( zenetos et al . , 2005 ) . the first record may be from 1972 ( streftaris et al . , 2005 ) or 1976 from off - shore platforms in the adriatic sea ( relini et al . , 1976 ) . in a recent review by galil ( 2011 ) the species is not mentioned in the list of alien crustaceans of the mediterranean sea .
in the russian part of the sea of japan a . improvisus is now considered established ( zvyagintsev , 2003 ; ovsyannikova , 2008 ) . the first record as an exotic species was in 1969 when it was found on man - made installations ( zevina and gorin , 1971 ) in the peter the great bay . however , the species might have inhabited the waters well before detailed scientific research was started here in the 1960s .
colonised the western pacific , probably through human introduction . in japan it was first recorded in 1952 (
the species is recorded from several locations in north and central western pacific ( jones et al . , 2000 ) , but little is known about the pattern of its spread and invasiveness in the region .
in the southwest pacific the species was first reported in western australia by bishop in 1951 , who suggested that a . improvisus had become established in one of the australian ports during the 1940s . however , later allen ( 1953 ) could not substantiate this claim when investigating fouling of submerged surfaces on the eastern australian coast . in a review , jones ( 1992 ) didn ' t include this species as present in australian waters , but australia appeared as a location in a later review ( jones et al . , 2000 ) . recently the species has been reported from ships ' hulls in australian ports , but there are no records of its having become established ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011 ) in these waters .
in new zealand , a . improvisus was initially observed on an oil platform which had been transported from japan to new zealand ( foster and willan , 1979 ) in 1975 , and the species is now reported as established .
rivera et al ( 2011 ) modelled the potential for high - latitude marine invasions of a . improvisus along western north america . according the author ' s calculations , there is a potential of habitat extension from the modern frontier in british columbia ( port alberni ) to the prince william sound and aleutian islands reaching 61 - 61 . 5º n . if global warming is considered , the north habitat border may shift as far as 68 . 5 - 69 . 0º in america , creating a possibility of invasion of the species on much of the southeast coast of alaska . in europe ( norway ) the northern border may shift to 65 . 5 or in case of potential effect of global warming to 71 - 71 . 5º n .
findings of the species in australian ports indicates a possibility of a wider invasion in the region .
rivera et al . ( 2007 ) noted that uniform warming of 2°c may nudge northward some of the northern hemisphere limits of a . improvisus but would decrease its tropical coverage and lead to a global decrease in suitable habitat .
) . vertical distribution can vary , generally reflecting the difference in tidal range at each location , usually 0 - 80 cm .
the species can often be found on ship hulls , sluices and oil platforms . on ships it tolerates places with strong water flow ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .
within the habitat range the species tends to colonize all available substratum suitable for a cyprid larva settlement . many authors noted an ability of a . improvisus to live on a wide range of hosts .
a . improvisus is often found attached to bivalve shells and dead molluscs . on sandy beaches of the northwestern black sea it colonised almost all bivalve shells at 2 - 10 m depth ( vinogradov , 1956 ) . in the baltic it has been found on mytilus edulis ( laihonen and furman , 1986 ) and mya arenaria ( olszewska , 2000 ) . in the southern baltic a . improvisus is the only representative of the cirripedia which grows on the mussel mytilus trossulus , which is the dominant element of the bottom fauna in this area . the sporadic occurrence of this barnacle on another baltic bivalve species , the cockle cerastoderma glaucum , has also been noted ( olszewska , 1999 ) .
in september 1999 the species was found on shells of the soft - shell clam mya arenaria on the beach near brzezno ( gulf of gdansk ) . the presence of a . improvisus on m . arenaria could be further evidence of the tendency of barnacles to colonise all available habitats , even if they are not always optimal ( olszewska , 2000 ) .
in the caspian sea it uses an endemic bivalve didacna sp . ( riedel et al . , 2006 ) . in brazil it attaches directly to living oysters and mussels , as well as on stones and empty shells on the muddy sediment ( farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the sea of japan it settles on the native bivalve corbicula japonica , which may live in freshwater , and on the oyster crassostrea gigas , but also on seagrass and macroalgae ( ovsyannikova , 2008 ) .
) . in south america farraepeira ( 2009 ; 2010 ) has reported it on numerous organisms .
in british populations of a . improvisus , furman et al . ( 1989 ) noted high levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity in most estuarine populations except for a small isolated conwy population , where self - fertilisation and inbreeding is possible . factors determining the genetic differentiation in british populations are water currents and water traffic , but not salinity .
analyses of isozyme patterns by furman ( 1990 ) revealed a high degree of genetic similarity amongst populations in the british isles and the baltic , the west coast of sweden , and north america . the results indicate that populations of a . improvisus cluster by geographical and salinity patterns . less heterozygote deficiency was observed in the baltic , showing higher stability and outcrossing here . johannesson and andre ( 2006 ) analysed genetic data from 29 species inhabiting the low saline baltic sea and found that essentially only a . improvisus seemed to be panmictic over the baltic sea–north sea salinity gradient due to high dispersive capacity .
gamfeldt et al . ( 2005 ) hypothesised that increasing genetic diversity within species enhances ecosystem processes such as success of larval settlement of a . improvisus . possible mechanisms that explain this pattern may be facilitation of gregarious response through the presence of founder genotypes , ensuring genetic complementarity to increase future reproductive potential . the study of settlement pattern of the species indicates that changing intraspecific genetic diversity could have community - scale consequences for larval recruitment and space occupancy .
barien ( 2002 ) assessed cytogenetic damage in a . improvisus ( aneugenic effects ) inhabiting the baltic sea at butinge oil terminal , showing the high genotoxicity level in the zone of sewage effluent from palanga town and mazeikiai oil refinery . extensive cytogenetic injuries in gonadal cells of a . improvisus indicated the potential long - term hazards of pollutants to ecological health and integrity of this aquatic species .
although hermaphroditism is universal in sessile barnacles , only a few species are known to be facultative self - fertilisers . furman and yule ( 1990 ) tested the ability of a . improvisus to self - fertilise . individuals were observed to carry well - developed ovaries and well - developed testes at the same time . fertilisation took place and the eggs developed to larvae in both isolated and communal individuals . self - fertilisation appears to take place somewhat later than cross - fertilisation . these laboratory results on self - fertilisation are supported by field observations , in which isolated individuals were found with fertilised egg masses . a . improvisus can thus be added to the list of facultatively self - fertilising cirripedes . the ability to self - fertilise is especially advantageous for individuals of a species such as a . improvisus , which often has sparse and isolated populations ( weidema , 2000 ) .
) . eggs form in the mantle cavity . egg size is about 180 µm , and contrary to other species , there is little geographic variation in this size (
) and gives several generations in a year . embryos are brooded in an ovisac inside the mantle cavity . development to hatching takes about 21 days at 18°c (
larvae hatch as nauplii , and a new brood can be released every 5 - 6 days ( gamfeldt et al . , 2005 ) . there are six nauplius stages of which the first may be non - feeding , the others feeding in plankton , and a non - feeding cypris stage ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ) . nauplius larvae show strongly positive phototaxis , which decreases in the last nauplius stage ( lang et al . , 1979 ) . both eggs and nauplii of a . improvisus are smaller than those of most other barnacle species ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ; ross et al . , 2003 ) . development through the six nauplius stages takes about one week in the laboratory ( o ' connor and richardson , 1996 ; dahlstrom et al . , 2000 ) , but this depends on temperature .
the last naupliar stage moults into the cyprid larvae , which settle on hard substrate and transform into barnacles . cyprid larvae are most prone to settling when they are 3 - 4 days old ( sjogren et al . , 2008 ) . settlement increases in the presence of extract from adult conspecifics , and significantly more cyprids settled at 5 and 10 ppt than at other salinities between 2 and 35 ppt ( dineen and hines , 1992 ) . the same authors noted that surface effects were less obvious as age of cyprids increased .
settlement may also be influenced by light ( larvae are positively phototrophic ) , quality of the substratum and flow velocity ( smyth , 1946 ) . de wolf ( 1973 ) noted that number of cyprids increases soon after low water and decreases during the period of high water . intensity of the flow also influences the settlement : cyprids can attach when velocity of the flow is 0 . 25 m / sec , but not more than 0 . 56 m / sec . the ability of the cyprids to prefer rough surfaces over smooth ones to settle in depressions is well known ( shalaeva , 1997 ; rainbow , 1984 ) . dahlstrom et al . ( 2004 ) noted that surface wettability may act as a determinant in the settlement of a . improvisus that prefer hydrophobic surfaces in the laboratory conditions .
chemical hormonal substances may influence the settlement of a . improvisus larvae . thus , dahlstrom et al . ( 2000 ) observed that settlement of cyprid larvae may be affected by surface active adrenoceptor compounds . zega et al . ( 2007 ) found that , neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin can regulate the settlement process of cyprid larva of a . improvisus . dopamine significantly stimulated settlement of 2 - and 4 - day - old cyprids , while serotonin exerted an inhibitory effect , regardless of cyprid age .
described a reproductive peak in north carolina in winter ( water temperature 5 . 5 - 11°c ) with a maximum in january , when temperature was about 7°c . in the uk , nauplii are released from may to late september and settlement is recorded from may to september (
) larva release was noted in the first half of summer . in the black sea (
) in may ( water temperature 16°c ) and august - september ( water temperature 20°c ) . in these periods , larvae of
constituted nearly half of all meroplankton . larvae disappeared from plankton when water temperature reached 25°c .
in the sea of japan ( korn , 1991 ) the larvae of a . improvisus are found in plankton from june with 2 - 3 abundance peaks from august to october . at a depth of 1 m the number of the larvae reaches 800 / m 3 considerably exceeding that of other species and indicating a successful acclimatisation of the barnacle in the new region .
nasrolahi et al . ( 2006 ) studied effects of salinity on larval stage survival . with increasing salinity , larval size decreases and development time to cyprid larva increased ( 8 - 25ppt takes 7 days , above 36ppt – 9 days ) . larval survival was highest at 12ppt ( 60 % ) , against 14 % at 36 ppt .
) the species has three settlement and three survival peaks . similarly , along the swedish west coast the species may have three generations in one summer season (
generally , the species has a longevity of one year , but occasionally individuals can live for just over two years .
a . improvisus reaches maximum size in 2 - 3 weeks ( elfimov et al . , 1995 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) observed that on natural substrata biomass does not exceed 1 . 5 kg / m 2 and density 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 / m 2 . on ships , the biomass can reach 5 - 8 kg / m 2 and on stationary constructions up to 15 , 000 kg / m 2 with density 50 , 000 / m 2 ( brayko , 1982 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) showed that density changes depending on depth . thus , on metallic constructions in the caspian sea , at 0 - 0 . 5 m depth the density was 55 , 000 - 57 , 000 / m 2 , whereas it was just 24 , 000 - 28 , 000 / m 2 at 1 - 5 m depth .
other factors affecting size and density of subtidal a . improvisus populations were investigated in chesapeake bay , usa ( branscomb , 1976 ) . populations were affected by both biotic and physical factors . the flatworm stylochus ellipticus , the predominant predator on barnacles , and the bryozoan , victorella pavida , the major spatial competitor , were major factors in summer . in winter a combination of high winds ( 25 knots ) and low air temperature ( - 9°c ) were the major eliminating factors .