pinicola is a genus of " grosbeaks " of the finch family , fringillidae , containing a single species , the pine grosbeak ( pinicola enucleator ) .

the genus name pinicola is from latin pinus , " pine tree " , and colere , " to dwell " .

the crimson-browed finch was formerly included in the genus but was moved to carpodacus with the rosefinches based on phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences .

the molecular genetic studies have shown that the most closely related species to the pine grosbeak are the bullfinches in the genus pyrrhula .

the original description of the genus name pinicola by the french ornithologist louis jean pierre vieillot is variously dated to 1805 , [ 1.12 . ] 1807 , or 1808 as the year of publication .

the original description was included in vieillot ’s ( 1807 – 1809 ) histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'amérique septentrionale in tome 1 on page iv ( and on plate 1 figure 13 but without associated scientific name immediately on the plate for the illustrated bill ) .

the two volumes of this very rare work were printed in 22 consecutive issues in the course of three years .

according to peterson ( 2002 ) , 1808 might be the proper publication date of pinicola .

pinicola vieillot , 1808 ( aves , fringillidae ) makes the name pinicola brébisson , 1818 a junior homonym and therefore unavailable for a genus of xyelidae ( insecta , hymenoptera ) .

pinicola

fomitopsis pinicola f . effusa , fomitopsis pinicola f . paludosa , fomitopsis pinicola f . pinicola , fomitopsis pinicola f . resupinata
pinicola enucleator carlottae : islands and coasts from queen charlotte islands to vancouver i .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see crematogaster pinicola for further details
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3 . fomitopsis pinicola ( swartz : fr . ) karst . - krit . finl . basidsv . , p . 306 . 1889 . - boletus pinicola swartz , svenska vetensk . - akad . . . .
pinicola enucleator pacatus : siberia ( e of yenisey r . ) to altai mts . , mongolia and manchuria
pinicola enucleator alascensis : nw alaska to nw mackenzie and ne br . col . ; winters to nw us
polyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]
2 . fomes pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , summa vegetabilium scandinaviae 2 ( 1849 ) [ mb # 152299 ]
1 . boletus pinicola sw . , kungl . svenska vetenskapsakad . handl . : 88 ( 1810 ) [ mb # 233249 ]
4 . polyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]
3 . placodes pinicola ( sw . ) pat . , les hyménomycètes d ' europe : 139 ( 1887 ) [ mb # 472362 ]
we believe that ecological evidence clearly indicates that c . ashmeadi and c . pinicola are reproductively isolated , and thus c . pinicola is a good species , not merely a color variant . ( see the biology section below for more details regarding the ecological distinctiveness of this species ) .
7 . ungulina pinicola ( sw . ) singer , beihefte zum botanischen centralblatt 46 ( 2 ) : 79 ( 1929 ) [ mb # 274535 ]
fomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica 6 : 9 ( 1881 ) [ mb # 101927 ]
2 . fomes pinicola ( swartz ex fr . ) cooke ( pl . iii & pl . viii , 23 ) key pattern : ( 12 ) 12181221 1 2
please note that this organism is for archival use only . please see the current fomitopsis pinicola fp - 58527 ss1 v3 . 0 site for the latest data and information .
6 . trametes pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , bidrag till kännedom av finlands natur och folk 37 : 46 ( 1882 ) [ mb # 471927 ]
we expect that c . pinicola will be found to occur widely on the southern coastal plain where suitable habitats are found . material collected throughout florida shows a remarkable consistency in color , size range , and morphology . crematogaster pinicola is clearly less variable than its sister species , c . ashmeadi , which shows more obvious variation in size and color over its much wider geographic distribution .
5 . pseudofomes pinicola ( sw . ) lázaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 584 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 471082 ]
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pinicola enucleator . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
deyrup and cover ( 2007 ) - workers morphologically indistinguishable from those of crematogaster ashmeadi , except for a distinctive color difference in freshly collected material . in c . pinicola workers , the head , mesosoma , petiole , postpetiole , and appendages are ferrugineous red , and the gaster is black . in c . ashmeadi , mature specimens are always a uniform dark brown to black . a similar color distinction is seen in alate queens ; those of c . pinicola are notably bicolored , those of c . ashmeadi are uniformly brown or black . males of c . pinicola are generally somewhat lighter in color than those of c . ashmeadi , but are harder to distinguish reliably than the corresponding female castes . note : detailed morphometric studies might possibly reveal the existence of minute , but consistent morphological differences between the two species , but a detailed examination of all three castes in both species has not provided hints that such differences exist .
t . pinicola is usually found in lightly wooded areas , mainly on young trees and tall open herbage in woodland clearings and rides . in essex it is often found in clearings several years after coppicing has taken place . adults of both sexes are found in early to mid - summer , occasionally into august .
crematogaster pinicola may be an important part of the diet of southeastern pine woodpeckers , especially the endangered red - cockaded woodpecker , whose diet was studied by hess and james ( 1998 ) . in the appalachicola national forest they found that c . pinicola comprised about 43 % of the woodpecker’s arthropod diet , a degree of specialization on a single prey species that may be unique for insectivorous birds in the united states . many birds show ephemeral specialization on single species of insects that are at a high point in a population cycle , but the red - cockaded woodpecker can afford persistent specialization because ant colonies themselves are abundant , long - lived , and available at all seasons . this ant revises the moral of aesop’s fable of the grasshopper and the ant : the improvident grasshopper may vanish in the winter , but the thrifty and industrious ant can be eaten all year long ! the original distribution of c . pinicola , like that of the red - cockaded woodpecker , was probably centered in the distribution of the longleaf pine ecosystem . this ecosystem , which once covered approximately 92 million acres , from the southeastern tip of virginia to eastern texas , has been almost completely destroyed ( 97 % of the old growth forest is gone ) , and much of what remains is highly fragmented and difficult to manage with fire ( frost 1993 ) . crematogaster pinicola may have undergone a major decline with the reduction of its habitat , but it is definitely not an endangered species . the gross inequalities imposed by size scale are all in favor of c . pinicola : while a single family group of the red - cockaded woodpecker requires about 40 hectares of foraging habitat ( hooper 1996 ) , a single hectare of large pines could support many colonies and thousands of individuals of c . pinicola . the red - cockaded woodpecker is not threatened by loss of its food supply , but by the lack of suitable nesting trees , and by its tendency to leave small , remnant patches of pine forest ( wilson 1992 ) .
fomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst is a brown rot basidiomycete species commonly collected on dead conifer trees or occasionally live trees in boreal forest of the northern hemisphere . the basidiocarps of the species are perennial and persist for many years producing a new layer of hymenophore every growing season . the role of fomitopsis pinicola in the conifer forests is very important as the species is one of the most prominent wood decayers in these ecosystems and thus play important role in the carbon cycle . the species is characterized by brown rot biochemistry where the cellulose and hemicellulose are utilized by the fungus leaving behind the lignin . this results in a brown appearance of the degraded wood tissue , which crumbles into cubical , fragile pieces . fomitopsis pinicola is placed in the clade of antrodia along with other species of the genus . antrodia clade is a major clade in the polyporales , which consists of brown rotters . postia placenta , which has been sequenced already by the joint genome institute , is also placed in the antrodia clade . the genome sequence of fomitopsis pinicola will increase our knowledge on the brown rot biochemistry for the genus and it will create new opportunities for comparative studies on the wood degradation biochemistry with other important brown rot species , that have been sequenced or they will be sequenced , such as postia placenta , gloeophyllum trabeum and serpula lacrymans .
in the apalachicola national forest , mating flights of c . pinicola occur in june and july ( tschinkel 2002 ) . nest - founding queens regularly occur in abandoned beetle galleries in small dead branches on pine saplings ( hahn and tschinkel 1995 , baldacci and tschinkel 1999 ) . small trees , under 7 m tall , are preferred , and trees with more than two dead branches are also preferred ( baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 ) . such trees are far too small to support a mature colony of c . pinicola , which contains several tens of thousands of individuals ( tschinkel 2002 ) . workers from one colony are hostile to workers from other colonies ( tschinkel 2002 ) , and it is possible that it is safest course of action for founding queens is to found a colony in a tree that is yet unsuitable for large colonies . once established , these small founding colonies could then send scouts to find a large tree that is not already well defended by another colony . it appears that there is never more than one colony in a tree , and few colonies occupy more than one tree ( tschinkel 2002 ) . surveys , using baits and other methods , of trees in class sizes suitable for mature colonies revealed 55 to almost 90 % of the trees were occupied by c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 , tschinkel 2002 ) . the higher percentage was obtained by more diverse and intensive survey techniques , and is probably the more accurate figure ( tschinkel 2002 ) . there are no co - dominant arboreal ants in these pine forests , although several other arboreal ant species may co - occur with c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 ) .
life habit : lichenized thallus : crustose , areolate , without elongated lobes ; prothallus : absent surface : blue - gray , verruculose , sorediate soredia : fine , in delimited , laminal , cupuliform soralia cortex : cellular , 14 - 21 µm thick , granules absent ; medulla without granules apothecia : adnate or stipitate , 0 . 2 - 1 mm in diam . , lecanorine disc : brownish orange or orange , flat or slightly concave , epruinose margin : persistent , flush or slightly raised ; thalline margin present , concolorous with thallus ; proper margin not visible parathecium : elongate to oval cells ; exciple below hypothecium amorphous epihymenium : golden , k + red hymenium : hyaline , 60 - 75 µm tall paraphyses : 1 - 2 tip cells slightly swollen , with few branches ; subhymenium hyaline asci : cylindrical , 8 - spored ascospores : hyaline , 2 locules , ellipsoid , 11 - 14 ( - 15 . 5 ) x 5 . 5 - 7 µm , isthmus 2 - 4 µm , spore end wall thin pycnidia : present , totally immersed , ostiole black spot tests : apothecial margin k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet , c + violet ; thallus k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet unidentified anthraquinones and thalloidima green . substrate and ecology : on bark world distribution : north america sonoran distribution : arizona and baja california . notes : caloplaca pinicola has a dark gray thallus and apothecial margins and is very similar to c . cerina that has a continuous thallus while c . pinicola has a thicker areolate thallus sometimes with blue gray soredia and the spore isthmus is narrower . the soredia are variable and sometimes rare or absent . the prominent dark gray thalline margin of the apothecia of c . pinicola separates it from c . ahtii that also has blue gray soredia . caloplaca pinicola is probably more common but has not been separated from c . cerina .
while broadly sympatric with c . ashmeadi across most of florida , c . pinicola is distinctively different in its ecology . it nests exclusively in pine trees , particularly slash pine ( pinus elliotii ) and longleaf pine ( p . palustris ) , which have relatively robust twigs . pines occupied by c . pinicola are usually open - grown ( i . e . , well - separated from other trees ) and surrounded by low brush or low perennial herbs and grasses . these pines may be in dry sandhill habitats or in wetter flatwoods habitats . both habitat types are maintained by frequent fires that retard the invasion of other woody plant species . in sharp contrast , c . ashmeadi shows much wider ecological tolerances in nest site selection , and in habitat preferences . c . ashmeadi nests in pines , in many hardwoods including oaks ( quercus spp . ) , hickories ( carya spp . ) , ash ( fraxinus caroliniana ) , red maple ( acer rubrum ) , shrubs such as winged sumac ( rhus copallina l . ) , vines such as greenbriar ( smilax spp . ) and grape ( vitis spp . ) and in the hollow stems of large herbs such as dog fennel ( eupatorium capillifolium ) . trees , shrubs , vines and herbs occupied by c . ashmeadi may be in open sites or under a dense canopy , and may be in dry or wet habitats . pines growing in mixed hardwood stands , surrounded by high brush , or thickly covered with vines , are much more likely to be occupied by c . ashmeadi than c . pinicola . our extensive collecting experience has shown that the two species show considerable segregation by habitat across much of florida , but that zones of overlap , where pines mix with hardwoods , occur as well . within these zones it is not uncommon to find c . pinicola in a large pine tree only a few meters from an oak inhabited by c . ashmeadi . what is especially noteworthy is that these forms maintain their integrity where they co - occur ; we have no found color intergrades in these overlap areas , and we have not found dark queens with bicolored workers or bicolored queens with dark workers . based on these observations , we conclude that the two forms are reproductively isolated and thus constitute separate , if closely related species .
specimens of c . ashmeadi , which appear blackish in the field , often appear brownish in collections , especially if the specimens have been stored for several years in alcohol prior to mounting . the gaster may fade somewhat less than the head and mesosoma , so specimens may appear obscurely bicolored . specimens of c . pinicola can fade from bright mahogany - red to a dull brown , converging in color with some specimens of c . ashmeadi . the authors cannot at present confidently identify all specimens in collections . associations with alates are sometimes useful , as queens seem to show less color change than workers as they age . we have not found differences in male genitalic structures , so males are no help in resolving this problem .
walter tschinkel and several associates have published detailed studies of the ecology of a pine - inhabiting crematogaster ( referred to as c . ashmeadi ) in the appalachicola national forest in northern florida . ( hahn and tschinkel , 1997 , hess and james , 1998 , baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 , tschinkel and hess , 1999 , and tschinkel ( 2002 ) . tschinkel ( pers . comm . ) says the ants were , “were red and black , and considering their rather particular life cycle and nesting habits , quite distinct from the all - black species on hardwoods . ” based on this comment , and our own collections on pines in the same area , we are confident that the ant studied by tschinkel is c . pinicola , not c . ashmeadi .
cwr states that the the first livraison was published 1 dec . 1807 . ( richmond . 1899 . auk 16 ( 4 ) : 327 fn . 1 ) and this fact has been used as the basis for dating the genus group names pinicola , piranga , icteria to 1807 . this determination has most recently been employed by browning & monroe . 1991 . arch . nat . hist . 18 ( 3 ) : 395 - 396 , and browning & monroe is cited by many who employ the date of 1807 . of interest browning & monroe state that richmond used the journal typographique to determine this date , but my reading of richmond ' s paper does not lead to that same conclusion . richmond ' s statement occurs in a note discussing the general matter of antedated works , ( a practice common in french works of this period and very misleading ) .
this new species of crematogaster was first recognized as an undescribed species separate from crematogaster ashmeadi by william buren . after retiring , buren moved to florida , where he retained his interest in crematogaster . hand - labeled specimens in buren’s collection show he believed that the common southeastern c . ashmeadi included a second , previously unrecognized species distinguished by its red and black coloration . his student james trager also knew of this species , as evidenced by specimens of crematogaster pinicola collected in 1981 at the archbold biological station and labeled by him “ crematogaster n . sp . ” buren probably would have described this species , but he became ill and died in 1983 . the same ant is also the “undescribed species” of crematogaster referred to by deyrup and trager ( 1986 ) . in his review of eastern crematogaster , johnson ( 1988 ) was the first to address the problem of separate color forms in c . ashmeadi in print , but he did not arrive at a definite conclusion concerning their biological basis . we believe the accumulated evidence supports the hypothesis that the red and black form of crematogaster ashmeadi is , in fact , a valid sibling species .
in describing a species of ant that can be recognized visually only by its color we are aware that we a treading on the myrmecological equivalent of “thin ice . ” early ant systematists were notorious for naming new taxa ( both specific and infraspecific ) based on minute ( and indeed , sometimes entirely imaginary ) differences in color , sculpture , or pilosity . creighton ( 1950 ) was withering in his criticism of these practices , and subsequent generations of ant taxonomists have been strongly conditioned to believe that color alone is unreliable as a separatory character on the species level . much cumulative experience with the genus crematogaster is an additional reason for caution . color variation is not uncommon in crematogaster species . for example , dark and bicolored variants have been observed in other crematogaster of the eastern united states , notably crematogaster laeviuscula ( as atkinsoni ) and crematogaster pilosa . in both species , northern specimens tend to be uniformly black or brown in color , while bicolored specimens are sometimes found in florida and elsewhere along the gulf coast . with precisely this in mind , johnson ( 1988 ) treated c . pinicola as a color variant form of c . ashmeadi .
handb . birdsaustr . handbook to the birds of australia gould , j . 1865 london 2 vols .
handb . birdse . china a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihli , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien and kwantung provinces ) author : la touche , john david digues de . title : a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihle , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien , and kwangtung provinces ) . / by j . d . d . la touche . . . publisher : london , taylor and francis , 1925 - 1934 . description : 2 v . illus . , plates , fold . maps . 24 cm . notes : issued in parts .
handb . birdsworld handbook of the birds of the world lynx editions , barcelona 1992 - 2013 v . 1 - 16 , special volume .
handb . gamebirds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert 1895 , 1897 london 2 vols . 8vo .
handb . naturgesch . handbuch der naturgeschichte , & c . 2 abth . pp . viii , xxvi , xii , 858 ( 1836 ) 1837 8vo berlin
handb . naturgesch . vog . deutschl . handbuch der naturgeschichte aller vogel deutschlands . . . brehm , cl 1831 ilmenau pp . 1 , 1085 [ ? bock has xxiv + 1088 ]
handb . spec . orn . handbuch der speciellen ornithologie reichenbach , heinrich gottlieb ludwig 1851 - 54 dresden and leipzig portions published as : icon . syn . av . icones ad synopsin avium
handb . zool . handbuch der zoologie 2 abth . goldfuss , georg august 1820 nurnberg 8vo
hand - bookgame - birds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert [ 1863 - 1924 ] 1895 , 97 . london 8vo
hand - listgen . spec . birds [ gray ] hand - list of genera and species of birds , distinguishing those contained in the british museum . gray , g . r . 1869 - 71 london 3 pt . 8vo
hand - listgen . spec . birds [ sharpe ] a hand - list of the genera and species of birds . ( nomenclator avium fossilum tum viventium . ) sharpe , rb . 1899 - 1909 london 5 vol . 8vo
hawaiianalmanacannual [
1879
] hawaiian almanac and annual for 1879 [ all about hawaii . the recognized book of authentic information on hawaii , combined with thrum ' s hawaiian annual and standard guide . 1st . ed 1875 . title varies : 1875 - 1924 , hawaiian almanac and annual ( on cover 1892 - 1924 : hawaiian annual ) . ] [ message from luella kurkjian luellak @ urltoken to storrs olson 97 . 05 . 30
publication date for 1879 issue is 1878 . acutally , no publication date is included anywhere in this or previous issues . however , at the bottom fo p . 32 is the following :
the alamnac and annual is made up to november , to be issue in tome for the december mails . . .
]
hist . acad . r . sci . paris histoire de l ' academie royale des sciences , . . . avec les memoires de mathematique & de physique , pour la meme anne , tires des registres de cette academie . 1789 a paris , de l ' imprimerie royale . desfontaines ' memoires sur quelques nouvelles especes d ' oiseaux des cotes de barbarie
hist . birdseur . a history of the birds of europe , not observed in the british isles . 2nd ed . bree , charles robert [ 1811 - 1886 ] 1875 - 1876 london 4to [ issued in monthly parts ( ? possibly only 1
hist . brit . birds a history of british birds , with coloured illustrations of their eggs . seebohm , henry 1882 - 5 london 4 vols . 4to r . h . porter [ ? 1883 - 5 ] i 1883 ii 1884 iii 1885 iv 1885 ( plates ) [ imprint dates from yale orn . libr . copy 2003 . 11 . 07 ]
hist . brit . birds [ macgillivray ] a history of british birds , indigenous and migratory : including their organization , habits , and relations . macgillivray , william [ 1796 - 1852 ] 1837 - 40 london 3 vols . 8vo .
hist . brit . foss . mamm . birds a history of british fossil mammals , and birds . owen , richard 1846 london 23 cm pp . xlvi + 560 illust . woodcuts
hist . ilescanariesorn . histoire naturelle des îles canaries . ornithologie canarienne . webb , philip barker & berthelot , sabin 1835 - 44 paris vol ii . by above authors and alfred moquin - tandon 3 vols and atlas 4to and folio
this work appears to be highly problematic both with regards attribution of authority and dates of publication . first i will discuss dates .
zimmer writes ( p . 666 - 667 ) . the ornithological portion of webb and berhtelot ' s natural history ov the canary islands , published in the years 1835 - 50 ( vol . ii , zoology , 1835 - 44 ) . the present section [ app : referring to pp . 1 - 48 , pll . 1 - 4 ( col . ; by e . traviés ) . ] appears to have been issued as a unit ( traces of original ? wrapper remain ) , forming a portion of pt . 2 of vol . ii , and probably dating 1841 . dresser ( a history of the birds of europe , 1871 - 82 , q . v . ) cites 1841 , as does koenig ( journal für ornithologie , july and oct . , 1890 , pp . 398 , 404 , and 483 ) ; a number of references are given in the work itself to publications dated 1840 . the paper describes 108 species of birds , 5 of which are new , and gives observations on habits based on the field notes of webb and berthelot , of moquin - tandon , and of all three authors , the last being indicated by the subtitle transcribed above .
sherborn , in index animalium pp . 1410 , 2838 , 3090 , 3461 , 4079 , and 6476 lists a number of avian taxa , and dates them all as
[ me judice 1841 ]
- - which is certainly indicative of some uncertainty on his part .
evidence from the richmond index , indicates that the situation may not be as simple as suggested by zimmer . a number of cards in the index indicate greater complexity and the certainty that the work was not
issued as a unit
:
puffinus columbinus from p . 44 and plate 4 fig . 2 of the work notes : plate 4 ( livr . 31 ) july 1838 text , pp . 1 - 48 ( livr . 63 ) may 1842
fringilla teydea from p . 20 and plate 1 ( livr . 4 ) of the work notes : livr . 1 - 9 reviewed in isis , 1837 and date given as 1835
richmond clearly worked quite hard on understanding this publication , as in his unpublished notes on dates of publication he has 16 cards dealing with the dating and structure of the publication . a few extracts are included here :
the prospectus was rec ' d by the paris academy by nov . 15 , 1835 , and it stated it was to be in 50 no ' s each containing some letterpress in quarto and 5 of 6 plates in folio . thus even in the prospectus there was an indication of separate format and thus possibly separate issue for the letterpress and plates .
livs . i - vii . paris . 1836
were reviewed in mag . zool . & bot . i 1837 p . 470 - 482 where it was stated it was to be completed in 50 livr . and two numbers are published monthly
. additionally in that review it is stated no part of the letter - press [ of the zoology ] having yet appeared . richmond goes on to comment on that card so the text of the zoology must have started after livr . 7 . the only bird plate in the above livr . 1 - 7 is fringilla teydea .
livr . 1 - 7 text and livr . 1 - 6 atlas . were noted in the bull . sci . imp . acad . st . petersburg . for jan . 1837 .
50 livraisons ( 3 - 4 signatures and 5 - 6 pll . ) were reviewed in isis 1839 p . 700 - 713 .
livr . 72 & 73 rec ' d by paris acad . by feb . 19 , 1844
livr . 74 rec ' d by paris acad . by may 6 , 1844
for my part , some confusion still remains , and zimmer ' s comment about references to works published in 1840 seems peculiar given the data and evidence that richmond sets out . it does appear that zimmer ' s impression that the
present section appears to have been issued as a unit
is misleading regarding the historical production of this work . while it is speculation , it is possible that the copy zimmer dealt with was a subsequent re - issue of the work , in which case it might well have been issued as a unit and contained references to works from 1840 .
no . ' s it must be noted , are not equivalent to livraisons in this instance .
some works are irregular in their attributions , sometimes employing
webb , berthelot & moquin - tandon
while other times employing
moquin - tandon
without bothering to explain what ( if any ) rationale or understanding they have of the matter . the explanation by zimmer ( v . s . ) certainly suggests to me that all three authors should be listed .
i have never seen this work , and so do not know if there are indications within it that would affect the authorial attribution . it is quite clear that , as usual , richmond had the deepest , most critical and knowledgable understanding here of any of those addressing this matter . he always listed the three authors and i choose to follow his example .
hist . islacuba [ sagra ] historia fisica , politica y natural de la isla de cuba , por d . ramon de la sagra . . . sagra , ramon de la [ 1801 - 71 ] paris 13 vols a . bertrand . [ also as histoire physique , politique et naturelle de ; ile de cuba . 1839 - 1856 sagra , ramon de le 13 vols . paris ]
hist . n . am . birds [ baird , brewer , ridgway ] a history of north american birds . baird , sf , brewer , tm , and ridgway , r . 3 vol . 4to pp . xxviii , 596 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 590 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 560 , xxviii . 1874 boston little , brown and co .
see richmond cw . 1899
on the date of lacépède ' s tableaux .
auk
' the
didot
edition , in 18mo , is said to consist of 76 volumes , dating from 1799 to 1806 ; the genera , mr . sherborn states , are to be credited to lacépède , and the species to daudin . '
hist . nat . [ buffon ] ed . lacepede histoire naturelle par buffon dediee au citoyen lacepede [ by whom this edition was edited ] 1799 - 1809 76 tom . paris [ note : under ploceus [ loxia ] baglafecht , cwr notes :
loxia baglafecht ( daudin ) buffon , histoire naturelle , vol . 14 , p . 245 , 1799 . ( listed in vol 14 , as
20 . lebaglefecht . loxia baglefecht , tome vi , p . 191
) . note : the description , habits , etc . , appear on pp . 191 - 192 in vol . 6 of the above edition . however , the scientific name appears in the _ index _ vol . 14 as quoted above .
] [ peters lists this as
quad .
which would imply the
quadrupedes
which is 14 vol . it seems more likely that it is in
oiseaux
, which is in 18 vols . but both daudin and lacepede did work in quad . and the volume includes a
tableau des divisions . . . des mammiferes ( - oiseaux )
which may be the
index
that the richmond cardex refers to . ] [ note : richmond cw . 1899 .
on the date of lacédède ' s ' tableaux '
. auk
should be 1800 ? ( very confusing ) . ] [ note : see also cwr dop b297 . jpg also suggesting 1800 for livr . 14 ]
hist . nat . cetacees histoire naturelle des cétacées , par le citoyen la cepéde . 1804 paris
hist . nat . colibris , suppl . ois . - mouch . histoire naturelle des colibris , suivie d ' un supplement a l ' histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches . lesson , rp 1830 - 2 13 ( ? 14 ) pts . paris 8vo pp . 10 + 196
hist . nat . madagascar . ois . histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar milne - edwards a , and grandidier a 1875 - 1890 4to vol . xii to xv : tom . i pp . 779 ; tom . ii - iv 208 pls . zimmer discusses this complex work in detail ( pp . 264 - 265 ) . the text portion was issued in three parts : pp . 1 - 176 ; 1879 pp . 177 - 376 ; 1882 ( feb . or more probably later ) . pp . 377 - 779 ; 1885 [ dieter schierenberg cat . gives 1875 - 1885 and gives vols . 12 - 15 : histoire naturelle des oiseaux with text and 3 atlases . ]
hist . nat . mamm . histoire naturelle des mammifères , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs rapports avec les arts , le commerce et l ' agriculture . gervais , paul 1854 - 55 paris 2 vols . illust .
hist . nat . mamm . ois . [ lesson ] histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des mammiferes et des oiseaux decouverts depuis 1788 jusqu ' a nos jours . lesson , rp 1828 - 37 paris 8vo 10 tom . illust . col .
hist . nat . mendoza [ status of journal uncertain . ? notas del museo / museo de historia natural de san rafael - mendoza ]
hist . nat . ois . am . sept . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' amerique septontrionale . . vieillot , ljp 1807 - 09 paris . 2 vols .
[ much ( but apparently not quite enough ) work has been done to determine the dates of this work .
richmond published his findings on this in 1899 , however in a 1930 letter to witmer stone , richmond notes that upon reexamining the work to verify the generic names contained therein , he was
shocked
to find that there was a list of errata , covering up to p . 65 which was printed on the same
leaf
as the generic names . such an errata list could not have been published in 1807 ( taxa as early as from p . 42 are dated to 1808 ) . richmond indicates to stone that the dates for these three genera will need to be changed to 1808 .
hist . nat . ois . [ lemaout ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux , suivant la classification de m . isisdore geoffroy - saint - hilaire , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs raports avec les art , le commerce et l ' agriculture . le maout , jean emmanuel marie [ 1800 - 77 ] 1853 paris 2 p . l . , xivii , 425 , [ 3 ] p . front . illus 34 pl . l . curmer
hist . nat . ois . [ loche ] title : histoire naturelle des oiseaux / par le commandant loche . main author : loche , victor , 1806 - 1863 added title page : histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' algérie added title page : oiseaux publisher info : paris : arthus bertrand , 1867 . physical descrip : 2 vols ( [ iii ] , 309 ; 444p , 13 leaves of plates ) ; 38 cm series : ( exploration scientifique de l ' algérie pendant les années 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . sciences physiques . zoologie ; [ 4 ] ) bibliog . / index note : table méthodique des mammif ` eres et des oiseaux , p . 412 - 444
hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ mulsant & verreaux ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches , ou colibris constituant la famille des trochildes mulsant , etienne & verreaux , edouard 1873 ? - 78 4 vol . 4to lyon . issued as 16 livraisons 1 - 4 1873 - 4 5 - 8 1875 - 6 9 - 12 1876 - 7 13 - 16 1877 - 8 supplement 1879
hist . nat . ois . parad . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis et des epimaques ; & c . lesson , r . p . 1834 - 35 paris p . 1 - 34 synopsis pp . 1 - 248
prob . 16 pts . 1 - 4 ( pp . 1 - 64 ) 1834 ; 5 - 7 ( pp . 65 - 112 ) 1835
hist . nat . pig . gallin . histoire naturelle generale des pigeons et des gallinaces . accompagne de planches anatomiques . temminck , cj [ 1770 - 1858 ] 1813 - 15 amsterdam 3 vol . 8vo
hist . nat . tangaras histoire naturelle des tangaras , des manakins et des todiers . . . desmarest , anselme - gaëtan 1805 - ( 1807 ) folio paris . zimmer ( p . 167 ) notes that sherborn ( index animalium sect . 2 pt i p . xlliii , 1922 ) cites livrs . 1 - 4 1805 livrs . 5 - 10 1806 livrs . 11 - 12 1807
hist . nat . trochil . histoire naturelle des trochilidae ( synopsis et catalogue ) simon , eugene louis 1921 paris 4to pp . 6 + 416
hoch . nordl . deutsch - ost - afrika die mittleren hochla : nder des no : rdlichen deutsch - ost - afrika . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der irangi - expedition 1896 - 1897 nebst kurzer reisebeschreibung . im auftrage der irnagi - gesellschaft herasusgegaben von dem fu : her der expedition . . . . werther , c . waldemar [ 1867 - ? ? ] 1898 berlin h . paetel . 493 , [ 4 ] p . 126 il . 7 pl . 2 maps in pocket .
hornero el hornero revista de la sociedad ornitologica del plata para el estudio y protección de las aves de la argentina y paises vecinos v . 1 - 1917 / 19 - buenos aires , asociacion ornitologica del plata . notes : vols . 1 - 9 issued by the association under its earlier name , sociedad ornitologica del plata .
hummingbird the humming bird . a monthly scientific , artistic and industrial review . adolphe boucard ed . 1891 - 5 london vol . ii . no . 1 jan . , 1892 vol . ii . no . 2 - 12 feb - dec . , 1892 ( no . ' s monthly ) vol . iii . no . 1 mar . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 2 jun . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 3 sep . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 4 dec . , 1893 vol . iv . no . 1 mar . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 2 jun . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 3 sep . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 4 dec . , 1894 vol . v . no . 1 mar . , 1895 vol . v . no . 2 jun . , 1895 vol . v . no . 3 sep . , 1895 vol . v . no . 4 dec . , 1895 [ finis ]
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
dawn songs from a bird in conifer grove just off roadside . same individual and session as xc369902 . more significant handling noise and ' contamination ' from nearby american robin .
natural vocalizations from two begging fledglings . adult a few feet away foraging . recording not modified .
calls from a female bird that was part of a mixed flock responding to whistled imitation of a pygmy - owl . habitat was somewhat open spruce - fir forest .
natural vocalizations ; calls from a small group ( two males and three females ) perched low in an alder tree in a large willow - alder carr near some sitka spruce . two call types in this cut , contact calls and alarm calls .
one adult male calling from the top of a balsam fir higher up in the valley . the bird is flying away at the end of the recording and some wing flapping can be heard .
natural vocalization ; very quiet calls from a large flock of birds high in a conifer tree .
siskin - like call , often heard when i flocks . garden feeder box sounds .
a yellow juvenile / female - coloured specimen , probably a young male . noisy river and tree - cutting .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
nash , t . h . , ryan , b . d . , gries , c . , bungartz , f . , ( eds . ) 2007 . lichen flora of the greater sonoran desert region . vol 3 .
a pine dwelling specialist that found and maintain their colonies in pine trees in the sw united states .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
deyrup & cover , 2007 : 101 , figs . 1 - 3 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
measurements ( mm ) ( holotype in parenthesis ) : total length : 2 . 31 - 3 . 64 ( 3 . 22 ) ; head width at eyes : 0 . 67 - 0 . 90 ( 0 . 87 ) ; length of antennal scape : 0 . 44 - 0 . 60 ( 0 . 60 ) ; distance from mesothoracic spiracle to propodeal spiracle : 0 . 23 - 0 . 33 ( 0 . 31 ) ; distance from lower edge of propodeal spiracle to tip of propodeal spine : 0 . 12 - 0 . 17 ( 0 . 16 ) . head : in frontal view , posterior half smooth , shining , covered with sparse appressed silvery hairs separated at their bases by a distance slightly shorter than length of a hair ; orientation of hairs convergent toward lower midline of frons ; frons with a series of erect hairs in a line just mesad of imaginary vertical lines extending up from frontal carinae , 4 hairs on right side , 3 on left ( in holotype ) ; fine striae covering malar area , extending up about 1 / 3 of way along eye on inner side . antennal scape with appressed hairs only . mandible with 4 teeth . mesosoma : pronotum with one standing curved humeral hair on each side ; pronotum and mesonotum with sparse appressed silvery hairs , with bases separated by more than half length of a hair and less than twice length of a hair ; pronotum and mesonotum shining , with very faint shagreening ; mesopleuron finely , evenly reticulate up to level of mesothoracic spiracle ; metapleuron with longitudinal carinae covering its upper 3 / 4 , fine reticulations between more widely spaced carinae ; propodeal spine in lateral view wedge - shaped , sharply pointed , with a fine dorsal carina ; dorsal areas of propodeum with sparse , appressed silvery hairs divergent from the midline ; all legs with sparse , appressed , silvery hairs . gaster : first tergite sparsely covered with longitudinally oriented , appressed , silvery hairs whose bases are slightly closer together than the length of a hair ; submarginal bands of similar , but longer hairs on tergites 1 - 3 ; a sparse submarginal band of erect hairs on tergites and sternites 1 - 4 . color : body and appendages except for gaster ferruginous ; gaster black .
from nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 7 . 48 - 7 . 90 ; head width at eyes : 1 . 44 - 1 . 54 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 2 . 20 - 2 . 45 ; length of forewing : 6 . 46 - 6 . 84 . head , legs , body reddish brown , except mesonotum , scutellum blackish brown , gaster black ; wings hyaline , major veins pale testaceous . mandible with 5 teeth , mandibular striae with sparse , coarse punctures ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by about 1 . 8 times diameter of lateral ocellus ; anterior half of dorsum of head finely striate , including clypeus , except for lower median area of frons ; posterior half of dorsum of head shining , finely punctate , with appressed hairs . mesonotum strongly shining , no reticulate areas ; fine striations on lateral margins of mesonotum and posterior quarter of mesopleuron ; metapleuron coarsely but evenly striate , propodeum coarsely , unevenly striate ; gaster shining , first gastral tergite with appressed hairs slightly longer than distance between their bases , and a few scattered , suberect longer hairs .
from nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 3 . 02 - 3 . 24 ; head width at eyes : 0 . 62 - 0 . 66 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 1 . 06 - 1 . 30 ; length of forewing : 2 . 87 - 3 . 13 . head and body blackish brown ; femora medium brown , lighter than head and body ; tibiae , tarsi , mandibles testaceous ; wings hyaline with no infuscation , heavier veins pale testaceous . mandible with 3 subequal teeth ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by twice diameter of lateral ocellus ; head with sparse sub - appressed hairs , those on occipital area procumbent , about as long as distance between their bases ; hairs on frons convergent toward midline ; frons with a few conspicuous large punctures on each side ; malar space weakly striate ; area between eye and antennal sockets not striate ; antennal scape shorter than last antennal segment . mesosoma shining , without reticulate areas , smooth except for weak , fine striations on lateral areas of mesonotum and posterior fourth of mesopleuron , metapleuron more coarsely striate ; mesonotum with sparse , short hairs embedded in elongate punctures , usually farther apart than length of a hair ; wing venation as in figure 2 ; gaster smooth , shining , first gastral tergite with short , appressed , embedded hairs .
usa : florida : highlands county , archbold biological station , 24 - vi - 1996 , m . deyrup . florida scrub habitat . nest in 6 cm diameter branch of pinus elliottii in firelane . the entire type series is from a single colony . holotype and 37 paratypes deposited in the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts . deposition of additional paratypes : 24 workers , 2 alate queens , 2 males : natural history museum of los angeles county , los angeles , california ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : florida state collection of arthropods , gainesville ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . ; 14 workers , 1 alate queen , 1 male : the natural history museum , london ; 12 workers : collection of william mackay , el paso , tex . ; remaining type material : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida .
deyrup , m . and s . p . cover . 2007 . a new species of crematogaster from the pinelands of the southeastern united states . pages 100 - 112 . in snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . and ward , p . s . ( eds ) . advances in ant systematics : homage to e . o . wilson – 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 : 690 pp .
morgan , c . e . , mackay , w . p . 2017 . the north american acrobat ants of the hyperdiverse genus crematogaster ( hymneoptera : formicidae ) . lambert academic publishing ( pdf version , 532 pp . )
this page was last modified on 1 august 2017 , at 20 : 45 .
mycocosm portal version : 8 . 15 . 56 content : cf1f948 clustering : b94afba synteny : * no synteny * urltoken release date : 26 - jun - 2018 13 : 23 : 33 . 510 pst current date : 09 - jul - 2018 13 : 57 : 25 . 193 pdt
karsten , p . a . 1881 . symbolae ad mycologiam fennicam . viii . meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica . 6 : 7 - 13
1 . antrodia serpens var . tuber p . karst . , bidrag till kännedom av finlands natur och folk 48 : 324 ( 1889 ) [ mb # 468174 ]
2 . boletus fulvus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 89 , t . 262 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 140761 ]
3 . boletus marginatus pers . , neues magazin für die botanik 1 : 108 ( 1794 ) [ mb # 140237 ]
4 . boletus semiovatus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 92 , t . 270 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 227302 ]
5 . favolus pinihalepensis pat . , catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 469171 ]
7 . fomes pini - halepensis pat . , catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 228127 ]
9 . fomes thomsoni ( berk . ) sacc . ( 1888 ) [ mb # 263252 ]
10 . friesia rubra lázaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 590 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 184216 ]
13 . polyporus helveolus rostk . , deutschlands flora , abt . iii . die pilze deutschlands 4 - 16 : 73 , t . 35 ( 1837 ) [ mb # 151890 ]
14 . polyporus marginatus fr . , epicrisis systematis mycologici : 468 ( 1838 ) [ mb # 472695 ]
15 . polyporus ponderosus h . schrenk , bull . u . s . dep . agric . , bur . plant ind . : 30 ( 1903 ) [ mb # 470895 ]
16 . polyporus thomsonii berk . , hooker ' s journal of botany and kew garden miscellany 6 : 142 ( 1854 ) [ mb # 472875 ]
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dr . wei li 1 , dr . run zhang 1 and dr . miaomiao zhou 2 1 the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands
ir . bernard jabas 1 and dr . vincent robert 2 1 bioaware , hannut , belgium 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands
dr . lily eurwilaichitr and dr . supawadee ingsriswang bioresources technology unit , national center for genetic engineering and biotechnology ( biotec ) , pathum thani , thailand
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british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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many old records are doubtful because of confusion with t . extensa . the species appears to be mainly southern and is widespread in southern england . it is widespread in north - western and central europe .
original author of profile : p . r . harvey , based on species account in merrett ( 1990 ) .
text based on harvey , p . r . , nellist , d . r . & telfer , m . g . ( eds ) 2002 . provisional atlas of british spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) , volumes 1 & 2 . huntingdon : biological records centre .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


the strabomantidae are a family of frogs native to south america .

these frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature " froglets " .

strabomantidae

amphibia ; strabomantidae ; systematics ; < i > pristimantis < / i > < i > yuruaniensis < / i > < b > sp . < / b > < b > nov . , < / b > venezuela
what little is known of the biology of this family suggests they do not have larval forms and instead are direct developers ; thus they lack a free - living larval stage ( tadpoles ) and hatch as miniature froglets .
hedges , s . b . , duellman , w . e . , and m . p heinicke . 2008 . new world direct - developing frogs ( anura : terrarana ) : molecular phylogeny , classification , biogeography , and conservation . zootaxa 1737 : 1 - 182 .
blackburn , d . c . , and d . b . wake . 2011 . class amphibia gray , 1825 . zhang , z . - q . ed . , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3148 : 39–55 .
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stri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .
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new records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .
first record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .
first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .
ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .
check list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species’ geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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deniz martinez set
adult pristimantis moro
as an exemplar on
pristimantis
.
c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
pristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )
.
c . michael hogan set
pristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )
as an exemplar on
pristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )
.
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
pristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )
.
dana campbell added text to
brief summary
on
pristimantis danae ( duellman , 1978 )
.
on a collecting trip to the peruvian andes in february , 1975 , . . .
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pristimantis yuruaniensis sp . nov . is described from the summit of yuruaní - tepui , estado bolívar , eastern venezuela . the new species is easily distinguished from other guianan pristimantis by its rather uniform dorsal coloration , absence of lip , forearm and shank bars , its small tympanum , and its advertisement call . the new species appears to occur on neighboring kukenán - tepui as well .
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the dorsal surface is generally bright green with some darker brown markings , including vertical bars along the sides of the body and the lip and a dark bar between the eyes . the legs are also barred . the upper portion of the snout is a paler green than the rest of the body .
the ventral surface is white . a few dark flecks or blotches may be present on the throat .
a purple spot is present in the groin . the rear surfaces of the thighs are pale brown .
the eye is large . the iris is golden , with some black venation in the lower portion .
species description based on boulenger ' s ( 1912 ) description printed in cochran and goin ( 1970 ) . a small frog ( to 27 mm ) .
dorsal coloration is brown with two dark stripes on either side that extend from the eye to the groin , as well as a second , shorter dark stripe extending from the eye above the longer stripe . individuals also have thin , light middorsal stripe within a broader , dark middorsal stripe . some additional dark vertical bars are present below the eye , and the thighs are barred . the sides are darker brown than the upper surface of the dorsum . the skin of the dorsum is smooth .
pristimantis pardalis especie que se encuentra
casi amenazada
. río estrellita - bocas del toro . es una especie nocturna que habita en una vegetación baja dentro de un denso bosque húmedo premontano y montano . también se puede encontrar en hábitats de borde del bosque .
abstract : fieldwork in the cloud forest of venezuela’s remote península de paria in 2001 resulted in the collection of several specimens that could unquestionably be classified as members of the genus pristimantis . subsequent analysis of comparative material in museum collections brought the total number of specimens to 44 , and these collectively represent five new species . two of these species , p . geminus sp . nov . and p . nubisilva sp . nov . , have phenotypes remarkably similar to the trinidadian p . urichi , supporting a prediction that pristimantis from easternmost venezuela may have given rise to trinidadian forms . pristimantis hoogmoedi sp . nov . is easily identified by its large size and red eyes . . . . the unexpectedly high
kaiser , h . , c . l . barrio - amorós , et al . 2015 .


orthochromis rugufuensis is a species of cichlid endemic to tanzania where it is only known from the upper rugufu river system .

this species can reach a length of 5.7 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) sl .

orthochromis rugufuensis

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : only known from its type locality in the upper rufugu river system , tanzania . as such its restricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences makes it more vulnerable to the potential impacts of local habitat degradation .
only known from the upper rufugu river system ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .
collected among vegetation , roots and wood at the edge of a small brook with a relatively gentle waterflow crossing a woodland area ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) . no data were obtained on diet or reproduction ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .
restricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences make the species more vulnerable to local habitat degradation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


hallaxa fuscescens is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family actinocyclidae .

there is some doubt regarding the correct taxonomic classification of this species .

hallaxa fuscescens

how to cite : köhler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken
how to cite : köhler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken
this is hallaxa fuscescens . in a recent message [ # 22626 ] i noted the characteristic shape of the gills in all species of hallaxa . you can see the same goblet - shaped gill circlet in your animal as well .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : hallaxa fuscescens ( w . h . pease , 1871 ) - id : 2990050053
hi bill and everyone ! here is a record of hallaxa fuscescens found here in the intertidal zone at alexandra headland . we have found almost 100 species here . also included is a photo of the animal spawning .
this species clearly has a wide indo - west pacific distribution , and as i report in a separate message [ # 17533 ] it feeds on a species of halisarcid sponge . the appropriate name for this species would appear to be hallaxa fuscescens .
following your images of hallaxa fuscescens i am attaching a couple of photos of this species from heron island [ great barrier reef ] it was found under a dead coral slab at the reef crest at low tide and was 16 mm in size .
synonymy . doris fuscescens pease , 1871b : 14 , pl . 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928a : 91 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 . , risbec , 1953 : 37 . hallaxa nigra : pruvot - fol , 1930 : 231 . hallaxa atrotuberculata gosliner & johnson , 1994 : 159 - 163 , figs 1a , 6 , 7 .
hallaxa fuscescens is another species of hallaxa which i have found feeding on a species of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca . the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached . often they are not noticed . in the upper photo , the sponge colony has been reduced to scattered fragments by the feeding activity of the 5 animals i found on it .
dear bill , i have spent a long time looking for a name for this one , now i found at least a shot from the above message which looks very similar . is it hallaxa fuscescens ? locality : kalanggaman , malapascua island , 11m , philippines , western pacific ocean , 13 march 2005 . length : 16mm . photographer : erwin koehler .
in gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for a species from madagascar and the marshall islands which is characterised externally by its rounded black tubercles . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . as i show here , there would appear to be at least two earlier names for this species
gosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . ( 1994 ) review of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger , 37 ( 2 ) : 155 - 191 .
this species has a translucent body with low rounded black tubercles scattered over the mantle . the bipinnate gills are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . in gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for this species based on specimens from madagascar and the marshall islands . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . there appear to be at least two earlier names for this species
gosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . 1994 ,
review of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with description of nine new species
, the veliger , vol . 37 , no . 2 , pp . 155–191
photos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6
photos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . lower left : another animal photographed on halisarca at same time . photos : bill rudman . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6
dear julie , thanks for this record . i don ' t know if you realised , but the translucent greyish ' film ' that the hallaxa has its head on in your photo , is a colony of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca on which i reported it feeding . in my photos , [ message # 17533 ] , only patches of the sponge colony remain . your message provides a valuable confirmation of my observations .
concerning finding three dull coloured species together . i am not sure if the colour similarity is significant , but these three dorids feed on sponges which can tolerate quite extreme ecological conditions . certainly h . fuscescens can be found high on rocky shores and similarly dendrodoris nigra can be found in luke - warm water in upper tidal pools . shallow sea - grass beds are also not the best places for sponges but those that are found there are tough and adaptible . so i would say these three species were found together because of the adaptibilty of the sponges they feed on - but i don ' t know if their similar colouration is an adaptation for such conditions .
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pease , w . h . ( 1871 ) descriptions of new species of nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia . no . 2 . american journal of conchology . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 - 19
pruvot - fol , a . ( 1930 ) diagnose provisoires ( incomplètes ) des espèces nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par mme . a . pruvot - fol en nouvelle calédonie ( ile des pins ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle paris , 2 : 229 - 232 .
risbec , j . ( 1928 ) contribution a l ' étude des nudibranches néo - calédoniens . faune des colonies francaises , 2 ( 1 ) : 328 , pls . 1 - 12 .
locality : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , 16 march 1982 , live length of pictured animal , 18 mm . on halisarca sp . am . c115783
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pease , w . h . 1871 ,
descriptions of new nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia
, american journal of conchology , vol . 7 , pp . 11 - 20
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01f63edf - 8d0c - 4b1a - ad8d - a05528fdd12d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 131d379a - 5efe - 4d99 - a0b7 - ac7e9c23ab10
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5549141b - 1ce8 - 4c18 - bf9e - f78b35b78a88
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c7b1767 - daa5 - 4979 - bdff - c08ea6d9b985
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 507118
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arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal - 18 mm
i found this little nudibranch moving among seagrass at low tide . it wasn ' t feeding . i have never seen it before , nor have i seen any picture of it , and it has not been recorded in philibert bidgrain ' s website .
locality : moutsoumbatsou reef , 1 metre , mayotte island , france , mozambique channel , indian ocean , 8 august 2009 , sand and seagrass . length : 15 mm . photographer : matthias deuss .
by the way , most of the nudibranchs i found on this reef , which is mostly covered by seagrass and seaweeds , were black or very dark , uncolored species : this one , actinocyclus verrucosus and dendrodoris nigra . is it more than a coincidence ?
locality : alexandra headland , mooloolaba , 100 mm , queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 10 april 2004 , intertidal . length : 20 mm . photographer : gary cobb .
it ' s nice to get a photo of its egg ribbon . in the middle photo we also get a good view of the ' goblet ' - shaped gill cluster which is so characteristic of this family . i would be interested in any photos you have of it on its food sponge [ see message # 17533 ] .
also nice to see the photo of the very colourful form of pectenodoris trilineata .
locality : heron island , intertidal , queensland , australia , pacific , 10 nov . 2000 , intertidal . length : 16 mm . photographer : julie marshall .
the 11 to 14 , small gills , are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . they are uniformly dark grey to black
the intensity of the background colour of the mantle apparently varies with the age of the individual ; juveniles are pale greyish because they posses relatively few dark pigment granules . whereas adults are black because they posses numerous pigment granules .
. the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .
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