the heliconiinae , commonly called heliconians or longwings , are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies ( family nymphalidae ) .

they can be divided into 45 – 50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family heliconiidae within the papilionoidea .

the colouration is predominantly reddish and black , and though of varying wing shape , the forewings are always elongated tipwards , hence the common name .

most longwings are found in the tropics , particularly in south america ; only the argynnini are quite diverse in the holarctic .

especially tropical species feed on poisonous plants , characteristically passifloraceae vines , as larvae , becoming poisonous themselves .

the adult butterflies announce their acquired toxicity with strong aposematic colours , warning off would-be predators .

there are several famous cases of batesian and müllerian mimicry both within this group and with other butterflies .

other commonly seen food plants are fabaceae ( which also contain several toxic species ) , and particularly among northerly species of violaceae .

heliconiinae

a generic revision of the heliconiinae ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1197
phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use .
phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . - pubmed - ncbi
heliconiinae ( nymphalidae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 229 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , 261
argynnini ( heliconiinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 235 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , 261
penz , c . , and d . peggie . 2003 . phylogenetic relationships among heliconiinae genera based on morphology ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . systematic entomology 28 : 451 - 479 .
acraeini ( heliconiinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 236 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ] ; [ nl4a ] , 262
penz , c . m . & p . djunijanti . 2003 . phylogenetic relationships among heliconiinae genera based on morphology ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . systematic entomology 28 : 451 - 479 . [ links ]
penz , c . m . 1999 . higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) based on early stage and adult morphology . zoological journal of the linnean society 127 : 277 - 344 . [ links ]
lamas , g . 2004 . heliconiinae , p . 262 - 274 . in : j . b . heppner ( ed . ) . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . gainesville , association for tropical lepidoptera , scientific publishers , vol . 5a , 439p . [ links ]
paluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 2005 . comportamento de agregação noturna dos machos de actinote surima surima ( schaus ) ( lepidoptera , heliconiinae , acraeini ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 22 : 410 - 418 . [ links ]
freitas , a . v . l . ; r . b . francini & t . s . souza . 2009b . immature stages and natural history of the threatened butterfly actinote quadra ( nymphalidae : heliconiinae : acraeini ) . tropical lepidoptera research 19 ( 2 ) : 82 - 88 . [ links ]
freitas , a . v . l . ; l . a . kaminski ; r . g . matos & k . l . silva - brandão . 2009a . immature stages of the andean butterfly actinote rufina ( nymphalidae : heliconiinae : acraeini ) . tropical lepidoptera research 19 ( 1 ) : 18 - 21 . [ links ]
the subfamily heliconiinae is composed of a diverse group of species distributed widely in the new and old world tropics , and it also includes the largely holarctic fritillaries ( argynnini ) . many species in heliconiini and acraeini sequester and / or synthesize cyanogenic glucosides , which render them unpalatable to predators . as a result , they act as müllerian mimics or models for palatable batesian species in other groups .
francini , r . b . ; a . v . l . freitas & k . s . brown jr . 2005 . rediscovery of actinote zikani ( d ' almeida ) ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae , acraeini ) : natural history , population biology and conservation of an endangered butterfly in se brazil . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 59 ( 3 ) : 134 - 142 . [ links ]
silva - brandão , k . l . ; n . wahlberg ; r . b . francini ; a . m . l . azeredo espin ; k . s . brown jr ; m . paluch ; d . c . lees & a . v . l . freitas . 2008 . phylogenetic relationship of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 515 - 531 . [ links ]
silva - brandão , k . l . , wahlberg , n . , francini , r . b . , azeredo - espin , a . m . l . , brown , k . s . j . , paluch , m . , lees , d . c . & freitas , a . v . l . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 , 515 - 531 .
a higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) was generated by cladistic analysis of 146 morphological characters from all life stages . the 24 species studied were selected representatives of the ten currently accepted genera of the sub - tribe heliconiiti . analyses of only characters from larvae and pupae did not produce well resolved trees . however , some characters of the immature stages provided critical support for the monophyly of two clades . analysis of only adult characters yielded a tree that closely resembled that obtained from all data combined . the phylogeny here derived from the combined analysis of early stage and adult characters differed in topology from all previously proposed hypotheses , and supported the monophyly of all currently recognized genera . characters supporting each clade are described and illustrated , and various hypotheses of phylogenetic relatedness of passion - vine butterfly taxa are discussed .
the tribe acraeini ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) is believed to comprise between one and seven genera , with the greatest diversity in africa . the genera abananote , altinote , and actinote ( s . str . ) are distributed in the neotropics , while the genera acraea , bematistes , miyana , and pardopsis have a palaeotropical distribution . the monotypic pardopsis use herbaceous plants of the family violaceae , acraea and bematistes feed selectively on plants with cyanoglycosides belonging to many plant families , but preferentially to passifloraceae , and all neotropical species with a known life cycle feed on asteraceae only . here , a molecular phylogeny is proposed for the butterflies of the tribe acraeini based on sequences of coi , ef - 1alpha and wgl . both maximum parsimony and bayesian analyses showed that the tribe is monophyletic , once the genus pardopsis is excluded , since it appears to be related to argynnini . the existing genus acraea is a paraphyletic group with regard to the south american genera , and the species of acraea belonging to the group of
old world actinote
is the sister group of the neotropical genera . the monophyly of south american clade is strongly supported , suggesting a single colonization event of south america . the new world actinote ( s . str . ) is monophyletic , and sister to abananote + altinote ( polyphyletic ) . based on the present results it was possible to propose a scenario for the evolution in host plant use within acraeini , mainly concerning the use of asteraceae by the south american genera .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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this neotropical forest genus is characterized by expanded androconial areas on the costal margin of the hindwing in adult males .
etymology : turner 1976 named this new genus after the chilenian poet pablo neruda , who won the nobel prize for literature in 1971 .
turner jrg . 1976 . adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . zool . j . linn . soc . 58 : 297 - 308 .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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brower , a . v . z . 2000 . phylogenetic relationships among the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) , inferred from partial sequences of the wingless gene . proceedings of the royal society of london series b biological sciences 267 : 1201 - 1211 .
freitas , a . v . l . , and k . s . j . brown . 2004 . phylogeny of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . systematic biology 53 : 363 - 383 .
wahlberg , n . , e . weingartner , and s . nylin . 2003 . towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 28 : 473 - 484 .
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actinote discrepans photographed in rio grande do sul , brazil , in april 2010 .
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correspondence regarding this page should be directed to niklas wahlberg at and andrew v . z . brower at
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the nymphalidae is a family of several thousand species found in all zoogeographical regions of the world . most are medium or large in size , but the family is highly variable given that it also includes the satyrinae , a subfamily that has been designated as a family in its own right in earlier classifications .
the forelegs in both sexes are vestigial and useless for walking . in the male , there are typically only 2 tarsal joints and the legs have a brush - like appearance , resulting in a common name for this family - the
brush - footed butterflies
. the female foreleg has 4 tarsal joints which , when compared with the male , provides a mechanism of determining the sex of the adult . the midleg and hindleg are normal in both sexes and both tibia and tarsus may have spines .
the forewing always has 12 veins . given the variability of this family , there are no further distinguishing characteristics that apply to the family as a whole .
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silva - brandão kl 1 , wahlberg n , francini rb , azeredo - espin am , brown ks jr , paluch m , lees dc , freitas av .
depto . de zoologia , ib , universidade estadual de campinas , cp 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil .
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american museum novitates novitates ( latin for
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) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .
department of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 © american museum of natural history , 2011
towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . - pubmed - ncbi
towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) .
department of zoology , stockholm university , s - 106 91 stockholm , sweden . niklas . wahlberg @ urltoken
higher classification is mainly after [ wahlberg ] , november 2005 , except some clump / split of genera is not done yet .
the exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
vane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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present address : department of biology , university of oregon , eugene or 97403 , u . s . a . e - mail : penz @ darkwing . uoregon . edu . from april 2000 : dept . invertebrate zoology , milwaukee public museum , 800 west wells street , milwaukee , wi 53233 , u . s . a .
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responsibility michael parsons . imprint san diego ; london : academic press , c1999 . physical description xvi , 736 p . , [ 172 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) , maps ; 30 cm .
zoologia ( curitiba , impr . ) vol . 28 no . 5 curitiba oct . 2011
i museo entomológico piedras blancas , comfenalco antioquia . medellín - colombia . e - mail : paduve12 @ urltoken ii grupo de entomología universidad de antioquia geua , universidad de antioquia . calle 67 , no . 53 - 108 , medellín - colombia , aa 1226 . e - mail : mwolff @ urltoken
the immature stages ( eggs , larvae and pupae ) , oviposition and larval behavior of altinote ozomene ( godart , 1819 ) are described here for the first time . larvae were reared from egg clutches collected from the host plants erato vulcanica ( klatt ) h . rob and munnozia senecionidis benth ( asteraceae ) . eggs were laid in groups on the undersides of leaves . the number of instars varied from five to eight within the same egg clutch , and the corresponding development time from larva to adult varied from 91 to 115 days . most ( 72 % ) larvae pupated during the sixth instar . the first four instars fed only on the leaf cuticle , whereas later instars consumed the whole leaf . larvae were gregarious during all instars but rested together only during the day in later instars , either hidden inside dry leaves , on the stem at the base of the host plants , or in the leaf litter . larvae showed similar morphology and behavior to those previously described for species of actinote hübner , 1819 from southeastern brazil and the andes .
key words : host plant ; immature behavior ; lepidoptera ; life cycle ; neotropical .
the nymphalid acraeini ( lepidoptera ) comprises between one and seven genera , depending on the taxonomy adopted , and occurs both in the neotropics and the old world , with the greatest diversity in africa ( silva - brandão et al . 2008 ) . three genera are found in the neotropics : actinote hübner , 1819 , abananote potts , 1943 and altinote potts , 1943 ( lamas 2004 ) . according to the most recent phylogeny of acraeini , which was proposed by silva - brandão et al . ( 2008 ) , altinote and abananote are embedded within actinote . several species , however , were not included in that study , including altinote ozomene ( godart , 1819 ) . given the current disarray in the systematics of acraeinae at the generic level , knowledge of the morphology and biology of the immature stages of the species in this subfamily could be of particular value in developing a stable classification ( harvey 1991 , penz 1999 , penz & peggie 2003 , freitas & brown 2004 , silva - brandão et al . 2008 ) .
most of the existing descriptions of the immature stages of neotropical acraeini involve members of actinote ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . currently , no detailed descriptions exist for species of altinote , except for brief notes on altinote ozomene nox ( h . w . bates , 1864 ) ( sensu lamas 2004 , harvey 1983 , devries 1987 ) . the present paper thus provides the most complete description to date of the biology and morphology of the immature stages of an altinote species , focusing on al . ozomene .
the study was conducted between january 2006 and december 2009 in the parque ecológico piedras blancas nature reserve in the northeastern region of medellín , colombia ( 6º17 ' 40 . 68
n , 75º30 ' 4 . 32
w ) . the altitude at this site is 2350 m , and the average temperature is 15ºc . the area consists primarily of large pine plantations interspersed with small fragments of native forest dominated by quercus humboldtii bonpl ( fagaceae ) . observations of the behavior of the immature stages were conducted in the field . host plants were identified , collected and deposited in the herbarium of the universidad de antioquia ( hua ) .
eggs were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory where they were reared in plastic containers with host plant leaves . to determine the time spent in the embryonic phase ( from oviposition to eclosion of the eggs ) , five egg clusters were observed daily after oviposition . to determine the time spent in each larval instar , 4680 eggs from 39 egg clusters collected in the field were monitored daily from the hatching of larvae to the emergence of adults .
the samples of first instar larvae were placed in acetic acid for 48 hours , and the samples of other instars were fixed in kahle solution ( borror & delong 1971 ) and then transferred to 80 % ethyl alcohol . adults were mounted on entomological pins and deposited in the museo entomológico de piedras blancas ( mepb ) and in the laboratorio de colecciones entomológicas , universidad de antioquia ( ceua ) . in the following descriptions , t1 - t3 refer to thorax segments and a1a10 to abdominal segments . chaetotaxy of the first instar is described using the terminology of stehr ( 1987 ) . body length was measured at each stage using a millimeter rule under a stereomicroscope .
eggs of al . ozomene were collected from leaves of the asteraceae plants erato vulcanica ( klatt ) h . rob ( fig . 1 ) and munnozia senecionidis benth ( fig . 2 ; velez et al . 2008 ) . the former is a shrub , 4 m in height , with a 5 - cm diameter stem ; the latter has a prostrate habit of growth . both species are abundant in the study area , especially in open areas , scrub and forest edges and along stream margins , paths and tracks ( toro 2000 ) .
eggs were laid in clusters on the undersides of leaves . females typically alighted on the underside of the leaf around noon and remained there for over 2 . 5 hours , laying eggs ( fig . 3 ) . eggs and / or larvae were often found concentrated on plants within close proximity . eggs were sometimes laid on plants where eggs or larvae were already present ( up to two egg clutches were found on the same plant ) , generally on different leaves on large plants , and rarely on the same leaf . the number of eggs in each clutch varied from 100 to 380 ( n = 39 clutches ) . several clutches included four or five infertile eggs ( fig . 6 ) . larvae from clutches that contained fewer than 30 viable eggs ( either because oviposition was interrupted or because most of the eggs died from fungal attack ) died within the first three instars .
eggs from a single clutch hatched within 24 hours of one another . in 92 % ( 36 ) of the clutches , the number of instars varied within the same clutch from five to eight ( tab . i ) . in each of the other three clutches , all larvae showed the same number of instars : five in one clutch and six in the other two clutches . most of the larvae that reached adulthood ( 72 % , n = 349 ) pupated during the sixth instar , and 17 % pupated during the seventh instar ( tab . i ) .
the total developmental time was directly related to the number of molts : the time from egg to adult was 91 , 97 , 110 and 115 days for larvae that passed through five to eight instars , respectively ( tab . i ) . this is related to the fact that all instars are of similar duration ( 8 - 10 days ) , except for the final instar ( whether it is the fifth or the eighth ) , which typically lasts 13 - 14 days ( tab . i ) . however , a few larvae that passed through more than five instars pupated after only two or three days in their last instar . no relationship was observed between either the number of instars or the total developmental time and the sex of the adult butterfly . after emerging from pupae , the adults spend two or three days hanging , eliminating meconium , before they fly .
eggs ( figs 4 - 5 ) of al . ozomene are 0 . 6 - 0 . 8 mm in diameter , 0 . 9 - 1 . 1 in height ( n = 14 ) and barrel shaped , with a flat base adhered to the leaf and a flat apical region . the micropyle region resembles a rosette , with tiny ridges surrounded by a ring of polygonal cells , and a similar ring is present in the preapical area . slightly elevated longitudinal ridges run from the apex to the base , varying in number from 17 to 22 ( n = 16 ) and separated by slight grooves . poorly defined transverse ridges are also observed . eggs are ivory - colored from oviposition until the day preceding eclosion , when they become translucent , with the dark - colored head of the larva visible in the apical region . in many cases , the apical region of the egg was observed to be covered with a drop of viscous , transparent liquid throughout the embryonic period . eggs without this liquid were observed to develop a fungus .
first instar larvae ( figs 6 - 12 ) have a round , smooth head without scoli and with golden setae . the body is cylindrical , without scoli and with simple , dark brown setae arising from sclerotized brown pinacula standing out slightly from the skin . the head is black , and the body is ivory - colored immediately after hatching , becoming greenish - white the next day , once food is observable through the translucent skin . the prothoracic shield and anal shield are dark brown . the thorax becomes brown or chestnut and is darkest in t1 and fades through t3 . a1 is brown or dark yellowish ochre , and a2 is similar but has diffuse brown dorsolateral marks . the rest of abdomen is pale , clear yellow or greenish - yellow due to food showing through the skin .
chaetotaxy is illustrated in figures 10 - 12 . d1 and d2 are present in all body segments . d1 is posterior and dorsal to d2 in t1 and anterior and dorsal to d2 in the remaining segments . d1 is shorter in a1 - a7 than in a8 - a9 . sd2 is absent in a1 - a9 . l2 is absent in t2 , t3 and a9 , and l3 is absent in all segments . sv1 is present in all segments . sv2 is absent in a1 , a7 , a8 and a9 . sv1 and sv2 originate on the same sclerotized plate in a2 and are located on the lateral shield , outside of the prolegs , in a3 - a6 , with sv2 being anterior and shorter and sv1 lateral and longer . sv3 is found on t1 and a10 and sometimes on t2 and / or t3 . v1 is present on a1 , a2 and a10 . the coxae of the thoracic legs are surrounded by a laterally open , chitinous horseshoe - shaped plate with five setae : one anterior , one posterior and three setae on the internal mesal margin . exv1 is located very close to the midline in a10 , and the setae on both sides of the body originate on the same plate . the spiracles are circular and are larger on t1 and a8 , with protruding edges .
second instar larvae ( fig . 13 ) exhibit a shiny black head with thin pale setae , a translucent white clypeus , a brown labrum and a brown mandible . the thorax and a1 are generally brown , and the other abdominal segments are creamy yellow , with or without diffuse brown marks . on a few individuals , the abdomen is dark brown . from the second instar on , the larvae have ivory - colored infraspiracular bands that generally extend from t1 to a10 , and the subventral and ventral regions of the abdomen are creamy yellow . scoli are generally brown on the thorax and on a1 , and the abdominal infraspiracular scoli are creamy yellow . the other scoli vary from brown to creamy yellow . the scoli setae range from chestnut and creamy yellow to brown .
the head is smooth , without scoli , spines or chalazae . a pair of dorsal scoli is arranged linearly on each segment except for a10 , where it is absent . the t1 scoli are slightly longer than the remaining thoracic scoli , and the abdominal scoli are uniform in size and slightly smaller than those of t3 . from a1 to a8 , a second line of supraspiracular scoli appears below the dorsal scoli , each slightly anterior to a spiracle . one scolus is present adjacent to the anal shield on a10 , in line with the other supraspiracular scoli on the abdomen . in the lateral region of the thorax , one scolus appears between t1 and t2 and another between t2 and t3 ; both of these are in line with the abdominal spiracles . a third line of infraspiracular scoli that are posterior to the spiracles also appears on a1 to a8 . these scoli are the same size as the supraspiracular scoli and slightly shorter than the dorsal scoli on the abdomen .
the chitinous prothoracic shield is shiny black and almost oval in shape , with two setae that are longer than the dorsal scoli of the same segment . the anal shield is black , round and convex . chitinous plate on t1 - t3 and a9 , located below dorsal scolus : on t1 above spiracle , almost triangular in shape , with several setae , on t2 , t3 and a9 rounded in shape ; very small plate under these : on t1 anterior and opposite spiracle , almost square in shape , with several setae , on t2 and t3 , posterior to lateral scoli , rounded in shape . only the plates on t1 protrude from the skin . subventral , elliptic verruca with numerous setae are present above each thoracic leg , and these are arched in t2 and t3 . several ventral setae are clustered together on a1 , a2 , a7 and a8 , with one seta in each cluster that is longer than the others . the circular spiracles are the same size on t1 and a8 and larger on the remaining segments . the spiracle on t1 is slightly more ventrally located .
the chitinous plate surrounding the coxa of each thoracic leg is horseshoe - shaped , outwardly open , and of the same dark brown or gray color as the legs . prolegs exhibit dark grey plates on their lateral margins , with uniserial , biordinal crochets arranged in a mesal penellipse . two small grey verrucae are present in the region posterior to a10 under the anus , one of which is inferior and smaller .
the arrangement of scoli , plates , and verrucae in the third through eighth instars is the same as described for the second instar .
third instar larvae ( figs 14 - 15 ) are slightly variable in coloration , but the thorax is generally brown , the abdomen is brown or dark chestnut , and the thorax and a1 are darker than the abdomen . the abdomen is creamy yellow below the infraspiracular band . the scoli on the thorax and the back of the abdomen are dark brown , the abdominal supraspiracular and infraspiracular scoli are creamy yellow , and the supraspiracular scoli on a1 are typically brown . the spiracles on t1 and a8 are elliptical , equal in size and slightly larger than those on the rest of the abdomen , which are circular .
fourth instar larvae ( figs 16 - 18 ) exhibit a shiny black head and a dark brown , almost black body . the scoli are generally brown , although the infraspiracular scoli tend to be creamy yellow but are also occasionally brown . all of the body plates , including the prothoracic and anal shields , are shiny and black .
fifth to eighth instar larvae ( figs 19 - 21 ) are very similar to the fourth instar and to each other in color and morphology ( except in the shape of the spiracle ; see below ) , whether in their last instar or not . for example , all sixth instar larvae are similar to each other regardless of whether they then molt to a seventh instar larvae or whether they pupate . after the fifth instar , all body spiracles are elliptical in shape .
body length varies considerably within and between the fifth to eighth instars ( tab . ii ) . for example , in some cases , fifth instar larvae have the same body length as those of the sixth , seventh or eighth instars ; yet at the same time , sibling larvae at the same instar can exhibit differences in length of up to 10 mm . no relationship was found between the size of the larvae and the number of molts . the larvae pupated independently of their final size ( 25 - 40 mm ) . although it was not determined whether adult size is related to the size of the last instar larvae , it seems likely that the smaller pupating larvae become male butterflies , which are smaller than females .
pupae ( figs 23 - 24 ) are white , with thin , discontinuous black lines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the abdomen and a thick discontinuous band on both sides of the ventral midline that forms a barrel - like figure on each segment . a black outline is present on the proboscis , legs , antennae , eyes , labrum and wings . the clypeus and labrum are black . barely noticeable tiny black setae are distributed over the entire body , except the wing pads , antennae and legs . the cephalic region contains a pair of small protuberances , and the pronotum and mesonotum each possess a pair of aligned dorsal protuberances ; these proturbances decrease in size on the metanotum , where they appear only as small buttons . t2 exhibits a lateral protuberance at the base of the wings , crossed by a thick black line . lateral projections are present at the base of the wing pads . the spiracles on t1 are crescent - shaped and partially visible . the spiracles on a1 are hidden , those on a2 are hidden at the posterior end , and all others are elliptical and black . five pairs of identically shaped black dorsal spines without ramifications or setae appear on a2 to a6 , along the same line as the thoracic protuberances . a v - shaped marking that opens toward the anterior end appears at the base of each spine on a3 - a7 . posterior to this v - shaped marking , there is a transverse line and several supraspiracular lines . a cremaster formed by the ventral region of a9 and the dorsal and ventral regions of a10 is completely modified into a corrugated black structure .
larvae emerge at the preapical region of the egg ( fig . 5 ) and immediately feed on the chorion and on infertile eggs , if present . all activities including feeding , molting , resting and displacing are gregarious , from hatching to adulthood .
within the first several hours after hatching , larvae form a close line such that each individual is in physical contact with its neighbors and begin to feed simultaneously , starting at the edge of the leaf ( fig . 9 ) . the first to fourth instars eat only the leaf cuticle ( figs . 9 and 16 ) and frequently consume less than half of the leaf before passing on to the next leaf . third and fourth instars rapidly devour the leaf cuticle ; the leaf then dries and folds and the two ends are joined with silk ( fig . 18 ) . the first instars weave silk threads on the leaf surface , forming a dense web , under which they move and deposit their feces ( figs . 9 and 18 ) or spend periods of rest or premolt .
beginning at the fifth or sixth instar , larvae rest during the day and become active in the early evening . beginning at 06 : 00 to 07 : 00 h , they climb down the stem , one after the other , and hide either among dry leaves attached to branches close to the ground , at the base of the stem , among cracks in the stem or under dry leaves on the ground near the plant ( fig . 22 ) . between 18 : 30 and 19 : 30 h , the larvae emerge from their hiding place and climb , single file , back up the stem of the same plant until they reach the leaves , where they form small groups to feed . in the later instars , the larvae feed simultaneously on the leaves from the edges ( fig . 19 ) and either eat the whole leaf or leave only the veins uneaten .
during the first four instars , larvae from different egg clutches do not mix ; each group remains on its own leaf . however , groups of older larvae may hide in the same places close to or on the ground , and these groups may mix when they climb back up the plant to feed . one or two later - instar larvae have been observed together with early - instar larvae on the same leaf . when larvae begin to pupate , they individually move three or four meters away from the host plant and attach themselves to the undersides of leaves on other plants at a minimum height of 60 cm above the ground .
larvae of the syrphid fly xanthandrus bucephalus ( wiedemann , 1830 ) ( diptera : syrphidae ) were observed preying on first - to third - instar al . ozomene larvae ( fig . 15 ) . this solitary predator apparently goes unnoticed inside the silk mass of larvae and feces . occasionally , spiders were also seen preying on larvae . larvae and pupae collected in the field were often found to be parasitized by different species of tachinidae ( diptera ) and braconidae ( hymenoptera ) . predation on adults was not observed .
during the first three or four instars , when one individual in a group is threatened , the whole group reacts simultaneously by raising their bodies , standing on the last pair of prolegs ( fig . 17 ) and / or moving the anterior half of the body rhythmically from side to side . older larvae entwine themselves together and fall freely from the leaf , suspended by a silk thread . when the pupae are disturbed , they move the first abdominal segments from one side to the other , forming an angle of up to 120º .
altinote ozomene adults were normally observed in open areas and at forest edges . males ( fig . 25 ) fly low , frequently alighting on the ground , and can be caught by hand . adults form small groups of four or five individuals while feeding on the ground or on avian ( duck ) excrement on the banks of a reservoir . on several occasions , adults were observed feeding on the ground together with males of gnathotriche mundina steinii ( dewitz , 1877 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) , an unrelated species with a very similar wing pattern . females ( fig . 26 ) were observed less often than males .
altinote ozomene feed on asteraceae , as has also been observed of al . ozomene nox ( sensu lamas 2004 ; harvey 1983 , devries 1987 ) and species of actinote ( devries 1987 , paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2004 , 2005 , francini & freitas 2010 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . valencia et al . ( 2005 ) recorded clibadium sp . ( asteraceae ) as a host plant for al . ozomene in the western cordillera of the colombian andes .
as in all known species of actinote , al . ozomene lays egg clutches under leaves ( devries 1987 , paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2004 , 2005 , francini & freitas 2010 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . the maximum number of eggs per oviposition in al . ozomene is notably less than that in actinote pellenea pellenea hübner , 1821 ( francini & freitas 2010 ) and slightly less than that in actinote surima ( schaus , 1902 ) ( paluch et al . 1999 ) and ac . carycina jordan ( paluch et al . 2001 ; table iii ) . the number of eggs per oviposition in al . ozomene is likely a limiting factor for larval survival because first - instar larvae in groups of fewer than 20 died and larvae of the first four instars generally only survived if they were in large groups , which was probably due to a better response to leaf structural defenses . when the number of larvae is small , the silk web on which the larvae move is equally small ( pers . obs . ) , leaving the leaf trichomes exposed , which may impede larval displacement and anchorage on the leaf and therefore affect feeding , as suggested by fordyce & agrawal ( 2001 ) . in addition , oviposition in al . ozomene tends to occur in a grouped fashion , on closely spaced plants or on leaves of the same plants , as has been described for ac . pellenea pellenea ( francini & freitas 2010 ) . other factors , including habitat and plant characteristics , may also affect female preference during oviposition . although the general behavior of al . ozomene is similar to that described for species of actinote ( tab . iv ) , nocturnal gregarious feeding has only been recorded in al . ozomene , and hiding in dry leaves during later instars has only recently been described for ac . conspicua ( freitas et al . 2010 ) . however , in contrast to al . ozomene , larvae of ac . conspicua hide individually or in pairs and only during the last instar .
most species of actinote have univoltine or bivoltine life cycles ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . a multivoltine cycle is presently known for only ac . pellenea pellenea ( francini & freitas 2010 ) . since 2004 , we have found al . ozomene frequently throughout the year , at low densities , except during the second half of 2005 , when no adults or immature stages were found .
a variable number of instars , as observed here in al . ozomene , has never been recorded in actinote ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , paluch et al . 2005 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . however , our observations suggest that such variation may occur in other species of altinote ( unpubl . data ) , and further investigation of this phenomenon might reveal both why it occurs and whether it is restricted to this genus .
the immature stages of al . ozomene are similar to those of some species of actinote from brazil and the andes in several morphological features . these include the initial color , shape and size of the eggs , the body color and arrangement of the setae in the first instar , the absence of spines on the head , the arrangement of scoli in other instars , the shape of the pupa and the number and arrangement of its abdominal spines ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . al . ozomene differs from the species of actinote in egg color during the days following oviposition ( the eggs become reddish in actinote ) and in the color pattern of the larvae after the first instar . additional studies are clearly needed to identify additional characters that vary within the tribe and thus might provide useful information for phylogenetic studies .
we thank eliana flórez , juan d . marín , diana grisales , andrés vélez , and marisol ortega for help with rearing the larvae in the laboratory and alvaro idarraga for the identification of the host plants . this study was funded by comfenalco - antioquia .
borror , d . j . & d . m . delong . 1971 . an introduction to the study of insects . new york , holt , rinehart and winston . 812p . [ links ]
brower , a . v . z . 2010 . neotropical actinote clade . version 13 february 2010 , the tree of life web project , available online at : urltoken [ accessed : 04 / iii / 2011 ] [ links ]
devries , p . j . 1987 . the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history . princeton , princeton academic press , 327p . [ links ]
francini , r . b . ; a . v . l . freitas & c . m . penz . 2004 . two new species of actinote ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) from southeastern brasil . zootaxa 719 : 1 - 10 . [ links ]
francini , r . b . & a . v . l . freitas . 2010 . aggregated oviposition in actinote pellenea pellenea hübner ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . the journal of research on the lepidoptera 42 : 74 - 78 . [ links ]
freitas , a . v . l . & k . s . brown jr . 2004 . phylogeny of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 53 ( 3 ) : 363 - 383 . [ links ]
harvey , d . j . 1983 . actinote leucomelas , p . 679 - 680 . in : d . h . janzen ( ed . ) . costa rican natural history . chicago , university of chicago press , 816p . [ links ]
harvey , d . j . 1991 . higher classification of the nymphalidae , p . 225 - 273 . in : h . f . nijhout ( ed . ) . the development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns . washington , d . c , smithsonian series in comparative evolutionary biology , 297p . [ links ]
paluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 1999 . estágios imaturos de actinote surima ( schaus ) ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , acraeinae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia , 16 ( supl . 2 ) : 129 - 140 . [ links ]
paluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 2001 . estágios imaturos de actinote carycina jordan ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , acraeinae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 18 ( 3 ) : 883 - 896 . [ links ]
stehr , f . w . 1987 . order lepidoptera , p . 288 - 596 . in : f . w . stehr ( ed . ) immature insects . dubuque , kendal / hunt , 750p . [ links ]
toro , j . l . 2000 . árboles y arbustos del parque regional arví . medellín , corantioquia , 281p . [ links ]
vélez , a . ; p . duque & m . wolff . 2008 . mariposas del parque ecológico piedras blancas . guía de campo . medellín , fondo editorial comfenalco antioquia , 204p . [ links ]
valencia , c . a . ; z . n . gil & l . m . constantino . 2005 . mariposas diurnas de la zona central cafetera colombiana . guía de campo . chinchiná , cenicafé , 244p . [ links ]
caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken
papilio doris linnaeus , 1771 ; mantissa plant . 2 : 356 ; tl :
surinami
[ surinam ]
crenis brylle hübner , 1821 ; index exot . lep . : [ 2 ]
e - mail : jshuey at tnc . org ; director of conservation science ; indiana office of the nature conservancy ;
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weymer , 1891 exotische lepidopteren . v stettin ent . ztg 51 ( 7 - 12 ) : 280 - 294
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eupithecia alexiae is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in kashmir .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are warm brown .

eupithecia alexiae

this is the place for alexiae definition . you find here alexiae meaning , synonyms of alexiae and images for alexiae copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alexiae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alexiae and , of course , alexiae synonyms and on the right images related to the word alexiae .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
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eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
of syndicalism and fascism there appears for the first time in europe a type of man who does not want to give reasons or to be right , but simply shows himself resolved to impose his opinions .
to survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .
and kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .


lottia septiformis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets .

lottia septiformis

choose one > lottia alveus > lottia antillarum > lottia argrantesta > lottia asmi > lottia atrata > lottia austrodigitalis > lottia cassis > lottia cf . kogamogai ak - 2016 > lottia cf . kogamogai alo - 2016 > lottia cf . pelta rpk - 2010 > lottia digitalis > lottia dorsuosa > lottia filosa > lottia gigantea > lottia goshimai > lottia jamaicensis > lottia kogamogai > lottia langfordi > lottia limatula > lottia lindbergi > lottia luchuana > lottia mesoleuca > lottia onychitis > lottia orbigny > lottia paradigitalis > lottia pelta > lottia persona > lottia scabra > lottia scutum > lottia septiformis > lottia smithi > lottia sp . cf . borealis > lottia sp . esu 1 > lottia sp . esu 2 > lottia sp . esu 3 > lottia sp . jl - 2014 > lottia strigatella > lottia subrotundata > lottia tenuisculpta all lower taxonomy nodes ( 39 )
the following term was not found in genome : lottia septiformis [ orgn ] .
specimen shell : lottia septiformis each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( western australia - albany ) , divers , lottiidae specimen shell : lottia septiformis quoy & gaymard 1834
sea shell information on : ts126491 - lottiidae lottia - > septiformis . this specimen is of lottiidae . the specimen shell of groupe : lottia . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
nakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79–99 . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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pyrausta antisocialis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by munroe in 1976 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new mexico and arizona .

adults are on wing from june to august .

pyrausta antisocialis

researching further this could be pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 . i will do more checking .
moved from sociable pyrausta moth . bob patterson agrees this is most likely pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 still a new species for bug guide and this will be the only photo on moth photographers group ! only a few pinned photos exist on bold . thanks
at mpg but i have no idea of its range . in the huachuca mountains i have most commonly collected pyrausta arizonicalis 5066 but it does not look like it .
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 141 ; pl . 9 . 38 - 39 order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
holotype : usa : new mexico , mckinley co . , mcgaffey , zuñi mts . @ 7500 ' .
. the wedge entomological research foundation . p . 141 , pl . 9 , figs . 38 - 39 , pl . k , fig . 7 , pl . t , fig . 11 .
the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 2b . pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) , pyraustinae , pyraustini ( conclusion ) . . . munroe , eugene . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2011 - 9 : 36pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 25 march , 2016 - 10 : 06pm
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aspen trail , santa catalina mts . , pima county , arizona , usa june 3 , 2011
can someone id this very colorful moth ? found at 8 , 000 feet during the day . don ' t know if i scared it up or if it was a day - flier ?
moved from id request . i agree with charles nice addition to bug guide !
wish i ' d gotten a sharper image , but one shot and it was gone .
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munroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of scopariinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of nymphulinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of odontiinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of glaphyriinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]
[ mona 5042 ] - - [ source uaic ] potential miss - ided , munroe ( 1976 ) seems to indicate texas as western limit .
( b & mcd . ) [ mona 5133 ] - - [ source c . ferris ]
from the pollination garden at the arizona sonora desert museum ( tucson ) from 28 oct 2006 . notice the hair - pencils at the end of the abdomen .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .